Slide 1
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Unit 7 –The Middle East
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Slide 2
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Overview
 Southwest Asia is mostly arid or desert
 This region is defined by two resources
 Lack –Water
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Critical to survival
 Abundance –Oil
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Increased global importance
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Slide 3
Landforms –Shifting Plates
 Shifting Plates
 Southwest Asia forms a land bridge
between Asia, Africa, and Europe
 The region is at the edge of a huge
tectonic plate
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Parts of Arabian Peninsula are pulling
away from Africa
Parts of Anatolian Peninsula are
sliding past parts of Asia
Other plates are pushing up
mountains in other parts of Asia
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Slide 4
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Landforms –Peninsulas and Waterways
 Arabian Peninsula lies between Red
Sea and Persian Gulf
 Red Sea covers a rift valley created by
Arabian plate movement
 Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at
north side cut off part of region
 Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey) is
between Black and Mediterranean
 Bosporus and Dardanelles straits
connect to Russia, Asia
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Slide 5
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Landforms –Plains and Highlands
 Arabian Peninsula is covered by dry, sandy,
windy plains
 Wadis –riverbeds that are dry except in rainy
season
 Iran has stony, salty, sandy desert plateau
surrounded by mountains
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 Anatolian Peninsula is a plateau with some
agriculture, grazing
 Afghanistan’s Northern Plain is farming area
surrounded by mountains
 Golan Heights (Al Jawlan)- plateau near
Jordan river, Sea of Galilee
 Site of conflict due to strategic location
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Slide 6
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Landforms –Mountains
 Afghanistan’s Hindu Kush Mountains help
frame southern Asia
 Country is isolated by its landlocked,
mountain terrain
 Iran’s Zagros Mountains isolate it from rest
of Southwest Asia
 Elburz Mountains cut Iran off from the
Caspian Sea
 Taurus Mountains separate Turkey from
rest of Southwest Asia
 Goods, people, ideas move through region
in spite if mountains
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Slide 7
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Landforms –Water Bodies
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 Region is surrounded by bodies of
water; few rivers flow all year
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 The Tigris and the Euphrates river
flow through Turkey, Syria, Iraq
 Form the Fertile Crescent supported
several ancient civilizations
 Parallel rivers meet at Shatt al Arb,
empty into Persian Gulf
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Slide 8
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Landforms –Water Bodies
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 Jordan River flows from
Lebanon’s Mt. Hermon
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between Israel, Jordan
 Empties into Dead Sea –
landlocked salt lake that
only bacteria live in
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 Lowest place on earth’s
exposed crust; 1,349 feet
below sea level
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Slide 9
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Resources –An Oil Rich Region
 Oil is region’s most abundant resource
 Oil fields located in Arabian Peninsula,
Iran, Iraq
 Provide major part of those nations’
income
 Half of the world’s oil reserves are in
Southwest Asia
 Found along the Persian Gulf coast of at
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offshore sites
 U.S. and many other countries depend
on oil reserves
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Slide 10
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Other Resources
 In some parts of the region, the most
valuable resource is water
 Water is relatively plentiful in Turkey, Iran,
Lebanon, Afghanistan
 Harnessed for hydroelectric power
 In other regions, water is scarce: must be
guarded & conserved
 Coal, copper, potash, phosphate deposits
mostly small & scattered
 Iran, Turkey have large coal deposits
 Salts like calcium chloride around Dead Sea
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have not been developed
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Slide 11
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Climate & Vegetation
 Mostly dry and desert, but some green
 Most areas get less than 18 inches of
precipitation a year
 Irrigation is critical to growing crops in this
very dry region
 Rough, dry terrain include sand dunes &
salt flats
 Rivers don’t flow all year
 Plants and animals live on little water
 In many areas irrigation turns desert into
farmland
 Other areas have a Mediterranean climate
 A green, lush part of each year
 Mountain ranges and plateaus have
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highland climates
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Slide 12
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Deserts Limit Movement –Sandy Deserts
 Rubal-Khali –Arabian Peninsula desert,
known as the Empty Quarter
 250, 000 square miles, with dunes as
high as 800 feet
 10 years can pass without rain
 Nearby An-Nafud Desert contains the
occasional oasis
 Desert area where underground spring
water supports vegetation
 Syrian Desert is between Lebanon,
Israel, Syria, and Fertile Crescent
 Israel’s Negev Desert produces crops
through irrigation
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Slide 13
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Deserts Limit Movement –Salt Deserts
 In Iran, high mountains block rain
 Dry winds increase evaporation
 Loss of moisture in soil leaves salt,
& creates a salt flat
 Iran’s salt flat deserts
 Dash-e Kavir in central Iran
 Dash-e Lut in eastern Iran
 Land is salt-crusted, surrounded
by salt marshes, very hot
 Almost uninhabited, it’s a barrier to
easy travel across Iran
Slide 14
Semi-Arid Lands –The Edge of the Desert
 Fringes of desert have semiarid
climate
 Warm to hot summers
 Enough rainfall for grasses and
shrubs
 Cotton and wheat can be grown
 Good pasture for animals
 Herds of mohair goats raised in
Turkey
 Mohair hair and fabrics from it
are Turkey’s exports
Slide 15
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Coast Lands –The Mediterranean Coast
 Areas along Mediterranean coast
and in Turkey have adequate
rainfall
 Hot summers, rainy winters
promote citrus fruits, olives,
vegetables
 Mild winters and summer
irrigation let farmers grow crops
all year.
 Areas are heavily populated due
to comfortable climate
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Slide 16
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Coast Lands –The Tigris and Euphrates
 River valleys the site of intensive
farming for thousands of years
 Turkey, Iraq built dams on rivers to
provide irrigation all year
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Slide 17
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Water –Dams & Irrigation Systems
 Large farms and growing populations
require dams, irrigation
 Turkey is building dams and a manmade lake on upper Euphrates
 Controversial project will deprive
downstream countries of water
 Israel's National Water Carrier project
 Takes water from the northern areas to
central, south, & Negev Desert
 Water flows through several countries
so project creating conflict
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Slide 18
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Water –Modern Water Technology
 Drip irrigation-small pipes slowly drip water
just above ground
 Desalinization removes salt from ocean water
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at treatment plants
 Plants are expensive, cannot provide enough
water
 Wastewater can be treated and used for
agriculture
 Fossil water is pumped from underground
aquifers
 Water has been in aquifer for long periods of
time
 Rainfall won’t refill aquifers; only 25-30 years of
usage remain
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Slide 19
Oil –Forming the Petroleum
 Oil, natural gas deposits formed millions of years ago
 Sea covered area; remains of plants, animals mingled in sand, and mud
 Pressure and heat slowly transformed material into hydrocarbons
 Oil, and gas are not in underground pools, but in the tiny pores of rocks
 Nonporous rock barriers trap gas, oil below surface
 Makes oil difficult to find and remove
 Wasn’t found in the region until 1920-30s
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Slide 20
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Oil –Early Exploration
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 Industrialization and automobiles
increase need for petroleum
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 First oil discovery in region was in 1908
in Persia (now Iran)
 More oil fields found in Arabian
Peninsula and Persian Gulf in 1938
 In 1948, al-Ghawar field discovered at
eastern edge of Rub al-Khali
 Became one of world’s largest oil fields
 Contains one-quarter of Saudi Arabia’s
oil reserves
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Slide 21
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Oil –Transporting Oil
 Crude oil is petroleum that has not been processed
 Refinery converts crude oil into useful products
 Pipelines move crude oil to refineries, ports
 Ports on Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea
 Tankers carry petroleum to world markets
 In some places refineries process crude oil near ports
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Slide 22
Oil –Risks of Transporting Oil
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 Largest oil spill was in January 1991,
during Persian Gulf War
 Kuwaiti tankers, oil storage tanks were
blown up
 An estimated 240 to 460 million gallons of
crude oil spilled into water, land
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 Buried pipelines reduce accidents; are
monitored for leaks
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 Tankers are a high pollution risk; operate in
shallow, narrow waters
 Double hulls help prevent some spills
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Slide 23
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The Middle East –The Heart of Religion
 The five largest world religions
 The three monotheistic religions came from the Middle East
 1 –Christianity -2.2 billion followers –Monotheistic
 Follow: Jesus Christ –read bible –diet: some practice Lent
 Internal divisions –Catholic vs. Protestant
 2 –Islam -1.6 billion –Monotheistic
 Follow: Allah –read the Quran/Koran –diet: no alcohol & pork
 Internal divisions –Shi’ite vs. Sunni
 3 –Hinduism -1 billion
 Polytheistic religion
 4 –Buddhism -376 million
 Polytheistic religion
 5 –Judaism -18 million –Monotheistic
 Follow: Jehovah –read the Torah –diet: no pork & Kosher
 Internal divisions –Orthodox, Reformed, and Secular
 Non-religious/Agnostic/Atheist -1.1 billion
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Slide 24
M.E. –Islam Brings a New Culture
 Religion based on teachings of founder, the Prophet Muhammad
 Muhammad lived in Mecca, Islam’s holiest city
 Bedouin nomads moved from oasis to oasis spreading the religion
 Two groups of Muslims
 Shia or Shi’ite -10 to 15% of all Muslims
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Believe leadership should be elected
 They believe in the Five Pillars of Islam
 1-Faith –all believers must testify: “There is no God but Allah,
and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah”
 2-Prayer –pray five times a day facing Mecca
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If possible pray in a mosque
 3-Charity –give money to the less fortunate
 4-Fasting –in the holy month of Ramadan
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Believe leadership should be passed on through family lineage
 Sunni -85% of all Muslims
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Don’t eat, drink during the day (usually from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm)
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 5-Piligrimage –all Muslims should make hajj to Mecca once
in their life
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Slide 25
M.E. –Jewish Presence
 Jerusalem is a holy city to all three major
monotheistic religions
 Jerusalem is capital of Israel; center of
modern, ancient homeland
 Temple Mount in old city housed
earliest temples
 King Solomon’s First Temple
 Second Temple built in 538 B.C.
 Today Jews pray at Western Wall (also
called the Wailing Wall)
 Sole remainder of Second Temple
(destroyed by Romans in A.D. 70)
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Slide 26
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M.E. –Christian Heritage
 Jerusalem is sacred site of Jesus’ crucifixion
 Nearby towns, villages were important in
Jesus’ life
 Christians visit Mount of Olives, Church of
Holy Sepulchre
 In Middle Ages, they fought Crusades to
regain land from Muslims
 Muslims eventually regained control of the
area
 They maintained control until establish
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Slide 27
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M.E. –Islamic Sacred Sites
 Jerusalem is third most holy Muslim city
after Mecca & Medina
 Dome of the Rock –Shrine where it’s
believed Muhammad rose to heaven
 Jews believe it’s the site where Abraham
prepared to sacrifice Isaac
 Dome and Al-Aqsa mosque are located
on Temple Mount by Western Wall
 Close proximity of holy sites fosters
Jewish-Muslim clashes
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Slide 28
Colonial Powers Take Control
 Muslim governments were theocratic
 Religious leaders were in control
 In late 1600, Muslim nations weaken
 Britain, France control most of region
after WWI, fall of Ottomans
 Colonial value: Suez Canal is vital link;
oil discovered (1932)
 Abdul al-Aziz lbn Saud takes control of
most of Arabian Peninsula
 Becomes Saudi Arabia in 1932
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Slide 29
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OPEC
 In 1960, OPEC was created
-Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
 Countries from the Middle East belonging to OPEC –Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, and United Arab
Emirates (UAE)
 Countries NOT from Middle East belonging to OPEC –Algeria, Angola, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Venezuela
(Indonesia withdrew)
 Each country is allowed a “Production Quota”
 The maximum amount of petroleum a country can produce in order to limit the global supply and stabilize or raise
prices
 Oil is the principle resource of economy and makes region
globally important
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 Source of almost all of nations’ export money & GNP
 OPEC has brought changes to the Middle East
 Rapid growth & development
 Increase in tourism, esp. UAE
 Change from Agriculture to oil
production & refinement
 Corruption by the ruling class
 Pollution
 Population growth
 Migrant workers
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Slide 30
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The Change to Urban Life
 Rapid development as technology
undermined traditional lifestyles
 Trucks replace camels; malls replace
marketplaces
 Villagers, farmers, nomads move into cities
 25% urban in 1960; 58% by 1990s; estimated
70% by 2015
 Saudi population 83% urban
 Oil jobs require skilled workers educational
systems can’t provide
Dubai
 Foreign workers brought in
Abu Dhabi -UAE
Slide 31
Dubai –Palm Island
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Slide 32
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Religious Duties Shape Life
 Women often cover their heads, faces
with scarf, veil (called a burka/burqa)
 Women’s roles are slowly expanding:
more are educated and working
 Prayers performed dawn, noon, midafternoon, sunset, before bed
 Attend mosque services on Fridays
 Fasting in Ramadan reinforces
spirituality, self-control, humility
 ‘Id al-Fitr marks end of Ramadan with
gifts, dinners, charity
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Slide 33
The Rise of Colonialism in Southwest Asia
 Colonialism is the colonization, conquest, and
control, of a country over another country
 Similar to Imperialism but more extreme
 Ottoman Empire ruled region from 1520 to 1922
 Britain & France got the lands after WWI defeat of
Ottomans & Germans
 France took Lebanon, Syria; Britain took modern
Jordan & Israel
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Both were only supposed to rule until areas were ready for
independence
 Lebanon became independent in 1943 & Syria in 1946
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Slide 34
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British Control Palestine
 Zionism started in the 19th Century
 Movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine
 Jews buy land & begin settling
 German persecution increased number of Jewish immigrants
 Arabs begin to resist the Jewish state
 After WWII, many Jewish Holocaust survivors settled in
Palestine
 UN divided Palestine into two states: one Jewish & one Arab
 Israel is created in 1948; repels invasion by Arab states
 Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen all
invaded
 Israeli troops fought back and won
 This war was the beginning of the hostilities that still exist today
 Palestinian Arabs flee
 Palestinian land on West Bank, Gaza Strip is controlled by Israel
 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) uses politics to regain
land in, and return of refuges to Israel
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Slide 35
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Refugees & Civil Wars
 Creation of Israel produces numerous
Palestinian refugees
 Today they number 3.6 million across
the region, some are in camps
 Many struggle for food, shelter, & jobs
 Jordan has the largest Palestinian
refugee population
 Civil wars in Lebanon, Cyprus cause
economic problems
 Lebanon war in 1975-76 led to Israel
invading Lebanon in 1982
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Slide 36
Eating Out, Eating in
 People don’t eat in restaurants as much as in U.S.
 Some restaurants have separate male, female sections
 Cafes are usually for men only
Most meals are eaten at home, with dinner between 8-11 pm
Meals include hummus (ground chickpeas), baba ganouzh
(eggplant dip)
 Cracked wheat tabbouleh salad; chicken, lamb rather than
beef
 Dessert of fruit, kolaicha (sweet cake)
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Slide 37
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A Variety of Cultures
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 Lebanon has mostly Shi’ite Muslims and
some:
 Druze, a secretive religious group living in
mountains areas
 Maronite, Eastern Orthodox Christians
 Lebanon’s cultural, religious variety makes
unity difficult
 Culturally, Israel is Jewish, but is also home
to other groups
 Bedouins, Druze, Sunni, Circassia's (from
Caucasus region)
 Some Christians, Baha’i
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Slide 38
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Early Civilizations of the Northeast
 Nations of the Region:
 Turkey, Iran Iraq, Afghanistan
 Iraq’s Fertile Crescent between Tigris,
Euphrates a cultural hearth
 Early civilizations include Sumer, Babylonia,
Assyria, Chaldea
 All built empires in Mesopotamia, the “land
between the rivers”
 Hittite empire covered modern Turkey,
introduced iron weapons
 Persian empire developed in what is now Iran
 Introduced innovations in governmental
organization
Slide 39
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Homelands and Refugees
 Kurds- stateless ethnic group located in
Turkey, Iraq, Iran
 Promised homeland after WWI, but never
got it
 Iran has world’s largest refugee
population
 Iraqi Shi’ites flee persecution
 Decades of war create Afghan refugees
 Control of Oil Fields
 In 1980s, Iran, Iraq fight war over Persian
Gulf oil fields
 Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990; driven out in
Persian Gulf War
Slide 40
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Overthrow of the Taliban
 Taliban-fundamentalist Muslim political group rules Afghanistan
 Protects Osama bin Laden and al-Qaida terrorist network
 After 9-11 attacks, U.S. attacks Afghanistan in October 2001
 Operation Enduring Freedom targets terrorist assets, infrastructure
 Taliban removed from power by March 2002
 Hamid Karzai heads transitional government
 Osama bin Laden and some Taliban leaders escape
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Slide 41
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Overthrow of Saddam Hussein
 After Gulf War, UN orders Iraqi dictator Saddam
Hussein to disarm
 Ordered to destroy chemical, biological weapons
 President George W. Bush turns focus to Iraq in
2002
 Bush believes Hussein has weapons of mass
destruction
 U.S.,U.K attack Iraq in Operation Iraqi Freedom,
March 2003
 Major fighting ends in May 2003; Hussein captured
and later executed
 In 2005, Jalal Talabani, a Kurd, was elected president
Slide 42
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Progress Interrupted
 In Iraq, rebellion against U.S. forces and
religious conflicts have caused major violence
 In 2006, more than 34,000 Iraqi civilians were
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killed
 Oil drilling and shipping disrupted
 Iraqi people have lacked food, medical supplies,
electricity, and even gasoline
 Afghanistan is one of the poorest nations in the
world
 Most people farm or herd animals; most
profitable crop is opium
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 Mineral resources remain undeveloped due to
war
 Economy still threatened by government
corruption and Taliban resurgence
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Slide 43
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Division and Struggle
 Region’s nations face internal struggles
 Some seek modern lifestyle, others want to
preserve traditions
 In Afghanistan, Taliban had strict rules of
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behavior
 New government is restoring civil liberties,
improving education
 Taliban-like groups in Turkey, Iran, Iraq have not
gained power
 Differences have led to conflicts, political
problems
 Changes in Iran’s government have brought
different ideas on economic progress
 In 1997, a reformist government supported growth
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 Since 2005, anti-reformists have ruled, and Iran’s
economy has remained flat
Slide 44
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The Oil Boom Changes Economies and Lives
 Life in Southwest Asia doesn’t change
much from 1100-1900
 Some people live in villages, cities; others
live nomadic lives
 Petroleum, natural gas discovered in early
20th century
 Western oil companies leased land,
brought in technology, workers
 Oil profits bring wealth to countries,
urbanization begins
 Road construction makes cities accessible
 Thousands migrate to cities for jobs
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Slide 45
Foreign Workers
 Oil creates so many jobs that local workers can’t fill them all
 Oil companies employ “guest workers” from South, East Asia
 Mostly unskilled laborers; do jobs native peoples find
unacceptable
 In places, immigrant works outnumber native workers
 90% of United Arab Emirates’ workers are immigrants
 Cultural differences exist between guest workers,
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employers
 Misunderstandings over customs can bring severe penalties
 Often, workers live in special districts away from Arab
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population
 Some are abandoned or don’t get wages for months
 Concerns over intolerance, violence toward workers
 Some fear immigrants weaken countries’ national identities
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Slide 46
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Stateless Nation
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 After WWI, land intended for Kurds was
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kept by Turkey, Iraq, Syria
 Kurds a stateless nation-people without
land to legally occupy
 Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria try unsuccessfully
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to absorb Kurds
 Kurds resist governments’ controls, are
forcibly moved
 Iraq forces Kurdish migration, uses
chemical weapons on settlements
 In 2000, 70,000 Kurds are displaced, many
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forced into camps
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Slide 47
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Oil –Meeting the World Demand
 Oil (“Black Gold”) fuels world industries,
Transportation, economies
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 Strategic commodity-important resources
nations will fight over.
 Region has 64% of world’s oil deposits, 34%
Of natural gas reserves
 By 2020 will provide 50% of the world
demand
 Oil prices rise, fall unpredictably; revenue
not assured
 Makes steady economic growth difficult;
nations need to diversify
Slide 48
Modernizing the Infrastructure
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 Saudi Arabia builds roads, irrigation
networks, agricultural storage
 Also, desalinization plants to remove
salt from seawater
 Saudi Arabia has built 27 of them
 Other nations build airports, malls,
ports
 Efforts are not always well planned
 UEA builds four international
airports that are underused
 Nations have made an efforts to
build information technology
systems
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Slide 49
Developing Resources
 Nations seek to diversity, develop non-oil
resources, agriculture
 Governments build dams, dig wells to tap
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underground reservoirs
 Saudi Arabia uses oil profits to improve
agriculture, water supplies
 By 1985 it met its demand for dairy, meat,
poultry and eggs
 By 1992 it produced enough grain
for own needs and some export
 Oman revives copper, chromium
industries, reduces oil dependence
Slide 50
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Human Resources
 Human resources-skills and talents of a nation’s
people
 Nations must invest in people, including women
 Must provide education, technology training
 Kuwait has free education through university level
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 Kuwait also pays fees, expenses if students study
abroad
 Many societies have strict rules about women’s
roles
 Hard to get education or jobs
 Shortages create opportunities
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