AN INTERACTIVE GIS BASED TOOL ON CHINESE HISTORY AND
ITS TOPOGRAPHY
_______________
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of
San Diego State University
_______________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
in
Computer Science
_______________
by
Ashish Reddy Konda
Fall 2014
iii
Copyright © 2014
by
Ashish Reddy Konda
All Rights Reserved
iv
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Jithendra Reddy and Rupa Reddy,
my sister, Naishadha Konda for their love, encouragement and constant support. I would also
dedicate this thesis to my advisor Carl Eckberg whose support has been invaluable
throughout my graduate studies.
v
ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS
An Interactive GIS Based Tool on Chinese History and Its
Topography
by
Ashish Reddy Konda
Master of Science in Computer Science
San Diego State University, 2014
The aim of the thesis is to demonstrate how China was attacked by the foreign
powers, the rise and fall of the empires, the border conflicts with India, Russia, Vietnam and
territorial disputes in South China Sea.
This thesis is focused on creating a GIS tool showcasing the modern Chinese history,
which includes the major wars fought during that period. This tool is developed using the
features of Google Maps that shows the location of the wars. The topography of China is also
represented on the interactive Google Map by creating layers for rivers, mountain ranges and
deserts. The provinces with highest population are also represented on the Google Map with
circles.
The application also shows the historical events in chronological order using a
timeline feature. This has been implemented using JQuery, JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS.
Chinese culture and biographies of important leaders are also included in this thesis, which is
embedded with pictures and videos.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 2
TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................2 2.1 HTML 5 .............................................................................................................2 2.2 CSS ....................................................................................................................2 2.3 JavaScript ...........................................................................................................3 2.4 Google Maps ......................................................................................................3 3
WARS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS .........................................................................4 3.1 White Lotus Rebellion .......................................................................................4 3.2 First Opium War ................................................................................................4 3.3 Second Opium War ............................................................................................5 3.4 Taiping Rebellion...............................................................................................6 3.5 Panthay Rebellion ..............................................................................................6 3.6 Sino-French War ................................................................................................7 3.7 Dungan Revolt ...................................................................................................7 3.8 First Sino-Japanese War ....................................................................................8 3.9 Boxer Rebellion .................................................................................................8 3.10 Chinese Civil War ............................................................................................9 3.11 Sino-Tibetan War .............................................................................................9 3.12 Second Sino-Japanese War ............................................................................10 3.13 Invasion of Tibet ............................................................................................10 3.14 Korean War ....................................................................................................11 3.15 Tibetan Uprising ............................................................................................11 3.16 Sino-Indian War .............................................................................................12 3.17 Sino-Soviet Border Conflict ..........................................................................12 vii
3.18 Sino-Vietnamese War ....................................................................................12 3.19 Hongkong Handover ......................................................................................13 3.20 Macau Handover ............................................................................................13 3.21 Spratly Island Dispute ....................................................................................14 3.22 CSS Code for Historical Events .....................................................................14 4
BIOGRAPHIES ...........................................................................................................19 4.1 Chiang Kai-Shek ..............................................................................................19 4.2 Mao Zedong .....................................................................................................19 4.3 Genghis Khan...................................................................................................20 4.4 Sun Yat-Sen .....................................................................................................20 4.5 Empress Dowager Cixi ....................................................................................20 4.6 Emperor Qianlong ............................................................................................21 4.7 Kangxi Emperor ...............................................................................................21 4.8 Emperor Guangxu ............................................................................................22 4.9 Emperor Xianfeng ............................................................................................22 4.10 Daoguang Emperor ........................................................................................23 5
CULTURE ...................................................................................................................24 5.1 Religion ............................................................................................................24 5.2 Chinese Food ...................................................................................................24 5.3 Chinese Festivals .............................................................................................24 5.4 Chinese Lanterns ..............................................................................................24 5.5 Kung Fu ...........................................................................................................25 5.6 Beijing Opera ...................................................................................................25 5.7 Chinese Painting ..............................................................................................25 5.8 One Child Policy ..............................................................................................25 6
IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................................................26 6.1 Implementation of Map....................................................................................26 6.2 Timeline ...........................................................................................................27 6.3 Topography ......................................................................................................32 7
SCREENSHOTS..........................................................................................................37 8
CONCLUSION, OBSTACLES AND FUTURE WORK ...........................................42 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................43 viii
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 3.1. Opium Wars.............................................................................................................5 Figure 3.2. Taiping Rebellion. ...................................................................................................6 Figure 3.3. Sino-French War. ....................................................................................................7 Figure 3.4. First Sino-Japanese War. .........................................................................................8 Figure 3.5. Chinese Civil War. ..................................................................................................9 Figure 3.6. Second Sino-Japanese War....................................................................................10 Figure 3.7. Korean War. ..........................................................................................................11 Figure 3.8. Sino-Indian War. ...................................................................................................12 Figure 3.9. Sino-Soviet Border conflict. ..................................................................................13 Figure 3.10. Sino Vietnamese War. .........................................................................................14 Figure 4.1. Chiang Kai-Shek. ..................................................................................................19 Figure 4.2. Mao Zedong...........................................................................................................20 Figure 4.3. Genghis Khan. .......................................................................................................21 Figure 4.4. Sun Yat-Sen. ..........................................................................................................22 Figure 6.1. Google map implementation. ................................................................................26 Figure 6.2. Timeline. ................................................................................................................28 Figure 7.1. Homepage. .............................................................................................................37 Figure 7.2. Biographies. ...........................................................................................................38 Figure 7.3. Maps. .....................................................................................................................38 Figure 7.4. Wars.......................................................................................................................39 Figure 7.5. Topography............................................................................................................39 Figure 7.6. Historical events. ...................................................................................................40 Figure 7.7. Culture. ..................................................................................................................40 Figure 7.8. Videos. ...................................................................................................................41 ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Carl Eckberg for being my thesis
advisor and supporting me and guiding me to accomplish this thesis.
I would like to thank Professor Alan Riggins for being a part of thesis committee and
giving me good suggestions.
I am also grateful to Professor Mark Dunster for showing interest in the area of study
and being part of Thesis committee.
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The main aim behind developing this tool is to create an interactive GIS tool to
provide better understanding of events that occurred in China. Nowadays technology is
growing at a rapid rate, and it has influenced people and their daily lives.
Technology in schools has also made drastic improvements in the last five years.
Previously every school used to have a computer but nowadays every classroom has at least
one computer. Therefore, teachers and students are more inclined towards multimedia based
learning as it makes the learning process enjoyable as well as it helps in students’ overall
development.
The goal of this thesis is to help students who want to know about the wars, which
were fought during the Chinese History, and to know more about the emperors who fought
these battles and some information related to their personal life.
This thesis covers culture and topography, as well as “modern” Chinese history, from
roughly 1800 to today. Chinese history is long and complex dating back to 7600 BC. So
beginning at 1800 is a necessary step to limit the scope of this application.
This is a web-based application, demonstrating the various details of Chinese History
using HTML5, CSS3, jQuery and Google Maps. The important historical events have been
listed in chronological order using a timeline and biographies of important people. There is
also a responsive Google Map application, which displays the locations where the wars took
place.
Chapter 2 describes the technologies used for the application
Chapter 3 gives the information of the wars and historical events
Chapter 4 is about the biographies of important people
Chapter 5 gives information about culture
Chapter 6 gives an overview of the implementation
Chapter 7 gives a walk-through of the application with screenshots
Chapter 8 is about Summary, Obstacles and Future Work
2
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGY
A lot of technologies have been utilized to deliver the end-to-end functionality for
this thesis. Out of these, the important ones are HTML5, CSS3, Javascript, and the Google
Maps API (Application Program Interface). Google Maps API is a latest GIS tool provided
by Google, which enables developers to provide map-based functionality across different
browsers off the shelf. A GIS (Geographic Information System) tool is any application that
enables users to represent text-based spatial data in an intuitive map-based interface.
2.1 HTML 5
HTML 5 is the fifth revision and the newest version of the HTML (Hypertext Markup
language) standard. It offers new features like good media support, creating web applications
that can interact with the user [1].
Every web page is an HTML file. A web site will contain many HTML files that link
to each other. Each HTML file is a plain-text file, but it has a ‘.html’ file extension and is
made up of HTML tags. It also allows images and media to be embedded and can be used to
create an interactive website. Scripts like JavaScript can also be embedded in HTML, which
make the webpages more interactive.
Benefits of HTML 5:

Mobile Optimization

Browser Cross-Compatibility

Offline Caching

Improved Code

Consistency
2.2 CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets, which are used for formatting and styling of
the web content. Fonts, colors, background images, text formatting are some of the features
of CSS. The three ways we can embed CSS in HTML pages are:
3

Inline Style (inside HTML element)

Internal Style Sheet (inside the <head> tag)

External Style Sheet (a separate file created with .css extension is used in the html
page)
External CSS is implemented by referencing CSS files. The syntax for the same is
<link rel= “stylesheet” type= “text/css” href= “name.css”>
I have used inline style if it is specific to only one HTML tag. I have also used external CSS
to be consistent across all the webpages.
2.3 JAVASCRIPT
JavaScript is a programming language used to make responsive web pages. JavaScript
is classified as a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic typing and has first-class
functions. [2]
The syntax to import JavaScript file is
<script type="text/javascript" src= “js/jquery.timelinr-0.9.54.js”>
The timeline plugin that I have used in my application is developed using JavaScript
and CSS.
2.4 GOOGLE MAPS
I have used interactive ability of Google Maps and placed the coordinates of all the
wars. The user can click on the marker and it redirects to another webpage containing the
information about the corresponding war. The polygons, polylines and markers features are
used to represent the topography of China. The Google Map JavaScript function can be used
by the following syntax.
<script
src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyD1pX_wdS6f02KtM2N0KbNUa
qULhPPdasc"></script>
4
CHAPTER 3
WARS AND HISTORICAL EVENTS
The thesis is focused on the Chinese history from 18th Century to today, which covers
a part of Imperial China and Modern China. The Qing Empire (1644 - 1912) was the last
great dynastic empire to rule. After that, China was ruled by Republic of China (1912 1949). Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, Lin Sen were some of the prominent leaders during
this era. Later, People’s Republic of China (PRC) is ruling China from 1949 till date.
3.1 WHITE LOTUS REBELLION
White Lotus Rebellion, (1796–1804), was a large-scale uprising in central China that
contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus society was a religious cult
existing in southern China. The rebellion has never become an organized attempt to establish
a new dynasty, even though the rebellion continued for nine years. The war was not
prosecuted until the Qianlong Emperor died in 1799. At this time, the government was of no
use as it was fully corrupted. The area was under imperial control by the local militia in 1804
[3].
3.2 FIRST OPIUM WAR
The First Opium War (1839–42) was fought between Britain and China over their
conflicting viewpoints on diplomatic relations, trade, and the administration of justice for
foreign nationals [4]. The First Opium War was caused directly by China's isolationist trade
policy with the West. Because China would accept only silver from the British, tension arose
quickly between the two countries. Opium addiction was another main and direct cause of
the opium wars. During the 1800's, opium addiction was an epidemic for the Chinese. The
British quickly took advantage of the high demand of opium in China and began widespread
illegal exportation of opium to the country.
Opium war was ended with the treaty of Nanjing, which is the first of the unequal
treaties between China and foreign imperialist powers. In the end, the British won the war
5
and the Chinese were forced to comply. Figure 3.1 [5] shows the routes of Opium trade into
Canton, China.
Figure 3.1. Opium Wars. Source:
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
The first Opium war. Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/
21f/21f.027/opium_wars_01/ow1_essay01.html,
accessed November 2014, 2011.
3.3 SECOND OPIUM WAR
The Second Opium War (1856 - 60), also called the Arrow War, arose from China's
attempts to suppress the opium trade. It was fought due to similar issues as the First Opium
War. There was a lot of chaos when Chinese officials boarded the Arrow. The Arrow was a
Chinese owned ship and registered in Hong Kong, but was flying a British flag and the
British claimed it had recently been registered to them [6]. The main reason for the Second
Opium war was the Canton authorities arrested the members of the ship’s crew and has taken
down the British flag.
The Second Opium War was also won by Great Britain, changing all the policies of
China. The victory of British unraveled China's isolationism, setting the country to free trade
with the Western countries.
6
3.4 TAIPING REBELLION
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) was a political and religious disturbance that was the
most important event in China in the 19th century. No other event devastated China as much
in the 19th century as the Taiping Rebellion. The rebellion was initiated under the leadership
of one man, Hong Xiuquan, who was from southern China [7]. He started gathering
followers from the poor and outcast, he gradually built up an army that swept across China.
They moved to central China and they controlled over a third of the country by the late
1850s. The central government has spent millions of dollars and fifteen years to defeat them,
as their movement was so strong and popular. It is estimated that the entire rebellion
destroyed 17 provinces and took around 20,000,000 lives. The red color in the Figure 3.2 [8]
shows the location of Taiping Rebellion.
Figure 3.2. Taiping Rebellion. Source: WIKIPEDIA, Taiping rebellion.
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion#mediaviewer/
File:Taiping2.PNG, accessed November 2014, n.d.
3.5 PANTHAY REBELLION
The Panthay Rebellion (1856-73) was led by Muslims to threaten the Chinese
Imperial court. The cause of the uprising was hatred of Han Chinese by Yunnan Muslims.
The rebellion stretched from northwest to the southeastern border of Yunnam [9].
7
3.6 SINO-FRENCH WAR
The Sino-French War (1884-85) was fought between China and France, over the
control of Tonkin. Hence this war was also called the Tonkin War. This battle took place
between August 1884 and April 1885.
The reason this war was fought was because of the lack of agreement between the
Chinese and French forces on whether the Annamese territory was under the Chinese or
French Governments. As Annam had historically been a diplomatic stronghold of China, the
Chinese government was opposed to french occupation. This resulted in a war for deciding
that would gain control.
Though there was no decisive winner, China ceded the location to the French. A
treaty was signed delivering France control of Tonkin. However, the Annam area was left
with the Chinese government. Figure 3.3 [10] shows the battle between the two forces.
Figure 3.3. Sino-French War.
Source: WIKIPEDIA, Sino-French war. Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-French_War,
accessed November 2014, n.d.
3.7 DUNGAN REVOLT
The Dungan Revolt (1895-96) was characterized as a Religious war. The reason
behind this was to establish a separate Muslim country from the provinces Ningxia, Shaanxi
and Gansu. Though there is no proof, a common belief is that it was directed against the Qing
Dynasty. The reason being Beijing was the trade capital at that time [11].
8
3.8 FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR
This First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) was fought between the Qing Dynasty and
the Meiji Dynasty of China and Japan respectively. The reason was for control over Korea.
Japan’s effort to unify Asia brought them to the conquest of Korea, which was met with
aggressing by the then rules of China, the Qing Dynasty. Japan won the war and China
signed a treaty called “The Treaty of Shimonoseki”, granting Japan control over the Korean
province. Figure 3.4 [12] shows the warpath between Japan and the Qing province for the
war.
Figure 3.4. First Sino-Japanese War.
Source: MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, Throwing off Asia II.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/
throwing_off_asia_02/toa_essay01.
html, accessed November 2014, 2008.
3.9 BOXER REBELLION
Boxer rebellion (1900) was an uprising to drive all the foreigners from China. The
Boxer Rebellion or Boxer Uprising was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement
that took place in China between 1898 and 1900. The foreigners named a secret Chinese
9
society as Boxers as they were practicing boxing. The rebellion was prevalent across
northern China and included the capital Peking [13].
3.10 CHINESE CIVIL WAR
The Civil war in china was fought in the years 1926 to 1937 between the Nationalist
Government of China and the Communist Party. There were no decisive victors in this war
because the war was foiled by Japan when they invaded China in 1936. The war went on
through World War II and continued till 1950. In 1949, China’s Communist party took rule
over Beijing and declared China as a People’s Republic. The Nationalist party established
their rule in Taiwan, which is continuing to this day. Figure 3.5 [14] shows the Situation of
China after the expedition.
Figure 3.5. Chinese Civil War. Source: WIKIPEDIA,
Nationalist China 1929 – 1937. Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War#media
viewer/File:Nationalist_China_1929_-_1937.PNG,
accessed November 2014, 2012.
3.11 SINO-TIBETAN WAR
This war was fought between the army of the 13th Dalai Lama to settle the dispute
over monasteries. The war began in 1930 and extended until 1932. Though the Tibetan forces
were sufficient to put up a good fight, the Republic of China took the assistance of a Muslim
10
Chinese group and the combined forces defeated the Tibetan forces. A treaty was signed in
1932, which devised the border for Tibet, along the Yangtze River.
3.12 SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR
The main reason behind the Sino-Japanese conflict (1937-1945) was Japanese wanted
to take control of Mainland China. Later, this war merged into World War II, after Japan
attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941. In 1952, Japan and China adopted the Sino-Japanese Peace
Treaty or the Treaty of Taipei. This treaty formally ended the Second Sino Japanese War.
The Figure 3.6 [15] shows the extent of Japan occupation in 1940.
Figure 3.6. Second Sino-Japanese War.
Source: WIKIPEDIA, Second Sino-Japanese war. Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_SinoJapanese_War#mediaviewer/File:Second_SinoJapanese_War_WW2.png, accessed November 2014, n.d.
3.13 INVASION OF TIBET
After the Sino-Tibetan war (1950), Tibet re-structured its boundaries and established
a sovereign state. However, China led a military campaign after months of failed negotiations
over the borders. China had a decisive victory in the war, and China was recognized with
sovereignty over Tibet [11].
11
3.14 KOREAN WAR
The Korean War (1950-53) is a civil war between North and South Korea. The war
became international when the United Nations and United States of America collaborated to
support South Korea and Soviet Union and People's Republic of China joined to support
North Korea. The PRC never wanted to dominate North Korean Communist State, but it
wanted to preserve it. The communist North Korea tried to invade anti-communist South
Korea and continued on to the capital Seoul. As per Truman's speech, US will always support
any country that is threatened by Communist. Figure 3.7 [16] shows the intervention of
China in Korean Civil War [17].
Figure 3.7. Korean War. Source:
WIKISPACES, Korean War. Wikispaces,
http://unit8jong11.wikispaces.com/+Korean+War,
accessed November 2014, n.d.
3.15 TIBETAN UPRISING
In 1959, Tibetans got together and surrounded the summer palace of Dalai Lama to
defend from the Chinese forces. The uprising was triggered by the fears of a plot to kidnap
Dalai Lama and take him to Beijing. Tibetans surrounded the Norbulingka Palace, preventing
the Dalai Lama from accepting the PLA' (People’s Liberation Army) invitation
12
3.16 SINO-INDIAN WAR
This Sino-Indian war (1962) was a result of an eastern border conflict between India
and China. China, being the technologically more advanced region, defeated India in battle.
After the war, the Chinese government established a line of actual control. The borders along
the actual line of control were also stabilized and are intact to this date. The war ended in
1962. Figure 3.8 [18] shows the control of china over Aksai Chin.
Figure 3.8. Sino-Indian War.
Source: JAPAN FOCUS, The Asia-Pacific
journal: Japan focus in-depth critical
analysis of the forces shaping the AsiaPacific...and the world. Japan Focus,
http://www.japanfocus.org/-XiaoyuanLiu/2427, accessed November 2014, n.d.
3.17 SINO-SOVIET BORDER CONFLICT
The Sino-Soviet border conflict started in 1969 and was a seven-month undeclared
military conflict between the Soviet Union and China [19]. The war occurred near Zhenbao
Island on the Ussuri River in Russia. In Figure 3.9 [20], the disputed area is shown in red
color, which is the Zhenbao Island.
3.18 SINO-VIETNAMESE WAR
The Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) also known as the Third Indochina War was a brief
border conflict between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the People’s Republic of
13
Figure 3.9. Sino-Soviet Border conflict.
Source: WIKIPEDIA, China USSR E 88.
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SinoSoviet_border_conflict#mediaviewer/File:Chi
na_USSR_E_88.jpg, accessed November 2014,
2006.
China. China launched the attacking in response to Vietnam’s invasion and occupation of
Cambodia in 1978. The Chinese went to northern Vietnam and captured some of the cities
near the border. Figure 3.10 [21] shows the attack of China on Vietnam [22].
3.19 HONGKONG HANDOVER
Hong Kong was leased to the British government on a 99-year lease that expired in
1997. Both the Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula were handed over.
3.20 MACAU HANDOVER
Like Hong Kong, Macau was leased to the Portuguese during the Ming Dynasty. This
lease happened after the Second Opium war. This sovereignty was returned back to the
People’s Republic of China in 1997.
14
Figure 3.10. Sino Vietnamese War.
Source: PAUL, 10 Shortest Wars in history.
Smashingtops, http://smashingtops.com/
places/10-shortest-wars-in-history/,
accessed November 2014, n.d.
3.21 SPRATLY ISLAND DISPUTE
The Islands dispute occurred over the island territories spread across the South China
Sea. Vietnam, China, Thailand, Taiwan, and Brunei made claims to these islands. After
extended diplomatic agreements, the disputes were settled and the islands are now a part of
their respective countries.
3.22 CSS CODE FOR HISTORICAL EVENTS
The relevant CSS code for the timeline is
*{
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
body {
/*background: #222;*/
font-family: "Myriad Pro"
color: #fff;
}
a{
15
color: antiquewhite;
text-decoration: none;
-webkit-transition: 0.5s;
-moz-transition: 0.5s;
-o-transition: 0.5s;
-ms-transition: 0.5s;
transition: 0.5s;
}
a:hover,
a.selected {
color: gold;
}
h1,h2,h4,h5,h6 {
text-align: center;
color: #ccc;
text-shadow: #000 1px 1px 2px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 14px;
}
.sociales {
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
#timeline {
width: 1400px;
height: 600px;
16
overflow: hidden;
margin: 40px 40px 40px 350px; /* margin for timeline*/
position: relative;
background: url('../images/grey-dot.gif') 3px top repeat-y;
font-size: 14px;
}
#dates {
width: 150px; /*width of dates */
height: 600px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left;
font-size: 14px;
font-family: "Droid Serif", serif;
}
#dates li {
list-style: none;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
line-height: 100px;
font-size: 24px;
padding-left: 10px;
background: url('../images/blackdot.png') left center no-repeat;
font-size: 14px;
}
#dates a {
line-height: 38px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
#dates .selected {
font-size: 38px;
}
17
#issues {
width: 1100px;
height: 700px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left;
}
#issues li {
width: 1100px;
height: 700px;
list-style: none;
}
#issues li img {
float: left;
margin: 10px 30px 10px 150px;
-ms-filter:
"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#00FFFFFF,endColorstr=#00
FFFFFF)"; /* IE 8 */
filter:
progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#00FFFFFF,endColorstr=#00F
FFFFF);/* IE 6 & 7 */
}
#issues li h1 {
color: #ffcc00;
font-size: 48px;
text-align: center;
text-shadow: #000 1px 1px 2px;
}
#issues li p {
font-size: 14px;
margin: 10px 10px;
18
font-weight: normal;
line-height: 26px;
font-family: Georgia;
width: 400px;
float: left;
color: antiquewhite;
}
19
CHAPTER 4
BIOGRAPHIES
4.1 CHIANG KAI-SHEK
Chiang Kai-Shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) served as the leader of the
Republic of China between 1928 and 1975. He was a Chinese political and military leader.
He was the leader of the Kuomintang party (see Figure 4.1 [23]).
Figure 4.1. Chiang Kai-Shek. Source:
WIKIPEDIA, Chiang Kai-shek. Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kaishek#mediaviewer/File:Chiang_Kaishek%EF%BC%88%E8%94%A3%E4%
B8%AD%E6%AD%A3%EF%BC%89.jp
g, accessed November 2014, n.d.
4.2 MAO ZEDONG
Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) was a principal Chinese
Marxist theorist who led his nation’s communist revolution [24]. He was a Chairman of
People’s Republic of China from1949 to 1959 [25]. He was the leader of the Chinese
Communist Party (see Figure 4.2 [26]).
20
Figure 4.2. Mao Zedong. Source: WIKIPEDIA,
Mao Zedong. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Mao_Zedong#mediaviewer/File:Ma
o_Zedong_portrait.jpg, accessed November
2014, n.d.
4.3 GENGHIS KHAN
Genghis Khan (1162–1227) is known as the Conqueror of the World for his great
military accomplishments [27]. He was the founder of Mongol Empire . He expanded the
empire across most of Eurasia, which was the largest empire in the world. Genghis Khan was
a strong leader. He was cruel and murderous to his enemies, but loyal to those who followed
him (see Figure 4.3 [28]).
4.4 SUN YAT-SEN
Sun Yat-Sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was a major politician and a
Chinese revolutionary who co-founded the Kuomintang and served as its first leader. He was
born in Cuiheng village, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province on November 12, 1866. He
played a key role in abolishing the Qing Dynasty in China and was the first provisional
president of the Republic of China when it was first set up in 1912 [29] (see Figure 4.4 [30]).
4.5 EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI
Dowager Cixi was born on the 29th November 1835. She was a powerful and
21
Figure 4.3. Genghis Khan. Source: WIKIMEDIA,
Yuan emperor album Genghis portrait.
Wikimedia, http://upload.wikimedia.org
/wikipedia/commons/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbu
mGenghisPortrait.jpg, accessed November
2014, n.d.
charismatic woman. She was the cause for the decline of the Qing Dynasty because she was.
greedy for power. She ruled China for half century until her death at the age of seventy-three.
4.6 EMPEROR QIANLONG
The Qianlong emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was one of the
longest-reigning and most enlightened rulers of the Chinese Qing dynasty. He was the sixth
emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty. He was 25 years old when he succeeded the
throne. Qianlong financed a series of military campaigns, which saw the Chinese empire
expand in all directions in reconquering lands claimed by earlier dynasties, which helped in
raising the empire to its greatest extent [31].
4.7 KANGXI EMPEROR
Emperor Kangxi (1654-1722) became the second ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty.
He came to power after his father who was the first emperor of the dynasty died. The Kangxi
22
Figure 4.4. Sun Yat-Sen. Source:
WIKIPEDIA, Sun Yat-sen. Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yatsen#mediaviewer/File:Sunyatsen1.jpg,
accessed November 2014, n.d.
Emperor came to the throne in 1662, when he was only 8 years old. He ruled China for
61years, which is the longest reign in Chinese history [32].
4.8 EMPEROR GUANGXU
The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908) was the ninth Qing
emperor to rule over China. He ruled China from 1875 to 1908. Even after he began formal
rule, Cixi was still influencing his decisions and actions, in spite of residing for a period at
the Imperial Summer Palace.
4.9 EMPEROR XIANFENG
The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861) was born in Aisin-Gioro I
Ju. During his reign (1850–61) China was besieged internally by the Taiping Rebellion
(1850–64) and externally by conflicts with the encroaching European powers. He was the
ninth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from
1850 to 1861 [33].
23
4.10 DAOGUANG EMPEROR
The Daoguang Emperor (16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850) was the sixth
emperor of the Qing dynasty of China. During his reign, he had external pressures from
foreign powers and internal rebellions too that almost brought down the dynasty.
24
CHAPTER 5
CULTURE
China has one of the most ancient civilizations known to man. One defining
characteristic of it’s culture is that it is spread over a vast geographic region which often
results in a rich variety of traditions spanning across these regions [34].
5.1 RELIGION
Throughout the centuries, China has been influenced with an influx of varied
religions which it has embraced. Out of them, Buddhism, Catholicism, Taoism, Islam are the
most prominent. China has always practiced freedom of thought, and let it’s population
choose any religious belief without interference from the state.
5.2 CHINESE FOOD
Food has always been one of the most defining characteristics of any culture ever
known. China has special importance to food, and their motto is “waste not, want not”, which
resulted in an astonishing array of plants and animals. This means that every part of the
animal or plant is consumed. Often this practice has been deemed surprising, repulsive,
delicious, or exotic by the western civilization [35].
5.3 CHINESE FESTIVALS
As mentioned, China is a vast empire with many religions and geographic conditions.
This variety is also reflected in the festivals practiced in China. Fireworks play a major role
in most of the festivals in Chinese culture. Other than that, there are festivals like Spring
Festival, Dragon Boat festival, etc. which have special meaning and are celebrated to
commemorate something important which is part of their culture [36].
5.4 CHINESE LANTERNS
Bamboo has always been a part of the chinese culture. They are used in food, for
making artifacts, and also to make lanterns. Lanterns come in all shapes, sizes and colors.
The most usual style is the cylindrical yellow lantern, which is used as a part of the Lantern
25
festival. Wood or steel might also be used to make these lanterns. They are also used in
painting, embroidery, art etc.
5.5 KUNG FU
Out of all the Martial Art styles known to the modern world, Kung Fu has a deep
cultural significance even in the Western Civilization. China is the birth place of Kung Fu,
where there are many flavours of this martial arts form.
5.6 BEIJING OPERA
Beijing Opera is a freeform performance art where the elements might include
singing, dancing, mimes, acrobatics or any other forms of expressions to convey happiness,
sorrow, fear, or joy. The Operas are characterized by high intonations especially by the
female leads.
5.7 CHINESE PAINTING
Chinese art has been characterized by sharp lines, which reflects their calligraphybased handwritten script as well. Their art reflects clarity, abundance, variety and color.
Traditional Chinese paintings are still done on rice paper or silk, using a variety of brush, ink
and color palattes to choose from.
5.8 ONE CHILD POLICY
China has the largest population in the world. In order to alleviate the inherent
problems that arise from population growth, a “One or None” policy was introduced, where a
family can either have just one or no kids at all, to be eligible for benefits from the
government.
26
CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION
The implementation of the major features built using HTML, CSS, JavaScript and
Google Maps API is explained in this chapter.
6.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF MAP
I have used Google Maps JavaScript API for generating the map and plotted points on
the map using markers. The Google Map is initialized to center at a user-defined latitude and
longitude. The map is also zooming customizable. The points are plotted on the map using
markers, which are inherited from Google API as shown in Figure 6.1. Each point on the
map is clickable and when clicked, it redirects to the corresponding war on the Wars
webpage. The title of the war is shown when hovered on the marker.
Figure 6.1. Google map implementation.
The code to generate the map is
<link rel="stylesheet" href="index.css">
27
<script
src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyD1pX_wdS6f02KtM2N0KbNUa
qULhPPdasc"></script>
<script>
// When the user clicks the marker, an info window opens.
function initialize() {
var mapOptions = {
zoom: 5,
center: new google.maps.LatLng(35.12434, 108.018534)
};
var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map-canvas'),
mapOptions);
var myLatlng = new google.maps.LatLng(23.124083, 113.246293);
var marker = new google.maps.Marker({
position: myLatlng,
map: map,
title: 'First Opium War',
url:'battles.html#first_opium'
});
google.maps.event.addListener(marker, 'click', function() {
window.location.href= this.url;
});
google.maps.event.addDomListener(window, 'load', initialize);
</script>
6.2 TIMELINE
All the historical events are represented using a timeline in a chronological order,
which is very easy to navigate. The vertical bar represents the year in which the event
occurred and the description and image of the corresponding event are displayed on the right
as shown in Figure 6.2.
28
Figure 6.2. Timeline.
The CSS Code for Timeline is
*{
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
body {
/*background: #222;*/
font-family: "Myriad Pro"
color: #fff;
}
a{
color: antiquewhite;
text-decoration: none;
-webkit-transition: 0.5s;
-moz-transition: 0.5s;
-o-transition: 0.5s;
29
-ms-transition: 0.5s;
transition: 0.5s;
}
a:hover,
a.selected {
color: gold;
}
h1,h2,h4,h5,h6 {
text-align: center;
color: #ccc;
text-shadow: #000 1px 1px 2px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
h1 {
font-size: 18px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 14px;
}
.sociales {
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
#timeline {
width: 1400px;
height: 600px;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 40px 40px 40px 350px; /* margin for timeline*/
position: relative;
30
background: url('../images/grey-dot.gif') 3px top repeat-y;
font-size: 14px;
}
#dates {
width: 150px; /*width of dates */
height: 600px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left;
font-size: 14px;
font-family: "Droid Serif", serif;
}
#dates li {
list-style: none;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
line-height: 100px;
font-size: 24px;
padding-left: 10px;
background: url('../images/blackdot.png') left center no-repeat;
font-size: 14px;
}
#dates a {
line-height: 38px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
}
#dates .selected {
font-size: 38px;
}
#issues {
width: 1100px;
31
height: 700px;
overflow: hidden;
float: left;
}
#issues li {
width: 1100px;
height: 700px;
list-style: none;
}
#issues li img {
float: left;
margin: 10px 30px 10px 150px;
-ms-filter:
"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#00FFFFFF,endColorstr=#00
FFFFFF)"; /* IE 8 */
filter:
progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#00FFFFFF,endColorstr=#00F
FFFFF);/* IE 6 & 7 */
}
#issues li h1 {
color: #ffcc00;
font-size: 48px;
text-align: center;
text-shadow: #000 1px 1px 2px;
}
#issues li p {
font-size: 14px;
margin: 10px 10px;
font-weight: normal;
32
line-height: 26px;
font-family: Georgia;
width: 400px;
float: left;
color: antiquewhite;
}
6.3 TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of China is represented using the features of polylines, polygons and
markers. The mountain ranges are represented using a mountain icon. When clicked on the
mountain icon pops up an image of the mountain range. The rivers are represented using a
polyline, which is also clickable. The deserts are represented by polygons. Circles represent
the population of top 10 provinces. When clicked on the circle, an information window opens
up with relevant information.
The code to show the topography is
function initialize() {
// Create the map.
var mapOptions = {
zoom: 5,
center: new google.maps.LatLng(37.5, 100.2),
mapTypeId: google.maps.MapTypeId.TERRAIN
};
var map = new google.maps.Map(document.getElementById('map-canvas'),
mapOptions);
// Population
var cityCircle;
var markers = [];
var infowindows = [];
for (var city in citymap) {
markers[city] = new google.maps.Marker({
33
position: citymap[city].center,
map: map
});
infowindows[city] = new google.maps.InfoWindow({
maxwidth: 600,
content: '<div>'+citymap[city].info
+'<p>Population:</p>'+citymap[city].population+'</div>'
});
google.maps.event.addListener(markers[city], 'click', function(innerKey) {
return function() {
infowindows[innerKey].open(map, markers[innerKey]);
}
}(city));
var populationOptions = {
strokeColor: citymap[city].text,
title: citymap[city].info,
strokeOpacity: 0.8,
strokeWeight: 4,
fillColor: citymap[city].text2,
fillOpacity: 0.15,
map: map,
center: citymap[city].center,
radius: 100000
};
cityCircle = new google.maps.Circle(populationOptions);
}
//deserts
var taklaMakan = [];
for (var city in citymap2) {
markers[city] = new google.maps.Marker({
34
position: citymap2[city].center,
map: map,
visible: false
});
taklaMakan[city] = new google.maps.Polygon({
paths: citymap2[city].triangleCoords,
strokeColor: '#FF0000',
strokeOpacity: 0.8,
geodesic: true,
strokeWeight: 0.8,
fillColor: '#A8651E',
fillOpacity: 0.35,
map: map
});
infowindows[city] = new google.maps.InfoWindow({
maxwidth: 400,
content: '<div>' + citymap2[city].info +'</div>'
});
console.log(citymap2[city].center);
google.maps.event.addListener(taklaMakan[city], 'click', function (innerKey) {
return function () {
//
infowindows[innerKey].setPosition(citymap2[city]);
//
infowindows[innerKey].open(map);
infowindows[innerKey].open(map, markers[innerKey]);
}
}(city));
}
//mountains
var image;
for (var city in citymap3) {
35
image = new google.maps.MarkerImage(
"mountains.png",
null, /* size is determined at runtime */
null, /* origin is 0,0 */
null, /* anchor is bottom center of the scaled image */
new google.maps.Size(35, 35)
);
markers[city] = new google.maps.Marker({
position: citymap3[city].center,
map: map,
icon: image
});
infowindows[city] = new google.maps.InfoWindow({
maxwidth: 400,
content: '<div>' + citymap3[city].info + '</div>'
});
google.maps.event.addListener(markers[city], 'click', function (innerKey) {
return function () {
infowindows[innerKey].open(map, markers[innerKey]);
}
}(city));
}
//rivers
var yellow = [];
for (var city in citymap4) {
markers[city] = new google.maps.Marker({
position: citymap4[city].center,
map: map,
visible: false
});
36
yellow[city] = new google.maps.Polyline({
path: citymap4[city].triangleCoords,
geodesic: true,
strokeColor: '#3366FF',
strokeOpacity: 1.0,
strokeWeight: 4,
map: map
});
infowindows[city] = new google.maps.InfoWindow({
maxwidth: 400,
content: '<div>' + citymap4[city].info +'</div>'
});
console.log(citymap4[city].center);
google.maps.event.addListener(yellow[city], 'click', function (innerKey) {
return function () {
infowindows[innerKey].open(map, markers[innerKey]);
}
}(city));
}
}
google.maps.event.addDomListener(window, 'load', initialize);
}
37
CHAPTER 7
SCREENSHOTS
The application has a big heading “Chinese Empire” in the homepage. It has a
vertical menu bar that is used to navigate to all the modules in the applications like
biographies of emperors, wars, historical events, culture and books and movies on Chinese
history.
The background of the homepage contains a HD image of The Great Wall of China
(see Figure 7.1). All the webpages are made interactive using JavaScript and JQuery. The
menu item in the vertical navigation bar is highlighted once hovered on it.
Figure 7.1. Homepage.
The Figure 7.2 shows the biographies of the important leaders in the Chinese history.
This is the interesting module in the application. It is an interactive Google map
application showing all the locations of the wars as in Figure 7.3. When clicked on a marker,
information about the war is displayed on the next screen.
38
Figure 7.2. Biographies.
Figure 7.3. Maps.
This module contains the information about all the wars located on the map. After
clicking on a particular marker on the map, one is redirected to the corresponding war on the
Wars webpage (see Figure 7.4).
This module of the application shows the topography of China on interactive Google
39
Figure 7.4. Wars.
Map. The major deserts, longest rivers, mountain ranges and Chinese Administrative Regions
by population are shown on the map (see Figure 7.5). The deserts are represented by
polygons while rivers are represented by polylines. The mountain ranges are represented by a
mountain image icon and circles show population. The top 12 provinces by population are
displayed on the map.
Figure 7.5. Topography.
40
An information window pops up showing the image when clicked on the icons, which
in turn opens up a Wikipedia page when clicked on image pop up.
This module uses a horizontal jQuery plugin. The vertical bar represents the timeline
in chronological order. It represents the year in which the event started, the name of the
event, a brief description of the event and a corresponding picture of the event
(see Figure 7.6).
Figure 7.6. Historical events.
This module gives information about Chinese culture (see Figure 7.7) embedded with
some pictures and videos. The images are magnified once you hover on them.
Figure 7.7. Culture.
41
This module is the multimedia part of the application, which gives the additional
details of the war (see Figure 7.8).
Figure 7.8. Videos.
42
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION, OBSTACLES AND FUTURE
WORK
This project has been an amazing learning curve, starting from the application
development in HTML5, CSS3, Google map integration and jQuery plugins. It was a
wonderful experience researching on Chinese history, getting to know about their culture,
and appreciating the variety in its geography.
The biggest hurdle in the project was integrating Google Maps to show the
topography of China using polygons, polylines etc.
This application can be used as an informative web project to learn about Chinese
History and topography. The timeline can be further extended to represent the era of Imperial
China to make the application more comprehensive.
43
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