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6SUDFKYHUZLOGHUXQJ XQG %HJULIIVYHUZLUUXQJZLHLQGHU/HKUHYRQGHQ9HUPXWXQJHQ op. cit., &I 3Oósz, “Die natur der gesetzlichen Vermutungen”, u: Festschrift Wach, Leipzig, 1913., str. 1 i d; sli³QR %HW]LQJHU'LH%HZHLVODVWLP=LYLOSUR]HyPLWEHVRQGHUHU5sFNVLFKWDXIGDV%sUJHUOLFKH*HVHW]EXFK %HUOLQL GVWU0LFKHOL/RQHUHGHOODSURYD3DGRYDVWU &I/HLSROG, op. cit., str. 77. ,,,v6WDQGDUGQDQMHPD´NDWHRULMDLQMHQSUHGPHW%HZHLVODVWOHKUH ³LQMHQLFXSRVMHGDYH±]D³LQMHQLFXSRYUDWD 6WRJDVHQLWLQRUPDXIRUPLSUDYLORL]QLPNDQH PR©H SRLVWRYMHWLWL VD ]DNRQVNRP SUHVXPSFLMRP NRMD MH WDNYD QRUPD NRMD L] RGUH´HQH RNROQRVWL L]YDQMVNH X RGQRVX QD QHSRVUHGQR UHOHYDQWQX ³LQMHQLFX QDYRGL QD ]DNOMX³DN R SRVWRMDQMXWH³LQMHQLFH 8WRPVPLVOXVH]D 526(1%(5*$QLWLXREL³DMHQHQRUPHRWHUHWX GRND]LYDQMDVDGU©DQHELORL]UL³LWRELORXIRUPXODFLMLSUDYQLKQRUPLQHPRJXL]MHGQD³LWLVD ]DNRQVNLPSUHVXPSFLMDPD 3RYOD³HQMH GLVWLQNFLMD L]PH´X QRUPL R WHUHWX GRND]LYDQMD L ]DNRQVNLK SUHVXPS FLMD QLMH PH´XWLP ELR MHGLQL SUREOHP 6OL³QH WH§NR±H X RGUH´HQMX SRMDYOMLYDOH VX VH NDGD VH 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GLVNXVLMDPDSUHYODGDYDSRWRQMHJOHGL§WH =DVHEDQWHPDWVNLNUXJ³LQHW]Y³LQMHQL³QHSUHVXPSFLMH1HXSX§WDMX±LVHXGLVNXVLMX R ³LQMHQL³QLP SUHVXPSFLMDPD WUHED SULPLMHWLWL GD VX L ³LQMHQL³QH SUHVXPSFLMH SRYH]DQH V UDQLMH RSLVDQLP NDWHJRULMDPD RFMHQRP GRND]D L VWDQGDUGRP GRND]D WH SULPDIDFLH GRND]LPDLLQGLFLMDPD .DR§WRVDPRQMLKRYR LPH ND©H ULMH³ MH R SUHVXPSFLMDPD NRMH SUHPGD SR VWUXNWXUL VOL³QH ]DNRQVNLP ³LQMHQLFDPD QLVX GLR ]DNRQVNRJ WHNVWD YH± VX SURL]YRG VXGVNH SUDNVH 'RN LK YH±LQD DXWRUD QHJLUD SRQHNDG X GRVWD UDGLNDOQLP SRMPRYLPD VXGRYL VX LK QDUR³LWR QMHPD³NL UDGR NRULVWLOL 3UHJOHG X SUDNVL NRUL§WHQLK &I5RVHQEHUJop. cit.,VWU 5RVHQEHUJop. cit.,VWU 8WRPVPLVOX5RVHQEHUJXVYRMHPUDGXSRVYH±XMHGRVWDSD©QMHLSURVWRUDQDVWRMDQMXGDX%*%XUD]OX³LSUDYH ]DNRQVNHSUHVXPSFLMHRGRGUHGDEDRWHUHWXGRND]LYDQMX6XSURWQRPH´XWLPXQRYLMRMOLWHUDWXUL/HLSROGop. cit., VWUQDYRGH±LGDVHX³LQDNSUHVXPSFLMDXELWQRPHQHUD]OLNXMHRGXREL³DMHQLKRGUHGELRWHUHWXGRND]LYDQMD &I/HLSROGop. cit.,VWU 93UsWWLQJop. cit.,VWU(VLVWKHXWHDQHUNDQQWGDyGLHJHVHW]OLFKHQ7DWVDFKHQXQG5HFKWVYHUPXWXQJHQ QDFKLKUHU6WUXNWXUXQG:LUNXQJLPZHVHQWOLFKHQJOHLFKVLQG 6OL³QR/HLSROGop. cit.,VWU0XVLHODNop. cit., VWULG 9H±LQD SRERUQLND YODGDMX±H QMHPD³NH WHRULMH R WHUHWX GRND]LYDQMD VPDWUD SULPD IDFLH GRND]H MHGQRP YUVWRP ³LQMHQL³QLKSUHVXPSFLMDLDNRQHNLDXWRUL LVWL³X GD MH EDUHP ]D MHGQX YUVWXSULPD IDFLH GRND]D ]D SULPD IDFLH GRND]NULYQMH QHPRJX±HUH±LGDSR³LYDQD³LQMHQL³QRMSUHVXPSFLMLMHUVHQHVDVWRMLX]DNOMX³LYDQMXNRMHRGMHGQH ³LQMHQLFH]DNOMX³XMHQDGUXJXYH±XSRGYR´HQMX³LQMHQLFDSRGSUDYQHSRMPRYH&I3DZORZVNL'HUSULPDIDFLH %HZHLVFLWVWU -HGQDRGGRGLUQLKWR³DNDMHLVSUHPQRVWVXGVNHSUDNVHGDNUR]³LQMHQL³QHSUHVXPSFLMHPLMHQMDSUDYLODRWHUHWX GRND]LYDQMD LOL VQL©DYD SRWUHEDQ SUDJ VWDQGDUGD GRND]D SURL]YRGH±L WDNR SUDYQRVWYDUDOD³NL X³LQDN .ULWL³NL R WRPH3UsWWLQJop. cit.,VWU &I 5RVHQEHUJ 6FKZDE *RWWZDOG=LYLOSUR]HyUHFK 0sQFKHQ VWU 3UsWWLQJ*HJHQZDUWVSUREOHPH GHU%HZHLVODVWVWULG%DXPJiUWHOX)HVWVFKULIW6FKZDEVWU 9 :DVVHUPH\HU 'HU SULPDIDFLH %HZHLV XQG GLH 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VWUDQHSDNWHUPLQWHUHWXYLMHNSUHWSRVWDYOMDRGUH´HQXDNWLYQRVWVWUDQDNDRGQRVQRREUDWQR SDVLYQRVW NRMD VD VRERP GRQRVL QHJDWLYQH SRVOMHGLFH 1DVXSURW WRPH NRQFHSW WHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD X REMHNWLYQRP VPLVOX QH]DYLVDQ MH RG VYDNH DNWLYQRVWL VWUDQDND MHU GR QRQ OLTXHW VLWXDFLMH PR©H GR±L L EH] RE]LUD QD QDSRUH VWUDQNH GD SRGQHVH SRWUHEQH GRND]H RGQRVQRGRQMHJDPR©HQHGR±LXVLWXDFLMDPDXNRMLPDMHVWUDQNDRVWDODVDVYLPSDVLYQDMHU WDGD VXGDF PR©H L]UDYQR LOL SRVUHGQR QD WHPHOMX WDNYH SDVLYQRVWL GR±L GR RGUH´HQRJ XYMHUHQMD R QHSRVWRMDQMX ³LQMHQLFD L WDNR L]EMH±L QRQ OLTXHW 5DGL VYHJD WRJD 35f77,1* QDYRGL GD EL QDMSRJR´HQLML L]UD] ]D REMHNWLYQL WHUHW ELR UL]LN XWYU´HQMD )HVWVWHOOXQJVULVLNR LOL UL]LN QHUD]MD§QMHQRVWL 8QNODUKHLWHQULVLNR QR ]DGU©DYD SRVWRMH±L WHUPLQ]ERJVODELK§DQVL]DSURERMSUHGOR©HQLKWHUPLQD =DUD]OLNXRGREMHNWLYQRJWHUHWDGRND]LYDQMD]DNRMLMHVSRUQRMHOLWHUHWLRGQRVL OL VH QD GRND]LYDQMH WH MH WDNR X VYRMRM XVUHGRWR³HQRVWL QD VXFH L QMLKRYR RGOX³LYDQMH L ]DNOMX³LYDQMH UDYQRGX§DQ SUHPD QRVLWHOMLPD SRMDP VXEMHNWLYQRJ WHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD VXEMHNWLYH %HZHLVODVW EOL©L MH LQWXLWLYQRM SUHGRG©EL NRMX VD VRERP QRVL L]UD] WHUHW GRND]LYDQMD6XEMHNWLYQLWHUHWGRND]LYDQMDGHILQLUDVHNDRSUDYL>SURFHVQL@WHUHWNRMLOH©LQD VWUDQNDPD >X VPLVOX GD LK PRWLYLUD@ GD VYRMRP DNWLYQR§±X X L]YR´HQMX GRND]D L]EMHJQX -HGQDRGYHRPDULMHWNLKLDNRMR§GRVOMHGQLMLKYDULMDQWLQDRYXWHPXELELOLLVWLRYLL]UD]LXQHJDWLYQRMIRUPLNDR WHUHWQHXWYU´HQMD1LFKWIHVWVWHOOXQJVODVWLWG9LGL0XVLHODN'LH*UXQGODJHQGHU%HZHLVODVWVWU &IGMHOD:HKOLMD'LH%HZHLVODVWLPQHXHQ&LYLOSURFHVVH-XULVWLVFKH%OiWWHU:LHQ YROWH$GOHUD X-XULVW/LW%OVWURRYRPHYLGLL3UsWWLQJibid. 9GMHOD)LWWLQJDL%HW]LQJHUD'LH%HZHLVODVWLP=LYLOSUR]Hy 9 *ODVHU +DQGEXFK GHV 6WUDISUR]HVVHV 5RVHQEHUJ X VYRPH NODVL³QRP GMHOX SRMPRYQX GYRMEX NDUDNWHUL]LUD QD VOMHGH±L QD³LQ ,FK KDEH GDKHU QLFKWV GDJHJHQ GDy PDQ GLH LQ GHU /LWHUDWXU GHV 6WUDISUR]HyUHFKWVYHUZHQGHWHQDOOHUGLQJVPLyYHUVWiQGOLFKHQXQGGDKHUQLFKWHLQZDQGIUHLHQXQGYRUDOOHPQLFKW HLQZDQGIUHL EHJUsQGHWHQ %H]HLFKQXQJHQ IRUPHOOH XQG PDWHULHOOH %HZHLVODVW DQQHKPH RGHU GLH EHL GHQ qVWHUUHLFKLVFKHQ 3UR]HVVXDOLVWHQ sEOLFKHQ UHFKW EUDXFKEDUHQ XQG DXFK KLHU JHEUDXFKWHQ VXEMHNWLYH XQG REMHNWLYH%HZHLVODVW&I5RVHQEHUJop. cit.,VWU ,ELGVWU 3URWXUMH³MH L]PH´X NRQRWDFLMD RYRJ SRMPD L QMHJRYH XSRWUHEH NULWL]LUDQR MH YH± QHGXJR QDNRQ SUYRJ REMDYOMLYDQMD5RVHQEHUJRYRJNODVL³QRJGMHOD%LHUOLQJWDNRQDYRGLHVLVWHLQIDFKZLGHUVLQQLJHLQH/DVWRKQH LUJHQGHLQHQ7UiJHU]XGHQNHQ-XULVWLVFKH3ULQ]LSLHQOHKUH YRO,9VWUELOM1DRYDMSULJRYRU 5RVHQEHUJMHRGJRYRULRWYUGQMRPGDQMHJRYDREMHNWLYQDWHRULMDWDNR´HULPDXSR]DGLQLQRVLWHOMDNRMLVQRVLWHUHW QHSRYROMQHRGOXNHSUHPGDWDMWHUHWQLMHQX©QRYH]DQ]DQMHJRYXYODVWLWXDNWLYQRVW&I5RVHQEHUJVWU 3UsWWLQJ%HZHLVODVWVWU 3UsWWLQJ*HJHQZDUWVSUREOHPH,VWU1DVXSURWRYRPH0XVLHODNVPDWUDGDMHL]UD]WHUHWLSDNSULPMHUHQMHU NRPELQDFLMH X NRMLPD MH VDGU©DQD ULMH³ UL]LN LOL RSDVQRVW QH X]LPDMX X RE]LU IDNWL³NR SRJRU§DQMH SROR©DMD VWUDQNH GR NRMHJD PR©H GR±L XVOLMHG RGOXNH XWHPHOMHQH QD WHUHWX GRND]LYDQMD &I 0XVLHODN op. cit., VWU ELOMH§ND 'RMDP MH LSDN GD MH ULMH³ R SRPDOR VNRODVWL³NRM GLVNXVLML MHU MH YH±LQD WHRUHWL³DUD VYMHVQD PDOH YMHURMDWQRVWL §LUHJ SULKYD±DQMD QRYLK DUWLILFLMHOQLK SRMPRYD NRML EL L]UD]LOL VYH ILQH GLVWLQNFLMH WHRULMVNRJ VWDYD QMLKRYRJDXWRUD ,,,v3RMPRYQLNDWDORJUD]OL´LWHYUVWHWHUHWDGRND]LYDQMD JXELWDN VSRUD LOL NDR SUDNWL³ND QX©QRVW ]D VWUDQNX GD GRND©H SRVWRMDQMH RGUH´HQRJ ³LQMHQL³QRJRGQRVDLOL³LQMHQLFHQHELOLL]EMHJODQH©HOMHQXRGOXNX 2YDNYRRGUH´HQMHEOL©H MH VWDULMHP SRLPDQMX WHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD RQDNR NDNR MH WDM SRMDP UD]YLMHQ X ULPVNRP L VWDURJHUPDQVNRPSUDYX9H±LQDUDVSUDYDGRSRORYLFHGHYHWQDHVWRJVWROMH±DNRMHVXVHEDYLOH WHUHWRP GRND]LYDQMD LPDOH VX X YLGX VXEMHNWLYQL WHUHW GRND]LYDQMD 8 PRGHUQRM QMHPD³NRM SURFHVQRM WHRULML SRMDP VXEMHNWLYQJ WHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD RVWDR MH X VMHQFL REMHNWLYQRJWDNRL5RVHQEHUJL]UL³LWRSUL]QDMHGDSURFHVQDGMHODWQRVWVWUDQNHQDNRMRMOH©L WHUHWGRND]LYDQMDQH³LQLELW>QMHJRYRJ@X³HQMD 6XEMHNWLYQLWHUHWGRND]LYDQMDXOLWHUDWXUH VH QDOD]L L SRG QD]LYLPD WHUHW L]YR´HQMD GRND]D %HZHLVIsKUXQJVODVW IRUPDOQL WHUHW GRND]LYDQMD IRUPDOH %HZHLVODVW SURFHVQL WHUHW GRND]LYDQMD SUR]HVXDOOH %HZHLVODVW L QHSUDYLWHUHWGRND]LYDQMDIDOVFKH%HZHLVODVW 3LWDQMHRGNRMHJSROD]LNRQFHSFLMDVXEMHNWLYQRJWHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD MH NRMD VWUDQND WUHED GRND]DWL NRMX ³LQMHQLFX RSLVDQX X SUDYQRM QRUPL REMHNWLYQL WHUHW RGJRYDUD SDN QD SLWDQMH §WR WUHED X³LQLWL VXG DNR RGUH´HQD ³LQMHQLFD RVWDQH QHXWYU´HQD ELOR X SR]LWLYQRP ELOR X QHJDWLYQRP VPLVOX 2VLP UD]OL³LWRVWL X GHILQLFLML L IRNXVX GLVNXVLMH QD VWUDQNH RGQRVQR VXG QDMYD©QLMD MH SUDNWL³ND UD]OLND VXEMHNWLYQRJ L REMHNWLYQRJ WHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD VDGU©DQDXGRPHQLXSRWUHEHREDNRQFHSWD6XEMHNWLYQLWHUHWGRND]LYDQMDSRVWRMLVDPRXWLSX SRVWXSND NRML MH ]DVQRYDQ QD SULPMHQL UDVSUDYQRJ QD³HOD GDNOH SRVWXSNX X NRMHP MH GRND]QDLQLFLMDWLYDXUXNDPDVWUDQDND REMHNWLYQLWHUHWGRND]LYDQMDMHQDSURWLYQH]DYLVDQ RG QD³LQD QD NRML VH SULNXSOMD ³LQMHQL³QL PDWHULMDO GDNOH SRVWRML NDNR X SRVWXSFLPD ]DVQRYDQLPD QD UDVSUDYQRM WDNR L RQLPD ]DVQRYDQLPD QD LVWUD©QRM PDNVLPL 1D³HOQR MH WDNRPRJX±HUDVSUDYOMDWLRREMHNWLYQRPWHUHWXGRND]LYDQMDXVYLPWLSRYLPDSRVWXSNDDQH 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VXJODVQRVWL ³LQMHQL³QH QHL]YMHVQRVWL EH] 6KHPDWVNL$NR$RQGD%SUDYQDQRUPDQL%QLQH%QHSULPMHQDSUDYQHQRUPH =DWDEHODUQLSULND]FIVXSUDVWU :HQQGHP5LFKWHULP)DOOHGHVQRQOLTXHWNHLQHKHOIHQGH%HZHLVODVWUHJHO]XU9HUIsJXQJVWsQGHPsyWHHUGLH 3DUWHLHQ RKQH (QWVFKHLGXQJ QDFK +DXVH VFKLFNHQ 1XU GLHVHV (UJHEQLV IROJW DXV GHU 1LFKWDQZHQGEDUNHLW GHU PDWHULHOOHQ1RUPHQLQGLHVHP)DOO/HLSROGop. cit.,VWU 6DP /HLSROG QLMH ELR SUHYL§H UDGLNDODQ X VYRMRM NULWLFL 5RVHQEHUJD ³LMRM VH WHRULML QRUPH X PDQMRM LOL YH±RM PMHUL SULGUX©LR /HLSROGRYR MH PL§OMHQMH GD RVQRYQR 5RVHQEHUJRYR SUDYLOR R UDVSRGMHOL WHUHWD GRND]LYDQMD YD©L NDRSUH§XWQR]DNRQVNRSUDYRVWLOOVFKZHLJHQGHV*HVHW]HVUHFKW/HLSROGop. cit.,VWULG 9LGL 6FKZDE =XU $ENHKU PRGHUQHU %HZHLVODVWOHKUHQ YRQ GHU 1RUPHQWHRULH)HVWVFKULIW IsU +- %UXQV .qOQVWULG 1MHP2SHUDWLRQVUHJHO 3URQDOD©HQMH WDNYRJ RSHUDWLYQRJ SUDYLOD XVNR MH YH]DQR V SURMHNWRP UHKDELOLWDFLMH 5RVHQEHUJRYRJ X³HQMD NDR§WRMHPR©HYLGMHWLL]VDPRJNUDMD6FKZDERYRJ³ODQND(LQH5sFNNHKU]XP*UXQGDQVDW]GHU1RUPHQWKHRULH 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