“™ɔɇ‡”–›—‹‘’ƒ•†ˆ‰ŠŒŽœšɂɏɓɓɌɄ“
ɐ™ɘɗ‡”Ⱦɋ–›—ɑ‹‘’ƒ•†ɏˆ‰ŠŒŽœš…˜„
“™‡”–›—‹‘’ƒ•†ˆ‰ŠŒŽœš…˜„ɔɀɇɉɇ
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞ
“ɎɑɎɃȽ™ɘ‡ɒ”–ɋ›—ɒ‹‘ɏɋɊ’Ɉƒɉ•†ˆ‰ŠɑŒ
țĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
Žœš…˜ɉɍɎ„Ƚ“™‡”–›—‹‘’ƒ•†ˆ‰ŠŒŽ
œš…˜„ɐɀ“™ɔ‡”–›—‹‘ɐɁɔ’ɀɏƒɄ•ɟɏ
ɘɓ†ˆ‰ŠŒɏɀŽȽœš…˜„ȾɔɁɀɘɃ“™‡”–
ɉɈɍɅɌ›—‹ɠȽɐɔ†ˆ‰ŠŒŽœš…˜„“™‡”–›
uiopaȾ•†ˆ‰ŠŒŽœš…ɂ”ɓ–ɀ›ɂ—ɋ‹ɇ‘Ƚ’ƒ•†ˆ
‰ŠŒŽœš…Ʉ˜„ȽɐɔɁ“™‡”–ȽɐɁ›—‹‘’ƒ
•†ˆȽɐɁɔɀɅɊɈš…˜ɓɌɐɔ„ɐɔɀ“™Ʌ‡Ɍ
ɒɐɁɔ”–›—ɔɀɑɍɇ‘’ƒȽɐɁɔ•†ˆ‰ŠŒŽœš…˜
ȽɐɁɔ„ɀɊǡ“™‡”–›—‹‘’ƒ•†ˆ‰ȽɐɏɀɈɍ
ɝɒ„“™‡”–›ɐɁɔɀ—‹‘’ƒ•ɐɁɔɀ†ˆ‰ŠŒ
ŽœšɐɁɁɀɐɔɀ…˜„“™‡”–›—‹‘ȾɈɐɉɎ’
ƒ•†ˆ‰ŠŒŽœš…˜„“™‡”–›—‹‘’ƒ•†ɀȽɂ
ɍɏŽœš…˜„“™‡”–›—‹‘’ƒ•†ˆ‰ŠŒȽɂɏɀ
ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒțĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘIJȘȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢIJȠȣȐȖȤȠȣȢțĮȚIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ
7/2/2012
ǹʌȩIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮIJȠȣİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ©ȅ
ȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣªIJȠȣǹ
īǼȁǹȤĮȡȞȫȞȣʌȩIJȘȞİʌȓȕȜİȥȘIJȠȣİȚıȘȖȘIJȒțĮȚ
ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȠȣțĮșȘȖȘIJȒȈIJǺȐııȘȢȆǼ
1
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɂɏɇɂɖɟɊɂɋȽ
ȵɿʍɲɶʘɶɼ͗ .................................................................................................................................. 9
Ƀɹʔɻɴʉʎʅʋʌʉʍʏɳʍʏʉʆʃɲɽʌɹʔʏɻʏɻʎʗʐʖɼʎʏʉʐ͗........................................................... 11
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͕ɳɶʖʉʎʃɲɿɽʐʅʊʎ͗ ........................................................................... 12
Ȱʆɽʌʙʋɿʆɻʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɳ͗ .............................................................................................. 12
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻʹ ȱɶʖʉʎʹ Ⱥʐʅʊʎ͗ ....................................................................... 15
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͗ȸʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻʏɻʎɀɲʌʀɲʎ͗ .................................................... 15
Ȱʇɿʉʄʊɶɻʍɻʹ ʃɲʏɲɶʌɲʔɼʏɻʎʖɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻʎ͗ ............................................. 18
Ɉɸʍʏɶɿɲ ʏɻʆʖɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͗ ........................................................................... 22
ȱɶʖʉʎͬȰɶʖʙɷɻʎɷɿɲʏɲʌɲʖɼ͗ȸʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻʏɻʎɀɲʌɿɳʆʆɲʎ͗......................................... 23
Ȱʇɿʉʄʊɶɻʍɻʹ ʃɲʏɲɶʌɲʔɼʏɻʎɲɶʖʙɷʉʐʎɷɿɲʏɲʌɲʖɼʎ͗ ............................................... 25
Ⱥʐʅʊʎ: ȸ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ Ȱʆʏʙʆɻ : ................................................................................. 31
Ȱʇɿʉʄʊɶɻʍɻʹ ʃɲʏɲɶʌɲʔɼʏʉʐɽʐʅʉʑ͗ ........................................................................ 34
ɇʖʉʄɹʎɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗ ...................................................................................................... 49
ȳʆʘʍɿɲʃʊͬɇʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɿʃʊʅʉʆʏɹʄʉ͗.............................................................................. 50
Ɏʐʖʉɷʐʆɲʅɿʃʊʅʉʆʏɹʄʉʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗ ...................................................................... 66
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐFreud: ...................................................................................................... 70
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐD.W. Winnicott: ....................................................................................... 80
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏɻʎMelanie Klein: .......................................................................................... 83
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐJacques Lacan: ......................................................................................... 84
ȳʆʘʍʏɿʃʊʹ Ȱʆɲʄʐʏɿʃʊʅʉʆʏɹʄʉʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗ ........................................................... 95
ɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃʊ ʅʉʆʏɹʄʉ ʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ: ........................................................................ 110
ɉʋɲʌʇɿɲʃɳʃɲɿȰʆɽʌʘʋɿʍʏɿʃɳʅʉʆʏɹʄɲʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗ ............................................. 127
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐZŽůůŽDĂLJ;ɉʋɲʌʇɿɲʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲͿ͗ ............................................... 136
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐďƌĂŚĂŵDĂƐůŽǁ;ȰʆɽʌʘʋɿʍʏɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲͿ͗ ............................. 137
Ɉʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐ͘ZŽŐĞƌƐ;ɅʌʉʍʘʋʉʃɸʆʏʌɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲͿ͗ .................................... 139
ɈʉɹʌɶʉʏʉʐƌƚŚƵƌ:ĂŶŽǀ;ɅʌʘʏʉɶɸʆɼʎȺɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ- Ʌʌʘʏʉɶɸʆɼʎ<ʌɲʐɶɼͿ͗ ............ 144
Ɉʉ ɹʌɶʉ ʏʉʐ Danriel Casriel's (New Identity Process): .............................................. 145
ɀɹɽʉɷʉʎ'ĞƐƚĂůƚ͗ ...................................................................................................... 146
ȵʆɲʄʄɲʃʏɿʃɹʎɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɸʎʅɹʍʘʏɻʎʏɹʖʆɻʎ͗ ...................................................... 154
Ʌɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲ͗........................................................................................................................... 160
ȺɸɲʏʌɿʃʊɽɸʌɲʋɸʐʏɿʃʊɷʌʙʅɸʆʉʍɸɈʌɿʄʉɶʀɲ͗ͨɈʉɷʘʅɳʏɿʉʅɸʏɿʎʃɲʌɹʃʄɸʎʋʉʐɼʇɸʌɲʆʆɲ
ɲʃʉʑʆɸͩ͘ ............................................................................................................................ 161
Ⱥɸɲʏʌɿʃʊɹʌɶʉno ϭ͗ͨɅʀʍʘɲʋʊʏɻʍʃɿɳʅʉʐͩ;ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻͿ͗ .................... 162
2
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ɅʌɳʇɻȰ͗ϭɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ .............................................................................................. 162
ɅʌɳʇɻȲ͗Ϯɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ .............................................................................................. 176
Ʌʌɳʇɻȳ͗ϯɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ ............................................................................................... 180
ȺɸɲʏʌɿʃʊɹʌɶʉŶŽϮ͗ͨȰɷɻʔɳɶɲʌʉʄʊɶɿɲͩ;ȱɶʖʉʎͿ͗..................................................... 181
ɅʌɳʇɻȰ͗ϭɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ .............................................................................................. 181
ɅʌɳʇɻȲ͗Ϯɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ .............................................................................................. 194
Ʌʌɳʇɻȳ͗ϯɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ ............................................................................................... 197
ͨɀɸʏɻʆʋʄɳʏɻʍʏʉʆʏʉʀʖʉͩ;ȺʐʅʊʎͿ͗ ........................................................................... 198
ɅʌɳʇɻȰ͗ϭɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ .............................................................................................. 198
ɅʌɳʇɻȲ͗Ϯɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ .............................................................................................. 211
Ʌʌɳʇɻȳ͗ϯɻɇʐʆɸɷʌʀɲ͗ ............................................................................................... 213
Ɏʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʐʏɿʃɳʋɲʌɲʅʑɽɿɲ͗ͨɄʍɲɷɸʆʅʉʐɸʀʋɸɻɶɿɲɶɿɳͩ͘ ....................................... 215
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͗ ................................................................................................. 216
Ɉʉʅɲɶɿʃʊʄʐʖʆɳʌɿʃɲɿʉɿʏʌɸɿʎɸʐʖɹʎ͗ ....................................................................... 216
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʋʌʙʏɻ͗ ...................................................................................................... 216
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ͗ ................................................................................................... 218
Ƀʔʑʄɲʃɲʎʏʉʐʃɳʍʏʌʉʐ͗ .......................................................................................... 221
Ɉʉʔʀʄʏʌʉʋʉʐʍɸʃɳʆɸɿʅɿʃʌʊ͗ .................................................................................. 222
Ȱʃʉʄʉʐɽʙʆʏɲʎʋɸʌʀɸʌɶɲʖʆɳʌɿɲ͗.............................................................................. 223
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʋʌʙʏɻ͗ ...................................................................................................... 223
ɍʌɿʍʏʉʐɶɸʆʆɿɳʏɿʃɲʇʘʏɿʃɳʍɸɲʋɸʌɶʀɲ͗ .................................................................... 226
Ʌɸʌɿʋɹʏɸɿɲʍɸʃʊʍʅʉʅɲʃʌɿʆʊ͗.................................................................................. 228
ȱɶʖʉʎ͗ ............................................................................................................................ 229
Ɉʌɸɿʎɸʐʖɹʎ͗ ............................................................................................................... 229
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʋʌʙʏɻ͗ ...................................................................................................... 229
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ͗ ................................................................................................... 231
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʏʌʀʏɻ͗ ........................................................................................................ 232
Ⱥʐʅʊʎ͗ ........................................................................................................................... 233
Ɉʉʅɲɶɿʃʊʄʐʖʆɳʌɿʃɲɿʉɿʏʌɸɿʎɸʐʖɹʎ͗ ....................................................................... 233
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʋʌʙʏɻ͗ ...................................................................................................... 233
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲɷɸʑʏɸʌɻ͗ ................................................................................................... 238
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʏʌʀʏɻ͗ ........................................................................................................ 239
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʏɹʏɲʌʏɻ͗ .................................................................................................... 241
3
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ɍʌɿʍʏʉʐɶɸʆʆɿɳʏɿʃɲʇʘʏɿʃɳʍɸɲʋɸʌɶʀɲ͗ .................................................................... 242
Ȼʍʏʉʌʀɲʋʌʙʏɻ͗ ...................................................................................................... 242
Ʉʆɸɿʌɲ͗ͨɇʏɲʅʉʆʉʋɳʏɿɲʏʉʐʉʆɸʀʌʉʐͩ͗ ........................................................................... 245
ȸʍɻʅɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʉʆɸʀʌʘʆʍʏɻʆʗʐʖɲʆɳʄʐʍɻ͗ ................................................................ 246
Ʌʘʎɽɲɽʐʅʊʅɲʍʏɸʏɲʊʆɸɿʌɳʅɲʎ͗............................................................................... 246
ɇʐʄʄʉɶɼʉʆɸʀʌʘʆ͗ .......................................................................................................... 248
Ɉɲʅʋɲʄʊʆɿɲʋʉʐɹʍʃɲɶɲʆ͘͘͘ .................................................................................. 248
ȸʅʐʍʏɻʌɿʙɷɻʎɶʐʆɲʀʃɲʅɸʏɲʃʊʃʃɿʆɲʅɲʄʄɿɳ͘͘͘͘ ................................................ 248
ȸɶɿɲɶɿɳʅʉʐϭ͘͘͘͘ ................................................................................................... 249
ȸɶɿɲɶɿɳʅʉʐϮ͘͘͘͘ ................................................................................................... 249
Ɉɲʅʘʌɳʃɿɲ͘͘͘ .......................................................................................................... 249
Ⱥɲʄɳʍʍɿʉʏɹʌɲʎ . . . . ................................................................................................. 250
Ⱦɲʏʍɲʌʀɷɸʎ͘͘͘ .......................................................................................................... 250
Ȱɶɲʋɻʅɹʆʉʋʌʊʍʘʋʉϭ͘͘͘ ....................................................................................... 250
ȰɶɲʋɻʅɹʆʉʋʌʊʍʘʋʉϮ͘͘͘ ....................................................................................... 251
Ȱɶɲʋɻʅɹʆʉʋʌʊʍʘʋʉϯ͘͘͘ ....................................................................................... 251
ɀɿɲɺʘɼʉʆɸɿʌɸʅɹʆɻ͘͘͘ ............................................................................................ 252
ȵʇɸʌɸʑʆɻʍɻʍʏʉɸɶʃɲʏɲʄɸʄɸɿʅʅɹʆʉɸʌɶʉʍʏɳʍɿʉ͘͘͘͘ .............................................. 252
Ɉʌɹʖʘʆɲʋʌʉʄɳɴʘʏʉʄɸʘʔʉʌɸʀʉ͘͘͘ ...................................................................... 253
Ʌʉɿɻʏɿʃɼʍʐʄʄʉɶɼ͗ͨȿɹʇɸɿʎʋʉʐɷɸʆɸɿʋʙɽɻʃɲʆͩ͘............................................................ 254
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͗ ................................................................................................. 255
ɇɸʅɹʆɲɲʆɼʃʘ͗.......................................................................................................... 255
Ⱦʊʃʃɿʆɻɶʌɲʅʅɼ͗........................................................................................................ 256
Ȱʆɹʃʔʌɲʍʏɲ ɇʐʆɲɿʍɽɼʅɲʏɲ . . . ................................................................................ 259
ɀɿɲɽɹʍɻʍʏʉʆɼʄɿʉ͘͘͘ ............................................................................................. 261
ɈʉʃʉʐʏʀʏɻʎɅɲʆɷʙʌɲʎ͗ ............................................................................................ 263
Ɉɲʃʄɸɿɷɿɳʅɿɲʎʍʃʉʐʌɿɲʍʅɹʆɻʎʗʐʖɼʎ͗ ................................................................... 265
ȱɶʖʉʎ͗ ............................................................................................................................ 267
Ɉʌɸʄʊʌʉʄʊɿ͗ .............................................................................................................. 267
Ʌʌʉʍʋɳɽɸɿɲʍɸʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʍɻʋɲʆɿʃʉʑ͗ ....................................................................... 269
Ʌɲʌɳʇɸʆɻʋɸʌɿʋʄɳʆɻʍɻ͘͘͘͘͘................................................................................... 271
ɀɿɲɲʄʄɿʙʏɿʃɼʆʑʖʏɲʍʏʉɅɲʌʀʍɿ͘͘͘͘ ...................................................................... 275
ɁʐʖʏɸʌɿʆɼʋɸʌɿɼɶɻʍɻʍʏɻȲɿɴʄɿʉɽɼʃɻ͘͘͘ ................................................................ 280
4
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ɀɲɶɿɳʏɿʃɻʋɸʏɲʄʉʑɷɲ͗ ............................................................................................. 283
ɂɻʅɹʌʘʍɸ͘͘͘ ............................................................................................................ 285
Ⱦʑʅɲʍʃʉʏɸɿʆʊ͗ .......................................................................................................... 288
ȵʇɿɷɲʆʀʃɸʐʍɻ͗ ................................................................................................................ 289
ȼʆɷɲʄʅɲʋʉʐʖɳɽɻʃɸ͗ ................................................................................................ 289
ȴʐʍɽʐʅʀɲ͗...................................................................................................................... 291
Ƀʖʌʊʆʉʎ͕ʔʀʄʉʎɼɸʖɽʌʊʎ͖........................................................................................ 291
ȴɹʌʅɲʄɸʐʃʊ͕ʍɲʆɳɷɸɿɲʍɸʄʀɷɲ͗ .............................................................................. 293
Ⱥʐʅʊʎ͗ ........................................................................................................................... 298
ɇʃɲʌʔɲʄʙʆʉʆʏɲʎʍʏɲʍʑʆʆɸʔɲ͗ ............................................................................... 298
ɇɸʏɹɽʌɿʋʋʉɳʌʅɲʍʏɻʆʌɳʖɻʏʉʐɼʄɿʉʐ͗ .................................................................. 300
Ʌɹʔʏɸɿɻʅɳʍʃɲʏʉʐɽʐʅʉʑ͗...................................................................................... 302
Ɍʄʊɶɸʎɽʐʅʉʑ ʍɸʖɸɿʅʘʆɿɳʏɿʃɻʋʐʌʉʍʏɿɳ͗............................................................... 305
ɇʏʉʆʏʉʀʖʉʏʉʐʔʊɴʉʐʏɻʎʉʌɶɼʎ͗ .............................................................................. 306
ȵɿʃɲʍʏɿʃɼɹʃɽɸʍɻ͗ͨɀʉʌʔɹʎʃɲɿʍʐʆɲɿʍɽɼʅɲʏɲͩ͘ ........................................................... 308
ȰʍʃɼʍɸɿʎArt Therapy: ................................................................................................... 308
Ȳɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲ ........................................................................................................................ 312
ȵʋʀʄʉɶʉʎ͗ ............................................................................................................................... 317
5
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹʌȩIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮIJȠȣİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȣǹīǼȁǹȤĮȡȞȫȞȣʌȩIJȘȞ
İʌȓȕȜİȥȘIJȠȣİȚıȘȖȘIJȒțĮȚıȣȝȕȠȪȜȠȣțĮșȘȖȘIJȒȈIJǺȐııȘȆǼ
6
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹijȚȑȡȦıȘ
ȈIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢʌȠȣıİȕȐıIJȘțĮȞIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
țĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞIJȠȣȢ
ȈIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌȠȣȞȠıIJĮȜȖȠȪȞ
ȝİȤĮȡȐIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐIJȠȣȢȤȡȩȞȚĮ
7
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹʌȠijșȑȖȝĮIJĮ
©ǼȓȞĮȚİțȞİȣȡȚıIJȚțȩIJȠȩIJȚȩIJĮȞijIJȐȞȦıİțȐʌȠȚĮȞȑĮĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ
ȥȣȤȒȝİȑȤİȚʌȡȠȜȐȕİȚțȐʌȠȚȠȢʌȠȚȘIJȒȢȘȝȪıIJȘȢª
ȈĭȡȩȚȞIJ
©ȆȡȩıİȤİIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢıȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȜȩȖȚĮ
ȆȡȩıİȤİIJĮȜȩȖȚĮıȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌȡȐȟİȚȢ
ȆȡȩıİȤİIJȚȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢıȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚıȣȞȒșİȚİȢ
ȆȡȩıİȤİIJȚȢıȣȞȒșİȚİȢıȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮȢ
ȆȡȩıİȤİIJȠȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮıȠȣȖȚĮIJȓȖȓȞİIJĮȚȘȝȠȓȡĮıȠȣª.
ȁȑȠȂʌȠȣıțȐȜȚĮ
©ȅȚȠįȠȓİȓȞĮȚȐʌİȚȡȠȚǾĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒİȓȞĮȚȂǿǹȃĮ ȖȞȦȡȓıİȚȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣª.
ȁȑȠȂʌȠȣıțȐȜȚĮ
8
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈȣȞIJĮțIJȚțȒȅȝȐįĮ
ǻȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ
ȅȝȐįĮǹȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ȆİIJȡȐțȘȀȆĮʌĮįȠʌȠȪȜȠȣȂ
ȈIJĮȣȡȐțȠȖȜȠȣȆȆĮʌʌȠȪǹȖȈȚȜȕȑıIJȡȠȣȂȋĮȡĮȜĮȝʌȓįȠȣȈ
ȅȝȐįĮǹDZȖȤȠȢȈIJĮıȚȞȠȪǺȈțȠȡįȓȜȘǹȚțȀĮȡĮȝʌȠȣȜȐIJǼ ǿȦĮȞȞȓįȠȣǼȜ
ȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢȈȂʌȠȣțȠȣȕȐȜĮǹȚț
ȅȝȐįĮǹĬȣȝȩȢȀĮijȐȗȚǹȜĭȦIJȚȐįȘȢǹ ȆȜĮȧȞȩȢȀ ȆȐȞIJȗȚȠȢǹșȉĮțȓįȘ
ǹǻİıȓțȠȣǼȚȡ
ȈȤȠȜȑȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ȅȝȐįĮǺīȞȦıȚĮțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ: ȆĮʌĮįȠʌȠȪȜȠȣȂȀĮȡĮȝʌȠȣȜȐIJ Ǽ
ȆȐȞIJȗȚȠȢǹș
ȅȝȐįĮǺȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȈIJĮȣȡȐțȠȖȜȠȣȆǿȦĮȞȞȓįȠȣǼȜ. ,
ĭȦIJȚȐįȘȢǹ
ȅȝȐįĮǺȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȈȚȜȕȑıIJȡȠȣȂȈțȠȡįȓȜȘǹȚțȆȜĮȧȞȩȢȀ
ȅȝȐįĮǺǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȋĮȡĮȜĮȝʌȓįȠȣȈ,
ȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢȈȉĮțȓįȘǹ
ȅȝȐįĮǺȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮGestalt: ȆĮʌʌȠȪǹȖȂʌȠȣțȠȣȕȐȜĮǹȚțǻİıȓțȠȣǼȚȡ
ȅȝȐįĮǺǻȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ İȚįȓțİȣıȘ: ȆİIJȡȐțȘȀȈIJĮıȚȞȠȪǺȀĮijȐȗȚǹȜ
9
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȠɇɐȽɀɘɀɛǣ
ȉȠ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȪʌȠȣ 3URMHFW ȝİ IJȠȞ IJȓIJȜȠ ©ȅ ȑijȘȕȠȢ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ
ıIJȠȞ țĮșȡȑijIJȘ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȒȢ IJȠȣª įİȞ ĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ıȪȞȠȜȠ IJȦȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞIJȘȢİijȘȕȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢǼȟİIJȐȗİȚIJȘȞİijȘȕȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȡȓĮȕĮıȚțȐ
șȑȝĮIJĮ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚ șȣȝȩ ȦȢ IJȘȞ IJİȜȚțȒ İʌȓȜȣıȘ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢ
Ǿ İȚțȩȞĮ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫȞİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ Ǿ İijȘȕİȓĮ
İȓȞĮȚȘIJİȜȚțȒĮȞĮįȚĮʌȡĮȖȝȐIJİȣıȘĬȑȝĮIJĮʌȠȣșĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞȐȜȣIJĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞ
ĮțȩȝȘʌȚȠʌİȡȓʌȜȠțȘIJȘȞțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘțĮȚȞĮȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮıİįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢIJȠȣ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȉȠ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȩ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ıIJȘ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒ țĮȚ IJȘ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İijȘȕȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȝİIJİijȘȕȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞ ȉĮ IJȡȓĮ
ȕĮıȚțȐ șȑȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ĮȞ įİȞ ʌȡȠıİȤșȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȟİȜȚȤșȠȪȞ ıİ
įȣıșȣȝȓĮ ȝİȓȗȠȞĮ țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ ȞİȣȡȚțȒ ĮȞȠȡİȟȓĮ țȡȓıİȚȢ ʌĮȞȚțȠȪ ĮȖȠȡĮijȠȕȓĮ
ȥȣȤĮȞĮȖțĮıIJȚțȩıȪȞįȡȠȝȠĮȣIJȠIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢĮȞIJȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐțȜʌ
ȆĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȕĮıȚțȐ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐȝȠȞIJȑȜĮțĮȚ ĮıțȒıİȚȢʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮ
ʌȡȠȜȐȕȠȣȞįȣıȐȡİıIJİȢİȟİȜȓȟİȚȢıIJȠȞȥȣȤȚıȝȩIJȦȞȞȑȦȞ
ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣ:
x
x
ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȐȖȤȠȢțĮȚșȣȝȩȢ
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢıȤȠȜȑȢ.
ȆĮȡȐȡIJȘȝĮ
ȈIJȠʌĮȡȐȡIJȘȝĮȑȤȠȣȝİ
x
ĬİĮIJȡȚțȩ įȡȫȝİȞȠ Ǿ ȠȝȐįĮ IJȠȣ ǼȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ ©ȅ ȑijȘȕȠȢ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣªİʌȑȜİȟİȞĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚIJȚȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
IJȦȞȠȝȐįȦȞʌȠȣİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞIJĮIJȡȓĮȕĮıȚțȐșȑȝĮIJĮȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ
DZȖȤȠȢ țĮȚ ĬȣȝȩȢ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ İȞȩȢ șİĮIJȡȚțȠȪ įȡȦȝȑȞȠȣ ȝİ IJȠȞ IJȓIJȜȠ ©ȉȠ
įȦȝȐIJȚȠȝİIJȚȢțĮȡȑțȜİȢʌȠȣȒȟİȡĮȞȞĮĮțȠȪȞݪ
ȉȠ ȑȡȖȠ ȤȦȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİ IJȡİȚȢ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ ȝİ șȑȝĮIJĮ IJȘ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘIJȠȐȖȤȠȢțĮȚIJȠșȣȝȩȈİțȐșİʌȡȐȟȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚİȚțȠȞȚțȒ
ıȣȞİįȡȓĮIJȠȣ©ʌİȜȐIJȘªȠȩȡȠȢĮȞIJȚțĮșȚıIJȐIJȠıIJȚȖȝĮIJȚțȩȩȡȠĮıșİȞȒ
10
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
țȚ İʌȚȞȠȒșȘțİ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ & 5RJHUV ȝİ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȣȢ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȫȞ
ıȤȠȜȫȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ǹȣIJȩ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȐȟȘ įİȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȈIJȠ ȑȡȖȠ
ĮȣIJȩȩȝȦȢıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȖȚĮȞĮȣʌȐȡȟİȚıȪȖțȡȚıȘIJȦȞȝİșȩįȦȞIJȘȢțȐșİ
ıȤȠȜȒȢıIJȠĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȠıIJȐįȚȠIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
īȚĮIJȘȞİȟȠȚțȠȞȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣʌȠȜȜȐĮʌȩIJĮıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȦȞ
įȚĮȜȩȖȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪ ȣȜȚțȠȪ ȝʌȒțĮȞ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ
3RZHU3RLQWȝİIJȘȝȠȡijȒİʌȚıIJȠȜȫȞȒȖȡĮʌIJȫȞĮıțȒıİȦȞȒįȠțȚȝȓȦȞ
ȅȚ ȠȝȐįİȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșȘıĮȞ ȞĮ țȡĮIJȒıȠȣȞ ıIJȠȣȢ įȚĮȜȩȖȠȣȢ IJȠ
ȣȜȚțȩ ʌȠȣ IJĮȚȡȚȐȗİȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ĮʌȜȑȢ ȤĮȜĮȡȑȢ ıȣȞİįȡȓİȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ȩȝȦȢ ȞĮ ıIJİȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJȠ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȠ IJȘȢ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ȠȣıȓĮȢ Ǿ țȐșİ ʌȡȐȟȘ IJȠȣ ȑȡȖȠȣ ± ıȣȞİįȡȓĮ ıȣȞȠȥȓȗİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȡİȚȢ
İʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢ IJȠȣ ©ʌİȜȐIJȘª ȉĮ ʌȡȩıȦʌĮ IJȠȣ ȑȡȖȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ijĮȞIJĮıIJȚțȐ
ȩʌȦȢțĮȚȠȚȚıIJȠȡȓİȢ
x
x
x
x
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚĮ©ǵıĮįİȞȝȠȣİȓʌİȘȖȚĮȖȚȐª
ǵȞİȚȡĮ©ȈIJȠȞįȡȩȝȠIJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣª
ȆȠȚȘIJȚțȒıȣȜȜȠȖȒ©ȁȑȟİȚȢʌȠȣįİȞİȚʌȫșȘțĮȞª
ǼȚțĮıIJȚțȒȑțșİıȘ©ȂȠȡijȑȢțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮª
ǹʌȩIJȘıȣȞIJĮțIJȚțȒȠȝȐįĮIJȠȣİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ
11
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȪɚɔɄȾɍɑɊɎɏɍɐɒəɐɒɍɋɈȽɅɏɚɔɒɄɒɄɑɗɓɖɛɑɒɍɓ:
12
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȱȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄǡəɀɖɍɑɈȽɇɅɓɊɟɑǣ
ȜɋɅɏɣɎɇɋɄɐɓɊɎɂɏɇɔɍɏəǣ
™ ǾĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐįȚĮțȡȓȞİIJĮȚıİİʌȚșİIJȚțȒ, ʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ, ȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩȢİțȕȚĮıȝȩȢțĮȚįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒ.
™ ȉȚİȓȞĮȚȘįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ
¾ ǾȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȞĮȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢțĮȚȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝĮȢțĮȚIJȚȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢȝĮȢȩIJĮȞIJȠİʌȚșȣȝȠȪȝİ
¾ ȃĮșȑIJȠȣȝİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȝĮȢıIJȠȓįȚȠİʌȓʌİįȠȝİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȦȞ
ȐȜȜȦȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ
¾ ȃĮșȑIJȠȣȝİʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJİȢȝİȕȐıȘIJȚȢįȚțȑȢȝĮȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚ
țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ
¾ ȃĮȗȘIJȐȝİĮȣIJȩʌȠȣșȑȜȠȣȝİıİȕȩȝİȞȠȚʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ
țĮȚIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
¾ ȃĮİʌȚȜȑȖȠȣȝİȞĮȝȘȞİȓȝĮıIJİįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȠȓțȐʌȠȚİȢijȠȡȑȢȩIJĮȞIJȠ
șİȦȡȠȪȝİʌȡȠIJȚȝȩIJİȡȠ
™ īȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮȑȤȠȣȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȕĮıȚțȒʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ
İȓȞĮȚȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮȕĮıȚțȐįȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJĮ
¾ ȃĮĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȝİȖȞȫȝȘ
¾ ȃĮțȐȞȠȣȝİȜȐșȘțĮȚȞĮĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȝİIJȘȞİȣșȪȞȘȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȐ
¾ ȃĮȜȑȝİ´įİȞȟȑȡȦ´´įİȞțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦ´´įİȞȝİİȞįȚĮijȑȡİȚ´
¾ ȃĮȜȑȝİ´ȩȤȚ´ȤȦȡȓȢİȞȠȤȑȢ
¾ ȃĮȝȘįȚțĮȚȠȜȠȖȠȪȝİʌȐȞIJĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
¾ ȃĮİʌȚȜȑȖȠȣȝİĮȞʌȠȚȠȞțĮȚʌȩIJİșĮȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȝİ.
¾ ȃĮȑȤȠȣȝİȚįȚȦIJȚțȩȤȫȡȠțĮȚȤȡȩȞȠ
¾ ȃĮȝȘȞĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȝİIJȘȞİȣșȪȞȘȖȚĮIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
¾ ȃĮȗȘIJȐȝİȕȠȒșİȚĮțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒıIJȒȡȚȟȘ
¾ ȃĮĮȚıșĮȞȩȝĮıIJİțĮȚȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİȜȪʌȘʌȩȞȠijȩȕȠ
¾ ȃĮȝȘȞĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȝİIJȚȢıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
13
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ǵʌȦȢțĮȚȠȚȐȜȜȠȚȕȑȕĮȚĮĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȜİȣȡȐIJȠȣȢȑȤȠȣȞĮțȡȚȕȫȢIJĮ
ȓįȚĮįȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJĮ
™ ȉȚȝĮȢțȐȞİȚȝȘįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȠȪȢ
¾ ȅijȩȕȠȢIJȦȞıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞȝȒʌȦȢijĮȞȫİȖȦȚıIJȒȢȝȒʌȦȢĮȣIJȩįİȞ
ĮȡȑıİȚıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȝȒʌȦȢȝİțȡȓȞȠȣȞĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐȒȝİĮʌȠȡȡȓȥȠȣȞ
ȝȒʌȦȢșȣȝȫıȠȣȞ«
¾ ȉȠȐȖȤȠȢȩIJȚįİȞ șĮIJĮȕȖȐȜȠȣȝİʌȑȡĮșĮțȠțțȚȞȓıȦșĮIJȡȑȝİȚȘ
ijȦȞȒȝȠȣșĮșȣȝȫıȦțĮȚįİȞșĮȝʌȠȡȑıȦȞĮıȣȖțȡĮIJȘșȫ«
¾ ȅȚİȞȠȤȑȢȩIJĮȞțĮIJȐȕȐșȠȢįİȞʌȚıIJİȪȠȣȝİȩIJȚȑȤȠȣȝİIJȠįȚțĮȓȦȝĮ
ȞĮ«ȒȩIJĮȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚȝĮȢțȐȞȠȣȞȞĮIJȠʌȚıIJİȪȠȣȝݱ ȠȚĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢ
ȝĮȢȖȚĮIJĮįȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJĮIJĮ įȚțȐȝĮȢțĮȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
¾ ǾȑȜȜİȚȥȘIJȦȞțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȦȞįİȟȚȠIJȒIJȦȞȖȚĮȞĮIJȠțȐȞȠȣȝİȝİIJȠȞ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠIJȡȩʌȠțĮȜȐȞȑĮIJȚȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢĮȣIJȑȢįİȞIJȚȢȑȤȠȣȝİ«İț
ȖİȞİIJȒȢȝĮșĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚțĮȜȜȚİȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ
™ ȂİȡȚțȠȓʌȡĮțIJȚțȠȓIJȡȩʌȠȚȖȚĮIJȘıIJĮįȚĮțȒȣȚȠșȑIJȘıȘʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
¾ ȀĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒțĮȚȚİȡȐȡȤȘıȘIJȦȞțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞıIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢșĮșȑȜĮȝİȞĮ
İȓȝĮıIJİʌȚȠįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȠȓ
¾ ǹȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘıIJȘijĮȞIJĮıȓĮȝĮȢIJȑIJȠȚȦȞțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ
¾ ȂȘijȑȡȞİIJİIJȘȞțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒ
¾ ȉȠȝȒȞȣȝĮıİʌȡȫIJȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠ.
¾ ´ǾȕİȜȩȞĮțȩȜȜȘıİ´ȝȚĮʌȠȜȪȤȡȒıȚȝȘIJİȤȞȚțȒȖȚĮIJȠȞȤİȚȡȚıȝȩ
´įȪıțȠȜȦȞ´ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞǾıȣȞİȤȒȢțĮȚİʌȓȝȠȞȘİʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘIJȘȢ
ȐʌȠȥȒȢȝĮȢțĮȚIJȦȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞȝĮȢȝİIJĮȓįȚĮʌİȡȓʌȠȣȜȩȖȚĮ
ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮĮʌȩIJȠʌȫȢȠȐȜȜȠȢʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓȞĮțĮIJİȣșȪȞİȚIJȘ
ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘ-´ȜȣʌȐȝĮȚțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦȩIJȚIJȠȤȡİȚȐȗİıĮȚĮȜȜȐįİȞ
įĮȞİȓȗȦʌȠIJȑIJȠĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJȩȝȠȣ´-´ȝĮIJȠȑȤȦȝİȖȐȜȘĮȞȐȖțȘțĮȚșĮ
IJȠʌȡȠıȑȤȦ´-´ȜȣʌȐȝĮȚțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦĮȜȜȐįİȞįĮȞİȓȗȦIJȠ
ĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJȩȝȠȣ´
¾ ǼʌȚȜİțIJȚțȒĮȖȞȩȘıȘǹʌĮȞIJȐȝİȝȩȞȠıİıȤȩȜȚĮʌȠȣįİȞİȓȞĮȚ
İȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȐȒȐįȚțĮțĮȚĮȖȞȠȠȪȝİIJĮȣʌȩȜȠȚʌĮ
¾ ǹȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞĬȑIJȠȣȝİȦȢȩȡȠȩIJȚșĮ
ıȣȗȘIJȒıȠȣȝİȝȩȞȠȩIJĮȞȘșȣȝȦȝȑȞȘĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȝİȚȦșİȓ
ȤȦȡȓȢȞĮĮʌĮȞIJȐȝİıİȠIJȚįȒʌȠIJİȐȜȜȠ
14
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ĬĮʌȡȑʌİȚțĮȚȘȝȘȜİțIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȝĮȢIJȩȞȠȢijȦȞȒȢIJȡȩʌȠȢ
ȠȝȚȜȓĮȢȑțijȡĮıȘʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȕȜȑȝȝĮıIJȐıȘıȫȝĮIJȠȢȤİȚȡȠȞȠȝȓİȢ
ȞĮıȣȝȕĮįȓȗİȚȝ¶ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȜȑȝİțĮȚȩȤȚȞĮȝȠȚȐȗİȚıĮȞȞĮ«ȗȘIJȐIJİ
IJĮʌİȚȞȐıȣȖȖȞȫȝȘȖȚĮIJȘȞİȞȩȤȜȘıȘȒȞĮİȓıIJİȑIJȠȚȝȠȢȖȚĮİʌȓșİıȘĮȞ
įİȞȖȓȞİȚĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȗȘIJȐIJİ1
1
Ʌɲʐʄɳʏʉʐ͕ϮϬϭϬ
15
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȱȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄȂ ȴɀɖɍɑȂ ȣɓɊɟɑǣ
ȱȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄǣȢɎɂɏɜɎɒɘɐɄɒɄɑȧȽɏɜȽɑǣ
ǾİʌȚıIJȠȜȒIJȘȢȂĮȡȓĮȢʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȦȞ
©ȀĮȜȘıʌȑȡĮ ıĮȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȤȡȠȞȫȞ țĮȚ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ ʌȠȜȪ IJȘȞ ȕȠȒșİȚȐ ıĮȢ ıİ
ȑȞĮșȑȝĮʌȠȣȝİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓǻİȞȟȑȡȦĮȞʌȐıȤȦĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚȠȣİȓįȠȣȢțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ
ȃȚȫșȦ țİȞȩ țĮȚ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȟȚȫȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮȟȓĮ IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ ĮʌȜȫȢ ȑȤȦ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚıȣȞİȤȫȢĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȣȝȑȞȘȝİIJȘȞİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȝȠȣİȝijȐȞȚıȘțĮȚ
ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ IJȘȞ İȚțȩȞĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȦ īȚĮ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȜȐȕİIJİ ʌİȡȞȐȦ ĮIJİȜİȓȦIJİȢ ȫȡİȢ
țȠȚIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣțĮȚ IJȠıȫȝĮȝȠȣıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘțĮȚ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȫȞĮȕȡȦ
ȑȞĮțȓȞȘIJȡȠȖȚĮȞĮİȓȝĮȚȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚȝİIJĮįȪȠĮȜȜȐʌȠIJȑįİȞİȓȝĮȚǵʌȠȣțĮȚ
ȞĮʌȐȦȞȚȫșȦijȠȕİȡȒĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢįİȞȟȑȡȦIJȚțȚȞȒıİȚȢȞĮțȐȞȦțĮȚ
IJĮțȐȞȦȩȜĮIJȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮ
ȈȤİįȩȞ ʌȐȞIJĮ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȦ IJĮ İȜĮIJIJȫȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȒȢ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȝİ ȝİȚȫȞȦ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ıIJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȩȜȠȚ ȞĮ ȝİ İȚȡȦȞİȪȠȞIJĮȚ ǼȞȫ ȝȠȣ ȜȑȞİ ȩIJȚ
İȓȝĮȚıȤİIJȚțȐİȝijĮȞȓıȚȝȘĮįȪȞĮIJȘțĮȚIJȠĮȞIJȓșİIJȠĮʌȩȩIJȚİȖȫʌȚıIJİȪȦİȖȫȗȦțĮȚ
ʌȐȜȚ ȝİ ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚİȢ DzȤȦ ijIJȐıİȚ țĮȚ ıİ ıȘȝİȓȠ ȞĮ ȗȘȜİȪȦ ijȠȕİȡȐ ȐȜȜĮ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ
IJȘȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢȝȠȣțĮȚȞĮıȣȖțȡȓȞȦIJȘȞİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒIJȠȣȢİȝijȐȞȚıȘȝİIJȘȞįȚțȒȝȠȣȝİ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȪȠȝĮȚ ĮțȩȝĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ǻİȞ ȟȑȡȦ IJȚ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ȃȚȫșȦ
ȤȠȞIJȡȒǼįȫțĮȚįȣȠİȕįȠȝȐįİȢIJȡȫȦȝȩȞȠıĮȜȐIJİȢțĮȚʌȓȞȦʌȠȜȪȞİȡȩȃȚȫșȦȜȓȖȠ
IJİȞIJȦȝȑȞĮȩȝȦȢIJĮȞİȪȡĮȝȠȣ
ĬĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ıĮȢ İțȝȣıIJȘȡİȣIJȫ ȑȞĮȞ ijȩȕȠ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȦ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ țĮIJĮIJȡȫİȚ IJȘ
ȗȦȒ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȞIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȪ īİȞȚțȐ İȓȝĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ijȠȕȚIJıȚȐȡĮ ıĮȞ
ȐIJȠȝȠ ȖİȝȐIJȘ ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚİȢ țĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ǵȝȦȢ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝİ ȑȤİȚ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȑȥİȚ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ijȩȕȠȢ ȝȠȣ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ǼȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ ȘȜȓșȚȠ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚțĮȚįİȞȑȤȦĮțȠȪıİȚȐȜȜȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȞĮĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚIJȠȓįȚȠ
ȃȚȫșȦ IJȩıȠ İȣȐȜȦIJȘ țĮȚ IJȡȦIJȒ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȝĮȚ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ İȚįȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ
ȝȑȤȡȚ ȞĮ ıȣȞȘșȓıȦ IJȠȣȢ țĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝĮșȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠįİȤIJȠȪȞ ȠȚ
ıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȑȢȝȠȣıİȑȞĮțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠIJȝȒȝĮǵIJĮȞȝİİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞıIJĮȝĮșȒȝĮIJĮȞȚȫșȦ
ȩIJȚįİșĮIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȦșĮȖȓȞȦȡİȗȓȜȚțĮȚșĮȝİʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ
īȞȦȡȓȗȦȩIJȚĮȣIJȑȢȠȚıțȑȥİȚȢʌİȡȞȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȠțİijȐȜȚʌȠȜȜȫȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞĮȜȜȐ
ȘįȚĮijȠȡȐȝİȝȑȞĮİȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚȠijȩȕȠȢȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠȝİȖȐȜȠȢʌȠȣ įİȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮIJȠȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȦȉȠȕȐȗȦ ıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝİIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘʌȓİıȘțĮȚȑȤȦĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚʌȡȚȞțĮȞ
ʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ ʌȠȜȜȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣșĮȒșİȜĮȞĮ țȐȞȦǾȝİȖȐȜȘȝȠȣįȣıțȠȜȓĮıIJȠ
ȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȦIJȘȞʌȓİıȘ İȓȞĮȚIJĮȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮIJȚțȐʌȠȣȝİʌȚȐȞȠȣȞıİȑȞIJȠȞȠȕĮșȝȩ
16
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
țĮșȫȢțĮȚȑȞĮĮȓıșȘȝĮȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚıİȑȞĮİȤșȡȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĭȠȕȐȝĮȚIJȩıȠʌȠȜȪʌȠȣ
ȝȠȣȑȡȤİIJĮȚȞĮȕȐȜȦIJĮțȜȐȝĮIJĮțĮȚȤȐȞȦIJȘȞȘijĮȜȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢıțȑȥȘȢȝȠȣ
ǹȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȜȣʌȘȡȩ ȀȐșȠȝĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌȡȦȓ ȦȢ IJȠ ȕȡȐįȣ
țȠȚIJȐȦ IJĮ ȕȚȕȜȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȞĮ įȚĮȕȐıȦ țĮȚ IJȚȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ȝȠȣ
ijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȩȜĮȕȠȣȞȩțĮȚįİȞțȐȞȦțĮȝȓĮțȓȞȘıȘȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢįİȞIJĮțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦ
ȃȚȫșȦ IJİȜİȓȦȢ ȐȤȡȘıIJȘ ȉȠ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ʌȚıIJİȪȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİIJİ ʌȠȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ
ǼȞȠȤȑȢ IJȪȥİȚȢ țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ ĮȣIJȠIJȚȝȦȡȓĮ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ȞĮ ȤĮȡȫ IJȚȢ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌIJȣȤȑȢ IJȘȢ
ȗȦȒȢȝȠȣǵIJĮȞȝİİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞIJĮȜȑȦțĮȜȐĮȜȜȐĮʌȠıIJȒșȚıȘțĮȚțȠȝʌȚȐȗȦȃȚȫșȦ
ȝȓĮ - ȝȓĮ IJȚȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȞĮ ȤȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ ȝȠȣ ©ȂĮȡȓĮ ȀĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ
ijȠȡȐªȝȠȣȜȑȞİȠȚțĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢȆȠIJȑ įİȞİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ
ȉȠȣȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ ȟȑȡȦ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȐ DzȤȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ȡȓȗİȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ȝȠȣ
ȘȜȚțȓĮȩʌȠȣİȞȫȣʌȒȡȤĮȞȚıȤȣȡȑȢİȞįİȓȟİȚȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢțĮȚȐȖȤȠȣȢįİȞ
įȚĮȖȞȫıIJȘțĮȞ țĮȚ įİȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıIJȘțĮȞ ıIJȘȞ ȫȡĮ IJȠȣȢ ĭȣıȚțȐ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȈIJȘȞ ʌȠȡİȓĮ ȑȞĮ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ ȝȠȣ
ȑȕȖĮȜİ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚijȐȞİȚĮ ijȠȕȓİȢ țĮȚ ȐȖȤȘ ȝȚĮȢ ȗȦȒȢ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȝİIJĮIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȩ
ıȠțȝİțȡȓıİȚȢʌĮȞȚțȠȪʌȠȣȝİIJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȠȪȞȝȑȤȡȚıȒȝİȡĮ
ǵıȠ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȝȑȞȦ ıʌȓIJȚ IJȩıȠ ȤȐȞȦ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȩıȠ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȕĮȜIJȫȞȦțĮȚțȜİȓȞȠȝĮȚıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢĮȣIJȩȑȤİȚțĮȚȐȜȜİȢ
ʌȡȠİțIJȐıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȓȞȚȫșȦșȣȝȩțĮȚįİșȑȜȦȞĮȕȖĮȓȞȦȝİijȓȜȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȓȞIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚȖȚĮ
ȝȑȞĮ
ȁȑȦıȣȞİȤȫȢȥȑȝĮIJĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȕĮșȝȠȪȢȝȠȣțĮȚįȒșİȞʌȦȢȕȖĮȓȞȦȝİʌĮȡȑİȢ
İȞȫ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ʌİȡȚIJȡȚȖȣȡȓȗȦ ıIJȘ ȖİȚIJȠȞȚȐ ȝȩȞȘ ȝȠȣ ȌȑȝĮIJĮ ȥȑȝĮIJĮ
ȥȑȝĮIJĮ ǻİȞ IJȠȜȝȫ țĮȞ ȞĮ ʌȦȢ IJȘȞ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ ȆȩıȠ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȘ
ĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚȈIJİȞĮȤȦȡȚȑȝĮȚʌȐȡĮʌȠȜȪȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȝȠȣIJȠ
ĮȖĮʌȫ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȚ ȑȤȦ ʌȠȜȜȐ șİIJȚțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ıĮȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ
İȓȝĮȚʌİȡȒijĮȞȘ
ǵȝȦȢĮȣIJȩIJȠȝȚțȡȩțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȖİȝȐIJȠįİȚȜȓĮįİȝİĮijȒȞİȚȞĮȗȒıȦ
İȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȘİȜİȪșİȡȘțĮȚįȣȞĮIJȒȄȑȡȦȩIJȚșĮȝİȝĮȜȫıİIJİțĮȚʌĮȡĮțĮȜȫțȐȞIJİIJȠ
İȜİȪșİȡĮ ǼȓȤĮ ȩȝȦȢ IJȩıȠ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȞĮ İțȝȣıIJȘȡİȣIJȫ IJȘȞ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ ȝȠȣ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ
țȡȪȕȦıȣȤȞȐĮțȩȝĮțĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȞȓįȚȠȝȠȣIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
DzȤȦ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ Įįİȡijȩ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȝȠȡijȦȝȑȞȠȚ
țĮȚ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȐ ȝȚțȡȠȝİıĮȓȠȚ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȠįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘIJȠȢ ȂĮȢ
ijȑȡȞİȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣ ǼʌȚȝȑȞİȚ ȞĮ ȥȘșȠȪȝİ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȝȘȞ țȐȞȠȣȝİ ıĮȞ ȝȚțȡȐ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȃİȣȡȚȐȗİȚ ȩIJĮȞ įİȓȤȞȠȣȝİ ĮįȪȞĮȝȠȚ Ȓ ȡȦIJȠȪȝİ ĮȞ
ȝĮȢ ĮȖĮʌȐİȚ ȈȣȞȒșȦȢ ĮʌĮȞIJȐ ©ȂȘȞ ȝİ ȡȦIJȐȢ IJȑIJȠȚĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJĮ
ȝȦȡȐ ȂİȖȐȜĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ İȓıIJİ IJȚ IJȚȢ șȑȜİIJİ IJȚȢ ĮȖȐʌİȢ ǻİȞ ĮȞIJȑȤȦ ȞĮ țȡȑȝİıIJİ Įʌȩ
IJȘȞĮȖțĮȜȚȐȝȠȣıIJȘȞȘȜȚțȓĮıĮȢªȅʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ
Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ IJȠȞ șĮȣȝȐȗİȚ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȒ ȝİ IJȠ ȗȩȡȚ IJİȜİȓȦıİ IJȠ
īȣȝȞȐıȚȠȁȑİȚʌȦȢįİȞȒIJĮȞțĮȜȒțĮȚIJȘıIJĮȝȐIJȘıĮȞĮʌȩIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢIJȘȢ
ǻİȞ ȐȞIJİȤİ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȣʌȘȡȑIJȡȚĮ ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ țĮȚ ʌĮȞIJȡİȪIJȘțİ IJȠȞ ʌȡȫIJȠȞ ʌȠȣ IJȘ
17
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȗȒIJȘıİǹȣIJȩȢȒIJĮȞȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣǼȖȫįİȞșȑȜȦȞĮʌĮȞIJȡİȣIJȫǺȜȑʌȦIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮ
ȝȠȣ IJȚ țĮȜȐ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȞȐİȚ ȈȣȞİȤȫȢ İȓȞĮȚ șȜȚȝȝȑȞȘ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȞȑĮ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ
ȝȠȞȠȜȠȖİȓ©ǽȦȒİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȒȩȜȠʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȓțȡİȢª
ȉȘȢȑįİȚȤȞĮȗȦȖȡĮijȚȑȢțĮȚ ȤȦȡȓȢȞĮIJȚȢțȠȚIJȐȟİȚ ȑȜİȖİ ©ȀĮȜȑȢİȓȞĮȚª ©ȂĮ
įİȞIJȚȢțȠȓIJĮȟİȢªĮʌĮȞIJȠȪıĮĮȚıșĮȞȩȝİȞȘIJȘȞțȠȡȠȧįȓĮ©DzȤȦįȠȣȜİȚȐįİȞȕȜȑʌİȚȢ
Ȑıİ ȝݪ ǹʌĮȞIJȠȪıİ ȟİȡȐ ȉȘȞ ȡȦIJȠȪıĮ ©ȂȘIJȑȡĮ ȝ¶ ĮȖĮʌȐȢª ȂȠȣ ĮʌĮȞIJȠȪıİ
©ȂȘȝİȡȦIJȐȢIJȑIJȠȚĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ǼȝȑȞĮ ʌȠIJȑȘ ȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣįİȞȝȠȣİȓʌİı¶ĮȖĮʌȫ
dzIJĮȞ ȣȚȠșİIJȘȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ ȝ¶ ȐijȘȞİ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıIJȚȢ ȖİȚIJȩȞȚııİȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌȐİȚ ıIJȠ
İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠȞĮįȠȣȜȑȥİȚǻȠȪȜİȣİıIJȚȢțȠȞıȑȡȕİȢª
ȂȩȜȚȢ Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȑijİȣȖİ ʌȐȞIJĮ IJȠȞ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȠȪıİ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȜȐIJȘ
IJȠȣ İȞȫȝʌȡȠıIJȐIJȠȣȑȝȠȚĮȗİȣʌȐțȠȣȘȀȚİȝȐȢİȞȫȝĮȢijȡȩȞIJȚȗİʌȐȞIJĮȟİȤȞȠȪıİ
ȞĮȕȐȜİȚȝĮȤĮȚȡȠʌȒȡȠȣȞĮȩIJĮȞıȑȡȕȚȡİȒȑȜİȖİȞĮȝȘijȐȝİțȚȐȜȜȠȖȚĮIJȓIJȘȞʌİȓȡĮȟİ
IJȠ ijĮȖȘIJȩ Ȓ ȞĮ ijȐȝİ țĮȚ įİȪIJİȡȠ ʌȚȐIJȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮįİȚȐȗİȚ Ș țĮIJıĮȡȩȜĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȘȞ
ʌȜȪȞİȚǷȡİȢ± ȫȡİȢȞȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢȝĮȢȑȕȜİʌİıĮȞĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣįİȞȝȠȣ
ȐijȘȞİ ȤȫȡȠ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȦIJȠȕȠȣȜȓİȢ IJĮ ȑțĮȞİ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȒ ȖȚĮIJȓ İȖȫ įİȞ șĮ IJĮ țĮIJȐijİȡȞĮ
ȂİIJȐȝĮȢijȩȡIJȦȞİİȞȠȤȑȢʌĮȡĮʌȠȞȠȪȝİȞȘʌȦȢțȠȣȡȐȗİIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȓȩȜĮĮȣIJȒIJĮțȐȞİȚ
ȂĮțȚȘȖȚĮȖȚȐȝȠȣʌȠIJȑįİȞȑȜİȖİțĮȜȩȜȩȖȠǵȜȠȖȚĮIJȠȣȢʌȠȜȑȝȠȣȢțĮȚIJȘȞ
ʌİȓȞĮȝĮȢȑȜİȖİǻİȞȒȟİȡİ ʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚĮȝȩȞȠȚıIJȠȡȓİȢĮʌ¶IJȘȞțĮIJȠȤȒȑȜİȖİȆȐȞIJĮ
ijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞĮ IJȚȢ ȚıIJȠȡȓİȢ IJȘȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝĮȢ ȑȜİȖİ ijȠȕİȡȑȢ ȚıIJȠȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ
ǻİȣIJȑȡĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮ ȉȘȞ ʌİȡȓȝİȞĮ țȐșİ ǻİȣIJȑȡĮ ĮȜȜȐ IJȓʌȠIJĮ ȂĮȢ ʌȒȖĮȚȞİ ıIJȘȞ
İțțȜȘıȓĮ țĮȚ ȕȜȑʌĮȝİ țȐIJȚ ijȠȕİȡȚıIJȚțȑȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ țȩȜĮıȘ ȝİ țȐIJȚ IJȑȡĮIJĮ
ȂȚțȡȒijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞĮȉȫȡĮȩȤȚȞȠȝȓȗȦįȘȜ
ǾȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȝȠȣıȣȞİȤȫȢȝİĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJİȚțĮȚȝİıȣȖțȡȓȞİȚȝİIJȠȝİȖȐȜȠȝȠȣ
Įįİȡijȩ ǹȣIJȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȜȩȢ ıİ ȩȜĮ ȆȐȞIJĮ ĮțȠȪİȚ ȝʌȡȐȕȠ ǼȖȫ IJȓʌȠIJĮ DzȞĮ
ĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȩ ©țĮIJȐȜĮȕĮ ǻİȞʌİȡȚȝȑȞĮȝİIJȓʌȠIJĮțĮȜȜȓIJİȡȠ ĮʌȩıȑȞĮdzșİȜĮȞĮ
µȟİȡĮʌȠȚȩȞȑȝȠȚĮıİȢȃĮįȠȪȝİIJȚ șĮțȐȞȠȣȝİȝİıȑȞĮªȅʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣȜȑİȚȩIJȚȘ
ĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒIJȘȢȖȣȞĮȓțĮȢİȓȞĮȚȠȖȐȝȠȢțĮȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞĮțȠȪİȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
ȠȪIJİʌȠȣIJȠȣȢİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣȞ
ȀȚȠĮįİȡijȩȢȝȠȣȝȠȚȐȗİȚȞĮȝİıȞȠȝʌȐȡİȚʌȠIJȑįİȞȝȠȣȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚIJȚȢʌĮȡȑİȢ
IJȠȣ ȂȐȜȜȠȞ ȞIJȡȑʌİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝȑȞĮ ǵIJĮȞ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȝȚțȡȒ ȝİ ijȫȞĮȗİ ȤĮȗȒ ȆȐȞIJĮ
ȕȠȪȡțȦȞĮ IJĮ ȕȡȐįȚĮ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ıȣȞȑȕĮȚȞĮȞ ǹȞĮȡȦIJȚȩȝȠȣȞ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȖȚĮIJȓ Ȃİ
ijȩȡIJȦȞĮȞ ʌȐȞIJĮ İȞȠȤȑȢ ȩIJĮȞ ȑȜİȖĮ IJȘ ȖȞȫȝȘ ȝȠȣ DzȜİȖĮȞ ȩIJȚ İȓȝĮȚ ȝȚțȡȒ țĮȚ įİȞ
ȟȑȡȦ IJȓʌȠIJĮ īȚĮIJȓ ȠȚ ȝȚțȡȠȓ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ȉȚ ȒȝȠȣȞ țĮȞȑȞĮ ıțȠȣʌȓįȚ
©ǵıȠ ıİ IJĮǸȗȠȣȝİ șĮ țȐȞİȚȢ ȩIJȚ ıȠȣ Ȝȑȝݪ ȑȜİȖĮȞ ȠȡșȐ țȠijIJȐ țĮȚ IJȑȜİȚȦȞİ Ș
ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘDzȞȚȦșĮʌȦȢȝȠȣȑțȠȕĮȞIJĮijIJİȡȐȂȚțȡȒȑȞȚȦșĮȩIJȚijIJĮȓȦİȖȫȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢ
İȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJĮțĮȜȠȓțĮȚȝĮȢĮȖĮʌȐȞİǼȖȫİȓȝĮȚIJȠȜȐșȠȢȉȫȡĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮįİȞ İȓȝĮȚ
ʌȠȜȪıȓȖȠȣȡȘȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩĮȞțĮȚȝ¶ĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJȠȣȞȩȜȠȚ
ȈIJȠ įȘȝȠIJȚțȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȞIJȡȠʌĮȜȩ ʌĮȚįȓ ȆȠȜȜȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ țȐIJȚ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȝİ
ʌİȚȡȐȗĮȞİǻİȞIJȠȣȢİȓȤĮțȐȞİȚIJȓʌȠIJĮDzțĮȞĮʌĮȡȑĮȝİȝȚĮȒıȣȤȘțȠʌȑȜĮıĮȞİȝȑȞĮ
18
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȅȚȐȜȜİȢįİȞȝĮȢȝȚȜȠȪıĮȞȈIJȠīȣȝȞȐıȚȠįİȞȑijIJȚĮȟĮȞIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮīİȞȚțȐȒȝȠȣȞ
ȝȑIJȡȚĮȝĮșȒIJȡȚĮĮȞįİȞȞIJȡİʌȩȝȠȣȞĮȓıȦȢȒȝȠȣȞțĮȜȜȓIJİȡȘDzȤĮıĮțĮȚIJȘȝȠȞĮįȚțȒ
ȝȠȣijȓȜȘĭȠȡȠȪıĮțĮȚ țȐIJȚıȚįİȡȐțȚĮȂİ țȠȡȩȚįİȣĮȞǻİȞIJȠȣȢȐȡİȗĮȞIJĮȡȠȪȤĮ
ȝȠȣǻİȞIJĮįȚȐȜİȖĮİȖȫĮȜȜȐȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣǼȖȫʌȠIJȑįİȞİȓȤĮȜȩȖȠȖȚĮIJȓʌȠIJĮª
ȂĮȡȓĮ
ȜɌɇɍɉɟɀɄɐɄȂ ɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɛɒɄɑɖȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄɑ:
ȅȡȚıȝȩȢ
Ǿ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ıȣȖȤȑİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ IJȘȢ
ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘȢȅȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚʌȤȘșȠʌȠȚȠȓȒįȘȝȩıȚĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
įȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ǼțIJȓȝȘıȘ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ
ȞĮ șİȦȡİȓȢ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȐȟȚȠȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȪIJȚȝȠȢ ȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩ IJȦȞ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞȝİȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘİȓȞĮȚȠIJȚįȪıțȠȜĮįȚĮIJȣʌȫȞȠȣȞʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢȩʌȦȢ
©ȂȠȣĮȡȑıİȚȠİĮȣIJȩȢȝȠȣªȒ©ȂȠȣĮȟȓȗİȚȞĮİȓȝĮȚİȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȢªȒ©ǼȓȝĮȚțĮȜȩȢ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢª
ȉĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ijȐıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȩIJĮȞ ȤȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ įȠȣȜİȚȐ IJȠȣȢ Ȓ ȩIJĮȞ
įȚĮȜȪİIJĮȚȝȓĮıȤȑıȘIJȠȣȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞİȞIJȪʌȦıȘȠIJȚĮȣIJȒȘĮȓıșȘıȘ
įȚĮȡțİȓȖȚĮȝİȖȐȜȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩįȚȐıIJȘȝĮ2.
ȅȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ įİȞ İȝʌȚıIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚ IJȚȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȑȢ
IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ İȟĮȡIJȫȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȖȞȫȝȘ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ ǹʌȠijİȪȖȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐȜȘȥȘ
İȣșȣȞȫȞ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ʌȡȦIJȠȕȠȣȜȓİȢ įȚȩIJȚ ijȠȕȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮ ǻİȞ ĮʌȠįȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ IJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣȢ ȑIJıȚ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȐȞIJȠIJİ
İȣʌȡȠıȐȡȝȠıIJȠȚțĮȚțĮșȦıʌȡȑʌİȚȖȚĮȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȠįİțIJȠȓ
ȈȣȞȒșȦȢ ©ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚª ȞĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ȝİ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ĮȣIJȩ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
ʌĮȚįȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮ DzȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠıIJİȓ IJȘȞ ĮȣıIJȘȡȒ țȡȚIJȚțȒ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȑȢ
ĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢIJȦȞȖȠȞȑȦȞȒIJȘȞȣʌİȡʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮțĮȚIJȘȞʌĮȡİȝʌȩįȚıȘIJȘȢĮȞİȟĮȡIJȘıȓĮȢ
IJȠȣȢ
ȅȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ĮıijĮȜİȓȢ ȝȩȞȠ ĮȞ ȠȚ
ȐȜȜȠȚ IJȠȣȢ ĮȖĮʌȠȪȞ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ IJȠȣȢ țȡȓȞȠȣȞ Ȓ ȞĮ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJȠȣȞ ǹȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ
2
Ⱦɲʄʄɿʆʀʃʉʐ͕Ɇ͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ
19
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȓ ȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ İʌİȚįȒ țȐȞȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȐ IJȘ įȠȣȜİȚȐ
IJȠȣȢȒʌİIJȣȤĮȓȞȠȣȞIJĮıȤȑįȚȐIJȠȣȢ
ȀĮIJȐȕȐșȠȢʌȚıIJİȪȠȣȞȩIJȚȖȚĮȞĮĮȟȓȗȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮIJȠȣȢįİȤIJȠȪȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚįİȞșĮ
ȑʌȡİʌİ ȞĮ İȓȤĮȞ İȜĮIJIJȫȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȑțĮȞĮȞ ȜȐșȘ ȁȩȖȦ IJȘȢ İȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣȢ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİȚ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȠȚ IJĮȡĮȖȝȑȞȠȚ țĮȚ șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ĮʌȩȥİȚȢțĮȚIJȚȢțȡȚIJȚțȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ǾĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘįİȞȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİȚȝİIJȠȞȓįȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢIJȠȝİȓȢIJȘȢ
ȗȦȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ȞĮ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ IJĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡȞȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȐ
ıIJȠȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ ĮȜȜȐ ȩIJȚ ĮʌȠIJȣȖȤȐȞȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ İȡȦIJȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȪ ȩȝȠȡijȘ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ĮȜȜȐ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
țȐȞȠȣȞ ijȓȜȠȣȢ Ǿ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘȢ įİȞ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ ȩIJȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤĮȝȘȜȑȢ
ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȩIJȚ ıȣȖțȡȓȞȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢ IJȠȣȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȑȢ ȝİ ȑȞĮ ȚįĮȞȚțȩ
İĮȣIJȩ Ȓ ȝİ IJȚȢ İȟȦʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ Ȓ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ȠȝȐįȦȞ ʌȠȣ
İȓȞĮȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢȖȚĮĮȣIJȠȪȢ3.
ȈȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮIJȚțȐĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘțĮȚĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘįİȞİȓȞĮȚIJȠȓįȚȠʌȡȐȖȝĮ
ǹȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȚıIJİȪİȚȢ ıIJȚȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȑȢıȠȣǼȓȞĮȚȘȚįȑĮʌȠȣȑȤȦȖȚĮIJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩ ȝȠȣ ǹȣIJȒ įİȞ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ǻȚĮȝȠȡijȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ
ǹȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȚıIJİȪİȚȢ ȖİȞȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ ĮȟȓĮ ıȠȣ ȀĮȚ IJĮ įȣȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
İȝʌȠįȓıȠȣȞțȐʌȠȚȠȞȞĮʌȡȠȤȦȡȒıİȚțĮȚȞĮȤĮȡİȓIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣǾĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȚȠįȪıțȠȜȠȞĮĮʌȠțIJȘșİȓȅȚįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȣĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘı¶
ȑȞĮIJȠȝȑĮİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞĮĮʌȠțIJȘșȠȪȞȞĮĮȜȜȐȟİȚȩȝȦȢȘĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪʌȚȠ
įȪıțȠȜȠ4. ȉȠĮȞIJȓșİIJȠIJȘȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘĮȣIJȩ± ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ5.
ȈȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ6:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3
ǹȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮIJȦIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǻȣıțȠȜȓĮțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢȑȞIJĮȟȘȢțĮȚĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȝȠȞĮȟȚȐȢ
ȊʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒİȣșȚȟȓĮțĮȚȤĮȝȘȜȑȢĮȞIJȠȤȑȢıIJȚȢıȣȞIJȡȠijȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ
ȆĮȡĮȝȑȜȘıȘȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢȕĮıȚțȫȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞ
ȆĮȡĮȝȑȜȘıȘIJȘȢİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȢİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ
ȊʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒİȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȝİĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȠȚȐȜȜȠȚıțȑʌIJȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮĮȣIJȠȪȢ
ȊʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒĮȞȘıȣȤȓĮȝȒʌȦȢțĮȚİȞȠȤȜȒșȘțİțȐʌȠȚȠȢȐȜȜȠȢİȟ¶ĮȚIJȓĮȢ
IJȠȣȢ
ǻȚȐȤȣIJȠȐȖȤȠȢțĮȚıȣȤȞȐĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣıȘȢ
Ⱦɲʐʃɿʊʎ͕ϮϬϬϵ
Silva, ʖ.ʖ. Gross, 2006.
5
Milton, 2004
6
Ⱦɲʐʃɿʊʎ, 2009
4
20
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ǻȣıțȠȜȓĮȞĮİȡȝȘȞİȪıȠȣȞȝİİȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ǼʌȚțȑȞIJȡȦıȘıIJĮĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮȝȚĮȢțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢ
ȂİȚȦȝȑȞİȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢ
ǻȣıțȠȜȓĮȞĮįȑȤȠȞIJĮȚijȚȜȠijȡȠȞȒıİȚȢ
DzȜȜİȚȥȘİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢıIJȚȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢIJȠȣȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢ
ȋĮȝȘȜȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢĮʌȩIJȘȗȦȒ
ǹȞĮʌȐȞIJİȤİȢİțȡȘțIJȚțȑȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ
ǹʌȠijȣȖȒIJȦȞʌȡȠțȜȒıİȦȞ
ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮʌȩıȣȡıȘ
ǻȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢıIJȘıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘIJȠȞȪʌȞȠțĮȚIJȘįȚĮIJȡȠijȒ
ǻȚĮijȠȡȚțȒǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘȈȣȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ7:
Ǿ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ıȣȞȠįİȪİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ ĮȣIJȠȝȠȝijȑȢ İȞȠȤȑȢ ȐȖȤȠȢ ĮȞĮʌȠijĮıȚıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ İȝʌȜȠțȒ ıİ
ȞȠıȘȡȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢʌȠȣțĮșȚıIJȠȪȞIJȠȐIJȠȝȠĮȞȒȝʌȠȡȠțĮȚșȣȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠ
Ǿ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ șȡȑijİȚ ȝȓĮ ʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȘȠʌȠȓĮȝİIJȘȞıİȚȡȐIJȘȢȪʌȠȣȜĮʌİȓșİȚIJȠȐIJȠȝȠȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞĮȟȚȩIJȘIJȐ
IJȠȣ
ǹȓIJȚĮ8:
‡
‡
‡
ǾȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȑȤİȚIJȚȢȡȓȗİȢIJȘȢıİʌȡȫȚȝİȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢǾıȤȑıȘ
ȝİIJȠȣȢıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțȣȡȚĮȡȤİȓıIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ
ȈİțȐʌȠȚİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȣʌȠȕȩıțȠȣȞʌĮȚįȚțȐIJȡĮȪȝĮIJĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩ
ȞĮįȚİȡİȣȞȘșȠȪȞ
ȈİțȐʌȠȚİȢȐȜȜİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȘȤĮȝȘȜȒİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȝİIJȚȢ
ĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ĮȓıșȘıȘ ȩIJȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢįİȞĮȟȓȗİȚĮijȠȪįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮIJȚȢȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ
ǹȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȘȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ
7
8
Ⱦʘʍʏʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕ϮϬϭϮ
Ʌɲʏɸʌɳʃɻʎ͕ʖ͘ʖ
21
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ȂȘȞțȡȚIJȚțȐȡİȚȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
ǹʌȠįȑȟȠȣțĮȚIJȠįȚțĮȓȦȝĮıIJȘȞĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮ
ȂȘȞĮʌȠijİȪȖİȚȢIJȚȢʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢ9.
DZȜȜĮȟİIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢıȠȣ
DZțȠȣıİ IJȠȞ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ įȚȐȜȠȖȠ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ ȀȪȝĮIJĮ ǹ ǹȞ ȑȤİȚȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘĮȣIJȐʌȠȣșĮĮțȠȪıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣșĮİȓȞĮȚȐıȤȘȝĮ
ǻȚȫȟİIJĮȣʌȠIJȚȝȘIJȚțȐıȤȩȜȚĮțĮȚIJȚȢĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
ȈțȑȥȠȣșİIJȚțȐȤȦȡȓȢĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢʌȠȣıİįȑȞȠȣȞȝİIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
ǹȟȓȗİȚȢĮȣIJȐʌȠȣİʌȚșȣȝİȓȢ
ȀȐȞİ İȚȡȒȞȘ ȝİ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ıțȑȥȠȣ ıĮȞ țĮȜȩȢ ijȓȜȠȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ IJȠȞ
ıIJȘȡȓȟİȚțĮȚșĮIJȠȞȕȠȘșȒıİȚ10.
ȃĮ įȚĮIJȣʌȫȞİȚȢ ıIJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ ıȠȣ țĮIJĮijȐıİȚȢ, șİIJȚțȑȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ
ıȠȣ ©ǼȓȝĮȚª ©ȂʌȠȡȫȞĮªȂȘȞʌȑijIJİȚȢıİĮȡȞȒıİȚȢȃĮIJȚȢ
İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȢıȣȤȞȐȝȑıĮıIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮ
ȃĮ įȑȤİıĮȚ İȣȤȐȡȚıIJĮ IJȚȢ ijȚȜȠijȡȠȞȒıİȚȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ İȞȠȤȑȢ ȈIJȘ ȗȦȒ įȓȞȠȣȝ țĮȚ
ʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȝİ ijȚȜȠijȡȠȞȒıİȚȢ ȆİȢ İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ȂʌİȢ ıIJȘ șȑıȘ ĮȣIJȠȪ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ
țȐȞİȚIJȘijȚȜȠijȡȩȞȘıȘ
ȆİȡȚʌȠȚȒıȠȣțĮȚijȡȩȞIJȚıİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣıİșȑȝĮIJĮȣȖİȓĮȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȗȦȒȢțĮȚ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢİȚțȩȞĮȢ
ǹȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıİIJȚıİțȡĮIJȐİȚįȑıȝȚȠIJȘȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ
ȂȘȞʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐțȐʌȠȚĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ
ȂȘȞȖİȞȚțİȪİȚȢțĮȚȝȘȞȣʌİȡȕȐȜİȚȢ
ǹȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıİ IJȠȣȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıIJȠȞ İȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȩ ıȠȣ ıIJȘ
ȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
ǹȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıİIJȠȣȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢĮȣIJȩ± ȣʌȠȞȩȝİȣıȘȢțĮȚĮȣIJȩ± țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
ǺȡİȢĮʌȩʌȠȪʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒıȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮ.
ǹȞȑʌIJȣȟİȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ
ȂȐșİȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣ
ǺȡİȢİȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȠȪȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢıțȑȥȘȢ
ǹʌȠıȣȞįȑıȠȣĮʌȩIJĮIJȡĮȪȝĮIJĮIJȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ
ȄİțĮșȐȡȚıİIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢıȠȣ
ǻİȓȟİįİțIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮıİțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ11.
ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȒ ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮ:
9
Milton, 2004
Ⱦɲʐʃɿʊʎ, 2009
11
Silva, ʖ.ʖ. Gross, 2006.
10
22
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
Horn Sam, What's Holding You Back?: 30 Days to Having the Courage and
Confidence to Do What You Want, Meet Whom You Want, and Go Where You Want.
2000.
Goldsmith Barton, 100 Ways to Boost Your Self-Confidence: Believe In Yourself and
Others Will Too. 2010.
Schiraldi Glenn R., 10 Simple Solutions for Building Self-Esteem: How to End SelfDoubt, Gain Confidence, & Create a Positive Self-Image (The New Harbinger Ten
Simple Solutions Series). 2007
Schiraldi Glenn R., The Self-Esteem Workbook. 2001
Sorensen Marilyn, Breaking the Chain of Low Self-Esteem.1998
ȀȆİIJȡȐțȘ
ȮɂɐɒɀɇȽɒɄɋɖȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄ12:
12
Ⱦɲʐʃʀʉʎ, ʖ.ʖ
23
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹȞȠȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢĮʌȩIJȚȢʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢĮȞIJȚʌȡȠıȦʌİȪȠȣȞĮȣIJȩʌȠȣ
ıțȑʌIJİıĮȚțĮȚĮȚıșȐȞİıĮȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚȑȤİȚȢȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȆȡȠıȠȤȒįİȞ
ĮȡțİȓIJȠIJİıIJȋȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚįȚȐȖȞȦıȘțĮȚĮʌȩİȚįȚțȩ
1. ȅȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȖȪȡȦȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȪIJİȡȠȚĮʌȩȝȑȞĮ
2. ȈȣȞȒșȦȢțȡĮIJȫʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȝȑıĮȝȠȣțĮȚįİȞȜȑȦĮȣIJȩʌȠȣıțȑʌIJȠȝĮȚȒ
ĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚ
3. ȈIJȘȞʌĮȡȑĮįİȞȑȤȦIJȓʌȠIJİıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȞĮʌȦ
4. ǼȓȞĮȚıȓȖȠȣȡȠȩIJȚȠȚȐȜȜȠȚȝİȕȡȓıțȠȣȞȕĮȡİIJȩ
5. ǵIJĮȞIJȪȤİȚȞĮȝİʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞȤĮȜȐİȚʌȠȜȪȘįȚȐșİıȒȝȠȣ
6. ǻȣıțȠȜİȪȠȝĮȚʌȠȜȪȞĮʌȦȩȤȚȩIJĮȞȝȠȣȗȘIJȠȪȞțȐIJȚ
7. ȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢijȠȡȐȦʌȡȠıȦʌİȓȠȖȚĮȞĮijĮȓȞȠȝĮȚțĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢ
8. ȈȣȤȞȐĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚȩIJȚȠȚȐȜȜȠȚȝİıȤȠȜȚȐȗȠȣȞĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ
9. ȉȚȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢijȠȡȑȢIJĮțȐȞȦșȐȜĮııĮȝİȩIJȚĮıȤȠȜȠȪȝĮȚ
10. ǻİȞĮȟȓȗȦȞĮȝİıȑȕȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚȞĮȝİĮȖĮʌȠȪȞ
11. ǹȞįİȓȟȦIJȠȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩȝȠȣİĮȣIJȩȠȚȐȜȜȠȚșĮȝİĮʌȠȡȡȓȥȠȣȞ
12. ǹȞțȐʌȠȚȠȢ-ĮįİȓȟİȚİȡȦIJȚțȩİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞȖȚĮȝȑȞĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ
ʌȠȜȪȞĮIJȠȣ-ȘȢĮȡȑıȦĮȜȜȚȫȢșĮȝİĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚ
13. ǹȞįİȞIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȞȦıİțȐIJȚIJȩıȠțĮȜȐȩıȠȠȚȐȜȜȠȚĮȣIJȩıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚ
țĮIJȫIJİȡȠȢ
14. ǻȣıțȠȜİȪȠȝĮȚȞĮȝȚȜȒıȦȝİȐIJȠȝĮIJȠȣȐȜȜȠȣijȪȜȜȠȣ
15. ȈȣȤȞȐʌȡȠıʌȠȚȠȪȝĮȚȩIJȚıȣȝijȦȞȫȝİIJȠȞıȣȞȠȝȚȜȘIJȒȝȠȣȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠijȪȖȦIJȘ
įȚĮijȦȞȓĮ
16. ȂȠȣİȓȞĮȚıȤİįȩȞĮįȪȞĮIJȠȞĮįȚİțįȚțȒıȦIJĮįȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
17. ȁȑȦıȣȤȞȐȥȑȝĮIJĮȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠijȪȖȦIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ
18. ǹțȩȝȘțĮȚȘșȑĮȝİȡȚțȫȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞȝȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜİȓʌȠȜȪȐȖȤȠȢ
19. ǹʌȠijİȪȖȦȞĮȝȚȜȒıȦįȘȝȩıȚĮ
20. ǵIJĮȞȝȚȜȐȦıIJȘȞʌĮȡȑĮʌȚıIJİȪȦȩIJȚȠȚȐȜȜȠȚįİȞșĮįȫıȠȣȞıȘȝĮıȓĮıİĮȣIJȩ
ʌȠȣȜȑȦ
21. ǹʌȠijİȪȖȦȞĮİțijȡȐıȦIJȠșȣȝȩȝȠȣıİȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįİȞĮȞȒțȠȣȞıIJȘȞ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȝȠȣ
22. ǵIJĮȞIJȪȤİȚȞĮİțijȡȐıȦIJȠșȣȝȩȝȠȣȤȐȞȦIJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠțĮȚʌĮȡĮijȑȡȠȝĮȚ
23. īȚĮȞĮĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚțĮȜȐʌȡȑʌİȚȠȚȐȜȜȠȚȠʌȦıįȒʌȠIJİȞĮȝȠȣįİȓȤȞȠȣȞĮȖȐʌȘ
țĮȚĮʌȠįȠȤȒ
24. ȆȠIJȑįİȞșĮȖȓȞȦIJȩıȠȚțĮȞȩȢȩıȠșĮȑʌȡİʌİǼȓȝĮȚĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠȢ
ȀȆİIJȡȐțȘ
ȴɀɖɍɑ ȀȜɀɖɣɁɄɑɁɇȽɒȽɏȽɖɛǣ ȢɎɂɏɜɎɒɘɐɄɒɄɑȧȽɏɇəɋɋȽɑ:
ǾİʌȚıIJȠȜȒIJȠȣȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮȢʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȦȞ
24
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
©īİȚĮıĮȢȂİȜȑȞİȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ǼȓȝĮȚȤȡȠȞȫȞțĮȚijȑIJȠȢįȓȞȦʌĮȞİȜȜȒȞȚİȢ
ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ ȑȤȦ ĮȡțİIJȩ ȐȖȤȠȢ. ǵIJĮȞ ĮȖȤȫȞȠȝĮȚ ȞȚȫșȦ IJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮ
ĮȞĮȥȠțȠțțȚȞȓȗȦ țĮȚ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚ ȑȞĮ ıțȠȚȞȓ ȞĮ ıijȓȖȖİIJĮȚ ȖȪȡȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ ȝȠȣ
țĮȚ ȩȜȠȚ ȞĮ țȡȑȝȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩ ȃȚȫșȦ ʌİIJĮȜȠȪįİȢ ȞĮ ijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗȠȣȞ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ
ıIJȠȝȐȤȚȝȠȣDzȤȦIJȐıȘȖȚĮİȝİIJȩǹȖȤȫȞȠȝĮȚȝİIJĮȝĮșȒȝĮIJĮĮȜȜȐįİȞİȓȞĮȚȝȩȞȠ
ĮȣIJȩ ȆȡȚȞ ijȪȖȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ İȜȑȖȤȦ ĮȞ ȑțȜİȚıĮ IJȠ șİȡȝȠıȓijȦȞĮ ĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ
ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞĮ ȝȠȣ țȠȣțȜȐțȚĮ ıIJȘ ıİȚȡȐ ĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȠȚȤIJȩ țĮȚ İȣșȣȖȡĮȝȝȚıȝȑȞȠ IJȠ
ȕȚȕȜȓȠȝȠȣıIJȠIJȡĮʌȑȗȚʌȡȚȞʌȐȦȞĮįȫıȦİȟİIJȐıİȚȢȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢĮȞįİȞțȐȞȦĮȣIJȑȢ
IJȚȢȝȚțȡȑȢIJİȜİIJȑȢșĮȝȠȣʌȐİȚȖȠȣȡıȠȣȗȚȐȈȣȤȞȐȩIJĮȞʌİȡʌĮIJȐȦıIJȠįȡȩȝȠȝİIJȡȐȦ
IJĮʌĮȡțȩȝİIJȡĮȒʌȩıĮțȩțțȚȞĮĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJĮıȣȞĮȞIJȫıIJȘįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȝȠȣȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢ
ȑIJıȚȝȠȣijİȪȖİȚIJȠȐȖȤȠȢ
Ȉİ ȖİȞȚțȑȢ ȖȡĮȝȝȑȢ ʌȚıIJİȪȦ ʌȦȢ ȠȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞ
ȡȚȗȚțȐıIJȠȞĮȕȡİșİȓȜȪıȘıİȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝĮȢĮijȠȡȠȪȞȩȝȦȢȝİȑȤİȚțȠȣȡȐıİȚȩȜȘ
ĮȣIJȒ Ș ĮȖȤȫįȘȢ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ʌȠȣ ȗȦ
țĮȚ ĮʌȜȐ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ țĮIJȐ țȐʌȠȚȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȞĮ
ȕİȜIJȚȫıȦ
IJȘȞʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȝȠȣ ȉȚȢIJİȜİȣIJĮȓİȢȝȑȡİȢįİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮİȜȑȖȟȦIJȠ
ȐȖȤȠȢ ȝȠȣ ȆȡȠȤșȑȢ ȒȝȠȣȞĮ ıIJȠ ȝİIJȡȩ țȚ ȑȞȚȦșĮ ʌȦȢ ȩȜȠȚ ȝİ țȠȚIJȠȪȞ
ǻȣıĮȞĮıȤİIJȠȪıĮȩIJĮȞȝİĮțȠȣȝʌȠȪıĮȞȞȩȝȚȗĮʌȦȢʌȞȓȖȠȝĮȚȆȡȚȞȜȓȖİȢȝȑȡİȢİȓȤĮ
țȜİȚįȦșİȓ ıIJȚȢ IJȠȣĮȜȑIJİȢ ȝȚĮȢ țĮijİIJȑȡȚĮȢ țĮȚ IJȡİȜȐșȘțĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ ȞȚȫșȦ
ȤȐȜȚĮǼʌȓıȘȢıȒȝİȡĮȑʌĮșĮȝȚĮțȡȓıȘʌĮȞȚțȠȪıIJȠıȤȠȜİȚȩȀĮșȩȝȠȣȞı¶ȑȞĮȤȫȡȠ
ȝİʌȠȜȜȐȐIJȠȝĮțĮȚȝȑʌȚĮıİȝȚĮıIJİȞȠȤȫȡȚĮțĮȚȟĮijȞȚțȐȑȞȚȦıĮțȐIJȚʌȠȜȪȐıȤȘȝȠ
İȓȤĮĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠȣȢʌĮȜȝȠȪȢȒșİȜĮȞĮijȪȖȦțĮȚĮȚıșĮȞȩȝȠȣȞȩIJȚșĮʌȐșȦțȐIJȚțĮțȩ
ȉȠ ȓįȚȠ ȝ¶ ȑʌȚĮıİ țĮȚ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ ȩIJĮȞ țĮșȩȝȠȣȞ ıIJȘ IJȐȟȘ Ǽįȫ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ İȕįȠȝȐįĮ
įȣıțȠȜİȪȠȝĮȚ ȞĮ țȠȚȝȘșȫ ȄĮʌȜȫȞȦ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ ȝȠȣ ĮȡȞȠȪȞIJĮȚ ʌİȚıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞĮ
țȜİȓıȠȣȞȉȘȞȘȝȑȡĮȞȚȫșȦİȟĮȞIJȜȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚȝİʌȚȐȞȠȣȞȣʌȞȘȜȓİȢĭȠȕȐȝĮȚʌȦȢș¶
ĮȡȡȦıIJȒıȦ
ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȝȠȡijȦȝȑȞȠȚ țĮȚ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȐ
ȝȚțȡȠȝİıĮȓȠȚDzȤȠȣȞʌȠȜȪȣȥȘȜȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢĮʌȩȝȑȞĮĬȑȜȠȣȞȞĮʌİIJȪȤȦȩIJȚįİȞ
ʌȑIJȣȤĮȞ ĮȣIJȠȓ ǵIJĮȞ įİȞ IJĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡȞȦ ȝȠȣ ȜȑȞİ ĮȡȤȚțȐ įİȞ ʌİȚȡȐȗİȚ țĮȚ ȝİIJȐ
ĮȡȤȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ©ĮȜȜȐ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȕȡİ ʌĮȚįȓ ȝȠȣ ª țĮȚ ȝİ ȖİȝȓȗȠȣȞ İȞȠȤȑȢ ȆȒȖĮȚȞĮ
țȠȜȪȝȕȘıȘʌĮȜȚȐĮȜȜȐIJȘıIJĮȝȐIJȘıĮȖȚĮIJĮīĮȜȜȚțȐȀȡȓȝĮİțIJȠȞȦȞȩȝȠȣȞĮǵIJĮȞ
ʌȒȖĮ ȞĮ įȫıȦ İȟİIJȐıİȚȢ ıIJĮ īĮȜȜȚțȐ ȖȚĮ IJȠ įİȪIJİȡȠ ʌIJȣȤȓȠ ĮȖȤȫșȘțĮ țĮȚ
ȜȚʌȠșȪȝȘıĮ ȂİȑȕȖĮȜĮȞȑȟȦıȘțȦIJȒǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣİȓʌİĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮʌȦȢȑʌȡİʌİȞĮ
țȐIJıȦ ȞĮ ȖȡȐȥȦ țĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȑʌĮȚȡȞĮ ıİ ȕĮșȝȩ ȀȡȓȝĮ IJĮ ȜİijIJȐ ʌȠȣ įȫıĮȝİ ȖȚĮ
İȟȑIJĮıIJȡĮțĮȚijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚĮȉĮȜİijIJȐȕȖĮȓȞȠȣȞįȪıțȠȜĮǷȡİȢ- ȫȡİȢȞȚȫșȦʌȦȢįİ
ȞȠȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȑȞĮȆȩıȠșĮȒșİȜĮȑȞĮȐȞșȡȦʌȠȞĮȝİĮțȠȪıİȚİʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȂȚȜȫȝİ
IJȠȣȢįȚțȠȪȢȝȠȣįİȞIJĮțȡĮIJȐȦȝȑıĮȝȠȣȈIJȘȞĮȡȤȒȝȠȚȐȗİȚȞĮȝİțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ
ȪıIJİȡĮ ȩȝȦȢ ĮȡȤȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ©ĮȜȜȐª DzȤȦ ȑȞĮ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ Įįİȡijȩ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȝĮȚ
ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩȞǵȜȠȚıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮȖȤȫįİȚȢțĮȚʌȚıIJİȪȦʌȦȢȑȞĮȢ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȩȢʌȠȣȑȤȦµµİȟİȜȓȤșȘ¶¶ ıİĮȖȤȫįȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ.
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
īİȞȚțȐİȓȝĮȚijȚȜȐıșİȞȘȉĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȫIJȩıȠIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣʌȠȣijȠȕȐȝĮȚȝȘȞ
ʌȐșȠȣȞțȐIJȚȀȐșİIJȡİȚȢțĮȚȜȓȖȠȝİʌȐȞİıIJȠȖȚĮIJȡȩȖȚĮIJȠıIJȠȝȐȤȚȝȠȣȅȖȚĮIJȡȩȢ
ȜȑİȚʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȐȖȤȠȢȉȠșȑȝĮIJİȜİȚȫȞİȚİțİȓDzʌİȚıĮIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȞĮȝİijȑȡİȚİįȫ
ȖȚĮȞĮȟİʌİȡȐıȦIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢIJȠȣIJȪʌȠȣ©ȂȘȞĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚªȒİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ
IJȠȣIJȪʌȠȣȕȡİțȠȡȓIJıȚȝȠȣȖȚĮIJȓĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚIJȩıȠʌȠȚȠȢıİʌȚȑȗİȚ ªįİȞʌȚȐȞȠȣȞıİ
ȝȑȞĮȂİ ʌȞȓȖȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȉȫȡĮȝİIJȘȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ țȡȓıȘȞȚȫșȦ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
ȐȖȤȠȢȀȐșİijȠȡȐʌȠȣĮȖȠȡȐȗȦțĮȚIJȠʌȚȠȝȚțȡȩʌȡȐȖȝĮȞȚȫșȦIJȩıİȢİȞȠȤȑȢȈĮȞĮ
ĮțȠȪȦIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȞĮȝȠȣȜȑİȚ©ǹȤȐȡȚıIJȠʌȜȐıȝĮȉȚıȠȣȜİȓʌİȚȉȩıİȢșȣıȓİȢ
ȑȤȠȣȝİțȐȞİȚȖȚĮıȑȞĮª
ȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢĮȞįİȞİȓȝĮȚIJȑȜİȚĮıİȩȜĮȠȚȐȜȜȠȚșĮȝİșİȦȡȠȪȞĮȞȓțĮȞȘǻİȞ
ıȣȖȤȦȡȫȜȐșȘțĮȚĮIJȑȜİȚİȢıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣǼȣIJȣȤȫȢȑȤȦIJȘȞijȓȜȘȝȠȣIJȘȂĮȡȓĮȝİ
ĮțȠȪİȚ ȂȠȣ țȐȞİȚ țĮȜȩ ĮȜȜȐ ȜȪıȘ įİȞ ȑȤȦ ǼȣIJȣȤȫȢ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȝĮȚ ĮȖȤȦȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ
ıIJİȞĮȤȦȡȘȝȑȞȘȩȜȠțĮȚțĮȞȑȞĮȢțĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢıIJȠijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚȠșĮȝİȡȦIJȒıİȚIJȚȑȤȦ
ȃIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚȜȓȖȠĮȜȜȐȝ¶ĮȡȑıİȚțȚȩȜĮȢʌȠȣțȐʌȠȚȠȢȞȠȚȐȗİIJĮȚ
ȃȚȫșȦʌȦȢȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚȕȠȒșİȚĮȈĮȢʌĮȡĮțĮȜȫȕȠȘșİȓıIJİȝݪ
ȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ.
ȜɌɇɍɉɟɀɄɐɄȂ ɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɛɒɄɑȽɀɖɣɁɍɓɑɁɇȽɒȽɏȽɖɛɑ:
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȅȡȚıȝȩȢ
ȉȠ ȞĮ ȞȚȫșİȚ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȐȖȤȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ țȐIJȚ ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ȉȠ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚ
ȩȝȦȢ ȝȚĮ įȑıȝȘ ĮȖȤȦįȫȞ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ țȐIJȚ ȐȜȜȠ 13. īİȞȚțİȣȝȑȞȘ ĮȖȤȫįȘȢ
įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒ / Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒ IJȘȢ
įȚȐșİıȘȢ
ȈȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
ǹȞȘıȣȤȓĮ
ȈȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıIJĮ ȩȡȚȐ ıȠȣ.
ȀȠȪȡĮıȘ
ȈȣȞİȤȒȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ
ȂʌȜȠțȐȡȚıȝĮIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪ
ǼȣİȡİșȚıIJȩIJȘIJĮ
ȂȣȧțȒȑȞIJĮıȘ
ȆȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȪʌȞȠȣĮȨʌȞȓİȢȒȝİȟȣʌȞȐȢțȠȣȡĮıȝȑȞȠȢ
ǻȚȐȡțİȚĮʌȐȞȦĮʌȩȝȒȞİȢ14.
ȅțȪțȜȠȢIJȠȣȐȖȤȠȣȢ
‡
‡
‡
‡
ȈțȑȥİȚȢijȠȕȚțȑȢ
ȆȣȡȠįȩIJȘıȘĮįȡİȞĮȜȓȞȘȢ
ĭȩȕȠȢĮʌȩIJȘȞ ʌȣȡȠįȩIJȘıȒIJȘȢ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞʌȣȡȠįȩIJȘıȘĮįȡİȞĮȜȓȞȘȢ15.
ȆȩıȠıȣȤȞȐİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ16:
ǼȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚʌİȡȓʌȠȣıIJȠIJȠȣʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ
ǻȚĮijȠȡȚțȒǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘȈȣȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ
13
NHS, Ten ways to fight your fears, x.x
Edwards, ʖ.ʖ. Smith, 2011.
15
LJŽƵƚƵďĞ͘ĐŽŵ͕ʖ͘ʖ
16
Edwards, ʖ.ʖ
14
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
™ DZȜȜİȢĮȖȤȫįİȚȢįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢİȓȞĮȚ
‡ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒijȠȕȓĮ ijȩȕȠȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
‡ ȀȡȓıİȚȢ ʌĮȞȚțȠȪ ȄĮijȞȚțȩȢ ijȩȕȠȢ țĮȚ ʌȞȓȟȚȝȠ IJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓİȢ IJȣȝʌĮȞȚıȝȩȢ
IJȡȑȝȠȣȜȠ ȟȐȞĮȝȝĮ ʌȩȞȠȢ ıIJȠ ıIJȒșȠȢ ȗĮȜȐįİȢ įȣıțȠȜȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞĮʌȞȠȒ
ȞĮȣIJȓĮ IJȐıȘ ȖȚĮ ȜȚʌȠșȣȝȓĮ įȚȐıʌĮıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ Ȓ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ ĮȓıșȘıȘȢ
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17
ǻȚĮijȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮȞĮʌȞȠȑȢ
ǻȚȫȟİĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢ
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ȂȘȞĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȢʌȠȜȜȐ
ȅȡȖȐȞȦıİIJȠȤȡȩȞȠıȠȣ
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ȂȘȞ ʌȓȞİȚȢ ĮȜțȠȩȜ țĮijȑįİȢ țĮȚ ȝȘȞ țĮʌȞȓȗİȚȢ ȆȚİȢ țȐʌȠȚȠ ȘȡİȝȚıIJȚțȩ
ȕȩIJĮȞȠȤĮȝȠȝȒȜȚȜȠȣǸȗĮțȜʌ
DzțșİıȘ ıIJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ijȠȡȑȢ IJȘȞ İȕįȠȝȐįĮ ǼȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ ȝİ IJȠ IJȚ ıİ
ĮȖȤȫȞİȚ
īȣȝȞĮıIJȚțȒ
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Edwards, ʖ.ʖ
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Smith, 2011.
18
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Ǻ. ȈIJĮıȚȞȠȪ.
ȣɓɊɟɑ: Ȣ ɎɂɏɜɎɒɘɐɄ ɒɍɓ ȜɋɒɣɋɄ :
ǾİʌȚıIJȠȜȒIJȠȣǹȞIJȫȞȘ ʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȦȞ
©īİȚĮǻȓıIJĮȗĮȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮȞĮıĮȢȖȡȐȥȦ ĮȜȜȐ ıȒȝİȡĮIJȠĮʌȠijȐıȚıĮ ǻİȞ
İȓȝĮȚțĮțȩʌĮȚįȓȓıȦȢȜȓȖȠʌĮȡİȟȘȖȘȝȑȞȠȢǻİȞȝİțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞȈȒȝİȡĮȩȝȦȢIJĮ
©ȤȡİȚȐıIJȘțĮ ȜȓȖȠª ȞIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚ țĮȚ ʌȠȣ IJȠ ȜȑȦ ȆȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ ijȠȕȒșȘțĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ 32
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤȡȠȞȫȞțĮȚʌȘȖĮȓȞȦıȤȠȜİȓȠ± ǼȆǹȁ- ȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȩʌȚȠʌȠȜȪȖȚĮIJȠȞȤĮȕĮȜȑʌĮȡȐȖȚĮ
ȞĮȝȐșȦ
ȉȠ ʌȡȦȓ ʌĮȡȚıIJȐȞȦ ʌȦȢ įȠȣȜİȪȦ ıIJȠ ȝĮȖĮȗȓ İȞȩȢ șİȓȠȣ ȝȠȣ DzȤİȚ
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Įʌȩ IJȠ įȘȝȠIJȚțȩ įİȞ IJĮ țĮIJȐijİȡȞĮ ǵȜȠȚ ȑȜİȖĮȞ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠȢ DzȤĮıĮ
įȣȠ ȤȡȠȞȚȑȢ ǼȖȫ ʌȓıIJİȣĮ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȩȢ ȖİȞȞȘȝȑȞȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȡȤȘȖȩȢ ȅȚ
ıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȑȢȝȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȚ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȒȝȠȣȞ įȚİIJȒȢ dzȝȠȣȞ Ƞ ĮȡȤȘȖȩȢ IJȠȣȢ ȆȠȜȪ
ȝȠȣȐȡİıİDzțĮȞĮIJȠȞIJĮȒıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȆȠIJȑįİȞȑȝİȞĮȤȦȡȓȢijȡȐȖțĮȆȐȞIJĮȑʌİȚșĮ
IJȠȣȢ ©ıʌĮıȓțȜİȢª ȞĮȝİȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐdzȝȠȣȞIJȠİȓįȦȜȩ IJȠȣȢ ǼȓȤĮIJȠȞ
IJȡȩʌȠȝȠȣ
33
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
DzIJȡȦȖĮ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ĮʌȠȕȠȜȑȢ Ȃİ İȓȤĮȞ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıIJȘȝȑȞȠ ıIJȠȞ IJȠȓȤȠ ȂȠȣ
ȑțĮȞĮȞ țĮȚ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ ıȤȠȜȚțȠȪ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ ǹʌȩ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ ȩȝȦȢ ʌȐȞIJĮ ʌȡȫIJȠȢ
DzțĮȞĮʌĮȡȑĮȝİțȐIJȚțȠʌİȜȓIJıİȢʌȠȣİȓȤĮȞİȝİȓȞİȚıIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘȖȣȝȞĮıȓȠȣǹįȚțȓĮ
ǻİȞ IJȚȢ ȤȫȞİȣĮȞ ȠȚ țĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢ ǼȖȫ ȩȝȦȢ IJȚȢ țĮIJĮȜȐȕĮȚȞĮ IJĮ İȓȤĮ ʌİȡȐıİȚ țȚ İȖȫ
dzȝȠȣȞ Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȩȢ IJȠȣȢ ǼȓȤĮȞ țȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ țȐIJȚ ©ȕȜȐțİȢª ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣȢ ȑțĮȞĮȞ
ıȣȞİȤȫȢ©ȝĮȞȠȪȡĮª
ĬȣȝȐȝĮȚIJĮțĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚĮIJȚțĮȜȐʌİȡȞȠȪıĮȝİȝİIJȘȞʌĮȡȑĮȀȜȑȕĮȝİʌĮȖȦIJȐ
ʌȠįȒȜĮIJĮ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȐ țȚ ȩIJȚ ȐȜȜȠ ȖȠȣıIJȐȡĮȝİ țȐȞĮȝİ ȄİȖȞȠȚĮıȚȐ Ș ĮșȦȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ
ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ Ƞ ȖİȓIJȠȞĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȑȡȚȟİ IJȠ ʌȠįȒȜĮIJȠ ȝİ IJȠ ĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJȩ IJȠȣ țĮșȫȢ
ȑțĮȞİ ȠʌȚıșȠʌȠȡİȓĮ ĬȩȜȦıĮ ǼȣIJȣȤȫȢ įİȞ ȑʌĮșİ IJȓʌȠIJĮ IJȠ ʌȠįȒȜĮIJȠ Ȉİ įȣȠ
İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ Įʌȩ IJȩIJİ IJȠȣ İȓȤĮȝİ ȕȐȜİȚ ijȦIJȚȐ ıIJȠ ȖțĮȡȐȗ Ȃİ ĮȞȑțȡȚȞĮȞ ȠȚ
ĮıIJȣȞȠȝȚțȠȓĮȜȜȐİȓȤĮȐȜȜȠșȚIJĮijȚȜĮȡȐțȚĮȝȠȣǻȒșİȞȒȝĮıIJĮȞıIJȠıʌȓIJȚİȞȩȢIJȘȢ
ʌĮȡȑĮȢȉȠȕİȕĮȓȦıİțȚȘȝȐȞĮIJȠȣȖȚĮȞĮȝĮȢțĮȜȪȥİȚȆȩıȠȖȜȣțȩİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȜȑʌİȚȢ
IJȚȢijȜȩȖİȢȈĮȞȞĮȗȦȖȡĮijȓȗİȚȢȝİIJȠȞșȣȝȩıȠȣ
ȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȝȐȜȦȞĮȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝȠȣDzțȜİȚȞĮIJȘȞʌȩȡIJĮȝİįȪȞĮȝȘ
ʌȓıȦ ȝȠȣ țȚ ȑȕȖĮȚȞĮ ȝİ IJĮ ijȚȜĮȡȐțȚĮ ȝȠȣ ȑȟȦ ȖȚĮ ʌȜȐțİȢ țĮȚ ȤĮȕĮȜȑ ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ
ʌȜĮțȫıĮȝİıIJȚȢȝȐʌİȢțȐIJȚʌĮȚįȐțȚĮIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪǼȖȫʌȒȡĮțȚȑıʌĮıĮIJȠ țȚȞȘIJȩ
ı¶ȑȞĮĮʌȩĮȣIJȐdzIJĮȞ ĮțȡȚȕȩȝȐȜȜȠȞȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢIJȠȣ IJȠĮȖĮʌȠȪıĮȞǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ
ȕȜȑʌȦ IJĮ țĮȜȠȝĮșȘȝȑȞĮ ʌȠȣ IJĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ IJȡİȜĮȓȞȠȝĮȚ ǴıȦȢ ȗȘȜİȪȦ ǻİȞ
ȖȠȣıIJȐȡȦȩȝȦȢĮʌȜȫȢȞĮIJȠȣIJȠʌȐȡȦĬȑȜȦȞĮIJȠıʌȐıȦȝʌȡȠıIJȐIJȠȣDzȤİȚijȐıȘ
īȠȣȡȜȫȞȠȣȞ ıĮȞ ȤĮȗȐ IJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȃȚȫșȦ IJȑIJȠȚĮ ĮȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘ ȝȑıĮ ȝȠȣ ǵIJĮȞ
IJİȜİȚȫȞȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ ȞȚȫșȦ ȜȓȖȠ ȐȕȠȜĮ ȝİIJĮȞȚȫȞȦ ǻİȞ țȡĮIJȐ ȩȝȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȜȪ Ȉİ ȜȓȖȠ
ȑȡȤİIJĮȚțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠșȪȝĮțȚȘ©ʌȜȐțĮªıȣȞİȤȓȗİIJĮȚ
ȈIJȘȞİijȘȕİȓĮįİȞȐȞIJİȤĮIJȠȣȢțĮȣȖȐįİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȂȠȣİȡȤȩIJĮȞȞĮȕĮȡȑıȦ
IJȠțİijȐȜȚȝȠȣıIJȠȞIJȠȓȤȠĮȜȜȐȩʌȦȢıĮȢİȓʌĮȝȠȣIJȠİȓȤİțȐȞİȚȒįȘȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣ
ȀĮȞȐįȣȠijȠȡȑȢȝȐȜȚıIJĮIJȘȞțȠʌȐȞȘıĮĮʌȩIJȠıʌȓIJȚȖȚĮȝȑȡİȢȂȚĮȞȪȤIJĮțȠȚȝȒșȘțĮ
ıİȝȚĮĮʌȠșȒțȘȆİȡȚʌȑIJİȚĮdzIJĮȞıIJȠĮȓȝĮȝȠȣȂİȑȥĮȤȞĮȞȩȜȠȚȆȠȜȪȖȠȪıIJĮȡĮ
ȉȠȣȢ ȑȜİȚȥĮ ǵIJĮȞ ȝİ ȕȡȒțĮȞ ȒșİȜĮȞ ʌȐȜȚ ȞĮ ȝİ ȤȐıȠȣȞ ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ IJȡȓIJȘ
ȖȣȝȞĮıȓȠȣ ȝĮȢ IJȘȞ ȑʌİıĮȞ țȐIJȚ ĮȜȐȞȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȚʌȜĮȞȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ǻİȞ ĮȞIJȑȤȦ IJĮ
ȗȠȡȚȜȓțȚĮ țȚ ȐȡȤȚıĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞȦ ĮȞȐʌȠįİȢ ȉȡİȜȐșȘțĮ șȩȜȦıĮ IJȠȣȢ ʌȑIJĮȟĮ ȑȞĮ
ıțȠȣʌȚįȠIJİȞİțȑ ȖİȝȐIJȠ ǼȓȤİ ijȐıȘ īȚĮ ijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ȒIJĮȞ ǼȓȤĮȞ ijȦIJȠȖȑȞİȚĮ
ǺȖȐȜĮȝİIJȠȕȚȞIJİȐțȚıIJȠ<RX7XEHȆȡȫIJȘȝȠȪȡȘȖȓȞĮȝİ
ǷȡİȢ- ȫȡİȢʌȑijIJȦıİțİȞȩșȜȓȥȘȉȠʌȠIJȩȕȠȘșȐİȚȀĮʌȞȓȗȦĮʌȩIJĮȝȠȣ
ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ IJȠ țȩȥȦ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȉȫȡĮ ʌȚĮ ȩIJĮȞ IJȡȑȤȦ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȝİ ʌȚȐıȠȣȞ
ȜĮȤĮȞȚȐȗȦȉȠțĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚȠȡȖĮȞȫșȘțĮȂİIJȘȞʌĮȡȑĮȝȠȣijIJȚȐȟĮȝİȑȞĮ©ʌȠȜȚIJȚıIJȚțȩ
ıȪȜȜȠȖȠªȖȚĮȞĮįȚȠȡșȫıȠȣȝİIJȠȞțȩıȝȠȅȚțĮțȑȢȖȜȫııİȢșĮIJȠȑȜİȖĮȞıȣȝȝȠȡȓĮ
ǹȜȜȐȘȝİȖȐȜȘijȐıȘȖȚȞȩIJĮȞıIJȠȖȒʌİįȠǾțİȡțȓįĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠȕĮıȓȜİȚȠIJȠȣĮȜȘșȚȞȠȪ
ȐȞįȡĮ Ǿ ȠȝĮįȐȡĮ ȝȠȣ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ıİ ȝȑȞĮ ʌȚȠ ʌȠȜȜȐ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ įȚțȠȪȢ ȝȠȣ
ǹįȡİȞĮȜȓȞȘIJıĮȝʌȠȣțȐʌȐșȠȢțĮȚIJȠțȣȞȒȖȚȝİIJȘȞĮıIJȣȞȠȝȓĮȐȜȜȘijȐıȘȃȚȫșİȚȢ
ȒȡȦĮȢĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıIJȠȣȢȕȠȜİȝȑȞȠȣȢ
34
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȅʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮȐȞİȡȖȠȢǻİȞijȑȡȞİȚijȡȐȖțĮȩIJȚȕȖȐȗȦİȖȫțȚ
Ș ȝȐȞĮ ȝȠȣ īȞȫȡȚıĮ ıIJȠ ȖȒʌİįȠ țȐIJȚ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ǼȓȞĮȚ VNLQKHDGV ǹțȠȪȝİ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ
ȝȠȣıȚțȒ ȂȠȣ ȝȓȜȘıĮȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ©ʌİȡȘijȐȞȚĮ IJȠȣ ȞĮ İȓıĮȚ ȜİȣțȩȢª ȆȒȖĮȝİ ıIJȠ
ȂȠȞĮıIJȘȡȐțȚ ȞĮ ĮȖȠȡȐıȠȣȝİ țĮȚ IJĮ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ ĮȡȕȣȜȐțȚĮ İȞȚıȤȣȝȑȞĮ ıȑȞȚȠ
ĮȞįȡȚțȩ ȝʌȠȣijĮȞȐțȚ ıIJİȞȩ IJȗȚȞ țĮȚ ʌĮȞIJİȜȩȞȚ ʌĮȡĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ ǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢ ȑȞȚȦșĮ ʌȦȢ
ĮȞȒțȦțȐʌȠȣ
ȈȠȕĮȡİȪIJȘțĮ DzʌĮȥĮ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ʌȜȐțİȢ DzȤȦ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ȝȠȣ ĮʌȠıIJȠȜȑȢ ȉĮ
ȕȡȐįȚĮȩIJĮȞȝĮȢIJȘȞįȫıİȚʌȐȝİȖȚĮ©țȣȞȒȖȚªȂȩȜȚȢįȠȪȝİțĮȞȑȞĮȞ©ȝİȜĮȝȥȩªIJȠȣ
ȠȡȝȐȝİȩȜȠȚȝĮȗȓȖȚĮȞĮIJȠȣįİȓȟȠȣȝİʌȠȚȩȢțȐȞİȚțȠȣȝȐȞIJȠı¶ĮȣIJȒIJȘȤȫȡĮȀȐʌȠȚĮ
ıIJȚȖȝȒ șĮ IJȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȫıȠȣȝİ IJȠ ʌĮȞȘȖȪȡȚ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ ©ijȚȜȚțȩª ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȝĮȜȜȚȐįİȢ ıIJĮ
ǼȟȐȡȤİȚĮȐȞIJİȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȣȢȑȤȦʌȠȜȜȐȝĮȗİȝȑȞĮ
ȆȑȡıȚȝİİȓȤİijȡȚțȐȡİȚȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣDzȞȚȦșĮȞĮȝİʌȞȓȖİȚȘĮįȚțȓĮǻİȞİȓȤĮ
ȟĮȞĮȞȚȫıİȚ IJȩıȘ ȠȡȖȒ ĬȩȜȦıĮ DzȡȚȟĮ țȐIJȦ IJȠ ıțȡȓȞȚȠ ıIJȠ ıĮȜȩȞȚ ȝİ ȩȜĮ IJĮ
ȖȣĮȜȚțȐ IJȘȢ ȖȚĮȖȚȐȢ ȉȘȞ ĮȖĮʌȠȪıĮ IJȘ ȖȚĮȖȚȐ ȒIJĮȞ Ș ȝȩȞȘ ʌȠȣ ȝİ țĮIJĮȜȐȕĮȚȞİ
©DzijȣȖݪ ȩIJĮȞ ȒȝȠȣȞĮ İIJȫȞ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ ©ȑȝİȚȞĮȞ ʌĮȖȦIJȩª dzșİȜĮȞ ȞĮ ȝİ
țȜİȓıȠȣȞ ıİ ȐıȣȜȠ ȉȡİȜȠȓ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ǼȖȫ ȝȚĮ ȤĮȡȐ İȓȝĮȚ ĮʌȜȫȢ ȝȠȣ IJȘȞ
©ȑįȦıĮȞªȂȠȣijIJĮȓȞİȩȜĮȄİıʌȫ
ǻİȞ ȝ¶ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȦ ȆȦȢ ȑȖȚȞĮ ȑIJıȚ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ İȓȝĮȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ
ȆȑȡıȚȑțȜİȥĮIJȠĮȝȐȟȚIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮȝȠȣțȚȑțĮȞĮ©țȩȞIJȡİȢªȝİțȐIJȚĮȜȐȞȚĮʌȓıȦĮʌȩ
IJȘȤȦȝĮIJİȡȒȂ¶ĮȡȑıİȚȞĮIJȡȑȤȦȝİIJ¶ĮȝȐȟȚȞȚȫșȦȞĮijȚȜȫIJȠȞșȐȞĮIJȠțĮȚȞĮIJȠȞ
IJȡȠȝȐȗȦĬȑȜȦ ȞĮʌȐȡȦȝȘȤĮȞȒșĮİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȒ©ijȐıȘªǻİȞȟȑȡȦIJȚȝȠȣıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ
İȓȝĮȚȝʌİȡįİȝȑȞȠȢȉȚȑțĮȞĮıIJȡĮȕȐıIJȘȗȦȒȝȠȣª
ǹȞIJȫȞȘȢ
ȜɌɇɍɉɟɀɄɐɄȂ ɈȽɒȽɀɏȽɔɛɒɍɓɅɓɊɍɠ:
ȅȡȚıȝȩȢ
ǹȢ IJȠ ʌĮȡĮįİȤIJȠȪȝİ, ȠșȣȝȩȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȖİȖȠȞȩȢ± țȠȝȝȐIJȚıIJȘȗȦȒȝĮȢȅ
țȩıȝȠȢȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚȖİȝȐIJȠȢȕȓĮȑȤșȡİȢʌȠȜȑȝȠȣȢțĮȚİʌȚșȑıİȚȢȆȠȜȜȑȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ
șİȦȡȓİȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ İıIJȚȐȗȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ ĮȖȫȞĮ IJȠȣ ȕȡȑijȠȣȢ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȠȣ
șȣȝȠȪ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȝĮIJĮȚȫıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȕȚȫȞİȚ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐ ıIJȚȢ ʌȡȦIJȩȖȠȞİȢ ijĮȞIJĮıȚĮțȑȢ
İʌȚșȑıİȚȢİȞȠȤȑȢțĮȚİʌĮȞȠȡșȫıİȚȢIJȦȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞ
35
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂİȖĮȜȫȞȠȣȝİȝİIJȠȞșȣȝȩĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȝĮȢȈIJȩȤȠȢIJȠȣȕȡȑijȠȣȢ
İȓȞĮȚȘıȣȖțȡȩIJȘıȘȝȚĮȢıȣȞİțIJȚțȒȢıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢʌȠȣȞĮșȑıİȚIJȑȡȝĮı¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠ
ȝʌȑȡįİȝĮ Ǿ IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ ȓıȦȢ ȞĮ įȫıİȚ ıȐȡțĮ țĮȚ ȠıIJȐ ıİ ȝȚĮ İȞȚĮȓĮ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ǹȣIJȩ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ȥİȣįĮȓıșȘıȘ ȖȚĮIJȓ țȡȪȕİȚ IJȘȞ
ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ IJȡȦIJȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ıIJȚȢ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢ
IJȘȢȗȦȒȢ
ȀȐșİ ijȠȡȐ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ ijȠȕȓȗİȚ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȣʌİȞșȣȝȓȗȠȞIJȐȢ ȝĮȢ IJȠȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ
țĮIJĮțİȡȝĮIJȚıȝȩ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ȝȑıĮ ȝĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
İȣʌȐșİȚȐ ȝĮȢ Ƞ ʌȚȠ İȪțȠȜȠȢ țĮȚ ȖȡȒȖȠȡȠȢ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ȐȝȣȞĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ șȣȝȩȢ ǹȣIJȩȢ
țȡȪȕİȚIJȘȞĮȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮȢ ȝĮȢțĮȚįȓȞİȚIJȘȞȥİȣįĮȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢįȪȞĮȝȘȢ21.
ǼȓįȘ țĮȚ ȕĮșȝȓįİȢ șȣȝȠȪ:
ȆȡȚȞ ʌȡȠȤȦȡȒıȠȣȝİ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȝİ ȝȚĮ įȚȐțȡȚıȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ șȣȝȠȪ,
ĮȓıșȘıȘȢ ʌȦȢ ʌȜȘȖȦȞȩȝĮıIJİ țĮȚ İȣİȡİșȚıIJȩIJȘIJĮȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ ȖȚĮ İțįȓțȘıȘ.
ǵIJĮȞ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ʌĮȡİȝʌȠįȓȗİȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ ȝĮȢ ĮȚıșĮȞȩȝĮıIJİ
ʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȠȚȒȖȚȞȩȝĮıIJİİȣİȡȑșȚıIJȠȚ ȅșȣȝȩȢȩȝȦȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚĮʌȜȫȢıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ
İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ ȞĮ İțįȚțȘșȠȪȝİ ĮȣIJȩȞ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ ʌȜȒȖȦıİ ȉĮ ıIJȐįȚĮ ȩIJĮȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȝİȝȚĮĮʌİȚȜȒ± țȓȞįȣȞȠİȓȞĮȚıȦȝĮIJȚțȐıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣįİȓȤȞȠȣȞ
ʌȦȢ ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıIJİ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȑțȡȘȟȘ IJȘȢ ĮįȡİȞĮȜȓȞȘȢ ĮȡIJȘȡȚĮțȒ ʌȓİıȘ
IJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮĮȖĮȞȐțIJȘıȘțĮȚȑȤșȡĮ țĮȚIJȑȜȠȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȖȚĮİțįȓțȘıȘ șȣȝȩȢȉȠ
ʌȑȡĮıȝĮĮʌȩIJȠȑȞĮıIJȐįȚȠıIJȠȐȜȜȠțȡĮIJȐįİȣIJİȡȩȜİʌIJĮ
ǹȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȐȝİıȠȢ șȣȝȩȢ ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ țĮȚ ȑȝȝİıȠȢ. ǵIJĮȞ IJĮ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ
ȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚİȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞĮıİıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘțĮȚȝʌȑȡįİȝĮȝȑıĮȝĮȢȉȩIJİȟİıʌȠȪȝİȝİ
ĮıȒȝĮȞIJİȢ ĮijȠȡȝȑȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ȝĮȢ Ȓ ıİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ĮșȫȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ Ȓ
ĮʌȠțIJȠȪȝİĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȑȢıȣȞȒșİȚİȢȈIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘȝȐȜȚıIJĮĮʌȠȡȠȪȝİ
ʌȦȢIJȠțȐȞĮȝİĮȣIJȩĮijȠȪțĮȞİȓȢįİȞȝĮȢʌİȓȡĮȟİȂʌȠȡİȓȠșȣȝȩȢȞĮİȓȞĮȚțȐIJȚĮʌȩ
IJȘ ijȪıȘ ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ İȞȩȢ įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓȠȣ ĮȜȜȐ ȩʌȦȢ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ȝĮȢ ȗȦȒ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ ȝȚĮȢ ʌȡȠıȕȜȘIJȚțȒȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ
ʌȜȘȖȫȞİȚ İȓȞĮȚ țȐIJȚ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȝĮȢ țȐȞİȚ țĮȜȩ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ șĮȞȐıȚȝȠ ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ IJȠ
įȘȜȘIJȒȡȚȠ ǵIJĮȞ ȝĮȢ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȠȣȞ Ȓ ȝĮȢ ʌȜȘȖȫȞȠȣȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮȜȜȓIJİȡȠȚ IJȡȩʌȠȚ
ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢĮʌȩIJȠȞșȣȝȩȅșȣȝȩȢįȘȜȘIJȘȡȚȐȗİȚțĮȚIJȘȞįȚțȒȝĮȢȗȦȒȩȤȚȝȩȞȠ
IJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ22.
ǺĮșȝȠȓșȣȝȠȪ:
21
22
Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011. American Psychology, 2012.
Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011. American Psychology, 2012.
36
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
™ ȂİıĮȓȠȢİȡİșȚıȝȩȢ
™ ǼȤșȡȩIJȘIJĮ
™ ĬȣȝȩȢ
™ ȅȡȖȒ
™ ǼʌȓșİıȘ
ǼȓįȘșȣȝȠȪ:
™ ǼȟȦIJİȡȚțȩȢ: ıİʌȡȩıȦʌĮȒʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȤȦȡȓȢİʌȚȜȠȖȒįȣȞĮIJȩȢțȡȪȕİȚȐȜȜĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȝĮȢijȑȡȞİȚıİȐȕȠȜȘșȑıȘıİıIJİȞȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ. ȈȘȝȐįȚĮ:
ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒțȜȦIJıȚȑȢȤIJȣʌȒȝĮIJĮȜİțIJȚțȒijȣıȚțȒȕȓĮțȡĮȣȖȑȢĮʌİȚȜȒȝİ
ȩʌȜȠİʌȓșİıȘʌȡȠıȕȜȘIJȚțȑȢİțijȡȐıİȚȢțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢıĮȡțĮıȝȩȢșȓȖİȚ
İțȡȒȟİȚȢțĮIJĮțȡȓıİȚȢȖțȡȓȞȚĮțȜĮȥȠȪȡȚıȝĮ. ȈȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ: țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒ
ıȤȑıİȦȞʌȚșĮȞȒȗȘȝȚȐıȦȝĮIJȚțȒȘșȚțȒȕȜȐȕȘțĮȡįȚĮțȒʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒȞȠȝȚțȑȢ
ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢıIJȘȞijȣıȚțȒțĮȚʌȞİȣȝĮIJȚțȒȣȖİȓĮ
™ ǼıȦIJİȡȚțȩȢ: ĭȩȕȠȢĮʌȫȜİȚĮȢİȜȑȖȤȠȣȝȘȞʌȜȘȖȫıȦIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȝȘ
ȤĮȜȐıȦIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒİȚțȩȞĮȝȠȣȤĮȜȐıȦIJȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢȝȠȣȈȘȝȐįȚĮ:
ĮʌȩıȣȡıȘʌĮȡĮȓIJȘıȘțȜİȓıȚȝȠıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩțȠȪȡĮıȘȐȖȤȠȢțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ
İȟĮȡIJȒıİȚȢĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȑȢİȞȠȤȒıȚȦʌȒȈȣȞȑʌİȚİȢȣʌİȡȑȞIJĮıȘȐȖȤȠȢ
țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘȡȠʌȒıIJĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮțĮȡțȓȞȠȢțȣȞȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐİʌȚșİIJȚțȒȒ
ʌĮșȘIJȚțȒʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ23.
ȅĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩȢșȣȝȩȢ
ǹȣIJȩȢ ʌȠȣ ıIJȡȑijİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJĮ ȦȢ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒ
ĮȣIJȠIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȓĮ țȜʌ Ȓ ıIJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȦȢ ĮȣIJȩ-ȣʌȠȞȩȝİȣıȘ IJȘȢ
İȚțȩȞĮȢȝĮȢ.
ȉȠ țĮțȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠ ȜİțIJȚțȐ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌĮȚįȓ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȒıİȚ IJȘȞ
țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ IJȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌĮȡȐįİțIJȘ țĮȚ ĮțĮIJĮȞȩȘIJȘ ȕȠȘșȐ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ Ȓ
ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ IJȘ ȝȚȝİȓIJĮȚDzIJıȚ Ș ȠȡȖȒ ıIJȠȞ șȪIJȘ ȖȣȡȞȐ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ DzIJıȚ ĮȡȤȓȗİȚ Ș
İʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘ ĮȞĮțĮIJĮıțİȣȒ IJȘȢ țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȝİĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠIJȡȩʌȠ țĮȚ IJȘȝȠȡijȒ
ĮȣIJȩ-țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢDzȤȠȣȝİȞĮțȐȞȠȣȝİȝİȝȚĮțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮʌȠȣȐȜȜĮȟİțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘ
țĮȚĮȞIJȓȞĮıIJȡȑijİIJĮȚʌȡȠȢIJȠȞșȪIJȘțĮIJİȣșȪȞșȘțİʌȡȠȢIJȠșȪȝĮ IJĮȣIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ȝİ IJȠȞ șȪIJȘ ȉȠ ȝȚțȡȩ ʌĮȚįȓ įİȞ ȝʌȩȡİıİ ȞĮ ıIJĮȝĮIJȒıİȚ IJȘȞ țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ no 1 ȠȪIJİ ȞĮ ʌİȓıİȚ țȐʌȠȚȠ ȞĮ IJȠ ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ no țȚ ĮȣIJȩ
ȝİIJĮijȡȐȗİIJĮȚıİĮįȚțȓĮȈȣȞİʌȫȢȘȗȦȒİȓȞĮȚȐįȚțȘ țĮȚțĮIJȘȖȠȡİȓIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣ
23
Abha, ʖ.ʖ.
37
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȠȣįİȞȝʌȩȡİıİȞĮțİȡįȓıİȚIJȘȝȐȤȘȝİIJȘȞȐįȚțȘȗȦȒȉȠʌĮȚįȓțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚ
ȞĮ IJȚȝȦȡȒıİȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ țĮȚ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ İȪțȠȜȠ ȠȪIJİ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ȐȝİıȘ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘȖȚĮĮȣIJȒIJȘȞĮįȚțȓĮDzIJıȚIJȘȞȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȞĮȞĮȗȘIJȐȝİȐȝİıȠțĮȚ
İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞȠIJȡȩʌȠıIJȠȞĮıIJȡĮijİȓİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣʌȠȣȒIJĮȞĮȞİʌĮȡțȒȢ
ıIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȘȢʌȡȫIJȘȢĮʌİȚȜȒȢIJȘȢȐįȚțȘȢȗȦȒȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ ıIJȡĮijİȓ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȝİ IJȩıȠ ȑțįȘȜȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ İțIJİșİȓ țĮȚ
ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐȞĮIJıĮȜĮțȫıİȚIJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣȒțĮȚȞĮIJȚȝȦȡȘșİȓĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ.
Ȃİ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȞĮ įİȓȟİȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ʌȩıȠ ȐįȚțȘ țĮȚ
ȜȐșȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȗȦȒ țĮȚ Ƞ țȩıȝȠȢ Ǿ ĮȣIJȠșȣıȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȝȐȡIJȣȡĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
ĮȜȘșȚȞȒĮȖȐʌȘ± ȘĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌȓțȡĮȖȚĮIJȘȞĮįȚțȓĮʌȠȣ
ȝĮȢȑȖȚȞİĮȡȤȚțȐıIJȘȗȦȒ24.
ȅȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȣʌȠțȪʌIJȠȣȞ ıİ ȝȚĮ ȞĮȡțȚııȚıIJȚțȒ İȡȦIJȚțȒ
ȝĮȞȓĮİȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȘĮʌȩIJȚȢĮIJȠȝȚțȑȢIJȠȣȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢIJȘȖȞȫıȘʌȡȠȞȩȝȚĮțĮȚIJȘȞ
ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȘȢ įȪȞĮȝȘȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ʌĮȡİȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞ ȞĮ ȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȞȚțȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȜȘȖȫȞȠȣȞIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢįȚȥȫȞIJĮȢȖȚĮįȪȞĮȝȘǹȣIJȒIJȠȣȢȕȠȘșȐȞĮțȡȪȥȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣȢ IJȘȞ ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȠȪ IJȠȣȢ țĮIJĮțİȡȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
IJȡȦIJȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ İȣʌȐșİȚȐȢ IJȠȣȢ ǹȣIJȩȢ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ Ƞ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ ȠȡȚıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ ĮȝĮȡIJȓĮȢ ǹȣIJȒ Ș ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞİȚ Įʌȩ
IJȠȞ ĮȜIJȡȠȣȚıȝȩ IJȘ ıȣȝʌȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮȜȘșȚȞȒ ĮȖȐʌȘ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ.
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȩȜİȢ ȠȚ ĮȞIJȚȟȠȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȘȢ ȝĮȜșĮțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȃĮȡțȚııȚıȝȩȢ Ș ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ
șĮȣȝĮıȝȩ ijĮȞIJĮıȚĮțȩ Ȓ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩ țĮȚ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ İȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıIJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ǹȣIJȩȢ țȡȪȕİIJĮȚ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ. Ǿ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ıIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș șȜȓȥȘ ȖȚĮ ȩıȠȣȢ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ IJȠȞ įȡȩȝȠ IJȠȣ șȣȝȠȪ țĮȚ Ș
ıȣȖȤȫȡİıȘ DzIJıȚș¶ĮȞșȓıİȚȘĮȜȘșȚȞȒțĮȚĮıIJİȓȡİȣIJȘĮȖȐʌȘǾȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮįİȞ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞ¶ĮȜȜȐȟİȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢǹȜȜȐȗİȚIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠʌȠȣȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢ
IJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚIJȠȞțȩıȝȠ25.
ȅșȣȝȩȢȖȚĮIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİįȚȐijȠȡĮĮȓIJȚĮDzȞĮİȓȞĮȚȘ
ĮʌȠȣıȓĮIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮıIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȝĮȢȤȡȩȞȚĮǹȣIJȩȖȚĮȑȞĮʌĮȚįȓıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȑȜȜİȚȥȘ
IJȘȢ ȖȞȫıȘȢ ʌȦȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ Ƞ țȩıȝȠȢ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ İȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ țĮȚ
ıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠțĮȚıIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞȉȠʌĮȚįȓȝȠȚȐȗİȚȤĮȝȑȞȠȝʌİȡįİȝȑȞȠ
țĮȚ ĮȞĮıijĮȜȑȢ ȀȐʌȠȚĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȝʌȠȡİȓ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ʌĮIJȑȡĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȣȞ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐĮȞȐʌȘȡĮǾȗȦȒIJȠȣȢșĮȖȓȞİȚįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒțĮȚ
șĮțȠȜȜȒıİȚıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞDZȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐșĮȑȤȠȣȞȝȚĮİʌȚijĮȞİȚĮțȐ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒȗȦȒ
țĮȚ ȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJĮ șĮ țȡȪȕȠȣȞ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ IJȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȞ șȣȝĮIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣȢ ǻȚȐijȠȡĮ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȣ ijĮȞİȡȫȞȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ȕĮșȚȑȢ ȡȓȗİȢ IJȘȢ
įȣıĮȡȑıțİȚĮȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮȈIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒȥȣȤȒįİȞȑȤİȚ șȑıȘȠșȣȝȩȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȞ
ʌĮIJȑȡĮ țĮșȫȢ ĮțȩȝȘ ĮȞĮȗȘIJȠȪȞ ıȘȝȐįȚĮ IJȘȢ ĮȖȐʌȘȢ IJȠȣ țȚ ȑIJıȚ ĮȣIJȩȢ ȞȠșİȪİIJĮȚ
ȂʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠįȓȜȘȝȝĮȞĮșȣȝȫıİȚȒȩȤȚȝİIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮIJȠȣIJȠʌĮȚįȓįȚĮȜȑȖİȚȞĮȝȘȞ
țȐȞİȚIJȓʌȠIJĮ
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25
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Lloyd Richmond, 1997 - 2011
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ǹȣIJȒȘĮʌȡĮȟȓĮ İțijȡȐȗİIJĮȚȝİȞȩșİȢİțijȐȞıİȚȢ ȩʌȦȢ
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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ǼȟĮȡIJȒıİȚȢ: ĮʌȩIJĮȕȚȞIJİȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮIJȠȚȞIJİȡȞȑIJʌĮȤȣıĮȡțȓĮ
ȤĮȡIJȠʌĮȚȟȓĮIJȣȤİȡȐʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮʌĮȞȘįȠȞȚıȝȩȢ țȐʌȞȚıȝĮ ĮȜțȠȩȜ
ȞĮȡțȦIJȚțȐ ȖȚĮȞĮȖİȝȓıȠȣȞIJȠıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩIJȠȣȢțİȞȩ.
ȀȣȞȚțȒ țĮȚıȤİIJȚțȒșİȫȡȘıȘIJȦȞʌȐȞIJȦȞ: ȖȚĮȞĮȝȘȞʌĮȡĮįİȤIJȠȪȞ
IJȘȞĮȜȒșİȚĮʌȦȢȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢIJȠȣȢĮʌȑIJȣȤİȝĮȗȓIJȠȣȢĮȞĮȕȜȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
țĮȚĮȡȖȠʌȠȡȓĮįİȞʌİȡȚȝȑȞȠȣȞIJȓʌȠIJĮʌȚĮĮʌȩIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞ
ĮȣIJȠʌĮȡĮȓIJȘıȘ
ǹʌȡȑʌİȚĮ țĮȚĮȝİIJȡȠȑʌİȚĮ: ʌȡȠțȜȘIJȚțȩȒijĮȞIJĮȤIJİȡȩȒʌİȡȚșȦȡȚĮțȩ
ȞIJȪıȚȝȠWDWWRRVțĮȚSLHUFLQJVʌȠȣįİȓȤȞİȚʌȦȢįİȞıȑȕȠȞIJĮȚȠȪIJİIJĮ
ıȫȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȢȠȪIJİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ,
ȂĮșȘıȚĮțȑȢįȣıȤȑȡİȚİȢ: įİȞIJȠȣȢĮȡȑıİȚȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌIJȠȣȞ
ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮǾȗȦȒİȓȞĮȚĮȡțİIJȐțȡȣȝȝȑȞȘȖȚĮĮȣIJȠȪȢǻİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ȜȩȖȠȢȞĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ
ȆȞİȣȝĮIJȚțȒıȪȖȤȣıȘ ȟİȤȞȠȪȞȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮįȣıțȠȜȓĮ ȝİIJĮ
ȝĮșȘȝĮIJȚțȐǹʌȠijİȪȖȠȣȞȑIJıȚIJĮıȪȝȕȠȜĮțĮȚIJĮıȘȝȐįȚĮIJȠȣ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ
ǹȞĮȕȜȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȝ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠįİȞȝʌĮȓȞȠȣȞıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠʌȠȣ
ȑIJıȚțȚĮȜȜȚȫȢİȓȞĮȚȜȐșȠȢțĮȚįİȞȑȤȠȣȞįȚȐșİıȘȞĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫıȠȣȞ
IJȓʌȠIJĮ
ȊʌİȡĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȝİIJȠȖİȞİIJȒıȚȠȑȞıIJȚțIJȠİȓIJİȝİIJȘȝȠȡijȒ
ijĮȞIJĮıȚȫıİȦȞİȓIJİȝİIJȘȞʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘIJĮȚȞȚȫȞȜĮȖȞİȓĮȢȒ
įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢȂ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȣȞIJȘıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȠȚțİȚȩIJȘIJĮįİȞʌȡȠıțȠȜȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȠȣșİȞȐ.
ȀĮȤȣʌȠȥȓĮ įİȞİȝʌȚıIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚțĮȞȑȞĮȑIJıȚțȚĮȜȜȚȫȢȕȜȑʌȠȣȞIJȘ
ȗȦȒțĮȚIJȠȞțȩıȝȠȝİțĮȤȣʌȠȥȓĮțĮȚİȤșȡȚțȐ
ȉȠĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȩȜȦȞĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞĮıȒȝĮȞIJȦȞȞȩșȦȞİțijȐȞıİȦȞIJȠȣ
șȣȝȠȪʌȡȠȢIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮİȓȞĮȚ ıİʌȡȫIJȠıIJȐįȚȠȠıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȩȢșȐȞĮIJȠȢ
IJȠȣʌĮȚįȚȠȪ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȞĮʌȘȡȓĮ ȦȢ
ĮȣIJȠIJȚȝȦȡȓĮIJȠȣİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȘȢİȞȠȤȒȢʌȠȣȑȞȚȦıİȖȚĮIJȠȞșȣȝȩʌȡȠȢ
IJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮȈIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝİIJȠĮȡȖȩıĮȝʌȠIJȐȡȚıȝĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪ ıİ
ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩșȐȞĮIJȠ ȝȑıȦIJȦȞțĮIJĮȤȡȒıİȦȞȒĮțȩȝȘțĮȚĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȓĮȢ.
Ȃ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠİʌİȚįȒIJȠʌĮȚįȓįİȞȐȞIJİȤİIJȘȞĮʌȠȣıȓĮIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮ
IJȠȣijȡȠȞIJȓȗİȚȞĮȖȓȞİȚȠȓįȚȠȢĮʌȫȞĮʌȩIJȘȗȦȒ Ǿ ȩȜȘ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ
ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȦȢ ©Ira Patrem Latebrosa (hidden anger at the
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ȈȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ27:
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
ǼʌȚțȡȓıİȚȢ
īțȡȓȞȚĮțȜĮȥȠȪȡȚıȝĮ
ȀȣȞȚıȝȩȢ
ǼȤșȡȩIJȘIJĮ
ǼțȡȒȟİȚȢșȣȝȠȪ
ǼʌȚșȑıİȚȢȜİțIJȚțȑȢ
ǺȓĮ
ǻȚĮijȠȡȚțȒǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘȈȣȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ28:
™
™
™
™
ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
DZȖȤȠȢ
ǹȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ǼȞȠȤȒ
ǹȓIJȚĮ
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
ȉȠȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
ǼıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ
ǼȖȦȚıȝȩȢ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓ Ș İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ
įȚȐıʌĮıȘ
ǾʌİȡȘijȐȞȚĮȦȢȐȝȣȞĮțĮȚȘȑȜȜİȚȥȘİȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ǾȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ29.
ĬİȡĮʌİȓĮ30:
ȉȠȞșȣȝȩįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮIJȠȞȟİijȠȡIJȦșİȓȢ ǵıȠȗİȚȢșĮįȓȞȠȞIJĮȚĮijȠȡȝȑȢ
ȞĮ ȟİįȚʌȜȦșİȓ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȫȞ țĮȚ ĮʌİȚȜȫȞ ȀȐșİ ijȠȡȐ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ įȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
ĮijȠȡȝȑȢįİȞİȓıĮȚȣʌȠȤȡİȦȝȑȞȠȢȞĮșȣȝȫıİȚȢȞĮĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢİțįȚțȘIJȚțȐ ǵIJĮȞ
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Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011. ȉȠȣ ȚįȓȠȣ, Anger and Forgiveness, 1997-2012 .
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
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Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011.
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Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011. ȉȠȣ ȚįȓȠȣ, Anger and Forgiveness, 1997-2012 .
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ıİșȣȝȫȞȠȣȞʌİȢ©ǻİȞİʌȚıIJȡȑijȦʌȜȘȖȒıIJȘȞʌȜȘȖȒțĮȚĮȝĮȡIJȓĮıIJȘȞĮȝĮȡIJȓĮ
ªȂİIJȐįİȓȤȞİȚȢİȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘȖȚĮĮȣIJȩȞʌȠȣıİʌȜȒȖȦıİțĮȚȝİIJȐıȣȖȤȫȡȘıȘ.
ǾȕȓĮİȓȞĮȚȠijȩȕȠȢȖȚĮĮȖȐʌȘ. ǵIJĮȞ ijȠȕȐıĮȚIJȘȞĮȖȐʌȘıIJȡȑijİıĮȚıIJȘȞ
ȣʌİȡȘijȐȞİȚĮ ȉȘȞ ȣʌİȡȘijȐȞİȚĮ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȠȐȝȣȞĮȢ īȓȞİ IJĮʌİȚȞȩȢ ıĮȞ IJȠ Ȟİȡȩ țĮȚ
ĮʌȜȫȢʌȡȠıʌȑȡĮıİțȐșİİȝʌȩįȚȠǵıȠıțȜȘȡĮȓȞİȚȘțĮȡįȚȐıȠȣĮʌȩʌİȡȘijȐȞȚĮ
IJȩıȠʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠĮȣȟȐȞİȚȠțȓȞįȣȞȠȢȞĮıİțĮIJĮʌȚİȓȘțȩȜĮıȘIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪțĮȚIJȘȢ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒȢ ǵıȠ ĮijȒȞİȚȢ ĮȜȫȕȘIJȘ IJȘȞ IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJȐ ıȠȣ Įʌȩ IJĮ İȝʌȩįȚĮ IJȩıȠ
ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȞĮĮȝȪȞİıĮȚȐȡĮțĮȚȞĮșȣȝȫȞİȚȢǻİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȩȝȦȢȞĮĮȖȞȠİȓȢ
IJĮʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮıȠȣȩIJĮȞıİʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞȞĮIJĮʌĮȡĮįȑȤİıĮȚȑIJıȚ
ȫıIJİȞĮȝȘȞȖȓȞİȚİıȦIJİȡȚțİȣȝȑȞȠȢșȣȝȩȢʌȡȠȢIJĮȝȑıĮ.
ȉȡȩʌȠȚįȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ
ȉȡİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚIJȡȩʌȠȚȝİIJȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚIJȠȞșȣȝȩ
x
x
x
ȉȠȞ İțijȡȐȗȠȣȞ ȝİțĮIJȘȖȠȡȘȝĮIJȚțȩ țĮȚ ȝȘİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠǻȚĮIJȣʌȫȞȠȣȝİ
IJȘȞİȞȩȤȜȘıȒȝĮȢȝİIJȡȩʌȠȝȘțĮIJĮʌȚİıIJȚțȩȠȪIJİĮʌĮȚIJȘIJȚțȩȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİ
ȞĮ șȑıȠȣȝİ IJĮ ȩȡȚȐ ȝĮȢ ĮijȠȪ ĮijȠȣȖțȡĮıIJȠȪȝİ IJȚȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ țĮȚ IJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝĮȢțĮȚȟİțĮșĮȡȓıȠȣȝİIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢȝĮȢǹȣIJȩȖȓȞİIJĮȚȤȦȡȓȢȞĮ
ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮʌȚȑıȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȀȐȞȠȣȝİ įȘȜ ȩIJȚ țĮȚ ȝİ
IJȘȞįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮǹȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚȠȣȖȚȒȢIJȡȩʌȠȢȅĮȡȞȘIJȚțȩȢIJȡȩʌȠȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȞĮİțȡĮȖȠȪȝİȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȝİȣȕȡȚıIJȚțȠȓȒȞĮĮıțȒıȠȣȝİȕȓĮ
ȉȠȞțĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȠȣȞ țĮȚIJȠȞIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȠȪȞȒIJȠȞĮȞĮțĮIJİȣșȪȞȠȣȞıİțȐIJȚșİIJȚțȩ
ȦȢıțȑȥȘȒįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮǹȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚȠȣȖȚȒȢIJȡȩʌȠȢȅĮȡȞȘIJȚțȩȢIJȡȩʌȠȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ IJȠȞ ıIJȡȑȥȠȣȝİ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ ȝĮȢ ȝİ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȝȩȞȚȝȘ
ĮȝȣȞIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȒțȣȞȚıȝȩ
ǾȡİȝȠȪȞ: ȝİIJȘȕȠȒșİȚĮįȚĮijȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȫȞĮȞĮʌȞȠȫȞȤĮȜĮȡȦIJȚțȒȢȝȠȣıȚțȒȢ
ĮȣIJȠıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢțȜʌ ǹȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚȠȣȖȚȒȢIJȡȩʌȠȢ31.
ȉȠ ʌȡȫIJȠ ȕȒȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȐșȠȣȝİ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚįȡȠȪȝİ ȝİ ȣȖȚȒ IJȡȩʌȠ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ
ıIJȚȢʌȡȠıȕȠȜȑȢʌȠȣȝĮȢʌȜȘȖȫȞȠȣȞ. ǻİȞİȓȞĮȚıțȩʌȚȝȠȞĮĮijȒıȠȣȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒ
ȞĮ ȝĮȢ ȣʌİȞșȣȝȓıİȚ ʌȩıȠ įȚĮıʌĮıȝȑȞȠȚ țĮȚ IJȡȦIJȠȓ İȓȝĮıIJİ ǻİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıȦıIJȩ ȞĮ
ȗȘIJȒıȠȣȝİ IJȘȞİȞȩIJȘIJȐȝĮȢȝİIJȘȞİʌȚșȣȝȓĮIJȘȢİțįȓțȘıȘȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȘ
ȣʌİȡȘijȐȞİȚĮ ȝĮȢ Ǿ ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȘȢ įȪȞĮȝȘȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȞȚȫıȠȣȝİ ȝİ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȒ ǾʌȓțȡĮțĮȚȘȑȤșȡĮİȓȞĮȚʌĮȡĮʌȑIJĮıȝĮțĮʌȞȠȪʌȠȣȝĮȢİȝʌȠįȓȗİȚȞĮ
įȠȪȝİ IJȚȢ İıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢ ȝĮȢ ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ DZȡȞȘıȘ ȞĮ IJȚȢ įȠȪȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȚȢ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȝİ32.
31
32
American Psychology, 2012.
Lloyd Richmond, 1997 - 2011
41
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȞȚȫșȠȣȝİ șȣȝȩ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıİ įȚțȠȪȢ ȝĮȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ țĮȚ
șȑȜȠȣȝİȞĮIJȠȣȢ İțįȚțȘșȠȪȝİǻİȞșȑȜȠȣȝİȩȝȦȢȞĮȤȐıȠȣȝİIJȘȞĮȖȐʌȘIJȠȣȢțȚȑIJıȚ
țĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȠȣȝİ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ ȝĮȢ ȉȩIJİ ĮȣIJȩȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȢ ȉȩIJİ ȞȚȫșȠȣȝİ
țĮIJĮʌȓİıȘ țĮȚ Ƞ șȣȝȩȢ ȝĮȢ İıȦIJİȡȚțİȪİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıIJȡȑijİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ȝĮȢ ĮȣIJȩȣʌȠȞȩȝİȣıȘȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢȝİIJĮIJȡȑʌİIJĮȚıİʌĮȡĮȕĮIJȚțȒțĮȚĮȞIJȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȒĮțȩȝȘ
țĮȚ İʌĮȤșȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ ȈȣȝʌȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ İȚȡȒȞȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘ ıIJȘȞ
ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ țĮIJĮțİȡȝĮIJȚıȝȩ ȝĮȢ ȩIJĮȞ ȝĮȢ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȠȣȞ țĮȚ
ȝĮȢ ʌȜȘȖȫȞȠȣȞ ȆȡȠıȠȤȒ ȤȦȡȓȢ țĮIJĮʌȓİıȘ țĮȚ ĮʌȩțȡȣȥȘ IJȠȣ șȣȝȠȪ ȆĮȡĮįȠȤȒ
ĮȜȜȐȝȘİțįȒȜȦıȒIJȠȣ.
ȉȠ įİȪIJİȡȠ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȕȒȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȝİ ȝİ ʌȠȚĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ IJȠ ʌȜȒȖȦȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȞȚȫșȠȣȝİ ȩIJĮȞ ȝĮȢ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ Ǿ
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȦȢ ıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ʌĮȚįȚțȒȢ
ȝĮȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ ȆĮȡĮįİȤȩȝĮıIJİ ʌȦȢ ʌȜȘȖȦșȒțĮȝİ İȞIJȠʌȓȗȠȣȝİ IJȚ ȝĮȢ țȑȞIJȘıİ IJȠ
İȓįȠȢIJȘȢʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒȢʌȠȚȩıȘȝİȓȠIJȘȢĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȒȢȝĮȢțȜȠȞȓȗİȚțĮȚ ʌȠȚĮʌȜȘȖȒ
ĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȝĮȢIJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡİȓĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
ȉȠIJȡȓIJȠȝİȖȐȜȠȕȒȝĮİȓȞĮȚȞĮĮȞIJȚįȡȐıȠȣȝİȝİȣȖȚȒIJȡȩʌȠıIJȚȢʌȡȠıȕȠȜȑȢ
ǹȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚ ȘıȣȖȤȫȡİıȘǵȤȚȘıȣȖȤȫȡİıȘĮʌȜȫȢĮȣIJȠȪʌȠȣȝĮȢʌȡȩıȕĮȜİIJȫȡĮ
ĮȜȜȐ Ș ıȣȖȤȫȡİıȘ ĮȣIJȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ IJȡĮȣȝȐIJȚıĮȞ IJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ȝĮȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ȈȣȞȒșȦȢ
ĮȣIJȠȓİȓȞĮȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝĮȢīȚĮȞĮIJȠȣȢıȣȖȤȦȡȒıȠȣȝİʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȠʌĮȡĮįİȤIJȠȪȝİȞĮ
ȕȡȠȪȝİIJȚȢʌȜȘȖȑȢȝĮȢțĮȚʌȦȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞĮȣIJȑȢǻİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮıȣȖȤȦȡȒıİȚȢ
țȐʌȠȚȠȞĮȞįİȞĮȚıșĮȞșİȓȢȩȜȠIJȠȞʌȩȞȠʌȠȣıȠȣʌȡȠțȐȜİıİ
ȈIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȝĮȢȤȡȩȞȚĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȑȤșȡİȢʌȠȣıțİʌȐȗȠȣȞIJȘȞʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȒ
ȝĮȢȑȤșȡĮʌȡȠȢIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢʌȠȣȝĮȢʌȜȒȖȦıĮȞ: ȑȤșȡĮȖȚĮIJȘȞİȟȠȣıȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ȠįȘȖȒıİȚıİʌĮȡĮȕĮIJȚțȒȒțĮȚİȖțȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐțĮȚ ȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ ȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ İțijȡĮıIJİȓ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȕȜȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȞ ȝȘ ȣʌİȡȐıʌȚıȘ IJȘȢ įȠȣȜİȚȐȢ ȝĮȢ IJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȠȣʌȠȞȩȝİȣıȘ IJȘȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ ȝĮȢ țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȘȞ ʌĮȤȣıĮȡțȓĮ IJȘȞ
ĮȜȜȘȜİȟȐȡIJȘıȘ IJȘȞ ȑȞĮ İȞ ȖȞȫıİȚ ȝĮȢ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠ ȖȐȝȠ IJȘ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȝȩȞȦıȘ ǹȚIJȓĮ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȑįȦıĮȞ IJȘȞ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȝİȞȘ ĮȖȐʌȘ ıIJĮ
ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ȝĮȢ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ǵIJĮȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıIJİȓ ĮȣIJȩ țĮȚ ȖȓȞİȚ ʌĮȡĮįİțIJȩ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ Ș
ıȣȖȤȫȡİıȘıIJĮȝĮIJȐȝİȞĮȝȚıȠȪȝİ
ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢįȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ
™ ǵIJĮȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚ ȝĮȢİțȞİȣȡȓȗȠȣȞțĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ:
x ȂȘȞȜȑȝİijȡȐıİȚȢIJȠȣIJȪʌȠȣ©ȆȦȢIJȠȜȝȐȢȞĮª©ȆȦȢȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȓıĮȚ
IJȩıȠ ĮȞĮȓıșȘIJȠȢ ª © ȉȚ ʌȐİȚ ıIJȡĮȕȐ ȝİ ıȑȞĮ ª ǹȣIJȑȢ ȠȚ ijȡȐıİȚȢ
İȡİșȓȗȠȣȞIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢțȐȞȠȣȞȞĮȝʌĮȓȞȠȣȞıİȐȝȣȞĮțĮȚȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
İȤșȡȚțȠȓ.
x ǼȟİIJȐȗȠȣȝİIJȠıIJȩȤȠȝĮȢǹȞĮȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮțȐȞȠȣȝİIJȠȞȐȜȜȠȞĮțȐȞİȚIJȠ
įȚțȩȝĮȢȟİțȚȞȐȝİıIJȡĮȕȐ.
42
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
33
ǹȞ ıIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ȟİțĮșĮȡȓıȠȣȝİ IJȘ șȑıȘ ȝĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȐȜȜȠȢ ȞĮ
įȚĮȜȑȟİȚIJĮțIJȚțȒIJȩIJİİȓȝĮıIJİıIJȠıȦıIJȩįȡȩȝȠ
x ǻİȞțȡȓȞȠȣȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȣȝİĮʌȜȫȢIJȘȞțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȤȦȡȓȢ
ȞĮ IJȠȣȢ ȣʌȠįİȚțȞȪȠȣȝİ IJȚ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ ȀȐʌȠȚȠȚ ĮȞĮıijĮȜİȓȢ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ șĮ
șİȦȡȒıȠȣȞʌȦȢIJȠȣȢțȡȓȞȠȣȝİ33.
x ȀȐIJıİțĮȚȝȓȜĮ
x DzȞĮ- ȑȞĮIJĮșȑȝĮIJĮ
x ȀȐȞİįȚĮȜȜİȓȝĮIJĮ
x DZțȠȣ IJȠȞȐȜȜȠ
x ȂȘȞİʌȚIJȓșİıĮȚıİĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢĮȜȜȐıİʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
x ȈȣȗȒIJȘıİ IJȠțĮȚțȐȞİıȣȝȕȚȕĮıȝȠȪȢ
x ȀȡȐIJȘıİȤĮȝȘȜȐIJȠȣȢIJȩȞȠȣȢ
x ȈțȑȥȠȣ ʌȡȚȞĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ
x ȃĮİȓıĮȚİȣȑȜȚțIJȠȢ
x ȃĮİȓıĮȚȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢ ıİȩIJȚȜİȢțĮȚțȐȞİȚȢ
x ǿİȡȐȡȤȘıİ IJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ ıȠȣ34.
ǹȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıIJİIJȠıIJȡİȢİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ35.
ǹȞĮțĮIJİȣșȪȞİIJİIJȠȞ șȣȝȩıĮȢ Ȉțȓıİ ʌĮȜȚȑȢ İijȘȝİȡȓįİȢ ȆȑIJĮȝʌĮȜȐțȚĮĮʌȩ
ȤĮȡIJȓıIJȠȞțȐȜĮșȠIJȦȞĮȤȡȒıIJȦȞȆȐȞİıİȝȚĮİȡȘȝȚȐțĮȚȠȪȡȜȚĮȟİ / ĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣ
ʌȦȢȑȤİȚȢĮȣIJȩȞʌȠȣıİȞİȣȡȓĮıİıİȝȚĮȐįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮțĮȚȝȓȜĮIJȠȣ36
ȀĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȓıIJİIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠıȣȞİȚįȘıȓĮ ıĮȢİʌȚțİȞIJȡȫıIJİıIJȘȞȡȓȗĮIJȠȣ șȣȝȠȪıIJĮ
ʌĮȚįȚțȐȤȡȩȞȚĮ37.
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ĮȞĮįȩȝȘıȘ ǹȜȜĮȖȒ IJȡȩʌȠȣ ıțȑȥȘȢ İȪȡİıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
ĮȚIJȓȦȞIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪȝĮȢıIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȝĮȢȤȡȩȞȚĮȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢțĮȚIJȠȣȢ
ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȣȢ IJȡȩʌȠȣȢ ıțȑȥȘȢ ǻȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȐ ȜȐșȘ ȀĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȘȢ
İȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘȢ38.
ǼȞȚıȤȪıIJİIJȠȞĮȣIJȠıİȕĮıȝȩ ıĮȢțĮȚIJȠıİȕĮıȝȩȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ39.
ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢ İʌȓȜȣıȘȢ IJȦ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıȤȑįȚȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌȫȢ șĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıIJİȓ IJȠ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮțĮȚȩȤȚʌȦȢșĮȜȣșİȓȐȝİıĮǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒİȟȑIJĮıȘIJȦȞįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞIJȦȞ
ȣʌȑȡ țĮȚ IJȦȞțĮIJȐIJȦȞ ıIJĮįȓȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚ ĮȞ
İȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞțĮȚIJȘȢȜȪıȘȢ40.
ȀĮȜȜȓIJİȡȘ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȣʌİȡȖİȞȚțİȪȠȣȝİ ȞĮ ȝȘ
ȕȚĮȗȩȝĮıIJİ ȞĮ țȡȓȞȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȖȐȜȠȣȝİ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİ ȞĮ
ȝʌȠȪȝİțĮȚıIJȘșȑıȘIJȠȣȐȜȜȠȣ
Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011. ȉȠȣ ȚįȓȠȣ, Anger and Forgiveness, 1997-2012 . NHS, 2010.
Abha, ʖ.ʖ.
35
Becourtney, Ȥ.Ȥ.
36
Abha, ʖ.ʖ.
37
D' Arcy, 2010.
38
American Psychology, 2012. Becourtney, Ȥ.Ȥ. Spiritual, ʖ.ʖ.
39
D' Arcy, 2010.
40
American Psychology, 2012. D' Arcy, 2010.
34
43
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™ ȋȡȒıȘ IJȠȣ ȤȚȠȪȝȠȡ ĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȣȝİ IJȘ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȝİ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȑȞĮ
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ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ
™ ǹʌȠijȣȖȒ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ Ȓ IJȦȞ țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ ıĮȢ IJĮȡȐȗȠȣȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠțȜȒıİȦȞ
™ ǼȪȡİıȘİȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȫȞĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȦȞ ȞȑȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ41.
™ ȈȣȖȤȦȡȠȪȝİĮȜȜȐįİȞȟİȤȞȠȪȝİ.
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ʌȚȑȗȠȣȝİțĮȚIJȚȢİȞIJȐıİȚȢ42.
™ ȂİIJȡȐȝİȝȑȤȡȚIJȠȖȚĮȞĮȘȡİȝȒıȠȣȝİ
™ ǻȚĮijȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮȞĮʌȞȠȑȢ
™ ȆȐȝİȖȚĮȖȣȝȞĮıIJȚțȒȒțȐȞȠȣȝİȝȚĮȕȩȜIJĮ43.
™ ǹțȠȪȝİȤĮȜĮȡȒȝȠȣıȚțȒ44.
™ ȆĮȓȡȞȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ İțȞİȣȡȚıȝȩ ȝĮȢ țĮȚ įİȞ șȣȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİ IJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩȝĮȢȦȢȑȡȝĮȚĮȖȚĮIJȚȢʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ45.
™ ȀĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȣȝİ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȤĮȡIJȓ IJȚȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ ȝĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠ
ȖİȖȠȞȩȢʌȠȣȝĮȢșȪȝȦıİ. īȡȐȥİIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣțȚȐıIJĮıIJȘȞȐțȡȘ46.
™ ǹʌȠțIJȠȪȝİįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȐȤȩȝʌȚȗȦȖȡĮijȚțȒıȣȖȖȡĮijȒȤȠȡȩțȜʌ47.
™ ǺȡȓıțȠȣȝİ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ʌȞİȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȆȡȠıİȣȤȩȝĮıIJİ ȕȡȓıțȠȣȝİ
țȐʌȠȚȠȞʌȠȣȝĮȢȑțĮȞİțȐIJȚțĮȜȩȖȚĮȞĮIJȠȞİȣȤĮȡȚıIJȒıȠȣȝİİʌĮȞİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȝİIJȚȢ
ĮȟȓİȢȝĮȢ48.
™ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İʌȚıțİijIJİȓIJİȑȞĮȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠ49.
™ ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȘȝĮIJȚțȒįȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘIJȦȞȠȡȓȦȞȝĮȢǻȚĮIJȣʌȫȞȠȣȝİ
IJȘȞİȞȩȤȜȘıȒȝĮȢȝİIJȡȩʌȠȝȘțĮIJĮʌȚİıIJȚțȩȠȪIJİĮʌĮȚIJȘIJȚțȩȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİȞĮ
șȑıȠȣȝİIJĮȩȡȚȐȝĮȢĮijȠȪĮijȠȣȖțȡĮıIJȠȪȝİIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ
ȝĮȢțĮȚȟİțĮșĮȡȓıȠȣȝİIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢȝĮȢǹȣIJȩȖȓȞİIJĮȚȤȦȡȓȢȞĮʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȝİțĮȚ
ȞĮțĮIJĮʌȚȑıȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȀȐȞȠȣȝİįȘȜȩIJȚțĮȚȝİIJȘȞįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ50.
41
American Psychology, 2012. D' Arcy, 2010.
Becourtney, Ȥ.Ȥ.
43
Rinard, 2006. Spiritual, ʖ.ʖ. Abha, ʖ.ʖ.
44
D' Arcy, 2010.
45
Rinard, 2006. Spiritual, ʖ.ʖ.
46
Spiritual, ʖ.ʖ. NHS, 2010. Abha, ʖ.ʖ.
47
NHS, 2010.
48
Spiritual, ʖ.ʖ
49
American Psychology, 2012.
50
American Psychology, 2012. Becourtney, Ȥ.Ȥ. Abha, ʖ.ʖ.
42
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ǹȜ. ȀĮijȐȗȚ.
ȭɖɍɉɚɑ ȲɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽɑ:
50
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ȞɋɘɐɇȽɈɟ / ȭɓɊɎɂɏɇɔɍɏɇɈɟ Ɋɍɋɒɚɉɍ:
™ īİȞȚțȐȍȢĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘıIJȘȞȑȜȜİȚȥȘİʌĮȡțȫȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢțĮȚIJȦȞȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȫȞ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȚȫȞȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮțĮIJȐIJȘįİțĮİIJȓĮIJȠȣ
țĮȚIJȠȣ
ĮȞĮʌIJȪȤșȘțİȝȓĮȞȑĮȝȠȡijȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢʌȠȣȠȞȠȝĮȗȩIJĮȞĬİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȘȢ
ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢǾʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĮȣIJȒİȓȤİįȪȠȕĮıȚțȐȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐDzįȚȞİ
ȑȝijĮıȘıIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȦȞıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞĮȣIJȫȞțĮșĮȣIJȫȞțĮȚ
ȕĮıȚȗȩIJĮȞıIJĮʌȠȡȓıȝĮIJĮIJȘȢİʌȚıIJȒȝȘȢIJȘȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢįȓȞȠȞIJĮȢȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȘ
ıȘȝĮıȓĮıIJȘȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȒIJİțȝȘȡȓȦıȘIJȦȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİȞȦȞ
IJİȤȞȚțȫȞ51.
™ ǿıIJȠȡȓĮ
¾ ȀĮIJȐIJĮIJȑȜȘIJȘȢįİțĮİIJȓĮȢIJȠȣ
țĮȚıIJȚȢĮȡȤȑȢIJȘȢįİțĮİIJȓĮȢIJȠȣ
ȠA.T. Beck İȚıȒȖĮȖİIJȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȘȠʌȠȓĮ
ȑįȚȞİȑȝijĮıȘıIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣǾȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮȡȤȒȩIJȚȞȠȘIJȚțȑȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢįȘȜĮįȒ
IJȠȞȩȘȝĮʌȠȣįȓȞȠȣȝİıİȝȓĮțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȠȚıțȑȥİȚȢʌȠȣțȐȞȠȣȝİ
ȖȪȡȦĮʌȩĮȣIJȒȠȚȞȠȘIJȚțȑȢİȚțȩȞİȢʌȠȣıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗȠȣȝİĮȜȜȐțĮȚȠȚ
ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡİȢĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢțĮȚʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢȝĮȢțĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞIJȘ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȝĮȢțĮȚIJȚȢıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢȝĮȢĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢȉĮ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȣʌȒȡȟİȝȓĮıȪȖțȜȚıȘIJȘȢȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
țĮȚIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJȘȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ
ȑȞĮıȫȝĮțȜȚȞȚțȒȢʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȢțĮȚșİȦȡȓĮȢʌȠȣȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ- ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ52.
¾ ǾȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮĮȡȤȑȢȠȣ ĮȚıIJȘȡȓȤșȘțİıIJȠȞ
ǹȡȚıIJȠIJȑȜȘıIJȠȞĬİIJȚțȩȇİĮȜȚıȝȩIJȦȞDZȖȖȜȦȞİȝʌİȚȡȚȠțȡĮIJȚțȫȞ
ĭȚȜȠıȩijȦȞHobbes, Locke, Hume IJȠȣȠȣ ĮȚıIJȘȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȘIJȘȢ
ȌȣȤȠijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢPavlov țĮȚWundtIJȘȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮIJȘȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ
(SkinnerȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠșİȝİȜȚĮțȩĮȟȓȦȝĮIJȠȣȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıȝȠȪIJȠ
ȐIJȠȝȠșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȦȢİȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȘȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒIJȦȞʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȫȞ
İʌȚįȡȐıİȦȞ53.
¾ ǾīȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮijȑȡȞİȚıIJȠʌȡȠıțȒȞȚȠIJȚȢ
įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢIJȘȢİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȓįȚȠȐIJȠȝȠIJȦȞȝȘȞȣȝȐIJȦȞ
ĮʌȩIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞǹȣIJȒȘȞȑĮșİȫȡȘıȘIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȝȐșȘıȘȢ
įȓȞİȚȑȝijĮıȘıIJȘȝȠȡijȠʌȠȚȩıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȦȞȖȞȦıIJȚțȫȞįȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞȠȚ
ȠʌȠȓİȢȦȢİȞįȚȐȝİıİȢȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ± ȝİIJĮȟȪʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȫȞ
51
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐȳ͘1͕ʖ͘ʖ
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐȳ͘2͕ʖ͘ʖ
53
Ⱦɲʄɲʆʏɺɼ- Ȱɺʀɺɻ͕ʖ͘ʖ͕ʊʋʉʐʃɲɿɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲ͘
52
51
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
İʌȚįȡȐıİȦȞțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢʌĮȡİȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢįİȞ
șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚʌȜȑȠȞȑȡȝĮȚȠIJȦȞİȟȦIJİȡȚțȫȞıȣȞșȘțȫȞĮȜȜȐȘ
įȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘIJȘȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢIJȠȣȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİȝİȖȐȜȠȕĮșȝȩıİ
ȖȞȦıIJȚțȑȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢțĮȚȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȢ54.
¾ ǾȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ- ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒİʌȚțİȞIJȡȫȞİIJĮȚıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞıIJĮ
IJȦȡȚȞȐıȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮǹȞIJĮIJȦȡȚȞȐıȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝİıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢįȣıțȠȜȓİȢIJȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢIJȩIJİȖȓȞİIJĮȚĮȞĮijȠȡȐ
ıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȖȚĮȞĮȕȡİșȠȪȞȠȚıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢțĮȚȞĮĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚȞȩȘȝĮ
ȘʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐǼȓȞĮȚįȠȝȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚıIJĮșİȡȐ
ʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȑȞȘıIJȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢDzȤİȚȕȡĮȤİȓĮįȚȐȡțİȚĮțĮșȫȢ
İʌȚįȚȫțİȚIJȘȞȩıȠIJȠįȣȞĮIJȩȞıȣȞIJȠȝȩIJİȡȘĮȜȜĮȖȒIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȈĮȞıȤȠȜȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ıȪȞIJȠȝȘȝİʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠĮȡȚșȝȩıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞțĮȚıȣȞİʌȫȢʌȚȠ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒĮʌȩIJȘȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘțĮȚIJȘȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ55.
™ ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
¾ ȅșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțĮȜİȓIJĮȚȞĮțĮIJĮȜȐȕİȚȝİʌȠȚȩIJȡȩʌȠȠʌİȜȐIJȘȢįȠȝİȓ
IJȠȞțȩıȝȠȝȑıĮIJȠȣțĮȚʌȦȢĮȣIJȩȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮIJȠȞİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐȒıIJȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣȂİIJȘȞĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘIJȦȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞȜĮșȫȞıIJȠIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢ IJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘȟİțȚȞȐțĮȚȘ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮIJȘȢʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢǾıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJĮȟȪșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒțĮȚ
ʌİȜȐIJȘįȚȑʌİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȡȤȒİıȪțȚİȖȫșĮıȣȞİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȝİȖȚĮȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȝİIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝȐıȠȣĮȞIJȓİȖȫșĮıİșİȡĮʌİȪıȦ
īȓȞȠȞIJĮȚıȣȞİȤİȓȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢȫıIJİțĮȚȠʌİȜȐIJȘȢȞĮİȓȞĮȚİȞȒȝİȡȠȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢǻȓįİIJĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȘȑȝijĮıȘıIJȠʌȫȢ
ıțȑijIJİIJĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȑȡİIJĮȚțĮȚĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚȠʌİȜȐIJȘȢȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠȤȫȡȠ
IJȦȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȫȞıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞ56.
¾ ȅșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢʌĮȡĮįȑȤİIJĮȚIJĮȜȐșȘIJȠȣǵIJĮȞȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțȐȞİȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȜȐșȠȢʌȤʌİȚțȐIJȚʌȠȣįİȞȑʌȡİʌİȞĮʌİȚʌĮȡĮȞȠȒıİȚțȐIJȚ
țȜʌʌȡȑʌİȚĮȝȑıȦȢȞĮIJȠʌĮȡĮįİȤIJİȓțĮȚȞĮIJȠįȚȠȡșȫıİȚǹȣIJȒȘ
ıIJȐıȘİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪʌȚȠĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒĮʌȩIJȘıIJȐıȘĮȣșİȞIJȓĮȢIJȠȣ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ57.
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
54
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
ȵʐɽʐʅʀʉʐ͕ʖ͘ʖ
56
Ⱦɲʄɲʆʏɺɼ- Ȱɺʀɺɻ͕ʖ͘ʖ
57
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ ȳ͘ϯ͕͘ʖ͘ʖ
55
52
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ǹʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩįȪȠȜȑȟİȚȢ©ȖȞȦıȚĮțȒª, ©ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒªʌȠȣ
ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤȠȪȞıIJĮįȪȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJĮȠʌȠȓĮ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞıȣȞįȣĮıIJȚțȐȝİIJȚȢĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤİȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢIJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞ
İʌȓȜȣıȘʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȫȞțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞȅȩȡȠȢ©ȖȞȦıȚĮțȒª
ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȚȢ©ȖȞȦıȓİȢªȒıțȑȥİȚȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢ
țIJȜȅIJȡȩʌȠȢȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠİȡȝȘȞİȪȠȞIJĮȚIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮİȓȞĮȚ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȢȂʌȠȡİȓȠIJȡȩʌȠȢȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠİȡȝȘȞİȪİȚȢIJĮ
ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮĮȣIJȐȞĮıİȤİȚȠįȘȖȒıİȚȞĮıȤȘȝĮIJȓıİȚȢȝȓĮĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒ
İȞIJȪʌȦıȘȖȚĮIJȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚıIJȘȞȗȦȒıȠȣĮțȩȝȘțĮȚĮȞIJĮ
ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮįİıȣȝijȦȞȠȪȞȝİIJȘįȣıȐȡİıIJȘİȚțȩȞĮʌȠȣ
İıȪIJȠȣȢĮʌȠįȓįİȚȢȅȩȡȠȢ©ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒªĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞ
ıȪȞįİıȘȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞįȚĮijȩȡȦȞȝȠȡijȫȞıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢțĮȚIJȦȞ
ıȣȞșȘțȫȞȝȑıĮıIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚǺĮıȚțȒĮȡȤȒIJȘȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȘțȐșİȝȠȡijȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
İȓȞĮȚȝĮșȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚİʌȠȝȑȞȦȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
ȝȓĮȞȑĮįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝȐșȘıȘȢ58.
¾ ȆȦȢİʌȚįȡȠȪȞȠȚıțȑȥİȚȢȖȞȦıȓİȢıIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚıIJȚȢ
ʌȡȐȟİȚȢǹȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȘıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓIJĮȚıIJȠ
ıȫȝĮțȐʌȠȚĮĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘĮȓıșȘıȘȒĮȜȜȚȫȢIJȠİțįȘȜȠȪȝİȞȠ
ıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮİȓȞĮȚȘıȦȝĮIJȚțȒıȣȞȑʌİȚĮIJȘȢıțȑȥȘȢȆȦȢİʌȚįȡȠȪȞIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚȠȚʌȡȐȟİȚȢıIJȘıțȑȥȘǹȞĮȞIJȚįȡȐȢıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ
IJȘıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒıȠȣįȚȐșİıȘșȣȝȩȜȪʌȘȤĮȡȐșĮİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȠȚıțȑȥİȚȢıȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșȫȞIJĮȢIJȘȞȓįȚĮʌȠȡİȓĮ59.
58
59
ȵʐɽʐʅʀʉʐ͕ʖ͘ʖ
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
53
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ǾȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮİʌȚȞȠȒșȘțİĮȡȤȚțȐĮʌȩIJȠȞBeck ȖȚĮIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȦȞțĮIJĮșȜȚʌIJȚțȫȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞǺĮıȓıIJȘțİıIJȘȞ
ʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘȩIJȚȠȚțĮIJĮșȜȚʌIJȚțȠȓĮıșİȞİȓȢʌȡȠȕĮȓȞȠȣȞıİĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢ
įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢȖȞȦıȓİȢıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢIJȠ
ȝȑȜȜȠȞIJȠȣȢțĮȚIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞțȩıȝȠȖȞȦıȚĮțȒIJȡȚȐįĮIJȠȣ%HFN).
ǹȣIJȑȢȠȚȖȞȦıȚĮțȑȢıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢ ıȚȦʌȘȡȑȢʌĮȡĮįȠȤȑȢșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ
ȩIJȚȖİȞȞȚȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩʌȡȫȚȝİȢIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚıIJȘȞ
țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘİțįȘȜȫȞȠȞIJĮȚȦȢțĮIJĮșȜȚʌIJȚțȑȢȖȞȦıȓİȢĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢ
ıțȑȥİȚȢIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢȠĮıșİȞȒȢİȞșĮȡȡȪȞİIJĮȚȞĮĮȝijȚıȕȘIJȒıİȚǾ
ȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢțĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȚțȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢ
țĮȚĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȞIJĮȢIJĮIJȡȑȤȠȞIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȠıțȠʌİȓıIJȘ
ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȒĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞİıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȦȞțĮȚ
ıIJȐıİȦȞǾȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮĮȣIJȒȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢıȒȝİȡĮıIJȘȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȦȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞȐȖȤȠȣȢIJȦȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȩıȜȘȥȘȢIJȡȠijȒȢİȚįȚțȐIJȘȢȕȠȣȜȚȝȓĮȢIJȘȢıȤȚȗȠijȡȑȞİȚĮȢțĮȚ
țȐʌȠȚȦȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ60.
¾ ȈȒȝİȡĮıIJȠīȞȦıȚĮțȩȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȠȚȩȡȠȚǹȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢȈțȑȥİȚȢ± ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ±
ǼȟȘȡIJȘȝȑȞİȢȊʌȠșȑıİȚȢİțIJȩȢțĮȚ ĮȞțȐʌȠȚȠȢȝİȕȠȘșȒıİȚ±
ǻȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȐȁȐșȘ
™ ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ- șȣȝȩȢțĮȚīȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
60
ɇʃɲʋɿʆɳʃɻʎϭ͕ϮϬϬϯ
54
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
ȀĮIJȐIJȠīȞȦıȚĮțȩ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȩȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ (A.T. Beck) ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ± șȣȝȩȢȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıİȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢȚįȑİȢȖȚĮIJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚIJȠȞțȩıȝȠȖİȞȚțȐʌȠȣijȣIJİȪIJȘțĮȞĮʌȩIJȘȞİȣĮȓıșȘIJȘ
ʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮıIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚĮȣIJȒIJȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ
‡
ǹȣIJȑȢȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢ
ȖȞȦıȓİȢȆȤ©ǻİȞĮȟȓȗȦª©ǻİȞșĮIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȦª©ǼȓȝĮȚʌȐȞIJĮȠțĮțȩȢªª
‡
īȚĮȞĮȟİijȪȖİȚĮʌȩĮȣIJȑȢȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓțȐʌȠȚİȢıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢȠȚ
ȠʌȠȓİȢȑȤȠȣȞʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȩȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮțĮȚıIJȠIJȑȜȠȢțĮșȓıIJĮȞIJĮȚțȚĮȣIJȑȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢȅȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚİȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞİȢȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢȆȤ©ĬĮĮʌȠIJȪȤȦ
İțIJȩȢțȚĮȞțȐʌȠȚȠȢȝİȕȠȘșȒıİȚª
‡
ǵIJĮȞıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȑȞĮȖİȖȠȞȩȢțȐʌȠȚİȢıțȑȥİȚȢȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩǹȣIJȑȢ
ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢıțȑȥİȚȢǻİȞİȓȞĮȚıİȩȜȠȣȢȓįȚİȢǹȣIJȩȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ
ıIJȚȢįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢʌȠȣțȡȪȕȠȞIJĮȚʌȓıȦĮʌȩĮȣIJȑȢıIJȠȞ
țĮșȑȞĮȝĮȢ
‡
ǵȜȠȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȝİIJȠȞțĮȚȡȩĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȣȞțȐʌȠȚȠȣȢȜȐșȠȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢıțȑȥȘȢ
ȖȚĮȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȞIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJĮǹȣIJȠȓȠȚȜȐșȠȢIJȡȩʌȠȚıțȑȥȘȢ
ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚįȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȐȜȐșȘ.
‡
ȅīȞȦıȚĮțȩȢ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢİȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚıȣȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȐȝİIJȠȞ
ʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣȫıIJİȞĮȕȐȜȠȣȞȝĮȗȓțĮșĮȡȠȪȢțĮȚȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȠȪȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢ,
İıIJȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȢʌȡȫIJĮıIJȘȞĮʌȐȜİȚȥȘIJȦȞıȦȝĮIJȚțȫȞıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞȈİ
țȐʌȠȚȠȞȝİȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘĮȣIJȐȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚȞİȣȡȚțȒĮȞȠȡİȟȓĮ
țȜİȓıȚȝȠıIJȠıʌȓIJȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒijȠȕȓĮįȣıșȣȝȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȒʌȚĮțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘțȜʌ
‡
ȅȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢșĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣȠIJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȢȫıIJİȞĮ
ȟİȤȦȡȓȗİȚIJȚȢĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢıțȑȥİȚȢĮʌȩIJȚȢİȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞİȢȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢțĮȚIJȚȢ
ʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢīȚĮIJȠıțȠʌȩĮȣIJȩıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚıĮȞȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠIJȠ
IJȡȓıIJȘȜȠABCǼʌȓıȘȢȕȡȓıțİȚıİʌȠȚĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢIJȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮ
ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤȠȪȞȠȚʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢIJȠȣʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢȅȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢĮȞȤȡİȚĮıIJİȓ
șĮȕȐȜİȚįȚȐijȠȡİȢĮʌȠıIJȠȜȑȢ ıIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘȫıIJİȞĮȣʌȠıIJİȓ©ȑțșİıȘªı¶
ĮȣIJȩʌȠȣijȠȕȐIJĮȚȈIJȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒ- ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȠȚĮıțȒıİȚȢ
ȖȚĮIJȠıʌȓIJȚȑȤȠȣȞIJȠȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮIJȘȢțĮIJĮȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢIJȠȣȕĮșȝȠȪȑȞIJĮıȘȢıIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚıIJȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐǼʌȓıȘȢİʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚIJĮįȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȐ
ȜȐșȘıIJȘıțȑȥȘIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒǹȞĮįȩȝȘıȘȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘ
ıȤȠȜȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȣʌȐȡȤİȚĮȜȜȘȜȠȣȤȓĮıȤȑıİȦȞĮȞȐȝİıĮıİȈțȑȥȘ±
ȈȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ± ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩǹȞȑȞĮĮʌȩIJĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮȣʌȠıIJİȓȕİȜIJȓȦıȘʌȐȞİȩȜĮțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ
55
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂȆĮʌĮįȠʌȠȪȜȠȣǼȀĮȡĮȝʌȠȣȜȐIJǹșȆȐȞIJȗȚȠȢ61.
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚǾİʌȚȜȠȖȒIJȦȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȫȞıIJȩȤȦȞȖȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩ
țȠȚȞȠȪșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțĮȚʌİȜȐIJȘȢ62.
¾ ȈİĮȣIJȒIJȘijȐıȘijĮȓȞİIJĮȚțĮșĮȡȐʌȩıȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒİȓȞĮȚȘıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȝİIJĮȟȪșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒțĮȚșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȅȚıIJȩȤȠȚIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȡȠȧȩȞțȠȚȞȒȢıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȞĮȝȘȞȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİ
ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȝİIJȠȣȢȖİȞȚțȠȪȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȅȚ
ıIJȩȤȠȚİʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞıIJȠȐIJȠȝȠȞĮțĮIJĮȜȐȕİȚIJȚȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚĮʌȩ
IJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮāİʌȚʌȜȑȠȞȝİIJĮįȓįȠȣȞIJȠȝȒȞȣȝĮȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚİijȚțIJȩȞĮ
İʌȚIJİȣȤșȠȪȞĮȜȜĮȖȑȢțĮȚİıIJȚȐȗȠȣȞıİȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȑȢșİIJȚțȑȢ
țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢāİʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞȞĮȠȡȖĮȞȦșİȓțĮȚȞĮįȠȝȘșİȓȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮāIJȑȜȠȢʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝȐȗȠȣȞIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȖȚĮIJȘȜȒȟȘIJȘȢ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȘȠʌȠȓĮșĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚIJȘȞİʌȓIJİȣȟȘIJȦȞıIJȩȤȦȞțĮȚ
İʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘIJȘȢĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢIJȘȢ
¾ ǹȡȤȚțȐİʌȚȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȖİȞȚțȠȓıIJȩȤȠȚIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢțĮȚıIJȘıȣȞİȤİȓĮ
ȠȚİʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȚȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȕȒȝĮIJĮȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȓIJİȣȟȘ
IJȦȞȖİȞȚțȫȞıIJȩȤȦȞȆȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮIJİșȠȪȞȠȚȖİȞȚțȠȓșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓ
ıIJȩȤȠȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȣʌ¶ȩȥȚȞȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
¾ ȅțȐșİıIJȩȤȠȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌȚȝİȡȚıIJİȓıİȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȣȢİȚįȚțȠȪȢ
ıIJȩȤȠȣȢȅȚȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȚıIJȩȤȠȚʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚİȣțȠȜȩIJİȡĮțĮȚ
ȖȡȘȖȠȡȩIJİȡĮȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮIJȠȐIJȠȝȠȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚİȞȓıȤȣıȘȖȚĮIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚȑȢIJȠȣāȝİĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮĮȞĮıțİȣȐȗİȚIJȘȞ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒșİȫȡȘıȘIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣțĮȚ ĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮʌȚıIJİȪİȚȩIJȚȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮĮȜȜȐȟİȚ63.
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ- ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢ
¾ ȉȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚıIJȘȞȑȞĮȡȟȘIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢǾʌȡȫIJȘİțIJȓȝȘıȘȒ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȅıIJȩȤȠȢIJȦȞʌȡȫIJȦȞ
ıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȦȞıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞİȓȞĮȚȘıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚĮțȠȪ
ȣȜȚțȠȪȖȚĮIJĮıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣʌȚșĮȞȩȞȞĮ
ȑȤȠȣȞıȤȑıȘȝİțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘȐȖȤȠȢijȩȕȠȣȢijȠȕȓİȢıȦȝĮIJȚțȐ
İȞȠȤȜȒȝĮIJĮȒʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞțȡȓıİȚȢĮȞĮțĮIJĮIJȐȟİȚȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıİ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪȢIJȠȝİȓȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢıȠȣǹʌȩțȠȚȞȠȪȝİIJȠȞIJȘȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ
șĮİȡİȣȞȒıİIJİIJȚȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢțĮȚșĮșȑıİIJİȑȞĮȞ
ʌȡȫIJȠțĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȝİıIJȩȤȠȣȢțĮȚșĮIJȠȣȢȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȒıİIJİĮȞĮijȠȡȚțȐ
61
ɇʐʆɳɶɸʏɲɿʍʐʅʋɸʌɲʍʅɲʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏɻʅɸʄɹʏɻʏɻʎɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲʎ͘
Ⱦɲʄɲʆʏɺɼ- Ȱɺʀɺɻ͕ʖ͘ʖ
63
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐȳ͘ϯ͕͘ʖ͘ʖ
62
56
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȝİIJȠȞȕĮșȝȩįȣıțȠȜȓĮȢʌȠȣijĮȞIJȐȗİIJĮȚȩIJȚȑȤȠȣȞȖȚĮıȑȞĮĬĮ
ıȣȝijȦȞȒıİIJİȞĮȟİțȚȞȒıİIJİIJȘȞșİȡĮʌİȓĮȝİIJȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢʌȠȣ
ijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌȚȠİȪțȠȜĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒıȚȝȠȚ ǹȣIJȠȓȠȚıIJȩȤȠȚİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȠȜȪ ʌȚșĮȞȩȞțĮIJȐIJȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȞĮIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞțĮȚ
ȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıȠȣȞĮİʌȚȝİȓȞİȚȩIJȚțȐʌȠȚȠȚİȓȞĮȚʌȡȠIJȚȝȩIJİȡȠȞĮ
ȣȜȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞȖȡȘȖȠȡȩIJİȡĮĮʌ¶ȩIJȚİıȪijĮȞIJȐȗİıĮȚȅșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıȠȣ
șĮıȠȣİȟȘȖȒıİȚȖȚĮIJȓİȣİȜʌȚıIJİȓıIJȘȞȖİȞȓțİȣıȘIJȘȢİʌȚIJȣȤȓĮȢıȠȣțĮȚ
ıİȐȜȜȠȣȢIJȠȝİȓȢʌȠȣıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞ64.
¾ ȆȩıȠįȚĮȡțİȓțĮȚıİIJȚĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚțȐșİșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
ȀȐșİıȣȞİįȡȓĮȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȢ- ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢįȚĮȡțİȓ
ȜİʌIJȐȈİĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİȐȜȜİȢȝȠȡijȑȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢʌȠȣįİȞİȓȞĮȚ
įȠȝȘȝȑȞİȢțĮȚȠșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢijȑȡȞİȚțȐșİijȠȡȐȝĮȗȓIJȠȣıIJȘ
ıȣȞİįȡȓĮİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢʌȠȣȑțĮȞİĮʌȩIJȘȞIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘȘ
ıȣȞİįȡȓĮȝİȑȞĮȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȢ- ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢ
țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢİȓȞĮȚįȠȝȘȝȑȞȘǼıİȓȢțĮȚȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıĮȢșȑIJİIJİȝȚĮ
ȘȝİȡȒıȚĮįȚȐIJĮȟȘȖȚĮțȐșİıȣȞİįȡȓĮıȘǾȘȝİȡȒıȚĮįȚȐIJĮȟȘ
ıȣȞȒșȦȢʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȝȚĮİʌȚıțȩʌȘıȘIJȘȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢıĮȢıIJȘȞ
ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮʌȦȢʌȒȖİȘİȡȖĮıȓĮıĮȢʌȠȣİțIJİȜȑıĮIJİıIJȠ
ȝİıȠįȚȐıIJȘȝĮIJȦȞıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞıȣȗȒIJȘıȘʌȐȞȦıİȑȞĮȒįȪȠIJȡȑȤȠȞIJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣʌȚșĮȞȫȢįȣıȤİȡĮȓȞȠȣȞIJȘıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒıȠȣ
įȚȐșİıȘȩʌȠȣȖȓȞİIJĮȚİȝȕȐșȣȞıȘțĮȚİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȩıȦȞșİȦȡȘIJȚțȫȞ
ȗȘIJȘȝȐIJȦȞȑȤȠȣȞıȣȗȘIJȘșİȓțĮȚʌȡȠȢIJȠIJȑȜȠȢIJȘȢıȣȞİįȡȓĮȢ
ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚıȤȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓʌȐȞȦıIJȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮIJȘȢİțȐıIJȠIJİıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘȢ țĮȚ
țĮșȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȞȑĮįȠȣȜİȚȐȖȚĮIJȠıʌȓIJȚȝİIJȚȢĮȞȐȜȠȖİȢȠįȘȖȓİȢțĮȚ
İʌİȟȘȖȒıİȚȢ65.
¾ īȚĮIJȓİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘȘįȠȣȜİȚȐȖȚĮIJȠıʌȓIJȚǻİȞĮȡțȠȪȞȠȚ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢıȣȞİįȡȓİȢǺĮıȚțȩȢıIJȩȤȠȢIJȦȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȫȞ
ıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȦȞİȓȞĮȚȩıĮȝĮșĮȓȞİȚȢıIJȠȖȡĮijİȓȠIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȞĮIJĮ
İijĮȡȝȩȗİȚȢıIJȘįȚțȒıȠȣțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮțĮȚʌȡĮțIJȚțȒǾ
ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȠıʌȓIJȚıİțȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚİȓıIJȘȞĮȞȐȜȘȥȘIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢıȠȣİȣșȪȞȘȢȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȚIJȣȤȒȑțȕĮıȘIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȅ
ȡȩȜȠȢıȠȣİȓȞĮȚȞĮȖȓȞİȚȢȠʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣȞĮ
ȝȐșİȚȢȞĮʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓȢțĮȚȞĮțĮIJĮȖȡȐijİȚȢIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮIJȚȢİȞȑȡȖİȚİȢIJȚȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ
Ȃ
ĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠșĮİȜȑȖȤİȚȢIJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮIJȦȞıIJȩȤȦȞıȠȣșĮ
İʌȚȤİȚȡİȓȢįȚȠȡșȦIJȚțȑȢʌĮȡİȝȕȐıİȚȢțĮȚșĮĮȚıșȐȞİıĮȚȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ĮʌȩIJȘıȘȝİȚȠȪȝİȞȘʌȡȩȠįȠǾİȡȖĮıȓĮȖȚĮIJȠıʌȓIJȚʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗİIJĮȚ
ıIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮıIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚıIJȚȢȤȦȡȠȤȡȠȞȚțȑȢıȠȣ
įİıȝİȪıİȚȢǼȟȐȜȜȠȣĮȞȐȜȠȖĮįİȞʌȡȐIJIJİȚȢȩIJĮȞİʌȚıțȑʌIJİıĮȚ
64
65
ȵʐɽʐʅʀʉʐ͕ʖ͘ʖ
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
57
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
țȐʌȠȚȠȞȖȚĮIJȡȩȒijȣıȚȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒǻİȞIJȠȞȡȦIJȐȢIJȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮțȐȞİȚȢ
ȦȢIJȠİʌȩȝİȞȠȡĮȞIJİȕȠȪīȚĮȞĮȝȐșİȚȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢȜİʌIJȠȝȑȡİȚİȢ
ıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȖȚĮIJȠıʌȓIJȚțĮșȫȢțĮȚȖȚĮIJȚȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞșİȡĮʌİȓĮįİȢIJȠİʌȩȝİȞȠțİijȐȜĮȚȠĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣ
ȕȚȕȜȓȠȣ66.
¾ ȆȠȚİȢĮȚIJȓİȢİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞȑȜȜİȚȥȘȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢǹȞʌİȡȐıİȚ
ȑȞĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȤȡȠȞȚțȩįȚȐıIJȘȝĮȤȦȡȓȢțȐʌȠȚİȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢ
țĮȚIJȘįȚȐșİıȘıȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȝĮȗȓȝİIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȞĮİʌȚȜȑȟİIJİ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢʌȠȣIJĮȚȡȚȐȗȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚIJȚȢȚįȚĮȚIJİȡȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȣİȝijĮȞȓȗİȚȢȦȢȐIJȠȝȠ.
ǼʌȓıȘȢıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢıȤȑıȘȢȩʌȦȢȐȜȜȦıIJİțĮȚ ıİ
țȐșİĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘıȤȑıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞĮȞIJȚʌĮȡĮșȑıİȚȢ
įȚĮijȦȞȓİȢȓıȦȢĮȚıșĮȞșİȓȢįȣıȐȡİıIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȖȚĮIJȠ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒıȠȣĬĮȒIJĮȞțĮȜȩȞĮįȫıİȚȢĮȞĮIJȡȠijȠįȩIJȘıȘĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞıIJȠȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒıȠȣ
¾ ǹȞʌĮȡȩȜĮĮȣIJȐıȣȞİȤȓıİȚȢȞĮȝȘȞİȝijĮȞȓȗİȚȢʌȡȩȠįȠțĮȚȝİ
įİįȠȝȑȞȠȩIJȚȘȖȞȦıȚĮțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮİȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȜİȚȠȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞIJȩIJİȓıȦȢ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮʌİȣșȣȞșİȓȢıİȐȜȜȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ67.
¾ ȉȚșĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȦȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣıIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ǾİȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒıȠȣțĮȚȘĮȞȐȜȘȥȘIJȘȢİȣșȪȞȘȢȖȚĮIJȘ
ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJİȢʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢȖȚĮ
ȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıİȚȢȞĮĮȜȜȐȟİȚȢIJĮįȣıȐȡİıIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣ
İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞIJȘıțȑȥȘțĮȚIJȘįȡȐıȘıȠȣǾĮȜȜĮȖȒİʌȑȡȤİIJĮȚĮijİȞȩȢ
ȩIJĮȞȝȐșİȚȢ ȞĮĮʌȠįȑȤİıĮȚțĮȚȞĮĮȞȑȤİıĮȚIJȘȞȐıȤȘȝȘįȚȐșİıȒ
ıȠȣȦȢȩIJȠȣıIJĮȝĮIJȒıİȚȞĮȝȠȞȠʌȦȜİȓIJȠİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞıȠȣ țĮȚ
ĮijİIJȑȡȠȣȩIJĮȞșĮțĮIJĮȜȐȕİȚȢʌȦȢȘįȚțȒıȠȣİȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıʌȐıİȚIJȠȞijĮȪȜȠțȪțȜȠ ıțȑȥİȦȞ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȫȞıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞ68.
¾ ȅȚȖȞȦıȚĮțȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢĮʌȠıțȠʌȠȪȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJȘȞĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘıȘ
IJȦȞįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȦȞʌȠȣİʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞıIJȘȞıțȑȥȘ
IJȦȞʌĮıȤȩȞIJȦȞİȞȫȠȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijRȡȚțȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢıIJȠ
ıʌȐıȚȝȠ
IJȘȢ
ĮʌȠijİȣțIJȚțȒȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢǹȣIJȩİʌȚIJȣȖȤȐȞİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞıIJĮįȚĮțȒ
İʌĮȞĮįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȠȣʌȐıȤȠȞIJĮıIJȚȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȣ
ĮʌȑijİȣȖİǵʌȦȢĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțİʌȚȠʌȐȞȦȘȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘțȐʌȠȚȦȞ
ijĮȡȝȐțȦȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚȐIJȠȝĮȝİȑȞIJȠȞȘĮʌȠijİȣțIJȚțȒ
66
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
68
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
67
58
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȞĮİʌĮȞĮįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞȝİIJȠȞĮȝİȚȫȞİȚIJȘȞ
ȑȞIJĮıȘIJȦȞĮȖȤȦįȫȞıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞ69.
¾ ȂȚĮțĮșİĮȣIJȩȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȝȑșȠįȠȢȩʌȠȣȘıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘıȘ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞȜĮșȫȞıIJȠIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘȝİ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢʌİȞIJĮʌȜȒȢıIJȒȜȘȢȠįȘȖİȓıIJȘȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ
ĮȞĮįȩȝȘıȘȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȑȞĮȞȑȠIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢțĮȚįȡȐıȘȢIJȠȣ
ʌİȜȐIJȘ70.
¾ ȂȚĮțȜĮııȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȝȑșȠįȠȢȝİʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘİȞİȡȖȩ
ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒİȞȓıȤȣıȘȝȚĮȢ
șİIJȚțȒȢĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ71.
¾ ǾıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȝȑșȠįȠȢİȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒıIJȚȢ
ijȠȕȓİȢȩʌȠȣȘIJİȤȞȚțȒIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
ĮʌİȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢȩIJĮȞıȣȞįȣȐȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞıțȑȥİȦȞİȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒ72.
¾ DzȞĮȢıȣȖțİȡĮıȝȩȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢIJİȤȞȚțȒȢțĮȚȖȞȦıȚĮțȒȢȝİ
ʌĮȓȟȚȝȠȡȩȜȦȞĮʌȩȑȞĮıİȞȐȡȚȠȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȠıİȝȓĮȖȚĮIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘ
įȪıțȠȜȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȩʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚțĮȚĮȣIJȠıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢijȡȐıİȚȢ73.
¾ ǾȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ- ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮĮʌȠIJİȜİȓıȪȞșİıȘ
ȖȞȦıȚĮțȫȞțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȦȞȈIJȩȤȠȢIJȘȢ
ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘIJȦȞʌȡȠIJȪʌȦȞįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢ
ıțȑȥȘȢțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮıİȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢijȐıİȚȢIJȘȢ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȞĮįȓȞİIJĮȚȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘȑȝijĮıȘıİıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȑȢ
IJİȤȞȚțȑȢțĮȚıİȐȜȜİȢijȐıİȚȢıİȖȞȦıȚĮțȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢ74.
¾ īȞȦıȚĮțȒǹȞĮįȩȝȘıȘȈIJȘijȐıȘIJȘȢʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢȕĮıȚțȩȢıIJȩȤȠȢ
İȓȞĮȚȠșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢȞĮȝȐșİȚ ȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚțĮȚȞĮ
IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚİȓIJȚȢįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢIJȠȣıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢțĮȚ
(2) ȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıİȚțĮȚȞĮĮȜȜȐȟİȚIJȚȢȖȞȦıIJȚțȑȢțĮIJĮıțİȣȑȢʌȠȣ
IJȚȢʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ %HFNHWDOȅĮȡȤȚțȩȢıIJȩȤȠȢIJȘȢʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȘĮʌĮȜȜĮȖȒIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣĮʌȩIJĮıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮāĮijȠȪ
İʌȚIJİȣȤșİȓĮȣIJȩȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮİıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞ
©ȕĮșȪIJİȡȦȞªȖȞȦıIJȚțȫȞʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞʌȠȣʌȡȠįȚȑșİıĮȞIJȠȐIJȠȝȠ
ıIJȘȞİțįȒȜȦıȘIJȦȞıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞĮȣIJȫȞ %HFNHWDOȀĮș
69
ɇʃɲʋɿʆɳʃɻʎϭ͕ϮϬϬϯ
Ⱦɲʄɲʆʏɺɼ- Ȱɺʀɺɻ͕ʖ͘ʖ
71
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
72
ɇʃɲʋɿʆɳʃɻʎϭ͕ϮϬϬϯ
73
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
74
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐȳ͘ϯ͕͘ʖ͘ʖ
70
59
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȩȜȘIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢțĮșȫȢ ĮʌȠțĮȜȪʌIJȠȞIJĮȚȠȚĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢ
ıțȑȥİȚȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣʌȡȠțȪʌIJȠȣȞȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮȖİȞȚțȐȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ
IJĮȠʌȠȓĮțĮIJȑȤȠȣȞțİȞIJȡȚțȒșȑıȘıIJȠȖȞȦıIJȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȠȣ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣțĮȚțĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠȕȚȫȞİȚIJȘȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȅșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțĮIJĮȜȒȖİȚıİĮȣIJȐIJĮȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșȫȞIJĮȢIJȘȞ İʌĮȖȦȖȚțȒȝȑșȠįȠȟİțȚȞȐİȚĮʌȩIJȚȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ
țĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣʌȡȠȤȦȡȐİȚıIJȘįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ
IJȦȞĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȦȞıțȑȥİȦȞİȞıȣȞİȤİȓĮijIJȐȞİȚıIJȚȢȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡİȢ
ʌĮȡĮįȠȤȑȢʌȠȣȣʌĮȖȠȡİȪȠȣȞIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢĮȣIJȑȢțĮȚIJİȜȚțȐțĮIJĮȜȒȖİȚ
ıIJȠțȪȡȚȠıȤȒȝĮIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣǹțȩȝĮțĮȚĮȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ
IJȘȞʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒȝȑșȠįȠȟİțȚȞȫȞIJĮȢĮʌȩʌȚȠțİȞIJȡȚțȐȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚ
ʌȡȠȤȦȡȫȞIJĮȢıIJȚȢĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚİȞıȣȞİȤİȓĮıIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJȚȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢIJĮȕĮıȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮʌȠȣșĮ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȘʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘİȓȞĮȚIJĮȓįȚĮȠȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢțĮȚIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȠȚĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢıțȑȥİȚȢȠȚʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢțĮȚIJĮıȤȒȝĮIJĮ
(Greenberger, & Padesky, 1995)75.
¾ ǻȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȐȁȐșȘ± īȞȦıȚĮțȒǹȞĮįȩȝȘıȘ
™ ǻȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȐȁȐșȘ
¾ ǻȚʌȠȜȚțȒȈțȑȥȘ³ǵȜĮȒIJȓʌȠIJĮ´Ȓ³ȐıʌȡȠ-ȝĮȪȡȠ´ȉȠȐIJȠȝȠ
ȕȜȑʌİȚIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮıĮȞȐıʌȡĮȒȝĮȪȡĮȤȦȡȓȢIJȚȢİȞįȚȐȝİıİȢ
ĮʌȠȤȡȫıİȚȢIJȠȣȖțȡȚȉĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚİȓIJİ©İȟĮȓıȚĮªİȓIJİ
©ĮʌĮȓıȚĮªțĮȚĮȞȩIJȚțȐȞİȚĮʌȑȤİȚİȜȐȤȚıIJĮĮʌȩIJȠȞĮİȓȞĮȚIJȑȜİȚȠ
IJȩIJİİȓȞĮȚĮʌȩȜȣIJĮĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠ
¾ ȊʌİȡȖİȞȓțİȣıȘǺȜȑʌİȚȑȞĮĮȡȞȘIJȚțȩȖİȖȠȞȩȢıĮȞȑȞĮĮIJİȜİȓȦIJȠ
ıİȞȐȡȚȠȝİȓȦıȘȢȒȒIJIJĮȢ
¾ ȃȠȘIJȚțȩĭȓȜIJȡȠǼʌȚȜȑȖİȚȝȚĮȝȠȞĮįȚțȒĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒȜİʌIJȠȝȑȡİȚĮțĮȚ
İʌȚțİȞIJȡȫȞİIJĮȚĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐıİĮȣIJȒȑIJıȚȫıIJİțĮIJĮȜȒȖİȚıIJȘȞ
ĮȓıșȘıȘʌȦȢȘȩȜȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘİȓȞĮȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒ
¾ ȆĮȡĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘĬİIJȚțȫȞǹʌȠȡȡȓʌIJİȚIJȚȢșİIJȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ
İʌȚȝȑȞȠȞIJĮȢʌȦȢ©įİȝİIJȡȐȞݪȖȚĮIJȠȞȑȞĮȞȒIJȠȞȐȜȜȠȜȩȖȠȂİIJȠȞ
IJȡȩʌȠĮȣIJȩIJȠȐIJȠȝȠįȚĮIJȘȡİȓțȐʌȠȚİȢĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢʌȠȣ
ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİʌȜȒȡȘĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİĮȣIJȩȕȚȫȞİȚıIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣ
¾ ǹȣșĮȓȡİIJĮȈȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮȉȠȐIJȠȝȠȠįȘȖİȓIJİĮȣșĮȓȡİIJĮıIJȘȞ
İȟĮȖȦȖȒĮȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞıȣȝʌİȡĮıȝȐIJȦȞĮțȩȝȘțȚȩIJĮȞĮȣIJȐįİȞ
İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
75
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͕ʊʋʉʐʃɲɿɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲ͘
60
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
Į³ǻȚȐȕĮıȝĮ´IJȘȢıțȑȥȘȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȈȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞİȚ
ĮȣșĮȓȡİIJĮʌȦȢțȐʌȠȚȠȢİȓȞĮȚİȤșȡȚțȩȢĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȠȣȤȦȡȓȢȞĮ
İȜȑȖȤİȚĮȞĮȣIJȩĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȓȞİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
‡
ȕȆȡȩȕȜİȥȘIJȠȣȝȑȜȜȠȞIJȠȢȉȠȜȐșȠȢIJȠȣȞĮʌȡȠȜȑȖİȚIJȠ
ȝȑȜȜȠȞȆİȡȚȝȑȞİȚȝȚĮĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒİȟȑȜȚȟȘıIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞțĮȚȞȚȫșİȚ
ıȓȖȠȣȡȠȢȩIJȚȘʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮįİįȠȝȑȞȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢ
¾ ȆȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞǾijȐıȘĮȣIJȒĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȕȒȝĮıİʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȩʌȠȣĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘIJȠȣ
ȤȡȩȞȠȣțĮȚįȚİȣșȑIJȘıȘįȚȐijȠȡȦȞįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮ
İʌȚIJİȣȤșİȓȑȞĮȢıIJȩȤȠȢ
¾ ǹȝijȚıȕȒIJȘıȘIJȦȞįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞıțȑȥİȦȞȅȚįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢ
ıțȑȥİȚȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞįȣıțȠȜȓİȢțĮIJȐ
IJȘȞİʌȓȜȣıȘʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞīȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ©ĮȞİijĮȡȝȩıȦĮȣIJȒIJȘ
ȜȪıȘșĮıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚțĮțȚȐªȈİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȠȚ
ıțȑȥİȚȢʌȠȣʌĮȡİȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞIJȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ĮȝijȚıȕȘIJȘșȠȪȞțĮȚȞĮIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ.
¾ DzȜİȖȤȠȢıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞ ȅșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠȡȓıİȚțȐʌȠȚİȢ
șİIJȚțȑȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢĮȣIJȠİȞȓıȤȣıȘʌȠȣșĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȝȓĮȢȜȪıȘȢīȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ©ĮȞțĮIJĮijȑȡȦȞĮIJȠȣȢ
ȝȚȜȒıȦȖȚĮIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝȐȝȠȣșĮʌȐȦIJȠȕȡȐįȣȝİIJȠijȓȜȠȝȠȣıIJȠ
ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠȝĮȢİıIJȚĮIJȩȡȚȠȖȚĮȞĮIJȠȖȚȠȡIJȐıȠȣȝݪ76.
ȀĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢȝİȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ
™ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢʌȠȣȝĮȢȑȕĮȜĮȞȠȚ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȓȝİȖȐȜȠȚıIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒȝĮȢȘȜȚțȓĮȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
țĮȚIJȘȞȗȦȒȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮǹȣIJȑȢȤȦȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚıİțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ
™ īȡȐȥİʌȜİȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣțĮȚșİIJȚțȐʌȠȣıȠȣĮʌȠįȓįȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚ
™ īȡȐȥİȝİȚȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮıȠȣțĮȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐʌȠȣıȠȣĮʌȠįȓįȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚ
™ ȊʌȠȖȡȐȝȝȚıİIJȚȢȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢʌȠȣıİİțijȡȐȗȠȣȞIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ
țĮIJȐțĮȚʌȐȞȦ
¾ ǹȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮǻİȞİȓȝĮȚțĮȜȩȢǻİȞțȐȞȦIJȓʌȠIJĮıȦıIJȐǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠ
țȐȞȦȞĮįȠȣȜȑȥİȚǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠijIJȚȐȟȦǻİȞİȓȝĮȚĮȡțİIJȐțĮȜȩȢǼȓȝĮȚ
ĮȞİʌȚIJȣȤȒȢǻİȞĮȟȓȗȦǼȓȝĮȚțĮIJȫIJİȡȠȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȞȐȟȚȠȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȩȡĮIJȠȢǼȓȝĮȚ
ĮıȒȝĮȞIJȠȢ
76
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
61
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ǻİȞȝ¶ĮȖĮʌȐȞİǻİȞȑȤȦIJȘȞĮȖȐʌȘIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞǻİȞİȓȝĮȚĮʌȠįİțIJȩȢǼȓȝĮȚ
ȕĮȡİIJȩȢǻİȞİȓȝĮȚȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȩȢǻİȞȝİȞȠȚȐȗİȚIJȓʌȠIJĮǻİȞĮȟȓȗȦIJȘȞĮȖȐʌȘ
IJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ, ǻİȞİȓȝĮȚĮȡțİIJȐİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJȪʌȠȢ.
¾ ǻİȞȟȑȡȦİȓȝĮȚȜȐșȠȢǻİȞȟȑȡȦȉȠțȐȞȦȜȐșȠȢǼȓȝĮȚʌȐȞIJĮȜȐșȠȢǻİȞ
țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦǻİȞȝİțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞǼȓȝĮȚıIJȠȜȐșȠȢȝȑȡȠȢǻİȞİȓȝĮȚ
țĮȜȩȢǼȓȝĮȚȑȞĮȜȐșȠȢ
¾ ǹȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ǻİȞİȓȝĮȚĮıijĮȜȒȢĭȠȕȐȝĮȚȃȚȫșȦĮȕİȕĮȚȩIJȘIJĮǼȓȝĮȚ
İȣȐȜȦIJȠȢȃȚȫșȦĮȕȠȒșȘIJȠȢ.
¾ ǻȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȩȢ± ǹȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJȠȢǻİȞĮȞȒțȦİįȫǼȓȝĮȚĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJȠȢǼȓȝĮȚ
ȝȩȞȠȢǻİȞİȓȝĮȚİȣʌȡȩıįİțIJȠȢǻİȞIJĮȚȡȚȐȗȦʌȠȣșİȞȐǻİȞȣʌȐȡȤȦǼȓȝĮȚ
IJȓʌȠIJĮǻİȞȑʌȡİʌİȞĮİȓȝĮȚİįȫǻİȞİȓȝĮȚțȐʌȠȚȠȢǼȓȝĮȚĮʌȠțȜİȚıȝȑȞȠȢĮʌȩ
IJĮʌȐȞIJĮǻİȞȑȜțȦIJȠİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞǼȓȝĮȚĮıȒȝĮȞIJȠȢǻİȞȑȤİȚʌȚĮıȘȝĮıȓĮ
ȖȚĮȝȑȞĮ
¾ DZȝȣȞĮĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮǼȓȞĮȚįȚțȩȝȠȣIJȠijIJĮȓȟȚȝȠǹʌȠȜȠȖȠȪȝĮȚıȣȞİȤȫȢǼȓȝĮȚ
ȑȞȠȤȠȢǼȓȝĮȚțĮțȩȢȃȚȫșȦįȚĮıʌĮıȝȑȞȠȢǻİȞİȓȝĮȚIJȑȜİȚȠȢǻİȞİȓȝĮȚ
İȜțȣıIJȚțȩȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȞȩȘIJȠȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȡȖȩıIJȡȠijȠȢǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮİȓȝĮȚȠİĮȣIJȩȢ
ȝȠȣǻİȞİȓȝĮȚȖȞȒıȚȠȢȊʌȠțȡȓȞȠȝĮȚǼȓȝĮȚȕȡȫȝȚțȠȢǼȓȝĮȚȐıȤȘȝȠȢ, ǼȓȝĮȚ
ȤȠȞIJȡȩȢǼȓȝĮȚȐȤȡȘıIJȠȢǼȓȝĮȚIJȡİȜȩȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȞİȟȑȜİȖțIJȠȢǻİȞȝİ
țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦȀȐȞȦȜȐșȠȢıȣȞİȤȫȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȞȚıȩȡȡȠʌȠȢĬĮĮʌȠIJȪȤȦ
ıȓȖȠȣȡĮǼȓȝĮȚĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠȢǻİȞĮȟȓȗȦĮȖȐʌȘǻİȞĮȟȓȗȦijȡȠȞIJȓįĮǻİȞ
ĮȟȓȗȦIJȓʌȠIJĮȀȐIJȚʌȐİȚıIJȡĮȕȐȝİİȝȑȞĮ
¾ ǹįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮ IJȠțȐȞȦǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȖİȞȚțȐǼȓȝĮȚșȪȝĮǼȓȝĮȚ
ĮįȪȞĮȝȠȢǻİȞȑȤȦȚıȤȪǼȓȝĮȚȝȚĮĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮǼȓȝĮȚĮȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩȢǻİȞ
ȑȤȦİʌȚȜȠȖȑȢǼȓȝĮȚȜȓȖȠȢǼȓȝĮȚțĮIJȫIJİȡȠȢǼȓȝĮȚĮȕȠȒșȘIJȠȢȉİȜİȚȫȞȦ
ʌȐȞIJĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȢȩIJȚȝȠȣĮȞĮșȑIJȠȣȞDzȡȤȠȝĮȚʌȐȞIJĮįİȪIJİȡȠȢǼȓȝĮȚʌȐȞIJĮ
ȣʌȠįİȑıIJİȡȠȢǼȓȝĮȚȤĮȝȑȞȠȢǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮʌȦʌȠIJȑȩȤȚ77.
77
Nutting, 1996- 2000
62
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ɈʉɈʌʀʍʏɻʄʉʹ Ɉʉɻʅɸʌʉʄʊɶɿʉɷʐʍʄɸɿʏʉʐʌɶɿʃʙʆʍʃɹʗɸʘʆ͗
ȴɸʄʏʀʉȾɲʏɲɶʌɲʔɼʎʏʘʆȰʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆɇʃɹʗɸʘʆ͗
īİȖȠȞȩȢ:
A
ǹȡȞȘIJȚțȒ ȈțȑȥȘ:
B
ȈIJȡİȕȜȦȝȑȞİȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ:
ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ:
C
ȅ țĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȞĮ
țȐȞȦȝȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ǻȠȣȜİȚȐįİȞȑȤİȚȞĮțȐȞİȚȂ¶
ȑȤİȚȕȐȜİȚıIJȠȝȐIJȚ
ǻİȞțȐȞȦIJȓʌȠIJĮıȦıIJȐ
ȃIJȡȠʌȒĬȜȓȥȘ ȅȡȖȒ
ʌȡȠȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
ȈȒȝİȡĮȑIJȡȦȖĮʌĮIJĮIJȐțȚĮțĮȚ ȀĮȡijȓȖȚĮȝȑȞĮȒIJĮȞĮȣIJȩ
ȝȚĮıȣȝȝĮșȒIJȡȚȐȝȠȣİȓʌİʌȦȢ
ĮȣIJȐʌĮȤĮȓȞȠȣȞ
ǼȓȝĮȚȤȠȞIJȡȒ
ȃIJȡȠʌȒĬȜȓȥȘȅȡȖȒ
ʌȡȠȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȞĮIJȘ
ȕȠȘșȒıȦıIJȠıȚįȑȡȦȝĮ
ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠțȐȞȦ
șĮIJȠțȐȥȦ
ǹʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣıȘ95 %ȅȡȖȒʌȡȠȢ
IJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
ĬĮIJȘȢțȐȥȦțĮȞȑȞĮ
ʌĮȞIJİȜȩȞȚ
ǼȓȝĮȚĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJȘ
ȉĮțȠȡȓIJıȚĮȠȡȖȐȞȦıĮȞʌȐȡIJȚ ȅȪIJİİȖȫșĮIJȚȢțĮȜȑıȦıIJȠ
țĮȚįİȞȝİțȐȜİıĮȞ
įȚțȩȝȠȣȆȠȜȪijȠȕȐȝĮȚȩȝȦȢ
ʌȦȢȑIJıȚțȚĮȜȜȚȫȢįİȞșĮ
İȡȤȩIJĮȞ țĮȞȑȞĮȢ
ȂȠȞĮȟȚȐ95 %, ĬȜȓȥȘȀİȞȩ
95 %.
ǾșİȓĮȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȞĮIJȘȢ
įĮȞİȓıȦIJȠĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠȝȠȣ
ȕȚȕȜȓȠ
ǼȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞȠȢȀİȞȩ95 %.
ȆȐİȚIJȠȕȚȕȜȚĮȡȐțȚȝȠȣǼȓȞĮȚ ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮʌȦʌȠIJȑ
IJıĮʌĮIJıȠȪȜĮȆȡȑʌİȚȞ¶
ȩȤȚ
ĮȖȠȡȐıȦȐȜȜȠ
ȀĮșȫȢ Ș șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ʌȡȠȤȦȡȐİȚ Ƞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮȢ IJȘȢ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩȜȠ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ȖȞȦıȚĮțȩȢ. ȂȚĮ ȕĮıȚțȒ IJİȤȞȚțȒ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞ
ıțȑȥİȦȞ Ȓ ĮȜȜȚȫȢ Ș IJİȤȞȚțȒ IJȡȚʌȜȒȢ ıIJȒȜȘȢ ǹǺ&, ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ Ƞ șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijİȚ IJȚȢ ĮȣIJȩȝĮIJİȢ ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ IJȠ
ıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ. ȈIJȘȞ ǹȖȖȜȚțȒ ȖȜȫııĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȕȡİȚ ȝȚĮ ȤȡȒıȚȝȘ ıȣȞIJȩȝİȣıȘ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ șȣȝȠȪȞIJĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ʌȡȐȖȝĮ ʌȠȣ IJȠ
ȠȞȩȝĮıĮȞ IJȠ A-B-C IJȦȞ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞ. ȉȠ A ıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗİȚ IJȠ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞȑȕȘ Įʌȩ IJȠ ĮȖȖȜȚțȩ Actual Event = ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩ
ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ. ǹȢ ȣʌȠșȑıȠȣȝİ ʌ.Ȥ. ȩIJȚ IJȠ ǹ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ ʌȒȡĮIJİ įȚĮȗȪȖȚȠ. ȉȠ Ǻ ıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗİȚ IJȚ ʌȚıIJİȪİIJİ IJȚ ıțȑijIJİıIJİ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ĮȣIJȩ
Įʌȩ IJȠ ĮȖȖȜȚțȩ Belief = ʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ʌȓıIJȘ. ǹȢ ȣʌȠșȑıȠȣȝİ ʌ.Ȥ. ȩIJȚ ıțȑijIJİıIJİ ʌȫȢ µǼȖȫ ijIJĮȓȦ ʌȠȣ ȤȫȡȚıĮ. ȉȚ șĮ ȜȑȞİ ȠȚ ijȓȜȠȚ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ Ș
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȝȑȞĮ;¶. ȉȠ C ıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗİȚ IJȚȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ IJȦȞ ıțȑȥİȦȞ țĮȚ ʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȫȞ ıĮȢ įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ ʌȫȢ ȞȚȫșİIJİ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȫȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȑȡİıIJİ Įʌȩ IJȠ ĮȖȖȜȚțȩ Consequences = ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ.
īİȖȠȞȩȢ: A
ȈțȑȥȘ
B
ǻİȞțȐȞȦIJȓʌȠIJĮ
ıȦıIJȐ
ȈȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ C
ȈȒȝİȡĮȑIJȡȦȖĮ
ʌĮIJĮIJȐțȚĮțĮȚȝȚĮ
ıȣȝȝĮșȒIJȡȚȐȝȠȣİȓʌİ
ʌȦȢĮȣIJȐʌĮȤĮȓȞȠȣȞ
ǼȓȝĮȚȤȠȞIJȡȒ
ȃIJȡȠʌȒ 90 %, ĬȜȓȥȘ 95 %, ȅȡȖȒ ǻİȞ ȑijĮȖĮ ȩȜȘ IJȘȞ ȘȝȑȡĮ. ȀȠȚIJȚȩȝȠȣȞ
ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ȝȠȣ 100%
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıIJȠȞ țĮșȡȑijIJȘ țĮȚ ȑțȜĮȚȖĮ.
ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȞĮ
IJȘȕȠȘșȒıȦıIJȠ
ıȚįȑȡȦȝĮ
ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠ
țȐȞȦșĮIJȠțȐȥȦ
ǹʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣıȘ 95 %, ȅȡȖȒ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȞ ȉȘȞ țĮIJȘȖȩȡȘıĮ ʌȦȢ ȝ¶ ȑȤİȚ ȖȚĮ įȠȪȜĮ.
İĮȣIJȩ ȝȠȣ 100%
ȅ țĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİ
ȞĮțȐȞȦȝȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ C
ȃIJȡȠʌȒ 90 %, ĬȜȓȥȘ 95 % , ȅȡȖȒ ǽȒIJȘıĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Įįİȡijȩ ȝȠȣ ȞĮ IJȘ
ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ȝȠȣ 100%
ȖȡȐȥİȚ.
ȉĮțȠȡȓIJıȚĮȠȡȖȐȞȦıĮȞ
ǼȓȝĮȚĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJȘ
ʌȐȡIJȚțĮȚįİȞȝİțȐȜİıĮȞ
ȂȠȞĮȟȚȐ 95 %, ĬȜȓȥȘ 95 %, ȀİȞȩ ȀȐșȚıĮ
țȚ
ȑȕȜİʌĮ
IJȘȜİȩȡĮıȘ
95 %.
IJȡȫȖȠȞIJĮȢ ȝȚĮ ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘ ʌȓIJıĮ.
ǾșİȓĮȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȞĮIJȘȢ ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮʌȦ
įĮȞİȓıȦIJȠĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠ
ʌȠIJȑȩȤȚ
ȝȠȣȕȚȕȜȓȠ
ǼȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞȠȢ 100%, ȀİȞȩ 95 %.
ȉȘȢ IJȠ ȑįȦıĮ țĮȚ ʌȒȖĮ țĮȚ ĮȖȩȡĮıĮ
ȑȞĮ ĮȞIJȓIJȣʌȠ ȖȚĮIJȓ ĮȣIJȒ șĮ IJȠ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȑȥİȚ ȝİ IJȘ IJıĮʌĮIJıȠȣȜȚȐ IJȘȢ.
63
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȡȚȖȡĮijȒIJȦȞıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞIJȘȢīȞȦıȚĮțȒȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ78:
78
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȀĮȜȦıȩȡȚıȝĮIJȓİȓȞĮȚȘȖȞȦıȚĮțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
IJȚʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȑȤİIJİIJȚıĮȢȕĮıĮȞȓȗİȚ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȈȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıȘİȞȩȢİȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȠȣIJȩıȠȖİȞȚțȩȜȠȖȠȣʌȠȣ
ĮȞĮȖțȐȗİIJĮȚțĮȞİȓȢȞĮȕȐȜİȚȋıİʌĮȡĮʌȜȒıȚĮIJȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘțĮș¶
ȣʌȩįİȚȟȘIJȠȣİțʌĮȚįİȣȩȝİȞȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ©ȕȐȜIJİțĮȚĮȢȝȘȞİȓȞĮȚĮțȡȚȕȫȢ
ȑIJıȚª
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮĬȑIJȠȣȝİıIJȩȤȠȣȢȆȠȚȠȪȢȖȡȐȥIJİIJȠȣȢȞĮIJȠȣȢıȣȗȘIJȒıȠȣȝİ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȈȣȗȘIJȐȝİȖȚĮIJȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢȝȒʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȜȠȓȞĮIJȠȣȢ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȓıȠȣȝİ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȆȫȢĮȚıșȐȞİıIJİȂʌȠȡİȓIJİȞĮȖȡȐijİIJİIJȚȢĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢıĮȢ
ıțȑȥİȚȢıİȑȞĮȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮǹIJȚȦȡĮȓĮʌȠȣIJĮȖȡȐȥĮIJİıIJȠȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠȩȝȦȢįİȞȝȠȣ
ȕȐȜĮIJİIJȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮȉȚțȡȓȝĮȂĮȟȑȡİIJİʌȞȓȖȠȝĮȚȞĮıĮȢʌȦȩIJȚ««Ǿ
ȫȡĮȝĮȢIJȑȜİȚȦıİșĮIJĮʌȠȪȝİIJȘȞİʌȩȝİȞȘȖȡȐȥIJİIJȠıIJȠȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȍȡĮȓĮIJĮȖȡȐȥĮIJİĮȜȜȐįİȞıȘȝİȚȫıĮIJİțĮȚʌȦȢȜȑȖİIJĮȚ
ĮțȡȚȕȫȢIJȠȖȞȦıȚĮțȩȜȐșȠȢʌȠȣįȚĮʌȡȐȟĮIJİȃĮıĮȢįȫıȦȝȚĮȜȓıIJĮȝİ
ıijȐȜȝĮIJĮȞĮįȚĮȕȐıİIJİıIJȠıʌȓIJȚțĮȚȞĮIJĮʌȠȪȝİIJȘȞİʌȩȝİȞȘ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȉȚǻİȞțĮIJĮȜȐȕĮIJİIJȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȣȞĮȣIJȐIJĮ©ȖȞȦıȚĮțȐȜȐșȘª
ȂĮĮȣIJȒIJȘıİȜȓįĮȝİIJĮȜȐșȘIJȘȞțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞȩȜȠȚȠȚĮıșİȞİȓȢȝĮȢıIJȠ
ȀȑȞIJȡȠȝĮȢʌȫȢİıİȓȢ«ȃĮıĮȢIJĮİȟȘȖȒıȦ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮǵȤȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝȠȣȖȡȐȥĮIJİįİȞİȓȞĮȚȖȞȦıȚĮțȐȜȐșȘİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢīȚĮIJȓȜȑȦ©ʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢªțĮȚȩȤȚțİȞIJȡȚțȑȢȂĮȑIJıȚIJȠ
İȡȝȘȞİȪȠȣȞıIJȠȀȑȞIJȡȠȝĮȢțĮȚȑIJıȚIJȠ įȚįȐıțȠȣȞțĮȚıIJȠǹȚȖȚȞȒIJİȚȠ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮǻİȞİȓıșİİȣȤĮȡȚıIJȘȝȑȞȠȢȝİIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȖȚĮIJȓȉȚȖȞȦıȚĮțȩ
ȜȐșȠȢțȐȞĮIJİĮȣIJȒIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒȆȡȠıȦʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘțĮȚȣʌİȡȖİȞȓțİȣıȘ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȃĮȟĮȞĮİȟİIJȐıȠȣȝİIJȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢʌȠȣșȑıĮȝİȉȚșĮʌİȚįİȞ
șȣȝȐıIJİIJȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢʌȠȣİȓȤĮIJİșȑıİȚǻİȞʌİȚȡȐȗİȚĮȡȤȓıIJİʌȐȜȚĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ĮȡȤȒDzȤİIJİȜİʌIJȐ
NikosVy, 2011
64
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȂȒʌȦȢȑȤİIJİșȑıİȚȝȘȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȠȪȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢȃĮ
ıȣȗȘIJȒıȠȣȝİ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȉȓșİȦȡİȓIJİıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡȠıIJȘȗȦȒīȚĮIJȓ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮīȚĮIJȓȝȠȣȗȘIJȐIJİȞĮıĮȢʌȦIJȘįȚȐȖȞȦıȘȉȚıȘȝĮıȓĮȑȤİȚȖȚĮ
ıĮȢ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮīȚĮIJȓıĮȢĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓIJȩıȠȘįȚȐȖȞȦıȘȈțİijIJİȓIJİIJȠȖȚĮȞĮIJȠ
ıȣȗȘIJȒıȠȣȝİIJȘȞİʌȩȝİȞȘijȠȡȐ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȈȣȗȒIJȘıĮIJȠșȑȝĮȝİIJȠȞǼʌȩʌIJȘȝȠȣțĮȚȑȤİIJİ
ȉȡȚȤȠIJȚȜȠȝĮȞȓĮīȚĮIJȓȤȜȦȝȚȐıĮIJİ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮĭȠȕȐıIJİȩIJȚșĮIJİȜİȚȫıİȚȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮțĮȚșĮȝİȤȐıİIJİīȚĮIJȓ
IJȠȞȚȫșİIJİĮȣIJȩ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮ ĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮȟĮȞĮșȑıȠȣȝİIJȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢȝĮȢȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮ
IJȠȣȢʌİȡȚȠȡȓıȠȣȝİıİʌȚȠȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȠȪȢ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȄȑȡİIJİİȝİȓȢİįȫİȓȝĮıIJİȀȑȞIJȡȠ©ȅȀȪțȜȠȢıĮȢ
ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫșȘțݪ
‡
ȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮȆȫȢĮȚıșȐȞİıIJİIJȫȡĮʌȠȣIJİȜİȓȦıİȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȆȫȢ
ĮIJİȞȓȗİIJİIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞ
ǾʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȒȑȤİȚțȐʌȠȚĮįȩıȘȤȚȠȪȝȠȡ
ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȚĮIJȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒ- ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ79:
ȀǹȁǹȃȉǽǾ-ǹǽǿǽǿǹǻǼīȁǼȇǾȈȃIJȩȝĬȑȝĮIJĮȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJȘȢ
ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮDzȡİȣȞĮȢIJȘȢȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ
DzȡİȣȞĮȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJȘȢȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ȂȆȅȊȁȅȊīȅȊȇǾȈǿIJȩȝĬȑȝĮIJĮīȞȦıȚĮțȒȢțĮȚȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢ
ĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ± ȉȩȝȠȢǺǯǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮDzȡİȣȞĮȢIJȘȢ ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠDzȡİȣȞĮȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJȘȢȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ȂȆȅȊȁȅȊīȅȊȇǾȈǿIJȠȝĬȑȝĮIJĮīȞȦıȚĮțȒȢțĮȚȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢ
ĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ± ȉȩȝȠȢīǯǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮDzȡİȣȞĮȢIJȘȢȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠDzȡİȣȞĮȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJȘȢȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ȀǹȁȆǹȀȅīȁȅȊĬDZȖȤȠȢțĮȚȆĮȞȚțȩȢ
79
Ⱦɲʄɲʆʏɺɼ- Ȱɺʀɺɻ͕ʖ͘ʖ
65
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂȆȅȊȁȅȊīȅȊȇǾȈǿĭȠȕȓİȢțĮȚȘĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȒIJȠȣȢ
ȈǼǿȇǹ©ȌȊȋȅȁȅīǿȀǾǺȅǾĬǼǿǹȀǹǿǹȊȉȅǼȀȆǹǿǼȊȈǾªǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐ
īȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
1(8+$86&ȉȠȣʌİȡțȚȞȘIJȚțȩʌĮȚįȓțĮȚIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐȂ
ǽĮijİȚȡȠʌȠȪȜȠȣİʌȚȝ
KEN1(5/(<ǾȄİʌİȡȞȫȞIJĮȢIJȠȐȖȤȠȢȂȋĮȡȓIJȠȣ-ĭĮIJȠȪȡȠȣİʌȚȝ
*,/%(57ȇȄİʌİȡȞȫȞIJĮȢIJȘȞțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘȂȩȞȠȢİʌȚȝȈǼǿȇǹ
ǺǿǺȁǿȅĬǼȇǹȆǼǿǹǹșȒȞĮİțįȆǹȉǹȀǾ
%(&.ǹȉǻİȞĮȡțİȓȝȩȞȠȘĮȖȐʌȘ
SINGER-.$3/$1ǾȆȫȢȞĮȟİʌİȡȐıİIJİIJȘȞ ʌȡȩȦȡȘİțıʌİȡȝȐIJȦıȘ
+(5%(570ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢIJȠȝĮ‫ތ‬IJȠȝȕ‫ތ‬ǿ
ȃȆĮȡĮıțİȣȩʌȠȣȜȠȢİʌȚȝǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
+(5%(570ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮİijȘȕȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢǹȀĮȜĮȞIJȗȒǹ]L]LǼʌȚȝǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
'$7,/,2)03$'(6.<&$ȀĮȜĮȞIJȗȒ-$]L]LǹİʌȚȝ
ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒȗİȣȖĮȡȚȫȞǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȀǹȁǹȃȉǽǾ-ǹǽǿǽǿǹǼǯȑțįȠıȘǼijĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘȀȜȚȞȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮıIJȠ
ȤȫȡȠIJȠȣȈȤȠȜİȓȠȣǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȀǹȁǹȃȉǽǾ-ǹǽǿǽǿǹǼǯȑțįȠıȘǼijĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘȀȜȚȞȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮıIJȠ
ȤȫȡȠIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȀǹȁǹȃȉǽǾ-ǹǽǿǽǿǹǼǯȑțįȠıȘǹȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮǹȣIJȠĮȞȐȜȣıȘǹȣIJȠȑȜİȖȤȠȢ
ǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȀǹȁǹȃȉǽǾ-ǹǽǿǽǿǹǼijĮȡȝȠȖȑȢIJȘȢīȞȦıIJȚțȒȢȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢıIJȘȀȜȚȞȚțȒ
ȆȡĮțIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ-128
ȀǹȁǹȃȉǽǾ-ǹǽǿǽǿǹīǹȁǹȃǹȀǾǼǾȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȦȢıȪıIJȘȝĮțĮȚȘ
ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮİȞȩȢ©ĮȞȠȓȖȝĮIJȠȢªȆĮȡĮįİȓȖȝĮIJĮIJȘȢıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȢȠʌIJȚțȒȢıIJȘ
ȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ-ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮǼȚįȚțȩIJİȪȤȠȢ
©ȀȜȚȞȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮªǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
KANFER, F.HǹʌȩIJȘȞțȜĮııȚțȒİȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȘȝȐșȘıȘțĮȚIJȘȞıȣȞIJİȜİıIJȚțȒ
ȝȐșȘıȘıIJȘȞʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȑȞȘʌȡȠȢIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮșİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȘȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ȝİIJȀǹȖȖİȜȒȢīǼȣıIJĮșȓȠȣǺȚȕȜȓȠȆİȡȚȜȒȥİȦȞ± NewsletterǻȚȘȝİȡȓįĮ:
ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıIJȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒȒīȞȦıIJȚțȒȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ǹșȒȞĮ-12.12.1999
66
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
MARKS, IȃȚțȒıIJİIJȚȢijȠȕȓİȢǿȀĮıȕȓțȘȢİʌȚȝǹșȒȞĮǼțįȩıİȚȢȁȒșȘ
ȂȆȅȊȁȅȊīȅȊȇǾȈǿȀĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȠȣıİȟİıijĮȜȝȑȞİȢĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢ
İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȐįİįȠȝȑȞĮ țĮȚıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȆǹȆǹȀȍȈȉǹȈǿīȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮĬİȦȡȓĮțĮȚʌȡȐȟȘǹșȒȞĮ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠDzȡİȣȞĮȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮȢIJȘȢȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
RONEN, TǾȖȞȦıIJȚțȒ-İȟİȜȚțIJȚțȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮıIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȂǽĮijİȚȡȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ
İʌȚȝǹșȒȞĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȐīȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ
ȂȆĮʌĮįȠʌȠȪȜȠȣǼȀĮȡĮȝʌȠȣȜȐIJ. ǹșȆȐȞIJȗȚȠȢ
ȲɓɖɍɁɓɋȽɊɇɈɟɊɍɋɒɚɉɍɗɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽɑ:
īİȞȚțȐ
ȉȚİȓȞĮȚȘȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ©ǾȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘİȓȞĮȚIJȠȩȞȠȝĮĮȝȓĮȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ
ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ ȥȣȤȠȞȠȘIJȚțȫȞ įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤİįȩȞ ĮʌȡȠıʌȑȜĮıIJĮ ȝİ
ȠʌȠȚȠȞįȒʌȠIJİȐȜȜȠIJȡȩʌȠȕȝȓĮȝȑșȠįȠȢȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȘıİĮȣIJȒIJȘįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȖȚĮIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȫȞ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞ țĮȚ Ȗ ȝȓĮ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ įİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ĮʌȠțIJȘșȑȞIJȦȞ ȝİ IJȠȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ IJȡȩʌȠ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ıȣȞ IJȦ ȤȡȩȞȦ șĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıİȚ IJȘ
ȕȐıȘȝȓĮȢȞȑĮȢİʌȚıIJȒȝȘȢªĭȡȩȧȞIJ
Ǿ ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȝȠȡijȒ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ șİȝİȜȓȦıİ Ƞ Sigmund
FreudȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚıȣȞȫȞȣȝȘȝİIJȘȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮĮȜȜȐĮȣIJȩįİȞİȓȞĮȚ
ıȦıIJȩǾȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘIJȠȞȓȗİȚIJȘıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞİȝʌİȚȡȚȫȞıIJȠıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩ
IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ Ǿ țȜĮıȚțȒ ijȡȠȨįȚțȒ șİȦȡȓĮ ȑȤİȚ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
İʌȚȖȩȞȠȣȢ IJȠȣ Freud ȦıIJȩıȠ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ĮȝİIJȐȕȜȘIJȘ Ș țİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȐʌȠȥȘ ȩIJȚ Ș
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐțĮșȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚțĮIJȐțȪȡȚȠȜȩȖȠĮʌȩĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJİȢįȣȞȐȝİȚȢʌȠȣ
ʌȘȖȐȗȠȣȞĮʌȩʌȡȦIJȩȖȠȞİȢıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢʌĮȡȐĮʌȩIJȘȜȠȖȚțȒ
ȉȚ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ǺȡĮȤİȓĮ ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ Ǿ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ǺȌȌ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞĮijȒȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ĮȜȜȐ İıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJĮIJȦȡȚȞȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȠȚșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢıȣȞİįȡȓİȢİȓȞĮȚĮȡĮȚȩIJİȡİȢ-
67
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJȘȞİȕįȠȝȐįĮțĮȚȠĮıșİȞȒȢȑȤİȚȕȜİȝȝĮIJȚțȒİʌĮijȒȝİIJȠȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȠȠʌȠȓȠȢ
ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤİȚʌȚȠİȞİȡȖȐıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȞțȜĮıȚțȒȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ80.
ȅȚ ʌȡȫIJİȢ ĮȞIJȚȡȡȒıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ µțȜĮıȚțȒ¶ ijȡȠȨįȚțȒ șİȦȡȓĮ IJȑșȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
ĮȡȤȚțȠȪȢĮȞĮșİȦȡȘIJȑȢțĮȚȝĮșȘIJȑȢIJȠȣ)UHXGIJȠȞ$GOHUțĮȚIJȠȞ-XQJ
ǿıIJȠȡȓĮ
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1885 ± ǾʌȡȠ-ĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒijȐıȘ± Breuer
1897 ± +ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ
1908-ȅȚĮʌĮȡȤȑȢIJȠȣȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȠȪțȚȞȒȝĮIJȠȢ
1920- ȉȠȫȡȚȝȠȑȡȖȠIJȠȣ)UHXG
Ǿ ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ıIJȘ ǺȡİIJĮȞȓĮ -RQHV )DLUEDLUQ șİȦȡȓĮ IJȦȞ
ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌȦȞıȤȑıİȦȞ.OHLQ$QQD)UHXG:LQQLFRWW
Ǿ ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ıIJȚȢ ǾȆǹ 6XOOLYDQ 0DKOHU )URPP +DUWPDQQ HJR
psychology), Fromm-Reichmann, Kohut (self-psychology)
ǾȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘıIJȘīĮȜȜȓĮ/DFDQ81
dzįȘ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȑȡȖȠ IJȠȣ )UHXG Ș ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓ įȪȠ ʌȠȜȪ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȠȪȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘȢIJȘȢȥȣȤȚțȒȢȗȦȒȢ
ȉȠȝȠȞIJȑȜȠIJȦȞİȞȠȡȝȒıİȦȞ ȉȠȜİȖȩȝİȞȠ©ȣįȡĮȣȜȚțȩȝȠȞIJȑȜȠªȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚ
ıIJȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ IJȘȢ İȞȩȡȝȘıȘȢ ĬİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȕĮıȚțȐ ĮȞĮȗȘIJȐ IJȘȞ
İȣȤĮȡȓıIJȘıȘțĮȚȩIJȚIJĮ©ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮªĮʌȠțIJȠȪȞıȘȝĮıȓĮȝȩȞȠİijȩıȠȞȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ
ȫıIJİȞĮİțIJȠȞȫıȠȣȞIJȘıȣııȦȡİȣȝȑȞȘİȞıIJȚțIJȫįȘȑȞIJĮıȘțĮȚȞĮȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞIJȚȢ
İȞȠȡȝȘIJȚțȑȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
ȉȠȝȠȞIJȑȜȠIJȦȞıȤȑıİȦȞȝİIJȠĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ ȉȠįİȪIJİȡȠʌȚȠµȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ¶
ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ IJȦȞ ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌȦȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚ ȩIJȚ ȕĮıȚțȒ İȞȩȡȝȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
ıȪȞĮȥȘ țĮȚ įȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘ ıȤȑıİȦȞ ȝİ IJĮ ©ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮª țĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ș İȞȠȡȝȘIJȚțȒ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘİȓȞĮȚįİȣIJİȡİȪȠȣıĮȒʌĮȡȐȖȦȖȠIJȘȢȕĮıȚțȒȢĮȣIJȒȢĮȞȐȖțȘȢȖȚĮıIJİȞȑȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ82.
80
Ȼʘɲʆʆʀɷɻʎ͕ʖ͘ʖɇʃɲʋɿʆɳʃɻʎϮ͕ϮϬϬϯ
ȳɸʘʌɶɳʃɲ͕ϮϬϭϬ-2011
82
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
81
68
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈȚȖțĭȡȩȚȞIJȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢIJȘȢȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ
ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
ȈIJȘȞ ȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ȜȩȖȠȣ ȤȐȡȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȜȩȖȠȢ ȖȚĮ µșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ¶ therapeutic alliance ȝȓĮ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ ʌȠȣ İȚıȒȤșȘ IJȠ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Freud.
ȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ µIJȘ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȒ ıȣȞĮȚȞİIJȚțȒ ıȤȑıȘ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
ȐȡȡȦıIJȠ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ țĮșȑȞĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ȣʌȠȞȠİȓIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ıȣȝijȦȞİȓ ȩIJȚ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ȞĮ
įȠȣȜȑȥȠȣȞȝĮȗȓȖȚĮȞĮȕȠȘșȘșİȓȠȐȡȡȦıIJȠȢȝİIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȈȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚįİ
ȑȞĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩįȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȩIJȠȣİȖȫIJȠȣĮȡȡȫıIJȠȣıİIJȝȒȝĮʌȠȣʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓțĮȚıİ
IJȝȒȝĮʌȠȣȕȚȫȞİȚ¶83.
ȅ ȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȒȢ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȞĮ įȫıİȚ ȜȪıȘ ıİ ȤȡȠȞȓȗȠȣıİȢ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıİȢ
ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȣȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ȐȝȣȞĮȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ȐȡȞȘıȘ țĮȚ Ș
țĮIJĮʌȓİıȘȞĮʌȡȠĮȖȐȖİȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȠȣĮıșİȞȠȪȢțĮȚȞĮȝİIJĮȕȐȜİȚ
IJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȕĮıȚȗȩȝİȞȠȢıIJȘȞİțIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘIJȠȣĮıȣȞİȚįȒIJȠȣ
ȝİIJȘȞIJİȤȞȚțȒIJȠȣİȜİȪșİȡȠȣıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪİʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȞIJĮȢıIJȠȞĮıșİȞȒȞĮȜȑİȚȩIJȚIJȠȣ
ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ ȅ ĮȞĮȜȣIJȒȢ ıȣȞĮȞIJȐIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠȞ ĮıșİȞȒ -5
ijȠȡȑȢIJȘȞİȕįȠȝȐįĮįȚȐȡțİȚĮıȣȞİįȡȓĮȢ-ȜİʌIJȐȖȚĮ-ȤȡȩȞȚĮ
Ǿ İʌȑȝȕĮıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮȜȣIJȒ ıIJȚȢ ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠȣ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȘȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ Ǿ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ ĮʌȠıțȠʌİȓ ıIJȠ ȞĮ ĮʌȠįȫıİȚ İȞĮȚıșȘıȓĮ
ıIJȠȞ ĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠ IJȩıȠ ȞȠȘIJȚțȒ ȩıȠ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ IJȦȞ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȦȞ
ĮȞIJȚıIJȐıİȦȞĮȝȣȞIJȚțȫȞȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞİʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞțĮȚijĮȞIJĮıȚȫȞIJȠȣʌȠȣĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ
IJĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ IJȦȞ ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞ ǼȡȝȘȞİȪȠȞIJĮȚ Ș ȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘ IJĮ ȩȞİȚȡĮ IJȡȑȤȠȣıİȢ
ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȑȢ ıȣȞįȑıİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȝİ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ įȘȜ ȠȚ ʌĮȚįȚțİȢ
ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ Ș İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ IJȦȞ ȠȞİȓȡȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȕĮıȚțȩ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȠ IJȘȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢȉȠȩȞİȚȡȠȩʌȦȢIJȩȞȚıİȠFreud ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ IJȠȕĮıȚȜȚțȩįȡȩȝȠȖȚĮIJȠ
ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠțĮȚȠİȜİȪșİȡȠȢıȣȞİȚȡȝȩȢIJȠȣĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠȣʌȐȞȦıIJȠȣȢıȣȝȕȠȜȚıȝȠȪȢ
83
Ⱦʉʐʏʍʉʍʀʅʉʐ͕ϮϬϭϭ
69
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣĮʌȠțĮȜȪʌIJİȚʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢȕĮșȚȐțȡȣȝȝȑȞİȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢțĮȚijĮȞIJĮıȚȫıİȚȢ
IJȚȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢ84.
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
™ ĬİȝİȜȚĮțȐȆȚıIJİȪȦ
¾ ǹijİIJȘȡȓĮIJȠȑȡȖȠIJȠȣFreud
¾ ȆȓıIJȘıIJȘȞȪʌĮȡȟȘIJȠȣǹıȣȞİȚįȒIJȠȣțĮȚıțȠʌȩȢȘįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘIJȠȣ
¾ ȆȓıIJȘ ıIJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ IJȘȢ ȂİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠȢ
țĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȦȞIJİțIJİȞȠȝȑȞȦȞ
¾ ȆȡȠıȦʌȚțȒĮȞȐȜȣıȘȦȢĮįȚĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘIJȠIJȝȒȝĮIJȘȢȝĮșȘIJİȓĮȢ
¾ ȋȡȒıȘ IJȘȢ ȠȣįİIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȜİțIJȚțȒȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ IJİȤȞȚțȒ
țĮȚĮʌȠijȣȖȒȣʌȠȕȠȜȒȢȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚʌȡȐȟİȦȞ
¾ ȆİʌȠȓșȘıȘʌȦȢȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȘȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȕĮșȝȚĮȓĮ
ȕĮșİȚȐ İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ įȠȝȚțȒ ȝİIJĮȜȜĮȖȒ IJȘ ȜİȖȩȝİȞȘ ³ȥȣȤȚțȒ
ĮȜȜĮȖȒ´85
¾ ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJİȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
¾ ȈȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıİȥȣȤȚțȑȢȞȠȘIJȚțȑȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
¾ ȈȣȝȕȚȕĮıȝȠȓĮȞȐȝİıĮıİįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢIJȐıİȚȢ
¾ Ǿ İʌȚȡȡȠȒ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ıIJȐįȚĮ IJȘȢ
İȟȑȜȚȟȘȢ
¾ Ǿ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ țĮȚ ĮȞIJȠȤȒ ıIJȠ ȤȡȩȞȠ IJȦȞ įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞ ȝȠIJȓȕȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞİįȡĮȚȦșİȓıIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ
¾ ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȦȞıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȫȞțĮȚIJȦȞ İʌȚșİIJȚțȫȞİʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞ
¾ ǾȪʌĮȡȟȘȞȠȒȝĮIJȠȢıİțȐșİȥȣȤȚțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĮțȩȝȘțĮȚĮȞĮȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚ
ıȣȖțĮȜȣȝȝȑȞȠȒıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȩ
¾ DZȝȣȞİȢțĮȚĮȣIJĮʌȐIJȘ86.
ȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐIJȘȢȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ87:
ǾıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȫȞıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞıIJȘȞȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘİȓȞĮȚIJȑııİȡȚȢ
ȦȢ ʌȑȞIJİ ijȠȡȑȢ IJȘ ȕįȠȝȐįĮ țĮȚ Ș įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ įȪȠ ȦȢ ʌȑȞIJİ Ȓ țĮȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȆȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȚȜȠȖȒIJȦȞĮıșİȞȫȞİȓȞĮȚȘıȤİIJȚțȐ
ȞİĮȡȒȘȜȚțȓĮıȣȞȒșȦȢțȐIJȦĮʌȩıĮȡȐȞIJĮȫıIJİȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮĮȜȜĮȖȒȢIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ Ș ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ ĮȞIJȠȤȒ ıIJȘ ıIJȑȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ
84
ȾʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎȰ͘Ϯ͕͘ʖʖ
Ȼʘɲʆʆʀɷɻʎ͕ʖ͘ʖ
86
ȳɸʘʌɶɳʃɲ͕ϮϬϭϬ-2011
87
ȾʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎȰ͘Ϯ͕͘ʖʖ
85
70
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ İʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİȚ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ȚıȤȣȡȠȪ
İȖȫʌȠȣȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌĮȜȚȞįȡȠȝȒıİȚȞĮİʌȚıIJȡȑȥİȚįȘȜĮįȒıİʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞİȢijȐıİȚȢ
IJȘȢȗȦȒȢ țĮȚ ȞĮıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞĮ ȕȚȫȝĮIJĮIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢȤȦȡȓȢ
ȞĮ įȚĮıʌĮıșİȓ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ İȞȩȢ ʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣ ȗȦȒȢ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȐ ȞĮ
ĮȜȜȐȟİȚȃİȣȡȦIJȚțȠȓ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȠȚ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝİ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ İij
ȩıȠȞ ıȣȞIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȠȚ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȑȞIJȠȞĮ
țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȚȖȚĮșİȡĮʌİȓĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ
Ǿ ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓ IJȠȞ ȠȞȠȝĮȗȩȝİȞȠ ȕĮıȚțȩ țĮȞȩȞĮ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ Ȟİ
IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ Ƞ ĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠȢ įȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡİȚ İȜİȪșİȡĮ ıIJȠȞ ĮȞĮȜȣIJȒ ȠIJȚįȒʌȠIJİ
ĮȣșȩȡȝȘIJĮıțȑʌIJİIJĮȚțĮȚȞȚȫșİȚȤȦȡȓȢIJȓʌȠIJİȞĮȣʌȠțȡȪʌIJİȚȒȞĮİʌȚȜȑȖİȚǾıȦıIJȒ
ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘIJȠȣȕĮıȚțȠȪțĮȞȩȞĮȠįȘȖİȓıIJȠȞİȜİȪșİȡȠıȣȞİȚȡȝȩʌȠȣʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ
ʌȜȠȪıȚȠĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȣȜȚțȩ
ǾȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢIJİȤȞȘIJȒȢıIJȑȡȘıȘȢIJȠȣ
ĮıșİȞȒ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȐȖİȚ IJȘȞ ʌĮȜȚȞįȡȩȝȘıȘ IJȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȞ țĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ĮȞȓȤȞİȣıȘ IJȦȞ
ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢǾȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȠȣĮȞȐțȜȚȞIJȡȠȣȝİIJȘıȤİIJȚțȒ
ĮțȚȞȘıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚ Ș ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȠʌIJȚțȒȢ İʌĮijȒȢ țĮȚ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȠȞ
ĮȞĮȜȣIJȒ ʌȠȣ țȐșİIJĮȚ țȠȞIJȐ ĮȜȜȐ ȑȟȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȠʌIJȚțȩ ʌİįȓȠ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠȣ Ș
ȑȝijĮıȘ ıIJȠȞ ȜȩȖȠ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȐȟȘ ıIJİȡȠȪȞ IJȠȞ ĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘȒİțIJȩȞȦıȘIJȦȞİʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞțĮȚĮȞĮȖțȫȞIJȠȣǾıIJȑȡȘıȘĮȣIJȒİʌȚIJİȓȞİȚ
IJȚȢ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJİȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ ȠȚ ĮȝȣȞIJȚțȠȓ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȚȠ İȝijĮȞİȓȢ țĮȚ Ș
ĮȞȐȜȣıȘįȚİȣțȠȜȪȞİIJĮȚ
ȮɍɚɏɀɍɒɍɓFreud88:
H șİȦȡȓĮ IJȠȣ Freud ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȠȝȒ țĮȚ IJȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȠȣ ©ȥȣȤȚțȠȪ ȠȡȖȐȞȠȣª
įȚĮțȡȓȞİIJĮȚıİIJȡİȚȢijȐıİȚȢ
™ To ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠIJȘȢıȣȖțȓȞȘıȘȢ± IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȠȢ-1897):
¾ ǺĮıȚțȒȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȥȣȤȚțȩIJȡĮȪȝĮ țĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȘıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒ
ĮʌȠʌȜȐȞȘıȘȦȢȕĮıȚțȒĮȚIJȓĮIJȦȞȞİȣȡȫıİȦȞǾıȣııȫȡİȣıȘȝȘİțijȡĮıȝȑȞȘȢİȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢȦȢĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȓĮIJȦȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞǾșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȘȢțȐșĮȡıȘȢțĮȚȘȤȡȒıȘ
IJȘȢȪʌȞȦıȘȢ
™ ǾʌȡȫIJȘIJȠʌȚțȒȣʌȩșİıȘ-1923):
¾ ǺĮıȚțȒȘ ȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȢǾıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȘȢijĮȞIJĮıȓĮȢıIJȘȞ
ĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȓĮIJȦȞȞİȣȡȫıİȦȞǾıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȠȣȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȣ
ıȣȝʌȜȑȖȝĮIJȠȢ
88
ȳɸʘʌɶɳʃɲ͕ϮϬϭϬ-2011. Mc Williams, 2000
71
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ȉȠ©ȥȣȤȚțȩȩȡȖĮȞȠªșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȡȓĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
IJȠȈȣȞİȚįȘIJȩIJȠȆȡȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩțĮȚIJȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȉȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮȈȣȞİȚįȘIJȩ ȆİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚIJȚȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢIJȘȢĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢIJȘȢ
ȝȞȒȝȘȢțĮȚIJȘȢıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢǼȓȞĮȚȘȑįȡĮIJȘȢȜȠȖȚțȒȢIJȦȞ
ʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȦȞIJȦȞĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚIJȘȢȖȜȫııĮȢȉȠıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȆȡȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩȉĮʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȐIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȚțȐĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJĮ
ĮȜȜȐȣʌȐȡȤİȚʌȡȩıȕĮıȘıİĮȣIJȐȅȕĮıȚțȩȢIJȠȣȡȩȜȠȢȘʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
IJȘȢıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢĮʌȩIJȠǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȉĮʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞĮIJȦȞıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ȈȣȞİȚįȘIJȩȆȡȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩįȚĮȤȦȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚıĮijȫȢĮʌȩIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȝȑıȦIJȘȢȜȠȖȠțȡȚıȓĮȢȉȠıȪıIJȘȝĮǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
ǹʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠIJȝȒȝĮIJȘȢȥȣȤȚțȒȢȗȦȒȢıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢ
İȞȠȡȝȒıİȚȢțĮȚĮʌȩĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞİȢȥȣȤȚțȑȢĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
¾ ȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢțĮȚįİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞȒȢĮʌȫșȘıȘ ȉȠǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJȐșİıȘ
ıȣȝʌȪțȞȦıȘțĮȚıȣȝȕȠȜȚıȝȩȢIJȘȞĮʌȠȣıȓĮȐȡȞȘıȘȢĮȝijȚȕȠȜȓĮȢțĮȚ
ĮȞIJȓijĮıȘȢIJȘȞĮʌȠȣıȓĮĮȓıșȘıȘȢIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣIJȘȞĮįȚĮijȠȡȓĮȦȢʌȡȠȢ
IJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȡȪșȝȚıȘĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢȘįȠȞȒȢ
™ ȉȠ įȠȝȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ -1938): ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ įȠȝȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ IJȠ
©ȥȣȤȚțȩȩȡȖĮȞȠªıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȡȓĮȥȣȤȚțȐıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮȉȠǼțİȓȞȠId),
ȉȠǼȖȫEgoȉȠȊʌİȡİȖȫSuperego).
¾ ǼțİȓȞȠ ǼȓȞĮȚIJȠİȞȠȡȝȘIJȚțȩȝȑȡȠȢIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢȈȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚ
Įʌȩ IJĮ țȜȘȡȠȞȠȝȘȝȑȞĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ ȝĮȢ IJȚȢ ȥȣȤȚțȑȢ
ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢ IJȦȞ İȞȠȡȝȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ
ĮʌȫșȘıȘȢǼȓȞĮȚĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
¾ ǼȖȫ
ǼȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıIJȚțȩ țĮȚ ĮȝȣȞIJȚțȩ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȈȣȖțȡȠIJİȓIJĮȚ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ ıIJĮįȚĮțȒȢ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
Įʌȩ IJȠ ǼțİȓȞȠ ǻȡĮ ıȣȝȕȚȕĮıIJȚțȐ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ ǼțİȓȞȠ
IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȘșȚțȒ ȊʌİȡİȖȫ ȝİ ıIJȩȤȠ IJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȠıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘ ȆĮȡİȝȕȐȜȜİȚ IJȘ ıțȑȥȘ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ țĮȚ
ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȐȟȘ DzȞĮ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩ ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȘȢ
ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢțĮȚȑȞĮȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠʌȤȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓȐȝȣȞĮȢ
¾ ȊʌİȡİȖȫ DzȤİȚ IJȠ ȡȩȜȠ IJȠȣ ȜȠȖȠțȡȚIJȒ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȘșȚțȒ
ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘIJĮȚįĮȞȚțȐțĮȚIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘȈȤȘȝĮIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞ
İʌȓȜȣıȘ IJȠȣ ȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȣ ıȣȝʌȜȑȖȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İıȦIJİȡȓțİȣıȘ IJȦȞ
ȖȠȞİȧțȫȞĮʌĮȖȠȡİȪıİȦȞǼȓȞĮȚıİȝİȖȐȜȠȕĮșȝȩĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
™ ĬİȦȡȓİȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ
¾ ǹȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ-țȪțȜȠȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢ
ȉȠ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijİȚ
ĮʌȠșȘțİȪİȚ țĮȚ ıȣȞșȑIJİȚ IJȚȢ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ
ʌȚȠĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒıȤȒȝĮIJĮıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȂİIJȘȞʌȐȡȠįȠ
72
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ țĮȚ țȐIJȦ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȦȞ İȝʌİȚȡȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĮȞĮʌIJȪııİIJĮȚȑȞĮıȪıIJȘȝĮȕĮıȚțȐıIJĮșİȡȫȞįȚĮșȑıİȦȞ
IJȐıİȦȞ ʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȦȞ İʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞ ĮȟȚȫȞ țĮȚ ıȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȐIJȠȝȠțĮȚ IJȠȣ įȓȞȠȣȞIJȘȝȠȞĮįȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣȉȠ
įȚĮțȡȚIJȩ ĮȣIJȩ ȩȜȠ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝȩȞȚȝİȢ IJȐıİȚȢ țĮȚ ıȤȒȝĮIJĮ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢİȞȩȢĮIJȩȝȠȣIJȠȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ǼȜȐȤȚıIJĮıȤȒȝĮIJĮıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȑȤȠȣȞȒįȘĮȞĮʌIJȣȤșİȓıIJȘȖȑȞȞȘıȘȉĮ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȡȠȠįİȣIJȚțȐ ȦȢ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ IJȘȢ ȕȚȠȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ
ȦȡȓȝĮȞıȘȢ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ʌȠȣ ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ıIJȐįȚĮ Ȓ ijȐıİȚȢ ȉĮ ıIJȐįȚĮ
ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ Ș ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮ ʌİȡȓȠįȠȢ Ș İijȘȕİȓĮ Ș ȫȡȚȝȘ
ȘȜȚțȓĮțĮȚIJĮȖȘȡĮIJİȚȐ
ȆȠȜȪʌȜȠțȠȚȖİȞİIJȚțȠȓʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȠȓțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȓțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȠȓ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ı
ȩȜĮ IJĮ ıIJȐįȚĮ țĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ Ș
ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȡȝȠȞȚțȒ țĮȚ ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ Ȓ șĮ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚʌĮȡİțțȜȓıİȚȢțĮȚįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ
ȅʌȦıįȒʌȠIJİįİȤȩȝĮıIJİȩIJȚȖİȞİIJȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢʌȠȣİʌȚįȡȠȪȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
ȕȚȠȤȘȝȚțȠȪȢȠȡȝȠȞȚțȠȪȢțȐȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢʌȡȠįȚĮșȑıİȚȢ
ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȚįȚȠıȣȖțȡĮıȚĮțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ IJȘȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ǼȞȫ
ȩȝȦȢ ĮțȡĮȓİȢ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ IJȠȣ ĮȣIJȩȞȠȝȠȣ țİȞIJȡȚțȠȪ ȞİȣȡȚțȠȪ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
İȞįȠțȡȚȞȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ıȣȞįİșȠȪȞ ȝİ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝȚțȡȒȝȩȞȠıȤȑıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ
IJȦȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȩȞȚȝĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȘȢ ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ǾǹȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢȆȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ- ȀȪțȜȠȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢʌȠȣʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȣȝİ
ʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ ıȪȞșİıȘ IJȘȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ
ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȘ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȚȢ șİȦȡȓİȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȣȟȚĮțȫȞ
ȥȣȤȚȐIJȡȦȞ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ Ƞ 6LJPXQG )UHXG Ƞ (ULN (ULNVRQ Ș 0DUJDUHW
0DKOHUȘ0HODQLH.OHLQȠ-HDQ3LDJHWțȐȕȜȑʌİȆȓȞĮțĮ-1)
ȆȓȞĮțĮȢ-7ĮıIJȐįȚĮǹȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ- ȀȪțȜȠȣIJȘȢȗȦȒȢțĮIJȐ
)UHXG0DKOHU3LDJHWțĮȚ(ULNVRQ
ȈIJȐįȚȠ
ǾȜȚțȓĮ
FREUD
ȈIJȠȝĮIJȚțȩıIJȐįȚȠ
ȆȡȦțIJȚțȩıIJȐįȚȠ
ȅȣȡȘșȡȚțȩıIJȐįȚȠ
0-ȝȘȞȫȞ
1 1/2 - ȝİİIJȫȞ
73
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂİIJĮȕĮIJȚțȩıIJȐįȚȠ
ȝİIJĮȟȪʌȡȦțIJȚțȠȪțĮȚ
ijĮȜȜȚțȠȪ
ĭĮȜȜȚțȩȒȠȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠıIJȐįȚȠ
ȝİ- ȝİİIJȫȞ
ȁĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮʌİȡȓȠįȠȢ
ȝİ- ȝİİIJȫȞ
īİȞȞȘIJȚțȩıIJȐįȚȠ
11 ȝİ- İȞȘȜȚțȓȦıȘ
MAHLER
ĭȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒĮȣIJȚıIJȚțȒijȐıȘ
0-ȝȘȞȫȞ
ĭȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒıȣȝȕȚȦIJȚțȒijȐıȘ
2-ȝȘȞȫȞ
ĭȐıȘĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȠȪ- İȟĮIJȠȝȓțİȣıȘȢ
4-ȝȘȞȫȞ
ȊʌȠijȐıİȚȢ
ǻȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘțĮȚĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ
4-ȝȘȞȫȞ
ıȦȝĮIJȚțȒȢİȚțȩȞĮȢ
ǼȟȐıțȘıȘıIJȠȞĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȩȝİ- ȝİȝȘȞȫȞ
İȟĮIJȠȝȓțİȣıȘ
ǼʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ
ȈIJĮșİȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢİȟĮIJȠȝȓțİȣıȘȢ
țĮȚȑȞĮȡȟȘIJȘȢıIJĮșİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣ
ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ
ȝİ- ȝȘȞȫȞ
24 - ȝȘȞȫȞ
http://www.psychologia.gr/editions/development.htm
PIAGET
ȆȡȠȖȜȦııȚțȩĮȚıșȘIJȚțȠ-țȚȞȘIJȚțȩİIJȫȞ
ıIJȐįȚȠ
74
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJĮıȚĮțȩȒʌȡȠIJȦȞȜȠȖȚțȫȞİIJȫȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ ıIJȐįȚȠ
ȈIJȐįȚȠIJȦȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ-İIJȫȞ
ȈIJȐįȚȠIJȦȞIJȣʌȚțȫȞȜȠȖȚțȫȞįȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ
12-18 İIJȫȞ
ERIKSON
ǺȡİijȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ
0 - ȝİȝȘȞȫȞ
ǺĮıȚțȒİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘ-
ǺĮıȚțȒįȣıʌȚıIJȓĮǼȁȆǿǻǹ
ȃȘʌȚĮțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ
ȝİ-ȝȘȞȫȞ
ǹȣIJȠȞȠȝȓĮ-ȃIJȡȠʌȒ
țĮȚǹȝijȚȕȠȜȓĮ
ĬǼȁǾȈǾ
75
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆȡȠıȤȠȜȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ
3-İIJȫȞ
ǾȜȚțȓĮIJȠȣʌĮȚȖȞȚįȚȠȪȆȡȦIJȠȕȠȣȜȓĮ-
ǼȞȠȤȒ
ȈȀȅȆȅȈ
ȈȤȠȜȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ
6-İIJȫȞ
ĭȚȜȠʌȠȞȓĮǼʌȚȝȑȜİȚĮ-ȀĮIJȦIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮǿȀǹȃȅȉǾȉǹ
ǼijȘȕİȓĮ
11-İIJȫȞ
ȉĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ- ȈȪȖȤȣıȘǻȚȐȤȣıȘ
IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȆǿȈȉǾȆǿȈȉȅȉǾȉǹ
ȃİĮȡȒİȞȒȜȚțȘȗȦȒ
21-İIJȫȞ
ȈIJİȞȒıȤȑıȘ- ǹʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ
ǹīǹȆǾ
ǼȞȒȜȚțȘ ȗȦȒ
35 - İIJȫȞ
ȆĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ- ǹʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ
76
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ
ȃȅǿǹȄǿȂȅĭȇȅȃȉǿǻǹ
īȘȡĮIJİȚȐǷȡȚȝȘȘȜȚțȓĮ
65 - șȐȞĮIJȠȢ
ǹțİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ- ǹʌȩȖȞȦıȘ
Ȉȅĭǿǹ
89
ȅ țȐșİIJȠȢ ȐȟȠȞĮȢ įİȓȤȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȑȞIJĮıȘ țȚ Ƞ ȠȡȚȗȩȞIJȚȠȢ IJȠȣȢ IJȪʌȠȣȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ʌȠȣ İȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȝȑıĮ ȝĮȢ ȅȚ ʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞİȓȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ȐȝȣȞĮȢ
ıȣȞĮȞIJȫȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȠ ȝİIJĮȚȤȝȚĮțȩ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȥȣȤȦIJȚțȩ IJȪʌȠ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ ȅȚįİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞİȓȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓȐȝȣȞĮȢıȣȞĮȞIJȫȞIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢıIJȠȞ
ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩ țĮȚ ıIJȠ ȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȩ IJȪʌȠ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ DzIJıȚ
ijIJȚȐȤȞİIJĮȚIJȠȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩȝĮȢʌȡȠijȓȜ 90.
ȉȣʌȠȜȠȖȚțȒǻȚȐıIJĮıȘ
ǼȟİȜȚțIJȚțȒ
ǻȚȐıIJĮıȘ
ǹȞIJȚțȠȚȞȦ
ȞȚțȒ
ȃĮȡțȚııȚ
ıIJȚțȒ
ȈȤȚȗȠ
İȚįȒȢ
3
ȃİȣȡȦIJȚțȩ
ʌȡȠȢȊȖİȚȑȢ
İʌȓʌİįȠ
ȂİIJĮȚȤȝȚĮțȩ
İʌȓʌİįȠ
89
90
ȆĮȡȐ
ȞȠȧțȒ
ȀĮIJĮșȜȚ
ʌIJȚțȒ
ȂĮȗȠ
ȤȚıIJȚțȒ
ǿįİȠȥȣ
ȤĮȞĮȖțĮıIJȚțȒ
ȊıIJİ
ȡȚțȒ
3
3
3
ǻȚĮıȤȚ
ıIJȚțȒ
DZȜȜȘ
3
3
3
Ⱦʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎ Ȱ. 3., ʖ.ʖ
Mc Williams, 2000, ʍ. 217. Ʌʌʊʃɸɿʏɲɿɶɿɲɴɲʍɿʃʊɴɿɴʄʀʉʗʐʖɲʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼʎɷɿɳɶʆʘʍɻʎ͘
3
77
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
3
ȌȣȤȦIJȚțȩ
İʌȓʌİįȠ
3
™ ǾșİȦȡȓĮIJȦȞĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌȦȞıȤȑıİȦȞ
¾ ȅȚʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞİȓȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓȐȝȣȞĮȢȀȐʌȠȚȠȚȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓȐȝȣȞĮȢ
șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚİțijȡȐȗȠȣȞȝȚĮʌȚȠʌȡȦIJȩȖȠȞȘįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮȚ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȦȢµʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞİȓȢ¶µĮȞȫȡȚȝİȢ¶ȒµʌȡȦIJȩȖȠȞİȢ¶ȐȝȣȞİȢ
o ȑȤȠȣȞȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞȝİIJȘȞȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩțĮȚ
IJȠȞțȩıȝȠ
o İȓȞĮȚȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢıIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
o ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞȝİțĮșȠȜȚțȩțĮȚĮįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘIJȠIJȡȩʌȠıIJȠ
ĮȚıșȘIJȘȡȚĮțȩıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩȖȞȦıIJȚțȩțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȩ
İʌȓʌİįȠ
o ıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠȖȜȦııȚțȒijȐıȘIJȘȢĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢʌȠȣ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȝȘ- țĮIJȐțIJȘıȘIJȘȢĮȡȤȒȢIJȘȢ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢıIJĮșİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ
x
ȆȡȠȕȠȜȒțĮȚİȞįȠȕȠȜȒ ȅȚįȪȠĮȣIJȠȓȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞįȪȠ
ȩȥİȚȢİȞȩȢȥȣȤȚțȠȪijĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣțĮIJȐIJȠȠʌȠȓȠIJȠȥȣȤȚțȩȩȡȚȠ
ĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩțĮȚIJȠȞțȩıȝȠįİȞİȓȞĮȚʌȜȒȡȦȢ
ıȤȘȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠ
o ǾʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȝȑıȦIJȘȢȠʌȠȓĮȢIJȠ
ȐIJȠȝȠİȞIJȠʌȓȗİȚıİȐȜȜĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮȒʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢʌȠȣĮȡȞİȓIJĮȚȒʌĮȡĮȕȜȑʌİȚıIJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩIJȠȣǼȓȞĮȚįȘȜĮįȒȘįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȑȞĮ
ȥȣȤȚțȩijĮȚȞȩȝİȞȠʌȠȣȑȤİȚİȞįȠȖİȞȒʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȘ
ʌĮȡİȡȝȘȞİȪİIJĮȚțĮȚȖȓȞİIJĮȚĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȩȦȢİȟȦȖİȞȑȢ
o ǾİȞįȠȕȠȜȒ İȓȞĮȚȘȥȣȤȚțȒįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮIJȠȐIJȠȝȠ
ȝİIJĮijȑȡİȚȝİijĮȞIJĮıȚȦıȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠĮʌȩµȑȟȦ¶ʌȡȠȢIJĮµȝȑıĮ¶
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚIJȚȢȚįȚȩIJȘIJȑȢIJȠȣȢȈIJȘȞİȞįȠȕȠȜȒȑȞĮ
İȟȦȖİȞȑȢijĮȚȞȩȝİȞȠʌĮȡİȡȝȘȞİȪİIJĮȚȦȢȞĮȑȤİȚİȞįȠȖİȞȒ
ʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȘǹȣIJȒȘįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮİȓȞĮȚıȣȞĮijȒȢĮȜȜȐ
78
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
x
x
x
x
x
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒĮʌȩIJȘȞIJĮȪIJȚıȘȘȠʌȠȓĮșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚİȓIJİİțȠȪıȚĮ
țĮȚıȣȞİȚįȘIJȒİȓIJİĮȝȣȞIJȚțȒȝİȞĮȜȜȐʌȚȠȫȡȚȝȘ
DZȡȞȘıȘĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞIJȐıȘȞĮĮȡȞȠȪȝĮıIJİȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȝİ
țĮȚȞĮįİȤIJȠȪȝİIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȒ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȠȣİıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȝĮȢ
țȩıȝȠȣȩIJĮȞĮȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȆĮȞIJȠįȪȞĮȝȠȢȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ȉȡȩʌȠȢĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪțĮȚIJȠȣ
țȩıȝȠȣʌȠȣȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘ©ȝĮȖȚțȒıțȑȥȘªȈIJȘȞȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒ
șİȦȡȓĮĮȡȤȚțȐIJȠȝȦȡȩȑȤİȚIJȘȝİȖĮȜİȚȫįȘijĮȞIJĮıȓȦıȘȩIJȚİȜȑȖȤİȚ
IJĮʌȐȞIJĮțĮȚʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢʌĮȞIJȠįȣȞĮȝȓĮȑʌİȚIJĮʌİȡȞȐıİȝȚĮijȐıȘ
įİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞȠȪȢʌĮȞIJȠįȣȞĮȝȓĮȢȩʌȠȣșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚIJĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐIJȠȣ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮıȣȞȒșȦȢȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢİȓȞĮȚʌĮȞIJȠįȪȞĮȝĮDZȝȣȞĮȩIJȚĮȣIJȩȢ
ȠIJȡȩʌȠȢʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚıIJȘȞʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘȩIJȚȠȚĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝĮȢ
șĮİțʌȜȘȡȦșȠȪȞȝİȑȞĮȝĮȖȚțȩĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠțĮȚʌĮȞIJȠįȪȞĮȝȠIJȡȩʌȠ
ȆȡȦIJȩȖȠȞȘİȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȘțĮȚȣʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘ ǾʌȡȦIJȩȖȠȞȘ
İȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȘĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞIJȐıȘIJȠȣʌĮȚįȚȠȪȞĮʌȚıIJİȪİȚȩIJȚIJĮ
ȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣIJȠijȡȠȞIJȓȗȠȣȞȑȤȠȣȞĮʌİȡȚȩȡȚıIJȘįȪȞĮȝȘȞĮIJȠ
ʌȡȠijȣȜȐȟȠȣȞĮʌȩȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢǾĮȞĮʌȩijİȣțIJȘ
ȐȜȜȘȩȥȘIJȘȢİȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢȣʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘȩʌȠȣIJȠ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚȝİʌİȡȚijȡȩȞȘıȘȩIJĮȞĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȪıİȚ
ǹʌȩıȣȡıȘ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȘ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ĮȣIJȠʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ
ʌȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞĮʌȩıȣȡıȘıİȝȚĮįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ
ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȢ ȩʌȦȢ ʌȤ IJȠ ȕȡȑijȠȢ ıIJȡȑijİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȪʌȞȠ ȩIJĮȞ ȕȚȫȞİȚ
ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȐȖȤȠȢ
ȈȤȐıȘȒįȚȤȠIJȩȝȘıȘȒįȚȤĮıȝȩȢ- splitting) ± ȘįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȝȑıȦIJȘȢ
ȠʌȠȓĮȢ Ƞ İıȦIJİȡȚțȩȢ țĮȚ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȩȢ țȩıȝȠȢ ȤȦȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ĮʌȩȜȣIJĮ
©țĮȜȐªțĮȚĮʌȩȜȣIJĮ©țĮțȐªȝİȡȚțȐĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțȡĮIJȫȞIJĮȢIJĮįȪȠ
ȝȑȡȘ IJȘȢ İıȦIJİȡȚțȒȢ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȢ ıİ ĮʌȩıIJĮıȘ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ
İȜțȣıIJȚțȩȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȜȠȣıIJİȣIJȚțȩȢ IJȡȩʌȠȢ țĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘȢ ʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȦȞ
İȝʌİȚȡȚȫȞ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȩIJĮȞ ĮȣIJȑȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚ ȕȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ
ĮʌİȚȜȒȩȝȦȢȑȤİȚȦȢıȣȞȑʌİȚĮIJȘȞĮʌİȚȜȒĮʌȩįȚȦțIJȚțȐĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
ȆȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒ IJĮȪIJȚıȘ ȈIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȚțȒ įȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ IJȘȞ
Klein Ș ʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒ IJĮȪIJȚıȘ ıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒ
ĮʌȠțȘȡȣȖȝȑȞȦȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȫȞ ıİ țȐʌȠȚȠ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
IJĮȪIJȚıȘ ȝİIJȐ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ȝİ IJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚ
Ȉİ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ įȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘ Ș ʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒ IJĮȪIJȚıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȝȣȞIJȚțȒ
İȞįȠȥȣȤȚțȒ țĮȚ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒ ȈȒȝİȡĮ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ șİȦȡȘIJȚțȠȓ
ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒIJĮȪIJȚıȘȦȢȝȚĮȝȠȡijȒĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȘȢ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ȩʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ țȐʌȠȚȠȞ ȐȜȜȠ įȚĮıȤȚıȝȑȞĮ
țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJĮȠʌȠȓĮįİȞĮȞIJȑȤİȚIJȠȐIJȠȝȠȞĮȕȚȫıİȚțĮȚȠ
ȐȜȜȠȢ ȕȚȫȞİȚ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȞIJȓ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ȀĮIJȐ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒIJĮȪIJȚıȘțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȘșȠȪȞȖȚĮ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȠȪȢ ıțȠʌȠȪȢ DzIJıȚ ©țĮțȐª ȝȘ-ĮʌȠįİțIJȐ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣ
79
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
İĮȣIJȠȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮʌȡȠȕȜȘșȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮIJĮȟİijȠȡIJȦșȠȪȝİȩʌȦȢțĮȚ ȝİ
İʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠȖȚĮȞĮțĮIJĮıIJȡĮijİȓIJȠĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ©ȀĮȜȐªțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠȕȜȘșȠȪȞİȓIJİȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓȠĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢİȓIJİȖȚĮ
ȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJĮ ©țĮțȐªİıȦIJİȡȚțȐıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮİȓIJİȖȚĮ
ȞĮ ȕİȜIJȚȦșİȓ IJȠ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȩ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ Ǿ ʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒ IJĮȪIJȚıȘ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓıȒȝİȡĮȕĮıȚțȒȑȞȞȠȚĮțĮȚȘĮȞȐȜȣıȒIJȘȢȕĮıȚțȒIJİȤȞȚțȒIJȘȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ȅȚ ʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞİȓȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ȐȝȣȞĮȢ ıȣȞĮȞIJȫȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȠ
ȝİIJĮȚȤȝȚĮțȩțĮȚıIJȠȞȥȣȤȦIJȚțȩIJȪʌȠȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ91.
¾ ȅȚįİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞİȓȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓȐȝȣȞĮȢ
ȅȚįİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞİȓȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓȐȝȣȞĮȢıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞİıȦIJİȡȚțȒ
ȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘIJȠȣȥȣȤȚțȠȪȠȡȖȐȞȠȣĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠǼțİȓȞȠIJȠǼȖȫțĮȚIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫțĮȚ
ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȝİIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
x
x
x
91
o ȑȤȠȣȞȞĮțȐȞȠȣȞȝİIJȘȞȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩțĮȚIJȠȞ
țȩıȝȠ
o İȓȞĮȚȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢıIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
o ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞȝİțĮșȠȜȚțȩțĮȚĮįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘIJȠIJȡȩʌȠıIJȠ
ĮȚıșȘIJȘȡȚĮțȩıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩȖȞȦıIJȚțȩțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȩİʌȓʌİįȠ
o ıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠȖȜȦııȚțȒijȐıȘIJȘȢĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢʌȠȣ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȝȘ- țĮIJȐțIJȘıȘIJȘȢĮȡȤȒȢIJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
țĮȚIJȘȢıIJĮșİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ
ǹʌȫșȘıȘ ³ȠĮțȡȠȖȦȞȚĮȓȠȢȜȓșȠȢȩȜȠȣIJȠȣȠȚțȠįȠȝȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȘȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ´FreudǾİțȠȪıȚĮȜȒșȘȒȐȖȞȠȚĮțȐʌȠȚĮȢ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢȅȚİȞȠȡȝȒıİȚȢʌȠȣșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȥȣȤȚțȒ
ȚıȠȡȡȠʌȓĮȒȝİțȐʌȠȚȠȞIJȡȩʌȠĮıȪȝȕĮIJİȢȝİIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣ ǼȖȫțĮȚ
IJȠȣȊʌİȡİȖȫĮʌȦșȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȠǼțİȓȞȠțĮȚʌĮȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȞȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȘ
ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘ
ȆĮȜȚȞįȡȩȝȘıȘ ȘİʌȚıIJȡȠijȒıİʌȡȠȖİȞȑıIJİȡİȢȝȠȡijȑȢıțȑȥȘȢıȤȑıİȦȞ
țĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȦȢĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘıIJȠȐȖȤȠȢȈȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȠȞ
țĮIJĮȞĮȖțĮıȝȩIJȘȢİʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘȢ
ǹȞIJȚįȡĮıIJȚțȩȢıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞȥȣȤȚțȒıIJȐıȘȝİIJȘȞ
ȠʌȠȓĮȣȚȠșİIJȠȪȞIJĮȚʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȠȓĮȞIJȓșİIJȠȚȝİIJȘȞĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȘ
İʌȚșȣȝȓĮȒİȞȩȡȝȘıȘĬİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚİȟȣʌȘȡİIJİȓIJȘȞȐȡȞȘıȘIJȘȢ
ĮȝijȚșȣȝȓĮȢ
Mc Williams, 2000, ʍʍ. 223- 262.
80
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
ȂȩȞȦıȘIJȠȣıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȠȢ ıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȝȚĮȢıțȑȥȘȢ
ȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȑIJıȚȫıIJİȞĮțĮIJĮȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚȠȚıȣȞįȑıİȚȢȝİIJȠȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠ
IJȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ ǾȝȩȞȦıȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȝİIJȠȞĮĮʌȠȝȠȞȫȞİȚIJȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ
ĮʌȩIJȠȖȞȦıIJȚțȩʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠȝȚĮȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢ
ǻȚĮȞȠȘIJȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚȝȚĮʌȚȠİȟİȜȚȖȝȑȞȘȝȠȡijȒIJȘȢȐȝȣȞĮȢIJȘȢ
ȝȩȞȦıȘȢȩʌȠȣȖȓȞİIJĮȚȜȩȖȠȢȖȚĮIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮĮȜȜȐȝİIJȡȩʌȠȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠȢȝȠȚȐȗİȚȞĮıIJİȡİȓIJĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢĮʌȒȤȘıȘȢ
ǹțȪȡȦıȘ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȠȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩțĮIJȐIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİȞĮ
ĮțȣȡȫıȠȣȝİıĮȞĮȝȘȞİȓȤĮȞıȣȝȕİȓʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞİȢıțȑȥİȚȢȜȩȖȚĮ
ȤİȚȡȠȞȠȝȓİȢțĮȚʌȡȐȟİȚȢʌȠȣıȣȤȞȐıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚȝİĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮİȞȠȤȒȢȒ
ȞIJȡȠʌȒȢ
ȈIJȡȠijȒIJȘȢİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ ȘįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȑȞĮ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȩıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮİʌĮȞĮțĮIJİȣșȪȞİIJĮȚİȞȐȞIJȚĮıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩĮȞIJȓıİȑȞĮ
İȟȦIJİȡȚțȩĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ
ǹȞIJȚıIJȡȠijȒ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚIJȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮIJȠȐIJȠȝȠ
țĮIJĮıțİȣȐȗİȚȑȞĮıİȞȐȡȚȠʌȠȣĮȜȜȐȗİȚIJȘșȑıȘIJȠȣĮʌȩȣʌȠțİȓȝİȞȠıİ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ
ȂİIJȐșİıȘ ȘĮȜȜĮȖȒIJȘȢțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢȝȚĮȢȠȡȝȒȢıȣȤȞȐİʌȚșİIJȚțȒȢȒ
ıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒȢĮʌȩIJȠĮȡȤȚțȩIJȘȢĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠʌȡȠȢțȐʌȠȚȠȐȜȜȠİʌİȚįȒIJȠ
ĮȡȤȚțȩĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠȖȚĮțȐʌȠȚȠȜȩȖȠʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȐȖȤȠȢ
ȂİIJȠȣıȓȦıȘ ȘȜȚȕȚįȚȞȚțȒİȞȑȡȖİȚĮțĮȚȘİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ȝİIJĮıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗİIJĮȚıİțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐĮʌȠįİțIJȑȢțĮȚıȣȤȞȐȦijȑȜȚȝİȢ
įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȤȘțĮȜȜȚIJİȤȞȚțȒįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚįȚĮȞȠȘIJȚțȑȢ
ĮȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȚȢ
ȅȚ įİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞİȓȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ȐȝȣȞĮȢ ıȣȞĮȞIJȫȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȠȞ
ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩțĮȚıIJȠȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȩIJȪʌȠȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ92.
Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ D.W. Winnicott93:
™ ȉȠ ȑȡȖȠ IJȠȣ Winnicott İıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞȐįȣıȘȢ IJȠȣ
İĮȣIJȠȪȝȑıĮıIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠIJȦȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞıȤȑıİȦȞ
¾ ȂİȜİIJȐ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢ ȩȥİȚȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠ ʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ Ș ʌȠȜȚIJȚıIJȚțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ Ș ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȖȚĮ
92
93
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ, ʍ. 263 - 316.
ȳɸʘʌɶɳʃɲ, 2010-2011. Mc Williams, 2000.
81
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤĮȜȐȡȦıȘ ȖȚĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ĮȣșȠȡȝȘIJȚıȝȩ ȖȚĮ İȣȤĮȡȓıIJȘıȘ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ
ȖİȝȐIJȘ©ȗȦȞIJĮȞȒªȗȦȒ
¾ ǾșİȦȡȓĮIJȠȣWinnicott İıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚıIJȘįȚĮȜİțIJȚțȒĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȘȞİʌĮijȒ
țĮȚıIJȘįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘıIJȠıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪ
¾ ĬİȦȡİȓ ȩIJȚ Ș ȕĮıȚțȒ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ İȞȩȡȝȘıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ ıIJĮįȚĮțȐ
ĮȣȟĮȞȩȝİȞȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ țĮȚ ıȣȖțȡȩIJȘıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ - ĮȞĮȗȘIJȐ
©ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮªįȘȜĮįȒIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮıȤȑıİȦȞȝİȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢțĮȚ
ȩȤȚIJȘȞȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞİȞıIJȓțIJȦȞțĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȩȜĮȣıȘ
™ ǾıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȦȞıȤȑıİȦȞıIJȘȞİȟȑȜȚȟȘIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪ
¾ ǾșİȦȡȓĮIJȠȣȑȤİȚȦȢʌȜĮȓıȚȠĮȞĮijȠȡȐȢȩȤȚIJȚȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢʌȠȣ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞȤȫȡĮ©ȝȑıĮªıIJȠʌĮȚįȓĮȜȜȐıIJȠʌİįȓȠıȤȑıİȦȞĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠ
ʌĮȚįȓțĮȚıIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣIJȠijȡȠȞIJȓȗȠȣȞ
¾ ȅWinnicott ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚıIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȣʌȐȡȤİȚȠ©ĮȜȘșȚȞȩȢ
İĮȣIJȩȢªİȞįȣȞȐȝİȚʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤİȚIJȚȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓİȢȦȡȓȝĮȞıȘȢįȘȜĮįȒIJȘȞ
İȖȖİȞȒįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȝİĮȣIJȩʌȠȣİȓȝĮıIJİ
¾ ȅĮȜȘșȚȞȩȢİĮȣIJȩȢıİĮȣIJȒIJȘijȐıȘ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȐȡȡȘțIJĮȝİIJȘıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮțĮȚȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚIJȘıIJȒȡȚȟȘİȞȩȢįȚİȣțȠȜȣȞIJȚțȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ
ȖȚĮȞĮĮȞĮʌIJȣȤșİȓ
¾ ȅWinnicott ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚȘĮȓıșȘıȘIJȠȣ©İȓȝĮȚªIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮ
įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓĮʌȩIJȠ©țȐȞȦªĮȞĮįȪİIJĮȚıIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠȝȚĮȢıȤȑıȘȢțĮȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȘȕȐıȘİʌȐȞȦıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗİIJĮȚȠİĮȣIJȩȢțĮȚȘ
İȟİȜȓııİIJĮȚȘĮȣIJȠĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘțĮȚȘIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ
¾ ǾĮȓıșȘıȘĮȣIJȒIJȠȣ©İȓȝĮȚªʌȡȠȨʌȐȡȤİȚIJȘȢȑȞȞȠȚĮȢIJȠȣ©İȓȝĮȚ-ȝİțȐʌȠȚȠȞªțĮșȫȢĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓıİȝȚĮijȐıȘIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȩʌȠȣIJȠȝȦȡȩțĮȚIJȠ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȩIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮ
¾ ǵIJĮȞĮȣIJȒȘıȣȞȠȜȚțȐĮȡȝȠȞȚțȒĮȓıșȘıȘȖȚĮțȐʌȠȚȠȜȩȖȠįȚĮIJĮȡȐııİIJĮȚ
IJȩIJİȖİȞȞȚȑIJĮȚIJȠțȓȞȘIJȡȠȖȚĮįȡȐıȘțĮȚȖȚĮİȟȑȜȚȟȘ
¾ ȅWinnicott ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚIJȠȝȦȡȩȟİțȚȞȐIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣıİȝȚĮ
țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘĮ-ıȣȖțȡȩIJȘıȘȢȝİıțȩȡʌȚĮțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢIJĮȠʌȠȓĮįİȞ
ȑȤİȚĮțȩȝȘIJȘȞİȣȡȠȜȠȖȚțȒȖȞȦıIJȚțȒțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȞĮ
ȠȡȖĮȞȫıİȚıİțȐʌȠȚȠıȣȖțȡȠIJȘȝȑȞȠıȪȞȠȜȠ
¾ ǾȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘIJȘȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢIJȠȣȝȦȡȠȪĮȞIJȜİȓĮʌȩȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘIJȦȞ
ĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȦȞIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢȖȚĮIJȠȝȦȡȩțĮȚıİȑȞĮȕĮșȝȩȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıİ
ĮȣIJȒȞ
¾ DzIJıȚȘȝȘIJȑȡĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚȑȞĮ©ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞʌȠȣțȡĮIJȐªIJȠȝȦȡȩȝȑıĮıIJȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠĮȣIJȩȕȚȫȞİIJĮȚțĮȚʌİȡȚȑȤİIJĮȚ©ȑȞĮȝȦȡȩʌȠȣįİȞȑȤİȚțĮȞȑȞĮȞȞĮ
ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚIJĮțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣȟİțȚȞȐȝİȝȚĮĮȞĮʌȘȡȓĮıIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ
IJȠȣIJȘȢĮȣIJȩ-ıȣȖțȡȩIJȘıȘȢª
82
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
™ ȉĮıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȠȣįȚİȣțȠȜȣȞIJȚțȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ
¾ ǾʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȒȝȘIJȡȚțȒijȡȠȞIJȓįĮ± ȘȥȣȤȠȞȠȘIJȚțȒțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘĮijȠıȓȦıȘȢ
țĮȚIJĮȪIJȚıȘȢIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢȝİIJȠȕȡȑijȠȢIJȘȢ
¾ ȉȠțȡȐIJȘȝĮ± ȘįȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘĮȓıșȘıȘȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȘ
ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮțĮȚİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞIJȠȣȝȦȡȠȪȝȑıȦIJȘȢ
İȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘȢ
¾ ȉȠțĮșȡȑijIJȚıȝĮ± ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮțȡȚȕȒțĮȚȖȠȡȖȒĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘIJȘȢ
ȝȘIJȑȡĮȢıIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢIJȠȣȝȦȡȠȪțĮșȫȢĮȣIJȑȢĮȞĮįȪȠȞIJĮȚ
¾ ǾʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞ± ȝİȡȣșȝȩțĮIJĮȞȠȒıȚȝȠȖȚĮIJȠȕȡȑijȠȢʌȠȣ
ȠįȘȖİȓıIJȘȞȥİȣįĮȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢʌĮȞIJȠįȣȞĮȝȓĮȢ
¾ ȈȣȞȠȥȓȗȠȞIJĮȢȘµĮȡțİIJȐțĮȜȒȝȘIJȡȚțȒijȡȠȞIJȓįĮ¶ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȘȞĮʌȩȜȣIJȘįȚİȣțȩȜȣȞıȘțĮȚȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞIJȠȣȝȦȡȠȪȝȑıĮ
ĮʌȩȑȞĮȝȘ-ʌĮȡİȝȕĮIJȚțȩ©țȡȐIJȘȝĮªțĮȚ©țĮșȡȑijIJȚıȝĮªIJȘıȣȝijȦȞȓĮ
ıİȕĮıȝȠȪIJȦȞȝİIJĮȕĮIJȚțȫȞĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞIJȠȣȝȦȡȠȪIJȘȞİʌȚȕȓȦıȘIJȘȢ
ȝȘIJȡȚțȒȢijȚȖȠȪȡĮȢʌĮȡȩȜȠIJȠȝȑȖİșȠȢțĮȚȑȞIJĮıȘIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞIJȠȣ
ȝȦȡȠȪțĮȚIJȘȝȘ-İțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıIJȚȢ
ijĮȞIJĮıȚĮțȑȢİʌȚșȑıİȚȢIJȠȣȝȦȡȠȪİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȘȢ
¾ ǽȘIJȒȝĮIJĮıIJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮIJȘȢĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ
¾ ȉȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢIJȘȢİȟȐȡIJȘıȘȢ± ıIJĮįȚĮțȒİȟȑȜȚȟȘĮʌȩIJȘȞĮʌȩȜȣIJȘ
İȟȐȡIJȘıȘıIJȘıȤİIJȚțȒİȟȐȡIJȘıȘțĮȚ©ʌȡȠȢIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȞȠȝȓĮª
¾ ǾıIJĮįȚĮțȒʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮ± ȠįȘȖİȓıIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢ
ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȠȪIJȘȢįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢțĮȚIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
¾ ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮʌȠȣ©țȡĮIJȐªIJȠȗİȪȖȠȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ-ȕȡȑijȠȣȢıIJȘȞ
ĮȡȤȚțȒijȐıȘIJȘȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȦȡȓȝĮȞıȘȢ
¾ ǾȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȞĮȝȑȞİȚȢȝȩȞȠȢȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȘ
ȝȘIJȑȡĮȞĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚıIJȠȕȡȑijȠȢȝȚĮıIJĮșİȡȒȝȘʌĮȡİȝȕĮIJȚțȒțĮȚȝȘ
ĮʌĮȚIJȘIJȚțȒʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮijȐıİȦȞȘȡİȝȓĮȢ
¾ ǹȣIJȩİʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚıIJȠȝȦȡȩȞĮȕȚȫıİȚijȐıİȚȢțĮIJȐIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢĮʌȜȫȢ
©ıȣȞİȤȓȗİȚ- ȞĮ-ȣʌȐȡȤİȚªȩʌȠȣĮȞIJȑȤİȚIJȘȝȘ-ıȣȖțȡȩIJȘıȘțĮșȫȢĮȣIJȒįİ
ȕȚȫȞİIJĮȚȦȢĮʌİȚȜȘIJȚțȒ
¾ ȈIJȚȢijȐıİȚȢĮȣIJȑȢȠȚĮȞȐȖțİȢȠȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢțĮȚȠȚțȚȞȒıİȚȢIJȠȣĮȞĮįȪȠȞIJĮȚ
ĮȣșȩȡȝȘIJĮǹȣIJȒȘİȝʌİȚȡȓĮțĮIJȐIJȠȞWinnicottİȓȞĮȚȝȚĮȕĮıȚțȩIJĮIJȘ
ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘȖȚĮIJȠıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩıIJĮșİȡȠȪțĮȚĮıijĮȜȠȪȢİĮȣIJȠȪ
¾ ǹȣIJȒȘİȝʌİȚȡȓĮįȓȞİȚıIJȠȝȦȡȩIJȘȞİȣțĮȚȡȓĮȞĮĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚĮıijĮȜȑȢ
ıIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮțȐʌȠȚȠȣȐȜȜȠȣʌȠȣıIJĮįȚĮțȐȠįȘȖİȓıIJȘȞ©ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚȝȩȞȠIJȠȣªȘȠʌȠȓĮįİȓȤȞİȚȩIJȚIJȠʌĮȚįȓȑȤİȚİıȦIJİȡȚțİȪıİȚȝȚĮ
ıIJĮșİȡȒİȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪ-ıİ-ıȤȑıȘ
83
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɄɑ Melanie Klein94:
™ Ǿ.OHLQȣʌȒȡȟİĮʌȩIJȠȣȢʌȡȫIJȠȣȢȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȑȢʌȠȣİijȐȡȝȠıİ IJȚȢĮȡȤȑȢ
țĮȚIJİȤȞȚțȑȢIJȘȢȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢıİʌĮȚįȚȐ:
¾ ȅȩȡȠȢ©ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌȠȢıȤȑıȘªȒıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ
ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȚȢįȚĮįȡȐıİȚȢIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȝİIJĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐİȟȦIJİȡȚțȐ
©ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮªįȘȜĮįȒIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȒ©țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮªIJȠȣȢțĮȚ
ȝİIJĮİıȦIJİȡȚțȐijĮȞIJĮıȚȦıȚțȐĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
¾ ǾșİȦȡȓĮIJȘȢ.OHLQȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮİȞȩȢ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȥȣȤȚțȠȪțȩıȝȠȣıȤȑıİȦȞĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠǼȖȫțĮȚıİ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ
¾ ǵıȠĮijȠȡȐIJȘȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮʌĮȚįȚȫȞȘ.OHLQĮȞȑʌIJȣȟİIJȘȞIJİȤȞȚțȒIJȠȣ
ʌĮȚȤȞȚįȚȠȪȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢIJȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚȦȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘIJȠȣ
İȜİȪșİȡȠȣıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪ
¾ ǵıȠĮijȠȡȐIJȘȞȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘİȞȘȜȓțȦȞȑįȦıİȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȠȕȐȡȠȢıIJȠȡȩȜȠ
IJȘȢȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢțĮȚIJȘȢĮȞIJȚȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȘȢʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒȢ
IJĮȪIJȚıȘȢ
™ ȅȚİȞȠȡȝȒıİȚȢIJȘȢǽȦȒȢțĮȚIJȠȣĬĮȞȐIJȠȣ
¾ ǾİȞȩȡȝȘıȘIJȠȣĬĮȞȐIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘȞȠȘIJȚțȒĮȞĮʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘțĮȚİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ
IJȦȞıȦȝĮIJȚțȫȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞʌȚȑıİȦȞİȞIJȐıİȦȞțĮȚįȣıijȠȡȚȫȞʌȠȣ
ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠijȩȡIJȚıȘIJȘȢĮʌȠșȘțİȣȝȑȞȘȢįȚȑȖİȡıȘȢ
ǾİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞʌȤșȡȑȥȘșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚ ȕȚȫȞİIJĮȚȦȢ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘOLELGRİȞȫȘȑȞIJĮıȘʌȠȣȕȚȫȞİIJĮȚȝȑȤȡȚȞĮȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ
ȠȚĮȞȐȖțİȢȦȢʌȩȞȠȢȒįȣıĮȡȑıțİȚĮ
¾ Ǿ.OHLQșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚȘİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȥȣȤȚțȒȗȦȒIJȠȣȕȡȑijȠȣȢȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ
ĮʌȩȝȚĮıȣȞİȤȒʌȐȜȘțĮȚıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȚȢİȞȠȡȝȒıİȚȢIJȘȢǽȦȒȢ
țĮȚIJȠȣĬĮȞȐIJȠȣIJȘȢĮȖȐʌȘȢțĮȚIJȠȣȝȓıȠȣȢ
¾ ĬİȦȡİȓȩIJȚIJȠǼȖȫȣʌȐȡȤİȚĮʌȩIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒIJȘȢȖȑȞȞȘıȘȢțĮȚȩIJȚȑȤİȚ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıIJȚțȑȢțĮȚĮȝȣȞIJȚțȑȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȡȤȒ
¾ ǾKlein ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚIJȠȕȡȑijȠȢȑȤİȚĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıİȚIJȠȐȖȤȠȢʌȠȣȖİȞȞȚȑIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠįȓʌȠȜȠIJȦȞİȞıIJȓțIJȦȞǽȦȒȢĬĮȞȐIJȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚİȓȒȞĮȝĮIJĮȚȫȞİȚIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȠȣ
94
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
84
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
™ ǾijĮȞIJĮıȓȦıȘ
¾ ǾµijĮȞIJĮıȓȦıȘ¶phantasyĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞȥȣȤȚțȒĮȞIJȚʌȡȠıȫʌİȣıȘIJȦȞ
İȞıIJȓțIJȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌȦȞıȤȑıİȦȞ
¾ ǾKlein ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJİȢijĮȞIJĮıȚȫıİȚȢȝȚĮ©ĮʌȠșȒțȘªĮʌȩ
ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJİȢİȚțȩȞİȢțȐʌȠȚİȢĮʌȩIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢȑȤȠȣȞijȣȜȠȖİȞİIJȚțȒțĮȚ
țȐʌȠȚİȢȠȞIJȠȖİȞİIJȚțȒʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȘ
¾ ĬİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȦȢIJȠȕĮıȚțȩȣȜȚțȩIJȘȢȥȣȤȚțȒȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢȝȑıȦIJȘȢȠʌȠȓĮȢ
ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıIJİțĮȚıȤİIJȚȗȩȝĮıIJİȝİIJȠȞİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩțȩıȝȠ
¾ ǾijĮȞIJĮıȓȦıȘțĮȚȘʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮİȓȞĮȚıIJİȞȐıȣȞȣijĮıȝȑȞİȢțĮșȫȢȘ
ijĮȞIJĮıȓȦıȘȤȡȦȝĮIJȓȗİȚIJȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȝĮȢIJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚȘ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌĮȜȘșİȪıİȚȒȞĮĮȜȜȐȟİȚIJȘijĮȞIJĮıȓȦıȒȝĮȢ
ȂİȐȜȜĮȜȩȖȚĮȘKlein ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚIJȠȕȡȑijȠȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓʌȠIJȑȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚȜȘijșİȓIJȠȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩIJȠȣțȩıȝȠµĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐ¶ĮȜȜȐȩIJȚȘĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ
IJȘȢİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢʌȐȞIJȠIJİįȚĮıIJȡİȕȜȫȞİIJĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȠ
ʌȡȓıȝĮIJȦȞİȖȖİȞȫȞİıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞIJȠȣıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚ
ıIJĮİȟȦIJİȡȚțȐIJȠȣĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚȝİIJȐİȞįȠȕȐȜȜİȚȦȢĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮʌȚĮ
ıIJȠǼȖȫIJȠȣ
™ ȅȚĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌİȢșȑıİȚȢ
¾ ǵıȠĮijȠȡȐIJȘȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȘKlein įİȞĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıİıIJȐįȚĮ
ĮȜȜȐıİĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌİȢșȑıİȚȢȅȚșȑıİȚȢĮȣIJȑȢıȣȞȓıIJĮȞIJĮȚĮʌȩ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐȐȖȤȘȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢȐȝȣȞĮȢțĮȚĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌİȢ
ıȤȑıİȚȢȅȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮȘʌĮȡĮȞȠİȚįȒȢıȤȚȗȠİȚįȒȢșȑıȘțĮȚȘ
țĮIJĮșȜȚʌIJȚțȒșȑıȘ
Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ Jacques Lacan95:
™ ȂİIJȠȞ-DFTXHV/DFDQȑȤȠȣȝİİʌȚıIJȡȠijȒıIJȠĭȡȩȣȞIJ:
¾ ȅȚIJȡİȚȢIJȐȟİȚȢIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ
95
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ.
85
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
‡
‡
ȉȠʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩ
ȉȠıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȩ
ȉȠijĮȞIJĮıȚĮțȩ
™ ǻȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘIJȠȣȣʌȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ:
¾ ǹʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢ
‡ ȈȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘIJȠȣȕȡȑijȠȣȢȝİIJȘȞİʌȚșȣȝȓĮ
‡ ǼȡȝȘȞİȓĮIJȘȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ± IJȚșȑȜİȚĮʌȩȝȑȞĮ
‡ ǾİʌȚșȣȝȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȚșȣȝȓĮIJȠȣDZȜȜȠȣ
o ǼʌȚșȣȝȫIJȠȞDZȜȜȠ
o ǼʌȚșȣȝȫȞĮİȓȝĮȚĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠIJȘȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢIJȠȣȢDZȜȜȠȣ
o ǼʌȚșȣȝȫıĮȞIJȠȞDZȜȜȠ
‡ ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮȝȑıȦIJȘȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ
™ ǼȟİȜȚțIJȚțȒįȚĮįȡȠȝȒ:
¾ ȆȡȫȚȝȘijȐıȘ
o ȆȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩ
o ǹʌȩȜȣIJȘȪʌĮȡȟȘįȓȤȦȢįȠȝȒ
¾ ȉȠıIJȐįȚȠIJȠȣțĮșȡȑijIJȘ
o ĭĮȞIJĮıȚĮțȩ
o ǹʌȩțIJȘıȘĮȓıșȘıȘȢİĮȣIJȠȪ
o ǹȜȜȠIJȡȓȦıȘ
o ȈȣȝȕȚȦIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮ
o ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣİȖȫ
¾ ȉȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠıȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮ ȉȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠıȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮįİıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİ
IJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮȅijĮȜȜȩȢȀİȞIJȡȚțȩıȘȝİȓȠIJȘȢ
ıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒȢIJȐȟȘȢȈȘȝİȓȠIJȘȢįȚĮijȣȜȚțȒȢįȚĮijȠȡȐȢǹȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠIJȘȢ
İʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢǼȣȞȠȣȤȚıȝȩȢ
o ȈȣȝȕȠȜȚțȩ
o ǹʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢ
o ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮțĮȚIJȠȣțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪ
o ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣĮıȣȞİȚįȒIJȠȣ
™ ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ- șȣȝȩȢțĮȚȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ:
86
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
ȀĮIJȐIJȠȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȝȠȞIJȑȜȠS. Freud, D.W. Winnicott, M. Klein, J.
LacanȘȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȠȐȖȤȠȢțĮȚȠșȣȝȩȢȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞ
ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠǼțİȓȞȠ [IdȑȞıIJȚțIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢ
(LibidoțĮȚIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣ@țĮȚIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫ >IJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ@Ǿ
İʌȚIJȣȤȒȢȒȝȘİʌȚIJȣȤȒȢȜȪıȘIJȠȣȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȣȈȣȝʌȜȑȖȝĮIJȠȢİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȒ
ʌȠȣșȑIJİȚıIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠIJȘȞȣȖȚȒȒȝȘįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣǼȖȫ
x
ȅĮȞȑțijȡĮıIJȠȢșȣȝȩȢțĮȚȘİȞȠȤȒțĮȚȘįȚȐıIJĮıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠ
ǼțİȓȞȠțĮȚıIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
x
ȅȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢİȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢțȣȡȓȦȢIJȘ
ȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘ țĮȚȩȤȚȝȩȞȠȫıIJİȞĮȟİȤȦȡȓıİȚIJȚȢȐȝȣȞİȢIJȠȣțĮȚȞĮ
ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘțĮȚIJȠȞșȣȝȩȝȑıĮIJȠȣȈțȠʌȩȢIJȘȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘȐȡıȘIJȚȢĮʌȫșȘıȘȢȘİʌȐȞȠįȠȢıIJȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩ
ȟİȤĮıȝȑȞȦȞįȘȜĮįȒĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȦȞȕȚȦȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȘʌȡȠȠįİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȪȞșİıȘ IJȠȣʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞĮĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȠȣȣȜȚțȠȪȝİIJĮįȠȝȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢȘȠʌȠȓĮĮȡȤȓȗİȚȑIJıȚȞĮȝİIJĮȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚ
x
Ǿ©ǺĮıȚȜȚțȒȠįȩȢʌȡȠȢIJȠĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠªİȓȞĮȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮ
ȆȈIJĮȣȡȐțȠȖȜȠȣǼȜİĮȞǿȦĮȞȞȓįȠȣǹȜĭȦIJȚȐįȘȢ96
.
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
¾ ȈțȠʌȩȢIJȘȢ ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘȐȡıȘIJȚȢĮʌȫșȘıȘȢȘİʌȐȞȠįȠȢıIJȠ
ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩȟİȤĮıȝȑȞȦȞįȘȜĮįȒĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȦȞȕȚȦȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȘ
ʌȡȠȠįİȣIJȚțȒıȪȞșİıȘIJȠȣʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞĮĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȠȣȣȜȚțȠȪȝİIJĮįȠȝȚțȐ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢȘȠʌȠȓĮĮȡȤȓȗİȚȑIJıȚȞĮȝİIJĮȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚ97.
¾ ȂȓĮ ıİȚȡȐĮʌȩıIJȩȤȠȣȢțĮȚțȡȚIJȒȡȚĮIJİȡȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȑȤȠȣȞʌȡȠIJĮșİȓȖȚĮIJȘ
ȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮ- ĮʌȩµțĮȞȠȞȚțȒĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘıIJİȞĮȤȫȡȚĮ¶ȦȢIJȠİȖȫ
ȞĮĮȞIJȚțĮșȚıIJȐIJȠĮȣIJȩȦȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȒįȠȝȚțȒĮȜȜĮȖȒȦȢĮʌȩıȣȡıȘIJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȠȜȫȞȦȢȜȪıȘIJȘȢȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢʌȡȠIJȠȪIJİȡȝĮIJȚıșİȓȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮțĮ
¾ ȂİIJĮȟȪĮȣIJȫȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚıȓȖȠȣȡĮȞĮʌİȡȚȜȘijșİȓțĮȚȝȓĮĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘIJȘȢ
įȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȐȞİȣıIJȩȤȦȞȝȓĮȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ-ĮʌȩıʌĮıȝĮʌȠȣȟİțȚȞȐțĮȚ
IJİȜİȚȫȞİȚȝȑıȦȡȒȖȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚʌȠȣĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȝȒȝĮİȞȩȢĮIJȑȡȝȠȞȠȣıȣȞİȤȠȪȢ
ĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮȢȒȩʌȦȢIJȠįȚĮIJȣʌȫȞİȚȠȋȓȞıİȜȖȠȣȞIJȝȓĮȢµʌȠȡİȓĮȢʌȡȠȢIJȘȞ
ȘșȚțȒ¶
96
97
ɇʐʆɳɶɸʏɲɿʍʐʅʋɸʌɲʍʅɲʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏɻʅɸʄɹʏɻʏɻʎɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲʎ͘
ȾʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎȰ͘Ϯ͕͘ʖʖ
87
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ȉȠʌȠȣțĮȞİȓȢIJȠʌȠșİIJİȓIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣıİıȤȑıȘȝİĮȣIJȩIJȠijȐıȝĮıIJȩȤȦȞȒ
ȑȜȜİȚȥȘĮȣIJȫȞİȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮȠȡȓȗİȚțĮȚIJȘijȪıȘIJȘȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣșĮ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚ98.
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ- ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢ
¾ ȈȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȞİȕįȠȝȐįĮ ǼȞȫĮțȡĮȓİȢİʌȚȜȠȖȑȢıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞıIJȘ
įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘȐʌĮȟİȕįȠȝĮįȚĮȓȦȢȒʌȑȞIJİijȠȡȑȢIJȘȞİȕįȠȝȐįĮțĮȝȓĮĮʌȩ
ȝȩȞȘIJȘȢįİȞİȖȖȣȐIJĮȚȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıȝȩȚįȓȦȢȩIJĮȞʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȠȞİȞįȚȐȝİıȠ
ȤȫȡȠʌȤȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȣʌȐȡȟİȚįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮįȪȠijȠȡȑȢIJȘȞ İȕįȠȝȐįĮ
ʌȠȣȞĮȑȤİȚȩȜĮIJĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐȝȚĮȢ ȖȞȒıȚĮȢĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢİȞȫȐȜȜȘȝİʌȑȞIJİ
ijȠȡȑȢIJȘȞİȕįȠȝȐįĮțĮȚȞĮȑȤİȚĮȣIJȐȝȚĮȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
¾ ȆȡȩıȦʌȠȝİʌȡȩıȦʌȠȒȤȡȒıȘȞIJȚȕĮȞȚȠȪ ǼȞȫIJȠșȑȝĮIJȘȢȠʌIJȚțȒȢ
ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢțĮȚIJȦȞʌİȡȓʌȜȠțȦȞįȣȞĮȝȚțȫȞʌȠȣĮȣIJȒȖİȞȞȐ ıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢIJȘȢ
ȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢ- ĮȞIJȚȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢʌĮȜȚȞįȡȩȝȘıȘȢȠȣįİIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢțȜʌıȣȤȞȐ
ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚȦȢįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚȩȞıIJȠȚȤİȓȠȝİIJĮȟȪȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢțĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚıʌȐȞȚĮȘĮȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮĮȞĮȜȪıİȦȞ
ʌȠȣȑȖȚȞĮȞʌȡȩıȦʌȠȝİʌȡȩıȦʌȠțĮȚȩȤȚȝİȤȡȒıȘȞIJȚȕĮȞȚȠȪȈȣȞİʌȫȢIJȠ
șȑȝĮȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȠİȐȞĮʌȠIJİȜİȓįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚȩȞıIJȠȚȤİȓȠȒȩȤȚʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ
ĮȞȠȚțIJȩ
¾ ǻȚȐȡțİȚĮ ǾįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩȝȒȞİȢȑȦȢ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮțĮȚıIJȚȢįȪȠʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȤȦȡȓȢĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮȞĮİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJȘȞȠȣıȚȫįȘ
ijȪıȘIJȘȢįȠȣȜİȚȐȢĬȐIJĮȞʌȠȜȪįȪıțȠȜȠȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȦȢįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚȩȞ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓȠ
¾ ĬİȦȡȘIJȚțȒȅʌIJȚțȒ ³ȂȓĮȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȒʌȠȜȜȑȢ´ȊʌȐȡȤİȚİțIJİȞȒȢ
ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȪȡȦĮʌȩĮȣIJȩIJȠșȑȝĮțĮȚȩʌȦȢȘʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȖȞȦıIJȒijȡĮıȘ
IJȠȣ:DOOHUVWHLQȣʌȠȞȠİȓʌĮȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȞıȠȕĮȡȑȢȠȚįȚȤȠȖȞȦȝȓİȢȖȪȡȦĮʌȩIJȠ
İȐȞȝȓĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȚȝȘȠȞIJȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚȝȩȞȠįȚțĮȚȠȪIJĮȚȞĮijȑȡİȚȝİİȖțȣȡȩIJȘIJĮ
IJȠIJȓIJȜȠȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȒİȐȞįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢșİȦȡȘIJȚțȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢțĮȚ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢįȪȞĮȞIJĮȚIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞȝİİȖțȣȡȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȞȓįȚȠĮȣIJȩIJȓIJȜȠ
ȂȓĮʌȡȩȤİȚȡȘȜȓıIJĮIJȦȞıȪȖȤȡȠȞȦȞıȤȠȜȫȞșĮʌİȡȚİȓȤİȝİIJĮȟȪȐȜȜȦȞIJȩıȠ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢȠʌIJȚțȑȢȩʌȦȢIJȘȞȠȪIJȦȢȜİȖȩȝİȞȘțȜĮııȚțȒȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘIJȘ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJȚȢIJȡİȚȢǺȡİIJĮȞȚțȑȢ ıȤȠȜȑȢIJȚȢȁĮțĮȞȚțȑȢȈȤȠȜȑȢIJȘ
įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘțĮȚʌȠȜȜȑȢȐȜȜİȢȆȠȚȐșĮȒIJĮȞȐȡĮȖİIJĮ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮʌȠȣșĮțȡĮIJȠȪıĮȞʌİȚıIJȚțȐIJȘȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮİțIJȩȢ
ȝȚĮȢIJȑIJȠȚĮȢȜȓıIJĮȢ99;
98
99
Ȼʘɲʆʆʀɷɻʎ͕ʖ͘ʖ
Ȼʘɲʆʆʀɷɻʎ͕ʖ͘ʖ
88
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ǾĮȞȐȜȣıȒIJȘȢʌȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒȢIJĮȪIJȚıȘȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȕĮıȚțȒIJİȤȞȚțȒIJȘȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ100.
¾ ǾȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȑȞIJȠȞȘȢ
ȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢIJȘȝİIJĮȕȚȕĮıIJȚțȒįȘȜĮįȒȞİȪȡȦıȘĮʌȩIJȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮʌȠȣıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȕĮıȚțȒȢİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢĮʌȩIJȠȞ
ĮȞĮȜȣȩȝİȞȠʌȡȠȢIJȠȞĮȞĮȜȣIJȒțĮȚȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦIJȚțȒ
ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝĮȗȓIJȠȣĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȞIJȓıIJĮıȘıIJȘȞĮȞȐȜȣıȘʌȠȣĮȞĮʌȩijİȣțIJĮ
ıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚțĮșȫȢȘȐȡıȘIJȘȢĮʌȫșȘıȘȢİȓȞĮȚĮʌİȚȜȘIJȚțȒȖȚĮIJȠȞĮıșİȞȒ
ijȠȕȐIJĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȠțȐȜȣȥȘȐȖȞȦıIJȦȞıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣijȠȕȐIJĮȚIJȘȞ
ĮȜȜĮȖȒIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢIJȠȣʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıȘȝĮȓȞİȚĮȞȐȜȘȥȘİȣșȪȞȘȢ
ĮʌȩȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣțĮȚĮʌȫȜİȚĮIJȘȢijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢʌȠȣįȑȤİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțȠț
ĮʌȩIJȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮʌȠȣĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮ
ıȣȞİȤİȓȢțĮȚİʌĮȞİȚȜȘȝȝȑȞİȢİȡȝȘȞİȣIJȚțȑȢʌĮȡİȝȕȐıİȚȢIJȠȣĮȞĮȜȣIJȒȖȚĮIJȠ
ȓįȚȠĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȠıȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮȦȢȩIJȠȣıȣȞİȚįȘIJȐİȜİȖȤșİȓțĮȚĮijȠȝȠȚȦșİȓǾ
IJİȜȚțȒijȐıȘIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒțĮșȫȢĮʌİȣșȪȞİIJĮȚıIJȘ
ȜȪıȘIJȘȢȝİIJĮȕȚȕĮıIJȚțȒȢȞİȪȡȦıȘȢțĮȚIJȘȞțĮȜȪIJİȡȘʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȠȣ
ĮıșİȞȒ101.
™ ȅ)UHXGțĮȚȘ ǼȡȝȘȞİȓĮIJȦȞȅȞİȓȡȦȞ
ȉȠȩȞİȚȡȠȦȢȑțijȡĮıȘIJȘȢĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȚțȒȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȠȞİȚȡİȣȩȝİȞȠȣǾ
©ȕĮıȚȜȚțȒȠįȩȢIJȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢIJȠȣĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȣıIJȘȞȥȣȤȚțȒȗȦȒªǾȕĮıȚțȒȣʌȩșİıȘ
IJȠȣ)UHXGȖȚĮIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞIJȘȝİIJĮȝijȚİıȝȑȞȘİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘȝȚĮȢ
ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȘȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢ (1900).
ȉȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ıȣȝȕȚȕĮıȝȩȢ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ įȡȐıȘ
įȪȠȥȣȤȚțȫȞıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞǾȝȚĮİțijȡȐȗİIJĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞȠȞİȚȡȚțȒİʌȚșȣȝȓĮİȞȫȘ
ȐȜȜȘ Įıțİȓ ȜȠȖȠțȡȚıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ ĮȣIJȒ țĮȚ İʌȚȕȐȜȜİȚ ʌĮȡĮȝȩȡijȦıȘ ıIJȘȞ
ȑțijȡĮıȒ IJȘȢ ȅ )UHXG ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıİ įȪȠ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ȠȞİȓȡȦȞ
ȈȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒ ± İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ȦȢ ȠȜȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȀȡȣʌIJȠȖȡĮijȚțȒ ± IJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠ ȦȢ
ıȪȞȠȜȠĮʌȩțȡȣʌIJȠȖȡĮijȘȝȑȞĮıȘȝİȓĮʌȡȠȢµȝİIJȐijȡĮıȘ¶ ǾİȡȝȘȞİȣIJȚțȒIJȠȣ)UHXG
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ IJȦȞ įȪȠ ĮȣIJȫȞ ȝİșȩįȦȞ įȘȜĮįȒ ʌȡȠIJİȓȞİȚ IJȘȞ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮ
țĮIJȐIJȝȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚįȓȞİȚȑȝijĮıȘıIJȘȞȚįȚȠıȣȖțȡĮIJȚțȒijȪıȘIJȘȢİȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ
ǺĮıȚțȒ ʌȘȖȒ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ Ƞ ȓįȚȠȢ Ƞ ȠȞİȚȡİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ ǺĮıȚțȒ IJİȤȞȚțȒ ıIJȘȞ
İȡȝȘȞİȣIJȚțȒ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ Ƞ İȜİȪșİȡȠȢ ıȣȞİȚȡȝȩȢ ȈIJȘȞ ĮʌȩʌİȚȡĮ İȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ IJȠȣ
ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ıȣȞĮȞIJȠȪȝİ ĮȞIJȚıIJȐıİȚȢ Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȢ įȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢ
ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠ ȑțįȘȜȠ țĮȚ ıIJȠ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȞ ʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ Ǿ įȚİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȝİIJĮIJȡȠʌȒȢ IJȠȣ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȞIJȠȢ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȣ ʌİȡȚİȤȠȝȑȞȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ȑțįȘȜȒ IJȠȣ ȝȠȡijȒ
ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣțĮȚİȓȞĮȚįȚİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȞIJȓıIJȡȠijȘIJȘȢİȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢ
100
101
ȳɸʘʌɶɳʃɲ͕ϮϬϭϬ-2011
ȾʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎȰ͘Ϯ͕͘ʖʖ
89
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȚȢ İȟȒȢ ȕĮıȚțȑȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢ
ȈȣȝʌȪțȞȦıȘ ȂİIJȐșİıȘ ȂȑȡȚȝȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮıIJĮıIJȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ įȡĮȝĮIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ǻİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞȒȢ įȚİȡȖĮıȓĮȈȣȝȕȠȜȚıȝȩȢ
ȅ Freud ȚıȤȣȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ș İțʌȜȒȡȦıȘ ȝȚĮȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȞȩȘȝĮ țȐșİ
ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȣıȐȡİıIJȠ ʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠ Ȓ țĮȚ IJȦȞ İijȚĮȜIJȫȞ
ȆȡȠIJİȓȞİȚIJȡİȚȢȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢȖȚĮIJĮȠįȣȞȘȡȐȩȞİȚȡĮ
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ įİȞ țĮIJȐijİȡİ IJİȜİȓȦȢ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ IJȘȞ
İțʌȜȒȡȦıȘȝȚĮȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢȑIJıȚȫıIJİȑȞĮȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣįȣıȐȡİıIJȠȣıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣ
ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮȠȞİȚȡȚțȒıțȑȥȘʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚıIJȠȑțįȘȜȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠ
ȊʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚ ȩIJȚ țȐʌȠȚİȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ ȝĮȢ IJȚȢ ĮʌȦșȠȪȝİ țĮȚ įİȞ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİȦȢįȚțȑȢȝĮȢǼȐȞȜȠȚʌȩȞȘİʌȚșȣȝȓĮʌȠȣȖİȞȞȐIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠİȓȞĮȚIJȑIJȠȚĮ
IJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮIJȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȝĮȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮįİȤșİȓȘİțʌȜȒȡȦıȒIJȘȢ
șĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ įȣıĮȡȑıțİȚĮ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ İțijȡȐȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ ȐȖȤȠȢ ǻȘȜĮįȒ IJĮ ȠįȣȞȘȡȐ
ȩȞİȚȡĮ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȩȞIJȦȢ țȐIJȚ ʌȠȣ İȞȠȤȜİȓ IJȠ ȈȣȞİȚįȘIJȩ ĮȜȜȐ IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ
İțʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞ ȝȚĮ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ IJȠȣ ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠ ǼȖȫ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȚȡİȣȩȝİȞȠȣ
ĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚĮȣIJȒIJȘȞİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘȦȢȠįȣȞȘȡȒ
ȉȑȜȠȢȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚȩIJȚʌȑȡĮĮʌȩIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮİțʌȜȒȡȦıȘȢİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ
țĮȚ IJĮ ȜİȖȩȝİȞĮ ©ȩȞİȚȡĮ IJȚȝȦȡȓĮȢª Ǿ ȥȣȤȚțȒ ȝĮȢ ȗȦȒ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȑȞIJȠȞİȢ
IJȚȝȦȡȘIJȚțȑȢ IJȐıİȚȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ țȐʌȠȚĮ įȣıȐȡİıIJĮ ȩȞİȚȡĮ
ǹȣIJȐ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȚȢ ȝĮȗȠȤȚıIJȚțȑȢ IJȐıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ Ȓ ȝİ IJȘȞ
İțʌȜȒȡȦıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ǼȖȫ ȞĮ IJȚȝȦȡȘșİȓ Ƞ ȠȞİȚȡİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ
ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȘĮȞİʌȓIJȡİʌIJȘİʌȚșȣȝȓĮIJȠȣ102.
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ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ103:
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¾ īȚĮIJȓİȓȞĮȚıȪȞșİIJȘīȚĮIJȓIJȩıȠıIJȘșİȦȡȓĮȩıȠțĮȚıIJȘȞ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒIJȘȢįĮȞİȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȠȚȤİȓĮĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢȩʌȦȢ
107
‡
ĮʌȩIJȘȞȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒșİȦȡȓĮțĮȚʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘ±
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘșİȦȡȓĮĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȩIJȡȠʌȦȞıȤȑıİȦȞ
‡
ĮʌȩIJȘȖȞȦıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮțĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȖȞȦıIJȚțȒ±
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȠĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȢ ȞȠȣȢȘĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ
ȥȣȤȒȦȢțȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȩȝȠȞIJȑȜȠİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȘȢʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓĮȢ
țĮȚįȡȐıȘȢ
‡
ĮʌȩIJȘșİȦȡȓĮIJȦȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȫȞțĮIJĮıțİȣȫȞIJȠȣȀHOO\Ƞ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȠȚțȠįȠȝİȓțĮIJĮıțİȣȑȢıIJȘȕȐıȘIJȘȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓĮȢ
ȖİȖȠȞȩIJȦȞ
‡
ĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȞĮʌIJȣȟȚĮțȒșİȦȡȓĮIJȠȣ9\JRWVN\ȠīǹȌ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢȦȢ©įȐıțĮȜȠȢªİțʌĮȚįİȪİȚIJȠȞĮıșİȞȒʌȡȠȢIJȘ
ȗȫȞȘIJȘȢİʌȩȝİȞȘȢİȟȑȜȚȟȘȢ
‡
ĮʌȩIJȠȞBowlby ȘȝİIJĮijȠȡȐįȚĮȝȑıȠȣIJȦȞȖİȞİȫȞȝȠȞIJȑȜȦȞ
ȡȩȜȦȞıIJȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢ
‡
ĮʌȩIJȠȞBakhtin Ȓ9RORVKLQRYIJĮıȪȝȕȠȜĮIJȦȞ
ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȦȞįİȞİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢĮȜȜȐĮȜȘșȚȞȐıȤȒȝĮIJĮ
IJȠȣȞȠȘȝĮIJȠįȠIJȘȝȑȞȠȣĮȞIJȚțİȚȝȑȞȠȣǼȓȞĮȚȘİȞİȡȖȒıȤȑıȘ
IJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȝİIJĮĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓIJĮıȪȝȕȠȜĮ
țĮȚȩȤȚĮijȘȡȘȝȑȞİȢȖȞȦıIJȚțȑȢĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
‡
ǼȓȞĮȚĮȞȠȚțIJȒıİȞȑİȢıȣȞșȑıİȚȢ109
Ȼʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉ͕ʖ͘ʖ. Ɂɲɺɸʆʏɿɳɷʉʐ͕ϮϬϭϭ.
ɍʉʐʏʉʖʌɼʍʏʉʎ͕ 2010
109
Ȱɷɲʅʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕ϮϬϬϵ.
108
98
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ȉȠȝȠȞIJȑȜȠIJȘȢīǹȌįȓȞİȚȑȝijĮıȘıIJȘȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȖȚĮ
İȟİȡİȪȞȘıȘȖȚĮİʌȚȜȠȖȒțĮȚȖȚĮĮȞȐȜȘȥȘİȣșȪȞȘȢȅȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȗİȚ
ıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠțĮȚįȡĮı¶ĮȣIJȩȞǽİȚȝȚĮıIJȠȤȠțĮIJİȣșȣȞȩȝİȞȘȗȦȒȝİ
ıțȠʌȠȪȢțĮȚʌȡȠșȑıİȚȢȄȠįİȪİȚIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣıȣȞİȚįȘIJȐȒ
ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJĮȖȚĮȞĮʌİIJȣȤĮȓȞİȚıIJȩȤȠȣȢȞĮȣʌİȡĮıʌȓȗİIJĮȚșȑıİȚȢ
țĮȚĮȟȓİȢǻİȞȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚİȓĮʌȜȐIJȚȢİȞȠȡȝȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȠȪIJİȕİȕĮȓȦȢ
ʌİȡȞȐIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣıIJȘȞIJȪȤȘȂȑıĮĮʌȩIJȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢIJȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣȢ
ȡȩȜȠȣȢʌȠȣȠȚțȠįȠȝİȓı¶ĮȣIJȑȢțĮIJĮıțİȣȐȗİȚıȪıIJȘȝĮȞȠȘIJȚțȫȞ
ıȤȘȝȐIJȦȞİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚȫȞțĮȚȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
¾ ȆȠȜȪʌȜȠțİȢıȣȞșȑıİȚȢıȤȘȝȐIJȦȞȠįȘȖȠȪȞıİıİȞȐȡȚĮȈIJȘȞīǹȌ
ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȣȝİİȚįȫȞıİȞȐȡȚĮ
‡
ĮȈİȞȐȡȚĮIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮȢİĮȣIJȠȪĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȠȡȖĮȞȫȞȠȣȞ
ıIJȩȤȠȣȢȗȦȒȢȖİȞȚțȑȢĮȟȓİȢĮȣIJȠʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢ
‡
ȕȈIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȐıİȞȐȡȚĮĮȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȚȢijȣȜİIJȚțȫȞȡȩȜȦȞ
țĮȡȚȑȡĮȢʌȠȜȚIJȚțȫȞșȑıİȦȞĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȜȑȝİ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
‡
ȖȉĮIJĮțIJȚțȐıİȞȐȡȚĮĮijȠȡȠȪȞıİįȡȐıİȚȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ
țȜȓȝĮțĮȢțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȢȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ110
™ ȉĮĮȓIJȚĮIJȘȢȋĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢțĮIJȐIJȘīȞȦıIJȚțȒ± ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ȆĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȡĮȪȝĮIJĮʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞĮʌȩȡȡȚȥȘ> ȈȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ
ȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘțĮȚĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ> ǼȟȒȖȘıȘIJȘȢıȪȞįİıȘȢʌĮȡȩȞIJȠȢ
ȝİIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
¾ ǼȟȒȖȘıȘIJȘȢıȪȞįİıȘȢʌĮȡȩȞIJȠȢȝİIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ111.
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ- ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢ
¾ ȉȣʌȚțȐįȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚıİıȣȞİįȡȓİȢ
‡
110
111
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
Ȼʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉ͕ʖ͘ʖ
ȈIJȚȢ-ʌȡȫIJİȢȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıȣȜȜȑȖİȚIJȚȢĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJİȢ
ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ
99
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
ȀĮIJȩʌȚȞȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıȣȞIJȐııİȚȝȚĮİʌȚıIJȠȜȒȖȡȐȝȝĮĮȞĮįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘʌȡȠȢIJȠȞșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȩʌȠȣʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ
IJȘȞİȡȝȘȞİȓĮIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȖȚĮIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮIJȠȣ.
‡
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘʌȡȠıȠȤȒįȓįİIJĮȚıIJȘȞțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȘȢıȪȞįİıȘȢ
ȝİIJĮȟȪİȝʌİȚȡȚȫȞIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢİʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢ
IJȠȣȢıIJȘȞİȞȒȜȚțȘȗȦȒ.
‡
ȅȚȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢıȣȞİįȡȓİȢțĮIJȐțȪȡȚȠȜȩȖȠĮijȚİȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞ
İʌȚȜȠȖȒțĮȚİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȞȑȦȞıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȓȜȣıȘ
IJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣ112.
¾ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțĮȚșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢıȣȞİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȝĮȗȓțĮȚ
İʌȚțİȞIJȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȦȞĮȡȤȑIJȣʌȦȞIJȘȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣįȘȜĮįȒIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠĮȞĮijȠȡȐȢ
ʌȐȞȦıIJȠȠʌȠȓȠįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣ
ȝİıIJȩȤȠıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȞĮțĮIJĮȞȠȘșİȓțĮȜȪIJİȡĮȠIJȡȩʌȠȢȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıȣȞİȤȓıİȚIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞțĮȚIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘ
ʌȡȠıȠȤȒįȓȞİIJĮȚıIJȘȞțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢ
ȘȜȚțȓĮȢțIJȦȞʌȡȠIJȪʌȦȞıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞ
ȝİȖĮȜȫȞȠȞIJĮȢțĮȚIJȦȞİʌȚʌIJȫıİȦȞIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞİȞȒȜȚțȘȗȦȒ
¾ ǼȡȦIJȒıİȚȢȩʌȦȢ©ȖȚĮIJȓțĮIJĮȜȒȖȦȞĮȑȤȦįȓʌȜĮȝȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣ
ȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞª©ȖȚĮIJȓįİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJİȜİȚȫıȦȝȚĮțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȒ
ıȤȑıȘªȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌȚȠțĮIJĮȞȠȘIJȑȢțĮȚĮȞĮȗȘIJȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ.
¾ ǾȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȝȚĮȢıIJȠȤȠțĮIJİȣșȣȞȩȝİȞȘȢįȡȐıȘȢʌİȡȚ-ȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȝȓĮ
ıİȚȡȐĮʌȩıİȞȐȡȚĮțĮȚıȤȒȝĮIJĮȈIJȘȞīǹȌȝȓĮIJȑIJȠȚĮıİȚȡȐIJȘȞ
ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİįȚĮįȚțĮıIJȚțȒĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮțĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȝȠȞIJȑȜȠIJȘȢīǹȌ
IJȠȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȝİȝȠȞIJȑȜȠįȚĮįȚțĮıIJȚțȒȢĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮȢ3URFHGXUDO
Sequence Model, PSM)
¾ ȆȫȢʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİIJĮȚIJȠ360
¾ ȈIJȅȡȓȗȦIJȠȞıIJȩȤȠȒIJȠȞȡȩȜȠ
¾ ȈIJȁĮȝȕȐȞȦȣʌȩȥȘ
¾ ĮIJȚȢįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢIJȘȢțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢ
¾ ȕIJȚȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪ
¾ ȖIJȚȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢIJȠȣıIJȩȤȠȣȡȩȜȠȣ
¾ ȈIJȀĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢʌȚșĮȞȫȞıȤİįȓȦȞįȡȐıİȚȢȝȑıȦȞ
112
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
100
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
¾ ȈIJīȚĮțȐșİıȤȑįȚȠįȡȐıȘȢȝİȜİIJȫ
¾ ĮIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮįȚİțʌİȡĮȓȦıȘȢĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
¾ ȕIJȚȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢIJȘȢįȚİțʌİȡĮȓȦıȘȢ
¾ ȈIJǼʌȚȜȑȖȦıȤȑįȚȠțĮȚįȡȦ
¾ ȈIJȁĮȝȕȐȞȦȣʌȩȥȘĮȞĮįȡȠȝȚțȐ
¾ ĮİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘ
IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
¾ ȕıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢIJȘȢįȚİțʌİȡĮȓȦıȘȢ
¾ ȈIJǼțIJȚȝȫIJȘȞȩȜȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮǼʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫȞȦȒĮȞĮșİȦȡȫIJȠ
ıIJȩȤȠȒIJĮȝȑıĮ113
¾ 0ʌȠȡİȓȞĮȖȓȞİȚĮȞĮțȠʌȒıIJȘȞĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮIJȠȣ360
¾ ȂʌȠȡİȓȞĮȖȓȞİȚĮȞĮțȠʌȒıIJȘȞĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮțĮȚĮȣIJȒȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
¾ ĮȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȒ İȐȞȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȑȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚĮȚIJȓİȢʌȠȣIJȘȞİʌȚȕȐȜȜȠȣȞʌȤ
ıIJȩȤȠȚʌȠȣȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȐįȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞȦĮʌȩIJȚȢ
įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȒȩIJȚįİȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞIJĮȝȑıĮȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȚįȓȦȟȒ
IJȠȣȢ
¾ ȕȝȘȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȩIJĮȞȠȚĮȚIJȓİȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȑȢ
¾ īȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠĮİȓIJİıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒįȚĮıIJȡȑȕȜȦıȘIJȘȢ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢİȓIJİȐȡȞȘıȘțȐʌȠȚȦȞȩȥİȦȞĮȣIJȒȢ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠȕĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒȝȘȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȒİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢ
ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȞĮİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠȖİȓIJİȘĮȣIJȠțȡȚIJȚțȒIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȠįȘȖİȓıİ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıIJȚțȠȪȢȡȩȜȠȣȢȒıțȜȘȡȑȢIJȚȝȦȡȘIJȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢȗȦȒȢ
İȓIJİȠȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞIJȘįȡȐıȘ
IJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠİȐȞȠțĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢIJȦȞʌȚșĮȞȫȞıȤİįȓȦȞįȡȐıȘȢ
İȓȞĮȚİȓIJİʌȠȜȪʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȢİȓIJİįȚȤȠIJȠȝȘȝȑȞȠȢ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠĮİȐȞȣʌȐȡȟİȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘIJȘȢ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢİȞȩȢȝȑıȠȣ
113
Ȱɷɲʅʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕ϮϬϬϵ.
101
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠȕȝȚĮĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒĮȣIJȠțȡȚIJȚțȒIJȠȣȣʌȩİʌȚȜȠȖȒ
ȝȑıȠȣʌȤıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȝİȘșȚțȑȢĮȟȓİȢȒȝȚĮʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒȢțȡȚIJȚțȒȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚıIJȐįȚȠįȡȐıȘȢȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ
ĮȚIJȓĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮȞĮțȩȥİȚIJȘįȡȐıȘ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠĮȝȚĮȣʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢ
įȡȐıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠįȘȖȒıİȚıİİțIJȡȠʌȒIJȘȢĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮȢ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠȕȝȚĮįȚĮıIJȡȑȕȜȦıȘIJȦȞıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȐȟİȚʌĮȡȠȝȠȓȦȢ
o ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠįȚĮıIJȡİȕȜȦȝȑȞȠȢĮȞĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȩȢIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠįȘȖȒıİȚıİȝȘįİȞȚțȒȒİȜĮIJIJȦȝȑȞȘʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ
İʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘȢIJȘȢıIJȠȤȠțĮIJİȣșȣȞȩȝİȞȘȢįȡȐıȘȢ
¾ ȀȐșİĮȞĮțȠʌȒIJȘȢĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮȢșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
o ǵȤȚȂȩȞȠȞȩIJĮȞȘĮȞĮțȠʌȒȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİ
İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞİȢĮȣIJȠįȚĮȚȦȞȚȗȩȝİȞİȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢʌȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞıİʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
o ȉȑIJȠȚİȢȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȐİʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞİȢĮȣIJȠįȚĮȚȦȞȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢĮȞĮțȠʌȒȢIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢıIJȘȞīǹȌȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȑȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢțĮȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞıİ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
¾ ȆȠȚİȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȑȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ;
o ȈIJȘȞīǹȌȠȚȞİȣȡȦIJȚțȑȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚȦȢ
o ȆĮȖȓįİȢ
o ǻȚȜȒȝȝĮIJĮ
o ǼȝʌȜȠțȑȢ114
¾ ȂĮȗȓșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțĮȚșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ
įȚȘȖȘȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢțįȚĮȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢĮȞĮıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢIJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȠȣ țĮȚĮȣIJȩʌİIJȣȤĮȓȞİIJĮȚȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢʌȡȩIJȣʌĮ
:
‡
114
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
ǻȚȜȒȝȝĮIJĮ± ȉĮįȚȜȒȝȝĮIJĮĮijȠȡȠȪȞțȣȡȓȦȢİʌȚȜȠȖȑȢȖȚĮ
İȝȐȢIJȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢǼȞİȡȖȫıĮȞ««dzȞȚȫșȦȩIJȚ
102
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
țĮțȠȝĮșĮȓȞȦIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣțĮȚĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚȐʌȜȘıIJȠȢȒ
ĮȡȞȠȪȝĮȚıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣįȚȐijȠȡĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮIJȠȞIJȚȝȦȡȫțĮȚ
ȞȚȫșȦȤȐȜȚĮțĮȚİʌȚȜȠȖȑȢȖȚĮIJȠʌȫȢıȣȞįİȩȝĮıIJİȝİIJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢȂİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢİȞİȡȖȫıĮȞ««ǾıȣȞįȑȠȝĮȚȝİ
țȐʌȠȚȠȞțĮȚȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȜȘȖȦșȫȒįİȞıȣȞįȑȠȝĮȚțĮȚįȚĮIJȘȡȫ
IJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠĮȜȜȐȝȑȞȦȝȩȞȠȢ
‡
ȆĮȖȓįİȢ - ǹȞĮʌĮȡȚıIJȐȞȠȣȞIJȘȞįȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘĮȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞ
³ʌȚıIJİȪȦ´ȝİIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠȩIJȚʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞʌȠȣȠįȘȖȠȪȞıIJȘȞİȞȓıȤȣıȘIJȦȞ³ʌȚıIJİȪȦ´ȆȤ
ȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚıȣȤȞȐʌĮȖȚįİȪȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚ
įȚİțįȓțȘıȘȢ, ĮʌȠijȣȖȒȢ ʌȤțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ
ĮȞȠȚȤIJȐȝȑȡȘʌȠȜȣıȪȤȞĮıIJȠȚįȡȩȝȠȚțĮIJĮșȜȚʌIJȚțȒȢ
ıțȑȥȘȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢ ʌȤȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİȩIJȚİȓȝĮıIJİ
ȕĮȡİIJȠȓȒȘȜȓșȚȠȚȝʌȡȠıIJȐIJȠȣȢțĮȚȖȚȞȩȝĮıIJİĮʌȩȝĮțȡȠȚ
įİȓȤȞȠȞIJĮȢȝȘijȚȜȚțȒıIJȐıȘʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȢȞĮ
İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȒıȠȣȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ ʌȤıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮĮȕİȕĮȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȖȚĮİȝȐȢțĮȚĮȞȒıȣȤȠȚȞĮȝȘȞĮȞĮıIJĮIJȫıȠȣȝİIJȠȣȢȖȪȡȦȝĮȢ
‡
ǼȝʌȜȠțȑȢ± ȀĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȚıIJȩȤȠȚȒȡȩȜȠȚĮʌȠȝȠȞȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ
İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢĮIJȘȢıȦıIJȒȢȒȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȘȢȐʌȠȥȘȢȩIJȚȠȚȐȜȜȠȚșĮ
İȞĮȞIJȚȦșȠȪȞıİĮȣIJȠȪȢțĮȚȕĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ,
İʌȚțȡĮIJİȓȘȐʌȠȥȘȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȚȒĮʌĮȖȠȡİȣȝȑȞȠȚ.
ȆȤ©ĬȑȜȦȞĮȑȤȦȝȓĮțĮȜȪIJİȡȘȗȦȒĮȜȜȐª115
¾ ȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡĮʌȜİȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮȑȞĮȞIJȚȐȜȜȦȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȦȞ
115
ɍɿʊʆɻ͕ϮϬϭϬ.
‡
ǾıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫȞİIJĮȚıݲ20
ıȣȞİįȡȓİȢįȚȐȡțİȚĮȢʌİȡȓʌȠȣȜİʌIJȫȞȈİĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİIJȚȢ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓİȢȩʌȠȣIJȠIJȑȜȠȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚțĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠțıȣȞȒșȦȢįȚĮȡțİȓȖȚĮʌȠȜȜȠȪȢȝȒȞİȢ
‡
ȈȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȦȢıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢ.
ǻİȞʌĮȓȡȞİȚĮʌȠijȐıİȚȢȖȚĮȜȠȖĮȡȚĮıȝȩIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘĮȜȜȐȝĮȗȓ
IJȠȣǼȓȞĮȚıȣȝʌĮȡĮıIJȐIJȘȢțıȣȞȠįȠȚʌȩȡȠȢıIJȠȞįȪıțȠȜȠ
įȡȩȝȠIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȞȫʌȤıIJȘȞȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȠ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȦȢ©ǹȣșİȞIJȓĮª
‡
ȈȣȝȕȐȜİȚıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮțIJȘȞİʌȓȜȣıȘIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ
IJȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢİȚįȚțȐİȡȖĮȜİȓĮȩʌȦȢIJȘȞįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ
ǻǿǹīȇǹȂȂǹȉȅȈǹțȠȜȠȣșȚĮțȐǻȚĮȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚțȒ
ǹȞĮįȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘıIJȠȠʌȠȓȠĮȞĮįȚĮIJȣʌȫȞİȚıȤȘȝĮIJȚțȐIJȚȢ
103
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆǹīǿǻǼȈIJȚȢǼȂȆȁȅȀǼȈIJȠȣȢĭǹȊȁȅȊȈȀȊȀȁȅȊȈ,
țĮȚIJĮǻǿȁȁǾȂǹȉǹ IJȠȣȝİıțȠʌȩȞĮȜȪıİȚIJȚȢįȣıțȠȜȓİȢ
IJȘȢțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
‡
ȅșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢȝĮșĮȓȞİȚȞĮʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓțĮȚȞĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ
IJȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣȢʌȠȣʌĮȓȡȞİȚıIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒIJȠȣȗȦȒıİıȤȑıȘ
ȝİIJȠȞȓįȚȠIJȠȣIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝİIJȠȣȢȖȪȡȦIJȠȣĮȜȜȐțIJȚ
ȡȩȜȠȣȢʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıİĮȣIJȩȞȈȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȝİ
ȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪȝİȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢȝİIJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȣIJȠȓȝİȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȩʌȠȣʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢȜȑȝİ©Ș
įȡȐıȘijȑȡȞİȚĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȘİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȖİȞȞȐİʌȓșİıȘª.
‡
ǻȠȣȜİȪİȚıIJȠǼǻǷȉȍȇǹıIJȠıȒȝİȡĮțĮȚıIJȚȢ
țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢʌȠȣİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝȑıĮıIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩįȦȝȐIJȚȠ
țĮȚIJȠȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓıĮȞȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠȖȚĮȞĮİȟȘȖȒıİȚ
ıIJȠ ĬİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠIJȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚıİįȚȐijȠȡİȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
ıIJȘȞȗȦȒIJȠȣ.
‡
ǼțʌĮȚįİȪİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȞĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȒʌȫȢȞĮĮȞIJȚįȡȐțȐșİijȠȡȐ
ʌȠȣȝʌĮȓȞİȚıIJȠȣȢįȪıțȠȜȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣțʌȫȢȞĮȕȡȓıțİȚ
IJȘȞ©ȑȟȠįȠªĮʌȩIJȠȞįȪıțȠȜȠȡȩȜȠțȐșİijȠȡȐʌȠȣ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ.
‡
ȅIJȡȩʌȠȢʌȠȣįȠȣȜİȪİȚȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
İȓȞĮȚǹȃǹȈȋǾȂǹȉǿȈȂȅȈǹȃǹīȃȍȇǿȈǾ
ǹȃǹĬǼȍȇǾȈǾıIJȠ©ǼǻǷȉȍȇǹª
‡
ǼȓȞĮȚįȠȝȘȝȑȞȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȝİĮȡȤȒȝȑıȘțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢ
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢİʌĮȞİȚȜȘȝȝȑȞİȢʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȑȢĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȠȚȡȩȜȠȚIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȝĮȢȝİıIJȩȤȠȞĮĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓȘ
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ȩIJĮȞĮȣIJȩțȡȚșİȓĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȚȠĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
¾ ǼȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒıİʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢǽİȪȖȠȣȢ
țȡȓıİȦȞʌĮȞȚțȠȪțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘȢijȠȕȚȫȞȐȜȣIJȠȣʌȑȞșȠȣȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞĮȖțĮıȝȫȞȠȡȚĮțȫȞĮıșİȞȫȞțįȚĮIJȡȠijȚțȫȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞ116.
116
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
104
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ǻȚĮįȚțĮıIJȚțȒĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮ
ǾʌĮȖȓįĮIJȘȢțĮIJĮʌȚİıȝȑȞȘȢıțȑȥȘȢ
105
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ȉȠįȓȜȜȘȝĮIJȘȢİȚȡȒȞİȣıȘȢ117
¾ ǾȅȝĮįȚțȒīȞȦıȚĮțȒǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮİʌȚțİȞIJȡȫȞİIJĮȚ
ıIJȠȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥİȚʌȦȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞțĮȚİȟİȜȓȤșȘțĮȞIJĮ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȦȢȠȚțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȑȢȝĮȢʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮIJĮįȚĮȚȦȞȓȗȠȣȞ
¾ ȅȚıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȞIJİȢİțșȑIJȠȣȞȩıȠșȑȜȠȣȞIJȚȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢIJȠȣȢ
ȚıIJȠȡȓİȢțĮȚİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢİʌȚțİȞIJȡȦȝȑȞȠȚıIJȠʌȦȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞ
ĮȣIJȠȓȠȚȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚʌȦȢ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȕİȜIJȚȦșȠȪȞ.
¾ ȈIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȠȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢțȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJȚȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȫıIJİȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȘĮȜȜĮȖȒțĮȚȞĮȜȣșİȓ
IJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮʌȠȣĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓIJȠȐIJȠȝȠȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚıȣȞİȤȒȢ
İıIJȓĮıȘıIJȠȣȢǹȞIJĮʌȠįȠIJȚțȠȪȢȇȩȜȠȣȢIJȦȞȝİȜȫȞIJȘȢȅȝȐįĮȢ
¾ ȅȚǹȞIJĮʌȠįȠIJȚțȠȓȇȩȜȠȚİȓȞĮȚIJȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡȠİȡȖĮȜİȓȠIJȘȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȢǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȢȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢțĮșȫȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮįȫıȠȣȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒįȠȣȜİȚȐțĮȚIJȘȞĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȦȞ
ĮIJȩȝȦȞ- ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢıİıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐİȡȦIJȒȝĮIJĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣ118.
¾ ȅȚȠȝȐįİȢȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩıIJĮșİȡȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢıȪıIJĮıȘȢIJȦȞ
ĮIJȩȝȦȞʌȠȣıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȣȞİȟĮıijĮȜȓȗȠȞIJĮȢȑIJıȚIJȘȞʌȠȚȠIJȚțȒ
ĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮțĮȚIJȘȞĮȓıșȘıȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȦȞȝİȜȫȞǾȤȡȠȞȚțȒ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȘȢȓįȚĮȢIJȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢ- ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
117
118
Denman, 2001.
ɍʉʐʏʉʖʌɼʍʏʉʎ͕ϮϬϭϬ.
106
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ȣʌȐȡȤİȚȕȡĮȤȪȤȡȠȞȠȒȝĮțȡȩȤȡȠȞȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȠȚ
ıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȚȢİȝʌȜȠȣIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩȕȚȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢ
ĮıțȒıİȚȢ119.
¾ ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚȝİȡȚțȐĮʌȩIJĮșȑȝĮIJĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮșĮ
ıȣȗȘIJȘșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJĮȝȑȜȘIJȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢȝİIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȣʌȠȕȠȜȒȢ
ʌȡȠIJȐıİȦȞțĮȚȐȜȜȦȞșİȝȐIJȦȞțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȦȞıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȦȞ
119
120
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ǾıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠİıȦIJİȡȚțȩțĮȚİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠ
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ȅijȩȕȠȢIJȠȣĮȖȞȫıIJȠȣĮȚijȞȚįȚĮıȝȩȢ± ĮʌȠʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩȢ
± İȖțĮIJȐȜİȚȥȘ- İțȝȘįȑȞȚıȘ
‡
ǼȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘ± ǹȝijȚıȕȒIJȘıȘ± ȆȡȠȕȜȘIJȚțȒȉĮȣIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
‡
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ǹȞIJĮȖȦȞȚıȝȩȢ± ȈȣȞĮȖȦȞȚıȝȩȢ
‡
ȇȩȜȠȢșȑıȘțĮȚǿįȚȠʌȡȠıȦʌȓĮ
‡
ǾıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȤȡȒȝĮ
‡
ǾıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȞȤȡȩȞȠ
‡
ȈȪȖțȡȚıȘ± ȈȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ- ǵȡȚĮ
‡
ȉĮįȚʌȜȐȝȘȞȪȝĮIJĮ
‡
ȁȪıȘIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚșİIJȚțȑȢʌȡȠȠʌIJȚțȑȢ120
107
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ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȚĮIJȘīȞȦıIJȚțȒ- ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ121:
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ȭɓɐɒɄɊɇɈɟ Ɋɍɋɒɚɉɍ ɗɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽɑ:
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ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȕȡİȚ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ țĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ İʌȚıIJȒȝİȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș
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IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒȢ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJĮ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮ
©ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮªȦȢİȖȖİȞİȓȢțĮȚįȣȞĮȝȚțȑȢȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢIJȦȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚ
ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ȦȢ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȡIJȓȗȠȣȞ
ĮȣIJȩIJȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȀĮIJĮȡȖȫȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ ʌĮȖȚȦȝȑȞȘ ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ IJȘȢ ȖȡĮȝȝȚțȒȢ ĮȚIJȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ įȘȜ IJȘȞ
șȑĮıȘ IJȦȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ijĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ıȤȑıȘ ĮȚIJȓȠȣ-ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJȠȢ Ș
ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ıȤȠȜȒ įȚİȣȡȪȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȝİȜȑIJȘ țȐșİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȦȢ ȩȜȠȣ
įȓȞȠȞIJĮȢȑȝijĮıȘıIJȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢIJȦȞȝİȡȫȞʌȠȣĮʌĮȡIJȓȗȠȣȞIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ǾıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțĮIJĮȞȠȘșİȓȝȩȞȠȝȑıĮıIJȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ
IJȠȣ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ʌȤ IJȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȢ ȣʌȩȥȘ IJȠ įȓțIJȣȠ
ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐıİȦȞȝİIJĮȐȜȜĮȝȑȜȘIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȆȦȢįȚĮijȑȡİȚȘȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĮʌȩIJȚȢȐȜȜİȢıȤȠȜȑȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
Ǿ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ įȚĮijȑȡİȚ Įʌȩ ȐȜȜİȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢ ıȤȠȜȑȢ ıIJĮ
İȟȒȢıȘȝİȓĮ
ǻİȞıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚıİțȐʌȠȚĮșİȦȡȓĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢȒșİȦȡȓĮțȚȞȒIJȡȦȞ
Ǿ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ İțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞĮʌȩıʌĮıIJȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȘȢ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢțĮȚįİȞȑȤİȚȞȩȘȝĮĮȞșİȦȡȘșİȓĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮĮʌȩĮȣIJȒȞ
Ǿ ©ĮȜȜĮȖȒª ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȒ ȦȢ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ IJȦȞ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞ ȚįȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȠȣ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ țȚ ȩȤȚ ȦȢ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ IJȦȞ ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȫȞ țȐʌȠȚȠȣ ȝȑȜȠȣȢ IJȠȣ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȉȠ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȩ ȚĮIJȡȠ-țİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢ ĮȞȚȤȞİȪİȚ IJȚȢ
İȞįİȓȟİȚȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ ȓįȚȠ IJȠ ȐIJȠȝȠ țĮȚ țĮIJİȣșȪȞİȚ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ
ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐı¶ĮȣIJȩȂİIJĮȕĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȢțĮȞİȓȢĮʌȩIJȠȐIJȠȝȠ- ȦȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩıIJȩȤȠı¶ȑȞĮıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠıȪıIJȘȝĮıȤȑıİȦȞʌȤȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȗİȣȖȐȡȚĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮĮȞĮȗȘIJȐ
IJȚȢİȞįİȓȟİȚȢȖȚĮIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȝȑıĮıIJȠȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮșȑIJȠȞIJĮȢȦȢıIJȩȤȠIJȘȢ
ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ıȤȑıİȦȞ DzIJıȚ IJĮ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ
İʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȦȢ©İȞįİȓȟİȚȢªİȞȩȢȠȜȩțȜȘȡȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢıȤȑıİȦȞ
Ǿ IJİȤȞȚțȒ IJȘȢ İʌȓȜȣıȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚțĮIJĮıIJȒıİȚIJȘȞĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮ
ǼʌİȚįȒ ĮțȡȚȕȫȢ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ IJȘȞ ȠȝȐįĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ İȓȞĮȚ İȖȖİȞȒ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ IJȘȞ
șİȦȡȘIJȚțȒțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘțĮȚįİȞİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞĮĮȖȞȠȘșȠȪȞʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮįȚĮIJȘȡİȓ
IJȠʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦșİȦȡȘIJȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠIJȘȞȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣ
ȆȦȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȘȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘıIJȘȞȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ȈIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȢ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȢ ıIJȘ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ IJȘȞ
ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒ Ƞ șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ țĮIJĮȞȠİȓIJĮȚ țȚ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ ȝȑȜȠȢ İȞȩȢ
112
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİıȣȞİȤȒĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘțȚ ©ĮȞIJĮȜȜĮȖȒªʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚȫȞ
ȝİIJĮȣʌȩȜȠȚʌĮȝȑȜȘIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȤIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢIJȘȢıȤȠȜȚțȒȢIJȐȟȘȢIJȘȢ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȒȢıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮįȠȣȜİȪİȚțȜʌĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮȝİȐȜȜĮȝȚțȡȩIJİȡĮȒ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮıIJĮȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚȝȑȜȠȢ
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ȉȠĮȓIJȘȝĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣ- IJȠȣȗİȣȖĮȡȚȠȪȒIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ- ȖȚĮȕȠȒșİȚĮ
İȟİIJȐȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȞıȣıIJȘȝȚțȩȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒʌȐȞIJĮıİıȣȞȐȡIJȘıȘȝİ
IJȠȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȡȩȜȠțĮȚșȑıȘʌȠȣțȐșİȝȑȜȠȢIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȑȤİȚ
ıIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȪıĮijȐıȘIJȘȢİȟȑȜȚȟȒȢIJȠȣ
ȉĮ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȐ ȝȑıĮ ıIJĮ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐʌȠȜȚIJȚțȐIJȠȣȢıȣȝijȡĮȗȩȝİȞĮ
Ǿ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İʌȓțİȞIJȡȠ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
ĮȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȢ Ǿ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓĮ
ȑȤİȚİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȩȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠįȚİȣțȠȜȪȞȠȣȞȠȚıȤȑıİȚȢțĮȚ
ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȦȞ
ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ȅȚ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮșȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ
ȉȠ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ įȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ȝȠȡijȑȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ ʌȠȣ
İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȩȞIJĮȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞİȢ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȩ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȆȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȝijĮȞȚıIJȠȪȞ ıİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ İȟİȜȚțIJȚțȐ
ıIJȐįȚĮ ıIJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ Ȓ ȠȚ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢ ȂʌȠȡİȓ
İʌȓıȘȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞ ȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ĮȡȞȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJȘȞ
©ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮª122.
ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
Ǿ ȓįȚĮ Ș șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ ıȤȑıȘ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠȞ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠıȪıIJȘȝĮȝİIJȘįȚțȒIJȠȣįȣȞĮȝȚțȒǼțIJȩȢĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘ ȑȝijĮıȘ ıIJȠ ʌȜȑȖȝĮ IJȦȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ
ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐıİȦȞ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȗȘIJȐȞİ ȕȠȒșİȚĮ Ƞ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ
įİȞ ʌĮȡĮȕȜȑʌİȚ ıİ țĮȝȓĮ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȠȣȢ ȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ İțİȓȞȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ
İȞįȣȞĮȝȫȞȠȣȞ țĮȚ ʌȜȠȣIJȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ IJȘ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ ıȤȑıȘ ȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ Ƞ
ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȩȢ ıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢ Ȓ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ ȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ȕĮıȚțȩ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩ
©İȡȖĮȜİȓȠªİȓȞĮȚȠİĮȣIJȩȢIJȠȣțĮȚȩIJȚȦȢȝȑȜȠȢțȚĮȣIJȩȢ-ȝĮȗȓȝİIJȠȞșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠIJȠȣ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ įİȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȝİȓȞİȚ ĮȝȑIJȠȤȠȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓ ĮʌȜȐ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ Įʌȩ IJȘ șȑıȘ IJȠȣ ©İȚįȚțȠȪª ĮȜȜȐ ĮȞIJȓșİIJĮ țĮȜİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ
țĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒıİȚȝȚĮĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮȕĮșȚȐȢİȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘȢĮʌȠįȠȤȒȢțĮȚĮȣșİȞIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ıIJȘıȤȑıȘʌȠȣĮȞĮʌIJȪııİIJĮȚĮȞȐȝİıĮı¶ĮȣIJȩȞțĮȚIJȠȞșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠ
122
Ȳɲʍɿʄɸɿɳɷɻʎȳ͕͘ϮϬϭϮ
113
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȅ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ įİȞ İȞįȚĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ʌȚĮ IJȩıȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ©ȖȚĮIJȓª ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚȩʌȦȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚĮȚIJȓĮĮȜȜȐȖȚĮIJȠ©ʌȫȢªıȣȝʌİȡȚijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ
įȘȜ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ©IJȚ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢª ȑȤİȚ Ș ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȚȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ
IJȠȣȢȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ǵʌȦȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ ȝȠȞIJȑȜĮ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ Ƞ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȩȢ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮțȡȠĮIJȒȢ ȝİ İȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘ Ǿ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
țĮȚ Ș ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒ İȓȞĮȚ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢ țĮIJȐ IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ țĮȚ
ʌİȜȐIJȘȢİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞȦĮʌ¶ȩȜĮıȣȞİȡȖȐIJİȢ
ȉĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȠȣȢ ȖİȞȚțȐ İțijȡȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȖȜȫııĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘȢ Ǿ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ șİȦȡȓĮ ȑȤİȚ
ıȣȝȕȐȜİȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐıIJȘȞțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘIJȠȣ ȡȩȜȠȣIJȘȢȖȜȫııĮȢțĮIJȐIJȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
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ǼʌȓȖȞȦıȘ țĮȚ IJȡȩʌȠȚ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢ IJȦȞ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȫȞ įȚȜȘȝȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
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ǹȣIJȠijȡȠȞIJȓįĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- İʌȓȖȞȦıȘİȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞțȚȞįȪȞȦȞ
ǿțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ İȟȚıȠȡȡȩʌȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ijȩȡIJȚıȘȢ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓ Ș
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ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
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ĮȜȜȘȜȠİȟĮȡIJȫȝİȞȦȞȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȢıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞȀȐșİĮȜȜĮȖȒıİțȐʌȠȚȠ
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ĮȜȜȐȝȚĮȠȡȖĮȞȚțȒİȞȩIJȘIJĮʌȠȣįȚĮijȑȡİȚʌȠȚȠIJȚțȐĮʌȩIJĮİʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢ
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ȝȚĮİʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠıȪıIJȘȝĮȉĮĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
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IJĮȝȘȗȦȞIJĮȞȐıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
ǹȣIJȠȡȣșȝȚȗȩȝİȞĮįȘȜĮįȒĮȣIJȠİȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚțĮșȫȢĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪȞȝİIJȠ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȣȢĮȞĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȢįȚĮȡțȫȢIJȚȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢțĮȚIJȘȞ
įȠȝȒIJȠȣȢIJİȓȞȠȞIJĮȢȐȜȜȠIJİʌȡȠȢIJȘȞįȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘIJȘȢıIJĮșİȡȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣȢ
ȠȝȠȚȩıIJĮıȘțĮȚȐȜȜȠIJİʌȡȠȢIJȘȞĮȞĮIJȡȠʌȒIJȘȢțĮȚIJȘȞĮȜȜĮȖȒ
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țĮȚĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞȝİIJȠʌȑȡĮıȝĮIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣ124.
ǾıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțĮIJĮȞȠȘșİȓȝȩȞȠȝȑıĮıIJȠ
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șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚȩIJȚıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȚȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢIJȦȞȣʌȠȜȠȓʌȦȞȝİȜȫȞ
ȀȣțȜȚțȒ ĮȚIJȚȩIJȘIJĮ Ș ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ İȞȩȢ ȝȑȜȠȣȢ IJȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ įİȞ
șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚĮȚIJȓĮȝȚĮȢȐȜȜȘȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢĮȜȜȐıİțȣțȜȚțȒıȤȑıȘįȘȜĮįȒ
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Ǿ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȑȞĮ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȦȞ
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ȊʌȐȡȤİȚȠȘʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢʌȠȣșȑIJİȚțĮȚIJȠȩȡȚȠIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
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İȞIJȩʌȚıȘıȤȑıİȦȞĮȚIJȓĮȢ± ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJȠȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞȕĮıȚțȫȞıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ
IJȦȞ ijĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȈIJȠ ʌİįȓȠ IJȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȦȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ ȦıIJȩıȠ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠ IJȠ ȠȜȚıIJȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ ȝİ IJȘȞ țȣțȜȚțȒ ĮȚIJȚȩIJȘIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȠȜȣʌȜȠțȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȦȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ĮʌȠijȣȖȒȝȚĮȢȣʌİȡĮʌȜȠȣıIJİȣȝȑȞȘȢıIJȐıȘȢȉĮįȪȠȝȠȞIJȑȜĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮ
ıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıİįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐİʌȓʌİįĮșİȫȡȘıȘȢ125.
ȉȚİȓȞĮȚȘȅȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
Ǿ țȣȡȚȩIJİȡȘ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȘȢ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȢ șİȦȡȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ %RVFROR HW DO %RZHQ ȉȠ ȕĮıȚțȩ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚĮʌȜȐȝȚĮȠȝȐįĮĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞʌȠȣĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪȞȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȢǼȓȞĮȚȝȚĮıȪȞșİIJȘ
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ȝİȜȫȞİȓȞĮȚİȟȓıȠȣ- ĮȞȩȤȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ- ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢĮʌȩIJĮįȡȫȞIJĮȝȑȜȘ
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ȐȜȜĮ ȜȩȖȚĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ țĮȚ ıIJȩȤȠȢ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢ ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ
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127
ȀĮIJȐ IJȠ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ (M. Bowen ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ - ȐȖȤȠȢ ±
șȣȝȩȢ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȝȘ İȞĮȜȜĮııȩȝİȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ,
įȘȜ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ıIJĮșİȡȫȞ ȠȝȐįȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮȞIJȚȝȐȤȠȞIJĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȘȞ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ İȞĮȜȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ĮıȣȝijȦȞȓĮ ȜİțIJȚțȒȢ İȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ įȚĮIJĮȡȐııİȚ IJȚȢ
ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȅ ʌİȜȐIJȘȢ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ IJȠȣ ȈȣȤȞȐ
Ȳɲʍɿʄɸɿɳɷɻʎȳ͕͘ϮϬϭϮ
ȴɲʅɲʍʃɻʆʀɷʉʐ͕ϰϴϴɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͕ϮϬϭϬ
116
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
ʌİȡȚșȦȡȚȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıIJȠȤȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ȋĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ - ȐȖȤȠȢ ± șȣȝȩȢ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘ IJȠȣ
ʌİȜȐIJȘıİIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢIJȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ.
ȅıȣıIJȘȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıİ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘĮijȠȪİȟİIJȐıİȚ
IJȠȖİȞȞİȩȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȠȖİȞİĮȜȠȖȚțȩįȑȞįȡȠțĮȚIJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮIJȡȚȫȞȖİȞȚȫȞʌȓıȦ
IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ıȣȞȐʌIJİȚ ȑȞĮ ıȣȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ ʌİȜȐIJȘ țĮȚ ıIJȘ
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ șĮ IJȠȞ ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ ȞĮ ȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıİȚ ȝȚĮ șİIJȚțȒ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒ
ȕȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮĮijȒȞȠȞIJĮȢʌȓıȦIJȚȢIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚĮȞȠȓȖȠȞIJĮȢȑȞĮ
ȞȑȠ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ įȡȩȝȠ Ȃİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ țĮȚ șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ
ȝʌĮȓȞȠȣȞ ıIJȠ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ țĮȚ IJȠ țĮșȚıIJȠȪȞ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ.
ȈȚȜȕȑıIJȡȠȣȂȈțȠȡįȓȜȘǹȚțȆȜĮȧȞȩȢȀ128
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
Ǿ ıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ʌȡȠIJİȓȞİȚ IJȘ ıIJĮįȚĮțȒ İıIJȓĮıȘ ıİ İʌĮțȩȜȠȣșȠȣȢ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȪȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢ
x
x
x
x
ıIJȘȞ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ țĮȞȩȞȦȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ țĮȚ IJȡȩʌȦȞ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ıȣȞįȚĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ
ıIJȠȞİȞIJȠʌȚıȝȩIJȦȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞȡȩȜȦȞʌȠȣȑȤİȚĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚțȐșİȝȑȜȠȢȝȑıĮ
ıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ
ıIJȠȞİʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȩIJȠȣİıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪİĮȣIJȠȪ
ıIJȘȞȞȠȘȝĮIJȠįȩIJȘıȘIJȘȢȗȦȒȢ129.
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ- ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢ
ȉȚ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ıIJȘȞ ȑȞĮȡȟȘ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ Ǿ ʌȡȫIJȘ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ Ȓ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ȅ ıIJȩȤȠȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȫIJȦȞ ıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȦȞ ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ
īȞȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ įİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȫȞ Ǿ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ
įİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚțȠȚȞȑȢȖȚĮȩȜİȢIJȚȢșİȦȡȘIJȚțȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢțĮȚȩȜĮIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢȅțĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓʌİȡȚȑȤİȚIJȚȢȕĮıȚțȑȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȣȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ
128
129
ɇʐʆɳɶɸʏɲɿʍʐʅʋɸʌɲʍʅɲʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏɻʅɸʄɹʏɻʏɻʎɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲʎ͘
Ɍɲʃʀʌɻ͕ʖ͘ʖ
117
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȞĮȑȤİȚȑȞĮȢȞȑȠȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢȖȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮȞIJĮʌİȟȑȜșİȚıIJȠȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩIJȠȣ
ȡȩȜȠ
x
x
x
ȀȜȚȞȚțȒıȣȞȑȞIJİȣȟȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩıȤȑįȚȠ
o ǺĮıȚțȑȢțȜȚȞȚțȑȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢĮȞIJĮȞȐțȜĮıȘțȠț
o ȁȒȥȘȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȠȣȚıIJȠȡȚțȠȪ
o ȈȣȖȖȡĮijȒȑțșİıȘȢȚıIJȠȡȚțȠȪ
o ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮȢȝİʌİȜȐIJȘ
o ǻȠțȚȝĮıIJȚțȑȢİȡȝȘȞİȓİȢ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩ ıȤȑįȚȠ ȚİȡȐȡȤȘıȘ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ĮȞȐįİȚȟȘ ȕĮıȚțȫȞ ȝȠIJȓȕȦȞ
İʌȚȜȠȖȒIJȡȩʌȠȣțĮȚȤȡȠȞȚțȒȢįȚȐȡțİȚĮȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
o ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠțĮȚȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘ
o ǺĮıȚțȑȢțȜȚȞȚțȑȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢĮȞIJĮȞȐțȜĮıȘțȠț
o ǻȘȝȠȣȡȖȓĮ țĮȚ įȚĮʌȡĮȖȝȐIJİȣıȘ ʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȢ ȤȡȩȞȠȢ ĮȝȠȚȕȒ
ĮțȣȡȫıİȚȢ
o ȅȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘ ʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣ IJȚ țȐȞȠȣȝİ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ʌİȜȐIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȗȘIJȠȪȞ ³ ȝȚĮ
İȟĮȓȡİıȘ´
ȌȣȤȠįȚĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȒ
o ǺĮıȚțȑȢțȜȚȞȚțȑȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJİȢİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢĮȞIJĮȞȐțȜĮıȘțȠț
o īİȞȚțȒ įȚĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȒ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ
IJȠȣ ʌİȜȐIJȘ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ įȚĮșȑıȚȝȦȞ ʌȩȡȦȞ ʌİȜȐIJȘ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ IJȘȢ
įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȢʌİȜȐIJȘȞĮĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȚșİȓıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
o ǹȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ İȟİȜȚțIJȚțȫȞ ȗȘIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣ ʌİȜȐIJȘ ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ
IJȡĮȪȝĮ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȜȘıȘ țĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘȢ ȉȚ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȑȤİȚ ıIJȘ įȠȝȒ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȠȣ ʌİȜȐIJȘ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ
IJȡȩʌȠ ȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠșĮȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȒıİȚıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
o īİȞİȩȖȡĮȝȝĮțĮȚıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ
o ǼțIJȓȝȘıȘ İʌȚʌȑįȠȣ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȣʌȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ IJȠȣ
ʌİȜȐIJȘ
o ȆȡȠȖȞȦıIJȚțȒ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȠȡİȓĮȢ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ʌȠȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ
ʌȚșĮȞȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞ ĬĮ ȝİȓȞİȚ Ƞ ʌİȜȐIJȘȢ ıIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȚĮ
ĬİȡĮʌİȓĮ
o ǹȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ țĮȚ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ DZȝȣȞİȢ ʌĮșȠȖȩȞİȢ ʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ
ıȤȑıİȚȢȝİĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢ± ĮȞIJȚIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢ
o ǹȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ ıIJȘ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ
ʌİȜȐIJȘ İȓȞĮȚ ıİ șȑıȘ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıİȚ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ȡȣșȝȓıİȚ IJȘȞ ȑȞIJĮıȒ IJȠȣȢ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İțijȡȐıİȚ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ IJȘ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒIJȠȣțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ
o ǹȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ ȗȘIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțȪʌIJȠȣȞ ıIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘțĮȚĮȞIJȚȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘ
o ĬȑȝĮIJĮİȡȝȘȞİȓĮȢWLPLQJıȪȞįİıȘȝȠIJȓȕȦȞ
118
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
o ǻȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘIJȠȣIJȑȜȠȣȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
o ǾȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ©ȡȠȒȢªȝȑıĮıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
o Ǿ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȦȞ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȦȞ įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮSURFHVVYs content)
ǼȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞĮȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ
o ȆĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ ıİ țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ țȡȓıȘȢ İʌȚțİȓȝİȞȠ ȥȣȤȦIJȚțȩ İʌİȚıȩįȚȠ
ĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȚțȩȚįİĮıȝȩțȜʌ
o ȀȜȚȞȚțȒ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ įȪıțȠȜȦȞ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ ȥȪȤȦıȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȠȣıȚȫȞ
įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢįȚĮIJȡȠijȒȢȝĮȞȚȠțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ
o ȉȡĮȪȝĮțĮȚțĮțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ȉȠ īİȞİȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȝȠȡijȒ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȠȪ įȑȞįȡȠȣ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ
țĮIJĮȖȡȐijİȚʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞIJĮȝȑȜȘIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢIJȠȣȜȐ[ȚıIJȠȞȖȚĮ
IJȡİȚȢ ȖİȞȚȑȢ ʌȓıȦ ȉĮ ıIJȠȚ[İȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ȝĮȢ įȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȑIJȠȚȠ
ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮıIJĮIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠȫıIJİȞĮʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞȑȞĮʌȜȠȪıȚȠıȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮĮʌȩİȞȩIJȘIJİȢ
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ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒ įȠȝȒ țĮȚ ʌȦȢ ĮȣIJȐ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪȞ țĮȚ
ĮȜȜȘȜȠİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ Ǿ ȉȑ[ȞȘ İȟȐȜȜȠȣ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijİȚ
ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒ įȪȞĮȝȘ IJȦȞ İȚțȩȞȦȞ ʌȡȠȦșȫȞIJĮȢ ȝȘ
ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘȖȞȫıȘıIJȘıȣȞİȓįȘıȘīȚĮȞĮțĮIJĮȞȠȒıȠȣȝİIJȠʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦșȑȝĮ
șĮ IJȠ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıȠȣȝİ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ įȪȠ ıȘȝĮıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ IJȠȣ
ȖİȞİȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȦȞİȚțȩȞȦȞ
119
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
120
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
121
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈIJȠİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȜȠȖȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠIJȘȢǹғ ȀȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȒȢțĮȚIJȘȢīİȞȚțȒȢĬİȦȡȓĮȢIJȦȞ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ
™ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ05,
x ǹȡȤȚțȩ ȈȪıIJȘȝĮ D + / - ǹȞȐįȡĮıȘ IHHGEDFN D ǹȣIJȠįȚȠȡșȠȪȝİȞȠ IJȠ
ȈȪıIJȘȝĮǹȣIJȠįȚȠȡșȠȪȝİȞȠ ȈȪıIJȘȝĮ D ǻȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȠȝȠȚȩıIJĮıȒ
țĮȜȒȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢIJȠȣȈȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
x ȆİȡȚȖȡĮijȚțȠȓȀĮȞȩȞİȢD ȂİIJȐ± ȀĮȞȩȞİȢD + / - ǹȞȐįȡĮıȘIHHGEDFN
x ȂȒȞȣȝĮ D ǹȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȦȞ ȂȘȞȣȝȐIJȦȞ ȁİțIJȚțȒ ȥȘijȚĮțȒ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮǼȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒĮȞĮȜȠȖȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȖȜȫııĮIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢ/
ıȤȑıȘ IJȠȣ İȞȩȢ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȐȜȜȠ ıȣȝȝİIJȡȚțȑȢ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȑȢ ĮȞIJĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ±
ȚıȩIJȘIJĮ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ıȣȝȝİIJȡȚțȑȢ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȑȢ ĮȞIJĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ±
įȚĮijȠȡȐ D ȂȒȞȣȝĮ D ȆĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ǻȚʌȜȩȢ įİıȝȩȢ ıİ
ıȤȑıȘ İȟȐȡIJȘıȘȢ ǹȞIJȚijĮIJȚțȒ Ș ȁİțIJȚțȒ ȥȘijȚĮțȒ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ǼȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒ ĮȞĮȜȠȖȚțȒ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȐȡĮ ʌĮȖȓįĮ ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡĮįȩȟȠȣ Ȓ İȖțĮIJȐȜİȚȥȘ IJȘȢ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ǹʌȩʌİȚȡİȢ ȝȘ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ
İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮʌȩıȣȡıȘ Ș ıȚȦʌȒ Ș ĮțȚȞȘıȓĮ Ș ĮıȣȞĮȡIJȘıȓĮ ± țȚ ĮȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ
ȝȠȡijȒ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ĮȣIJȠ-ĮȞIJȚijȐıİȚȢ ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ șȑȝĮIJȠȢ ĮıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦIJİȢ
ʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢʌĮȡĮȞȠȒıİȚȢįȣıȞȩȘIJȠȪijȠȢȚįȚȠȝȠȡijȓİȢȜȩȖȠȣD ȈȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ
™ ȈIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
o ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ D ĮȆȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩȢıIJȘȞĮȜȜĮȖȒȝİıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ
ʌĮȡİȝȕȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚĮȗȩȝİȞȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ Ȓ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮʌİȣșȪȞİIJĮȚ Ș ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ȖȚĮ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȕ ȈȪȞIJȠȝȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ Ȗ ǼȞİȡȖȩȢ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȠȣ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒșİȡĮʌİȪIJȡȚĮȢįǻİȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓȩȡȠȚȖȚĮ
IJȚȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢ İ ǻİȞ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣȞ ȠȚ ĮȡȤȚțȑȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ İțįȒȜȦıȘȢ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ ȑIJıȚ Ș șİȡĮʌİȓĮ İıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ țĮȚ IJȠ
ȝȑȜȜȠȞD ȈȪȝʌIJȦȝĮD ǹȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘ
™ ǻȠȝȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
o ǻȪȞĮȝȘ SRZHU IJȦȞ ȈIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ IJȠȣ ȈȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ D ǼȣșȣȖȡȐȝȝȚıȘ
DOLJQPHQWȈȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢ± ĮȞIJȚʌĮȜȩIJȘIJİȢȝİȜȫȞIJȠȣȈȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
o ǵȡȚĮ± ȡȩȜȠȚĮȡȤȚțȐțȜİȚıIJȩıȪıIJȘȝĮȠȡȚȠșİIJȘȝȑȞȠ D ȪıIJİȡĮĮȞȠȚȤIJȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮʌȚȠȤĮȜĮȡȩ
o ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ D ǻȠȝȚțȒʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘțĮIJȐʌȩıȠȣʌȐȡȤİȚĮijșȠȞȓĮȒ
ʌIJȦȤİȓĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚȫȞ IJȠ İȪȡȠȢ İȣİȜȚȟȓĮȢ Ȓ ĮțĮȝȥȓĮȢ įȘȜĮįȒ ʌȩıȠ
İȪțȠȜĮ ĮȜȜȐȗİȚ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȩIJĮȞ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞ ȠȚ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ǻİȞ ĮȜȜȐȗİȚ
İȪțȠȜĮIJȠȈȪıIJȘȝĮȜȩȖȦIJȘȢȣʌȠȤȦȡȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢIJȘȞIJȐıȘ
ıȣȞȠȤȒȢȒįȚȐıʌĮıȘȢʌȠȣțĮșȠȡȓȗİȚʌȩıȠįȡĮıIJȚțȒİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȦȞ
ĮȜȜĮȖȫȞıIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮǾȣʌȠIJȑȜİȚĮIJȘȢȝȐȞĮȢįȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJȘıȣȞȠȤȒ
122
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
o ȈȪıIJȘȝĮ ȅȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ȁİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ǻȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ D
ȈȪȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȠıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȦȢȝȚĮıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒȢIJȠȣ
ĮȞĮijİȡȩȝİȞȠȣ ĮıșİȞȒ ıİ ȝȚĮ įİįȠȝȑȞȘ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ȝȚĮȢ
ıȤȑıȘȢȩIJĮȞȩȜİȢȠȚȐȜȜİȢıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢȑȤȠȣȞĮʌȠIJȪȤİȚ
™ ǻȚĮȖİȞİĮțȑȢ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢ ± ȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ȑȝijĮıȘ ıIJȘȞ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢįȚĮȖİȞİĮțȐıȤȒȝĮIJĮWUDQVJHQHUDWLRQDOSDWWHUQ
o ǹ ĬİȦȡȓĮ IJȦȞ ȅȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȫȞ ȈȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ IJȠȣ %RZHQ ǻȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮȞİȟĮȡIJȘıȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
ȖȠȞİȓȢ± ȦȡȚȝȩIJȘIJĮȉȡȓȖȦȞĮıȤȑıİȦȞȈȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȘȢ
ʌȣȡȘȞȚțȒȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ǻȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒȢ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ ȈȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮʌȠțȠʌȒ ȩȤȚ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒ ȤİȚȡĮijȑIJȘıȘ ĮȜȜȐ ĮʌȠțȠʌȒ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ Ȓ ȖİȦȖȡĮijȚțȒ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ Įʌȩ ȐȜȣIJİȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ
Įʌȩ ȣȥȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ ȐȖȤȠȣȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢ İȟȐȡIJȘıȘȢ ȆȠȜȣȖİȞİĮțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȝİIJĮȕȓȕĮıȘȢʌĮȡİȜșȩȞįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
ǹįİȜijȚțȒ șȑıȘ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ʌĮȜȚȞįȡȩȝȘıȘ ǽİȚ ıİ ȝȚĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȝȘ
ĮʌİȟȐȡIJȘıȘȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢ
ǺĬİȡĮʌİȓĮʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣǾșȚțȒțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
īǻȚĮȖİȞİĮțȒȅȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒĬİȡĮʌİȓĮʌĮȡȩȝȠȚĮıȤȒȝĮIJĮʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ
™ ȂȠȞIJȑȜȠIJȠȣȂȚȜȐȞȠȣĮȡȤȚțȒijȐıȘ
ǼʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ ǼʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȩ ȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ ĮIJȚȢ ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ IJȘȢ ȅȝȠȚȩıIJĮıȘȢ
țĮȚȂȠȡijȠȖȑȞİıȘȢȕIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢǹȞȐįȡĮıȘȢIHHGEDFNșİIJȚțȒȢțĮȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒȢ
Ȗ IJȘȞ ȣʌȩșİıȘ IJȦȞ țĮȞȩȞȦȞ UXOH K\SRWKHVLV ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȚțȠȪȢ
țĮȞȩȞİȢțĮȚȂİIJĮ- țĮȞȩȞİȢįȘȜĮįȘțĮȞȩȞİȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢțĮȞȩȞİȢįIJȘȞįȚȐįȡĮıȘıİ
ıȤȒȝĮIJĮSDWWHUQHGLQWHUDFWLRQİIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢıIJȓȟȘȢıIJIJȘȞțȣțȜȚțȒĮȚIJȚȩIJȘIJĮȗ
IJȘȞ ȣʌȩșİıȘ IJȠȣ įȚʌȜȠȪ įİıȝȠȪ țȐ D Į Ƞ ʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ ȕ ȠȘ
İȞİȡȖȩȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ / șİȡĮʌİȪIJȡȚĮ Ȗ Ș ıȪȞIJȠȝȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ į ȠȚ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡİȝȕȐıİȚȢ İ ȠȚ IJİȜİIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢ WDVN ȦȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢțȐ D *URXS7KHUDS\ĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıȣȞİįȡȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ȠȝȐįĮįȚĮȝȠȡijȫȞİȚIJȘȞȣʌȩșİıȘȝİȕȐıȘIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢʌȡȠıʌĮșȫȞIJĮȢȞĮ
ıȣȞįȑıİȚIJȠ³ʌĮȡȠȣıȚĮȗȩȝİȞȠʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮ´ȝİșȑȝĮIJĮıȤȑıİȦȞIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȕIJȘ
ıȣȞİįȡȓĮȩʌȠȣįȪȠıȣȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢıȣȗȘIJȠȪȞȝİIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȖȚĮȞĮIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ
ȒȞĮİʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȡȤȚțȒȣʌȩșİıȘİȞȫįȪȠʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȑȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞʌȓıȦĮʌȩ
IJȠȞȝȠȞȩįȡȠȝȠțĮșȡȑijIJȘȖIJȘȞİȞįȚȐȝİıȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ȠȝȐįĮ ıȣȗȘIJȐİȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ į IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ
ȠʌȠȓĮȠȚįȪȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢİʌȑıIJȡİijĮȞıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȖȚĮȞĮįȫıȠȣȞIJȘȞʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ
İ IJȘ ȝİIJĮ-ıȣȞİįȡȓĮ ȩʌȠȣ Ș ȠȝȐįĮ ıȣȗȘIJȠȪıİ ʌȫȢ Ș ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ įȑȤIJȘțİ IJȘȞ
ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘțĮȚıȤİįȓĮȗİIJȘȞİʌȩȝİȞȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
™ ǻİȪIJİȡȘijȐıȘIJȠȣȂȠȞIJȑȜȠȣIJȠȣȂȚȜȐȞȠȣȀȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȒ
123
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ĮıșİȞȒȢ - ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ D
ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȣʌȠșȑıİȦȞ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȤȐȡIJȘ D ȀȣțȜȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ǻȣĮįȚțȑȢ IJȡȚĮįȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȑȢ İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ ȆȦȢ ijĮȞIJȐȗİıĮȚ IJȠ șȑȝĮ ĮȣIJȩ ȝİIJȐ
Įʌȩ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ D ȅȣįİIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮ Ȓ ʌİȡȚȑȡȖİȚĮ ȅ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ țȡĮIJȐİȚ
ȠȣįİIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮȒȕȐȗİȚʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢD
ıȪıIJȘȝĮȠȡȚȠșİIJȘȝȑȞȠ
™ ȈIJȠ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȘȢ Ǻ¶ ȀȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪ
ȀȠȞıIJȡȠȣȟȚȠȞȚıȝȠȪ
o Ǿ ĮȞĮșİȫȡȘıȘ IJȠȣ ȂȠȞIJȑȜȠȣ IJȠȣ ȂȚȜȐȞȠȣ Ȓ ȂİIJĮ ± ȂȚȜȐȞȠ
ȀȠȞıIJȡȠȣțIJȚȕȚıIJȚțȒȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘıȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ȀȠȞıIJȡȠȣțIJȚȕȚıȝȩȢ
o ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ȝȑȜȘ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ D
ȈȣȞİȟȑȜȚȟȘ İȟİȜȓııȠȞIJĮȚ ȩȜȠȚ ȈȣȖțĮIJĮıțİȣȒ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ ȩȜȠȚ ıIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮ D ǹȣIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ± ĮȣIJȠȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ IJȠȣ ȈȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȩȤȚȤİȚȡĮȖȫȖȘıȘĮʌȩIJȠȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ
o ȈȣȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ īȜȦııȚțȫȞ ȈȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ (Collaborative
Language Systems Approach):
o ȈȪıIJȘȝĮȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ- įȚĮȜȠȖȚțȠȓıȪȞIJȡȠijȠȚ D ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȑȢ
ȝȑȜȘ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ Ǿ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ țȐșİ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒ D
ȈȪıIJȘȝĮȅȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ
ǹijȘȖȘȝĮIJȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ
ǹȡȤȚțȒȚıIJȠȡȓĮ D ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘ D İȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȑȢȚıIJȠȡȓİȢȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠȐIJȠȝȠıIJĮ
ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȠȪ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒȢ țȜʌ ȅȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘ ± İIJIJȚțİIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ IJȚ
ıȣȞȑȕȘ D İʌĮȞĮ-ıȣȖȖȡĮijȒ IJȘȢ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮȢ IJȠȣ șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣ ʌȠȣ ıȣȤȞȐ İȓȞĮȚ
țȠȡİıȝȑȞȘĮʌȩʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
ȆȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ IJȘȢ ǹȞĮıIJȠȤĮıIJȚțȒȢ ȈȣȗȒIJȘıȘȢ 5HIOHFWLQJ 7HDP
$SSURDFKȆȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘIJȠȣǹȞȠȚȤIJȠȪǻȚĮȜȩȖȠȣ2SHQ'LDORJXH$SSURDFK
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ȝȑȜȘ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ ȆĮȜȚȐ
ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ D ȃȑĮȚıIJȠȡȓĮ D ǹȞĮįȚĮʌȡĮȖȝȐIJİȣıȘIJȘȢȚıIJȠȡȓĮȢIJȠȣțȐșİʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒ
ĮȞĮ įȪȠȒțĮȚȩȜİȢȝĮȗȓD İʌĮȞĮ-ıȣȖȖȡĮijȒIJȘȢȚıIJȠȡȓĮȢD ȈȪıIJȘȝĮȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
™ ȂİIJĮțȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȒĬİȫȡȘıȘIJȘȢȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒțĮȚȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ± īȞȦıȚĮțȒĬİȫȡȘıȘ
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞȈȪıIJȘȝĮ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȈȪıIJȘȝĮ D ǼȞȓıȤȣıȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒ
± ǹȞĮįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣȈȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒD ǹȞĮʌȜĮȚıȓȦıȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȀȣțȜȚțȒ
124
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹȚIJȚȩIJȘIJĮ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ D ǹȞIJȓıIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣ ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ D
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȝİȞȠȈȪıIJȘȝĮǻȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩȈȪıIJȘȝĮȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ130.
130
ȰʆɷʌʉʐʏʍʉʋʉʑʄʉʐȰ͕͘ϮϬϬϰ
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ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ131:
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Feinberg, P.H. (1990) Circular Questions: Establishing the Relational Context.
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Penn, P.(1985) Feed-Forward: Future Questions, Future Maps.
Process, 24:299-310.
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Ȃ. ȈȚȜȕȑıIJȡȠȣ. ǹȚț. ȈțȠȡįȓȜȘ. ǼȜİĮȞ. ǿȦĮȞȞȓįȠȣ. ȀȆȜȐȧȞȩȢ
127
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȯɎȽɏɌɇȽɈəɈȽɇȜɋɅɏɘɎɇɐɒɇɈəɊɍɋɒɚɉȽɗɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽɑ:
īİȞȚțȐ
ȉȚİȓȞĮȚȘ ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ǾĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘIJȘȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ ȦȢ ĮȣIJȩȞȠȝȠ ȡİȪȝĮ ıțȑȥȘȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ țĮȚ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȫȞ ĮȡțİIJȐ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȐȜȜĮ țȣȡȓĮȡȤĮ ȡİȪȝĮIJĮ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȘȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢIJȘȞȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘțĮȚIJȠȞıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚıȝȩ
ǿıIJȠȡȓĮ
ǹȞ țĮȚ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȦȢ ĮȣIJȩȞȠȝȠȣ
İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȠȪ țȜȐįȠȣ ȣʌȒȡȟĮȞ țȠȡȣijĮȓȠȚ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȚ IJȠȣ ȩʌȦȢ Ƞ :LOOLDP -DPHV
7D\ORU 0DUWLQ țĮȚ Ƞ 6WDQOH\ +DOO 6FKDIHU ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞ
İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ıIJȘȡȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ ıİ ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ IJȘ ȕȐıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȝȩȞȠ ʌȡȠȢ IJĮ IJȑȜȘ IJȘȢ įİțĮİIJȓĮȢ IJȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȑȞĮ
ıȣȖțȡȠIJȘȝȑȞȠ ȡİȪȝĮ ıțȑȥȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ȌȣȤȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȝİ ȟİțȐșĮȡȠ
ȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠ țĮȚ ʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢ ȞȑȦȞ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȦȞ ıIJĮ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
Ǿ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȖİȞȞȚȑIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐȖțȘ
İȟİȪȡİıȘȢ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȦȞ ıİ ȝȚĮ ıİȚȡȐ ȞȑȦȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ȝİIJĮʌȠȜİȝȚțȒ ʌİȡȓȠįȠ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȞȑȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȗȦȒȢ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌĮȖȠȡİȪİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ IJȘȢ ĮȜȩȖȚıIJȘȢ țĮIJĮȞȐȜȦıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠIJȐȖȝĮIJȠȢ
IJȘȢȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȢĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ©ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒǹʌȠȡȡȪșȝȚıȘª
ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
ȅȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ IJȘȢ ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıȠȣȞ ıIJĮ
ĮȚIJȒȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ʌİȜĮIJȫȞ IJȠȣȢ İʌȚȞȠȠȪȞ ȞȑİȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ
țȐȜȣȥȘIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞIJȦȞʌİȜĮIJȫȞIJȠȣȢȖȚĮĮıijȐȜİȚĮȞȩȘȝĮİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘĮȖȐʌȘ
ĮȝȠȚȕĮȓȠ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ ȐȝİıİȢ țĮȚ İȚȜȚțȡȚȞİȓȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȝȠȓȡĮıȝĮ IJȠȣ
ȥȣȤȚțȠȪʌȩȞȠȣ
ȈIJȠʌİįȓȠIJȘȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȘțȜȚȞȚțȒĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȕĮıȓȗİȚIJȘȞ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒIJȘȢıİțȐʌȠȚİȢțĮȚȞȠIJȩȝİȢĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢțĮȚĮȟȓİȢǾʌȡȫIJȘĮȟȓĮIJȘȢțȜȚȞȚțȒȢ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȘʌȓıIJȘıIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ĮȞĮʌIJȪȟİȚ ʌȜȒȡȦȢ IJȠ įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıijİȡșİȓ ȑȞĮ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ
İȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǾʌȓıIJȘĮȣIJȒįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓĮȡțİIJȐțĮȚIJȠȞʌȡȠIJİȚȞȩȝİȞȠIJȡȩʌȠʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢ
İțȝȑȡȠȣȢIJȦȞİȚįȚțȫȞĮijȠȪȠȚĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȑȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢȕĮıȓȗȠȣȞIJȘıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȣȢ
ʌİȜȐIJİȢIJȠȣȢıİįȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȑȢțĮȚıȣȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȞIJĮȢIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮIJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘ ȝİșȩįȦȞ ʌȠȣ țĮIJİȣșȪȞȠȣȞ Ȓ ĮʌȠʌİȚȡȫȞIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌİȓıȠȣȞ ȝİ ıȣȖțĮȜȣȝȝȑȞȠ
IJȡȩʌȠ&DLQǾıȤȑıȘʌȠȣĮȞĮʌIJȪııİIJĮȚĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠȣȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢțĮȚIJȠȣȢ
ʌİȜȐIJİȢİȓȞĮȚʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȒȢıȘȝĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȩȤȚȠȚșİȦȡȓİȢIJĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȐıȤȒȝĮIJĮȖȪȡȦ
ĮʌȩıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȒIJĮʌȡȠIJİȚȞȩȝİȞĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐİȡȖĮȜİȓĮ
ȈȪȞIJȠȝĮ İʌȓıȘȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıșȠȪȞ ȡȚȗȚțȐ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȠijİȓȜȠȣȞȞĮıȣȝʌİȡȚȜȐȕȠȣȞıIJȘıȣȗȒIJȘıȘȞȑİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢĮįȚȐijȠȡİȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞȝȑȤȡȚIJȩIJİȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȩʌȦȢȠȚĮȟȓİȢțĮȚIJȠȞȩȘȝĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȘįȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘțĮȚȘ
ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ ĮijȠȪ Ș ȝİIJĮȝȠȞIJȑȡȞĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȒ ʌȠȣ
İȣșȪȞİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȝĮȗȚțȒ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞǾ ȞȑĮ țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘ
ȑįȚȞİ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȕȐȡȠȢ ıIJȠ ȤȐȡȚıȝĮ IJȠȣ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ
ĮȖȐʌȘ ıIJȠȣȢ ʌİȜȐIJİȢ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȐ ıİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ IJİȤȞȚțȑȢ ȅȚ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȑȢ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢ ĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȣȞȞĮİȞIJȐııȠȣȞIJȘıȣȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓĮIJȦȞʌİȜĮIJȫȞIJȠȣȢ
ıIJȘȞ Įǯ Ȓ IJȘ ȕǯ ȥȣȤȠʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İȚțȩȞĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȠIJȚȝȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ IJȠȞ ȩȡȠ
©ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘȪʌĮȡȟȘªȒ©ȪʌĮȡȟȘȤȦȡȓȢȞȩȘȝĮª
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
ȉȠțȓȞȘȝĮIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ- ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢĮʌİȜİȣșİȡȦȝȑȞȠ
ĮʌȩIJȠȣȢʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢIJȦȞȞȠȝȠIJİȜİȚȫȞIJȦȞʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȦȞșİȦȡȚȫȞİıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚıIJȚȢ
ȝȠȞĮįȚțȑȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ĮȖȐʌȘ Ș įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮ ȖȚĮ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ Ș
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȩȡĮȝĮȠȚĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢıȤȑıİȚȢȘȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȠȚĮȟȓİȢțĮȚIJȚ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȩIJĮȞȩȜĮĮȣIJȐĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞĮʌȩIJȘȞȗȦȒIJȦȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJĮ
ȚįȡȣIJȚțȐ ȐȡșȡĮ IJȘȢ ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒȢ ǼIJĮȚȡȓĮȢ ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ
țĮIJĮȡȤȒȞ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ ʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚıIJȒȝȘ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ʌĮȡȐ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ
ȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȩ ʌİįȓȠ Ȓ ıȤȠȜȒ ĬȑIJİȚ ȦȢ țİȞIJȡȚțȐ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠ ıİȕĮıȝȩ IJȘȢ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȠȣ țȐșİ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ IJȘȞ ȑȝijĮıȘ ıIJȘ ijĮȚȞȠȝİȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ İıIJȚȐȗİȚ
ıIJȚȢʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıİȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȝİIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢȦȢIJȩIJİIJĮțȣȡȓĮȡȤĮ
ȡİȪȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ İȜȐȤȚıIJĮ İȓȤĮȞ ĮıȤȠȜȘșİȓ ǼȜİȣșİȡȓĮ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ
ȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ
ȉĮĮȟȚȫȝĮIJĮʌȠȣ ȠȡȓȗȠȣȞIJȠȞȞȑȠʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩ
129
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
9
9
9
9
9
ȉĮĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞĮȩȞIJĮȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȣȞIJȠȐșȡȠȚıȝĮIJȦȞȝİȡȫȞIJȠȣȢ
ȅȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȗİȚIJȘȗȦȒĮȞȐȝİıĮıİĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ȅȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚİʌȓȖȞȦıȘ
ȅȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚİʌȚȜȠȖȒ
ȅȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚıțȠʌȩʌȡȩșİıȘ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ & 5RJHUV ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȝİ țĮIJĮʌȚİıȝȑȞĮ IJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞİȢ IJȚȢ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢ İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢ ĮȞȓțĮȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȞȚȫıȠȣȞ
șİIJȚțȐ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢ ĬİȡĮʌİȓĮ $UWKXU 1HZ ,GHQWLW\ 3URFHVV -DQRY
'DQULHO&DVULHOµVȐIJȠȝĮȝİȝȘİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȖȚĮIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȢ
ȂȑșȠįȠȢ*HVWDOW
™ ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ- șȣȝȩȢțĮȚȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ:
™ ȀĮIJȐ IJȠ ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ (C. Rogers ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ȐȖȤȠȢ ± șȣȝȩȢ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȝȘ İțijȡĮıȝȑȞĮ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ,
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ ȠȚ ʌİȜȐIJİȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ©ȝȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȠȓª ȝİ ĮʌȩțȜȚıȘ
©ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪª Įʌȩ ©İĮȣIJȩª ȝȑıȦ ĮʌȫșȘıȘȢ ǹȣIJȠȓ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ
ȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ± șȣȝȩ
™ ȅȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘșĮIJȠȞ
ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ ȞĮ įȚİȣȡȪȞİȚ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȦȞ İʌȚȜȠȖȫȞ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ȐȡĮ ȞĮ
ĮȣȟȒıİȚIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮIJȠȣǾĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮʌȡİıȕİȪİȚȩIJȚ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ țĮȚ ȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȜȜȘȜȠıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ įİȞ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌĮȡĮȚIJȘșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȘȞİȜİȣșİȡȓĮIJȠȣȢʌĮȡȐȝȩȞȠțĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȢ
ȝİȖȐȜȠ țȩıIJȠȢ ȅ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȠȣ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ IJȠȞ ʌİȜȐIJȘ ȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚȜȘijșİȓ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ įȚțȚȐ IJȠȣ ȣʌȩșİıȘ Ș ĮȞȐȜȘȥȘ İȣșȪȞȘȢ IJȘȢ
țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȈIJȩȤȠȢȘĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ.
ȋĮȡĮȜĮȝʌȓįȠȣȈȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢȈȉĮțȓįȘǹ132
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
ȉȠ țȓȞȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ʌȡİıȕİȪİȚ ȩIJȚ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ țȡȓıȘ
ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıİ ȐȝİıȘ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ țȡȓıȘ țĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȜȣșȠȪȞ IJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮȝȚĮįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘʌȠȣșĮİȟİȡİȣȞȐȩȜİȢIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıİȢįȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢǾțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒțȡȓıȘİȣșȪȞİIJĮȚ
ȖȚĮIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞĮʌȠȟİȞȦȝȑȞȦȞĮʌȩIJȚȢĮȜȘșȚȞȑȢIJȠȣȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚĮʌȩ
132
ɇʐʆɳɶɸʏɲɿʍʐʅʋɸʌɲʍʅɲʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏɻʅɸʄɹʏɻʏɻʎɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲʎ͘
130
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐIJȠȣȢıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢțĮȚ ĮʌȩIJȠijȣıȚțȩ
IJȠȣȢʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
ȊʌȩIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮĮȣIJȒȘĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ- ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚ
İȓȞĮȚ țȡȓıȚȝȘ Ș İʌȓȜȣıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȟȑȞȦıȘȢ DOLHQDWLRQ ȖȚĮIJȓ ĮȣIJȒ
İȣșȪȞİIJĮȚıİȝİȖȐȜȠȕĮșȝȩȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȜȝĮIJȦįȫȢĮȣȟĮȞȩȝİȞȘțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒțĮȚĮIJȠȝȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠʌĮșȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȍȢ İț IJȠȪIJȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ ʌȡȐȟȘ țȣȡȓĮȡȤȠ ȗȒIJȘȝĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ Ș ĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ ĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮ
țĮȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȢȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮĮȣIJȒȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıȣȝȕȐȜİȚıIJȘȞįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘ
ȣȖȚȫȞıȤȑıİȦȞȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢțĮȚȝİIJȠijȣıȚțȩȝĮȢʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
Ǿ ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ ĮȣIJȒ IJȠȣȢ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞȐȖțȘȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ȝȚĮ ©ȥİȣįȒ ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘ IJȘȢ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢªȦȢĮȞIJȚıIJȐșȝȚıȝĮIJȠȣȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȠȪIJȠȣȢțİȞȠȪ
ȅȚ ȕĮıȚțȑȢ įȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȣʌȩıIJĮıȘȢ Ǿ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ țĮIJ¶ İʌȑțIJĮıȘ Ș ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȩȡȡȠȚĮ IJȘȢ
ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒȢʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȢIJȦȞĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞȗȘIJȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚȦȢIJȑIJȠȚĮİıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚıIJȚȢ
ȕĮıȚțȑȢįȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȣʌȩıIJĮıȘȢȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚ
‡
ǹȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮ ǾȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢȖȞȫıȘȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȑȞĮĮʌȩIJĮȕĮıȚțȐ
ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ Ǿ
ĮȣIJȠįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ Ƞ ĮȣIJȠʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȩȢ Ƞ İʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȩȢ IJȠȣ
İĮȣIJȠȪțĮȚȘĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚIJĮʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȐİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮ
IJȦȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȫȞ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȫȞ Ǿ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ IJȘȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ
IJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȑȢ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȖȞȫıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ȀĮIJȐ IJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ įȓȞİIJĮȚ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȑȝijĮıȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮȓıșȘıȘ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢțĮȚıIJȠʌȫȢȘĮȓıșȘıȘĮȣIJȒİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJȘ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣȢ (Cain, 2001).
‡
ǼȜİȣșİȡȓĮ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ Ǿ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȝʌȞİȩȝİȞȘ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒ ijȚȜȠıȠijȓĮ ʌȚıIJİȪİȚ ıIJȘȞ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ ȅȚ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȚ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ įİȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠȣȢ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢ İțİȓȞȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗȠȣȞIJȘȞİȜİȣșİȡȓĮIJȦȞİʌȚȜȠȖȫȞIJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣĮȜȜȐʌȚıIJİȪȠȣȞȩIJȚ
țĮșȠȡȚıIJȚțȒȢ ıȘȝĮıȓĮȢ IJİȜȚțȐ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȓįȚĮ Ș ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ İijȩıȠȞ
ĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ IJȦȞ țĮIJİȣșȪȞıİȫȞ IJȘȢ Ȉİ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ Ș
ȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢİȜİȣșİȡȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȐȝİıĮıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞȘȝİIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢİʌȚȜȠȖȒȢ
țĮȚIJȘȢıȣȞİʌĮțȩȜȠȣșȘȢİȣșȪȞȘȢǵʌȠȚİȢțȚĮȞİȓȞĮȚȠȚİʌȚȜȠȖȑȢțȐʌȠȚȠȣIJȠ
ȖİȖȠȞȩȢIJȘȢİʌȚȜȠȖȒȢțĮȚȠȚıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢĮȣIJȒȢįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮʌȠijİȣȤșȠȪȞǾ
țĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȘȢ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮȢ IJȘȢ İʌȚȜȠȖȒȢ İȞįȣȞĮȝȫȞİȚ
IJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ.
‡
ȉȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢ ȅ <DORP įȚĮțȡȓȞİȚ IJȡȓĮ İʌȓʌİįĮ ıİ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌȠțĮȜİȓĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ
131
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
o ȉȘȞ İȞįȠȥȣȤȚțȒ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣ ȅ <DORP
İʌȘȡİĮıȝȑȞȠȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȣʌĮȡȟȚıIJȑȢ ijȚȜȠıȩijȠȣȢ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚ IJȘȞ
İȞįȠȥȣȤȚțȒ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ ȦȢ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ Įʌȩ
țȐʌȠȚİȢ ʌȜİȣȡȑȢ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ ȩʌȦȢ ȠȚ ĮȞĮȝȞȒıİȚȢ Ȓ IJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮIJȠȣ.
‡
ȅȚįȡȣIJȒȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ*HVWDOW)3HUOVșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚȑȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ
ıIJȩȤȠȣȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȠȘșȘșİȓȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȞĮİȞıȦȝĮIJȫıİȚȟĮȞȐ
ĮʌȠțȠȝȝȑȞĮțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣțĮȚȞĮȟĮȞĮȕȡİȓIJȘȞȠȜȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣ.
o ȉȘ įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ
ʌȜȑȠȞİʌȓțĮȚȡĮȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮȝİIJĮȠʌȠȓĮĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚȘȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȘ
ȝȠȞĮȟȚȐ Ǿ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ șİȦȡİȓ ȩIJȚ Ș ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ
ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘʌİȡȞȐȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘıȤȑıȘȝĮȢȝİȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȅȚ
ĮȚIJȓİȢIJȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȘȢįȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝİ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȝİ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
țȐʌȠȚȠȣ īȚĮ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮțȩȡȣijȘ ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ
įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢ ıIJȘ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ȤȡȠȞȚțȒ ıIJȚȖȝȒ
ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȠ ȡȩȜȠ ʌĮȓȗİȚ Ș ĮʌȠįȩȝȘıȘ ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȫȞ șİıȝȫȞ ʌȠȣ
İȣȞȠȠȪıĮȞ IJȘȞ İȖȖȪIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȣȞȪʌĮȡȟȘ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ ȝȚĮȢ
țȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ īȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȡȩȜȠ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ İțʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ ʌĮȓȗİȚ IJȠ ȠȝĮįȚțȩ
ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ(Rogers, 1970, Yalom, 1980).
o ȉȘȞȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȘȠʌȠȓĮıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠ<DORP
ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȕĮșȪIJİȡȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıİȢ ǹijȠȡȐ ıIJȠ ʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȑȢ ȤȐıȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩțĮȚIJȠȞ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠțȩıȝȠıIJȘȞİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȩIJȚ Ƞ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȖİȞȞȚȑIJĮȚ ȝȩȞȠȢ țĮȚ ijİȪȖİȚ ȝȩȞȠȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ. ȉȠ
ȕȓȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒȢ ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ İȞIJȠȞȩIJİȡȠ ıİ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȚȝȑIJȦʌȠȚȝİIJȠșȐȞĮIJȠțĮșȫȢİʌȓıȘȢ
ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȈIJȠ
ȕĮșȝȩ ʌȠȣ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠȢ
țĮșȫȢįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚțĮȞİȓȢȐȜȜȠȢʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓIJĮȩȡȚĮıIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣ
țĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ
o Ǿ ȕĮșȚȐ ȝȠȞĮȤȚțȩIJȘIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩ IJȘȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ
IJȠȣ ȝİȖĮȜȫȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ Ǿ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȠȪ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȝȚĮ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢİȞȩȢȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȠȪȩȞIJȠȢȅȚȑȞȞȠȚİȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞ
ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘĮȞĮijȑȡİȚȠ<DORPİȝʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȣ
132
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
‡
‡
ĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȠȪ ĮȣIJȠȞȠȝȓĮ ĮȣIJȠįȣȞĮȝȓĮ İȟĮIJȠȝȓțİȣıȘ ĮȞİȟĮȡIJȘıȓĮ
ȅȚ ȕĮșȚȑȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ Ș șȡȘıțİȓĮ ȠȚ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ IJİȜİIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢ
ȝȑıĮ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ Ș ĮijȠıȓȦıȘ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȞȩȘȝĮ Ȓ ıțȠʌȩ ȠȚ įİıȝȠȓ
ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȣȞ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ʌȠȚțȓȜİȢ
įȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢ IJȘȢ țȠȚȞȠIJȚțȒȢ ȗȦȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ©ĮȞIJȓįȠIJĮª ıIJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢįȚȐijȠȡİȢȝȠȡijȑȢIJȘȢĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȢ
ȉȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ıȣȖȖİȞȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ )URPP țĮȚ IJȠȞ
0DVORZȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚĮȞȐȖțȘȞĮĮȞȒțİȚțȐʌȠȣțĮȚȞĮĮȞĮʌIJȪııİȚ
ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȝİ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȖȪȡȦ IJȠȣ Ǿ ĮȞȐȖțȘ IJȘȢ
ıȣȞȐijİȚĮȢțĮȚİȞȩIJȘIJĮȢȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠ)URPP
İȓȞĮȚİʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒțĮȚĮʌȩĮȣIJȒİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚȘȣȖİȓĮIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȂİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘȢ
ıȘȝĮıȓĮȢȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘİȚįȚțȒȝȠȡijȒıȣȞȐijİȚĮȢIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȝİIJȠȞțȩıȝȠ
ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȚțȒȢ ȝĮȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȂȚĮıȣȞȐijİȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ İʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮįȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȝİIJȠĮIJȠȝȚțȩȝĮȢǼȖȫȞĮȑȤȠȣȝİʌȓıIJȘıİĮȣIJȩțĮȚıIJȘȗȦȒīȚĮ
IJȘȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ Ș ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȅȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȞĮĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȓ ȖȚĮ
IJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚȞȚȫșȠȣȞİʌȓıȘȢıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒIJȘȞȪʌĮȡȟȘIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ
ȖȚĮIJȘįȚțȚȐIJȠȣȢȪʌĮȡȟȘǹȣIJȩĮțȡȚȕȫȢĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȠȕȓȦȝĮIJȘȢȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒȢ
ıȣȖȖİȞȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢȆȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘȩȝȦȢȖȚĮȝȚĮȣȖȚȒıȤȑıȘȝȚĮıȤȑıȘıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮ
Ƞ ȑȞĮȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ İțʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚ IJȚȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ IJȠȣ ȐȜȜȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
ȪʌĮȡȟȘIJȘȢĮȣIJȠįȣȞĮȝȓĮȢ
ǵIJĮȞįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚĮȣIJȠįȣȞĮȝȓĮIJȩIJİ ȘıȤȑıȘȝĮȢȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚ ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐ ıIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȝĮȢȞĮ țĮȜȪȥȠȣȝİIJĮİȜȜİȓȝȝĮIJȐȝĮȢ
ȉȩIJİ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ȝȚȜȐȝİ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘ ıȤȑıȘ ĮȜȜȐ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ
ʌĮȡĮıȚIJȚțȒ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıțȠȜȜȘȝȑȞȘ ıIJȠȞ ȐȜȜȠ ıȤȑıȘ īȚĮ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȑıȠȣȝİ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞĮ ıIJĮșȠȪȝİ įȓʌȜĮ ıİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȩȤȚ ʌĮȡĮıȚIJȫȞIJĮȢ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞĮ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȝİ IJȘ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ ıIJĮșȠȪȝİ ȝȩȞȠȚ ȝĮȢ Ȃİ
ȜȓȖĮ ȜȩȖȚĮ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ıȦıIJȒ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
İȓȝĮȚȝȚĮıȦıIJȒıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢ
ȉȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȟȑȞȦıȘȢ ȅȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȞȘıȣȤȠȪȞ țĮȚ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌȑıİȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȖȓįĮ ȞĮ
İțʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȐȜȜȦȞțĮȚȞĮȗȠȣȞȝȚĮȗȦȒʌȠȣȑȤİȚıȤİįȚĮıIJİȓĮʌȩ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢȑȤȠȣȞįȘȜĮįȒĮʌȠȟİȞȦșİȓĮʌȩIJȚȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
IJȠȣȢȉȠȩIJȚȠȚȓįȚȠȚįİȞİȓȞĮȚʌĮȡȐĮʌȜȑȢĮȞIJĮȞĮțȜȐıİȚȢIJȦȞʌȡȠıįȠțȚȫȞIJȦȞ
ȐȜȜȦȞȝİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢʌȡȠțĮȜİȓıIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȝİȖȐȜȠijȩȕȠȈ¶ĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢ
ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȠȚ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢ ȗȘIJȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ʌİȜȐIJİȢ IJȠȣȢ ȞĮ
İȞIJĮIJȚțȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞIJȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮȩIJȚĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞĮʌȜȐİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȖȠȞȑȦȞ
țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞİȧțȫȞ ȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȦȞ ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıȠȣȞ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȞIJĮȢ
ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤȐıİȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȢțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢȒȩIJȚȞȚȫșȠȣȞȟȑȞȠȚĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıIJȠȞȓįȚȠ
IJȠȣȢIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩİʌİȚįȒįȚĮțĮIJȑȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȖȦȞȓĮȞĮĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȚșȠȪȞıIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȦȞ IJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ Ȓ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ İʌȚIJĮȖȫȞ Ǿ ȝȘ
țȐȜȣȥȘ ȕĮıȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ țĮȚ Ș ȝȘ İȣȩįȦıȘ ȩȜȠȣ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ
133
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
133
įȣȞĮȝȚțȠȪ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘȢ ıİ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȑȢ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ
İʌȚIJĮȖȑȢȑȤİȚȝİȖȐȜȠțȩıIJȠȢıİİȞȑȡȖİȚĮțĮȚʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȩȐȖȤȠȢ133.
ǼʌȓıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞȩIJȚȑȤȠȣȞȤȐıİȚIJȘȞĮȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȒȢ
țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢ Ȓ ȩIJȚ ȞȚȫșȠȣȞ ȟȑȞȠȚ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıIJȠȞ ȓįȚȠ IJȠȣȢ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ,
İʌİȚįȒ įȚĮțĮIJȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȖȦȞȓĮ ȞĮ ĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȚșȠȪȞ ıIJȚȢ ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ
ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȦȞ IJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞ Ȓ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ İʌȚIJĮȖȫȞ Ǿ ȝȘ țȐȜȣȥȘ
ȕĮıȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ țĮȚ Ș ȝȘ İȣȩįȦıȘ ȩȜȠȣ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ įȣȞĮȝȚțȠȪ
İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘȢ ıİ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȑȢ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ İʌȚIJĮȖȑȢ ȑȤİȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȠ țȩıIJȠȢ ıİ İȞȑȡȖİȚĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȩ ȐȖȤȠȢ Ǽįȫ ȠȚ ʌİȜȐIJİȢ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚȜȘijșȠȪȞ ȩIJȚ Ș İʌȚȕİȕĮȓȦıȒ IJȠȣȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ȝȑıĮ
Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȟȐȡIJȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ Įʌȩ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İȞșĮȡȡȣȞșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ
ȞĮ ȗȠȣȞ ȝ¶ ȑȞĮȞ ʌȚȠ ĮȣșİȞIJȚțȩ IJȡȩʌȠ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ IJȦȞ
İʌȚȜȠȖȫȞIJȠȣȢĮțȩȝĮțĮȚĮȞIJȠțȩıIJȠȢIJȑIJȠȚȦȞİʌȚȜȠȖȫȞİȓȞĮȚȝİȖȐȜȠ Ú
ĮțȩȝĮ țȚ ȩIJĮȞ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȩȜȣIJĮ ıȓȖȠȣȡȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȠȡșȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ İʌȚȜȠȖȫȞ
IJȠȣȢȉȠĮȓıșȘȝĮIJȘȢĮʌȠȟȑȞȦıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮȡșİȓ ȝȩȞȠĮȞĮʌȠįİȤșȠȪȝİ
ȩIJȚİȓȝĮıIJİȠȚȓįȚȠȚĮʌȩȜȣIJĮȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȠȞȩȘȝĮʌȠȣșĮįȫıȠȣȝİıIJȘ
ȗȦȒ ȝĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ĮȞ șĮ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȠȣȝİ IJȚȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ȝĮȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ țĮȚ
İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȖȚĮIJȠʌȠȚİȢĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢșĮįȫıȠȣȝİıIJĮįȚȜȒȝȝĮIJȐȝĮȢȖȚĮIJȠĮȞ
șĮ ıȣȞİȤȓıȠȣȝİ IJȠ ıȣȝȕȚȕĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȠ ȥİȣįȩȢ ȒIJȠȞ ĮȖȫȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ
ȖȚĮIJȠIJȚșĮȖȓȞȠȣȝİțĮȚIJȠIJȚįİȞșĮȖȓȞȠȣȝİǾİʌȚȜȠȖȒIJȠȣĮȖȫȞĮĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȝȕȐșȣȞıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ ȖȚĮIJȓ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȠțȠȝȝȑȞȠȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ įȚțȚȐ IJȠȣȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ įȪıțȠȜȠ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ İȚȜȚțȡȚȞİȓȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȝİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ.
‡
ȆȡȠȢ ĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘ ȞȠȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȅ )UDQNO ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚ ȩIJȚ Ș ȕĮıȚțȒ
țȚȞȘIJȒȡȚȠȢįȪȞĮȝȘȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘİȓȞĮȚȘĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘȞȠȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ <DORP ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ ijIJȚĮȖȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮȗȘIJȠȪȞȞȩȘȝĮıİȑȞĮțȩıȝȠțİȞȩĮʌȩİȖȖİȞȑȢȞȩȘȝĮDzȞĮĮʌȩIJĮțȪȡȚĮ
ȑȡȖĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮİʌȚȞȠȒıȠȣȝİȑȞĮıțȠʌȩĮȡțİIJȐıIJȑȡİȠȖȚĮȞĮ
ıIJȘȡȓȟȠȣȝİ ȝȚĮ ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘ ȗȦȒ Ǿ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒȢ
ȞȠȘȝĮIJȠįȩIJȘıȘȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȕĮıȚțȩIJİȡĮ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİȚȠıȪȖȤȡȠȞȠȢȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ.
‡
ȅȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ țȜȚȞȚțȑȢțĮȚșİȦȡȘIJȚțȑȢĮȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȚȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞȞĮ
įȫıȠȣȞ ıIJȑȡİİȢ țĮȚ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȑȢ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ ıIJȠ ȗȒIJȘȝĮ IJȠȣ ȞȠȒȝĮIJȠȢ
IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ țĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ ȘįȠȞȚıȝȩ IJȠȞ ĮȜIJȡȠȣȚıȝȩ IJȘȞ ĮijȠıȓȦıȘ ıİ
țȐʌȠȚȠ ĮȖȫȞĮ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ <DORP ©İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠijĮȞȑȢ ȩIJȚ
ȕĮșȪIJİȡȘ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ȕĮȡȪIJȘIJĮ IJȑIJȠȚİȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ ĮʌȠțIJȠȪȞ
ĮȞȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȣȞIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢĮȞĮijȠȡȠȪȞįȘȜĮįȒțȐIJȚȒțȐʌȠȚȠȞȑȟȦĮʌȩ
İȝȐȢ - IJȘȞ ĮȖȐʌȘ ıİ ȑȞĮ ĮȖȫȞĮ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ IJȘȞ ĮȖȐʌȘ
ȷɲʔɸɿʌʀɷɻʎ͕ϮϬϭϮ
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȝĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ IJȘ ȜĮIJȡİȓĮ ȝȚĮȢ șİȩIJȘIJĮȢª Ǿ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ
Įʌȩ IJȘ ijȪıȘ IJȘȢ ȑȤİȚ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȣȥȘȜȫȞ ıIJȩȤȦȞ įȘȜĮįȒ İȞȩȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
ȞȠȒȝĮIJȠȢıIJȘȗȦȒǾĮȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣıIJȩȤȠȣIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ įİȞ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȝȠȡijȦIJȚțȩ IJȠȣ İʌȓʌİįȠÚ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠĮʌȩIJȠİȓįȠȢIJȠȣıIJȩȤȠȣțĮȚİȓȞĮȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȞĮȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞİȚIJȠ
ıIJİȞȩțĮȚʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠIJȘȢįȚțȒȢIJȠȣȪʌĮȡȟȘȢīȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮȘ
ĮijȠıȓȦıȘ ıIJȠ țĮșȒțȠȞ IJȘȢ ıȦıIJȒȢ ĮȞĮIJȡȠijȒȢ İȞȩȢ ʌĮȚįȚȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ İȟȓıȠȣ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ ȝİ IJȘȞ ıIJȡȐIJİȣıȘ ıİ ȑȞĮȞ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȩ ıIJȩȤȠ Ǿ
ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȘȢ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ įİȞ İțʌȜȘȡȫȞİIJĮȚ ıİ
țĮȝȓĮ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌȓIJİȣȟȘ ȣȜȚıIJȚțȫȞ ıIJȩȤȦȞ DZȜȜȦıIJİ
ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘ Ș ȜȠȖȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ IJȠȣ )UDQNO ıȤİįȚȐıIJȘțİ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȕȠȘșȐ IJȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȞĮȕȡȓıțȠȣȞȞȩȘȝĮțĮȚȐȟȚİȢıIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣȢ
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Ǿ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ³țȑȞIJȡȠ´ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ )URPP ȝȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ȕĮıȚțȑȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ
ʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȠȪțĮȚĮijȠıȓȦıȘȢȅȐȟȠȞĮȢıIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠȑȞĮȢȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢșĮ
ȕĮıȓıİȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ įİıȝİȣȝȑȞȠȢ țĮȚ ĮijȠıȚȦȝȑȞȠȢ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȕĮıȚțȒ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ ȝİȓȦıȘȢ IJȠȣ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȠȪ ȐȖȤȠȣȢ țĮȚ
įȚİȣțȠȜȪȞİȚ IJȘ ȞȠȘȝĮIJȠįȩIJȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ ȅȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȘȞ
ĮȞȐȖțȘ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȝȠȞĮįȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢ IJȠȣȢ
IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȉȠ ȞĮ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȝİ ȩȝȦȢ IJȘȞ IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ ȝĮȢ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓ ȝȚĮ
ʌȠȡİȓĮ ĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ıȣȞİȤȒ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
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ȅȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮʌȩȜȣIJȘ ĮȞȐȖțȘ Įʌȩ IJȘ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȩʌȦȢțĮȚĮʌȩIJȘıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘijȪıȘǵIJĮȞįİȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮȣIJȑȢ
ȠȚıȤȑıİȚȢȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȕȚȫȞİȚĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘȝȠȞĮȟȚȐĮʌȠʌȡȠıȦʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
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ȅȚ ĮȟȓİȢ IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ ȆȠȜȜȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJĮ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ʌİȜȐIJȘ
țȡȪȕİIJĮȚ IJȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢ ȟİțȐșĮȡȦȞ ĮȟȚȫȞ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȖȚĮȞĮțĮIJĮıIJİȓįȣȞĮIJȒȘİȣȩįȦıȘIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ
įȣȞĮȝȚțȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠ ȑȞĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĮȡȤȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ
įȚİȣțȠȜȪȞȠȣȞĮȣIJȒIJȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȑȢ IJȑIJȠȚİȢ
ĮȟȓİȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘ IJȠ ȖȞȒıȚȠ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ Ș İȞIJȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ
ȖȞȘıȚȩIJȘIJĮ ıIJȚȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ Ș İȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮ ȈIJȘ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘ İʌȠȤȒ
ȜȩȖȦ IJȦȞ ȡĮȖįĮȓȦȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ ĮȜȜĮȖȫȞ ȠȚ ʌĮȞȐȡȤĮȚİȢ
ĮȣIJȑȢ ĮȟȓİȢ İʌȓ IJȘȢ ȠȣıȓĮȢ ĮʌȠįȠȝȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜȘ ĮʌȠıȐșȡȦıȘ
ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȫȞ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȚțIJȚțȫȞ șİıȝȫȞ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ȖİȚIJȠȞȚȐ IJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ Ș
İȣȡȪIJİȡȘ țȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮ. ȅ ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȠȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ©ȡȓȤȞİIJĮȚª ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘıİȑȞĮțȩıȝȠȤȦȡȓȢȞȩȘȝĮȝİȣʌȠȕȚȕĮıȝȑȞİȢIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıİȢ ĮȟȓİȢ țĮȚ țĮȜİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȟİȚ ıİ ȝȚĮ ȗȦȒ ȩʌȠȣ
ȣʌȑȡIJĮIJȘ ĮȟȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȐIJȠȝȠ ȟİțȠȝȝȑȞȠ Įʌȩ IJȠ ijȣıȚțȩ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ
IJȠȣʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
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ȅ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȠȣ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȠȪ ȐȖȤȠȣȢ ȉȠ ȞĮ ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȒ ıȠȣ ȝİ ȑȞĮȞ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȗȘIJȐȢ IJȘ įȚİȪȡȣȞıȒ IJȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ țȐIJȚ ʌȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ȤȦȡȓȢ țȩıIJȠȢ ȉĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȝİ
©ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘ ȪʌĮȡȟȘª ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȚijĮȞİȚĮțȐ İijȘıȣȤĮıȝȑȞĮ țĮȚ
©IJĮțIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮªĮijȠȪʌĮȡĮȚIJȒșȘțĮȞĮʌȩIJȠȣȢ©İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȣȢªįȡȩȝȠȣȢ
IJȘȢ ĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘȢ ʌȐıȤȠȣȞ ȩȝȦȢ ĮțȡȚȕȫȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠȞ ȜȩȖȠ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ
ıȪȞįȡȠȝȠİȞȠȤȒȢʌȠȣȠȞȠȝȐıIJȘțİ©ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒİȞȠȤȒªǼȓȞĮȚIJȠIJȓȝȘȝĮʌȠȣ
ʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞȖȚĮIJȘȝȘĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘIJȘȢĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȒȢIJȠȣȢ
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ȉȠ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȩ ȐȖȤȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ IJȘȢ İȞȠȤȒȢ ʌȠȣ ȕȚȫȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJĮȞ
ĮʌȠIJȣȖȤȐȞȠȣȝİ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȫıȠȣȝİ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢ ȝĮȢ ȆȠȜȜȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ
ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijȪȖȠȣȝİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȥȐȤȞȠȞIJĮȢ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȪȝİ ȝȚĮ
ȝȩȞȚȝȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȘȗȦȒǹȣIJȩĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮȥİȣįĮȓıșȘıȘȖȚĮIJȓȩIJĮȞȗİȚȢ
©ĮȞȠȚȤIJȐªȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢȩIJȚįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚıIJȘȞȠȣıȓĮțĮȝȓĮȝȩȞȚȝȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮțĮȚ
șĮʌȡȑʌİȚıİȑȞĮȕĮșȝȩȞĮʌȜȘȡȫıİȚȢIJȠțȩıIJȠȢĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ǵıȠȚ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȣȞ IJĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ ĮȞȠȓȖȝĮIJĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȕȡĮȤȣʌȡȩșİıȝĮ
ȞĮ įȚĮıijĮȜȓȗȠȣȞ ȑȞĮ ʌȡȩıțĮȚȡȠ ĮȓıșȘȝĮ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ ĮȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ
İȓȞĮȚ ȕȑȕĮȚȠ ȩIJȚ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ șĮ ȕȚȫıȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣıȘ țĮȚ IJȘ
ȝĮIJĮȓȦıȘ ȖȚĮIJȓ ʌĮȡȑȝİȚȞĮȞ ıIJĮ ʌĮȜȚȐ ȅȚ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȑȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢ
șİȦȡȠȪȞȩIJȚIJȠȐȖȤȠȢıİȝȚțȡȑȢįȩıİȚȢİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘȖȚĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒįȠȣȜİȚȐIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣʌȡȠȢIJȘȞțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘ
IJȘȢ ĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ DzȤȠȣȞ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫıİȚ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ʌİȜȐIJİȢ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȕȚȫȞȠȣȞ
țĮșȩȜȠȣ ȐȖȤȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȚ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘ
IJȘȢĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ
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ȈȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ ĬĮȞȐIJȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȂȘ ±ǶʌĮȡȟȘȢ Ǿ ȕĮıȚțȒ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒ
ĮȖȦȞȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ijȩȕȠȢ IJȠȣ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ Ǿ ıȣȞİȓįȘıȘ IJȠȣ ʌİʌİȡĮıȝȑȞȠȣ IJȘȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ĮȖȦȞȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȕȚȫȞİȚ Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
ʌĮȚįȚțȒ IJȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮ țĮȚĮȞĮʌIJȪııİȚįȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢȐȝȣȞĮȢĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ
ıİĮȣIJȒǹȣIJȑȢȠȚȐȝȣȞİȢİȓȞĮȚȕĮıȚıȝȑȞİȢıIJȘȞȐȡȞȘıȘȅșȐȞĮIJȠȢțĮșȫȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡȚĮțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȖȚĮ įȡĮȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ țȐʌȠȚȠȣ ȫıIJİ Ƞ ȓįȚȠȢ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ʌȡȠȠʌIJȚțȒ Ȃİ ȑȞĮ
ȝĮțȐȕȡȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȜȑİȚȠ<DORPȠșȐȞĮIJȠȢșİȡĮʌİȪİȚIJȘȞİȪȡȦıȘțĮȚ
Ƞ șȐȞĮIJȠȢ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ȝȚĮ ĮȜȐșȘIJȘ ʌȚțȡȒ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȖȜȣțȚȐ ȑȞIJĮıȘ ıIJȘ
ȗȦȒȆĮȡȩȜȠʌȠȣȘıȦȝĮIJȚțȒįȚȐıIJĮıȘIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣȝĮȢțĮIJĮıIJȡȑijİȚȘȚįȑĮ
IJȠȣ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȫıİȚ ȈIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȘʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȖȚĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȞĮȟȣʌȞȒıİȚIJȠțȓȞȘIJȡȠȖȚĮĮȜȜĮȖȒıIJȚȢ
ȗȦȑȢIJȦȞʌİȜĮIJȫȞIJȠȣȤȦȡȓȢIJȘȞĮȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȞʌȡȠȠʌIJȚțȒIJȠȣįȚțȠȪIJȠȣȢ
șĮȞȐIJȠȣ
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ȅȡȚĮțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮȡțİIJȑȢțĮȚʌȚȠȒʌȚİȢıȣȞIJĮȟȚȠįȩIJȘıȘșȐȞĮIJȠȢ
ȖȞȦıIJȫȞĮʌȠȤȫȡȘıȘʌĮȚįȚȫȞĮʌȩIJȠıʌȓIJȚĮʌȠȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢĮʌȩıȤȑıİȚȢĮțȩȝȘ
țĮȚIJĮȖİȞȑșȜȚĮțȐʌȠȚȠȣȖȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ
136
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
™ ǼȓįȘǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
‡
ǼȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțĮȞįȚȐijȠȡĮİȓįȘĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȚȢĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢIJȦȞʌİȜĮIJȫȞ
‡
ȊʌĮȡȟȚıIJȚțȒIJȠȣRollo May
‡
ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒIJȠȣAbraham Maslow
‡
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒIJȠȣC. Rogers
‡
ȂȑșȠįȠȢGestalt
‡
$UWKXU-DQRYȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮ- ȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢ.ȡĮȣȖȒ
‡
New Identity Process
‡
Encounters
‡
ȌȣȤȩįȡĮȝĮ- ǻȡĮȝȝĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
‡
Art Therapy
‡
ȆĮȚȖȞȚȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ134
ȈȋĮȡĮȜĮȝʌȓįȠȣȈȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢǹȖȖȉĮțȓįȘ
Ȯɍɚɏɀɍɒɍɓ‘ŽŽ‘ƒ›ȋȯɎȽɏɌɇȽɈɛȲɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽȌǣ
īİȞȚțȐ O Rollo May (1909- șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȦȢ Ƞ ȚįȡȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢțĮȚȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢıIJȚȢǾȆǹȉȠȠ5ROOR0D\ȝĮȗȓȝİIJȠȣȢ(UQHVW
$QJHOțĮȚǾHQUL(OOHQEHUJHUİȚıȒȖĮȖĮȞIJȘȞȣʌĮȡȟȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮıIJȚȢǾȆǹ
©ȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ İȓȝĮıIJİ ȕȑȕĮȚȠȚ ȩIJȚ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ IJȠȞ ĮıșİȞȒ ȩʌȦȢ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȞIJȐȢ IJȠȞ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒ IJȠȣ įȚȐıIJĮıȘ Ȓ ȝȒʌȦȢ
ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİțȣȡȓȦȢIJȘȞʌȡȠȑțIJĮıȘIJȦȞįȚțȫȞȝĮȢșİȦȡȚȫȞȖȚĮĮȣIJȩȞª
ȉȩȞȚıİ ȩIJȚ Ș ȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ıIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȚĮIJȡȚțȒ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ
©ĮȞĮįȪșȘțİĮțȡȚȕȫȢĮʌȩȑȞĮʌȐșȠȢȞĮİȓȞĮȚ«ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠİȝʌİȚȡȚțȒªțĮȚȩIJȚ©ȠȚ
ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȑȢ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ įİȞ IJȚȝȠȪıĮȞ ȩʌȦȢ ȑʌȡİʌİ IJĮ
134
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
137
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
įİįȠȝȑȞĮ ĮȜȜȐ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȑIJİȚȞĮȞ ȞĮ țȡȪȕȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ʌĮȡȐ ȞĮ
ĮʌȠțĮȜȪʌIJȠȣȞIJȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚıIJȠȞĮıșİȞȒª
ȅȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟİ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȑȝijȣIJȘ IJȘȞ IJȐıȘ ȞĮ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌIJȠȣȞ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒIJȠȣȢIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚIJȘȝȠȞĮįȚțȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȢȞĮĮȖȦȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚįȘȜĮįȒȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘȠȜȩțȜȘȡȠȣIJȠȣįȣȞĮȝȚțȠȪIJȠȣȢȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠȂD\ȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝȑıĮȝĮȢ
ȑȞĮȢıȣȞİȤȒȢĮȖȫȞĮȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠ©ȕȩȜİȝĮªțĮȚIJȠȞİijȘıȣȤĮıȝȩĮʌȩIJȘȝȚĮȝİȡȚȐ
țȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ıIJȠ ȝİȖȐȜȦȝĮ IJȘȞ ȦȡȓȝĮȞıȘ IJȘȞ ĮȞİȟĮȡIJȘıȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ȠȜȠțȜȒȡȦıȘ Ǿ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȕȚȫȞİȚ IJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ
ıĮȞȝȚĮȠįȣȞȘȡȒʌȠȡİȓĮțĮșȫȢȘʌȐȜȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ʌȠȣʌĮȡȑȤİȚ
Ș İȟȐȡIJȘıȘ ıIJĮıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ IJȘ ȤĮȡȐ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ʌȩȞȠ IJȠȣ ȝİȖĮȜȫȝĮIJȠȢ
ĮȞȑȜȚȟȘ ȉİȜȚțȐ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ țĮIJȐ IJȠȞ ȂD\ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ șĮ
ȖȓȞȠȣȞĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȠȞĮȞȑȤȠȣȞİʌȚȜȑȟİȚIJȠįȡȩȝȠIJȠȣ©ȕȠȜȑȝĮIJȠȢªȒIJȠįȡȩȝȠIJȠȣ
ĮȖȫȞĮ135.
ȈȋĮȡĮȜĮȝʌȓįȠȣȈȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢǹȖȖȉĮțȓįȘ
Ȯɍɚɏɀɍɒɍɓ„”ƒŠƒƒ•Ž‘™ȋȜɋɅɏɘɎɇɐɒɇɈɛȲɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽȌǣ
īİȞȚțȐ DzȞĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ İțʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȢ
IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ - ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ Ƞ
Abraham Maslow (1954):
ǼʌȚțȑȞIJȡȦıİ IJȚȢ ȑȡİȣȞȑȢ IJȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ
©ĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘªǹıȤȠȜȒșȘțİİʌȓıȘȢȝİĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȠ
ȓįȚȠȢ ȠȞȩȝĮıİ ©ȥȣȤȠʌĮșȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȘȢ țĮȞȠȞȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢª ȅ
0DVORZ ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟİ ȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ʌȠȣ ĮȣIJȠĮʌȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ
©țĮȞȠȞȚțȠȓª ȓıȦȢ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȝʌȠȡȑıȠȣȞ ʌȠIJȑ ȞĮ İȟİȜȚȤșȠȪȞ įȘȜĮįȒ ȞĮ
ĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȦșȠȪȞȓıȦȢȞĮȝȘȝʌȠȡȑıȠȣȞʌȠIJȑȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȞĮȣIJȩʌȠȣșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ
ȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȞĮȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȠȪıĮȞIJȚȢįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢIJȠȣȢ
ȅ 0DVORZ țĮIJȑIJĮȟİ IJȘȞ ©țĮȞȠȞȚțȩIJȘIJĮª ıIJȚȢ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
ǹȞIJȑıIJȡİȥİ įȘȜĮįȒ IJȘȞ İʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪıĮ ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ ©ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓª Ȓ ©ĮʌȠțȜȓȞȠȞIJİȢª ȩıȠȚ IJȠȜȝȠȪȞ ȞĮ
įȚĮțȚȞįȣȞİȪȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮįȠțȚȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıİțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚİȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢȞĮİȞįȠıțȠʌȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȒȞĮıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞıȣȞİȤȫȢıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȕİȜIJȓȦıȒIJȠȣȢ
ǹȞIJȚʌĮȡĮIJȚșȑȝİȞȠȢ ıIJȚȢ ijȡȠȨįȚțȑȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ©ĮȡȡȦıIJȘȝȑȞȘª ʌȜİȣȡȐ
IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ įȚĮIJȪʌȦıİ IJȘȞ ȐʌȠȥȘ ȩIJȚ ĮȞ İıIJȚȐȗȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞȐ ȝĮȢ
135
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
138
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıIJȚȢĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢʌȜİȣȡȑȢIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢșĮȑȤȠȣȝİȝȚĮȐȡȡȦıIJȘȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ 0DVORZ Ș ıȣȞİȤȒȢ İȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȒ ȝĮȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȞ
İȤșȡȩIJȘIJĮ IJȚȢ ȞİȣȡȫıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞȦȡȚȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȝĮȢ įȓȞİȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȜȓȖİȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢ ȞĮ
ĮıȤȠȜȘșȠȪȝİ ȝİ IJȚȢ șİIJȚțȑȢ ʌȜİȣȡȑȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȖȐʌȘ Ș
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ Ș ȤĮȡȐ țĮȚ IJĮ țȠȡȣijĮȓĮ İıȦIJİȡȚțȐ ȕȚȫȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ IJȘȢ
ĮȣIJȩ-įȚțĮȓȦıȘȢ136.
DzȞĮȢ ĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȕĮıȚțȠȪȢİțʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȢIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȠ$EUDKDP0DVORZ
™ ȀĮIJȐIJȠȞ0DVORZȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȝȚĮʌȠȡİȓĮĮȣIJȩʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘȢİȝijĮȞȓȗİȚIJĮĮțȩȜȠȣșĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ
¾ ĮǹȞIJȑȤİȚ- țĮȚʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢĮțȩȝĮțĮȜȦıȠȡȓȗİȚ - IJȘȞ
ĮȕİȕĮȚȩIJȘIJĮıIJȘȗȦȒ.
¾ ȕǹʌȠįȑȤİIJĮȚIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ.
¾ ȖǻȚĮșȑIJİȚĮȣșȠȡȝȘIJȚıȝȩ țĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ.
¾ įǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȕĮșȚȑȢțĮȚȑȞIJȠȞİȢįȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ.
¾ İDzȤİȚȖȞȒıȚȠİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞțĮȚijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȢ
ıȣȞĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢIJȠȣ
¾ ıIJDzȤİȚĮȓıșȘıȘIJȠȣȤȚȠȪȝȠȡ.
¾ ȗDzȤİȚIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮĮȞĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗİȚIJȘȞ
İȞįȠțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȒIJȠȣȝİȕȐıȘIJĮȕȚȫȝĮIJȐIJȠȣ,
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢȝİșİIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠĮțȩȝĮțĮȚIJĮĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐIJȠȣ
ȕȚȫȝĮIJĮ- ȑȤİȚįȘȜĮįȒȝȚĮįȚĮȡțȫȢĮȞȠȚțIJȒțĮȚțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚĮ
ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıIJȘȗȦȒ.
™ ȅ0DVORZʌȡȠıįȚȩȡȚıİįȪȠȠȝȐįİȢĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞ
¾ ĮǺĮıȚțȑȢǹȞȐȖțİȢǵIJĮȞȠȚȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢİȞȩȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ
įİȞțĮȜȪʌIJȠȞIJĮȚȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢİʌȚȗȘIJİȓȝİțȐșİIJȡȩʌȠȞĮ
țĮȜȪȥİȚĮȣIJȩIJȠȑȜȜİȚȝȝĮțĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩȞĮțȡȚȕȫȢIJȠȜȩȖȠȠȚ
ȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȠȞȠȝȐıIJȘțĮȞİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚ©ĮȞȐȖțİȢ
ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢªȅȚȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȚİȡĮȡȤȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȢȝİ
ȕȐıȘIJȚȢʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJİȢIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢʌȤȘ
ĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮȞİȡȩʌȡȠȘȖİȓIJĮȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞǹȣIJȑȢIJȚȢ
įȚĮȤȫȡȚıİıİ
‡
136
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
1) ĭȣıȚțȑȢ ȩʌȦȢȘȜȒȥȘIJȡȠijȒȢȞİȡȠȪȠȪʌȞȠȢ
139
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
‡
2) ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȩʌȦȢȘıIJȠȡȖȒȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮȘ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȘĮȖȐʌȘ
‡
ȕȂİIJĮ-ǹȞȐȖțİȢȈIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮĮȣIJȒĮȞȒțȠȣȞ
ĮȞȐȖțİȢȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘȢįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞİȢǾțȐȜȣȥȘIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞĮȣIJȫȞİȓȞĮȚ
ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘȖȚĮȝȚĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ
ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ țĮȚȑIJıȚȠ0DVORZIJȚȢȠȞȩȝĮıİİʌȓıȘȢ
ĮȞȐȖțİȢȝİȖĮȜȫȝĮIJȠȢǼįȫıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȠȚ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȖȚĮįȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘțĮȜȠıȪȞȘ
ȠȝȠȡijȚȐIJȐȟȘțĮȚİȞȩIJȘIJĮǼȓȞĮȚıȤİįȩȞĮȣIJȠȞȩȘIJȠ
ȩIJȚʌȐȞIJȠIJİȠȚȕĮıȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȒ©ĮȞȐȖțİȢȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢª
ȑȤȠȣȞĮʌȩȜȣIJȘʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJĮıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȚȢȝİIJĮĮȞȐȖțİȢǵIJĮȞȠȚȝİIJĮ-ĮȞȐȖțİȢįİȞțĮȜȪʌIJȠȞIJĮȚİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȚșĮȞȩȞĮİȝijĮȞȚıIJȠȪȞıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮțȣȞȚıȝȠȪ
ĮʌȐșİȚĮȢțĮȚȐȖȤȠȣȢ137.
(http://www.psy.auth.gr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=283&I
temid=132)
ǹȖȖȉĮțȓįȘ
ȮɍɚɏɀɍɒɍɓǤ‘‰‡”•ȋȫɏɍɐɘɎɍɈɂɋɒɏɇɈɛȲɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜȽȌǣ
137
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
140
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
™ īİȞȚțȐȈIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȠ&DUO5RJHUVʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚ
țĮȚȑȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢțȣȡȚȩIJİȡȠȣȢİțʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȢIJȘȢʌȡȩIJİȚȞİIJȘ©İʌȚțİȞIJȡȦȝȑȞȘ
ıIJȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮªȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȠȢıIJȚȢȣʌĮȡȟȚĮțȑȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ:
¾ ȈIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮĮȣIJȐȠ5RJHUVİʌȑȝİȚȞİıIJȘȝȘțĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒıİĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİIJȚȢʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȑȢ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢıȤȠȜȑȢIJȘȢĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
¾ DzIJıȚĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘıİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢĮʌȩIJȚȢțȠȚȞȐĮʌȠįİțIJȑȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȩʌȦȢıȣȝȕȠȣȜȒ ʌȡȩIJĮıȘʌİȚșȫțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘ
įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮįȚȐȖȞȦıȘİȡȝȘȞİȓĮǼʌȓıȘȢĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘıİIJȠ
ȕĮıȚțȩșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩįȩȖȝĮȩIJȚ©ȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ
țĮȜȪIJİȡĮª
™ ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
¾ ȅ5RJHUVʌȡȠȤȫȡȘıİıIJȘįȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘIJȡȚȫȞʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȦȞȖȚĮIJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮıȦıIJȠȪțȜȓȝĮIJȠȢȖȞȘıȚȩIJȘIJĮȒĮȣșİȞIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
IJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ, 2) ȐȞİȣȩȡȦȞșİIJȚțȒİțIJȓȝȘıȘȒĮȜȜȚȫȢ
ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮ, 3) ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘȒİȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘ
(empathy).
¾ ǵʌȦȢȩȜĮIJĮȑȡȖĮIJȦȞĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȫȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȫȞȑIJıȚțĮȚIJȠ
ȑȡȖȠIJȠȣ5RJHUVįȚĮIJȡȑȤİȚȝȚĮȕĮșȚȐʌȓıIJȘțĮȚĮȖȐʌȘıIJȘȞ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȪʌĮȡȟȘǾȕĮșȚȐʌȓıIJȘȩIJȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞ
IJȐıȘȞĮȝİȖĮȜȫȞȠȣȞȝİȑȞĮȞșİIJȚțȩțĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠ
ȩIJĮȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȑȞĮțȜȓȝĮıİȕĮıȝȠȪțĮȚİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
țȠȚȞȩIJȩʌȠțĮȚȕȐıȘIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
¾ ǾșİIJȚțȒıțȑȥȘİȓȞĮȚʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȒȢıȘȝĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ȖȚĮIJȓįȓȞİȚĮʌȩȜȣIJȘİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘıIJȠȑȝijȣIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩ
įȣȞĮȝȚțȩʌȠȣįȚĮșȑIJİȚȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢıĮȞȝȠȞȐįĮțĮȚıĮȞȠȝȐįĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢȣȖİȓĮȢİȞȫIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ
ĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJİIJĮȚȠțȜĮıȚțȩȢȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȦȢȘʌĮȞȓıȤȣȡȘ
İȟȠȣıȓĮțĮȚIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȝȑȞȠȣȦȢIJȠȣʌĮșȘIJȚțȠȪįȑțIJȘ
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
¾ ǺĮıȚțȒʌĮȡĮįȠȤȒIJȠȣ5RJHUVİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȠțȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȐȟȚȠȢİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢțĮȚȩIJȚįȚĮșȑIJİȚȑȞĮIJİȡȐıIJȚȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩ
įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ ʌȠȣIJȠȣįȓȞİȚIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮțĮIJĮȞȠİȓIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ
IJȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓ
ĮȣIJȩIJȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȖȚĮȞĮȕȠȘșȐIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ.
DzIJıȚȘșȑıȘIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȩIJĮȞįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓȘțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȠȓȖȚĮȝİȖȐȜȦȝĮ
țĮȚĮȣIJȠțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȆȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȒȢȩȝȦȢıȘȝĮıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȘıȤȑıȘ
141
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌİȜȐIJȘ- șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒıȤȑıȘ ȘȠʌȠȓĮȝİIJȘıİȚȡȐIJȘȢİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ
ĮʌȩIJĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐțĮȚIJȘıIJȐıȘȗȦȒȢIJȠȣ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒǾȑțȕĮıȘIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢʌȠȡİȓĮȢİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚțĮIJȐ
IJȠȞ5RJHUVĮʌȩIJȠİȓįȠȢțĮȚIJȘȞʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢıȤȑıȘȢ
¾ ȅȓįȚȠȢșİȦȡȠȪıİįİȣIJİȡİȪȠȣıĮȢıȘȝĮıȓĮȢIJȘȖȞȫıȘșİȦȡȚȫȞ
țĮȚIJİȤȞȚțȫȞȅ5RJHUVʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıİȩIJȚʌȠȜȜȠȓĮʌȩIJȠȣȢ
ʌİȜȐIJİȢIJȠȣİȓȤĮȞʌȠȜȪțĮțȒıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢǼȓȤĮȞ
ȖİȞȚțȐȝȚĮįȣıțȠȜȓĮıIJȘȞʌĮȡĮįȠȤȒIJȦȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȫȞIJȠȣȢ
ĮȞĮȖțȫȞțĮȚIJȦȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȠȣȢ.
¾ ǹȣIJȩIJȠĮʌȑįȦıİı
ȑȞĮȞįȚİıIJȡĮȝȝȑȞȠIJȡȩʌȠĮȞĮIJȡȠijȒȢʌȠȣ
IJȠȣȢȑȝĮșİȩIJȚȖȚĮȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȞĮʌȠįİțIJȠȓțĮȚȞĮȑȤȠȣȞIJȘ
ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞIJȠȣȢșĮȑʌȡİʌİȞĮĮȡȞȘșȠȪȞȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȞĮțĮIJĮʌȚȑıȠȣȞĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȠȣȢțĮȚȞĮțȡȪȥȠȣȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢIJȠȣȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
x
ǵȜȠȣȢĮȣIJȠȪȢIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȠ5RJHUVIJȠȣȢĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩIJĮȞıĮ
șȪȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȠȪʌȠȣȠȞȩȝĮıİ©ȣʌȩȩȡȠȣȢșİIJȚțȒijȡȠȞIJȓįĮª.
ǿıȤȣȡȓıIJȘțİİʌȓıȘȢȩIJȚȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠȒʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıȤİįȩȞȩȜĮIJĮ
ʌĮȚįȚȐİȓȞĮȚșȪȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣİȓįȠȣȢIJȘȢĮȞĮIJȡȠijȒȢĮijȠȪȘ
ĮȖȐʌȘȘijȡȠȞIJȓįĮțĮȚȠȑʌĮȚȞȠȢįİȞįȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌĮȡȐȝȩȞȠȣʌȩ
IJȠȞȩȡȠȩIJȚIJȠʌĮȚįȓșĮʌİȚșĮȡȤȒıİȚıIJĮȖȠȞȚțȐțĮȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ
ʌȡȩIJȣʌĮ.
x
ǹȣIJȒȘʌĮȡĮIJİȚȞȩȝİȞȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘIJȘȢ©ȣʌȩȩȡȠȣȢșİIJȚțȒȢ
ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢªȠįȘȖİȓIJȠʌĮȚįȓțĮȚĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮIJȠȞİȞȒȜȚțĮȞĮİȞİȡȖİȓ
ȝİIJȡȩʌȠȣȢȫıIJİȞĮĮʌȠıʌȐIJȘșİIJȚțȒİʌȚįȠțȚȝĮıȓĮIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮȝİIJȚȢįȚțȑȢIJȠȣĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢǾĮȞĮIJȡȠijȒ
IJȠȣʌĮȚįȚȠȪȝİIJȘȞ©ȣʌȩȩȡȠȣȢșİIJȚțȒijȡȠȞIJȓįĮªȑȤİȚțĮIJȐIJȠȞ
5RJHUVȦȢijȣıȚțȩİʌĮțȩȜȠȣșȠIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȝȚĮȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ
ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢȝİ©ȣʌȩȩȡȠȣȢĮȟȓĮªǹȣIJȒįȘȜĮįȒȘĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȪʌĮȡȟȘ
ȕȚȫȞİȚIJȘȞĮȟȓĮIJȘȢȝȩȞȠȩIJĮȞĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȓȞİIJĮȚıIJȚȢıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ
ĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢIJȘȢĮȞĮIJȡȠijȒȢIJȘȢ
x
ȅȚʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȢȠįȒȖȘıĮȞIJȠ5RJHUVıIJȘįȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘ
IJȦȞ İȞȞȠȚȫȞIJȠȣ©ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪªRUJDQLVPțĮȚIJȠȣ©İĮȣIJȠȪª
VHOIǷȢ©ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩªʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓȗİȚIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠIJȦȞȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚȫȞ
țĮȚȕȚȦȝȐIJȦȞİȞȩȢĮIJȩȝȠȣİȞȫȦȢ©İĮȣIJȩªIJĮĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıȝȑȞĮ
țĮȚĮʌȠįİțIJȐțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȦȞȕȚȦȝȐIJȦȞİȞȩȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣǾ
ȚįİȫįȘȢțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘșĮȒIJĮȞİțİȓȞȘıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮIJĮįȣȠ
ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞĮĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮȓįȚĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȈȣȝʌȓʌIJȠȣȞ
įȘȜĮįȒıȣȞȠȜȚțȐȈIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȩȝȦȢ©ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢª
țĮȚ©İĮȣIJȩȢªĮʌȠțȜȓȞȠȣȞĮȡțİIJȐȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȢ ȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢ
142
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ĮȣIJȒȘĮʌȩțȜȚıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚİʌİȚįȒȠ©İĮȣIJȩȢª
ĮȡȞİȓIJĮȚȞĮıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮĮȚıșȘIJȘȡȚĮțȐțĮȚ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐȕȚȫȝĮIJĮǾȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮİįȫİȓȞĮȚʌĮȡȩȝȠȚĮȝİ
IJȘȞȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȘȢĮʌȫșȘıȘȢ
x
ǾĮʌȫșȘıȘ ıĮȞȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩȢȐȝȣȞĮȢIJȓșİIJĮȚıİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮțĮIJȐ
IJȠȞ5RJHUVȩIJĮȞȘĮȓıșȘıȘȒIJȠȕȓȦȝĮįİȞıȣȝȕȚȕȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİ
IJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤİȚıIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠȖȚĮIJȠȞ©İĮȣIJȩªıİȝȚĮ
ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮĮʌȠijȣȖȒȢIJȘȢıȣȖțȡȠȣıȚĮțȒȢıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢȈȣȤȞȐȘʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮĮȣIJȠʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢĮȞĮȖțȐȗİȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȞȞĮijIJȐıİȚıIJȠıȘȝİȓȠȞĮĮȡȞȘșİȓIJȚȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣ
ȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȢ©įİȞȟȑȡȦȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȑțĮȞĮªȒ©ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌĮȡĮıȪȡșȘțĮª
x
ȀĮIJȐIJȠ5RJHUVȩıȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘİȓȞĮȚȘĮʌȩțȜȚıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮ
ıIJȠȞ©ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩªțĮȚIJȠȞ©İĮȣIJȩªİȚįȚțȐıİȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȐȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıĮȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȐIJȠȝȠ
İȝijĮȞȓȗİȚıİʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȩȕĮșȝȩȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢȐȝȣȞĮȢȑȞIJĮıȘ
ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘțĮȚĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚțĮȜȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢȝİIJȠȣȢ
ıȣȞĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢIJȠȣȉȑIJȠȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚİʌȚȤİȚȡȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȠȪȞȚıȤȣȡȐ
țĮȚİțȜȠȖȚțİȪȠȣȞʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȣȞįİİȪțȠȜĮıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȠȚȓįȚȠȚĮȡȞȠȪȞIJĮȚ.
x
ǵʌȦȢȩȜĮIJĮȑȡȖĮIJȦȞĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȫȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȫȞȑIJıȚțĮȚIJȠ
ȑȡȖȠIJȠȣ5RJHUVįȚĮIJȡȑȤİȚȝȚĮȕĮșȚȐʌȓıIJȘțĮȚĮȖȐʌȘıIJȘȞ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȪʌĮȡȟȘǾȕĮșȚȐʌȓıIJȘȩIJȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞ
IJȐıȘȞĮȝİȖĮȜȫȞȠȣȞȝİȑȞĮȞșİIJȚțȩțĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠ
ȩIJĮȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȑȞĮțȜȓȝĮıİȕĮıȝȠȪțĮȚİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
țȠȚȞȩIJȩʌȠțĮȚȕȐıȘIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
x
ȅ5RJHUVȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİȚ©ʌȜȒȡȦȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪȢªIJȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣįȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞIJĮİȟȒȢȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐİȓȞĮȚĮȞȠȚȤIJȠȓ
ıIJȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ, įİȞʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞȑȞIJȠȞȠȣȢțĮȚȐțĮȝʌIJȠȣȢ
ĮȝȣȞIJȚțȠȪȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢȑȤȠȣȞĮțȡȚȕȒĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘIJȦȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦȞįȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞȣȥȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘțĮȚȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞİȪțȠȜĮĮȡȝȠȞȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢȝİȐȜȜȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ.
™ ȉĮĮȓIJȚĮIJȘȢȋĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
x
ȀĮIJȐIJȠȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȩȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ(C. RogersȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ± șȣȝȩȢȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıİȝȘİțijȡĮıȝȑȞĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚĮȞȐȖțİȢȈȣȞİʌȫȢȠȚʌİȜȐIJİȢİȓȞĮȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ
©ȝȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȠȓªȝİĮʌȩțȜȚıȘ©ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪªĮʌȩ©İĮȣIJȩª
143
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȝȑıȦĮʌȫșȘıȘȢǹȣIJȠȓȜȠȚʌȩȞİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
- ȐȖȤȠȢ± șȣȝȩ
x
ȅȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJȠȞ
ʌİȜȐIJȘșĮIJȠȞȕȠȘșȒıİȚȞĮįȚİȣȡȪȞİȚIJȚȢįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢIJȦȞ
İʌȚȜȠȖȫȞIJȠȣțĮȚȐȡĮȞĮĮȣȟȒıİȚIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮIJȠȣǾ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮʌȡİıȕİȪİȚȩIJȚİȜİȣșİȡȓĮțĮȚ
ȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮĮȜȜȘȜȠıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚȩIJȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚįİȞ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌĮȡĮȚIJȘșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȘȞİȜİȣșİȡȓĮIJȠȣȢʌĮȡȐȝȩȞȠ
țĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȢȝİȖȐȜȠțȩıIJȠȢȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȞĮ
ȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘȞĮĮȞIJȚȜȘijșİȓȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚįȚțȚȐIJȠȣȣʌȩșİıȘ
ȘĮȞȐȜȘȥȘİȣșȪȞȘȢIJȘȢțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȈIJȩȤȠȢȘ
ĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ.
ȋĮȡĮȜĮȝʌȓįȠȣȈȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢȈȉĮțȓįȘǹ138
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
¾ ȉȠțȓȞȘȝĮIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢʌȡİıȕİȪİȚȩIJȚȘțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ
țȡȓıȘȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȐȝİıȘıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒțȡȓıȘțĮȚȩIJȚ
ȖȚĮȞĮȜȣșȠȪȞIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮȝȚĮįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒ
ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘʌȠȣșĮİȟİȡİȣȞȐȩȜİȢIJȚȢʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıİȢįȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
IJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢǾțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒțȡȓıȘİȣșȪȞİIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ
¾ DzȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȠȪȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢ IJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȠȘșȘșİȓRȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȞĮįȚİȣȡȪȞİȚIJȚȢ
įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢIJȦȞİʌȚȜȠȖȫȞIJȠȣțĮȚȐȡĮȞĮĮȣȟȒıİȚIJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȠȖȞȦıȓĮIJȠȣǾĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮʌȡİıȕİȪİȚȩIJȚ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮțĮȚȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮĮȜȜȘȜȠıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚȩIJȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ
įİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌĮȡĮȚIJȘșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȘȞİȜİȣșİȡȓĮIJȠȣȢʌĮȡȐȝȩȞȠ
țĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȢȝİȖȐȜȠțȩıIJȠȢȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȞĮ
ȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘȞĮĮȞIJȚȜȘijșİȓȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚįȚțȚȐIJȠȣȣʌȩșİıȘȘ
ĮȞȐȜȘȥȘİȣșȪȞȘȢIJȘȢțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȢIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȆȠȜȜȠȓĮʌȩIJȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢijȠȕȠȪȞIJĮȚIJȠȕȐȡȠȢIJȘȢĮȞȐȜȘȥȘȢĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢİȣșȪȞȘȢ
ȑȤȠȣȞȑȞĮȞĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠijȩȕȠ ʌȡȠȢIJȠțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠțĮȚȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȞĮ
ȕȠȘșȘșȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮįȚĮțȚȞįȣȞİȪıȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮĮȞȠȚȤIJȠȪȞıİȝȚĮȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ
ıȓȖȠȣȡȘĮȜȜȐȝİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢȗȦȒ
¾ DZȜȜȦıIJİIJȠįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩȐȖȤȠȢȖİȞȞȚȑIJĮȚĮțȡȚȕȫȢĮʌȩIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢ
ȩIJȚȩIJĮȞțĮȞȑȞĮȢȗİȚĮȞȠȚȤIJȐįİȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ İȖȖȣȒıİȚȢDzIJıȚ
ıIJȩȤȠȢIJȦȞĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȫȞȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȫȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞIJȠȣȢ
ʌİȜȐIJİȢIJȠȣȢȞĮĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞIJȘȞİȣșȪȞȘIJȘȢįȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢIJȦȞ
138
ɇʐʆɳɶɸʏɲɿʍʐʅʋɸʌɲʍʅɲʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏɻʅɸʄɹʏɻʏɻʎɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲʎ͘
144
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȠȣȢțĮȚIJȦȞțĮIJİȣșȪȞıİȦȞʌȠȣșȑȜȠȣȞȞĮįȫıȠȣȞıIJȘ
ȗȦȒIJȠȣȢțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȞĮʌȐȥȠȣȞȞĮșİȦȡȠȪȞIJȠȣȢİĮȣIJȠȪȢIJȠȣȢ
șȪȝĮIJĮȞȠȝȠIJİȜİȚĮțȫȞįȣȞȐȝİȦȞȝȑıĮțĮȚȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠȣȢİĮȣIJȠȪȢ
IJȠȣȢȈȪȝijȦȞĮȜȠȚʌȩȞȝİIJĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȠȡȩȜȠȢIJȦȞĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȫȞ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȫȞİȞIJȠʌȓȗİIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢıIJȠȞĮȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞIJȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȞĮİʌĮȣȟȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȒIJȠȣȢțĮȚIJȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢ
İʌȓȜȣıȘȢIJȦȞĮįȚİȟȩįȦȞIJȠȣȢȀİȞIJȡȚțȩȢıIJȩȤȠȢİȓȞĮȚȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ
ȝȚĮȢȗİıIJȒȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢıȤȑıȘȢʌȠȣșĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȠȞșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȞĮ
țĮIJĮȞȠȒıİȚȕĮșȚȐIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘİȞȫȠȚșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢ
IJİȤȞȚțȑȢșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚįİȣIJİȡİȪȠȣıĮȢıȘȝĮıȓĮȢ(Rogers, 1961,
Yalom, 1980).
¾ DzȞĮĮʌȩIJĮȕĮıȚțȐțĮșȒțȠȞIJĮIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȠȞ
ʌİȜȐIJȘȞĮĮȞIJȚȜȘijșİȓIJȘįȚțȚȐIJȠȣİȣșȪȞȘıIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȘȢ
țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢIJȘȢ©ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘȢȪʌĮȡȟȘȢª
¾ DzȞĮȕĮıȚțȩıIJȠȚȤİȓȠIJȘȢĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢțĮIJȐIJȘ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘİȞșȐȡȡȣȞıȘIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘĮȝȑıȦȢ
ȝİIJȐĮʌȩIJȘıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢțĮIJȐıIJĮıȒȢIJȠȣȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚıIJȘȞʌȡȐȟȘIJȘįȚİȣȡȣȝȑȞȘ©ȩȡĮıȘªʌȠȣĮʌȑțIJȘıİ
ıIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢǹȞĮȝȑȞİIJĮȚįȘȜĮįȒĮʌȩIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓȠIJȘȢĮȜȜĮȖȒȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞțĮȚıIJȐıİȦȞʌȠȣȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮ
įİȞȠįȒȖȘıĮȞʌȠȣșİȞȐǹȣIJȒȘĮȜȜĮȖȒįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓʌĮȡȐȞĮĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
IJȠijȣıȚțȩİʌĮțȩȜȠȣșȠIJȘȢİʌĮijȒȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȝȑȞȠȣȝİIJĮ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐIJȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮĮijȠȪʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞĮıIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢȑȤİȚİȟİȡİȣȞȒıİȚIJȠȣȢijȩȕȠȣȢIJȚȢ
İȞȠȤȑȢțĮȚIJȚȢĮȞȘıȣȤȓİȢIJȠȣ139.
ȈȋĮȡĮȜȝʌȓįȠȣȈȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢ
Ȯɍɚɏɀɍɒɍɓ”–Š—”ƒ‘˜ȋȫɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɛɑȣɂɏȽɎɂɜȽ- ȫɏɘɒɍɀɂɋɛɑɏȽɓɀɛȌǣ
™ 2$UWKXU-DQRYʌȠȣIJȠȝİIJȠ
țȜĮıȚțȩʌȜȑȠȞ
ȕȚȕȜȓȠIJȠȣ
ȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢ.ȡĮȣȖȒȐȞȠȚȟİȞȑȠȣȢįȡȩȝȠȣȢıIJȘȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȘIJȘȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢİʌĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚȝİȑȞĮȑȡȖȠʌȠȣșĮțȜȠȞȓıİȚıȣșȑȝİȜĮIJȚȢ
ıȣȝȕĮIJȚțȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
¾ H ȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮʌȡȠȧȩȞʌȠȜȪȤȡȠȞȦȞİȡİȣȞȫȞțĮȚ
țȜȚȞȚțȒȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢȖİijȣȡȫȞİȚIJȠȤȐıȝĮĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȘ
ıȪȖȤȡȠȞȘȞİȣȡȠ-İʌȚıIJȒȝȘțĮȚIJȘȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮțĮȚĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȘ
ȝȠȞĮįȚțȒȝȑșȠįȠȖȚĮĮȜȘșȚȞȒțĮȚįȚĮȡțȒȥȣȤȚțȒțĮȚıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ
139
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
145
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȣȖİȓĮǹȣIJȒȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȑȤİȚȦȢıIJȩȤȠȞĮȕȖȐȜİȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȠȞ
ĮıșİȞȒȩȜĮIJĮțĮIJĮʌȚİıȝȑȞĮIJȠȣıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣ
ıȣııȫȡİȣıİĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȡȤȒIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣ
¾ ȅĮıșİȞȒȢįİȞȟĮȞĮșȣȝȐIJĮȚĮʌȜȫȢIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐIJȠȣ
IJȡĮȪȝĮIJĮĮȜȜȐIJĮȟĮȞĮĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚțĮȚĮȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚʌȠȣIJȠȞ
ȜȣIJȡȫȞİȚǼȓȞĮȚıĮȞȞĮȝʌĮȓȞİȚıİȝȚĮȝȘȤĮȞȒIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣțĮȚ
ȞĮ IJĮȟĮȞĮȗİȓĮȜȜȐĮȣIJȒIJȘȞijȠȡȐȞĮIJĮĮijȠȝȠȚȫȞİȚțĮȚȞĮ
ȝȘȞIJĮĮʌȦșİȓǾĮȞĮȕȓȦıȘIJȦȞIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȫȞİȝʌİȚȡȚȫȞ
ijșȐȞİȚȝȑȤȡȚțĮȚIJȘȞȖȑȞȞȘıȘȒĮțȩȝȘțĮȚIJȘȞİȞįȠȝȒIJȡȚĮ
ȗȦȒ
¾ ȉĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚİțʌȜȘțIJȚțȐ
DZȖȤȠȢțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘĮțȩȝȘțĮȚıȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢʌȠȣȘ
ĮȚIJȓĮIJȠȣȢȒIJĮȞȠȥȣȤȚțȩȢʌȩȞȠȢİȟĮijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȊʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗİȚ
ȩIJȚȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮijșȐıİȚȝȑȤȡȚIJȘȞȡȓȗĮIJĮĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮįȘȜĮįȒIJȦȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ.
ȈȤİIJȚțȫȢȝİIJȘȞȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒĬİȡĮʌİȓĮțȣțȜȠijȠȡȠȪȞȕȚȕȜȓĮ
ĮȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢȀȡĮȣȖȒȕȉȠʌĮȚįȓțĮȚȠȥȣȤȚțȩȢIJȠȣțȩıȝȠȢ
țĮȚȖȆȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢĬİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȠȣǻȡDZȡșȠȣȡȉȗȐȞȠij140.
Ȯɍ ɚɏɀɍ ɒɍɓ Danriel Casriel's (New Identity Process):
x
x
x
x
ĬİȦȡİȓIJĮȚĮȝijȚȜİȖȩȝİȞȘȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ǾıȤȠȜȒ7KH1HZ,GHQWLW\3URFHVVȟİțȚȞȐĮʌȩIJȘȞȚįȑĮʌȦȢțȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪȟİȚ ȝȚĮ İȣIJȣȤȑıIJİȡȘ ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ĮʌȜȑȢ
IJİȤȞȚțȑȢ
ǾıIJȠȡȖȒțĮȚȘĮȖȐʌȘʌȡȠȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢțĮȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȝĮȢșİȡĮʌİȪİȚȝ¶
ȑȞĮȕĮșȪțĮȚİȣȖİȞȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠǵIJĮȞİțijȡĮıIJȠȪȞIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮIJȠȣʌȩȞȠȣ
țĮȚ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚ IJĮ IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȐ IJȠȣ Ƞ ʌİȜȐIJȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȚıșĮȞșİȓ șİIJȚțȐ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ IJİȤȞȚțȑȢ: EFT ± Emotional Freedom Technique,
Imago therapy141.
140
http://www.e-psychology.gr/forum/showthread.php?4880
141
^ĐŽĚĂƌ͕ʖ͘ʖ
146
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȧɚɅɍɁɍɑ
‡•–ƒŽ–:
™ īİȞȚțȐ
¾ ȉȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚīțİıIJȐȜIJȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞʌȠȜȜȠȓȩȡȠȚȩʌȦȢįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘȒ
įȠȝȒĮȜȜȐȘʌȚȠİʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪıĮİȓȞĮȚȠȜȩIJȘIJĮ.
‡
ȆȡȚȞĮʌȩIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮīțİıIJȐȜIJȣʌȒȡȟİIJȠijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȩȡİȪȝĮ
īțİıIJȐȜIJȝİȚįȡȣIJȒIJȠȞ0D[:HUWKHLPHUȠȠʌȠȓȠȢ
ȚıȤȣȡȓıIJȘțİȩIJȚȘĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȠȜȚıIJȚțȐ
įȘȜĮįȒ ȖȚĮȞĮĮȞIJȚȜȘijșȠȪȝİȝȚĮțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȑȞĮʌȡȩıȦʌȠȒ
ȝȚĮȝİȜȦįȓĮıȣȞșȑIJȠȣȝİIJĮİʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢıIJȠȚȤİȓĮıİȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮ
ıȪȞȠȜĮȫıIJİȞĮȕȖȐȜȠȣȝİȑȞĮȞȩȘȝĮ
‡
ȅȚțȠįȠȝȫȞIJĮȢȖȞȦıIJȚțȠıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐȑȞĮīțİıIJĮȜIJ
įȓȞȠȣȝİȞȩȘȝĮıİĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȝĮȢıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚīȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ
ȖȚĮȞĮȞȠȘȝĮIJȠįȠIJȒıȠȣȝİIJȘıȤȑıȘȝĮȢȝİȑȞĮȐIJȠȝȠ
ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȝİʌȠȚİȢʌȜİȣȡȑȢIJȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝȐȢ
ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȠȪȞțĮȚʌȠȚİȢȝĮȢįȣıĮȡİıIJȠȪȞ.
¾ ǿįȡȣIJȑȢ± İʌȚȡȡȠȑȢȅȚȚįȡȣIJȑȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢīțİıIJȐȜIJİȓȞĮȚȠȚPerls,
Hefferline țĮȚGoodmanȉȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȝȑȡȠȢIJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
īțİıIJȐȜIJʌȡȠȒȜșİĮʌȩįȚȐijȠȡİȢıȣȞșȑıİȚȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞșİȦȡȚȫȞțĮȚ
ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȫȞȡİȣȝȐIJȦȞȩʌȦȢIJȠȣ)UHXG5HLFK)ULHGODQGHU0RUHQR
IJȘȞȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮīțİıIJȐȜIJțĮȚIJȠȞȣʌĮȡȟȚıȝȩǾșİȡĮʌİȓĮīțİıIJȐȜIJ
ȖİȞȞȒșȘțİʌİȡȓʌȠȣIJȠțĮȚıȣȞȠįİȪIJȘțİȝİIJȘȞȑțįȠıȘIJȠȣ
ȕȚȕȜȓȠȣǼJRǾXQJHUǹQGǹJJUHVVLRQ142.
™ ȅȡȩȜȠȢIJȠȣȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒ- ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ ȆȡȚȞIJȘȢİijĮȡȝȠȖȒ
IJȘȢșİȦȡȓĮȢ*HVWDOWıIJȘȞʌȡȐȟȘĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘİȓȞĮȚȘĮijȚȑȡȦıȘ
ĮȡțİIJȠȪȤȡȩȞȠȣİțȝȑȡȠȣȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒıİșȑȝĮIJĮıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒIJȠȣĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘǾʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJȘȞ
ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢıȤȑıȘȢțĮȚĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢȝİIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȅ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚıIJĮIJĮȜȑȞIJĮțĮȚıIJȚȢįİȟȚȩIJȘIJȑȢIJȠȣȞĮ
ȑȡșȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮIJĮȚȡȚȐȟȠȣȞijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐȝȑıĮıIJȘıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣ
ǻİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȑȞĮȢȝȩȞȠıȦıIJȩȢIJȡȩʌȠȢȖȚĮȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞȠȚIJİȤȞȚțȑȢ
ȈIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ*HVWDOWȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝȚĮİȣȡİȓĮʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮIJİȤȞȚțȫȞʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞȫıIJİȞĮİȞȚıȤȣșİȓĮȣIJȩʌȠȣĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚȠșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ
142
ɇȵɅȵɈȻȴȸɇ-ȾȰɁȰȾȰȾȸ͕ϮϬϬϬʹ 2011
147
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞǼȞĮʌȩțİȚIJĮȚıIJȘįİȟȚȠIJİȤȞȓĮIJȠȣȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȞĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗİȚ
ȝȚĮIJİȤȞȚțȒıIJȘȞİțȐıIJȠIJİʌİȡȓıIJĮıȘ143.
™ ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ- șȣȝȩȢțĮȚȂȑșȠįȠȢGestalt:
x
x
x
x
x
ȀĮIJȐIJȘȂȑșȠįȠȢGestalt >ȠȜȩIJȘIJĮ@ȠȚPerls, Hefferline țĮȚ
GoodmanȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ- ȐȖȤȠȢ± șȣȝȩȢȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıİȝȘ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘȕȓȦıȘIJȠȣʌĮȡȩȞIJȠȢțĮȚȝȘȠȜȚıIJȚțȒİȝʌİȚȡȓĮIJȠȣ
İĮȣIJȠȪ.
ȅȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢȝİșȩįȠȣıİıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘ
șĮIJȠȞȕȠȘșȒıİȚıIJȘȞĮȪȟȘıȘIJȘȢİʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢȞĮȝȘȞĮʌȠijİȪȖİȚIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢIJȠȣțĮȚȞĮĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚIJȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ
İȣșȪȞȘȖȚĮIJȠİįȫțĮȚIJȫȡĮȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞțĮȚIJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢ.
DzȞĮȢȐȜȜȠȢıIJȩȤȠȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮȑȡșİȚIJȠȐIJȠȝȠıİİʌĮijȒȝİIJȠȞȣȖȚȒ
ʌȣȡȒȞĮIJȠȣȫıIJİȞĮİȞȚıȤȣșȠȪȞȠȚIJȐıİȚȢȖȚĮĮȣIJȠȡȡȪșȝȚıȘțĮȚ
ĮȣIJȠįȚȐșİıȘ.
ǾįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮʌȡȠȤȦȡȐİȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȣȟĮȞȩȝİȞȘİʌȓȖȞȦıȘțĮșȫȢ
IJȠȐIJȠȝȠʌİȡȞȐİȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩıIJȐįȚĮįȩȝȘıȘȢİȞȩȢȥİȣįȠİĮȣIJȠȪȫıIJİ
ȞĮijIJȐıİȚıIJȘȞȑțȡȘȟȘțĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȠįȩȝȘıȘțĮȚıIJȘȞİʌȓȖȞȦıȘIJȠȣʌȫȢ
İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚIJȠȣȢİĮȣIJȠȪȢIJȠȣȢȞĮĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞIJȠ
ıȪȞȠȜȠIJȠȣįȣȞĮȝȚțȠȪIJȠȣȢ.
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȘȝȑșȠįȠīțİıIJȐȜIJȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓʌȠȣ
İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞIJȘȞțĮȜȒİʌĮijȒǾʌȡȠȕȠȜȒǾİȞįȠȕȠȜȒǾıȣȝȕȠȜȒǾ
ĮȞĮıIJȡȠijȒǾĮȞȐțȜĮıȘ
ȆĮʌʌȠȪǹȖȂʌȠȣțȠȣȕȐȜĮǹȚțǻİıȓțȠȣǼȚȡ144
¾ ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢǼʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ
‡
ȁİțIJȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
o ǻȘȜȫıİȚȢıIJȠʌȡȫIJȠİȞȚțȩʌȡȩıȦʌȠ
o ǹʌȠijȣȖȒIJȡȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȫȞțĮȚįȚıIJĮțIJȚțȫȞıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ
o ȋȡȒıȘİȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒȢijȦȞȒȢ
o ǹȜȜĮȖȒȡȘȝȐIJȦȞ
143
144
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
ɇʐʆɳɶɸʏɲɿʍʐʅʋɸʌɲʍʅɲʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏɻʅɸʄɹʏɻʏɻʎɴɿɴʄɿʉɶʌɲʔʀɲʎ͘
148
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
o ǹȜȜĮȖȒİȡȦIJȒıİȦȞıİįȘȜȫıİȚȢ
o ǹțȡȓȕİȚĮıIJȘȞȑțijȡĮıȘ
o ǹʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢ
o ǹȜȜĮȖȒIJȘȢȝȠȡijȒȢIJȦȞİȡȦIJȒıİȦȞ
o ǹȜȜĮȖȒİȡȦIJȒıİȦȞıİįȘȜȫıİȚȢ
o ǼʌȚțȑȞIJȡȦıȘıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞ
‡
ȂȘȜİțIJȚțȒİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
o ǼțȝĮȚİȪȠȞIJĮȢıȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮȚıșȒıİȚȢĮʌȩIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘ
o ȅȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȢIJȠıȣȞĮȓıșȘȝĮ
o DZįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮ
ȆĮʌʌȠȪǹȖȂʌȠȣțȠȣȕȐȜĮǹȚțǻİıȓțȠȣǼȚȡ145
™ ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
145
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
x
ȅʌȣȡȒȞĮȢIJȘȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢīțİıIJȐȜIJİȓȞĮȚȘĮȪȟȘıȘIJȘȢ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢįȘȜĮįȒȝİȑȞĮIJȡȩʌȠȘĮijȪʌȞȚıȘIJȘȢİȣșȪȞȘȢȖȚĮĮȣIJȩ
ʌȠȣIJĮȐIJȠȝĮĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚıțȑijIJȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚțȐȞȠȣȞıIJȠİįȫțĮȚIJȫȡĮ
x
ǾșİȡĮʌİȓĮīțİıIJȐȜIJıĮȞtalking cure ȣȚȠșȑIJȘıİIJȘșȑıȘIJȘȢ
ȥȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢȩʌȠȣȝȚĮįȣĮįȚțȒıȤȑıȘȒȝȚĮȠȝĮįȚțȒıȣȞIJİȜİȓ
ȫıIJİIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȞĮĮʌȠțIJȒıȠȣȞıȣȞİȓįȘıȘȒİʌȓȖȞȦıȘIJȦȞ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞȕȚȦȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞIJȠȣȢ.
x
DzȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȕĮıȚțȠȪȢįȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȠȪȢIJȠȣ3HUOVĮʌȩIJȠȞ)UHXGȒIJĮȞ
ȩIJȚĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȑȤİȚıȘȝĮıȓĮȖȚĮIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠIJȦȡȚȞȩȕȓȦȝĮ
IJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣțĮȚȩȤȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȕȚȫȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȗİȠ)UHXG.
x
ǾʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚțĮIJĮȞȠȘIJȒıĮȞȩȜȠȞțĮȚĮȞIJȚįȡȠȪȝİ
ıȣȞȠȜȚțȐıİĮȣIJȒȞıĮȞȪʌĮȡȟȘįȘȜĮįȒȩIJȚțȐșİ ʌȜİȣȡȐIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮșİȦȡȘșİȓȦȢİțįȒȜȦıȘIJȠȣıȣȞȩȜȠȣȂİIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠĮȣIJȩ
İțİȓȞȠʌȠȣțȐȞȠȣȞIJĮȐIJȠȝĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚIJȩıİȢʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢȩıȠIJȠIJȚ
ȞȚȫșȠȣȞıțȑijIJȠȞIJĮȚȒȜȑȞİ
149
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
x
ǹʌȩIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠIJȘȢĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȚțȒȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣ,
ʌȠȣȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚijȩȞIJȠ, ĮȞĮįȪȠȞIJĮȚıȤȒȝĮIJĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮįȚĮįȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ
IJȠȑȞĮIJȠȐȜȜȠȩʌȠȣțȐșİʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠıȤȒȝĮİʌĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠ
ijȩȞIJȠǹȣIJȒȘįȚĮįȠȤȚțȒȡȠȒIJȦȞıȤȘȝȐIJȦȞʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢĮijȒȞİȚ
ĮȞȠȜȠțȜȒȡȦIJİȢȝȠȡijȑȢȒĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȜȑȖİIJĮȚıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ȝȚıȠIJİȜİȚȦȝȑȞİȢȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢįȘȜĮįȒțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢȩʌȠȣIJȠȐIJȠȝȠįİȞ
ȑȤİȚțȜİȓıİȚțȪțȜȠȣȢȠʌȩIJİȑȞĮțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȣʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚįİıȝİȣȝȑȞȠ
x
ȅȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢȑȤİȚIJȘIJȐıȘȞĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫıİȚȝȚĮțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȒȝȚĮ
ıȣȞĮȜȜĮȖȒʌȠȣįİȞȑȤİȚIJİȜİȚȫıİȚǾȐȡȞȘıȘIJȦȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞ
İȓȞĮȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȖȚĮȞĮİȝʌȠįȓıȠȣȞ
IJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢȞĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫıȠȣȞIJȚȢȝȚıȠIJİȜİȚȦȝȑȞİȢȣʌȠșȑıİȚȢ.
ȆȠȜȜȑȢȚįȚĮȓIJİȡİȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢȣȚȠșİIJȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȐIJȠȝȠ
İȞįİȚțIJȚțȑȢȝȚıȠIJİȜİȚȦȝȑȞȦȞțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞȩʌȦȢIJȠțȜĮȥȠȪȡȚıȝĮȘ
ȖțȡȓȞȚĮȘĮȣIJȠȜȪʌȘıȘțȜʌ
x
ȅ3HUOVȣȚȠșȑIJȘıİ
™ IJȚȢșȑıİȚȢIJȠȣȣʌĮȡȟȚıȝȠȪȩıȠȞĮijȠȡȐIJȚȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢİȣșȪȞȘȢIJȘȢʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢıIJȚȖȝȒȢțĮȚIJȘȢ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ:
™ ǹȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȞIJİȜİıIJİȓȘȝİIJȐȕĮıȘĮʌȩIJȘȞ
İȟȐȡIJȘıȘıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞıIJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȠȨʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘ.
™ ǺǾıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘțĮȚȘİȡȝȘȞİȓĮIJȘȢIJȦȡȚȞȒȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢȕȐıȘʌĮȜĮȚȫȞȕȚȦȝȐIJȦȞȠįȘȖİȓıİ
ıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢțĮȚʌĮȡİȡȝȘȞİȓİȢʌȠȣĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞȠȣȞ
IJİȜȚțȐĮʌȩIJȠIJȦȡȚȞȩȕȓȦȝĮ
™ īǹȣIJȩʌȠȣȑȤİȚıȘȝĮıȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȓȖȞȦıȘIJȘȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢțĮȚIJȦȞİȝʌİȚȡȚȫȞıIJȠİįȫțĮȚIJȫȡĮ,
ıĮȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
™ ǹʌȩIJȠȥȣȤȩįȡĮȝĮ ȣȚȠșȑIJȘıİIJȘșȑıȘȩIJȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮ
ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȝİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
İțįȡĮȝĮIJȓȗȠȞIJȐȢIJĮʌĮȡȐȩIJĮȞIJĮĮijȘȖȠȪȝĮıIJİ146.
o ǻȓȞȠȞIJĮȢĮȞĮIJȡȠijȠįȩIJȘıȘıIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘȅ
șİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ*HVWDOWȩIJĮȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJȘȞȝȘȜİțIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣIJȠȣȖȞȦıIJȠʌȠȚİȓĮȣIJȐ
ʌȠȣʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓı
ĮȣIJȩȞʌȤșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ
146
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
150
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪıĮȩIJȚțĮșȫȢȝȚȜȐȢıijȓȖȖİȚȢIJȚȢȖȡȠșȚȑȢ
ıȠȣȉȠȟȑȡİȚȢȩIJȚIJȠțȐȞİȚȢ
o ǹȞĮʌĮȡȚıIJȐȞȠȞIJĮȢIJȘȖȜȫııĮIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȣ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢĮȞĮʌĮȡȚıIJȐIJȘȖȜȫııĮ
IJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣ
o ǼȀǻȇǹȂǹȉǿȈǾȅȚİțįȡĮȝȐIJȚıİȚȢȕĮıȓȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞ
ĮȡȤȒȩIJȚȘȝȐșȘıȘĮʌĮȚIJİȓįȡȐıȘȂİIJĮIJȡȑʌȠȣȞIJȚȢ
įȚȘȖȒıİȚȢıİʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȚȢĮȞĮȝȞȒıİȚȢțĮȚ
șİȦȡȘIJȚțȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢıİʌȜȒȡȘʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȝİ
ȩȜȘIJȠȣIJȘijĮȞIJĮıȓĮIJȘȞİȞȑȡȖİȚĮțĮȚIJȘȞȑȟĮȥȘ
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢȖȚĮȞĮıȣȖțİȞIJȡȦșİȓȘ
ʌȡȠıȠȤȒIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣıIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠȝİIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȑȡșȘțİıİțȐʌȠȚĮʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ
o DZįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮȅʌİȜȐIJȘȢțȐșİIJĮȚĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıİȝȚĮ
ȐįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮȝİIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓȑȞĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩįȚȐȜȠȖȠĭĮȞIJȐȗİIJĮȚȩIJȚıIJȘȞȐįİȚĮ
țĮȡȑțȜĮțȐșİIJĮȚȝȚĮȐȜȜȘʌȜİȣȡȐIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣȒțȐʌȠȚȠȐȜȜȠıȘȝĮȓȞȠȞ
ʌȡȩıȦʌȠıIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣȀȐșİIJĮȚİȞĮȜȜȐȟıIJȚȢįȪȠ
țĮȡȑțȜİȢİțijȡȐȗȠȞIJĮȢIJȘȞțȐșİʌȜİȣȡȐțĮȚȝȚȜȫȞIJĮȢ
İțȝȑȡȠȣȢIJȘȢțȐșİijȠȡȐǾĮȜȜĮȖȒșȑıȘȢțĮȚȡȩȜȦȞ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮıȣȞİȤȚıIJİȓȖȚĮĮȡțİIJȑȢijȠȡȑȢǾIJİȤȞȚțȒ
ĮȣIJȒȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚȖȚĮȞĮįȚİȣțȡȚȞȓıİȚțĮȚIJȚȢįȪȠ
ʌȜİȣȡȑȢȝȚĮȢĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘȢȒıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȢȂİIJȠȞ
IJȡȩʌȠĮȣIJȩIJĮįȪȠĮȣIJȐıȘȝİȓĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞİȓIJİȞĮ
ĮȜȜȘȜȠıȣȝʌȜȘȡȦșȠȪȞțĮȚȞĮȠįȘȖȘșȠȪȞıIJȘȞ
ȠȜȠțȜȒȡȦıȘ ȒȞĮĮȞIJĮȖȦȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚȞĮ
ĮʌȠȝȠȞȫȞȠȞIJĮȚȂİIJȐĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȜȜȘȜİʌȓįȡĮıȘĮȣIJȒ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚȝȚĮĮȞĮįȚȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȈIJȩȤȠȢįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚȞĮİʌȚIJİȣȤșİȓĮȞĮȖțĮıIJȚțȐȝȚĮȖțȡȓȗĮ
ıȪȞșİıȘĮȜȜȐȞĮİțijȡȐıİȚIJȠțȐșİıIJȠȚȤİȓȠIJȚȢ
ĮȞȐȖțİȢțĮȚIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢIJȠȣ
o ȅșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢ*HVWDOWʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȑȤİȚʌȓıIJȘıIJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȩȡȡȪșȝȚıȘIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȆĮȡĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ
ĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢİțįȡĮȝȐIJȚıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘĬİȡȝȒțĮȡȑțȜĮ
ʌȠȣįȚĮįȡĮȝĮIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝȑıĮıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮIJȘȢȠȝĮįȚțȒȢ
ıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒțĮȚIJȠ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠțĮȚȘǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȣıĮșİȡȝȒțĮȡȑțȜĮ
ıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢİȞıȦȝĮIJȫȞİȚIJȘȞĮȣșȩȡȝȘIJȘ
151
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒțĮȚȐȜȜȦȞȝİȜȫȞIJȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢʌȑȡĮĮʌȩIJȠȞ
ĮȡȤȚțȩțĮȚțȪȡȚȠİșİȜȠȞIJȒ
o ȉȠʌĮȓȟȚȝȠIJȘȢʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢȅșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ
ȝİIJĮijȑȡİȚIJȘȞİȣșȪȞȘIJȦȞʌȡȐȟİȫȞIJȠȣȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩIJȠȣʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȢIJȘȞʌȐȞȦıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢǾ
ʌȡȠıȠȤȒIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚıIJȡĮȝȝȑȞȘıIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȠʌȠȓȠ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡİȓȖȚĮIJȘȗȦȒIJȠȣȉȩIJİȘʌȚȠȚıȤȣȡȒȝȑșȠįȠȢ
ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȠȜȫȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮʌĮȚȤIJȠȪȞȡȩȜȠȚ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮȅșİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢȕȐȗİȚIJȠ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȞĮįȚĮįȡĮȝĮIJȓıİȚȑȞĮįȚȐȜȠȖȠ
ĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣțĮȚı
ĮȣIJȩȞıIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠ
ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚIJȘȞİȣșȪȞȘʌĮȓȗȠȞIJĮȢȠȓįȚȠȢįȪȠȡȩȜȠȣȢ
İȞĮȜȜȐȟ
o ȅȚIJİȤȞȚțȑȢIJȘȢʌȡȩȕĮȢȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮȞĮ
ȝʌȠȡȑıİȚȠʌİȜȐIJȘȢȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢıIJȚȢ
İȝʌİȚȡȓİȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢIJȠȞįȣıțȠȜİȪȠȣȞȄĮȞĮȗȦȞIJĮȞİȪİȚ
ȝȚĮțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘıIJȠIJȫȡĮȝİIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠĮțȡȚȕȫȢʌȠȣ
ĮȞIJȑįȡĮıİȠșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢıIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒIJȠȣȗȦȒ
ǻȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚȑȞĮșİĮIJȡȚțȩįȡȫȝİȞȠĮȞĮʌĮȡȚıIJȫȞIJĮȢ
IJȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢıȣȞșȒțİȢȝİIJȘıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒIJȦȞ
ȝİȜȫȞIJȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢ
o ǾİȟȐȜİȚȥȘIJȘȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȒȢ ȅȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞ
İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢȑȤȠȣȞʌȐȡİȚȝȑıĮIJȠȣȢțȐIJȚʌȠȣįİȞ
ĮijȠȝȠȓȦıĮȞʌȠIJȑȦȢțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣȢǼȓȞĮȚ
ȑȞĮȟȑȞȠıȫȝĮțĮȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮʌȠȕȜȘșİȓǾȤȡȒıȘIJȘȢ
ȐįİȚĮȢțĮȡȑțȜĮȢįȓȞİȚIJȘȞįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮ
İȟȦIJİȡȚțȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȘİȞįȠȕȠȜȒȉȠʌȠșİIJȫȞIJĮȢıIJȘȞ
ȐįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮIJȠȐIJȠȝȠĮʌȩIJȠȠʌȠȓȠȠ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢįȑȤșȘțİIJȘȞİȞįȠȕȠȜȒĮʌȠțIJȐ
İʌȓȖȞȦıȘĮȣIJȒȢ.
o ȉİȤȞȚțȑȢĮȞIJȚıIJȡȠijȒȢǻȓȞİIJĮȚȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮıIJȠ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȞĮİʌȚįİȓȟİȚȝȚĮıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐĮȞIJȓșİIJȘ
ĮʌȩIJȘȞıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞȘIJȠȣȉȠȣȗȘIJİȓIJĮȚȞĮʌȐİȚ
țȩȞIJȡĮıIJȘıȣȞȒșİȚĮIJȠȕȩȜİȝĮȒIJȘȞĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮIJȠȣ
ʌȤȂʌȠȡİȓȞĮȗȘIJȘșİȓĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚȠȞIJȡȠʌĮȜȩȐIJȠȝȠȞĮ
ȝȚȜȒıİȚıIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮįȣȞĮIJȐ
o ǹʌĮȜȠȚijȒIJȦȞĮȞĮıIJȡȠijȫȞǼțİȓȞȠȚʌȠȣʌȐıȤȠȣȞ
ĮʌȩĮȞĮıIJȡȠijȑȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞıȣȞȒșȦȢıȦȝĮIJȚțȐ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮıIJȠȣȢȝȣȢțĮȚıIJȠıțİȜİIJȩIJĮȠʌȠȓĮ
įİȓȤȞȠȣȞıİʌȠȚȠıȘȝİȓȠȑȤİȚĮțȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȘ
152
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
İȞȑȡȖİȚĮȉȠʌȡȫIJȠȕȒȝĮİȓȞĮȚȘıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȒ
IJȠȣȢ ǾİʌȓȖȞȦıȘIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢȠįȘȖİȓıIJȘȞ
țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢțĮIJĮʌȚİıȝȑȞȘȢİȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚ
İʌİȞįȣșİȓıIJȘȞĮȞĮıIJȡȠijȒʌȤȑțijȡĮıȘIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪıİ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮȩʌȦȢIJȠȞĮijĮȞIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȩIJȚȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐIJȠȣȢIJȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠȝİIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİȓȞĮȚ
șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȚțĮȚȞĮȟİıʌȠȪȞȝİȕȓĮʌȐȞȦıİ
ȝĮȟȚȜȐȡȚĮ.
o ȅȃǼǿȇǹĭǹȃȉǹȈǿȍȈǼǿȈȉĮįȚȐijȠȡĮȝȑȡȘ
IJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞĮʌȠıʌȐıȝĮIJĮȝȑȡȘIJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣșİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȣȅ
șİȡĮʌİȣȩȝİȞȠȢțĮȜİȓIJĮȚȞĮʌĮȓȗİȚȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢȡȩȜȠȣȢ
ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩȜȠȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮIJĮȝȑȡȘțĮȚ
ȠȚʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣȀĮȜİȓIJĮȚȞĮȕȚȫıİȚȟĮȞȐIJȠ
ȩȞİȚȡȠİȟȚıIJȠȡȫȞIJĮȢIJȠįȣȞĮIJȐıIJȠȞİȞİıIJȫIJĮȅȚ
ijĮȞIJĮıȚȫıİȚȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮșİȦȡȘșȠȪȞȦȢIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮʌȠȣ
țȐȞȠȣȝİȩIJĮȞİȓȝĮıIJİȟȪʌȞȚȠȚȉĮįȠȣȜİȪȠȣȝİțĮȚIJĮ
İʌİȟİȡȖĮȗȩȝĮıIJİȝİIJȠȞȓįȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȩʌȦȢțĮȚIJĮ
ȩȞİȚȡĮ147.
ǹȖȖȆĮʌʌȠȪǹȚțȂʌȠȣțȠȣȕȐȜĮ
147
Ȱʑʏʉɽɿ͘
153
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
154
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȠɋȽɉɉȽɈɒɇɈɚɑȲɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɜɂɑɊɚɐɘɒɄɑɒɚɖɋɄɑǣ
™ īİȞȚțȐH Art TherapyȘȆĮȚȖȞȚȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮțĮȚȘǻȡĮȝĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮİȓȞĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢʌȠȣĮʌȠıțȠʌȠȪȞıIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ
ȥȣȤȚțȫȞ- ıȦȝĮIJȚțȫȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞțĮȚıIJȘıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘȑțijȡĮıȘ
țĮȚĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢʌȜİȣȡȐȢIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣǹʌİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚıİ
ʌĮȚįȚȐİijȒȕȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢțĮȚȠȝȐįİȢ
™ Art Therapy:
¾ ȅȚǼȚțĮıIJȚțȠȓĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢİȞıȦȝĮIJȫȞȠȣȞIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ
IJȠȣȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘıIJȘȞIJȑȤȞȘțĮȚIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȝİIJȚȢȖȞȫıİȚȢ
IJȠȣȢʌȐȞȦıIJȠȣȢțĮȞȩȞİȢʌȠȣįȚȑʌȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȝĮȗȓȝİȖȞȫıİȚȢıIJȠıȣȝȕȠȜȚıȝȩ IJȘȢ
ȑțijȡĮıȘȢ.
¾ ȂȑıȦIJȘȢʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘȢIJȘȢ©țĮȜȜȚIJİȤȞȚțȒȢª
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢIJȠʌȫȢįȘȜĮįȒȤİȚȡȓȗİIJĮȚțȐʌȠȚȠȢIJĮȣȜȚțȐ
IJȘȢȑțijȡĮıȘȢțĮȚIJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞIJȑȤȞȘȢDUWLIDFWVȠ
ǼȚțĮıIJȚțȩȢĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȒȢıȣȞȐȖİȚįȚĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȐıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ
țĮȚİijĮȡȝȩȗİȚIJȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒĮȖȦȖȒ.
¾ Ǿ$UW-7KHUDS\ĮȞȒțİȚıIJĮȥȣȤȠțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐİʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJĮ
ȆȡȠıijȑȡİȚȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢıIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠįȓȞȠȞIJȐȢIJȠȣIJȘȞ
İȣțĮȚȡȓĮȞĮİȟİȡİȣȞȒıİȚʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮįȚĮȝȑıȠȣ
ȜİțIJȚțȒȢțĮȚİȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒȢȑțijȡĮıȘȢȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ
ȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘįȪȞĮȝȘIJȘȢǼȚțĮıIJȚțȒȢDzțijȡĮıȘȢ
ȗȦȖȡĮijȚțȒȢʌȘȜȠȪțȠȜȜȐȗijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢȐȝȝȠȣȦȢȝȑıȠȣ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȝİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣțĮȚIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
ȠȪIJȦȢȫıIJİȞĮĮȞĮʌIJȪȟİȚıȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢțĮȚıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ148.
¾ ǾǻȡĮȝĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
‡
148
Ȼʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉ͕ʖ͘ʖ.
ǾǻȡĮȝĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȫȢȝȑșȠįȠȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢ
ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȢȟİțȓȞȘıİıIJȚȢĮȡȤȑȢIJȘȢįİțĮİIJȓĮȢIJȠȣ
ıIJȘȞǹȖȖȜȓĮțĮȚIJȘįİțĮİIJȓĮIJȠȣ
ıIJȘȞ
ǹȝİȡȚțȒǹȞIJȜİȓȖȞȫıȘțĮȚİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĮʌȩįȚȐijȠȡİȢ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢțĮIJİȣșȪȞıİȚȢȩʌȦȢIJȘ
155
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȌȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȘȞĮȡȤİIJȣʌȚțȒīȚȠȣȖțȚĮȞȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȘȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮțȐ
‡
ǾǻȡĮȝĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȑȤİȚIJȚȢȡȓȗİȢIJȘȢıIJȠĮȡȤĮȓȠ
șȑĮIJȡȠțĮȚıIJȚȢĮȡȤĮȓİȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢIJİȜİIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢ
ʌȠȣȒIJĮȞıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞİȢȝİIJȘȥȣȤȚțȒțĮȚıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȣȖİȓĮțĮȚʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJȠȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ
IJȠȣĮȖȞȫıIJȠȣȖȚĮșȡȘıțİȣIJȚțȒȜĮIJȡİȓĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȖȚĮ
IJȠȞİȟȠȡțȚıȝȩȝȚĮȢİʌȚįȘȝȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȘȖȠȞȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢ
ȖȘȢȒȝȚĮȢıIJİȓȡĮȢȖȣȞĮȓțĮȢțĮȚȖȚĮȩIJȚȐȜȜȠȠ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȞȚȦșİIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȚĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚĮ
ĮȞȫIJİȡȘįȪȞĮȝȘ
‡
ǾǻȡĮȝĮIJȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓȩȜİȢIJȚȢȝȠȡijȑȢ
IJȠȣșİȐIJȡȠȣțĮȚIJȘȢįȡȐıȘȢȦȢ ȐȝİıȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘǺĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȩIJȚIJȠșȑĮIJȡȠ
ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚİȞįȠȖİȞİȓȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȑȢȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢțĮȚȩIJȚȘ
įȡĮȝĮIJȚțȒȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȑȤİȚIJȘįȪȞĮȝȘȞĮİʌȚijȑȡİȚ
ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıİȕĮșȪİʌȓʌİįȠțȐșĮȡıȘ.
‡
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓțȣȡȓȦȢșİĮIJȡȚțȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢijȦȞȒ
țȓȞȘıȘĮȣIJȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȡȩȜȠȣȢįȠȝȑȢ ʌȡȩȕĮ
ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘıțȘȞȠșİıȓĮțĮȚȐȜȜİȢİțijȡĮıIJȚțȑȢ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢȗȦȖȡĮijȚțȒʌȘȜȩȢȐȝȝȠȢ149.
¾ ǾȆĮȚȖȞȚȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
149
ȰȺɉɆɀȰ͕ʖ͘ʖ.
‡
ǾȆĮȚȖȞȚȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮĮȞȒțİȚıIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮIJȦȞ
șİȡĮʌİȚȫȞȝȑıȦIJȘȢȉȑȤȞȘȢ(Art Therapies).
ȄİțȓȞȘıİIJȠȠĮȚȫȞĮȝİIJȚȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȢIJȠȣ
5RXVVHDXȖȚĮIJĮʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞǾ$QQD
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ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȞǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ151:
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ȝİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȠȪ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ IJȘȢ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ ȀȜȚȞȚțȒȢ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ IJȦȞ
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ǽĮijİȚȡȓįȘȢ ĭ ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ıIJȘȞ ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
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ȕȚȕȜȓȠ: The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology. Schneider, K., Bugental, J.,
Pierson F., (ǼʌȚȝ. DzțįȠıȘȢ). Sage Publications.
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J.P.B. (1978). Humanistic psychology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Ȉ. ȋĮȡĮȜȝʌȓįȠȣ. ȈȀȠȪȝʌȠȣȢǹȖȖȉĮțȓįȘǹȖȖȆĮʌʌȠȪǹȚțȂʌȠȣțȠȣȕȐȜĮ
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ȕȠȘșȒıİIJİ Ȃİ ȑijİȡİ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ įȫıİIJİ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ 6
ȤȡȠȞȫȞ țĮȚ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ ʌȠȜȪ IJȘȞ ȕȠȒșİȚȐ ıĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ șȑȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȝİ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓ ȈĮȢ
ȑıIJİȚȜĮ țȚ ȑȞĮ ȖȡȐȝȝĮ ȩʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȦ IJȘȞ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ȝȠȣ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ - 8). ǻİȞ
ȟȑȡȦ ĮȞ ʌȐıȤȦ Įʌȩ țȐʌȠȚȠȣ İȓįȠȣȢ țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ ȃȚȫșȦ țİȞȩ țĮȚ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌĮȟȚȫȞȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȟȓĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢ>IJȠȜȑİȚșȜȚȝȝȑȞȘȝİțĮIJİȕĮıȝȑȞȠIJȠȕȜȑȝȝĮ@
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘİȓȞĮȚȩȡȠȢȕĮȡȪȢ īȚĮIJȓȒȡșİȢİįȫȉȚȗȘIJȐȢȆİȢ
ȝȠȣIJȚȞȚȫșİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ĮʌȜȫȢ ȑȤȦ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚ ȩIJȚ İȓȝĮȚ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ ĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȣȝȑȞȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ
İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ ȝȠȣ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ IJȘȞ İȚțȩȞĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȦ īȚĮ ȞĮ
țĮIJĮȜȐȕİIJİ ʌİȡȞȐȦ ĮIJİȜİȓȦIJİȢ ȫȡİȢ țȠȚIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠ ıȫȝĮ ȝȠȣ
ıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘțĮȚʌȡȠıʌĮșȫȞĮȕȡȦȑȞĮțȓȞȘIJȡȠȖȚĮȞĮİȓȝĮȚȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚȝİ
IJĮ įȪȠ ĮȜȜȐ ʌȠIJȑ įİȞ İȓȝĮȚ ǵʌȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȐȦ ȞȚȫșȦ ijȠȕİȡȒ ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ
ijȠȡȑȢ įİȞ ȟȑȡȦ IJȚ țȚȞȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ țĮȚ IJĮ țȐȞȦ ȩȜĮ IJȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮ ȈȤİįȩȞ ʌȐȞIJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȦIJĮİȜĮIJIJȫȝĮIJĮIJȘȢİȝijȐȞȚıȒȢȝȠȣțĮȚȝİȝİȚȫȞȦȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȩȜȠȚȞĮȝİİȚȡȦȞİȪȠȞIJĮȚǼȞȫȝȠȣȜȑȞİȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚıȤİIJȚțȐİȝijĮȞȓıȚȝȘ
ĮįȪȞĮIJȘțĮȚIJȠĮȞIJȓșİIJȠĮʌȩȩIJȚİȖȫʌȚıIJİȪȦİȖȫȗȦțĮȚʌȐȜȚȝİĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚİȢDzȤȦ
ijIJȐıİȚ țĮȚ ıİ ıȘȝİȓȠ ȞĮ ȗȘȜİȪȦ ijȠȕİȡȐ ȐȜȜĮ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ IJȘȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ıȣȖțȡȓȞȦ IJȘȞ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ įȚțȒ ȝȠȣ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ
ĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȪȠȝĮȚ ĮțȩȝĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ǻİȞ ȟȑȡȦ IJȚ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ȃȚȫșȦ ȤȠȞIJȡȒ Ǽįȫ țĮȚ
įȣȠİȕįȠȝȐįİȢIJȡȫȦȝȩȞȠıĮȜȐIJİȢțĮȚʌȓȞȦʌȠȜȪȞİȡȩȃȚȫșȦȜȓȖȠIJİȞIJȦȝȑȞĮȩȝȦȢ
IJĮȞİȪȡĮȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦȁȠȚʌȩȞȖȚĮıȣȞȑȤȚıİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮıĮȢİțȝȣıIJȘȡİȣIJȫȑȞĮȞijȩȕȠʌȠȣȑȤȦțĮȚȝȠȣțĮIJĮIJȡȫİȚIJȘ
ȗȦȒ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȞIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȪ īİȞȚțȐ İȓȝĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ijȠȕȚIJıȚȐȡĮ ıĮȞ
ȐIJȠȝȠ ȖİȝȐIJȘ ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚİȢ țĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ǵȝȦȢ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝİ ȑȤİȚ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȑȥİȚ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ijȩȕȠȢ ȝȠȣ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ǼȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ ȘȜȓșȚȠ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ țĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȦ ĮțȠȪıİȚ ȐȜȜȠ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ ȞĮ ĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ȃȚȫșȦ IJȩıȠ
İȣȐȜȦIJȘțĮȚIJȡȦIJȒȩIJĮȞİȓȝĮȚıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠİȚįȚțȐıIJȘȞĮȡȤȒȝȑȤȡȚȞĮıȣȞȘșȓıȦIJȠȣȢ
țĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝĮșȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠįİȤIJȠȪȞ ȠȚ ıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȑȢ ȝȠȣ ıİ ȑȞĮ
țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠIJȝȒȝĮǵIJĮȞȝİİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞıIJĮȝĮșȒȝĮIJĮȞȚȫșȦȩIJȚįİșĮIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȦ
șĮȖȓȞȦȡİȗȓȜȚțĮȚșĮȝİʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ
īȞȦȡȓȗȦȩIJȚĮȣIJȑȢȠȚıțȑȥİȚȢʌİȡȞȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȠțİijȐȜȚʌȠȜȜȫȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞĮȜȜȐ
ȘįȚĮijȠȡȐȝİȝȑȞĮİȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚȠijȩȕȠȢȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠȝİȖȐȜȠȢʌȠȣ įİȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮIJȠȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȦȉȠȕȐȗȦ ıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝİ IJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘʌȓİıȘțĮȚȑȤȦĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚʌȡȚȞțĮȞ
164
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ ʌȠȜȜȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣșĮȒșİȜĮȞĮ țȐȞȦǾȝİȖȐȜȘȝȠȣįȣıțȠȜȓĮıIJȠ
ȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȦIJȘȞʌȓİıȘİȓȞĮȚIJĮȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮIJȚțȐʌȠȣȝİʌȚȐȞȠȣȞıİȑȞIJȠȞȠȕĮșȝȩ
țĮșȫȢțĮȚȑȞĮĮȓıșȘȝĮȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚıİȑȞĮİȤșȡȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĭȠȕȐȝĮȚIJȩıȠʌȠȜȪʌȠȣ
ȝȠȣȑȡȤİIJĮȚȞĮȕȐȜȦIJĮțȜȐȝĮIJĮțĮȚȤȐȞȦIJȘȞȘijĮȜȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢıțȑȥȘȢȝȠȣ
ǹȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȜȣʌȘȡȩ ȀȐșȠȝĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌȡȦȓ ȦȢ IJȠ ȕȡȐįȣ
țȠȚIJȐȦ IJĮ ȕȚȕȜȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȞĮ įȚĮȕȐıȦ țĮȚ IJȚȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ȝȠȣ
ijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȩȜĮȕȠȣȞȩ țĮȚįİȞțȐȞȦțĮȝȓĮțȓȞȘıȘȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢįİȞIJĮțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦ
ȃȚȫșȦ IJİȜİȓȦȢ ȐȤȡȘıIJȘ ȉȠ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ʌȚıIJİȪȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİIJİ ʌȠȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ
ǼȞȠȤȑȢ IJȪȥİȚȢ țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ ĮȣIJȠIJȚȝȦȡȓĮ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ȞĮ ȤĮȡȫ IJȚȢ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌIJȣȤȑȢ IJȘȢ
ȗȦȒȢȝȠȣǵIJĮȞȝİİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞIJĮȜȑȦțĮȜȐĮȜȜȐ ĮʌȠıIJȒșȚıȘțĮȚțȠȝʌȚȐȗȦȃȚȫșȦ
ȝȓĮ - ȝȓĮ IJȚȢ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȞĮ ȤȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ ȝȠȣ ©ȂĮȡȓĮ ȀĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ
ijȠȡȐªȝȠȣȜȑȞİȠȚțĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢȆȠIJȑįİȞİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ
ȉȠȣȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ ȟȑȡȦ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȐ DzȤȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ȡȓȗİȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ȝȠȣ
ȘȜȚțȓĮȩʌȠȣİȞȫȣʌȒȡȤĮȞȚıȤȣȡȑȢİȞįİȓȟİȚȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢțĮȚȐȖȤȠȣȢįİȞ
įȚĮȖȞȫıIJȘțĮȞ țĮȚ įİȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıIJȘțĮȞ ıIJȘȞ ȫȡĮ IJȠȣȢ ĭȣıȚțȐ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȈIJȘȞ ʌȠȡİȓĮ ȑȞĮ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ ȝȠȣ
ȑȕȖĮȜİ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚijȐȞİȚĮ ijȠȕȓİȢ țĮȚ ȐȖȤȘ ȝȚĮȢ ȗȦȒȢ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȝİIJĮIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȩ
ıȠțȝİțȡȓıİȚȢʌĮȞȚțȠȪʌȠȣȝİIJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȠȪȞȝȑȤȡȚıȒȝİȡĮ
ǵıȠ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȝȑȞȦ ıʌȓIJȚ IJȩıȠ ȤȐȞȦ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȩıȠ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȕĮȜIJȫȞȦțĮȚțȜİȓȞȠȝĮȚıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢĮȣIJȩȑȤİȚțĮȚȐȜȜİȢ
ʌȡȠİțIJȐıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȓȞȚȫșȦșȣȝȩțĮȚįİșȑȜȦȞĮȕȖĮȓȞȦȝİijȓȜȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȓȞIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚȖȚĮ
ȝȑȞĮ
ȁȑȦıȣȞİȤȫȢȥȑȝĮIJĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȕĮșȝȠȪȢȝȠȣțĮȚįȒșİȞʌȦȢȕȖĮȓȞȦȝİʌĮȡȑİȢ
İȞȫ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ʌİȡȚIJȡȚȖȣȡȓȗȦ ıIJȘ ȖİȚIJȠȞȚȐ ȝȩȞȘ ȝȠȣ ȌȑȝĮIJĮ ȥȑȝĮIJĮ
ȥȑȝĮIJĮ ǻİȞ IJȠȜȝȫ țĮȞ ȞĮ ʌȦȢ IJȘȞ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ ȆȩıȠ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȘ
ĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚȈIJİȞĮȤȦȡȚȑȝĮȚʌȐȡĮʌȠȜȪȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȝȠȣIJȠ
ĮȖĮʌȫ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȚ ȑȤȦ ʌȠȜȜȐ șİIJȚțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ıĮȞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ
İȓȝĮȚʌİȡȒijĮȞȘ
ǵȝȦȢĮȣIJȩIJȠȝȚțȡȩțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȖİȝȐIJȠįİȚȜȓĮįİȝİĮijȒȞİȚȞĮȗȒıȦ
İȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȘİȜİȪșİȡȘțĮȚįȣȞĮIJȒȄȑȡȦȩIJȚșĮȝİȝĮȜȫıİIJİțĮȚʌĮȡĮțĮȜȫțȐȞIJİIJȠ
İȜİȪșİȡĮ ǼȓȤĮ ȩȝȦȢ IJȩıȠ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȞĮ İțȝȣıIJȘȡİȣIJȫ IJȘȞ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ ȝȠȣ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ
țȡȪȕȦıȣȤȞȐĮțȩȝĮțĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȞȓįȚȠȝȠȣIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
īİȖȠȞȩIJĮȗȦȒȢ- ǿıIJȠȡȚțȩ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚșĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐıȠȣțĮȚ
IJĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢıȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȃĮȚ șĮȒșİȜĮȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮıȠȣȖȚĮIJȠȣȢ©ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪȢȝİȖȐȜȠȣȢªIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞıȠȣȤȡȩȞȦȞ.
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ DzȤȦ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ Įįİȡijȩ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ȝȠȡijȦȝȑȞȠȚ țĮȚ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȐ ȝȚțȡȠȝİıĮȓȠȚ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ
165
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ĮȣIJȠįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘIJȠȢ ȂĮȢ ijȑȡȞİȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣ ǼʌȚȝȑȞİȚ ȞĮ
ȥȘșȠȪȝİıIJȘȗȦȒțĮȚ ȞĮȝȘȞțȐȞȠȣȝİıĮȞ ȝȚțȡȐʌĮȚįȚȐȃİȣȡȚȐȗİȚȩIJĮȞįİȓȤȞȠȣȝİ
ĮįȪȞĮȝȠȚ Ȓ ȡȦIJȠȪȝİ ĮȞ ȝĮȢ ĮȖĮʌȐİȚ ȈȣȞȒșȦȢ ĮʌĮȞIJȐ ©ȂȘȞ ȝİ ȡȦIJȐȢ IJȑIJȠȚĮ
ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȐİȓȞĮȚȖȚĮIJĮȝȦȡȐȂİȖȐȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐİȓıIJİIJȚIJȚȢșȑȜİIJİIJȚȢĮȖȐʌİȢǻİȞ
ĮȞIJȑȤȦ ȞĮ țȡȑȝİıIJİ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȖțĮȜȚȐ ȝȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ıĮȢª ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ
įȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ
Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ IJȠȞ șĮȣȝȐȗİȚ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȒ ȝİ IJȠ ȗȩȡȚ IJİȜİȓȦıİ IJȠ
īȣȝȞȐıȚȠȁȑİȚʌȦȢįİȞȒIJĮȞțĮȜȒțĮȚIJȘıIJĮȝȐIJȘıĮȞĮʌȩIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢIJȘȢ
ǻİȞ ȐȞIJİȤİ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȣʌȘȡȑIJȡȚĮ ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ țĮȚ ʌĮȞIJȡİȪIJȘțİ IJȠȞ ʌȡȫIJȠȞ ʌȠȣ IJȘ
ȗȒIJȘıİǹȣIJȩȢȒIJĮȞȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣǼȖȫįİȞșȑȜȦȞĮʌĮȞIJȡİȣIJȫǺȜȑʌȦIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮ
ȝȠȣ IJȚ țĮȜȐ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȞȐİȚ ȈȣȞİȤȫȢ İȓȞĮȚ șȜȚȝȝȑȞȘ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȞȑĮ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ
ȝȠȞȠȜȠȖİȓ ©ǽȦȒ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȒ ȩȜȠ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ʌȓțȡİȢª ȉȘȢ ȑįİȚȤȞĮ ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȑȢ
țĮȚ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ IJȚȢ țȠȚIJȐȟİȚ ȑȜİȖİ ©ȀĮȜȑȢ İȓȞĮȚª ©ȂĮ įİȞ IJȚȢ țȠȓIJĮȟİȢª ĮʌĮȞIJȠȪıĮ
ĮȚıșĮȞȩȝİȞȘ IJȘȞ țȠȡȠȧįȓĮ ©DzȤȦ įȠȣȜİȚȐ įİȞ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ Ȑıİ ȝݪ, ĮʌĮȞIJȠȪıİ ȟİȡȐ
ȉȘȞ ȡȦIJȠȪıĮ ©ȂȘIJȑȡĮ ȝ¶ ĮȖĮʌȐȢª ȂȠȣ ĮʌĮȞIJȠȪıİ ©ȂȘ ȝİ ȡȦIJȐȢ IJȑIJȠȚĮ
ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮǼȝȑȞĮʌȠIJȑȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣįİȞȝȠȣİȓʌİı¶ĮȖĮʌȫdzIJĮȞȣȚȠșİIJȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚ
ȝ¶ȐijȘȞİıȣȞȑȤİȚĮıIJȚȢȖİȚIJȩȞȚııİȢȖȚĮȞĮʌȐİȚıIJȠİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠȞĮįȠȣȜȑȥİȚǻȠȪȜİȣİ
ıIJȚȢțȠȞıȑȡȕİȢªȂȩȜȚȢȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣȑijİȣȖİʌȐȞIJĮIJȠȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȠȪıİʌȓıȦĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ʌȜȐIJȘ IJȠȣ İȞȫ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ IJȠȣ ȑȝȠȚĮȗİ ȣʌȐțȠȣȘ ȀȚ İȝȐȢ İȞȫ ȝĮȢ ijȡȩȞIJȚȗİ ʌȐȞIJĮ
ȟİȤȞȠȪıİȞĮȕȐȜİȚȝĮȤĮȚȡȠʌȒȡȠȣȞĮȩIJĮȞıȑȡȕȚȡİȒȑȜİȖİȞĮȝȘijȐȝİțȚ ȐȜȜȠȖȚĮIJȓ
IJȘȞʌİȓȡĮȟİIJȠijĮȖȘIJȩȒȞĮijȐȝİțĮȚįİȪIJİȡȠʌȚȐIJȠȖȚĮȞĮĮįİȚȐȗİȚȘțĮIJıĮȡȩȜĮțĮȚ
ȞĮIJȘȞʌȜȪȞİȚǷȡİȢ± ȫȡİȢȞȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢȝĮȢȑȕȜİʌİıĮȞĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣ
įİȞ ȝȠȣ ȐijȘȞİ ȤȫȡȠ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȦIJȠȕȠȣȜȓİȢ IJĮ ȑțĮȞİ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȒ ȖȚĮIJȓ İȖȫ įİȞ șĮ IJĮ
țĮIJȐijİȡȞĮ ȂİIJȐ ȝĮȢ ijȩȡIJȦȞİ İȞȠȤȑȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȠȞȠȪȝİȞȘ ʌȦȢ țȠȣȡȐȗİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȩȜĮ
ĮȣIJȒIJĮțȐȞİȚ
ȂĮțȚȘȖȚĮȖȚȐȝȠȣʌȠIJȑįİȞȑȜİȖİțĮȜȩȜȩȖȠǵȜȠȖȚĮIJȠȣȢʌȠȜȑȝȠȣȢțĮȚIJȘȞ
ʌİȓȞĮȝĮȢȑȜİȖİǻİȞȒȟİȡİ ʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚĮȝȩȞȠȚıIJȠȡȓİȢĮʌ¶IJȘȞțĮIJȠȤȒȑȜİȖİȆȐȞIJĮ
ijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞĮ IJȚȢ ȚıIJȠȡȓİȢ IJȘȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝĮȢ ȑȜİȖİ ijȠȕİȡȑȢ ȚıIJȠȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ
ǻİȣIJȑȡĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮ ȉȘȞ ʌİȡȓȝİȞĮ țȐșİ ǻİȣIJȑȡĮ ĮȜȜȐ IJȓʌȠIJĮ ȂĮȢ ʌȒȖĮȚȞİ ıIJȘȞ
İțțȜȘıȓĮ țĮȚ ȕȜȑʌĮȝİ țȐIJȚ ijȠȕİȡȚıIJȚțȑȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ țȩȜĮıȘ ȝİ țȐIJȚ IJȑȡĮIJĮ
ȂȚțȡȒijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞĮȉȫȡĮȩȤȚȞȠȝȓȗȦįȘȜ
ǾȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȝȠȣıȣȞİȤȫȢȝİĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJİȚțĮȚȝİıȣȖțȡȓȞİȚȝİIJȠȝİȖȐȜȠȝȠȣ
Įįİȡijȩ ǹȣIJȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȜȩȢ ıİ ȩȜĮ ȆȐȞIJĮ ĮțȠȪİȚ ȝʌȡȐȕȠ ǼȖȫ IJȓʌȠIJĮ DzȞĮ
ĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȩ ©țĮIJȐȜĮȕĮ ǻİȞʌİȡȚȝȑȞĮȝİIJȓʌȠIJĮțĮȜȜȓIJİȡȠ ĮʌȩıȑȞĮdzșİȜĮȞĮ
µȟİȡĮʌȠȚȩȞȑȝȠȚĮıİȢȃĮįȠȪȝİIJȚșĮțȐȞȠȣȝİȝİıȑȞĮªȅʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣȜȑİȚȩIJȚȘ
ĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒIJȘȢȖȣȞĮȓțĮȢİȓȞĮȚȠȖȐȝȠȢțĮȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞĮțȠȪİȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
ȠȪIJİʌȠȣIJȠȣȢİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣȞȀȚȠĮįİȡijȩȢȝȠȣȝȠȚȐȗİȚȞĮȝİıȞȠȝʌȐȡİȚʌȠIJȑįİȞȝȠȣ
ȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚIJȚȢʌĮȡȑİȢIJȠȣȂȐȜȜȠȞȞIJȡȑʌİIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȑȞĮǵIJĮȞȒȝȠȣȞȝȚțȡȒȝİijȫȞĮȗİ
ȤĮȗȒȆȐȞIJĮȕȠȪȡțȦȞĮIJĮȕȡȐįȚĮȝ¶ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝȠȣıȣȞȑȕĮȚȞĮȞǹȞĮȡȦIJȚȩȝȠȣȞʌȐȞIJĮ
ȖȚĮIJȓȂİijȩȡIJȦȞĮȞʌȐȞIJĮİȞȠȤȑȢȩIJĮȞȑȜİȖĮIJȘȖȞȫȝȘȝȠȣDzȜİȖĮȞȩIJȚİȓȝĮȚȝȚțȡȒ
țĮȚ įİȞ ȟȑȡȦ IJȓʌȠIJĮ īȚĮIJȓ ȠȚ ȝȚțȡȠȓ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ȉȚ ȒȝȠȣȞ țĮȞȑȞĮ
166
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıțȠȣʌȓįȚ©ǵıȠıİIJĮǸȗȠȣȝİșĮțȐȞİȚȢȩIJȚıȠȣȜȑȝݪȑȜİȖĮȞȠȡșȐțȠijIJȐțĮȚIJȑȜİȚȦȞİ
Ș ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘ DzȞȚȦșĮ ʌȦȢ ȝȠȣ ȑțȠȕĮȞ IJĮ ijIJİȡȐ ȂȚțȡȒ ȑȞȚȦșĮ ȩIJȚ ijIJĮȓȦ İȖȫ ȅȚ
ȖȠȞİȓȢİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJĮțĮȜȠȓțĮȚȝĮȢĮȖĮʌȐȞİǼȖȫİȓȝĮȚIJȠȜȐșȠȢȉȫȡĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮįİȞ
İȓȝĮȚʌȠȜȪıȓȖȠȣȡȘȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩĮȞțĮȚȝ¶ĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJȠȣȞȩȜȠȚ
ȈIJȠ įȘȝȠIJȚțȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȞIJȡȠʌĮȜȩ ʌĮȚįȓ ȆȠȜȜȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ țȐIJȚ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȝİ
ʌİȚȡȐȗĮȞİǻİȞIJȠȣȢİȓȤĮțȐȞİȚIJȓʌȠIJĮDzțĮȞĮʌĮȡȑĮȝİȝȚĮȒıȣȤȘțȠʌȑȜĮıĮȞİȝȑȞĮ
ȅȚȐȜȜİȢįİȞȝĮȢȝȚȜȠȪıĮȞȈIJȠīȣȝȞȐıȚȠįİȞȑijIJȚĮȟĮȞIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮīİȞȚțȐȒȝȠȣȞ
ȝȑIJȡȚĮȝĮșȒIJȡȚĮĮȞįİȞȞIJȡİʌȩȝȠȣȞĮȓıȦȢȒȝȠȣȞțĮȜȜȓIJİȡȘDzȤĮıĮțĮȚIJȘȝȠȞĮįȚțȒ
ȝȠȣijȓȜȘĭȠȡȠȪıĮțĮȚ țȐIJȚıȚįİȡȐțȚĮȂİ țȠȡȩȚįİȣĮȞǻİȞIJȠȣȢȐȡİȗĮȞIJĮȡȠȪȤĮ
ȝȠȣǻİȞIJĮįȚȐȜİȖĮİȖȫĮȜȜȐȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣǼȖȫʌȠIJȑįİȞİȓȤĮȜȩȖȠȖȚĮIJȓʌȠIJĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼıȪIJȚșĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮțȐȞİȚȢıIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃĮ ȖȓȞȦ ȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖȩȢ ȉĮ ȝȚțȡȐ ʌĮȚįȚȐ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȜȐ ǻİȞ ıİ
ʌİȚȡȐȗȠȣȞ ĬȑȜȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȠ ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ țĮȚ ĮȖȐʌȘ ĬȑȜȦ ȩIJĮȞ țȜĮȓȞİ ȞĮ IJĮ țȐȞȦ ȞĮ
ȖİȜȐȞİȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞıIJĮȝĮIJȠȪıİIJȠįȚțȩȝȠȣțȜȐȝĮȩIJĮȞțȜİȚȞȩȝȠȣȞĮıIJȠįȦȝȐIJȚȩ
ȝȠȣȆȩıȠșĮȒșİȜĮȞĮȝȠȣijȑȡȞȠȞIJĮȚȩȜȠȚțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚ IJȠıȤİįȚȐȖȡĮȝȝȐ IJȚȢįȓȞİȚȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ ȝİ
ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİȢȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȈȣȝijȦȞİȓȢȉĮȑȖȡĮȥĮıȦıIJȐȉȚșĮʌȡȠıȑșİIJİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȑIJıȚ IJĮ İȓʌĮ IJȠ țȠȓIJĮȟİ ʌȡȠıİțIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȠ ȑįȦıİ
ʌȓıȦ.
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢțȐʌȠȚȠȩȞİȚȡȠʌȠȣİȓįİȢ
IJȫȡĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ72 - 73);
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȡȠȤșȑȢ İȓįĮ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ıʌȓIJȚ ȄĮijȞȚțȐ İȓįĮ ȝȚĮ ȜİȣțȒ
țȠȣȡIJȓȞĮȞĮIJȘȞʌĮȓȡȞİȚĮȑȡĮȢțĮȚȞĮʌİIJȐİȚȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡȐșȣȡȩȝȠȣǵIJĮȞȐȞȠȚȟĮ
IJȘȞ ʌȩȡIJĮ ȕȡȑșȘțĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ įȐıȠȢ ȆĮȞIJȠȪ IJİȡȐıIJȚĮ ȝĮȞȚIJȐȡȚĮ ȤȩȡIJĮ șȐȝȞȠȚ țĮȚ
ʌȠȜȪȥȘȜȑȢȠȟȚȑȢȖȣȝȞȑȢĮʌȩIJȠijȪȜȜȦȝȐIJȠȣȢȝİıȠȣȕȜİȡȐĮʌİȚȜȘIJȚțȐțȜĮįȚȐǵȜĮ
ȒIJĮȞȝİȖȐȜĮȂȩȞȠİȖȫȒȝȠȣȞȝȚțȡȒȄĮijȞȚțȐȐȡȤȚıİȞĮȝİțȣȞȘȖȐȝȚĮȐȖȡȚĮȖȐIJĮ
ǼʌȐȞȦ IJȘȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ ıțĮȡijĮȜȦȝȑȞȠȚ ȓıȦȢ ȒIJĮȞ țȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ȝȚțȡȠȓ Ȃİ
țȣȞȘȖȠȪıĮȞțĮȚȝȠȣȑȜİȖĮȞ©țȐȞİĮȣIJȩțȐȞİİțİȓȞȠªȄĮijȞȚțȐȑʌİıĮȞĮʌȩIJȘȖȐIJĮ
ǼȖȫ IJȡȩȝĮȟĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȒțĮ ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ ʌȐȜȚ dzȝȠȣȞ ʌȐȜȚ ȝİȖȐȜȘ DzȟȦ ȑȕȡİȤİ țĮȚ
ʌİIJȠȪıĮȞʌĮȞIJȠȪȝĮȪȡĮțȠȡȐțȚĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȆȠȜȪĮȖȦȞȓĮȕȜȑʌȦıIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣǼȓȞĮȚȩȜĮ
țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣǻİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȡȝȘȞİȪıİȚȢȝȩȞȘıȠȣIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣǹȞ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȢįİȞșĮIJȠȑȕȜİʌİȢǾȜİȣțȒțȠȣȡIJȓȞĮʌȠȣʌİIJȐİȚİȓȞĮȚȠijȩȕȠȢȖȚĮȑțșİıȘ
ʌȠȣıİĮȖȤȫȞİȚĭȠȕȐıĮȚʌȦȢȩIJȚțĮȚȞĮțȐȞİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȜȐșȠȢȉȠȩIJȚıIJȠįȐıȠȢİȓıĮȚ
ȝȚțȡȒİȓȞĮȚȘȤĮȝȘȜȒıȠȣĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘǾĮȖȡȚȩȖĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚȘ LibidoțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȣ
IdįȘȜIJȠǹȣIJȩ± IJĮȑȞıIJȚțIJĮțĮȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣİȓȞĮȚIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫǾȕȡȠȤȒİȓȞĮȚȘ
Libido țĮȚIJĮȝĮȪȡĮțȠȡȐțȚĮIJȠȑȞıIJȚțIJȠIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣțȠȝȝȐIJȚțȚĮȣIJȩIJȠȣIdǹʌȩ
IJȘȞĮȖȡȚȩȖĮIJĮȝȩȞȠȚIJȠȣȢȑʌİıĮȞȒİıȪIJȠȣȢȑȡȚȟİȢ
167
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȂȩȞȠȚIJȠȣȢ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ DzȤİȚȢ ĮțȠȣıIJȐ IJȠȞ ȩȡȠ ĭĮȜȜȚțȒ Ȓ ǹȡȤĮȧțȒ
ȂȘIJȑȡĮ Ȉ¶ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ IJȪʌȠ ĮȞȒțİȚ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ıȠȣ ȈIJȠȡȖȚțȒ țĮȚ ijȠȕİȡȒ ±
İȣȞȠȣȤȚıIJȚțȒȝĮȗȓ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȡȚȞ ȑȡșİȚȢ ıȠȣ İȓȤĮ įȫıİȚ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıİȚȢ ȑȞĮ
ȖİȞȞİȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠįȦǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚIJȠȖİȞİĮȜȠȖȚțȩįȑȞįȡȠIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȑȦȢIJȡİȚȢȖİȞȚȑȢʌȓıȦIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİȝʌİȡȚȑȤİȚıIJȠȚȤİȓĮĮʌȩIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ ȗȦȒ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ țĮȚ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȘȝȐįİȥĮȞ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȂȠȣȑijİȡİȢțĮȚIJȚȢijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓİȢʌȠȣȗȒIJȘıĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİȉȠįȓȞİȚǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ)
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȠȝİȜİIJȐİȚȈIJĮȝĮIJȐȈȘțȫȞİȚIJȠțİijȐȜȚțĮȚȜȑİȚ
ȈIJȘȞ ĮȖȡȠIJȚțȒ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ țĮIJȐȖİIJĮȚ Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ıȠȣ IJȠȞ ȣʌȠIJĮțIJȚțȩ
ȡȩȜȠ ȑʌĮȚȗİ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ İȞȫ ıIJȘ ȝȚțȡȠĮıIJȚțȒ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ ıȠȣ IJȠȞ
ȣʌȠIJĮțIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠȑʌĮȚȗİ ȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢIJȘȢȅȚıȤȑıİȚȢțĮȚ IJȦȞįȪȠȝİIJĮĮįȑȡijȚĮIJȠȣȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ țĮțȑȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ IJȣʌȚțȑȢ ȅȚ ʌȡȩȖȠȞȠȚ ıȠȣ İȓȤĮȞ ȕȚȫıİȚ ıIJİȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ
țĮțȠȣȤȓİȢ țĮȚ ȝİȖȐȜȦıĮȞ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȤȦȡȓȢ IJȘȞ ȑțijȡĮıȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞ
IJȠȣȢ ȂȚȜȠȪıĮȞ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȖȚĮ İʌȚȕȓȦıȘ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ʌĮȞIJȡİȪIJȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ ʌȡȠȟİȞȚȩ
ȆȠIJȑ įİȞ İȟȑijȡĮȗĮȞ IJĮ ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣȢ ıĮȞ ȗİȣȖȐȡȚ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ ȒIJĮȞ įȚĮȤȣIJȚțȠȓ
țĮȚ ʌȡȠȢ İıȐȢ ȈIJȘ ȝȚțȡȠĮıIJȚțȒ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȖİȞȞȒșȘțİȢ İıȪ Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ
İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩȢ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠȞ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚȢ ȝȠȚȐȗİȚ ȤȠȞIJȡȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ
ĮʌȩȜȣIJȠȢ ĮįĮȒȢ țĮțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ± IJȠȞ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȞ ȜȩȖȦ
ĮȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȠıȪȞȘȢ Ȓ IJȠȞ țĮIJĮȞȠȠȪȞ ıȣȖțĮIJĮȕĮIJȚțȐ Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ıȠȣ ʌȐȜȚ ȝȠȚȐȗİȚ
ȣʌȠȤȦȡȘIJȚțȒ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ İȞȚıȤȪȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ ȚıȤȣȡȠȖȞȦȝȠıȪȞȘ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
ĮȣIJĮȡȤȚıȝȩIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮȆȓıȦĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȜȐIJȘIJȠȣȕȑȕĮȚĮIJȠȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡİȓȀȐIJȚʌȠȣıİ
țȐȞİȚȞĮȝȘȞİȝʌȚıIJİȪİıĮȚIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢǾȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢĮʌȩȝȚțȡȒ
ȩʌȦȢȝĮȢİȓʌİȢįİȞı¶ȐijȘȞİȞĮʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢʌȡȦIJȠȕȠȣȜȓİȢțĮȚ IJĮȑțĮȞİȩȜĮȖȚĮıȑȞĮ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ ĮȚıșȐȞİıĮȚ ȐȤȡȘıIJȘ İțIJȩȢ țȚ ĮȞ ıİ ȕȠȘșȠȪıİ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ǹțȩȝȘ țȚ
ȩIJĮȞıȠȣȑȜİȖİȝʌȡȐȕȠįİȞIJȠİȞȞȠȠȪıİȆĮȓȡȞȠȣȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJȠȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣĮįİȡijȠȪ
ıȠȣțȚİıȪıIJȠȤȠʌȠȚİȓıĮȚȦȢʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮǼȓıĮȚĮȣIJȒʌȠȣįİȞIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȞİȚĮȣIJȒʌȠȣ
įİȞIJȡȫİȚĮȣIJȒʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚȖțȡȚȞȚȐȡĮțĮȚȝȓȗİȡȘ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮ Ș ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ıȠȣ ȓıȦȢ ȩȝȦȢ șĮ
ȑʌȡİʌİȞĮIJȘįİȚȢĮʌȩȝȚĮȐȜȜȘȠʌIJȚțȒȖȦȞȓĮ ȂȠȣȑțĮȞİİȞIJȪʌȦıȘIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣ
ĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȝȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȆȡȠıʌȐșȘıİȞĮȖȓȞİȚȢȑȞĮʌȡȠȢȑȞĮIJĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮ
IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ıȠȣ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȩȜĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȠȣ
ǼȟȚıIJȩȡȘıİ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȐ ıIJȠȞ İȞİıIJȫIJĮ ȆĮȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠȞ țȐșİ ȡȩȜȠ șĮ ȟİțȚȞȐȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȜȑȟȘİȖȫĬȑȜȦȞĮIJȠȟĮȞĮȗȒıİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢīȡȐijİȚțĮȚįȓȞİȚIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȉȘȞȕȜȑʌİȚ ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮȘİȡȖĮıȓĮıȠȣ
168
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȄİțȓȞȘıİȢIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣıĮȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢʌȠȣ
įİȞ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮ IJȠȣ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮțȩȝĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ
ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıİȢ ȝȩȞȠ ȞĮ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ ıȠȣ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ȣʌĮțȠȪȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ Ǿ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ ıȠȣ
İȟĮȡIJȚȩȞIJĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ıİ ʌİȡȚȑȕĮȜȜĮȞ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ
ȈIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȒIJȘȢĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮȢıȣȞȑȕĮȜȜĮȞIJĮȕȚȫȝĮIJĮıȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
ȠȚʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢIJĮʌȚıIJİȪȦȠȚĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢțĮȚȠȚĮʌȩȥİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȀȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ
ȕȚȫȞİȚ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȖȪȡȦ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐ ȝİ ĮȣIJȩ ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩİȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣțĮȚIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩIJȠȣ
ǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹʌ¶ ȩıĮ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȦ ʌȦȢ ȑȤİȚȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ 9 - 15). ǼțįȘȜȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚĮ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ
ȩʌȦȢ Ș IJȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ȞİȣȡȚțȒ ĮȞȠȡİȟȓĮ Ș ȝȘ ȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȒ İȚțȩȞĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
İȝijȐȞȚıȒ ıȠȣ Ș ĮʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ Ș ĮȣIJȠʌĮȡĮȓIJȘıȘ țĮȚ Ș ȤȡȩȞȚĮ įȣıșȣȝȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠ țİȞȩ
ʌȠȣ ȞȚȫșİȚȢ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ ) ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ
IJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣțĮȚıIJȠȩIJȚįİȞİȚıȑʌȡĮȟİȢıIJȠıȤȠȜȚțȩțĮȚijȚȜȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
ȝȚĮıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐʌȠȣȞĮĮȞĮȚȡȠȪıİĮȣIJȒIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼȓȞĮȚijĮȞİȡȩʌȦȢIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮțĮȚ
ıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮȣIJȩIJȘȢǾȜȑțIJȡĮȢįİȞȜȪșȘțİȖȚĮıȑȞĮȩʌȦȢȑʌȡİʌİȉȠȩIJȚıȣȞįȑİȚȢ
ȑȞıIJȚțIJĮ IJȘȢ ǽȦȒȢ ± Libido țĮȚ IJȠȣ ĬĮȞȐIJȠȣ țĮȚ IJĮ IJĮȣIJȓȗİȚȢ ȓıȦȢ ʌȡȠȕİȓ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩ ǺȜȑʌȦ ʌȠȜȪ ȠȡȖȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ıȠȣ İȓȤİ ȝȚĮ
İȣȞȠȣȤȚıIJȚțȒıIJȐıȘĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȓıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȣʌȦıȚĮțȩ ĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ ĮȞ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ ʌȑijIJȠȣȞ įȪıțȠȜİȢ IJȩıİȢ
țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚȢ įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ
ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣȅȚįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ
IJȦȞ ȝȩȞȚȝȦȞ ıȣȝȝĮȤȚȫȞ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ ȑȤİȚ ijȑȡİȚ IJȠȞ įȚȤĮıȝȩ ıIJĮ ȝȑȜȘ țĮȚ
įȚĮIJȐȡĮȟȘ IJȘȢ įȠȝȒȢ IJȠȣ ĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ įȘȜ IJȦȞ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢıȠȣ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȠșȐȞĮIJȠȢIJȠȣĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪıȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȈIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚįȚȐıIJĮıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȘȜİțIJȚțȒțĮȚıIJȘȞİȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐıIJȠ
ıȣȝȕȐȞȝİIJȘȞȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȖȡĮȥİȢǻİȞİȓıĮȚIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ǼȓıĮȚIJȠıȪȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȘȢʌĮșȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢIJȘȢ
Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȖȚĮIJȓ IJĮ ȩȡȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȐįȚțĮ Ȓ
ĮȞĮIJȡİʌȩȝİȞĮįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚıȦıIJȒȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮțĮȚȝȘİȣȑȜȚțIJİȢıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢȂȩȞȚȝĮİıȪ
įȚĮȝĮȡIJȪȡİıĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩʌȠȣıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȅĮįİȡijȩȢıȠȣȕȖĮȓȞİȚȑȟȦȝİIJȚȢʌĮȡȑİȢIJȠȣ
țĮȚ ȞȠȝȓȗİȚ ʌȦȢ ĮʌȠıIJĮıȚȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ DzȤİȚȢ įȣıțȠȜȓĮ ıIJȚȢ
įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢıIJȘȞĮȖȐʌȘıIJȘȞȚıȩȡȡȠʌȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐıIJȘȞİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
169
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȖȚĮIJȓ ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ıȠȣ ǻİȞ ĮȞIJȑȤİȚȢ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚȢ
IJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣȖȚĮIJȘıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣȢİʌİȚįȒĮʌȩIJȘȝȚțȡȒıȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮʌȓıIJİȣİȢ
ȩʌȦȢȩȜĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȚįİĮIJȠȓ
ǾįȚĮʌȓıIJȦıȘIJȘȢĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮȢIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȝʌȑȡįİȝĮȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ İȞȠȤȒ ıIJȡĮȝȝȑȞȘ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣ įȣıșȣȝȓĮ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȩʌȦȢȘȞİȣȡȚțȒĮȞȠȡİȟȓĮțĮȚ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮıIJȚȢįȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢ
IJȠȣ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȂȘȞ ĮȞIJȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞİʌĮȡțİȓȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
șȪIJȘȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠİȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢIJȘȞįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȜʌȓȗȦȞĮȝİȕȠȘșȒıİIJİ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ǹʌ¶ȩıĮȝĮȢİȓʌİȢȕȜȑʌȦȞĮĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıȠȣ IJȠ ǼȖȫ IJȠ ĬȑȜȦ IJȠ ȂʌȠȡȫ IJȠ ǺȜȑʌȦ IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ țĮșĮȡȐ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢțĮȚIJȠǼțijȡȐȗȠȝĮȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȜʌȓȗȦǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉĮȕȚȫȝĮIJĮʌȠȣİȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȉȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ ĮȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠ ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒıİȚ IJȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȠȣ
İʌȚIJȡȑȥİȚ ȞĮ İȚıȤȦȡȒıİȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ Ȓ ȞĮ IJȠ ĮȡȞȘșİȓ ȉȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȝİ ȖȞȫȝȠȞĮ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ IJȠȣ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠıIJȘȞĮʌȩijĮıȘĮȣIJȒʌĮȓȗİȚȘĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮʌȩ
IJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȅȚİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞȝİȖȐȜȦȞIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȝĮȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȐȝȣȞİȢȂİȐȜȜĮȜȩȖȚĮȝȚĮİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȘȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚĮȞIJȓșİIJȘȝİIJȘȞĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣ
ĮIJȩȝȠȣ Ȓ įİȞ șĮ ȕȚȦșİȓ țĮșȩȜȠȣ ȐȡȞȘıȘ Ȓ șĮ ȕȚȦșİȓ ĮȜȜĮȖȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮ įȚĮıIJȡȑȕȜȦıȘ ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ IJȦȞ įȪȠ ĮȣIJȫȞ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣǼȓȞĮȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȢȞĮ
įȚĮIJȘȡȘșİȓ ĮțȑȡĮȚȘ Ș ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ĮijȠȪ ȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠIJİ ȕȓȦȝĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȚȠ Ȓ
ĮȞIJȓșİIJȠİȚıȑȜșİȚıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚĮȜȜĮȖȒȝİĮȞİȟȑȜİȖțIJİȢ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢįȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚıijȠįȡȒıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢ
ıȠȣțĮȚıIJȚȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞțĮȚĮȣIJȒȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚıȣȞİȚįȘIJȒțĮȚıȠȣ
İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȦȢțȐIJȚįİȞʌȐİȚțĮȜȐıIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀȑȞIJȡȠİȓȞĮȚȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢțȚȩȤȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȚĮȝȩȞȠ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȃĮȚ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
170
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂĮȗȓ șĮİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȝİı¶ĮȣIJȩǾșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘ
ȝĮȢ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȚıȠIJȚȝȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ǻİȞ IJİȜİȚȫȞİȚ ȝİ IJȘ ıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
ȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢșĮțȐȞİȚȢțȐʌȠȚİȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓȞĮȚȕĮıȚțȩȞĮțȐȞȠȣȝİȝĮȗȓȝȚĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮțĮȚȞĮıİȕȩȝĮıIJİȠȑȞĮȢIJȠȞȐȜȜȠȞǺȐıȘIJȘȢșĮİȓȞĮȚȘİȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼıȪĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȢIJȠȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣIJȩıĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮǹʌȩİįȫțĮȚʌȑȡĮıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮȝȚĮȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮȢțĮȚıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ
IJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩıȤȑįȚȠșĮȑȤİȚȢțĮȚȝȑȞĮȦȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒțĮȚȝĮȗȓșĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȠȣȝİ
ȑȞĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȂĮȗȓ șĮ İȚıȑȜșȠȣȝİ ıIJȠ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ șĮ IJȠ țĮIJĮıIJȒıȠȣȝİ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȂʌȠȡİȓ Ș
șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȠȝĮįȚțȐ ıIJȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȅ ȡȩȜȠȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ıİ ȕȠȘșȒıȦ ȞĮ įİȚȢ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȝȑıĮĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚİȢĮıțȒıİȚȢ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓıĮȚ Ƞ ©ȆİȜȐIJȘȢª ȝȠȣ țȚ İȖȫ Ƞ
ıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢıȠȣıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘǻȚțĮȚȠȪıĮȚȞĮİȓıĮȚİȜİȪșİȡȠȢĮʌȩțȐșİ
ȝȠȡijȒȢ țĮșȠįȒȖȘıȘ țĮȚ țĮIJĮʌȓİıȘ ȉȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ ıIJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ IJĮȟȓįȚ ȖȚĮ
įȪȠȅıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢİȓȞĮȚȠıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢıȠȣıIJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮıȠȣȖȚĮĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ
ǼıȪșĮȝİȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚȢıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠıȠȣțȚİȖȫșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȠȞįȦȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
IJĮȝȐIJȚĮıȠȣțĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐıȠȣȤȦȡȓȢȩȝȦȢȞĮȤȐıȦIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȝȠȣ
ȝĮIJȚȐ țĮȚ ĮȓıșȘıȘ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ĬĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȒıȦ IJȘȞ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮʌȠȣİȚıʌȡȐIJIJİȚȢĮʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȅįȡȩȝȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝĮȢȐȜȜȠIJİİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȜĮIJȪȢ țȚ İȣȡȪȤȦȡȠȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ ıIJİȞȩȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ijȦIJİȚȞȩȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ
ıțȠIJİȚȞȩȢ ȜĮıʌȦȝȑȞȠȢ țȚ ĮįȚȑȟȠįȠȢ ȈIJȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ ȝĮȢ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ șĮ IJȡȑȤȠȣȝİ
ȐȜȜİȢijȠȡȑȢșĮıIJĮȝĮIJȐȝİțȚȐȜȜȠIJİșĮȖȣȡȞȐȝİȜȓȖȠʌȓıȦǵIJĮȞıțȠȞIJȐȥİȚȢıIJȠȣȢ
ijȩȕȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢĮįȣȞĮȝȓİȢıȠȣșĮĮʌȜȫıȦIJȠȤȑȡȚȝȠȣȞĮıİȕȠȘșȒıȦȞĮıȘțȦșİȓȢ
ȉȠIJĮȟȓįȚİȓȞĮȚĮʌȡȩȕȜİʌIJȠțĮȚȠİȖȫİȓȝĮȚİįȫȖȚĮȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȓıȦıIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣ
IJȘȞ ĮȓıșȘıȘ ıȚȖȠȣȡȚȐȢ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘȢ ȠȪIJȦȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢ ȞĮ IJȠ ijȑȡİȚ ıİ
ʌȑȡĮȢǼȓȝĮȚįȓʌȜĮıȠȣıĮȞȑȞĮȢʌȚıIJȩȢıȪȞIJȡȠijȠȢ ʌȠȣșĮıȠȣijȦIJȓıİȚIJȠȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚ
IJȠȣ įȪıțȠȜȠȣIJĮȟȚįȚȠȪȝĮȢıIJĮȕȐșȘIJȠȣ ȝȣĮȜȠȪıȠȣǼıȪįȚĮȜȑȖİȚȢIJĮȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚĮ
ʌȠȣșĮȕȐȜȠȣȝİıIJȘȞįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȝĮȢȤȦȡȓȢİȖȫȞĮıİİʌȘȡİȐıȦ
īȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİIJȠĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ Ǿ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠțȡȐȝȝĮIJȦȞįȪȠȠȝȫȞȣȝȦȞıȤȠȜȫȞ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȈIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ IJȦȞ %HFN Watson, Bandura, Pavlov, Skinner
țȜʌ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ĮȣIJȒ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
171
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȤȑıȘȈțȑȥȘȢ± ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȠȢ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ± ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪǹȣIJȩıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ
İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȫȞ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚȝʌȜȠțȐȡȠȣȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢ ȝĮȢDzIJıȚįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮ
įİȚȢIJȘȤĮȡȐIJȘȢȗȦȒȢțĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹȡȤȓȗȦȞĮțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ
ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ȈIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ IJȠȣ ĭȡȩȣȞIJ IJȠȣ īȚȠȪȞȖț IJȘȢ ȀȜȐȚȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
ȁĮțȐȞȀİȞIJȡȚțȑȢȚįȑİȢİȓȞĮȚIJĮIJȡȓĮıIJȐįȚĮĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮȠȚ
ȐȝȣȞİȢȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘIJȠȣId ȝİIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫIJȠAnimus țĮȚIJȠAnimaIJȠȈȣȜȜȠȖȚțȩ
ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȘĭĮȜȜȚțȒ± ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȂȘIJȑȡĮțȜʌ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȆȠȜȪʌȜȠțȠijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȉȩıİȢȞȑİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȚįȑİȢ
IJȠȣ 0XUUD\ %RZHQ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ Ƞ ĮıșİȞȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ
IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ȣʌȩıȣıIJȘȝĮ ıȤȑıİȦȞ țĮȚ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȂȑıĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ įȚĮįȡȐıİȚȢ
ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȜİțIJȚțȒ țĮȚ İȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒ įȘȜ Ș ȖȜȫııĮ IJȠȣ
ıȫȝĮIJȠȢİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮǵIJĮȞĮȣIJȑȢįİȞİȞĮȡȝȠȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚIJȩIJİİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚįȚȐȡȡȘȟȘIJȦȞ
ıȤȑıİȦȞĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJĮȝȑȜȘIJȠȣ ȣʌȠıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȅȚ ıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢIJȦȞ
ȝİȜȫȞ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıIJĮșİȡȑȢ șĮ ȑʌȡİʌİ Ȟ¶ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ
ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣȢȖȚĮȞĮİȞȚıȤȪİIJĮȚȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮșİȦȡȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǻİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ IJȚ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ
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ȆİȜȐIJȘȢDzȞĮĮıIJȑȡȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȀȚȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮIJȡȓȖȦȞȠȉĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJĮȩʌȦȢijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
Ǿ ȂȑșȠįȠȢ Gestalt įİ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȚIJȚȠțȡĮIJȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȩ
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ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ IJȠȣ Carl Rogers ȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ įȚʌȜȩ ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȩ ȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠ IJȘȞ
ijĮȚȞȠȝİȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȣʌĮȡȟȚıȝȩ ȀĮȚ IJĮ įȣȠ ĮȣIJȐ ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȐ ȡİȪȝĮIJĮ
ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞʌȦȢȠțȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚIJȠȞįȚțȩIJȠȣȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢ
172
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚȝȩȞȠȢIJȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣ
țĮȚȞĮijIJȐıİȚıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮșİȦȡȓĮ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢĬĮȕȐȜȠȣȝİȝĮȗȓțȐʌȠȚȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢīȡȐȥİȝȠȣIJȠȣȢ
įȚțȠȪȢı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİIJȠȣȢȑȖȡĮȥĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂʌȡȐȕȠǼįȫįȚȐȜİȟĮIJȠȣȢʌȚȠȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮįİȤIJİȓȢ IJȘ
ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ İțijȡȐıİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȠȡȖȒ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ IJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞȉȩIJİșĮȞȚȫıİȚȢțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩİȞȠȤȑȢțĮȚȣʌȠțȡȚıȓĮ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȦȞ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȦȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞʌȠȣıȣȞIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȂĮȗȓșĮİȚıȑȜșȠȣȝİıIJȠįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣțĮȚșĮIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȒıȠȣȝİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩȉȫȡĮįİȞİȓıĮȚȠ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ʌȠȣ ȒıȠȣȞĮ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȜȘȖȫșȘțİȢ ȝȚțȡȒ DzȤİȚȢ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ȆȑȡĮıĮȞ IJĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ İȟİȜȓııİıĮȚ Ȃİ IJȘ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ șĮ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȖȚĮ IJȚȓ șĮ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȝİȝĮȗȓIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮȉȫȡĮșĮıȕȒıȠȣȞIJĮȤȞȐȡȚĮIJȠȣȝȠȞȠʌĮIJȚȠȪʌȠȣıİ
ıȣȞįȑİȚ ȝİ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ țĮȚ șĮ įİȚȢ IJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ȖİȝȐIJȠ
İȜʌȓįĮ
ȀĮȜȩșĮ ȒIJĮȞȞĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıİȚȢIJȘȞȑĮıȠȣIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȞȠȓȖȠȞIJĮȢįȡȩȝȠȖȚĮ
IJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞȋȡȒıȚȝȠșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮijIJȚȐȟİȚȢȞȑȠȣȢįȡȩȝȠȣȢʌȠȣșĮĮȞȒțȠȣȞıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞ
țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮijȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ ȤȠȡIJĮȡȚȐıȠȣȞ ȠȚ ʌĮȜȚȠȓ įȡȩȝȠȚ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȠȢǺȜȑʌİȚȢțĮȚĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȦȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢĮȜȜȐĮʌȩIJȩIJİ
ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮ ȑȤȦ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ǼȓıĮȚ ʌȚĮ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȄİțȩȜȜĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ȖȚĮIJȓ įİȞ
İȓıĮȚ ʌȚĮ İțİȓ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȝȐșİȚȢ ȞĮ ȕȐȗİȚȢ ȩȡȚĮ ȃĮȚ įİȞ İȓıĮȚ ȑȞȠȤȠȢ ȑȤİȚȢ ĮȟȓĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȕȐȗİȚȢȩȡȚĮIJȠȠijİȓȜİȚȢıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȅıțȠʌȩȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮįİȚȢIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢ
İȓȞĮȚțȚȩȤȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȚȢıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȢȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮĮȡȤȓıİȚȢȞĮ
ʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ıȠȣ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢ țĮȚ ȕȐȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJĮ ȩȡȚȐ ıȠȣȅ ʌȣȡȒȞĮȢ
IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ĮȣIJȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ įȘȜĮįȒ ȝİ ȑȞĮ IJȡȩʌȠ Ș
ĮijȪʌȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ İȣșȪȞȘȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıțȑijIJȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ țȐȞȠȣȞ
ıIJȠ İįȫ țĮȚ IJȫȡĮ DzIJıȚ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJȫȡĮ țĮȚ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİįȡȐıȘȖȚĮȞĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȞ152.
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȗȦȞIJĮȞȒ
ıȤȑıȘʌȠȣșĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıȠȣȝİȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıİȚȢȝİȐȞİıȘȞĮİȟİȡİȣȞȒıİȚȢIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠʌȠȣ
152
http://www.vitatherapy.gr/2BBD2551.el.aspx
173
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȐȡİȚ IJȚȢ țĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ
ĮʌȠijȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ıȑȞĮ ȅ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ȦȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ȦȢ
țȓȞȘIJȡȠ ȝȚĮ IJȐıȘ ȖȚĮ įȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ țĮȚ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ĮȣIJȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȣʌȠıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ʌȠȣ ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ İĮȣIJȩȢ Ȓ
ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮ ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ Ƞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ IJȚȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ IJȘȢ
įȪȞĮȝȘȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ Ƞ țȐșİ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȞĮ ıȣȞIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ
įȚİȣȡȪȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȣIJȠȞȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȫȞİȚ IJȠ įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ
ıȠȣȜȪıİȚȢ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȈȠȣȑȤȦȝȚĮțĮȡIJȑȜĮȝİIJȚȢȜȐșȠȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚȢ
ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ īȡȐȥİ ȝȠȣ ʌȩıȠ ıȣȝijȦȞİȓȢ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȑȢ
ȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȫȞIJĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİIJȠıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓıĮȚ ıȓȖȠȣȡȘ ʌȦȢ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ıİ IJȑIJȠȚȠ
ȕĮșȝȩDzȤİȚȢıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȚĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣȞĮıȠȣȑȤȠȣȞʌİȚIJȠĮȞIJȓșİIJȠȃȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢ
țĮȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȑIJıȚȉȚșĮIJĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠȐıȤȘȝĮIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȃĮȚȝȚĮijȓȜȘ
ȝȠȣțȐʌȠIJİȝȠȣȑȜİȖİʌȩıȠțĮȜȒȒȝȠȣȞıIJȘȗȦȖȡĮijȚțȒțĮȚıIJȠȞĮȖȡȐijȦʌȠȚȒȝĮIJĮ
dzIJĮȞIJȠțĮIJĮijȪȖȚȩȝȠȣȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢțȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚțȐʌȦȢȑIJıȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢijIJĮȓİȚȉȚșĮIJĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅȚ ĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȠȓ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ĬĮ IJĮ ıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣĮ ȞĮ įȠȣȞ ȝİ ȝȐIJȚĮ
țĮșĮȡȐʌȦȢIJȠȣȢijȑȡȞȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠıʌȓIJȚȃĮȝȘȞțȜİȓȞȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢ
țĮȚȞĮįȓȞȠȣȞİȣțĮȚȡȓİȢıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȞĮIJĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞǴıȦȢțĮȚȞĮʌȚıIJȑȥȠȣȞıIJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩIJȠȣȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ ȖȡȐȥİȚȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ
ʌȠȣıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞțȐʌȠȚĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȞĮIJĮȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȒıİȚȢĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠ
ʌȩıȠ ȚıȤȣȡȐ ȒIJĮȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȚ ıȠȣ șȪȝȚıĮȞ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ıȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȂİIJȐ Įʌȩ
ĮȣIJȒIJȘıȪȞįİıȘʌȩıȠșİȦȡİȓȢĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮĮȜȘșȚȞȑȢțĮȚ
ȚıȤȣȡȐ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ ĬĮ ıȠȣ ĮȞĮșȑıȦ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒ īȡȐȥİ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȤĮȡIJȓ ʌȩıĮ
ʌĮȚįȚȐȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢĮȞIJĮȤĮȚȡİIJȓıİȚȢıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠșĮĮȞIJĮʌȠįȫıȠȣȞȉȚĮȚıșȐȞİıĮȚ
ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ ȋĮȚȡȑIJȚıİ IJȣȤĮȓĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ īȡȐȥİ ʌȩıĮ ıİ ȤĮȚȡȑIJȚıĮȞ ȉȚ
ĮȚıșȐȞİıĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ- 41)
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
174
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȦȢ ȞȚȫșİȚȢ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ȜȑȦ ȃȚȫșİȚȢ
ȐȕȠȜĮȂȒʌȦȢįİȞșİȢȞĮȟĮȞȐȡșİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚȜȓȖȠȐȕȠȜĮĬȑȜȦȩȝȦȢȞĮȟĮȞȐȡșȦ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȖȫ șĮ ıIJȘȡȚȤșȫ ıIJĮ ȩȞİȚȡȐ ıȠȣ țĮȚ șĮ
țȡĮIJȒıȦĮȡȤİȓȠǾʌȠȡİȓĮıȠȣșĮțȡȚșİȓȝİȕȐıȘIJȘȞțȜȚȝȐțȦıȘIJȦȞȠȞİȓȡȦȞıȠȣ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȖȡĮʌIJȫȞ ıȠȣ ǹȞ įİȚȢ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȩȞİȚȡĮ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ IJĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ
ǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȢ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ IJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȩ ıȠȣ ıİ ʌȠȓȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠıșȑıİȚȢ ıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ țȐȞİȚȢ ȩIJĮȞ IJȠ įȚĮȕȐȗİȚȢ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıİȢ
ȖȜȦııȚțȑȢįȚĮIJȣʌȫıİȚȢĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȑȞĮʌȠȓȘȝĮȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣțĮȚIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣĬȑȜȦȞĮțȐȞİȚȢțĮȚȝȚĮȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐİȜİȪșİȡȘıĮȝȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡĮȑIJıȚ
țĮIJİȣșİȓĮȞĮʌȩIJȠȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹʌ¶ ȩıĮ ȝĮȢ İȓʌİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȠȡİȓĮ IJȦȞ
ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞȝĮȢ șĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦȞĮĮijȠȣȖțȡĮıșȫIJȘįȠȝȒIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢıȠȣ
IJȚȢȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢʌȠȣ IJȘįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıĮȞIJȚȢIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢ ± ĮȞIJȚIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢıȠȣ
IJȚȢ ȐȝȣȞİȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢ ıȠȣ ȝȑıĮ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢ ȝĮȢ
ıȤȑıȘȢȆȡȠȢIJȠʌĮȡȩȞȑȤȦțȐȞİȚȝȚĮıȣȞİįȡȓĮȝİIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣĬȑȜȦȞĮıȠȣȕȐȜȦ
ȝȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȑțĮȞĮȞ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȜȐșȘ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮșȑȜȘIJĮ ǼȓȤĮIJİ ȩȝȦȢ țĮȚ
țĮȜȑȢıIJȚȖȝȑȢĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓȝİȡȚțȐșİIJȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȩȝȠȡijİȢ ıIJȚȖȝȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȗȒıĮIJİ ȝĮȗȓ ȆȠIJȑ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȡȖȐ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢȝȚĮİȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȘʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȞșȣȝȘșİȓȢțȚ ĮȣIJȒǹʌȩțȐIJȦ
șȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȞȩȝȚȗİȢʌȦȢijIJĮȚȢȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȐțȚ
ȑȞȚȦșİȢ İȞȠȤȒ ĮȜȜȐ IJȫȡĮ țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚȢ ʌȦȢ İʌȡȩțİȚIJȠ ȖȚĮ ıijȐȜȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ijȠȡIJȫșȘțİȢ İıȪ ȖȚĮIJȓ ıĮȞ ʌĮȚįȓ İȓȤİȢ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȚįİĮIJȠȪȢ
ȖȠȞİȓȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚĬĮİIJȠȚȝȐıȦIJȚȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ǵȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝĮȢİȓʌİȢȝȠȚȐȗȠȣȞȖİȞȚțȐțĮȚ
șİȦȡȘIJȚțȐ ĬĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚȢ ʌȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ȂĮȢ įȚȘȖȒșȘțİȢ ȩIJȚ ıȠȣ İȓʌĮȞ
ĮȣIJȩıȠȣȑțĮȞĮİțİȓȞȠȤȡİȚȐȗİıĮȚĮȣIJȩșȑȜȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚĮʌȩıȑȞĮİțİȓȞȠǺȜȑʌȦȞĮ
ĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗİȚȘȂĮȡȓĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǻİȞijIJĮȓȦİȖȫʌȠȣȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞȩȜȠȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȂȠȣİȓʌİȢʌȦȢıİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞȩȜȠȚĬĮȒșİȜĮ
ȞĮʌİȚȢĮijȒȞȦȞĮȝȠȣıȣȝȕİȓĮȣIJȩ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹijȒȞȦȞĮȝȠȣıȣȝȕİȓĮȣIJȩȉȠȣȢįȓȞȦʌİȡȚșȫȡȚȠȞĮȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞ
ȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮįȚİțįȚțȫțĮȚȞĮȕȐȗȦIJĮȩȡȚȐȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȆȦȢ IJȠ ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȒȡİȢ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ
ȖȚĮIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıİǼȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒĭȦȞȒ
175
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȘ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȓȡȞȦ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȦ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢ IJȠ
ıİȕĮıȝȩ IJȠȣȢ ȃȚȫșȦ ȩȝȦȢ ʌȦȢ ȩIJĮȞ ȝȠȣ ȗȘIJȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȤȦȡȒıȦ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ IJȠ
țȐȞȦĮȣIJȩįȘȜȞĮȣʌİȡĮıʌȚıIJȫIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȂȠȣİȓʌİȢʌȦȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮIJȠțȐȞİȚȢĮȣIJȩ
ȃĮȕȡİȚȢIJȘȞįȪȞĮȝȘȞĮʌİȚȢįİȞșĮIJȠțȐȞȦĮȣIJȩ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǻİȞ șĮ ȣʌȠȤȦȡȒıȦ ĬĮ ȣʌİȡĮıʌȚıIJȫ IJȚȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ ȝȠȣ ȂȒʌȦȢ
ȩȝȦȢ ȠijİȓȜȦ ȞĮ ĮțȠȪȦ ʌȐȞIJĮ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ ȖȚĮIJȓ șȑȜȠȣȞ IJȠ țĮȜȩ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ
İȟĮȡIJȫȝĮȚĮʌȩ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȂȠȣİȓʌİȢʌȦȢȠijİȓȜİȚȢȞĮĮțȠȪȢIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮʌİȚȢįȚĮȜȑȖȦȞĮIJȠțȐȞȦ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǻȚĮȜȑȖȦȞĮĮțȠȪȦIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȩIJĮȞʌİȓșȠȝĮȚʌȦȢIJȠțȐȞȠȣȞ
ȖȚĮIJȠțĮȜȩȝȠȣțĮȚįİȞʌĮȡĮȕȚȐȗİIJĮȚȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȝȠȣİȜİȣșİȡȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȈȘțȫȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ șȑıȘ IJȠȣ țĮȚ įİȓȤȞİȚ IJȘȞ
ȐįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮıIJȠȞȆİȜȐIJȘĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣʌȦȢı¶ĮȣIJȒIJȘȞțĮȡȑțȜĮțȐșȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣȉȚșĮIJȠȣȢȑȜİȖİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȝİİȜİȪșİȡȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮǻİȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮıȦıIJȩ
ȞĮ ȕȖȐȗİIJİ ʌȐȞȦ ȝȠȣ IJȚȢ ĮȞĮıijȐȜİȚİȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐ ıĮȢ IJıĮȜĮțȫȞȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣ IJȫȡĮ ʌȦȢ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ țĮȡȑțȜĮ
țȐșİIJĮȚIJȠțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣʌȠȣĮijȒȞİȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȞĮıİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞȉȚșĮ
IJȠȣȢȑȜİȖİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀĮțȫȢ ĮijȒȞİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȞĮ ıİ ȚıȠʌİįȫȞȠȣȞ ǹʌȩ İįȫ țĮȚ
İȝʌȡȩȢșĮȕȐȗȦȩȡȚĮțĮȚșĮįȚİțįȚțȫĮȣIJȩʌȠȣĮȟȓȗȦ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓĮȣIJȒIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ Ƞ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫșȘțİ Ș
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȝȠȣȝȑıĮı¶ĮȣIJȒȞ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣʌĮȞIJȡİȪIJȘțĮȞȝİıȣȞȠȚțȑıȚȠ
ȅȖȐȝȠȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮIJȘȢİȜİȪșİȡȘȢİʌȚȜȠȖȒȢįȣȠĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞijIJȐıİȚı¶ȑȞĮıȘȝİȓȠĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘȢțĮȚȩȤȚȖȚĮȞĮȕȡȠȣȞȑȞĮȞȩȘȝĮıIJȘ
ȗȦȒʌȠȣįİȞ ȕȡȒțĮȞȝȩȞȠȚIJȠȣȢȠȪIJİȖȚĮȞĮȕȡȠȣȞĮȣIJȐȡİıțĮIJȘȞ ĮșĮȞĮıȓĮȝȑıȦ
ĮʌȩțIJȘıȘȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ĮʌȠȖȩȞȦȞ ǻİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝȠȞȩʌȜİȣȡȠ ȝȠȓȡĮıȝĮ
IJȦȞ İȣșȣȞȫȞ ȀĮȜȩ șĮ ȒIJĮȞ IJĮ įȣȠ ȝȑȡȘ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ įİȓȟİȚ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ȞĮ
ıIJȘȡȚȤșȠȪȞ ıIJĮ ʌȩįȚĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȗȘIJȠȪȞ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ țĮȚ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐ ȠijȑȜȘ Ƞ
ȑȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȞȐȜȜȠ
176
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȉĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȠ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ȉȚ șĮ ȜȑȖĮȝİ
ȩȝȦȢȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȝȠȣĮʌȩȝȚțȡȒȖȚ¶ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ıIJȘȞ
ʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮĮȞĮʌIJȪııİIJĮȚ ȑȞĮȢijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢIJȪʌȠȢ ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘȢ ± İȟȐȡIJȘıȘȢ
ȉĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȝİ ȖȠȞȑĮ ȝİ ĮȝijȓșȣȝȠ IJȪʌȠ ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘȢ įȘȜ Ƞ ȑȞĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ įȪȠ
ȖȠȞİȓȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȠȣ ʌĮȚįȚȠȪ ȖȚĮIJȓ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȘȝȑȞȠȚȝİįȚțȐIJȠȣȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȐȒİȟȦIJİȡȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞȐȖȤȠȢ
țĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ȟȑȡȠȞIJĮȢ ʌȦȢ ȩIJȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȞ įİȞ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȣȞ
ĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘĮʌȩIJȠȞȖȠȞȚȩIJȠȣȢ
ȉĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȝİ ȖȠȞȑĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠijİȣțIJȚțȩ IJȪʌȠ ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘȢ įȘȜ Ƞ ȑȞĮȢ Įʌȩ
IJȠȣȢįȪȠȖȠȞİȓȢįİȞșȑȜİȚȞĮĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȚșİȓȩIJĮȞIJȠʌĮȚįȓįİȓȤȞİȚIJȘȞijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ȘȜȚțȓĮ IJȠȣ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘ ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ ȞĮ IJȠ ĮʌȠȖĮȜĮțIJȓıȠȣȞ
țĮȚȞĮIJȠĮȣIJȠȞȠȝȒıȠȣȞʌȠȜȪȞȦȡȓȢǹȣIJȩʌȠȣĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJȠȣȞțĮIJȐIJȘȖȞȫȝȘIJȠȣȢįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ IJȠ ʌĮȚįȓ IJȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ IJȠ İȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȠ ʌĮȚįȓ ȉĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢȝȑȞȠȣȞȝİIJȑȦȡĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȫȞIJĮȢıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȞĮĮȞĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȩȗȠȣȞIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ
IJȠȣȢ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ȖȠȞȑĮ ȀȐʌȠȚĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȑȞĮȞ ȟȑȞȠ
İĮȣIJȩ ʌȡȠȢ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȠȣȢ ǺȚȫȞȠȣȞ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ IJȘ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ȝȑıĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
țȓȞįȣȞȠIJȘȢ ĮʌȠįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȃȚȫșȠȣȞȝȚĮȡİȣıIJȩIJȘIJĮĮȜȜȐțȚȑȞĮțİȞȩıIJȘȞ
IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚıIJȘȞĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘIJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚIJȘȗȦȒǵIJĮȞțĮȚ
ȠȚįȣȠȖȠȞİȓȢĮȞȒțȠȣȞıIJȚȢʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢIJȩIJİȘȗȦȒIJȠȣʌĮȚįȚȠȪȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ȑȤİȚȝȚĮʌȠȜȪįȡĮȝĮIJȚțȒțȚ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȘİȟȑȜȚȟȘ
ȉĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȝİ ĮıijĮȜȒ įİıȝȩ ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘȢ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ țĮȚ ȞȚȫșȠȣȞ ʌȚȠ ıȓȖȠȣȡĮ țĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȂʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ Ș ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȟȘȖȘșİȓ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐįȘȜĮįȒȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȕȖȐȗȠȣȞȞȩȘȝĮIJȠȣȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪțȩıȝȠȣIJȠȣįȚțȠȪ
IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȂʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȞ IJȠ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣȢ ʌȚȠ ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐ țĮȚ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ĮȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȠȪȞ ĮȞȠȚȤIJȐ țĮȚ ȤȦȡȓȢ įȚĮıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢ IJȚȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ
țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣȢ Ȃİ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ȞȚȫșȠȣȞ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ ʌȚȠ ȚțĮȞȠȓ țĮȚ ȕȚȫȞȠȣȞ ʌȚȠ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȐ IJȚȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȝİ
ıȣȞȠȝȒȜȚțȠȣȢȝİIJȠȣȢıȣȞIJȡȩijȠȣȢțĮȚȝİIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐIJȠȣȢ
ȫɏəɌɄȝ: 2ɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢīİȚĮıȠȣȂĮȡȓĮȝȠȣȆȦȢȒIJĮȞȘİȕįȠȝȐįĮıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢDzIJıȚțȚȑIJıȚȆȡȠȤșȑȢȕȖȒțĮȝİȝȚĮʌĮȜȚȐȝȠȣijȓȜȘDZȡȖȘıİȝȚıȒ
ȫȡĮȞĮȑȡșİȚȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȐțĮȚįİȞȞȠȚȐȗİIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȑȞĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂȒʌȦȢIJȠțȐȞİȚțĮȚȝİȐȜȜĮțȠȡȓIJıȚĮ
177
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚıȣȞȒșȦȢĮȡȖİȓȂȐȜȜȠȞįİȞȑțĮȞİİʌİȚįȒȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȐȓıȦȢȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚĮıȣȞİʌȒȢȖİȞȚțȐ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǻȫıİȝȠȣȞĮįȦIJȘȞȐıțȘıȘȝİIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮʌȠȣıȠȣ
ıȣȞȑȕȘıĮȞ țĮȚ ıȠȣ șȣȝȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ıȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȋȝȝ ǼȓįİȢ IJİȜȚțȐ ʌȦȢ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞȚȫȞ ıȠȣ ıIJĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐțȚȑIJıȚțȜİȓȞİıĮȚıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣțĮȚįİȞʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢșȐȡȡȠȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚįȓțȚȠȑȤİȚȢȉȫȡĮĮȡȤȓȗȦȞĮȕȜȑʌȦĮȜȜȚȫȢIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȀĮȚșĮȕİȜIJȚȫȞİıĮȚĮțȩȝȘʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȆȦȢʌȐİȚȘ
șȜȓȥȘıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȃȚȫșȦĮțȩȝȘțİȞȩ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮ ȞȚȫıİȚȢ țĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȩȝȦȢ șĮ
İʌȚıIJȡȑȥİȚȘșȜȓȥȘȘIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȑȞȘıȠȣȥȣȤȒșĮĮȞIJȚıIJȑțİIJĮȚȞĮįİȚIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
ĮȚıȚȩįȠȟĮǹʌȩȩȡİȟȘDZȡȤȚıİȢȞĮIJȡȦȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃĮȚ ȜȓȖȠ ȃȚȫșȦ țĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ ǴıȦȢ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ İȓȝĮȚ IJȩıȠ ȤȠȞIJȡȒ țĮȚ
ȐıȤȘȝȘ ȩıȠ ʌȓıIJİȣĮ ȀȐȞȦ ʌĮȡȑĮ țĮȚ ȝİ įȣȠ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ țȚ ĮȡȤȓıĮȝİ ȞĮ ȕȖĮȓȞȠȣȝİ
ĭȠȕȐȝĮȚȝȒʌȦȢȝİȜȣʌȠȪȞIJĮȚĮȜȜȐȓıȦȢȞĮȝȘȞİȓȞĮȚȑIJıȚȆȠȚȠȢȕȖĮȓȞİȚȝİțȐʌȠȚȠȞ
ʌȠȣ ȜȣʌȐIJĮȚ ǹȖȩȡĮıĮ țȚ ȑȞĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠ ʌȠȣȜȩȕİȡ ȝİ įȚțȐ ȝȠȣ ȤȡȒȝĮIJĮ ǻİȞ IJȠ
įȚȐȜİȟĮȞ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ DZȡİıİ ıIJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȉȠ țĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚ ȜȑȦ ȞĮ
įȠȣȜȑȥȦȃĮȕȖȐȗȦįȚțȐȝȠȣȤȡȒȝĮIJĮȃĮıIJĮșȫıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣȃĮȝȘıIJȘȡȓȗȠȝĮȚ
ıIJĮȤȡȒȝĮIJĮIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚțĮȚIJĮșȑȜȦIJȦȞįȚțȫȞȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂʌȡȐȕȠȂĮȡȓĮȝȠȣ ȉȚȑțĮȞİȢȝİIJȘȞĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒʌȠȣ
ıȠȣȑȕĮȜĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȒȖİ țĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ Įʌ¶ ȩIJȚ ʌİȡȓȝİȞĮ DzȞȚȦșĮ IJȩıȠ ĮıȒȝĮȞIJȘ ʌȠȣ
ȞȩȝȚȗĮʌȦȢįİȞșĮȝİȤĮȚȡİIJȓıİȚțĮȞİȓȢȂȩȞȠįȪȠįİȞȝİȤĮȚȡȑIJȚıĮȞǴıȦȢȞĮİȓȤĮȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȒȕȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȞ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȈȒȝİȡĮșĮȝȚȜȒıȠȣȝİȖȚĮIJȚȢȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢ
ıțȑȥȘȢ ʌȠȣ İȞȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ IJȚȢ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢ ıȠȣ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ ǻİȢ IJȘȞ țĮȡIJȑȜĮ
ȆȠȚĮȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢıȠȣIJĮȚȡȚȐȗȠȣȞȊʌȠȖȡȐȝȝȚıİIJĮȉȫȡĮșȑȜȦıIJȘȞțĮȡIJȑȜĮȝİIJȚȢ
ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢıȠȣȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢȞĮıȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢʌȠȚĮȜȐșȘıțȑȥȘȢȑȤİȚȢțȐȞİȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȫȡĮ IJȚ ȜİȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıȦıIJȩȢ Ȓ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȢ țĮȚ
ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȢȠIJȡȩʌȠȢʌȠȣıțİijIJȩıȠȣȞ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȊʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȢțĮȚȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȢȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȓıȦȢȐșİȜȐIJȠȣȢȝȠȣ
ȑȕĮȜĮȞțȐʌȠȚİȢȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢȚįȑİȢȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚIJȘȗȦȒ
178
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ IJĮ İȟȒȢ İȓįȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ ıIJȚȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ Ș İʌȚșİIJȚțȒ Ș ʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ Ș ȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ țĮȚ Ș įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣİȓȤĮȞIJȘȞİʌȚșİIJȚțȒțĮȚIJȘȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐǼıȪ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚȢ įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒ ȈIJȘȞ įȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ IJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȦȞ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞĮȣIJȫȞǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ- 149)
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȠIJȑįİȞIJȠİȓȤĮıțİijIJİȓȑIJıȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzijİȡİȢIJȠʌȠȓȘȝĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚ ȅȡȓıIJİ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȦȡĮȓĮ>ȉȠįȚĮȕȐȗİȚʌȡȠıİțIJȚțȐ@DzijİȡİȢIJȘ
ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐ ǵȜĮ IJĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȘȢ ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐȢ İȓıĮȚ İıȪ țĮȚ ıȣȞȐȝĮ İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ IJȦȞ
įȚțȫȞ ıȠȣ ǹȣIJȩ IJȠ ıȤȒȝĮ ȝȠȚȐȗİȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȋȓȝĮȚȡĮ IJȠ ıȪȝȕȠȜȠ IJȘȢ ĭĮȜȜȚțȒȢ Ȓ
ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȢ ȂȘIJȑȡĮȢ ǺȜȑʌȦ ʌȠȜȪ ȠȡȖȒ ĮȞȑțijȡĮıIJȠ șȣȝȩ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȕȜȑʌȦ İȞȠȤȒ
ȆȠȜȪ İȞȠȤȒ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ıȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ İʌȚșİIJȚțȩȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıȕȜȘIJȚțȩȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȓ ıȠȣ Ǿ
ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ıȠȣ șȣȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪıİ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȘȢ țȚ ȑIJıȚ ıĮȢ ȟİȖİȜȠȪıİ ıIJȘȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐ İțȕȚĮıIJȚțȒ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȓ ıĮȢ DzȤİȚȢ
ʌȚȐıİȚʌȠIJȑIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣȞĮı¶İțȞİȣȡȓȗȦȂȒʌȦȢıȠȣșȣȝȓȗȦIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝȠȣ IJȠȣȢ șȣȝȓȗİIJİ ȂȠȚȐȗİIJİ ĮȡțİIJȐ ȥȣȤȡȩȢ țĮȚ
IJȩıȠțĮȣıIJȚțȩȢȝİIJȘȞĮȚIJȓĮIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞȝȠȣȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣįİȞȝȠȣijȑȡșȘțĮȞ
ıȦıIJȐ țĮȚ įİȞ ȟȑȡȦ ĮȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țȜȐȥȦ Ȓ ȞĮ șȣȝȫıȦ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ǻİȞ ȐȟȚȗĮ
IJȑIJȠȚȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢǾʌİȜȐIJȘȢȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȣʌİȡȑȞIJĮıȘțȚȑIJȠȚȝȘȞĮțȜȐȥİȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȐȡȤȚıİȢȞĮİțijȡȐȗİıĮȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ĮʌȠIJȡİʌIJȚțȩȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ȝȠȣ
ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘ țȚ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ įȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ țĮȚ
șȜȓȥȘȢȒIJĮȞĮȞȒȝʌȠȡȘțĮȚĮȝijȚșȣȝȚțȒ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂȠȣ ȑijİȡİȢ IJȚȢ ĮıțȒıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ȑȕĮȜĮ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ
șİIJȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮȝȞȒıİȚȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌIJİȚȢ ȩIJȚ
ȑȞȚȦșİȢİȞȠȤȑȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮijIJĮȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃĮȚ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȝȚțȡȒ ȝĮȢ ʌȒȖĮȚȞİ IJȚȢ ȀȣȡȚĮțȑȢ
ıIJȠȁȠȪȞĮȆĮȡțțĮȚȝĮȢĮȖȩȡĮȗİȗĮȤĮȡȦIJȐǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣİȓȤİʌȐȞIJĮȗİıIJȩijĮȖȘIJȩ
ıIJȠ IJȡĮʌȑȗȚ ĮțȩȝȘ țȚ ȩIJĮȞ ȟİȤȞȠȪıİ ȞĮ ijȑȡİȚ IJĮ ȝĮȤĮȚȡȠʌȒȡȠȣȞĮ ǴıȦȢ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ
İȣșȪȞȠȝĮȚİȖȫȖȚĮIJĮȞİȪȡĮIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮȝȠȣīȚĮȝİȖȐȜȠįȚȐıIJȘȝĮįİȞʌȒȖĮȚȞİțĮȜȐ
ȘįȠȣȜİȚȐIJȠȣțĮȚȟİıʌȠȪıİȖȚĮIJȓĮȞȘıȣȤȠȪıİȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȚȕȓȦıȒ ȝĮȢǹȡțİIJȑȢijȠȡȑȢ
ȒȝĮıIJĮȞ İȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȚ ǻȪȠ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȤİ ʌİȚ ȝʌȡȐȕȠ ȩIJĮȞ
ȑijIJȚĮȤȞĮȤİȚȡȠIJİȤȞȓİȢıIJȠįȘȝȠIJȚțȩȂİIJȐȐȜȜĮȟİǻȣıțȩȜİȥĮȞțĮȚIJĮȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ
ȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȓıȦȢijIJĮȓȞİIJȠȩIJȚįİȞȝĮȢʌȡȠıIJȐIJİȥĮȞĮʌȩʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣįİȞȝĮȢ
ĮijȠȡȠȪıĮȞȐȝİıĮțĮȚįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȝİȞĮIJĮįȚĮȤİȚȡȚıIJȠȪȝİȜȩȖȦȘȜȚțȓĮȢ
179
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ʌĮȜȚȐ ıȠȣ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ȑȜİȖİȢ ʌȦȢ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ
ȒIJĮȞ ĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȠȓ țĮȚ țĮțȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȓ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıȠȣ ȈIJȘ ȞȑĮ İțįȠȤȒ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİȚȢ ʌȦȢ İȟȦȖİȞİȓȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȐȜȜĮȟĮȞ IJȘ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȠȣțĮȚįİȞijIJĮȚȢİıȪȂİIJȘįİȪIJİȡȘİțįȠȤȒIJȘȢȚıIJȠȡȓĮȢ
ıȠȣȠȝȠȚȐȗİȚȘĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘȚıIJȠȡȓĮʌȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣıIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
ȈIJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ ıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘ ȝĮȗȓ IJȘȢ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİȚ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ȑȜİȖİȢ İıȪ
ıIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘǼȓįĮIJİȜȠȚʌȩȞIJȚȢįȪȠȩȥİȚȢIJȠȣȓįȚȠȣȞȠȝȓıȝĮIJȠȢǼȓȝĮıIJİ
ȞȠȝȓȗȦ ıİ țĮȜȩ įȡȩȝȠ ǺȜȑʌȦ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȞĮ įȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ıȠȣ ȑȞĮ ʌȚȠ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȠȠʌȠȓȠșĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȘįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮıȠȣĮʌȩİįȫ
țĮȚİȝʌȡȩȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȘIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȝĮȢıȣȞİįȡȓĮǵʌȦȢȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢ
Ș īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ įȘȜ ıȪȞIJȠȝȘ țĮȚ ıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞ ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮȑȡșİȚȢ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ įȣȠ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ
ʌİȚȢʌȦȢʌȒȖĮȞIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȦȢİijȐȡȝȠıİȢIJȚȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑȝĮșĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢ ǹȞ įİȚȢ țĮȞȑȞĮ İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞȠ
ȩȞİȚȡȠ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ IJȠ ʌİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ ǹʌȩ IJȠ ĮȡȤİȓȠ ȠȞİȓȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ țĮIJȑșİıİȢ
ȕȜȑʌȦȝȚĮșİIJȚțȒțȜȚȝȐțȦıȘıIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐıȠȣ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂȘȞȟİȤȐıİȚȢțȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣİȓʌĮȝİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǼȜʌȓȗȦ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ ĮȡȤȓıİȚ ȞĮ ıțȑijIJİıĮȚ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢĮıțȒıİȚȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑįȦıĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ĬĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚȐȜȜȠıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓıȒȝİȡĮȘ ȂĮȡȓĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣĮȡȡȫıIJȘıİ İįȫ țĮȚ įȣȠȝȑȡİȢțĮȚ ijȠȕȐȝĮȚ ȝȒʌȦȢ
IJȘȞțȠȪȡĮıĮİȖȫȝİIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȍȢʌȩIJİșĮțĮIJȘȖȠȡİȓȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣȖȚĮIJĮ
ʌȐȞIJĮțĮȚșĮșİȦȡİȓȢʌȦȢȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȜȑȖȟİȚȢIJĮʌȐȞIJĮȄİȤȞȐȢʌȦȢțȩȞIJİȥİȢȝİIJȘ
ȞİȣȡȚțȒĮȞȠȡİȟȓĮıȠȣȞĮȤĮȜȐıİȚȢIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮıȠȣǼȣIJȣȤȫȢIJȫȡĮȐȡȤȚıİȢȞĮIJȡȦȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚįȓțȚȠȑȤİIJİ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǾĮıșȑȞİȚĮİȓȞĮȚȘIJȑȜİȚĮȜȪıȘʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİȚ
ȠİȖțȑijĮȜȠȢıIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȦȞ©İıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞªīȚĮȞĮIJȚȢĮʌȠijȪȖȠȣȝİ
ȤȡȒıȚȝȠșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȝĮȢȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ
ȝĮȢțĮȚȞĮIJȠȜȝȠȪȝİIJȚȢĮȞIJȚʌĮȡĮșȑıİȚȢȝİıİȕĮıȝȩıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ įİȤȩȝĮıIJİ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ
ȝĮȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ IJİȜİȚȫȞȠȣȝİ IJȚȢ ȩʌȠȚİȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢİțțȡİȝȩIJȘIJİȢȑȤȠȣȝİȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚȞĮıȣȖȤȦȡȠȪȝİ
180
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɏəɌɄȞ: 3ɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢīİȚĮıȠȣȂĮȡȓĮȝȠȣȆȦȢȒIJĮȞȘİȕįȠȝȐįĮıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃȚȫșȦțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȂȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘıĮȞįȚȐijȠȡĮĮȜȜȐĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıĮIJȚȢ
ıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢıȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzȞȚȦıİȢȩIJȚıȠȣȑȜİȚȥĮȞȠȚıȣȞİįȡȓİȢȝĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀȐʌȠȚİȢijȠȡȑȢĮȜȜȐʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıIJĮșȫȝȩȞȘȝȠȣıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂĮȡȓĮ ȝȠȣ ȋȐȡȘțĮ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ ȑȤȦ
ȝȚĮ ıİȚȡȐ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ ĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ īȞȦıȚĮțȒȢ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȢ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ȃĮ IJĮ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȪİıĮȚ DzȤȠȣȞ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢĮıțȒıİȚȢĮʌ¶ĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣțȐȞĮȝİȀĮȜȒıȠȣİʌȚIJȣȤȓĮȆȚıIJİȪȦıİıȑȞĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİȢ IJȘ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ
ȝȑıĮıȠȣțĮȚIJȘȞʌĮȡĮįȑȤIJȘțİȢșĮįȚİțįȚțİȓȢĮȣIJȩʌȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐİʌȚșȣȝİȓȢȤȦȡȓȢ
IJȚȢ İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȝȚĮ ıİȚȡȐ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ IJȠȣ ĭȡȩȣȞIJ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
īȚȠȪȞȖț
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂĮȡȓĮ ȝȠȣ țȚ İȖȫ ȤȐȡȘțĮ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ ȂȑıĮ
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ıȣȞİįȡȓİȢ ȝĮȢ ȑȝĮșİȢ ʌȦȢ Ș ȗȦȒ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȠȚțȠįȠȝȠȪȞ țȚ
İȝʌȜȠȣIJȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮ ȝĮȢ ǹȣIJȩ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ĮȞ ȠȚ ıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢ ȝĮȢ
İȞĮȜȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚİʌȓıȘȢĮȞȝʌĮȓȞȠȣȝİțĮȚıIJȘșȑıȘIJȠȣȐȜȜȠȣȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ĮijȒıİȚȢ ʌȓıȦ ȩIJȚ ıİ ıIJİȞĮȤȦȡİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ İʌȚțİȞIJȡȦșİȓȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ șİIJȚțȐ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦȑȞĮȕȚȕȜȓȠĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢIJȠȣ0XUUD\%RZHQ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȉȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİȢ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȘȖȚĮȩIJȚıȠȣıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȝȕĮșȪȞİȚȢȝİĮȣIJȩIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠIJȦȞ3HUOV
+HIIHUOLQHțĮȚ*RRGPDQ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȋȐȡȘțĮ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȝȚĮ
ıİȚȡȐȕȚȕȜȓȦȞIJȠȣRogers ȂĮȡȓĮıȣȖȤȫȡİıİIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣĬİȡȐʌİȣıİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ
ıȠȣȆȡȠȤȫȡĮİȝʌȡȩȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ʌȠȜȪ ȖȚĮ ȩȜĮ Ȃİ ȕȠȘșȒıĮIJİ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮıțİijIJȫ IJȘ ȗȦȒ
ȝȠȣȉȫȡĮȠĮȖȫȞĮȢİȓȞĮȚįȚțȩȢȝȠȣĭİȪȖİȚȤĮȝȠȖİȜȫȞIJĮȢǹʌȠȤȦȡȠȪȞȑȞĮȢ± ȑȞĮȢ
ȠȚȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ
181
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȣɂȽɒɏɇɈɟɚɏɀɍ‘2ǣǼȜɁɄɔəɀȽɏɍɉɟɀɇȽǽȋȴɀɖɍɑȌǣ
ǾȚıIJȠȡȓĮIJȘȢȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮȢ.
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘǾȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ȑȤİȚʌȠȜȪȐȖȤȠȢIJȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚİȓțĮȚʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓȞĮ
ʌȐȡİȚIJȘȗȦȒıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȘȢ
ȆȡȩıȦʌĮ IJȠȣ ȑȡȖȠȣ DzȞĮȢ ʌİȜȐIJȘȢ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȚ Įʌȩ țȐșİ
ıȤȠȜȒ
ȈțȘȞȠșİIJȚțȑȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ īȡĮijİȓȠ ȝİ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȣȢ ȅ ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ țȐșİIJĮȚ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ʌİȜȐIJȘ ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ ȠȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
ȖȓȞİȚ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ıIJȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȉȠ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ ȦȢ ijȚȜȚțȒ țȠȣȕȑȞIJĮ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ȦȢ
ĮʌȠȜȠȖȓĮıİįȚțĮıIJȒȡȚȠ
ȫɏəɌɄȜǣͷɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
ȀȪȡȚȠǹȓIJȘȝĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀĮȜȘȝȑȡĮıĮȢȂʌȠȡȫȞĮʌİȡȐıȦ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮȜȘȝȑȡĮȆİȡȐıIJİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȂʌȠȡȫȞĮțĮșȓıȦȆȠȣȞĮțȐIJıȦ>ȂȠȚȐȗİȚĮȖȤȦȝȑȞȘ].
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ȃİ ȜȑȞİ ǼȜȑȞȘ ǼȓȝĮȚ īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀȚİȝȑȞĮȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ.
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮȜȘȝȑȡĮ İȓȝĮȚ Ș ǼȜİȐȞȞĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ īİȚĮ ıȠȣ ǼȖȫ İȓȝĮȚ Ș ȀĮIJİȡȓȞĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: īİȚĮ ıȠȣ ȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ǼȖȫ İȓȝĮȚ Ș ȀȐIJȚĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢIJȘȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt.
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
īİȚĮ ıȠȣ ǼȖȫ İȓȝĮȚ Ș ȈȠijȓĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ
182
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȆȦȢȝʌȠȡȫȞĮıİȕȠȘșȒıȦ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚȤȡȠȞȫȞțĮȚijȑIJȠȢįȓȞȦʌĮȞİȜȜȒȞȚİȢȖȚĮĮȣIJȩIJȠȜȩȖȠȑȤȦĮȡțİIJȩ
ȐȖȤȠȢ. ǵIJĮȞ ĮȖȤȫȞȠȝĮȚ ȞȚȫșȦ IJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮ ĮȞĮȥȠțȠțțȚȞȓȗȦ țĮȚ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚ ȑȞĮ
ıțȠȚȞȓ ȞĮ ıijȓȖȖİIJĮȚ ȖȪȡȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȩȜȠȚ ȞĮ țȡȑȝȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩ
ȃȚȫșȦ ʌİIJĮȜȠȪįİȢ ȞĮ ijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗȠȣȞ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ ȝȠȣ DzȤȦ IJȐıȘ ȖȚĮ İȝİIJȩ
ǹȖȤȫȞȠȝĮȚ ȝİ IJĮ ȝĮșȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ĮȣIJȩ ȆȡȚȞ ijȪȖȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ
İȜȑȖȤȦ ĮȞ ȑțȜİȚıĮ IJȠ șİȡȝȠıȓijȦȞĮ ĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞĮ ȝȠȣ țȠȣțȜȐțȚĮ ıIJȘ
ıİȚȡȐĮȞİȓȞĮȚĮȞȠȚȤIJȩțĮȚİȣșȣȖȡĮȝȝȚıȝȑȞȠIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠȝȠȣıIJȠIJȡĮʌȑȗȚʌȡȚȞʌȐȦȞĮ
įȫıȦ İȟİIJȐıİȚȢ ȃȠȝȓȗȦ ʌȦȢ ĮȞ įİȞ țȐȞȦ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȝȚțȡȑȢ IJİȜİIJȑȢ șĮ ȝȠȣ ʌȐİȚ
ȖȠȣȡıȠȣȗȚȐ ȈȣȤȞȐ ȩIJĮȞ ʌİȡʌĮIJȐȦ ıIJȠ įȡȩȝȠ ȝİIJȡȐȦ IJĮ ʌĮȡțȩȝİIJȡĮ Ȓ ʌȩıĮ
țȩțțȚȞĮ ĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJĮ ıȣȞĮȞIJȫ ıIJȘ įȚĮįȡȠȝȒ ȝȠȣ ȃȠȝȓȗȦ ʌȦȢ ȑIJıȚ ȝȠȣ ijİȪȖİȚ IJȠ
ȐȖȤȠȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ īȚĮIJȓȒȡșİȢİįȫȉȚȗȘIJȐȢȆİȢȝȠȣIJȚȞȚȫșİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȈİȖİȞȚțȑȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢʌȚıIJİȪȦʌȦȢȠȚȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞ
ȡȚȗȚțȐıIJȠȞĮȕȡİșİȓȜȪıȘıİȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝĮȢĮijȠȡȠȪȞȩȝȦȢȝİȑȤİȚțȠȣȡȐıİȚȩȜȘ
ĮȣIJȒ Ș ĮȖȤȫįȘȢ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ʌȠȣ ȗȦ
țĮȚ ĮʌȜȐ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ țĮIJȐ țȐʌȠȚȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȞĮ
ȕİȜIJȚȫıȦ
IJȘȞʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦȁȠȚʌȩȞȖȚĮıȣȞȑȤȚıİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȉȚȢIJİȜİȣIJĮȓİȢȝȑȡİȢįİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮİȜȑȖȟȦIJȠȐȖȤȠȢȝȠȣȆȡȠȤșȑȢȒȝȠȣȞĮ
ıIJȠȝİIJȡȩțȚ ȑȞȚȦșĮ ʌȦȢȩȜȠȚ ȝİțȠȚIJȠȪȞǻȣıĮȞĮıȤİIJȠȪıĮȩIJĮȞȝİĮțȠȣȝʌȠȪıĮȞ
ȞȩȝȚȗĮʌȦȢʌȞȓȖȠȝĮȚȆȡȚȞȜȓȖİȢȝȑȡİȢİȓȤĮțȜİȚįȦșİȓıIJȚȢIJȠȣĮȜȑIJİȢȝȚĮȢțĮijİIJȑȡȚĮȢ
țĮȚ IJȡİȜȐșȘțĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ ȞȚȫșȦ ȤȐȜȚĮ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıȒȝİȡĮ ȑʌĮșĮ ȝȚĮ țȡȓıȘ
ʌĮȞȚțȠȪ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȚȩ ȀĮșȩȝȠȣȞ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȤȫȡȠ ȝİ ʌȠȜȜȐ ȐIJȠȝĮ țĮȚ ȝ ȑʌȚĮıİ ȝȚĮ
ıIJİȞȠȤȫȡȚĮțĮȚȟĮijȞȚțȐȑȞȚȦıĮțȐIJȚʌȠȜȪȐıȤȘȝȠİȓȤĮĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠȣȢʌĮȜȝȠȪȢȒșİȜĮ
ȞĮ ijȪȖȦ țĮȚ ĮȚıșĮȞȩȝȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ șĮ ʌȐșȦ țȐIJȚ țĮțȩ ȉȠ ȓįȚȠ ȝ¶ ȑʌȚĮıİ țĮȚ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ
ȩIJĮȞ țĮșȩȝȠȣȞ ıIJȘ IJȐȟȘ Ǽįȫ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ İȕįȠȝȐįĮ įȣıțȠȜİȪȠȝĮȚ ȞĮ țȠȚȝȘșȫ
ȄĮʌȜȫȞȦ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ ȝȠȣ ĮȡȞȠȪȞIJĮȚ ʌİȚıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞĮ țȜİȓıȠȣȞ ȉȘȞ ȘȝȑȡĮ ȞȚȫșȦ
İȟĮȞIJȜȘȝȑȞȘțĮȚȝİʌȚȐȞȠȣȞȣʌȞȘȜȓİȢĭȠȕȐȝĮȚʌȦȢș¶ĮȡȡȦıIJȒıȦ
īİȖȠȞȩIJĮȗȦȒȢ- ǿıIJȠȡȚțȩ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚșĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐıȠȣțĮȚ
IJĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢıȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȃĮȚ șĮȒșİȜĮȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮıȠȣȖȚĮIJȠȣȢ©ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪȢȝİȖȐȜȠȣȢªIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞıȠȣȤȡȩȞȦȞ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȝȠȡijȦȝȑȞȠȚ țĮȚ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȖİȞȚțȐ ȝȚțȡȠȝİıĮȓȠȚ DzȤȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȪ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ Įʌȩ ȝȑȞĮ ĬȑȜȠȣȞ ȞĮ ʌİIJȪȤȦ
ȩIJȚįİȞʌȑIJȣȤĮȞĮȣIJȠȓǵIJĮȞįİȞIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȞȦȝȠȣȜȑȞİĮȡȤȚțȐįİȞʌİȚȡȐȗİȚțĮȚȝİIJȐ
ĮȡȤȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ©ĮȜȜȐ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȕȡİ ʌĮȚįȓ ȝȠȣ ª țĮȚ ȝİ ȖİȝȓȗȠȣȞ İȞȠȤȑȢ ȆȒȖĮȚȞĮ
183
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
țȠȜȪȝȕȘıȘʌĮȜȚȐĮȜȜȐIJȘıIJĮȝȐIJȘıĮȖȚĮIJĮīĮȜȜȚțȐȀȡȓȝĮİțIJȠȞȦȞȩȝȠȣȞĮǵIJĮȞ
ʌȒȖĮ ȞĮ įȫıȦ İȟİIJȐıİȚȢ ıIJĮ īĮȜȜȚțȐ ȖȚĮ IJȠ įİȪIJİȡȠ ʌIJȣȤȓȠ ĮȖȤȫșȘțĮ țĮȚ
ȜȚʌȠșȪȝȘıĮȂİȑȕȖĮȜĮȞȑȟȦıȘțȦIJȒǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣİȓʌİĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮʌȦȢȑʌȡİʌİȞĮ
țȐIJıȦ ȞĮ ȖȡȐȥȦ țĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȑʌĮȚȡȞĮ ıİ ȕĮșȝȩ ȀȡȓȝĮ IJĮ ȜİijIJȐ ʌȠȣ įȫıĮȝİ ȖȚĮ
İȟȑIJĮıIJȡĮțĮȚijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚĮȉĮȜİijIJȐȕȖĮȓȞȠȣȞįȪıțȠȜĮǷȡİȢ- ȫȡİȢȞȚȫșȦʌȦȢįİ
ȞȠȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȑȞĮȆȩıȠșĮȒșİȜĮȑȞĮȐȞșȡȦʌȠȞĮȝİĮțȠȪıİȚİʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȂȚȜȫȝİ
IJȠȣȢįȚțȠȪȢȝȠȣįİȞIJĮțȡĮIJȐȦȝȑıĮȝȠȣȈIJȘȞĮȡȤȒȝȠȚȐȗİȚȞĮȝİțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ
ȪıIJİȡĮ ȩȝȦȢ ĮȡȤȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ©ĮȜȜȐª DzȤȦ ȑȞĮ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ Įįİȡijȩ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȝĮȚ
ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩȞǵȜȠȚıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮȖȤȫįİȚȢțĮȚʌȚıIJİȪȦʌȦȢȑȞĮȢ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȩȢʌȠȣȑȤȦµµİȟİȜȓȤșȘ¶¶ ıİĮȖȤȫįȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮ.
īİȞȚțȐİȓȝĮȚijȚȜȐıșİȞȘȉĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȫIJȩıȠIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣʌȠȣijȠȕȐȝĮȚȝȘȞ
ʌȐșȠȣȞțȐIJȚȀȐșİIJȡİȚȢțĮȚȜȓȖȠȝİʌȐȞİıIJȠȖȚĮIJȡȩȖȚĮIJȠıIJȠȝȐȤȚȝȠȣȅȖȚĮIJȡȩȢ
ȜȑİȚʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȐȖȤȠȢȉȠșȑȝĮIJİȜİȚȫȞİȚİțİȓDzʌİȚıĮIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȞĮȝİijȑȡİȚİįȫ
ȖȚĮȞĮȟİʌİȡȐıȦIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢIJȠȣIJȪʌȠȣ©ȂȘȞĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚªȒİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ
IJȠȣIJȪʌȠȣȕȡİțȠȡȓIJıȚȝȠȣȖȚĮIJȓĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚIJȩıȠʌȠȚȠȢıİʌȚȑȗİȚ ªįİȞʌȚȐȞȠȣȞıİ
ȝȑȞĮȂİ ʌȞȓȖȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȉȫȡĮȝİIJȘȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ țȡȓıȘȞȚȫșȦ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
ȐȖȤȠȢȀȐșİijȠȡȐʌȠȣĮȖȠȡȐȗȦțĮȚIJȠʌȚȠȝȚțȡȩʌȡȐȖȝĮȞȚȫșȦIJȩıİȢİȞȠȤȑȢȈĮȞĮ
ĮțȠȪȦIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȞĮȝȠȣȜȑİȚ©ǹȤȐȡȚıIJȠʌȜȐıȝĮȉȚıȠȣȜİȓʌİȚȉȩıİȢșȣıȓİȢ
ȑȤȠȣȝİțȐȞİȚȖȚĮıȑȞĮª
ȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢĮȞįİȞİȓȝĮȚIJȑȜİȚĮıİȩȜĮȠȚȐȜȜȠȚșĮȝİșİȦȡȠȪȞĮȞȓțĮȞȘǻİȞ
ıȣȖȤȦȡȫȜȐșȘțĮȚĮIJȑȜİȚİȢıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣǼȣIJȣȤȫȢȑȤȦIJȘȞijȓȜȘȝȠȣIJȘȂĮȡȓĮȝİ
ĮțȠȪİȚ ȂȠȣ țȐȞİȚ țĮȜȩ ĮȜȜȐ ȜȪıȘ įİȞ ȑȤȦ ǼȣIJȣȤȫȢ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȝĮȚ ĮȖȤȦȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ
ıIJİȞĮȤȦȡȘȝȑȞȘȩȜȠțĮȚțĮȞȑȞĮȢțĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢıIJȠijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚȠșĮȝİȡȦIJȒıİȚIJȚȑȤȦ
ȃIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚȜȓȖȠĮȜȜȐȝ¶ĮȡȑıİȚțȚȩȜĮȢʌȠȣțȐʌȠȚȠȢȞȠȚȐȗİIJĮȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼıȪIJȚșĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮțȐȞİȚȢıIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȝȘȞȑȤȦȐȖȤȠȢțĮȚIJĮįȚȐijȠȡĮıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮʌȠȣĮȞĮijȑȡȦ. Ȃİ
țȠȣȡȐȗȠȣȞ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚ IJȠıȤİįȚȐȖȡĮȝȝȐ IJȚȢįȓȞİȚȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ ȝİ
ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİȢȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȈȣȝijȦȞİȓȢȉĮ ȑȖȡĮȥĮıȦıIJȐȉȚșĮʌȡȠıȑșİIJİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȑIJıȚ IJĮ İȓʌĮ IJȠ țȠȓIJĮȟİ ʌȡȠıİțIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȠ ȑįȦıİ
ʌȓıȦ.
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮȝĮȢ ʌİȚȢțȐʌȠȚȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠʌȠȣ İȓįİȢ
IJȫȡĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ72 - 73);
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȆȡȠȤșȑȢİȓįĮʌȦȢȑIJȡİȤĮțĮȕȐȜĮı¶ȑȞĮʌȡȐıȚȞȠȐȜȠȖȠʌȐȞȦıIJȚȢ
ıȚįȘȡȠįȡȠȝȚțȑȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢ. ȆȓıȦȝȠȣİȡȤȩIJĮȞȑȞĮIJȡĮȓȞȠțĮȚıijȪȡȚȗİıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȀȚİȖȫ
ȑIJȡİȤĮ țȚ ȑIJȡİȤĮ țȚ ȑIJȡİȤĮ țȚ ȩȜȠ ȝİ ʌȜȘıȓĮȗİ ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ȑijIJĮıĮ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ıİ ȝȚĮ
șȐȜĮııĮ ȉİȡȐıIJȚĮ șĮȜȐııȚĮ IJȑȡĮIJĮ ȟİʌȡȩȕĮȜȜĮȞ Įʌȩ ȝȑıĮ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ İʌȚIJȓșȠȞIJĮȞ
ȉȩIJİIJĮȕȡȐȤȚĮʌȠȣȒIJĮȞȖȪȡȦȝȠȣȑȖȚȞĮȞʌȑIJȡȚȞȠȚʌȠȜİȝȚıIJȑȢțĮȚȝİȕȠȘșȠȪıĮȞȞĮ
184
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıȦ ȉȩIJİȐțȠȣıĮȑȞĮIJȚț± IJĮțIJȚț± IJĮțȂİIJȑijİȡĮıIJȘȞIJıȐȞIJĮȝȠȣȝȚĮ
ȦȡȠȜȠȖȚĮțȒ ȕȩȝȕĮ DZȞȠȚȟĮ IJȠ ıĮțȓįȚȩ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȒIJĮȞ ȖİȝȐIJȠ ȟȣʌȞȘIJȒȡȚĮ ȄĮijȞȚțȐ
ȕȡȑșȘțĮıİ ȝȚĮĮȣȜȒīȪȡȦ ± ȖȪȡȦ ıʌȓIJȚĮǹʌȜȦȝȑȞİȢ ȝʌȠȣȖȐįİȢȝİ ĮıʌȡȩȡȠȣȤĮ
ǹʌȩIJĮʌĮȡȐșȣȡĮȝİțȠȚIJȠȪıĮȞȠȚȖİȚIJȩȞȚııİȢǵȜİȢİȓȤĮȞIJȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ
ȝȠȣ ǵȜİȢ ȝİ țȠȚIJȠȪıĮȞ ȝİ ȪijȠȢ ĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȣȝȑȞȠ ȂʌȡȠıIJȐ ȝȠȣ İȓȤĮ ȝȚĮ ȕȚIJȡȓȞĮ
ȂȑıĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȚĮ țĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮ ijȣȜĮțȚıȝȑȞȘ ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıĮ ȞĮ IJȘ ıȫıȦ ǼȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ
țĮȜȒ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȖȚįİȣȝȑȞȘ ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıĮ ȝ¶ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȡțĮįȩȡȠ ȞĮ ȖȡȐȥȦ
ıIJȠ IJȗȐȝȚ ȝȒȞȣȝĮ ıȦIJȘȡȓĮȢ ȅ ȝĮȡțĮįȩȡȠȢ įİȞ ȑȖȡĮijİ țĮȜȐ ǻİȞ țĮIJĮȜȐȕĮȚȞĮ IJȚ
ȑȖȡĮijĮ ȈIJȠ IJȗȐȝȚ İȓįĮ IJȠȞ ĮȞIJȚțĮIJȠʌIJȡȚıȝȩ IJȘȢ ȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȄȪʌȞȘıĮ Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ
ȝȠȣȝİȟȪʌȞȘıİȞĮʌȐȦıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȠȜȪ ĮȖȦȞȓĮ ȕȜȑʌȦ ıIJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȩ ıȠȣ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȩȜĮ
țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣǻİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȡȝȘȞİȪıİȚȢȝȩȞȘıȠȣIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣǹȞ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȢįİȞșĮIJȠȑȕȜİʌİȢȉȠIJȡȑȞȠİȓȞĮȚIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞIJȠȣʌİȡİȖȫʌȠȣ
ıİțĮIJĮįȚȫțİȚȅȚʌȑIJȡȚȞȠȚʌȠȜİȝȚıIJȑȢȘșȐȜĮııĮțĮȚIJĮșĮȜȐııȚĮIJȑȡĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚIJĮ
ȑȞıIJȚțIJĮ ȉȠ ȐȜȠȖȠ İȓȞĮȚ Ș Libido. ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȐıȚȞȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İțijȡȐıİȚ IJȠȞ ijȩȕȠ ıȠȣ
ȝȒʌȦȢ ĮȡȡȦıIJȒıİȚȢ ȉĮ ȟȣʌȞȘIJȒȡȚĮ țĮȚ Ș ȕȩȝȕĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȩȢıȠȣȅȚ ȝʌȠȣȖȐįİȢȝİIJ¶ĮıʌȡȩȡȠȣȤĮ İȓȞĮȚȠijȩȕȠȢȖȚĮȑțșİıȘʌȠȣıİ
ĮȖȤȫȞİȚĭȠȕȐıĮȚʌȦȢȩIJȚțĮȚȞĮțȐȞİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȜȐșȠȢǾȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚʌĮȞIJȠȪ
ȦȢĮȖȤȠȖȩȞȠȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȂȩȞȠȚIJȠȣȢ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ DzȤİȚȢ ĮțȠȣıIJȐ IJȠȞ ȩȡȠ ĭĮȜȜȚțȒ Ȓ ǹȡȤĮȧțȒ
ȂȘIJȑȡĮ Ȉ¶ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ IJȪʌȠ ĮȞȒțİȚ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ıȠȣ ȈIJȠȡȖȚțȒ țĮȚ ijȠȕİȡȒ ±
İȣȞȠȣȤȚıIJȚțȒȝĮȗȓ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȡȚȞ ȑȡșİȚȢ ıȠȣ İȓȤĮ įȫıİȚ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıİȚȢ ȑȞĮ
ȖİȞȞİȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠįȦǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚIJȠȖİȞİĮȜȠȖȚțȩįȑȞįȡȠIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȑȦȢIJȡİȚȢȖİȞȚȑȢʌȓıȦIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİȝʌİȡȚȑȤİȚıIJȠȚȤİȓĮĮʌȩIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ ȗȦȒ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ țĮȚ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȘȝȐįİȥĮȞ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȂȠȣȑijİȡİȢțĮȚIJȚȢijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓİȢʌȠȣȗȒIJȘıĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİȉȠįȓȞİȚǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ)
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȠȝİȜİIJȐİȚȈIJĮȝĮIJȐȈȘțȫȞİȚIJȠțİijȐȜȚțĮȚȜȑİȚ
ȅȚ ʌȡȩȖȠȞȠȓ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȟİțȓȞȘıĮȞ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȐ țĮIJȐijİȡĮȞ ȞĮ
İʌȚȕȚȫıȠȣȞĮijȠȪıțȜȘȡĮȖȦȖȒșȘțĮȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮǹʌȦșȘȝȑȞĮįȚțȐ
IJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ ıİ ıȑȞĮ Ȃİ IJȘȞ ʌȓİıȘ ıİ ıȑȞĮ ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ șĮ IJĮ ʌİIJȪȤȠȣȞ
DzȤȠȣȞȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢĮʌȩıȑȞĮȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮȕȚȫȞİȚȢțȐșİijȠȡȐʌȠȣ
ĮʌȠIJȣȖȤȐȞİȚȢ IJȘ ȝĮIJĮȓȦıȘ ȈȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ İȞȠȤȑȢ Ǿ ĮȚIJȓĮ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞıȠȣİȓȞĮȚȘıȤȑıȘıȠȣȝĮȗȓIJȠȣȢ țĮȚȘȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘʌȠȣıȠȣ
įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞȈİıIJȠȤȠʌȠȚȠȪȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮǼȓıĮȚĮȣIJȒʌȠȣĮȖȤȫȞİIJĮȚ.
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮ Ș ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ıȠȣ ȓıȦȢ ȩȝȦȢ șĮ
ȑʌȡİʌİȞĮIJȘįİȚȢĮʌȩȝȚĮȐȜȜȘȠʌIJȚțȒȖȦȞȓĮ ȂȠȣȑțĮȞİİȞIJȪʌȦıȘIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣ
ĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȝȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȆȡȠıʌȐșȘıİȞĮȖȓȞİȚȢȑȞĮʌȡȠȢȑȞĮIJĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮ
IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ıȠȣ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȩȜĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȠȣ
ǼȟȚıIJȩȡȘıİ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȐ ıIJȠȞ İȞİıIJȫIJĮ ȆĮȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠȞ țȐșİ ȡȩȜȠ șĮ ȟİțȚȞȐȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȜȑȟȘİȖȫĬȑȜȦȞĮIJȠȟĮȞĮȗȒıİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢīȡȐijİȚțĮȚįȓȞİȚIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȉȘȞȕȜȑʌİȚ ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮȘİȡȖĮıȓĮıȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȄİțȓȞȘıİȢIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣıĮȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢʌȠȣ
įİȞ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮ IJȠȣ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮțȩȝĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ
ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıİȢ ȝȩȞȠ ȞĮ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ ıȠȣ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ȣʌĮțȠȪȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ Ǿ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ ıȠȣ
İȟĮȡIJȚȩȞIJĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ıİ ʌİȡȚȑȕĮȜȜĮȞ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ
ȈIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȒIJȘȢĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮȢıȣȞȑȕĮȜȜĮȞIJĮȕȚȫȝĮIJĮıȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
ȠȚʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢIJĮʌȚıIJİȪȦȠȚĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢțĮȚȠȚĮʌȩȥİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȀȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ
ȕȚȫȞİȚ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȖȪȡȦ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐ ȝİ ĮȣIJȩ ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩİȚțȩȞĮ IJȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ IJȠȣ Ǿ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıIJĮ șȑȜȦ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚțĮȚIJȚȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȐȖȤȠȢ
ǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹʌ¶ ȩıĮ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȦ ʌȦȢ ȑȤİȚȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ9 - 15) țĮȚİȓıĮȚıIJĮʌȡȩșȣȡĮĮȖȤȫįȠȣȢįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒȢȖȚĮIJȓ
IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȑȤİȚ ȖȓȞİȚ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJȐ ıȠȣ ǼțįȘȜȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚĮ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ ȥȣȤĮȞĮȖțĮıIJȚțȩ ıȪȞįȡȠȝȠ Ș ĮȖȠȡĮijȠȕȓĮ țȡȓıİȚȢ ʌĮȞȚțȠȪ
țĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȐȥȣȤȠıȦȝĮIJȚțȐ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ 151 - 152) ȉĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦıİ țȠȣȡȐȗȠȣȞțĮȚ
ĮȞ įİȞ ʌȡȠıȑȟİȚȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȑıİȚȢ ıİ țİȞȩ șȜȓȥȘ țĮȚ įȣıșȣȝȓĮ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ
ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ıIJȠ ȩIJȚ įİȞ
İȚıȑʌȡĮȟİȢ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜȚțȩ țĮȚ ijȚȜȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȝȚĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ ʌȠȣ ȞĮĮȞĮȚȡȠȪıİ
ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ ıȠȣ ȌȐȤȞİȚȢ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ȝȘIJȡȚțȩ ȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȠ ʌȠȣ șĮ ıȠȣ
ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ țĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘ İȟȚįĮȞȚțİȪȠȞIJĮȢ ȩʌȠȚȠȞ ȑȤİȚ įȚȐșİıȘ ȞĮ ıİ
ĮțȠȪıİȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼȓȞĮȚijĮȞİȡȩʌȦȢIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮțĮȚ
ıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮȣIJȩIJȘȢǾȜȑțIJȡĮȢįİȞȜȪșȘțİȖȚĮıȑȞĮȩʌȦȢȑʌȡİʌİȉȠȩIJȚıȣȞįȑİȚȢ
ȑȞıIJȚțIJĮ IJȘȢ ǽȦȒȢ ± Libido țĮȚ IJȠȣ ĬĮȞȐIJȠȣ țĮȚ IJĮ IJĮȣIJȓȗİȚȢ ȓıȦȢ ʌȡȠȕİȓ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩ ǺȜȑʌȦ ʌȠȜȪ ȠȡȖȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ıȠȣ İȓȤİ ȝȚĮ
İȣȞȠȣȤȚıIJȚțȒıIJȐıȘĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȓıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȣʌȦıȚĮțȩ ĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ ĮȞ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ ʌȑijIJȠȣȞ įȪıțȠȜİȢ IJȩıİȢ
țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚȢ įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ
ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣȅȚįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ
IJȦȞ ȝȩȞȚȝȦȞ ıȣȝȝĮȤȚȫȞ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ ȑȤİȚ ijȑȡİȚ IJȠȞ įȚȤĮıȝȩ ıIJĮ ȝȑȜȘ țĮȚ
įȚĮIJȐȡĮȟȘ IJȘȢ įȠȝȒȢ IJȠȣ ĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ įȘȜ IJȦȞ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢıȠȣ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȠșȐȞĮIJȠȢIJȠȣĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪıȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȈIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚįȚȐıIJĮıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȘȜİțIJȚțȒțĮȚıIJȘȞİȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐıIJȠ
ıȣȝȕȐȞȝİIJȠȩIJȚĮȞȘıȣȤȠȪȞįȒșİȞȖȚĮIJȠȐȖȤȠȢıȠȣțȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȐȜȜȘȞĮȜȣʌȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȖȚĮIJĮȜİijIJȐʌȠȣȑȤĮıĮȞĮʌȩIJĮİȟȑIJĮıIJȡĮǻİȞİȓıĮȚIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ǼȓıĮȚIJȠıȪȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȘȢʌĮșȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢIJȘȢ
Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȖȚĮIJȓ IJĮ ȩȡȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȐįȚțĮ Ȓ
ĮȞĮIJȡİʌȩȝİȞĮįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚıȦıIJȒȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮțĮȚȝȘİȣȑȜȚțIJİȢıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢȂȩȞȚȝĮİıȪ
įȚĮȝĮȡIJȪȡİıĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩʌȠȣıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚDzȤİȚȢįȣıțȠȜȓĮıIJȚȢįȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ
ıIJȘȞ ĮȖȐʌȘ ıIJȘȞ ȚıȩȡȡȠʌȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȖȚĮIJȓ ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢıȠȣǻİȞĮȞIJȑȤİȚȢȞĮĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚȢIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣȖȚĮIJȘ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐIJȠȣȢİʌİȚįȒĮʌȩIJȘȝȚțȡȒıȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮʌȓıIJİȣİȢȩʌȦȢȩȜĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌȦȢ
İȓȞĮȚȚįİĮIJȠȓ
ǾįȚĮʌȓıIJȦıȘIJȘȢĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮȢIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȝʌȑȡįİȝĮȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ İȞȠȤȒ ıIJȡĮȝȝȑȞȘ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣ įȣıșȣȝȓĮ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȩʌȦȢIJȠȐȖȤȠȢ. ȂȘȞĮȞIJȑȤȠȞIJĮȢȞĮĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚȢIJȠȣȢĮȞİʌĮȡțİȓȢȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣȖȓȞİIJĮȚșȪIJȘȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠİȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢIJȘȞįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
IJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȜʌȓȗȦȞĮȝİȕȠȘșȒıİIJİ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ǹʌ¶ȩıĮȝĮȢİȓʌİȢȕȜȑʌȦȞĮĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıȠȣ IJȠ ǼȖȫ IJȠ ĬȑȜȦ IJȠ ȂʌȠȡȫ IJȠ ǺȜȑʌȦ IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ țĮșĮȡȐ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢțĮȚIJȠǼțijȡȐȗȠȝĮȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȜʌȓȗȦǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉĮȕȚȫȝĮIJĮʌȠȣİȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȉȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ ĮȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠ ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒıİȚ IJȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȠȣ
İʌȚIJȡȑȥİȚ ȞĮ İȚıȤȦȡȒıİȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ Ȓ ȞĮ IJȠ ĮȡȞȘșİȓ ȉȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȝİ ȖȞȫȝȠȞĮ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ IJȠȣ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠıIJȘȞĮʌȩijĮıȘĮȣIJȒʌĮȓȗİȚȘĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮʌȩ
IJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȅȚİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞȝİȖȐȜȦȞIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȝĮȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȐȝȣȞİȢȂİȐȜȜĮȜȩȖȚĮȝȚĮİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȘȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚĮȞIJȓșİIJȘȝİIJȘȞĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣ
ĮIJȩȝȠȣ Ȓ įİȞ șĮ ȕȚȦșİȓ țĮșȩȜȠȣ ȐȡȞȘıȘ Ȓ șĮ ȕȚȦșİȓ ĮȜȜĮȖȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮ įȚĮıIJȡȑȕȜȦıȘ ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ IJȦȞ įȪȠ ĮȣIJȫȞ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣǼȓȞĮȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȢȞĮ
187
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
įȚĮIJȘȡȘșİȓ ĮțȑȡĮȚȘ Ș ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ĮijȠȪ ȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠIJİ ȕȓȦȝĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȚȠ Ȓ
ĮȞIJȓșİIJȠİȚıȑȜșİȚıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚĮȜȜĮȖȒȝİĮȞİȟȑȜİȖțIJİȢ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢįȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚıijȠįȡȒıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢ
ıȠȣțĮȚıIJȚȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞțĮȚĮȣIJȒȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚıȣȞİȚįȘIJȒțĮȚıȠȣ
İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȦȢțȐIJȚįİȞʌȐİȚțĮȜȐıIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀȑȞIJȡȠİȓȞĮȚȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢțȚȩȤȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȚĮȝȩȞȠ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȃĮȚ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂĮȗȓ șĮİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȝİı¶ĮȣIJȩǾșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘ
ȝĮȢ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȚıȠIJȚȝȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ǻİȞ IJİȜİȚȫȞİȚ ȝİ IJȘ ıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
ȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢ șĮțȐȞİȚȢțȐʌȠȚİȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȕĮıȚțȩ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȝİ ȝĮȗȓ ȝȚĮ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮțĮȚȞĮıİȕȩȝĮıIJİȠȑȞĮȢIJȠȞȐȜȜȠȞǺȐıȘIJȘȢșĮİȓȞĮȚȘİȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼıȪĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȢIJȠȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣIJȩıĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮǹʌȩİįȫțĮȚʌȑȡĮıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮȝȚĮȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮȢțĮȚıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ
IJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩıȤȑįȚȠșĮȑȤİȚȢțĮȚȝȑȞĮȦȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒțĮȚȝĮȗȓșĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȠȣȝİ
ȑȞĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȂĮȗȓ șĮ İȚıȑȜșȠȣȝİ ıIJȠ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ șĮ IJȠ țĮIJĮıIJȒıȠȣȝİ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȂʌȠȡİȓ Ș
șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȠȝĮįȚțȐ ıIJȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȅ ȡȩȜȠȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ıİ ȕȠȘșȒıȦ ȞĮ įİȚȢ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȝȑıĮĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚİȢĮıțȒıİȚȢ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓıĮȚ Ƞ ©ȆİȜȐIJȘȢª ȝȠȣ țȚ İȖȫ Ƞ
ıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢıȠȣıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘǻȚțĮȚȠȪıĮȚȞĮİȓıĮȚİȜİȪșİȡȠȢĮʌȩțȐșİ
ȝȠȡijȒȢ țĮșȠįȒȖȘıȘ țĮȚ țĮIJĮʌȓİıȘ ȉȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ ıIJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ IJĮȟȓįȚ ȖȚĮ
įȪȠȅıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢİȓȞĮȚȠıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢıȠȣıIJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮıȠȣȖȚĮĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ
ǼıȪșĮȝİȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚȢıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠıȠȣțȚİȖȫșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȠȞįȦȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
IJĮȝȐIJȚĮıȠȣțĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐıȠȣȤȦȡȓȢȩȝȦȢȞĮȤȐıȦIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȝȠȣ
ȝĮIJȚȐ țĮȚ ĮȓıșȘıȘ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ĬĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȒıȦ IJȘȞ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮʌȠȣİȚıʌȡȐIJIJİȚȢĮʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȅįȡȩȝȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝĮȢȐȜȜȠIJİİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȜĮIJȪȢ țȚ İȣȡȪȤȦȡȠȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ ıIJİȞȩȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ijȦIJİȚȞȩȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ
ıțȠIJİȚȞȩȢ ȜĮıʌȦȝȑȞȠȢ țȚ ĮįȚȑȟȠįȠȢ ȈIJȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ ȝĮȢ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ șĮ IJȡȑȤȠȣȝİ
ȐȜȜİȢijȠȡȑȢșĮıIJĮȝĮIJȐȝİțȚȐȜȜȠIJİșĮȖȣȡȞȐȝİȜȓȖȠʌȓıȦǵIJĮȞıțȠȞIJȐȥİȚȢıIJȠȣȢ
ijȩȕȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢĮįȣȞĮȝȓİȢıȠȣșĮĮʌȜȫıȦIJȠȤȑȡȚȝȠȣȞĮıİȕȠȘșȒıȦȞĮıȘțȦșİȓȢ
188
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉȠIJĮȟȓįȚİȓȞĮȚĮʌȡȩȕȜİʌIJȠțĮȚȠİȖȫİȓȝĮȚİįȫȖȚĮȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȓıȦıIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣ
IJȘȞ ĮȓıșȘıȘ ıȚȖȠȣȡȚȐȢ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘȢ ȠȪIJȦȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢ ȞĮ IJȠ ijȑȡİȚ ıİ
ʌȑȡĮȢǼȓȝĮȚįȓʌȜĮıȠȣıĮȞȑȞĮȢʌȚıIJȩȢıȪȞIJȡȠijȠȢʌȠȣșĮıȠȣijȦIJȓıİȚIJȠȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚ
IJȠȣ įȪıțȠȜȠȣIJĮȟȚįȚȠȪȝĮȢıIJĮȕȐșȘIJȠȣ ȝȣĮȜȠȪıȠȣǼıȪįȚĮȜȑȖİȚȢIJĮȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚĮ
ʌȠȣșĮȕȐȜȠȣȝİıIJȘȞįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȝĮȢȤȦȡȓȢİȖȫȞĮıİİʌȘȡİȐıȦ
īȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİIJȠĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ Ǿ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠțȡȐȝȝĮIJȦȞįȪȠȠȝȫȞȣȝȦȞıȤȠȜȫȞ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȈIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ IJȦȞ %HFN Watson, Bandura, Pavlov, Skinner
țȜʌ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ĮȣIJȒ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
ıȤȑıȘȈțȑȥȘȢ ± ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȠȢ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ± ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪǹȣIJȩıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ
İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȫȞ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚȝʌȜȠțȐȡȠȣȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢȝĮȢDzIJıȚįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮ
įİȚȢIJȘȤĮȡȐIJȘȢȗȦȒȢțĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹȡȤȓȗȦȞĮțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ
ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ȈIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ IJȠȣ ĭȡȩȣȞIJ IJȠȣ īȚȠȪȞȖț IJȘȢ ȀȜȐȚȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
ȁĮțȐȞȀİȞIJȡȚțȑȢȚįȑİȢİȓȞĮȚIJĮIJȡȓĮıIJȐįȚĮĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠ ȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮȠȚ
ȐȝȣȞİȢȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘIJȠȣId ȝİIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫIJȠAnimus țĮȚIJȠAnimaIJȠȈȣȜȜȠȖȚțȩ
ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȘĭĮȜȜȚțȒ± ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȂȘIJȑȡĮțȜʌ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȆȠȜȪʌȜȠțȠijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȉȩıİȢȞȑİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȚįȑİȢ
IJȠȣ 0XUUD\ %RZHQ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ Ƞ ĮıșİȞȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ
IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ȣʌȩıȣıIJȘȝĮ ıȤȑıİȦȞ țĮȚ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȂȑıĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ įȚĮįȡȐıİȚȢ
ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȜİțIJȚțȒ țĮȚ İȟȦȜİțIJȚțȒ įȘȜ Ș ȖȜȫııĮ IJȠȣ
ıȫȝĮIJȠȢİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮǵIJĮȞĮȣIJȑȢįİȞİȞĮȡȝȠȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚIJȩIJİİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚįȚȐȡȡȘȟȘIJȦȞ
ıȤȑıİȦȞĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJĮȝȑȜȘIJȠȣ ȣʌȠıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȅȚıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢIJȦȞ
ȝİȜȫȞ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıIJĮșİȡȑȢ șĮ ȑʌȡİʌİ Ȟ¶ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ
ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣȢȖȚĮȞĮİȞȚıȤȪİIJĮȚȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮșİȦȡȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǻİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ IJȚ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ
126)
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢDzȞĮĮıIJȑȡȚ
189
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȀȚȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮIJȡȓȖȦȞȠȉĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJĮȩʌȦȢijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
Ǿ ȂȑșȠįȠȢ Gestalt įİ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȚIJȚȠțȡĮIJȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȩ
ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ ʌȠȣ İȞȠȤȠʌȠȚİȓ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȚıȤȣȡȓıIJȘțĮȞ ȠȚ
ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠȚıȣȞȐįİȜijȠȚȅȚȚįȡȣIJȑȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢGestalt İȓȞĮȚȠȚ3HUOV+HIIHUOLQH
țĮȚ*RRGPDQ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ - ȝȘ țĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ IJȠȣ Carl Rogers ȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ įȚʌȜȩ ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȩ ȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠ IJȘȞ
ijĮȚȞȠȝİȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȣʌĮȡȟȚıȝȩ ȀĮȚ IJĮ įȣȠ ĮȣIJȐ ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȐ ȡİȪȝĮIJĮ
ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞʌȦȢȠțȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚIJȠȞįȚțȩIJȠȣȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢ
IJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚȝȩȞȠȢIJȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣ
țĮȚȞĮijIJȐıİȚıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮșİȦȡȓĮ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢĬĮȕȐȜȠȣȝİȝĮȗȓțȐʌȠȚȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢīȡȐȥİȝȠȣIJȠȣȢ
įȚțȠȪȢı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅȡȓıIJİ IJȠȣȢ ȑȖȡĮȥĮ ȃĮ ȝȘȞ ȑȤȦ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȝİ ʌȠȞȐİȚ IJȠ
ıIJȠȝȐȤȚȝȠȣȞĮȝʌȠȡȫȞĮțȠȚȝȐȝĮȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂʌȡȐȕȠ Ǽįȫ įȚȐȜİȟĮ IJȠȣȢ ʌȚȠ ȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ ĬĮ
ȟİțȚȞȒıȠȣȝİʌȡȫIJĮĮʌȩIJĮıȦȝĮIJȚțȐıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮȖȚĮȞĮȝȘȞIJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡİȓıĮȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮįİȤIJİȓȢ IJȘ
ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ İțijȡȐıİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȠȡȖȒ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ IJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞȉȩIJİșĮȞȚȫıİȚȢțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩİȞȠȤȑȢȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚȣʌȠțȡȚıȓĮ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȦȞ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȦȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞʌȠȣıȣȞIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȂĮȗȓșĮİȚıȑȜșȠȣȝİıIJȠįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣțĮȚșĮIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȒıȠȣȝİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩȉȫȡĮįİȞİȓıĮȚȠ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ʌȠȣ ȒıȠȣȞĮ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȜȘȖȫșȘțİȢ ȝȚțȡȒ DzȤİȚȢ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ȆȑȡĮıĮȞ IJĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ İȟİȜȓııİıĮȚ Ȃİ IJȘ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ șĮ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȖȚĮIJȓ șĮ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȝİȝĮȗȓIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮȉȫȡĮșĮıȕȒıȠȣȞIJĮȤȞȐȡȚĮIJȠȣȝȠȞȠʌĮIJȚȠȪʌȠȣıİ
ıȣȞįȑİȚ ȝİ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ țĮȚ șĮ įİȚȢ IJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ȖİȝȐIJȠ
İȜʌȓįĮ
ȀĮȜȩșĮ ȒIJĮȞȞĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıİȚȢIJȘ ȞȑĮıȠȣIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȞȠȓȖȠȞIJĮȢįȡȩȝȠȖȚĮ
IJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞȋȡȒıȚȝȠșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮijIJȚȐȟİȚȢȞȑȠȣȢįȡȩȝȠȣȢʌȠȣșĮĮȞȒțȠȣȞıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞ
țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮijȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ ȤȠȡIJĮȡȚȐıȠȣȞ ȠȚ ʌĮȜȚȠȓ įȡȩȝȠȚ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȠȢǺȜȑʌİȚȢțĮȚĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȦȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢĮȜȜȐĮʌȩIJȩIJİ
ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮ ȑȤȦ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ǼȓıĮȚ ʌȚĮ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȄİțȩȜȜĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ȖȚĮIJȓ įİȞ
190
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
İȓıĮȚ ʌȚĮ İțİȓ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȝȐșİȚȢ ȞĮ ȕȐȗİȚȢ ȩȡȚĮ ȃĮȚ įİȞ İȓıĮȚ ȑȞȠȤȠȢ ȑȤİȚȢ ĮȟȓĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȕȐȗİȚȢȩȡȚĮIJȠȠijİȓȜİȚȢıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȅıțȠʌȩȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮįİȚȢIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢ
İȓȞĮȚțȚȩȤȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȚȢıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȢȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮĮȡȤȓıİȚȢȞĮ
ʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ıȠȣ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢ țĮȚ ȕȐȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJĮ ȩȡȚȐ ıȠȣȅ ʌȣȡȒȞĮȢ
IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ĮȣIJȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ įȘȜĮįȒ ȝİ ȑȞĮ IJȡȩʌȠ Ș
ĮijȪʌȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ İȣșȪȞȘȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıțȑijIJȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ țȐȞȠȣȞ
ıIJȠ İįȫ țĮȚ IJȫȡĮ DzIJıȚ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJȫȡĮ țĮȚ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİįȡȐıȘȖȚĮȞĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȞ153.
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȗȦȞIJĮȞȒ
ıȤȑıȘʌȠȣșĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıȠȣȝİȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıİȚȢȝİȐȞİıȘȞĮİȟİȡİȣȞȒıİȚȢIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠʌȠȣ
ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȐȡİȚ IJȚȢ țĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ
ĮʌȠijȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ıȑȞĮ ȅ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ȦȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ȦȢ
țȓȞȘIJȡȠ ȝȚĮ IJȐıȘ ȖȚĮ įȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ țĮȚ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ĮȣIJȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȣʌȠıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ʌȠȣ ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ İĮȣIJȩȢ Ȓ
ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮ ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ Ƞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ IJȚȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ IJȘȢ
įȪȞĮȝȘȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ Ƞ țȐșİ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȞĮ ıȣȞIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ
įȚİȣȡȪȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȣIJȠȞȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȫȞİȚ IJȠ įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ
ıȠȣȜȪıİȚȢ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦȑȞĮijȣȜȜȐįȚȠȝİʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢȖȚĮIJȠIJȚ
İȓȞĮȚIJȠıIJȡİȢțĮȚIJȠȐȖȤȠȢ ȈȠȣȑȤȦȝȚĮțĮȡIJȑȜĮȝİIJȚȢȜȐșȠȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚȢȖȚĮ
IJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢīȡȐȥİȝȠȣʌȩıȠıȣȝijȦȞİȓȢȝ¶ĮȣIJȑȢȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȫȞIJĮȢ
ĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅȡȓıIJİ IJȠ ıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ ĮȞȠȡȖȐȞȦIJȘ IJıĮʌĮIJıȠȪȜĮ ȑȤȦ
ȐȖȤȠȢįİȞIJİȜİȚȫȞȦȩIJȚĮȡȤȓȗȦ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓıĮȚ ıȓȖȠȣȡȘ ʌȦȢ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ıİ IJȑIJȠȚȠ
ȕĮșȝȩDzȤİȚȢıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȚĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣȞĮıȠȣȑȤȠȣȞʌİȚIJȠĮȞIJȓșİIJȠȃȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢ
țĮȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȑIJıȚȉȚșĮIJĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠȐıȤȘȝĮIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȃĮȚȝȚĮijȓȜȘ
ȝȠȣțȐʌȠIJİȝȠȣȑȜİȖİʌȩıȠțĮȜȐȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȘİȓȝĮȚțĮȚʌȦȢȩIJȚțȐȞȦșȑȜȦȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
IJȑȜİȚȠȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢțȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚțȐʌȦȢȑIJıȚ
153
http://www.vitatherapy.gr/2BBD2551.el.aspx
191
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢijIJĮȓİȚȉȚșĮIJĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȐ ĬĮ IJĮ
ıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣĮ ȞĮ įȠȣȞ ȝİ ȝȐIJȚĮ țĮșĮȡȐ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ IJȠȣȢ
ȃĮ ȞĮ ʌȚıIJȑȥȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȕȐȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ȩȡȚȐ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ įȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢİțȕȚĮıȝȠȪȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ ȖȡȐȥİȚȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ
ʌȠȣıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞțȐʌȠȚĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȞĮIJĮȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȒıİȚȢĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠ
ʌȩıȠ ȚıȤȣȡȐ ȒIJĮȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȚ ıȠȣ șȪȝȚıĮȞ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ıȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȂİIJȐ Įʌȩ
ĮȣIJȒIJȘıȪȞįİıȘʌȩıȠșİȦȡİȓȢĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮĮȜȘșȚȞȑȢțĮȚ
ȚıȤȣȡȐĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮĬĮıȠȣĮȞĮșȑıȦțĮȚȝȚĮĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒ ĬĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ ȝȑȤȡȚ ĮȪȡȚȠ IJȠ
ȝİıȘȝȑȡȚȝȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮįȑțĮıİȜȓįȦȞȝİʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢĮʌȩIJȠȚȞIJİȡȞȑIJȖȚĮIJȠȐȖȤȠȢțĮȚ
șĮȝȠȣIJȠijȑȡİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǹįȪȞĮIJȠȞĮȖȤȫșȘțĮĮʌȩIJȫȡĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȦșİȓȢ ıȦıIJȐ șĮ IJĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢ īȡȐȥİ ı¶
ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ ĮȞIJȠșİȦȡİȓȢįȣȞĮIJȩțĮȚIJȚıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚıİʌȠȚȠȕĮșȝȩIJĮȞȚȫșİȚȢ
ȂȩȜȚȢ țȐȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıİ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJĮ ȞȑĮ ıȠȣ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮıȠȣʌȦIJȫȡĮȝȚĮȐıțȘıȘȝİĮȞĮʌȞȠȑȢȖȚĮȞĮıȠȣ
ijİȪȖİȚ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȄĮʌȜȦȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ țĮȚ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ ȩIJĮȞ İȟĮıțȘșİȓȢ ĮȡțİIJȐ ıİ
ıIJȐıȘ țĮșȚıIJȒ IJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıİ IJȠ ȑȞĮ ȤȑȡȚ ıIJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ țĮȚ IJȠ ȐȜȜȠ ıIJȠ ıIJȒșȠȢ
ǼȚıȑʌȞİȣıİȕĮșȚȐĮʌĮȜȐțĮȚȒȡİȝĮİțʌȞȠȒĮʌȩIJȘȝȪIJȘǼʌĮȞȑȜĮȕİȝİȡȣșȝȩ± 12
ijȠȡȑȢ Ǿ ȐıțȘıȘ IJȘȢ įȚĮijȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ĮȞĮʌȞȠȒȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ± ijȠȡȑȢ IJȘȞ
ȘȝȑȡĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȍȡĮȓĮȐıțȘıȘ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮıȠȣʌȦ IJȫȡĮʌȦȢșĮȜȪȞİȚȢIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣ
ǹțȠȜȠȣșİȓȢȕȒȝĮIJĮȀĮșȠȡȚıȝȩȢIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞĮʌĮȡȓșȝȘıȘʌȚșĮȞȫȞȜȪıİȦȞ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘIJȦȞ©ȣʌȑȡªțĮȚIJȦȞ©țĮIJȐªIJȘȢțȐșİȜȪıȘȢıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢțĮȚĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ
IJȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝȐIJȦȞ ǵIJĮȞ țȐIJȚ ıİ ĮȖȤȫȞİȚ șĮ ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓȢ IJȘȞ IJİȤȞȚțȒ IJȘȢ
ĮʌȩıʌĮıȘȢIJȘȢʌȡȠıȠȤȒȢĬĮțȐȞİȚȢțȐʌȠȚĮİȣȤȐȡȚıIJȘįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıİ
ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ ȖȪȡȦ ıȠȣ ȐijȘıİ IJȚȢ İȞȠȤȜȘIJȚțȑȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ĮʌȜȫȢ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȐıȠȣȞĮʌȩIJȠȝȣĮȜȩıȠȣȤȦȡȓȢȞĮIJȚȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȋȡȒıȚȝİȢıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİȞİȣȡȚȐȗİȚʌȠȣȝȚȗİȡȚȐȗİȚȢıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȖȪȡȦĮʌȩ
IJȠȐȖȤȠȢıȠȣȆȦȢȞȚȫșİȚȢȝ¶ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣıȠȣȜȑȦȃȚȫșİȚȢȐȕȠȜĮȂȒʌȦȢįİȞșİȢȞĮ
ȟĮȞȐȡșİȚȢ
192
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚȜȓȖȠȐȕȠȜĮĬȑȜȦȩȝȦȢȞĮȟĮȞȐȡșȦ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȖȫ șĮ ıIJȘȡȚȤșȫ ıIJĮ ȩȞİȚȡȐ ıȠȣ țĮȚ șĮ
țȡĮIJȒıȦĮȡȤİȓȠǾʌȠȡİȓĮıȠȣșĮțȡȚșİȓȝİȕȐıȘIJȘȞțȜȚȝȐțȦıȘIJȦȞȠȞİȓȡȦȞıȠȣ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȖȡĮʌIJȫȞ ıȠȣ ǹȞ įİȚȢ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȩȞİȚȡĮ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ IJĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ
ǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȢ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ IJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȩ ıȠȣ ıİ ʌȠȓȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠıșȑıİȚȢ ıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ țȐȞİȚȢ ȩIJĮȞ IJȠ įȚĮȕȐȗİȚȢ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıİȢ
ȖȜȦııȚțȑȢįȚĮIJȣʌȫıİȚȢĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȑȞĮʌȠȓȘȝĮȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣțĮȚIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣĬȑȜȦȞĮțȐȞİȚȢțĮȚȝȚĮȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐİȜİȪșİȡȘıĮȝȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡĮȑIJıȚ
țĮIJİȣșİȓĮȞĮʌȩIJȠȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹʌ¶ ȩıĮ ȝĮȢ İȓʌİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȠȡİȓĮ IJȦȞ
ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞȝĮȢ șĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦȞĮĮijȠȣȖțȡĮıșȫIJȘįȠȝȒIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢıȠȣ
IJȚȢȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢʌȠȣIJȘįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıĮȞIJȚȢIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢ ± ĮȞIJȚIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢıȠȣ
IJȚȢ ȐȝȣȞİȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢ ıȠȣ ȝȑıĮ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢ ȝĮȢ
ıȤȑıȘȢȆȡȠȢIJȠʌĮȡȩȞȑȤȦțȐȞİȚȝȚĮıȣȞİįȡȓĮȝİIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣĬȑȜȦȞĮ ıȠȣȕȐȜȦ
ȝȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȑțĮȞĮȞ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȜȐșȘ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮșȑȜȘIJĮ ǼȓȤĮIJİ ȩȝȦȢ țĮȚ
țĮȜȑȢıIJȚȖȝȑȢĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓȝİȡȚțȐșİIJȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȩȝȠȡijİȢ ıIJȚȖȝȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȗȒıĮIJİ ȝĮȗȓ ȆȠIJȑ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȡȖȐ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢȝȚĮİȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȘʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȞșȣȝȘșİȓȢțȚĮȣIJȒǹʌȩțȐIJȦ
șȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȞȩȝȚȗİȢʌȦȢijIJĮȚȢȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȐțȚ
ȑȞȚȦșİȢ İȞȠȤȒ ĮȜȜȐ IJȫȡĮ țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚȢ ʌȦȢ İʌȡȩțİȚIJȠ ȖȚĮ ıijȐȜȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ijȠȡIJȫșȘțİȢ İıȪ ȖȚĮIJȓ ıĮȞ ʌĮȚįȓ İȓȤİȢ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȚįİĮIJȠȪȢ
ȖȠȞİȓȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚĬĮİIJȠȚȝȐıȦIJȚȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ǵȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝĮȢİȓʌİȢȝȠȚȐȗȠȣȞȖİȞȚțȐțĮȚ
șİȦȡȘIJȚțȐ ĬĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚȢ ʌȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ȂĮȢ įȚȘȖȒșȘțİȢ ȩIJȚ ıȠȣ İȓʌĮȞ
ĮȣIJȩıȠȣȑțĮȞĮİțİȓȞȠȤȡİȚȐȗİıĮȚĮȣIJȩșȑȜȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚĮʌȩıȑȞĮİțİȓȞȠǺȜȑʌȦȞĮ
ĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗİȚȘȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ.
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǻİȞijIJĮȓȦİȖȫʌȠȣȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞȩȜȠȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȂȠȣ İȓʌİȢ ʌȦȢ ıİ țĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȠȣȞ ȩȜȠȚ țĮȚ įİȞ
ʌȡȠijIJĮȓȞİȚȢĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮʌİȚȢĮijȒȞȦȞĮȝȠȣıȣȝȕİȓĮȣIJȩ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǹijȒȞȦ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ ıȣȝȕİȓ ĮȣIJȩ ȉȠȣȢ įȓȞȦ ʌİȡȚșȫȡȚȠ ȞĮ ȝİ
țĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİ ijȠȡIJȫȞȠȣȞ ȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚȢ ȀĮȜȩ șĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȞĮ įȚİțįȚțȫ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȕȐȗȦIJĮȩȡȚȐȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȆȦȢ IJȠ ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȒȡİȢ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ
ȖȚĮIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıİǼȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒĭȦȞȒ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȘ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȓȡȞȦ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȦ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢ IJȠ
193
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıİȕĮıȝȩ IJȠȣȢ ȃȚȫșȦ ȩȝȦȢ ʌȦȢ ȩIJĮȞ ȝȠȣ ȗȘIJȠȪȞ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ țȐIJȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ
ĮȡȞȘșȫ.
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȂȠȣİȓʌİȢʌȦȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮIJȠțȐȞİȚȢĮȣIJȩ
ȃĮȕȡİȚȢIJȘȞįȪȞĮȝȘȞĮʌİȚȢįİȞșĮIJȠțȐȞȦĮȣIJȩ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǻİȞ șĮ ȣʌȠȤȦȡȒıȦ ĬĮ ʌȦ ʌȦȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȜȐȕȦ ȐȜȜİȢ
ȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚȢȂȒʌȦȢȩȝȦȢȠijİȓȜȦȞĮĮțȠȪȦʌȐȞIJĮIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȖȚĮIJȓșȑȜȠȣȞIJȠ
țĮȜȩȝȠȣțĮȚİȟĮȡIJȫȝĮȚĮʌȩĮȣIJȠȪȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȂȠȣİȓʌİȢʌȦȢȠijİȓȜİȚȢȞĮĮțȠȪȢIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮʌİȚȢįȚĮȜȑȖȦȞĮIJȠțȐȞȦ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǻȚĮȜȑȖȦȞĮĮțȠȪȦIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȩIJĮȞʌİȓșȠȝĮȚʌȦȢIJȠțȐȞȠȣȞ
ȖȚĮIJȠțĮȜȩȝȠȣțĮȚįİȞ ʌĮȡĮȕȚȐȗİIJĮȚȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȝȠȣİȜİȣșİȡȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȈȘțȫȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ șȑıȘ IJȠȣ țĮȚ įİȓȤȞİȚ IJȘȞ
ȐįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮıIJȠȞȆİȜȐIJȘĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣʌȦȢı¶ĮȣIJȒIJȘȞțĮȡȑțȜĮțȐșȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣȉȚșĮIJȠȣȢȑȜİȖİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȝİİȜİȪșİȡȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮǻİȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮıȦıIJȩ
ȞĮ ȑȤİIJİ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢ Įʌȩ ȝȑȞĮ ȞĮ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıȦ IJĮ ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞĮ ıĮȢ
ȅijİȓȜİIJİȞĮıİȕĮıIJİȓIJİIJȚȢįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢțĮȚIJĮȩȡȚȐȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣ IJȫȡĮ ʌȦȢ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ țĮȡȑțȜĮ
țȐșİIJĮȚ IJȠ țȠȝȝȐIJȚ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȠȣ ʌȠȣ ĮijȒȞİȚ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȞĮ ıİ ijȠȡIJȫȞȠȣȞ
ȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚȢțĮȚȣȥȘȜȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȉȚșĮIJȠȣȢȑȜİȖİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀĮțȫȢ ĮijȒȞİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȞĮ ıİ ȚıȠʌİįȫȞȠȣȞ ǹʌȩ İįȫ țĮȚ
İȝʌȡȩȢșĮȕȐȗȦȩȡȚĮțĮȚșĮįȚİțįȚțȫĮȣIJȩʌȠȣĮȟȓȗȦ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓĮȣIJȒIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ Ƞ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫșȘțİ Ș
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȝȠȣȝȑıĮı¶ĮȣIJȒȞ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞİȢ İʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
țĮȚıIJȩȤȠȣȢʌȠȣȝĮIJĮȚȫșȘțĮȞȆȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȣȞıİıȑȞĮIJȚȢȣȥȘȜȑȢIJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȈİ
țĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȠȣȞțĮȚıİȖİȝȓȗȠȣȞİȞȠȤȑȢǾʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐıȠȣİȓȞĮȚȖİȝȐIJȘİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ
țĮȚ İȞȠȤȑȢ DzȤİȚȢ IJİȜİȚȠșȘȡȓĮ țĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ȉĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ ĮȞȑʌIJȣȟİȢ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ ijȠȕȓİȢ ȥȣȤĮȞĮȖțĮıȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ ĮȡȡȦıIJȠȝĮȞȓĮ DzȤİȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ
IJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮįİȞʌȒȡİȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣȂȐIJĮȚĮIJȘȞȥȐȤȞİȚȢıİIJȡȓIJĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮʌȤ
țĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢ İȟȚįĮȞȚțİȪȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌȡȓıȝĮ IJȘȢ
ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȒȢʌȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİȚIJȘȞİijȘȕȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮ
194
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɏəɌɄȝ: 2ɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢīİȚĮıȠȣȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ȝȠȣȆȦȢȒIJĮȞȘİȕįȠȝȐįĮıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢDzIJıȚțȚȑIJıȚȆȡȠȤșȑȢȑȖȡĮȥĮįȚĮȖȫȞȚıȝĮțĮȚįİȞʌȡȩȜĮȕĮȞĮIJĮ
ȖȡȐȥȦȩȜĮȆȒȡĮțĮțȩȕĮșȝȩĬĮȑʌȡİʌİȞĮȑȤȠȣȝİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȘȫȡĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂȒʌȦȢ ȑȖȡĮȥİȢ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȞ ȅ
ȤȡȩȞȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠțĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȢ țĮȚ IJĮ șȑȝĮIJĮ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞĮ ı¶ ĮȣIJȩȞ ȂȒʌȦȢ IJĮ
ȑȖȡĮȥİȢĮʌȠıIJȒșȚıȘ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚȝȐȜȜȠȞȑȤİȚȢįȓțȚȠǹȞįİȞIJĮȖȡȐȥȦȩʌȦȢıIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠȞȚȫșȦ
ʌȦȢįİȞIJĮȑȖȡĮȥĮțĮȜȐȂȑȤȡȚʌȡȩıijĮIJĮȝİįȚȐȕĮȗİȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣțĮȚȒșİȜİȞĮIJĮ
ȜȑȦȞİȡȩ.
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ: ǻȫıİȝȠȣȞĮįȦIJȘȞȐıțȘıȘȝİIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮʌȠȣıȠȣ
ıȣȞȑȕȘıĮȞ țĮȚ ıȠȣ șȣȝȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ıȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȋȝȝ ǼȓįİȢ IJİȜȚțȐ ʌȦȢ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞȚȫȞ ıȠȣ ıIJĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐțȚȑIJıȚĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚ;
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚįȓțȚȠȑȤİȚȢȉȫȡĮĮȡȤȓȗȦȞĮȕȜȑʌȦĮȜȜȚȫȢIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȀĮȚșĮȕİȜIJȚȫȞİıĮȚĮțȩȝȘʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȆȦȢʌȐİȚIJȠ
șȑȝĮIJȦȞțȡȓıİȦȞʌĮȞȚțȠȪ;
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮǻİȞȝȠȣİȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțĮȞĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȝȑȡİȢ.
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮ ȞȚȫıİȚȢ țĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȩȝȦȢ șĮ
İʌȚıIJȡȑȥȠȣȞȘIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȑȞȘıȠȣȥȣȤȒșĮĮȞIJȚıIJȑțİIJĮȚȞĮįİȚIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȤȦȡȓȢ
ȐȖȤȠȢ. ȉȠ ȥȣȤĮȞĮȖțĮıIJȚțȩ ıȠȣ ǼȜȑȖȤİȚȢ ĮțȩȝȘ ĮȞ ȑțĮȞİȢ IJȚȢ ȝȚțȡȑȢ ıȠȣ
IJİȜİIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢʌȡȚȞijȪȖİȚȢĮʌȩIJȠıʌȓIJȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚȜȓȖȠȆȡȠıʌĮșȫǵIJĮȞĮȖȤȦșȫȩȝȦȢȝİȟĮȞĮʌȚȐȞİȚǹȖȩȡĮıĮ
țȚ ȑȞĮ ȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȦ IJȚȢ įȠȣȜİȚȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȩȤȠȣȢ
ȝȠȣțĮȚIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂʌȡȐȕȠȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ȝȠȣ ȉȚȑțĮȞİȢȝİIJȘȞĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒ
ʌȠȣıȠȣȑȕĮȜĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȒȖİ țĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ Įʌ¶ ȩIJȚ ʌİȡȓȝİȞĮ ȉİȜȚțȐ ȝİ ȜȓȖȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ IJĮ
țĮIJȐijİȡĮȅȡȓıIJİȘİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȘȞȑȖȡĮȥĮȝȑıĮıIJȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩįȚȐıIJȘȝĮʌȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȈȒȝİȡĮșĮȝȚȜȒıȠȣȝİȖȚĮIJȚȢȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢ
ıțȑȥȘȢ ʌȠȣ İȞȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ IJȚȢ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢ ıȠȣ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ ǻİȢ IJȘȞ țĮȡIJȑȜĮ
ȆȠȚĮȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢıȠȣIJĮȚȡȚȐȗȠȣȞȊʌȠȖȡȐȝȝȚıİIJĮȉȫȡĮșȑȜȦıIJȘȞțĮȡIJȑȜĮȝİIJȚȢ
ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢıȠȣȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢȞĮıȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢʌȠȚĮȜȐșȘıțȑȥȘȢȑȤİȚȢțȐȞİȚ
195
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȫȡĮ IJȚ ȜİȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıȦıIJȩȢ Ȓ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȢ țĮȚ
ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȢȠIJȡȩʌȠȢʌȠȣıțİijIJȩıȠȣȞ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȊʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȢ țĮȚ ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȢ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ ȓıȦȢ ȐșİȜȐ IJȠȣȢ
ȑȤȠȣȞȣȥȘȜȠȪȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢțĮȚʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȖȚĮȑȞĮĬȑȜȠȣȞȖȚĮȝȑȞĮȩIJȚįİȞțĮIJȐijİȡĮȞ
ĮȣIJȠȓǹȣIJȩįİȞıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȦȢĮȞįİȞIJȠȣȢțȐȞȦIJȠȤĮIJȓȡȚİȓȝĮȚĮȞİʌĮȡțȒȢ.
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ IJĮ İȟȒȢ İȓįȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ ıIJȚȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ Ș İʌȚșİIJȚțȒ Ș ʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ Ș ȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ țĮȚ Ș įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣİȓȤĮȞIJȘȞİʌȚșİIJȚțȒțĮȚIJȘȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐǼıȪ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚȢ įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒ ȈIJȘȞ įȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ IJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȦȞ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞĮȣIJȫȞ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ- 149).
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȠIJȑįİȞIJȠİȓȤĮıțİijIJİȓȑIJıȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzijİȡİȢIJȠʌȠȓȘȝĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚ ȅȡȓıIJİ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹ ȦȡĮȓĮ >ȉȠ įȚĮȕȐȗİȚ ʌȡȠıİțIJȚțȐ@ DzijİȡİȢ IJȘ
ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐ ǵȜĮ IJĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȘȢ ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐȢ İȓıĮȚ İıȪ țĮȚ ıȣȞȐȝĮ İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ IJȦȞ
įȚțȫȞ ıȠȣ ǹȣIJȩ IJȠ ıȤȒȝĮ ȝȠȚȐȗİȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȋȓȝĮȚȡĮ IJȠ ıȪȝȕȠȜȠ IJȘȢ ĭĮȜȜȚțȒȢ Ȓ
ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȢ ȂȘIJȑȡĮȢ ǺȜȑʌȦ ʌȠȜȪ ȠȡȖȒ ĮȞȑțijȡĮıIJȠ șȣȝȩ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȕȜȑʌȦ İȞȠȤȒ
ȆȠȜȪİȞȠȤȒȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȚIJȘIJȚțȠȓțȚĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȠȓĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıȠȣǾȝȘIJȑȡĮ
ıȠȣʌȐȜȚİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪĮȖȤȫįȘȢȃȚȫșİȚȢʌȦȢıİȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞȉȠȣȢIJȠȜİȢĮȜȜȐįİȞ
ıİ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗȠȣȞ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȠȚ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıȠȣ DzȤİȚȢ ʌȚȐıİȚ ʌȠIJȑ
IJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣȞĮı¶İțȞİȣȡȓȗȦȂȒʌȦȢıȠȣșȣȝȓȗȦIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝȠȣ IJȠȣȢ șȣȝȓȗİIJİ ȂȠȚȐȗİIJİ ĮȡțİIJȐ ȥȣȤȡȒ țĮȚ
IJȩıȠțĮȣıIJȚțȒ ȝİIJȘȞĮȚIJȓĮIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞȝȠȣȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣįİȞȝȠȣijȑȡșȘțĮȞ
ıȦıIJȐ țĮȚ įİȞ ȟȑȡȦ ĮȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țȜȐȥȦ Ȓ ȞĮ șȣȝȫıȦ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ǻİȞ ȐȟȚȗĮ
IJȑIJȠȚȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢǾʌİȜȐIJȘȢȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȣʌİȡȑȞIJĮıȘțȚȑIJȠȚȝȘȞĮțȜȐȥİȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȐȡȤȚıİȢȞĮİțijȡȐȗİıĮȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ĮʌȠIJȡİʌIJȚțȩȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ȝȠȣ
ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘ țȚ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ įȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ țĮȚ
șȜȓȥȘȢȒIJĮȞĮȞȒȝʌȠȡȘțĮȚĮȝijȚșȣȝȚțȒ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂȠȣ ȑijİȡİȢ IJȚȢ ĮıțȒıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ȑȕĮȜĮ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ
șİIJȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮȝȞȒıİȚȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌIJİȚȢ ȩIJȚ
ȑȞȚȦșİȢİȞȠȤȑȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮijIJĮȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃĮȚ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȝȚțȡȒ ȝĮȢ ʌȒȖĮȚȞİ IJȚȢ ȀȣȡȚĮțȑȢ
ıIJȠȁȠȪȞĮȆĮȡțțĮȚȝĮȢĮȖȩȡĮȗİȗĮȤĮȡȦIJȐǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣİȓȤİʌȐȞIJĮȗİıIJȩijĮȖȘIJȩ
196
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıIJȠIJȡĮʌȑȗȚĮțȩȝȘțȚȩIJĮȞȟİȤȞȠȪıİĮʌȩIJȠȐȖȤȠȢIJȘȢȞĮijȑȡİȚIJĮȝĮȤĮȚȡȠʌȒȡȠȣȞĮ
ǴıȦȢȞĮȝȘȞİȣșȪȞȠȝĮȚİȖȫȖȚĮ IJȘȞȝȘĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘıIJȚȢĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȢ. ǴıȦȢȞĮ
ȕȐȗȠȣȞĮȣIJȠȓȥȘȜȐIJȠȞʌȒȤȘȦȞʌȡȠıįȠțȚȫȞIJȠȣȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ʌĮȜȚȐ ıȠȣ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ȑȜİȖİȢ ʌȦȢ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ
ȒIJĮȞĮʌĮȚIJȘIJȚțȠȓțĮȚĮʌȠȡȡȚʌIJȚțȠȓĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıȠȣ țĮȚİıȪʌȦȢȒıȠȣȞĮȞİʌĮȡțİȓȢțĮȚ
IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣİȢ ȈIJȘ ȞȑĮ İțįȠȤȒ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİȚȢ
ʌȦȢ ĮȣIJȠȓȑȤȠȣȞȣȥȘȜȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢĮʌȩıȑȞĮ ȂİIJȘįİȪIJİȡȘİțįȠȤȒIJȘȢȚıIJȠȡȓĮȢ
ıȠȣȠȝȠȚȐȗİȚȘĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘȚıIJȠȡȓĮʌȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣıIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
ȈIJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ ıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘ ȝĮȗȓ IJȘȢ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİȚ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ȑȜİȖİȢ İıȪ
ıIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘǼȓįĮIJİȜȠȚʌȩȞIJȚȢįȪȠȩȥİȚȢIJȠȣȓįȚȠȣȞȠȝȓıȝĮIJȠȢǼȓȝĮıIJİ
ȞȠȝȓȗȦ ıİ țĮȜȩ įȡȩȝȠ ǺȜȑʌȦ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȞĮ įȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ıȠȣ ȑȞĮ ʌȚȠ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȠȠʌȠȓȠșĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȘįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮıȠȣĮʌȩİįȫ
țĮȚİȝʌȡȩȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȘIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȝĮȢıȣȞİįȡȓĮǵʌȦȢȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢ
Ș īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ įȘȜ ıȪȞIJȠȝȘ țĮȚ ıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞ ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮȑȡșİȚȢ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ įȣȠ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ
ʌİȚȢʌȦȢʌȒȖĮȞIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȦȢİijȐȡȝȠıİȢIJȚȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑȝĮșĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹȞ įİȚȢ țĮȞȑȞĮ İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠ ȞĮ
ȝȠȣ IJȠ ʌİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ ǹʌȩ IJȠ ĮȡȤİȓȠ ȠȞİȓȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ țĮIJȑșİıİȢ ȕȜȑʌȦ ȝȚĮ
șİIJȚțȒțȜȚȝȐțȦıȘıIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐıȠȣ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂȘȞȟİȤȐıİȚȢțȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣİȓʌĮȝİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǼȜʌȓȗȦ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ ĮȡȤȓıİȚ ȞĮ ıțȑijIJİıĮȚ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢĮıțȒıİȚȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑįȦıĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ĬĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚȐȜȜȠıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓıȒȝİȡĮȘȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ;
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣĮȡȡȫıIJȘıİ İįȫ țĮȚ įȣȠȝȑȡİȢțĮȚ ijȠȕȐȝĮȚ ȝȒʌȦȢ
IJȘȞțȠȪȡĮıĮİȖȫȝİIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȍȢʌȩIJİșĮțĮIJȘȖȠȡİȓȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣȖȚĮIJĮ
ʌȐȞIJĮțĮȚșĮșİȦȡİȓȢʌȦȢȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȜȑȖȟİȚȢIJĮʌȐȞIJĮȄİȤȞȐȢʌȦȢțȩȞIJİȥİȢȝİIJȠ
ȐȖȤȠȢ ȞĮȤĮȜȐıİȚȢIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮıȠȣǼȣIJȣȤȫȢIJȫȡĮȐȡȤȚıİȢȞĮȠȡȖĮȞȫȞİıĮȚțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ.
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚįȓțȚȠȑȤİIJİ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǾĮıșȑȞİȚĮİȓȞĮȚȘIJȑȜİȚĮ ȜȪıȘʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİȚ
ȠİȖțȑijĮȜȠȢıIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȦȞ©İıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞªīȚĮȞĮIJȚȢĮʌȠijȪȖȠȣȝİ
ȤȡȒıȚȝȠșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȝĮȢȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ
197
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȝĮȢțĮȚȞĮIJȠȜȝȠȪȝİIJȚȢĮȞIJȚʌĮȡĮșȑıİȚȢȝİıİȕĮıȝȩıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ įİȤȩȝĮıIJİ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ
ȝĮȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ IJİȜİȚȫȞȠȣȝİ IJȚȢ ȩʌȠȚİȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢİțțȡİȝȩIJȘIJİȢȑȤȠȣȝİȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚȞĮıȣȖȤȦȡȠȪȝİ
ȫɏəɌɄȞ: 3ɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢīİȚĮıȠȣȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ȝȠȣȆȦȢȒIJĮȞȘİȕįȠȝȐįĮıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃȚȫșȦțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȂȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘıĮȞįȚȐijȠȡĮĮȜȜȐĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıĮIJȚȢ
ıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢıȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzȞȚȦıİȢȩIJȚıȠȣȑȜİȚȥĮȞȠȚıȣȞİįȡȓİȢȝĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀȐʌȠȚİȢijȠȡȑȢĮȜȜȐʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıIJĮșȫȝȩȞȘȝȠȣıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ȝȠȣ ȋȐȡȘțĮ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ
ȑȤȦ ȝȚĮ ıİȚȡȐ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ ĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ īȞȦıȚĮțȒȢ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȢ
ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȠ ıIJȡİȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȃĮ IJĮ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȪİıĮȚ DzȤȠȣȞ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢĮıțȒıİȚȢĮʌ¶ĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣțȐȞĮȝİȀĮȜȒıȠȣİʌȚIJȣȤȓĮȆȚıIJİȪȦıİıȑȞĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȫȡĮʌȠȣıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİȢIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȝȑıĮ
ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮįȑȤIJȘțİȢ șĮ įȚİțįȚțİȓȢ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ İʌȚșȣȝİȓȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ IJȚȢ
İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦȝȚĮıİȚȡȐȕȚȕȜȓȦȞIJȠȣĭȡȩȣȞIJțĮȚIJȠȣīȚȠȪȞȖț
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ȝȠȣțȚİȖȫȤȐȡȘțĮʌȠȣıİȖȞȫȡȚıĮȂȑıĮ
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ıȣȞİįȡȓİȢ ȝĮȢ ȑȝĮșİȢ ʌȦȢ Ș ȗȦȒ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȠȚțȠįȠȝȠȪȞ țȚ
İȝʌȜȠȣIJȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮ ȝĮȢ ǹȣIJȩ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ĮȞ ȠȚ ıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢ ȝĮȢ
İȞĮȜȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚİʌȓıȘȢĮȞ ȝʌĮȓȞȠȣȝİțĮȚıIJȘșȑıȘIJȠȣȐȜȜȠȣȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ĮijȒıİȚȢ ʌȓıȦ ȩIJȚ ıİ ıIJİȞĮȤȦȡİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ İʌȚțİȞIJȡȦșİȓȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ șİIJȚțȐ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦȑȞĮȕȚȕȜȓȠĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢIJȠȣ0XUUD\%RZHQ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȉȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİȢ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȘȖȚĮȩIJȚıȠȣıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȝȕĮșȪȞİȚȢȝİĮȣIJȩIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠIJȦȞ3HUOV
+HIIHUOLQHțĮȚ*RRGPDQ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȋȐȡȘțĮ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȝȚĮ
ıİȚȡȐ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ IJȠȣ Rogers ȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ ıȣȖȤȫȡİıİ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ĬİȡȐʌİȣıİ IJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩıȠȣȆȡȠȤȫȡĮİȝʌȡȩȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ʌȠȜȪ ȖȚĮ ȩȜĮ Ȃİ ȕȠȘșȒıĮIJİ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮıțİijIJȫ IJȘ ȗȦȒ
ȝȠȣȉȫȡĮȠĮȖȫȞĮȢİȓȞĮȚįȚțȩȢȝȠȣĭİȪȖİȚȤĮȝȠȖİȜȫȞIJĮȢǹʌȠȤȦȡȠȪȞȑȞĮȢ± ȑȞĮȢ
ȠȚȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ
198
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǼȧɂɒɄɋɎɉəɒɄɐɒɍɋɒɍɜɖɍǽȋȣɓɊɟɑȌǣ
ǾȚıIJȠȡȓĮIJȠȣǹȞIJȫȞȘ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘȅǹȞIJȫȞȘȢ ȑȤİȚİțȡȒȟİȚȢșȣȝȠȪțĮȚĮıțİȓıȤȠȜȚțȒțĮȚȩȤȚȝȩȞȠ
ȕȓĮ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮȕĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚİȓ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȞĮ ʌȐȡİȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ
ıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȠȣ.
ȆȡȩıȦʌĮ IJȠȣ ȑȡȖȠȣ DzȞĮȢ ʌİȜȐIJȘȢ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȚ Įʌȩ țȐșİ
ıȤȠȜȒ
ȈțȘȞȠșİIJȚțȑȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ īȡĮijİȓȠ ȝİ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȣȢ ȅ ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ țȐșİIJĮȚ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ʌİȜȐIJȘ ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ ȠȚ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
ȖȓȞİȚ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ıIJȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ȉȠ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ ȦȢ ijȚȜȚțȒ țȠȣȕȑȞIJĮ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ȦȢ
ĮʌȠȜȠȖȓĮıİįȚțĮıIJȒȡȚȠ
ȫɏəɌɄȜǣͷɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
ȀȪȡȚȠǹȓIJȘȝĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀĮȜȘȝȑȡĮıĮȢȂʌȠȡȫȞĮʌİȡȐıȦ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮȜȘȝȑȡĮȆİȡȐıIJİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȂʌȠȡȫȞĮțĮșȓıȦȆȠȣȞĮțȐIJıȦ>ȂȠȚȐȗİȚĮȖȤȦȝȑȞȘ].
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ȃİ ȜȑȞİ ĬĮȞȐıȘ ǼȓȝĮȚ īȞȦıȚĮțȩȢ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȩȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀȚİȝȑȞĮǹȞIJȫȞȘ.
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮȜȘȝȑȡĮ İȓȝĮȚ Ƞ ǹȜȑȟĮȞįȡȠȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ īİȚĮ ıȠȣ ǼȖȫ İȓȝĮȚ Ƞ ȀȫıIJĮȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȩȢ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: īİȚĮ ıȠȣ ǹȞIJȫȞȘ ǼȖȫ İȓȝĮȚ Ș ǼȚȡȒȞȘ ǼȓȝĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢIJȘȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt.
199
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ īİȚĮ ıȠȣ ǼȖȫ İȓȝĮȚ Ș ǹȖȖİȜȚțȒ ǼȓȝĮȚ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȆȦȢȝʌȠȡȫȞĮıİȕȠȘșȒıȦ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ īİȚĮǻȓıIJĮȗĮȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȞĮȑȡșȦĮȜȜȐıȒȝİȡĮIJȠĮʌȠijȐıȚıĮǻİȞİȓȝĮȚ
țĮțȩ ʌĮȚįȓ ȓıȦȢ ȜȓȖȠ ʌĮȡİȟȘȖȘȝȑȞȠȢ ǻİȞ ȝİ țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ ȈȒȝİȡĮ ȩȝȦȢ IJĮ
©ȤȡİȚȐıIJȘțĮ ȜȓȖȠª ȞIJȡȑʌȠȝĮȚ țĮȚ ʌȠȣ IJȠ ȜȑȦ ȆȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ ijȠȕȒșȘțĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȤȡȠȞȫȞțĮȚʌȘȖĮȓȞȦıȤȠȜİȓȠ± ǼȆǹȁ- ȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȩʌȚȠʌȠȜȪȖȚĮIJȠȞȤĮȕĮȜȑʌĮȡȐȖȚĮ
ȞĮ ȝȐșȦ ȉȠ ʌȡȦȓ ʌĮȡȚıIJȐȞȦ ʌȦȢ įȠȣȜİȪȦ ıIJȠ ȝĮȖĮȗȓ İȞȩȢ șİȓȠȣ ȝȠȣ DzȤİȚ
ijĮȞĮȡIJȗȓįȚțȠ īȚĮ IJĮ ijȡȐȖțĮ IJȠ țȐȞȦ ȂȠȣ ıʌȐİȚ IJĮ ȞİȪȡĮ Ƞ ȝʌȐȡȝʌĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȩȜȘ
ȝȑȡĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ ĮȖȡȚȠijȦȞȐȡİȢ IJȠȣ īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ īȚĮIJȓ ȒȡșİȢ İįȫ ȉȚ ȗȘIJȐȢ
ȆİȢȝȠȣIJȚȞȚȫșİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȈȒȝİȡĮ ĮȞIJȓ ȞĮ ȖȣȡȓıȦ ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ IJȠ ȕȡȐįȣ ȕȡȑșȘțĮ ıIJȠ ĮıIJȣȞȠȝȚțȩ
IJȝȒȝĮǻİȞȒIJĮȞIJȣȤĮȓȠȘțĮțȚȐȘȫȡĮ- ʌĮȡİȟȒȖȘıȘȂİȑʌȚĮıĮȞIJȘȞȫȡĮʌȠȣȝİ
țȐIJȚ ©ijȚȜĮȡȐțȚĮª ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıĮ ȞĮ ©įĮȞİȚıIJȫª ȑȞĮ ĮȝȐȟȚ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ȖȣȐȜȚıİ ǼȓȤİ
ȦȡĮȓȠ ȤȡȫȝĮ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ șȑȜĮȝİ ȞĮ ȕȖȐȜȠȣȝİ ȑȟȦ țȐIJȚ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȖȣȝȞȐıȚȠ ȝİ
țȐIJȚ ijȚȜĮȡȐțȚĮ ȋȦȡȓȢ ȡȩįĮ įİȞ ȜȑİȚ ȉȫȡĮ ijȠȕȐȝĮȚ ǼȣIJȣȤȫȢ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ
ȕȡȒțĮȞ įȚțȘȖȩȡȠ ǻİȞ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ ȝİȓȞȦ ȐȜȜȠ ıIJȠ țȡĮIJȘIJȒȡȚȠ DzȤİȚ țȐIJȚ ʌİȡȓİȡȖİȢ
ijȐIJıİȢİįȫȝȑıĮǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȠȚ©ȖȑȡȠȚªȝȠȣȝİʌȡȩıİȟĮȞDzȖȚȞĮȠȡĮIJȩȢȅįȚțȘȖȩȡȠȢ
ȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȞĮȕȡȦȑȞĮțĮȜȩȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȝȒʌȦȢȑȤȦțȐʌȠȚȠİȜĮijȡȣȞIJȚțȩ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȀĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦȁȠȚʌȩȞȖȚĮıȣȞȑȤȚıİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȐȞIJĮ ȖȠȪıIJĮȡĮ IJȚȢ ĮIJĮȟȓİȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ȗȩȡȚțĮ dzȝȠȣȞ ıțȜȘȡȩ ʌĮȚįȓ ǹʌȩ
ȝȚțȡȩȢȑȜİȖĮȥȑȝĮIJĮDzijIJȚĮȤȞĮ IJȠȞįȚțȩȝȠȣțȩıȝȠ
īİȖȠȞȩIJĮȗȦȒȢ- ǿıIJȠȡȚțȩ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚșĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢȖȚĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐıȠȣȤȡȩȞȚĮ
IJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐıȠȣțĮȚIJĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢıȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȃĮȚ șĮȒșİȜĮȞĮȝĮȢʌİȚȢȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮıȠȣȖȚĮIJȠȣȢ©ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪȢȝİȖȐȜȠȣȢªIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞıȠȣȤȡȩȞȦȞ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȈIJȠ ȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠ țĮȚ IJȠ įȘȝȠIJȚțȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȩIJĮȞ ȑȕȜİʌĮ țĮȞȑȞĮ
©ıʌĮıȓțȜĮªIJȠȣIJȘȞȑʌİijIJĮȑIJıȚȖȚĮȤȐȗȚȉȚʌȜȐțĮİȓȤİȩIJĮȞIJȠȣȢʌȠįȠʌĮIJȠȪıĮIJȚȢ
țĮıİIJȓȞİȢIJȠȣȢʌİIJȠȪıĮIJȚȢIJıȐȞIJİȢĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡȐșȣȡȠțĮȚIJȠȣȢȑıʌĮȗĮIJĮȖȣĮȜȚȐ
Ȃİ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȠȪıİ ȞĮ ȕȜȑʌȦ IJȘȞ ijȐIJıĮ IJȠȣȢ dzIJĮȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȪʌȘIJȠȚ ǹįȪȞĮȝȠȚ țȚ İȖȫ
įȣȞĮIJȩȢ DzțȜĮȚȖĮȞ ȒșİȜĮȞ IJȘ ȝĮȝȐ IJȠȣȢ Ȓ ijȫȞĮȗĮȞ IJȘ įĮıțȐȜĮ ǹȣIJȒ IJȩIJİ ȝȠȣ
ȑȕĮȗİ IJȚȢ ijȦȞȑȢ ǹıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȞ ȝĮȗȓ ȝȠȣ DzIJıȚ țȚ ĮȜȜȚȫȢ ȝȩȞȠ IJȩIJİ ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȞ
ȂȠȣȐȡİȗİȞĮIJȘȞİȣȡȚȐȗȦİȓȤİʌȜȐțĮǼȟȐȜȜȠȣįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮȝȠȣțȐȞİȚIJȓʌȠIJĮ
200
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ĭȫȞĮȗİ IJȠȞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȑȜİȖİ ʌȩıȠ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠȢ İȓȝĮȚ ǼȓȤİ ʌȜȐțĮ ȖȚĮIJȓ
IJȠȞ İțȞİȪȡȚȗİ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ İȖȫ ©ȀĮIJȐȜĮȕĮª ȝȠȣ
ȑȜİȖİʌȐȞIJĮĮʌĮȟȚȦIJȚțȐțĮȚıȣȞȑȤȚȗİ©ǻİȞʌİȡȓȝİȞĮIJȓʌȠIJĮțĮȜȜȓIJİȡȠĮʌȩıȑȞĮª
ȉȠȞijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞĮȝİȑįİȡȞİȝİIJȘȗȫȞȘIJȠȣțĮȚIJȘȝȐȞĮȝȠȣțĮȚIJĮIJȡȓĮȝȠȣ
ĮįȑȡijȚĮ īȚȞȩIJĮȞ ȤİȚȡȩIJİȡȠ ȩIJĮȞ ȝİșȠȪıİ Ȓ ȑȝİȞİ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȜİijIJȐ ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ ȝȠȣ
ȕĮȡȠȪıİIJȠțİijȐȜȚıIJȠȞIJȠȓȤȠȖȚĮȞĮȕȐȜȦȝȣĮȜȩțĮȜȐʌȚȠʌȠȜȜȑȢʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢİȓȤİ
ȞĮȕȐȜİȚȝȣĮȜȩȠIJȠȓȤȠȢȉȩIJİʌȒȖĮȚȞĮțĮȚțȣȞȘȖȠȪıĮȖȐIJİȢȑțĮȚȖĮȝİıʌȓȡIJȠțĮȚ
ȠȚȞȩʌȞİȣȝĮ ȝȣȡȝȒȖțȚĮ ȑįİȞĮ țȠȞıİȡȕȠțȠȪIJȚĮ ȝİ ıʌĮȖțȐțȚ ıIJȘȞ ȠȣȡȐ IJȠȣ ıțȪȜȠȣ
IJȘȢ ȖİȚIJȠȞȚȐȢ țȜʌ ȄȑįȚȞĮ ȡİ ʌĮȚįȓ ȝȠȣ Ȃİ ȑıIJİȜȞĮȞ ıIJȠ țĮIJȘȤȘIJȚțȩ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȦ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢdzIJĮȞȕĮȡİIJȐȂȠȣȑȜİȖĮȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJȚȞĮțȐȞȦIJȚʌȡȑʌİȚȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞȝİ
ȡȦIJȠȪıİ ʌȦȢ ȑȞȚȦșĮ ȩIJĮȞ ȑțȜĮȚȖİ Ș ȝȐȞĮ ȝȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȤĮȞȩIJĮȞ ȖȚĮ
ȝȑȡİȢĮʌȩIJȠıʌȓIJȚ
ȈIJȠ ȖȣȝȞȐıȚȠ ȑțĮȞĮ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ĮʌȠȣıȓİȢ țĮȚ įİȞ įȚȐȕĮȗĮ ʌȠIJȑ DzIJıȚ țȚ ĮȜȜȚȫȢ
Įʌȩ IJȠ įȘȝȠIJȚțȩ įİȞ IJĮ țĮIJȐijİȡȞĮ ǵȜȠȚ ȑȜİȖĮȞ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞ ĮʌȠIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȠȢ DzȤĮıĮ
įȣȠ ȤȡȠȞȚȑȢ ǼȖȫ ʌȓıIJİȣĮ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȩȢ ȖİȞȞȘȝȑȞȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȡȤȘȖȩȢ ȅȚ
ıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȑȢȝȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȚ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȒȝȠȣȞ įȚİIJȒȢ dzȝȠȣȞ Ƞ ĮȡȤȘȖȩȢ IJȠȣȢ ȆȠȜȪ
ȝȠȣȐȡİıİDzțĮȞĮIJȠȞIJĮȒıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȆȠIJȑįİȞȑȝİȞĮȤȦȡȓȢijȡȐȖțĮȆȐȞIJĮȑʌİȚșĮ
IJȠȣȢ ©ıʌĮıȓțȜİȢª ȞĮ ȝİ ȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ dzȝȠȣȞ IJȠ İȓįȦȜȩ IJȠȣȢ ǼȓȤĮ IJȠȞ
IJȡȩʌȠȝȠȣDzIJȡȦȖĮıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮʌȠȕȠȜȑȢȂİİȓȤĮȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮıIJȘȝȑȞȠıIJȠȞIJȠȓȤȠȂȠȣ
ȑțĮȞĮȞțĮȚĮȜȜĮȖȒıȤȠȜȚțȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ
ǹʌȩ țȠȡȓIJıȚĮ ȩȝȦȢ ʌȐȞIJĮ ʌȡȫIJȠȢ DzțĮȞĮ ʌĮȡȑĮ ȝİ țȐIJȚ țȠʌİȜȓIJıİȢ ʌȠȣ
İȓȤĮȞİ ȝİȓȞİȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ȖȣȝȞĮıȓȠȣ ǹįȚțȓĮ ǻİȞ IJȚȢ ȤȫȞİȣĮȞ ȠȚ țĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢ ǼȖȫ
ȩȝȦȢ IJȚȢ țĮIJĮȜȐȕĮȚȞĮ IJĮ İȓȤĮ ʌİȡȐıİȚ țȚ İȖȫ dzȝȠȣȞ Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȩȢ IJȠȣȢ ǼȓȤĮȞ țȚ
ĮȣIJȑȢ țȐIJȚ ©ȕȜȐțİȢª ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣȢ ȑțĮȞĮȞ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ ©ȝĮȞȠȪȡĮª ĬȣȝȐȝĮȚ IJĮ
țĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚĮ IJȚ țĮȜȐ ʌİȡȞȠȪıĮȝİ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȑĮ ȀȜȑȕĮȝİ ʌĮȖȦIJȐ ʌȠįȒȜĮIJĮ
ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȐțȚȩIJȚȐȜȜȠȖȠȣıIJȐȡĮȝİțȐȞĮȝİȄİȖȞȠȚĮıȚȐȘĮșȦȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢ
ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ Ƞ ȖİȓIJȠȞĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȑȡȚȟİ IJȠ ʌȠįȒȜĮIJȠ ȝİ IJȠ ĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJȩ IJȠȣ țĮșȫȢ
ȑțĮȞİ ȠʌȚıșȠʌȠȡİȓĮ ĬȩȜȦıĮ ǼȣIJȣȤȫȢ įİȞ ȑʌĮșİ IJȓʌȠIJĮ IJȠ ʌȠįȒȜĮIJȠ Ȉİ įȣȠ
İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ Įʌȩ IJȩIJİ IJȠȣ İȓȤĮȝİ ȕȐȜİȚ ijȦIJȚȐ ıIJȠ ȖțĮȡȐȗ Ȃİ ĮȞȑțȡȚȞĮȞ ȠȚ
ĮıIJȣȞȠȝȚțȠȓĮȜȜȐİȓȤĮȐȜȜȠșȚIJĮijȚȜĮȡȐțȚĮȝȠȣǻȒșİȞȒȝĮıIJĮȞıIJȠıʌȓIJȚİȞȩȢIJȘȢ
ʌĮȡȑĮȢȉȠȕİȕĮȓȦıİțȚȘȝȐȞĮIJȠȣȖȚĮȞĮȝĮȢțĮȜȪȥİȚȆȩıȠȖȜȣțȩİȓȞĮȚȞĮȕȜȑʌİȚȢ
IJȚȢijȜȩȖİȢȈĮȞȞĮȗȦȖȡĮijȓȗİȚȢȝİIJȠȞșȣȝȩıȠȣ
ȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȝȐȜȦȞĮȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝȠȣDzțȜİȚȞĮIJȘȞʌȩȡIJĮȝİįȪȞĮȝȘ
ʌȓıȦ ȝȠȣ țȚ ȑȕȖĮȚȞĮ ȝİ IJĮ ijȚȜĮȡȐțȚĮ ȝȠȣ ȑȟȦ ȖȚĮ ʌȜȐțİȢ țĮȚ ȤĮȕĮȜȑ ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ
ʌȜĮțȫıĮȝİıIJȚȢȝȐʌİȢțȐIJȚʌĮȚįȐțȚĮIJȠȣįȘȝȠIJȚțȠȪǼȖȫʌȒȡĮțȚȑıʌĮıĮIJȠțȚȞȘIJȩ
ı¶ȑȞĮĮʌȩĮȣIJȐdzIJĮȞ ĮțȡȚȕȩȝȐȜȜȠȞȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢIJȠȣ IJȠĮȖĮʌȠȪıĮȞǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ
ȕȜȑʌȦ IJĮ țĮȜȠȝĮșȘȝȑȞĮ ʌȠȣ IJĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ IJȡİȜĮȓȞȠȝĮȚ ǴıȦȢ ȗȘȜİȪȦ ǻİȞ
ȖȠȣıIJȐȡȦȩȝȦȢĮʌȜȫȢȞĮIJȠȣIJȠʌȐȡȦĬȑȜȦȞĮIJȠıʌȐıȦȝʌȡȠıIJȐIJȠȣDzȤİȚijȐıȘ
īȠȣȡȜȫȞȠȣȞ ıĮȞ ȤĮȗȐ IJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȃȚȫșȦ IJȑIJȠȚĮ ĮȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘ ȝȑıĮ ȝȠȣ ǵIJĮȞ
201
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJİȜİȚȫȞȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ ȞȚȫșȦ ȜȓȖȠ ȐȕȠȜĮ ȝİIJĮȞȚȫȞȦ ǻİȞ țȡĮIJȐ ȩȝȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȜȪ Ȉİ ȜȓȖȠ
ȑȡȤİIJĮȚțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠșȪȝĮțȚȘ©ʌȜȐțĮªıȣȞİȤȓȗİIJĮȚ
ȈIJȘȞİijȘȕİȓĮįİȞȐȞIJİȤĮIJȠȣȢțĮȣȖȐįİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȂȠȣİȡȤȩIJĮȞȞĮȕĮȡȑıȦ
IJȠțİijȐȜȚȝȠȣıIJȠȞIJȠȓȤȠĮȜȜȐȩʌȦȢıĮȢİȓʌĮȝȠȣIJȠİȓȤİțȐȞİȚȒįȘȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣ
ȀĮȞȐįȣȠijȠȡȑȢȝȐȜȚıIJĮIJȘȞțȠʌȐȞȘıĮĮʌȩIJȠıʌȓIJȚȖȚĮȝȑȡİȢȂȚĮȞȪȤIJĮțȠȚȝȒșȘțĮ
ıİȝȚĮĮʌȠșȒțȘȆİȡȚʌȑIJİȚĮdzIJĮȞıIJȠĮȓȝĮȝȠȣȂİȑȥĮȤȞĮȞȩȜȠȚȆȠȜȪȖȠȪıIJĮȡĮ
ȉȠȣȢ ȑȜİȚȥĮ ǵIJĮȞ ȝİ ȕȡȒțĮȞ ȒșİȜĮȞ ʌȐȜȚ ȞĮ ȝİ ȤȐıȠȣȞ ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ IJȡȓIJȘ
ȖȣȝȞĮıȓȠȣ ȝĮȢ IJȘȞ ȑʌİıĮȞ țȐIJȚ ĮȜȐȞȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȚʌȜĮȞȩ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ǻİȞ ĮȞIJȑȤȦ IJĮ
ȗȠȡȚȜȓțȚĮ țȚ ȐȡȤȚıĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȓȡȞȦ ĮȞȐʌȠįİȢ ȉȡİȜȐșȘțĮ șȩȜȦıĮ IJȠȣȢ ʌȑIJĮȟĮ ȑȞĮ
ıțȠȣʌȚįȠIJİȞİțȑ ȖİȝȐIJȠ ǼȓȤİ ijȐıȘ īȚĮ ijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ȒIJĮȞ ǼȓȤĮȞ ijȦIJȠȖȑȞİȚĮ
ǺȖȐȜĮȝİIJȠȕȚȞIJİȐțȚıIJȠ<RX7XEHȆȡȫIJȘȝȠȪȡȘȖȓȞĮȝİ
ǷȡİȢȫȡİȢʌȑijIJȦıİțİȞȩșȜȓȥȘȉȠʌȠIJȩȕȠȘșȐİȚȀĮʌȞȓȗȦĮʌȩIJĮȝȠȣ
ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ IJȠ țȩȥȦ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȉȫȡĮ ʌȚĮ ȩIJĮȞ IJȡȑȤȦ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȝİ ʌȚȐıȠȣȞ
ȜĮȤĮȞȚȐȗȦȉȠțĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚȠȡȖĮȞȫșȘțĮȂİIJȘȞʌĮȡȑĮȝȠȣijIJȚȐȟĮȝİȑȞĮ©ʌȠȜȚIJȚıIJȚțȩ
ıȪȜȜȠȖȠªȖȚĮȞĮįȚȠȡșȫıȠȣȝİIJȠȞțȩıȝȠȅȚțĮțȑȢȖȜȫııİȢșĮIJȠȑȜİȖĮȞıȣȝȝȠȡȓĮ
ǹȜȜȐȘȝİȖȐȜȘijȐıȘȖȚȞȩIJĮȞıIJȠȖȒʌİįȠǾțİȡțȓįĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠȕĮıȓȜİȚȠIJȠȣĮȜȘșȚȞȠȪ
ȐȞįȡĮ Ǿ ȠȝĮįȐȡĮ ȝȠȣ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ıİ ȝȑȞĮ ʌȚȠ ʌȠȜȜȐ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ įȚțȠȪȢ ȝȠȣ
ǹįȡİȞĮȜȓȞȘIJıĮȝʌȠȣțȐʌȐșȠȢțĮȚIJȠțȣȞȒȖȚȝİIJȘȞĮıIJȣȞȠȝȓĮȐȜȜȘijȐıȘȃȚȫșİȚȢ
ȒȡȦĮȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ȕȠȜİȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȐȞİȡȖȠȢ ǻİȞ
ijȑȡȞİȚijȡȐȖțĮȩIJȚȕȖȐȗȦİȖȫțȚȘȝȐȞĮȝȠȣīȞȫȡȚıĮıIJȠȖȒʌİįȠțȐIJȚʌĮȚįȚȐǼȓȞĮȚ
VNLQKHDGVǹțȠȪȝİIJȘȞȓįȚĮȝȠȣıȚțȒȂȠȣȝȓȜȘıĮȞȖȚĮIJȘȞ©ʌİȡȘijȐȞȚĮIJȠȣȞĮİȓıĮȚ
ȜİȣțȩȢª ȆȒȖĮȝİ ıIJȠ ȂȠȞĮıIJȘȡȐțȚ ȞĮ ĮȖȠȡȐıȠȣȝİ țĮȚ IJĮ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ ĮȡȕȣȜȐțȚĮ
İȞȚıȤȣȝȑȞĮ ıȑȞȚȠ ĮȞįȡȚțȩ ȝʌȠȣijĮȞȐțȚ ıIJİȞȩ IJȗȚȞ țĮȚ ʌĮȞIJİȜȩȞȚ ʌĮȡĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ
ǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢ ȑȞȚȦșĮ ʌȦȢ ĮȞȒțȦ țȐʌȠȣ ȈȠȕĮȡİȪIJȘțĮ DzʌĮȥĮ ȞĮ țȐȞȦ ʌȜȐțİȢ DzȤȦ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝȠȣĮʌȠıIJȠȜȑȢȉĮȕȡȐįȚĮȩIJĮȞȝĮȢIJȘȞįȫıİȚʌȐȝİȖȚĮ ©țȣȞȒȖȚªȂȩȜȚȢ
įȠȪȝİ țĮȞȑȞĮȞ ©ȝİȜĮȝȥȩª IJȠȣ ȠȡȝȐȝİ ȩȜȠȚ ȝĮȗȓ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ IJȠȣ įİȓȟȠȣȝİ ʌȠȚȩȢ țȐȞİȚ
țȠȣȝȐȞIJȠı¶ĮȣIJȒIJȘȤȫȡĮȀȐʌȠȚĮıIJȚȖȝȒșĮIJȠȠȡȖĮȞȫıȠȣȝİIJȠʌĮȞȘȖȪȡȚȖȚĮȑȞĮ
©ijȚȜȚțȩªȝİIJȠȣȢȝĮȜȜȚȐįİȢıIJĮǼȟȐȡȤİȚĮȐȞIJİȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȣȢȑȤȦʌȠȜȜȐȝĮȗİȝȑȞĮ
ȆȑȡıȚȒȝȠȣȞĮȝȚĮȤĮȡȐțĮȚȟĮijȞȚțȐȝİİȓȤİijȡȚțȐȡİȚȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣDzȞȚȦșĮ
ȞĮ ȝİ ʌȞȓȖİȚ Ș ĮįȚțȓĮ ǻİȞ İȓȤĮ ȟĮȞĮȞȚȫıİȚ IJȩıȘ ȠȡȖȒ ĬȩȜȦıĮ DzȡȚȟĮ țȐIJȦ IJȠ
ıțȡȓȞȚȠıIJȠıĮȜȩȞȚȝİȩȜĮIJĮȖȣĮȜȚțȐIJȘȢȖȚĮȖȚȐȢȉȘȞĮȖĮʌȠȪıĮIJȘȖȚĮȖȚȐȒIJĮȞȘ
ȝȩȞȘ ʌȠȣ ȝİ țĮIJĮȜȐȕĮȚȞİ ©DzijȣȖݪ ȩIJĮȞ ȒȝȠȣȞĮ İIJȫȞ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ ©ȑȝİȚȞĮȞ
ʌĮȖȦIJȩª dzșİȜĮȞ ȞĮ ȝİ țȜİȓıȠȣȞ ıİ ȐıȣȜȠ ȉȡİȜȠȓ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ǼȖȫ ȝȚĮ ȤĮȡȐ
İȓȝĮȚĮʌȜȫȢȝȠȣIJȘȞ©ȑįȦıĮȞªȂȠȣijIJĮȓȞİȩȜĮȄİıʌȫǻİȞȝ¶ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȦȆȦȢ
ȑȖȚȞĮ ȑIJıȚ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ İȓȝĮȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ ȆȑȡıȚ ȑțȜİȥĮ IJȠ ĮȝȐȟȚ IJȠȣ ʌĮIJȑȡĮ
ȝȠȣțȚȑțĮȞĮ©țȩȞIJȡİȢªȝİțȐIJȚĮȜȐȞȚĮʌȓıȦĮʌȩIJȘȤȦȝĮIJİȡȒȂ¶ĮȡȑıİȚȞĮIJȡȑȤȦ
ȝİIJ¶ĮȝȐȟȚȞȚȫșȦȞĮijȚȜȫIJȠȞșȐȞĮIJȠțĮȚȞĮIJȠȞIJȡȠȝȐȗȦĬȑȜȦȞĮʌȐȡȦȝȘȤĮȞȒ
șĮ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȜȒ ©ijȐıȘª ǻİȞ ȟȑȡȦ IJȚ ȝȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ İȓȝĮȚ ȝʌİȡįİȝȑȞȠȢ ȉȚ ȑțĮȞĮ
ıIJȡĮȕȐıIJȘȗȦȒȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼıȪIJȚșĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮțȐȞİȚȢıIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣ
202
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȝȘȝİȓȞȦıIJȘȞijȣȜĮțȒȞĮįİȚțȐʌȠȚȠȢİȚįȚțȩȢIJȚȑȤȦ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚ IJȠıȤİįȚȐȖȡĮȝȝȐ IJȚȢįȓȞİȚȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ ȝİ
ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİȢȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȈȣȝijȦȞİȓȢȉĮȑȖȡĮȥĮıȦıIJȐȉȚșĮʌȡȠıȑșİIJİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȑIJıȚ IJĮ İȓʌĮ IJȠ țȠȓIJĮȟİ ʌȡȠıİțIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȠ ȑįȦıİ
ʌȓıȦ.
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮȒșİȜİȢȞĮȝĮȢ ʌİȚȢțȐʌȠȚȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠʌȠȣ İȓįİȢ
IJȫȡĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ72 - 73);
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȡȠȤșȑȢ İȓįĮ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ ȝİ țĮșȡȑijIJİȢ ȅ țȐșİ
țĮșȡȑijIJȘȢȑįİȚȤȞİțĮȚȝȚĮıțȘȞȒĮʌȩIJȘȕȓĮʌȠȣİȓȤĮȣʌȠıIJİȓȒʌȠȣİȟȐıțȘıĮıIJȘȞ
ʌĮȚįȚțȒȝȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮȉȩIJİIJȡİȜȐșȘțĮțĮȚȐȡȤȚıĮȞĮıʌȐȦȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢțĮșȡȑijIJİȢ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȠȜȪ ĮȖȦȞȓĮ țĮȚ șȣȝȩ ȕȜȑʌȦ ıIJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȩ ıȠȣ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȩȜĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȠȣ ǻİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓȢ ȞĮ İȡȝȘȞİȪıİȚȢ ȝȩȞȠȢ ıȠȣ IJȠ
ȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣǹȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȢįİȞșĮIJȠȑȕȜİʌİȢǼȓȞĮȚȟİțȐșĮȡȠıIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣʌȦȢȘ
ȕȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȑıIJȘȢ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȕȓĮ ʌȠȣ İȟȑʌİȝȥİȢ ǹȚIJȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȕȓĮȚȠȢ țĮȚ
ĮʌĮȟȚȦIJȚțȩȢʌȡȠȢİıȑȞĮțĮȚIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮȢıȠȣ.
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzȤİȚȢĮțȠȣıIJȐȖȚĮIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃĮȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǵʌȦȢ țĮIJĮȞȠİȓȢ Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȖȚĮ ıȑȞĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȞĮȢ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩȢțĮȚȩȤȚȑȞĮȢȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȢİȤșȡȩȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȡȚȞ ȑȡșİȚȢ ıȠȣ İȓȤĮ įȫıİȚ ȞĮ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıİȚȢ ȑȞĮ
ȖİȞȞİȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂʌȠȡȫȞĮIJȠįȦǹȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚIJȠȖİȞİĮȜȠȖȚțȩįȑȞįȡȠIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȑȦȢIJȡİȚȢȖİȞȚȑȢʌȓıȦIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİȝʌİȡȚȑȤİȚıIJȠȚȤİȓĮĮʌȩIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ ȗȦȒ IJȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ țĮȚ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȘȝȐįİȥĮȞ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȂȠȣȑijİȡİȢțĮȚIJȚȢijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓİȢʌȠȣȗȒIJȘıĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİȉȠįȓȞİȚǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ)
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȠȝİȜİIJȐİȚȈIJĮȝĮIJȐȈȘțȫȞİȚIJȠțİijȐȜȚțĮȚȜȑİȚ
ȅȚ ʌȡȩȖȠȞȠȓ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȟİțȓȞȘıĮȞ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȐ țĮIJȐijİȡĮȞ ȞĮ
İʌȚȕȚȫıȠȣȞ ĮijȠȪ ıțȜȘȡĮȖȦȖȒșȘțĮȞ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȜȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ǻȑȤșȘțĮȞ
ıțȜȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ įȚțȠȪȢ IJȠȣȢ ǹȣIJȒ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ țĮȚ ıİ ıȑȞĮ ǼȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȓįȚȠȚ
ȝȐȜȜȠȞȜİțIJȚțȐțĮȚıȦȝĮIJȚțȐțĮțȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮʌĮȚįȚȐǾĮȚIJȓĮIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞıȠȣ
İȓȞĮȚȘıȤȑıȘıȠȣȝĮȗȓIJȠȣȢ țĮȚȘȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘʌȠȣıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞȈİ
ıIJȠȤȠʌȠȚȠȪȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮǼȓıĮȚĮȣIJȒʌȠȣĮȖȤȫȞİIJĮȚ.
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮ Ș ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ıȠȣ ȓıȦȢ ȩȝȦȢ șĮ
ȑʌȡİʌİȞĮIJȘįİȚȢĮʌȩȝȚĮȐȜȜȘȠʌIJȚțȒȖȦȞȓĮ ȂȠȣȑțĮȞİİȞIJȪʌȦıȘIJȠȩȞİȚȡȩıȠȣ
ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȝȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȆȡȠıʌȐșȘıİȞĮȖȓȞİȚȢȑȞĮʌȡȠȢȑȞĮIJĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮ
203
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ȠȞİȓȡȠȣ ıȠȣ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȩȜĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȠȣ
ǼȟȚıIJȩȡȘıİ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȐ ıIJȠȞ İȞİıIJȫIJĮ ȆĮȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠȞ țȐșİ ȡȩȜȠ șĮ ȟİțȚȞȐȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȜȑȟȘİȖȫĬȑȜȦȞĮIJȠȟĮȞĮȗȒıİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢīȡȐijİȚțĮȚįȓȞİȚIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȉȘȞȕȜȑʌİȚ ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮȘİȡȖĮıȓĮıȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȄİțȓȞȘıİȢIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣıĮȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢʌȠȣ
įİȞ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮ IJȠȣ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮțȩȝĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓ.
ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıİȢ ȝȩȞȠ ȞĮ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ ıȠȣ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ȣʌĮțȠȪȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ Ǿ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ ıȠȣ
İȟĮȡIJȚȩȞIJĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ıİ ʌİȡȚȑȕĮȜȜĮȞ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ
ȈIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȒIJȘȢĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮȢıȣȞȑȕĮȜȜĮȞIJĮȕȚȫȝĮIJĮıȠȣĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
ȠȚʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢIJĮʌȚıIJİȪȦȠȚĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢțĮȚȠȚĮʌȩȥİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȀȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ
ȕȚȫȞİȚ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȖȪȡȦ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȐ ȝİ ĮȣIJȩ ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩİȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣțĮȚIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩIJȠȣǾıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıİıȑȞĮțĮȚıIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮ
ıȠȣțĮȚȠȚıțȘȞȑȢȕȓĮȢʌȠȣȕȓȦıİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȝȚțȡȩȢıİȑțĮȞİİʌȚșİIJȚțȩțĮșȫȢȑȤİȚȢ
ıȣııȦȡİȪıİȚșȣȝȩȖȚĮIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮıȠȣ
ǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹʌ¶ ȩıĮ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȦ ʌȦȢ ȑȤİȚȢ
ıȣııȦȡİȣȝȑȞȠșȣȝȩǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ9 - 15) țĮȚʌȚșĮȞȩȞȞĮİțįȒȜȦıİȢIJȩIJİȝİIJȠıțȡȓȞȚ
İʌİȚıȩįȚȠ ȝĮȞȓĮȢ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ įȚʌȠȜȚțȒȢ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒȢ ǼȓȤİ ʌȡȠȘȖȘșİȓ ȑȞIJȠȞȘ İȣșȣȝȓĮ
įȘȜ ȣʌȠȝĮȞȓĮ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ 151 - 152). ȋȡİȚȐȗİıĮȚ ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȒ ĮȖȦȖȒ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȝȐșİȚȢıȚȖȐ- ıȚȖȐȞĮİȜȑȖȤİȚȢIJȘȝĮȞȓĮțĮȚIJȘȞȣʌȠȝĮȞȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼȓȞĮȚijĮȞİȡȩʌȦȢIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮįİȞ
ȜȪșȘțİȖȚĮıȑȞĮȩʌȦȢȑʌȡİʌİǺȜȑʌȦʌȠȜȪȠȡȖȒȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣǾȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ
ıȠȣİȓȤİȝȚĮİȣȞȠȣȤȚıIJȚțȒıIJȐıȘĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȓıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǷıIJİįİȞİȓȝĮȚĮʌȜȫȢțĮțȩȢȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢțĮȚĮȜȒIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȣʌȦıȚĮțȩ
ĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚĮȞțĮȚȝȠȣʌȑijIJȠȣȞįȪıțȠȜİȢIJȩıİȢțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚȢ įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ
ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣȅȚįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢıIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ
IJȦȞ ȝȩȞȚȝȦȞ ıȣȝȝĮȤȚȫȞ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ ȑȤİȚ ijȑȡİȚ IJȠȞ įȚȤĮıȝȩ ıIJĮ ȝȑȜȘ țĮȚ
įȚĮIJȐȡĮȟȘ IJȘȢ įȠȝȒȢ IJȠȣ ĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ įȘȜ IJȦȞ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢıȠȣ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȠșȐȞĮIJȠȢIJȠȣĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪıȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȈIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚĮȞȠȤȒıIJȘȕȓĮIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮıȠȣǻİȞİȓıĮȚIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ǼȓıĮȚIJȠıȪȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȘȢʌĮșȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢIJȘȢ
204
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ȖȚĮIJȓ IJĮ ȩȡȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȐįȚțĮ Ȓ
ĮȞĮIJȡİʌȩȝİȞĮ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȦıIJȒ ȚİȡĮȡȤȓĮ țĮȚ ȝȘ İȣȑȜȚțIJİȢ ıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢ DzȤİȚȢ
įȣıțȠȜȓĮ ıIJȚȢ įȚĮʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȖȐʌȘ ıIJȘȞ ȚıȩȡȡȠʌȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ
ıIJȘȞİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȖȚĮIJȓĮȣIJȐİȓȞĮȚIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢıȠȣǻİȞĮȞIJȑȤİȚȢ
ȞĮ ĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ İʌİȚįȒ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȝȚțȡȒ ıȠȣ
ȘȜȚțȓĮʌȓıIJİȣİȢȩʌȦȢȩȜĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȚįİĮIJȠȓīȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩȤIJȓȗİȚȢIJȠʌȡȠijȓȜıȠȣ
ȦȢțĮțȩȢ
ǾįȚĮʌȓıIJȦıȘIJȘȢĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮȢIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȝʌȑȡįİȝĮȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ İȞȠȤȒ ıIJȡĮȝȝȑȞȘ ıIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ IJȠȣ įȣıșȣȝȓĮ ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȩʌȦȢIJȠȐȖȤȠȢ. ȂȘȞĮȞIJȑȤȠȞIJĮȢȞĮĮʌȠȡȡȓȥİȚȢIJȠȣȢĮȞİʌĮȡțİȓȢȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣȖȓȞİIJĮȚșȪIJȘȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠİȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢIJȘȞįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
IJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȜʌȓȗȦȞĮȝİȕȠȘșȒıİIJİ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ǹʌ¶ȩıĮȝĮȢİȓʌİȢȕȜȑʌȦȞĮĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıȠȣ IJȠ ǼȖȫ IJȠ ĬȑȜȦ IJȠ ȂʌȠȡȫ IJȠ ǺȜȑʌȦ IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ țĮșĮȡȐ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢțĮȚIJȠǼțijȡȐȗȠȝĮȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȜʌȓȗȦǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉĮȕȚȫȝĮIJĮʌȠȣİȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠİȚțȩȞĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȉȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ ĮȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠ ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒıİȚ IJȠ ȕȓȦȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȠȣ
İʌȚIJȡȑȥİȚ ȞĮ İȚıȤȦȡȒıİȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ Ȓ ȞĮ IJȠ ĮȡȞȘșİȓ ȉȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȚțȩ țȑȞIJȡȠ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȝİ ȖȞȫȝȠȞĮ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ IJȠȣ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠıIJȘȞĮʌȩijĮıȘĮȣIJȒʌĮȓȗİȚȘĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮʌȩ
IJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȅȚİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞȝİȖȐȜȦȞIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȝĮȢȘȜȚțȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȐȝȣȞİȢȂİȐȜȜĮȜȩȖȚĮȝȚĮİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȘȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚĮȞIJȓșİIJȘ ȝİIJȘȞĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣ
ĮIJȩȝȠȣ Ȓ įİȞ șĮ ȕȚȦșİȓ țĮșȩȜȠȣ ȐȡȞȘıȘ Ȓ șĮ ȕȚȦșİȓ ĮȜȜĮȖȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮ įȚĮıIJȡȑȕȜȦıȘ ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ IJȦȞ įȪȠ ĮȣIJȫȞ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣǼȓȞĮȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȢȞĮ
įȚĮIJȘȡȘșİȓ ĮțȑȡĮȚȘ Ș ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ĮijȠȪ ȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠIJİ ȕȓȦȝĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȚȠ Ȓ
ĮȞIJȓșİIJȠİȚıȑȜșİȚıIJȘȞ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚĮȜȜĮȖȒȝİĮȞİȟȑȜİȖțIJİȢ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢįȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚıijȠįȡȒıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢ
ıȠȣțĮȚıIJȚȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞțĮȚ ĮȣIJȒȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȖȓȞİIJĮȚıȣȞİȚįȘIJȒțĮȚıȠȣ
İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȦȢțȐIJȚįİȞʌȐİȚțĮȜȐıIJȘȗȦȒıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȀȑȞIJȡȠİȓȞĮȚȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢțȚȩȤȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȚĮȝȩȞȠ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȃĮȚ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȈȣȝȝĮȤȓĮ
205
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂĮȗȓ șĮİȡȖĮıIJȠȪȝİ ı¶ĮȣIJȩǾșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘ
ȝĮȢ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȚıȠIJȚȝȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ǻİȞ IJİȜİȚȫȞİȚ ȝİ IJȘ ıȣȞİįȡȓĮ
ȂİȡȚțȑȢijȠȡȑȢșĮțȐȞİȚȢțȐʌȠȚİȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȕĮıȚțȩ ȞĮ țȐȞȠȣȝİ ȝĮȗȓ ȝȚĮ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮțĮȚȞĮıİȕȩȝĮıIJİȠ ȑȞĮȢIJȠȞȐȜȜȠȞǺȐıȘIJȘȢșĮİȓȞĮȚȘİȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼıȪĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȢIJȠȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣIJȩıĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮǹʌȩİįȫțĮȚʌȑȡĮıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮȝȚĮȢșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢıȣȝȝĮȤȓĮȢțĮȚıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ
IJȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩıȤȑįȚȠșĮȑȤİȚȢțĮȚȝȑȞĮȦȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒțĮȚȝĮȗȓșĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȠȣȝİ
ȑȞĮ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȂĮȗȓ șĮ İȚıȑȜșȠȣȝİ ıIJȠ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ șĮ IJȠ țĮIJĮıIJȒıȠȣȝİ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ ȂʌȠȡİȓ Ș
șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȠȝĮįȚțȐ ıIJȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȅ ȡȩȜȠȢ ȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ıİ ȕȠȘșȒıȦ ȞĮ įİȚȢ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȝȑıĮĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚİȢĮıțȒıİȚȢ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓıĮȚ Ƞ ©ȆİȜȐIJȘȢª ȝȠȣ țȚ İȖȫ Ƞ
ıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢıȠȣıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘǻȚțĮȚȠȪıĮȚȞĮİȓıĮȚİȜİȪșİȡȠȢĮʌȩțȐșİ
ȝȠȡijȒȢ țĮșȠįȒȖȘıȘ țĮȚ țĮIJĮʌȓİıȘ ȉȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ ıIJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ IJĮȟȓįȚ ȖȚĮ
įȪȠȅıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢİȓȞĮȚȠıȣȞIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢıȠȣıIJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮıȠȣȖȚĮĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ
ǼıȪșĮȝİȟİȞĮȖȒıİȚȢıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠıȠȣțȚİȖȫșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȠȞįȦȝȑıĮĮʌȩ
IJĮȝȐIJȚĮıȠȣțĮȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐıȠȣȤȦȡȓȢȩȝȦȢȞĮȤȐıȦIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȝȠȣ
ȝĮIJȚȐ țĮȚ ĮȓıșȘıȘ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ĬĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȒıȦ IJȘȞ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮʌȠȣİȚıʌȡȐIJIJİȚȢĮʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȅįȡȩȝȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝĮȢȐȜȜȠIJİİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȜĮIJȪȢ țȚ İȣȡȪȤȦȡȠȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ ıIJİȞȩȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ijȦIJİȚȞȩȢ țȚ ȐȜȜȠIJİ
ıțȠIJİȚȞȩȢ ȜĮıʌȦȝȑȞȠȢ țȚ ĮįȚȑȟȠįȠȢ ȈIJȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ ȝĮȢ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ șĮ IJȡȑȤȠȣȝİ
ȐȜȜİȢijȠȡȑȢșĮıIJĮȝĮIJȐȝİțȚȐȜȜȠIJİșĮȖȣȡȞȐȝİȜȓȖȠʌȓıȦǵIJĮȞıțȠȞIJȐȥİȚȢıIJȠȣȢ
ijȩȕȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢĮįȣȞĮȝȓİȢıȠȣșĮĮʌȜȫıȦIJȠȤȑȡȚȝȠȣȞĮıİȕȠȘșȒıȦȞĮıȘțȦșİȓȢ
ȉȠIJĮȟȓįȚİȓȞĮȚĮʌȡȩȕȜİʌIJȠțĮȚȠİȖȫİȓȝĮȚİįȫȖȚĮȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȓıȦıIJȠȞʌİȜȐIJȘIJȠȣ
IJȘȞ ĮȓıșȘıȘ ıȚȖȠȣȡȚȐȢ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘȢ ȠȪIJȦȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢ ȞĮ IJȠ ijȑȡİȚ ıİ
ʌȑȡĮȢǼȓȝĮȚįȓʌȜĮıȠȣıĮȞȑȞĮȢʌȚıIJȩȢıȪȞIJȡȠijȠȢʌȠȣșĮıȠȣijȦIJȓıİȚIJȠȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚ
IJȠȣ įȪıțȠȜȠȣIJĮȟȚįȚȠȪȝĮȢıIJĮȕȐșȘIJȠȣ ȝȣĮȜȠȪıȠȣǼıȪįȚĮȜȑȖİȚȢIJĮȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚĮ
ʌȠȣșĮȕȐȜȠȣȝİıIJȘȞįȚĮįȡȠȝȒȝĮȢȤȦȡȓȢİȖȫȞĮıİİʌȘȡİȐıȦ
īȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȝİIJȠĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȩȂȠȞIJȑȜȠ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ Ǿ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠțȡȐȝȝĮIJȦȞįȪȠȠȝȫȞȣȝȦȞıȤȠȜȫȞ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȈIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ IJȦȞ %HFN Watson, Bandura, Pavlov, Skinner
țȜʌ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ĮȣIJȒ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ
206
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȤȑıȘȈțȑȥȘȢ± ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȠȢ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ± ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪǹȣIJȩıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ
İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȫȞ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚțȑȢİȝʌİȚȡȓİȢțĮȚȝʌȜȠțȐȡȠȣȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠıțȑȥȘȢȝĮȢDzIJıȚįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮ
įİȚȢIJȘȤĮȡȐIJȘȢȗȦȒȢțĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹȡȤȓȗȦȞĮțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ
ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ȈIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ IJȠȣ ĭȡȩȣȞIJ IJȠȣ īȚȠȪȞȖț IJȘȢ ȀȜȐȚȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
ȁĮțȐȞȀİȞIJȡȚțȑȢȚįȑİȢİȓȞĮȚIJĮIJȡȓĮıIJȐįȚĮĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢIJȠȅȚįȚʌȩįİȚȠȈȪȝʌȜİȖȝĮȠȚ
ȐȝȣȞİȢȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘIJȠȣId ȝİIJȠȊʌİȡİȖȫIJȠAnimus țĮȚIJȠAnimaIJȠȈȣȜȜȠȖȚțȩ
ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȘĭĮȜȜȚțȒ± ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȂȘIJȑȡĮțȜʌ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȆȠȜȪʌȜȠțȠijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȉȩıİȢȞȑİȢȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȚįȑİȢ
IJȠȣ 0XUUD\ %RZHQ ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ Ƞ ĮıșİȞȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢ
IJȠȣ ǹȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ȣʌȩıȣıIJȘȝĮ ıȤȑıİȦȞ țĮȚ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȂȑıĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ įȚĮįȡȐıİȚȢ
ȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞȝİȜȫȞIJȠȣȅȚıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢIJȦȞȝİȜȫȞIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
ıIJĮșİȡȑȢ șĮ ȑʌȡİʌİ Ȟ¶ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȞȚıȤȪİIJĮȚ Ș
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮșİȦȡȓĮ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǻİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ İȚțȩȞİȢ IJȚ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ
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ȆİȜȐIJȘȢDzȞĮĮıIJȑȡȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȀȚȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮIJȡȓȖȦȞȠȉĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJĮȩʌȦȢijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
Ǿ ȂȑșȠįȠȢ Gestalt įİ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȚIJȚȠțȡĮIJȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȩ
ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ ʌȠȣ İȞȠȤȠʌȠȚİȓ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȚıȤȣȡȓıIJȘțĮȞ ȠȚ
ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠȚıȣȞȐįİȜijȠȚȅȚȚįȡȣIJȑȢIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢGestalt İȓȞĮȚȠȚ3HUOV+HIIHUOLQH
țĮȚ*RRGPDQ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǿ ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ - ȝȘ țĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ IJȠȣ Carl Rogers ȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ įȚʌȜȩ ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȩ ȣʌȩȕĮșȡȠ IJȘȞ
ijĮȚȞȠȝİȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȣʌĮȡȟȚıȝȩ ȀĮȚ IJĮ įȣȠ ĮȣIJȐ ijȚȜȠıȠijȚțȐ ȡİȪȝĮIJĮ
ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞʌȦȢȠțȐșİȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȑȤİȚIJȠȞįȚțȩIJȠȣȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘȢ
IJȘȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚȝȩȞȠȢIJȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮįȚĮȝȠȡijȫıİȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣ
țĮȚȞĮijIJȐıİȚıIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮșİȦȡȓĮ
207
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȓȈIJȩȤȠȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢĬĮȕȐȜȠȣȝİȝĮȗȓțȐʌȠȚȠȣȢıIJȩȤȠȣȢīȡȐȥİȝȠȣIJȠȣȢ
įȚțȠȪȢı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİIJȠȣȢȑȖȡĮȥĮȃĮȝȘȞȝʌȜȑțȦıİțĮȕȖȐįİȢȞĮȕȖȦĮʌȩIJȠ
țȡĮIJȘIJȒȡȚȠȞĮȝİĮȖĮʌȐȞİȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂʌȡȐȕȠǼįȫįȚȐȜİȟĮIJȠȣȢʌȚȠȕĮıȚțȠȪȢǵıȠȖȚĮIJȠ
țȡĮIJȘIJȒȡȚȠșĮİʌȚțĮȜİıIJȫIJȘȞįȚʌȠȜȚțȒțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮįİȤIJİȓȢ IJȘ
ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ İțijȡȐıİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȠȡȖȒ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ IJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞȉȩIJİșĮȞȚȫıİȚȢțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩİȞȠȤȑȢȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚȣʌȠțȡȚıȓĮ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș İʌȓȖȞȦıȘ IJȦȞ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȦȞ
įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞʌȠȣıȣȞIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȂĮȗȓșĮİȚıȑȜșȠȣȝİıIJȠįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȢıȠȣțĮȚșĮIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȒıȠȣȝİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩȉȫȡĮįİȞİȓıĮȚȠ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ ʌȠȣ ȒıȠȣȞĮ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȜȘȖȫșȘțİȢ ȝȚțȡȒ DzȤİȚȢ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ȆȑȡĮıĮȞ IJĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ İȟİȜȓııİıĮȚ Ȃİ IJȘ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ șĮ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȖȚĮIJȓ șĮ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȝİȝĮȗȓIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮȉȫȡĮșĮıȕȒıȠȣȞIJĮȤȞȐȡȚĮIJȠȣȝȠȞȠʌĮIJȚȠȪʌȠȣıİ
ıȣȞįȑİȚ ȝİ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ țĮȚ șĮ įİȚȢ IJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ȖİȝȐIJȠ
İȜʌȓįĮ
ȀĮȜȩșĮ ȒIJĮȞȞĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıİȚȢIJȘ ȞȑĮıȠȣIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȞȠȓȖȠȞIJĮȢįȡȩȝȠȖȚĮ
IJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞȋȡȒıȚȝȠșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮijIJȚȐȟİȚȢȞȑȠȣȢįȡȩȝȠȣȢʌȠȣșĮĮȞȒțȠȣȞıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞ
țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮijȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ ȤȠȡIJĮȡȚȐıȠȣȞ ȠȚ ʌĮȜȚȠȓ įȡȩȝȠȚ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȠȢǺȜȑʌİȚȢțĮȚĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȦȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘIJȒȢĮȜȜȐĮʌȩIJȩIJİ
ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮ ȑȤȦ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ǼȓıĮȚ ʌȚĮ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ ȄİțȩȜȜĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ȖȚĮIJȓ įİȞ
İȓıĮȚ ʌȚĮ İțİȓ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȝȐșİȚȢ ȞĮ ȕȐȗİȚȢ ȩȡȚĮ ȃĮȚ įİȞ İȓıĮȚ ȑȞȠȤȠȢ ȑȤİȚȢ ĮȟȓĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȕȐȗİȚȢȩȡȚĮIJȠȠijİȓȜİȚȢıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȅıțȠʌȩȢȝĮȢİȓȞĮȚȞĮįİȚȢIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢ
İȓȞĮȚțȚȩȤȚȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȚȢıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȢȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮĮȡȤȓıİȚȢȞĮ
ʌĮȓȡȞİȚȢ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ıȠȣ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢ țĮȚ ȕȐȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJĮ ȩȡȚȐ ıȠȣȅ ʌȣȡȒȞĮȢ
IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ĮȣIJȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓȖȞȦıȘȢ įȘȜĮįȒ ȝİ ȑȞĮ IJȡȩʌȠ Ș
ĮijȪʌȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ İȣșȪȞȘȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıțȑijIJȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ țȐȞȠȣȞ
ıIJȠ İįȫ țĮȚ IJȫȡĮ DzIJıȚ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJȫȡĮ țĮȚ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİįȡȐıȘȖȚĮȞĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȞ154.
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȗȦȞIJĮȞȒ
ıȤȑıȘʌȠȣșĮȠȚțȠįȠȝȒıȠȣȝİȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıİȚȢȝİȐȞİıȘȞĮİȟİȡİȣȞȒıİȚȢIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠʌȠȣ
ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȐȡİȚ IJȚȢ țĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ
ĮʌȠijȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ıȑȞĮ ȅ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ ȦȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ȦȢ
154
http://www.vitatherapy.gr/2BBD2551.el.aspx
208
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
țȓȞȘIJȡȠ ȝȚĮ IJȐıȘ ȖȚĮ įȚĮIJȒȡȘıȘ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ țĮȚ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ĮȣIJȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȣʌȠıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ʌȠȣ ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ İĮȣIJȩȢ Ȓ
ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮ ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ Ƞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ IJȚȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȩ-İȚțȩȞĮȢ ȈIJȩȤȠȢ ȝĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ IJȘȢ
įȪȞĮȝȘȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ Ƞ țȐșİ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ȞĮ ıȣȞIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ
įȚİȣȡȪȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȣIJȠȞȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȫȞİȚ IJȠ įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ
ıȠȣȜȪıİȚȢ
ĬİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȂȑșȠįȠȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȑȞĮ ijȣȜȜȐįȚȠ ȝİ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ
įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ. ȈȠȣȑȤȦȝȚĮțĮȡIJȑȜĮȝİIJȚȢȜȐșȠȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚȢȖȚĮIJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ īȡȐȥİ ȝȠȣ ʌȩıȠ ıȣȝijȦȞİȓȢ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȑȢ ȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȫȞIJĮȢ
ĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅȡȓıIJİ IJȠ ıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıĮ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȕȓĮȚȠȢ ĮȖȡȓȝȚ ıțȠȡʌȐȦ IJȘȞ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȓıĮȚ ıȓȖȠȣȡȠȢ ʌȦȢ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ıİ IJȑIJȠȚȠ
ȕĮșȝȩDzȤİȚȢıȣȞĮȞIJȒıİȚĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣȞĮıȠȣȑȤȠȣȞʌİȚIJȠĮȞIJȓșİIJȠȃȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢ
țĮȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȑIJıȚȉȚșĮIJĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ ȐıȤȘȝĮ IJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ȃĮȚ ȠȚ ijȓȜȠȚ
ȝȠȣȝİȕȡȓıțȠȣȞțĮȜȩʌĮȚįȓțȚİȣĮȓıșȘIJȠȃȠȝȓȗȦʌȦȢțȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐȩʌȦȢȠȚijȓȜȠȚ
ȝȠȣ ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚʌĮȡİȟȘȖȘȝȑȞȠȚĮʌȩIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ.
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢijIJĮȓİȚȉȚșĮIJĮıȣȝȕȠȪȜİȣİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣʌȠȣȒIJĮȞȕȓĮȚȠȢĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȓȝĮȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ șĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ ȖȡȐȥİȚȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ
ʌȠȣıȠȣįȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞțȐʌȠȚĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȞĮIJĮȕĮșȝȠȜȠȖȒıİȚȢĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠ
ʌȩıȠ ȚıȤȣȡȐ ȒIJĮȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȚ ıȠȣ șȪȝȚıĮȞ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ıȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȂİIJȐ Įʌȩ
ĮȣIJȒIJȘıȪȞįİıȘʌȩıȠșİȦȡİȓȢĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮĮȜȘșȚȞȑȢțĮȚ
ȚıȤȣȡȐĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮĬĮıȠȣĮȞĮșȑıȦțĮȚȝȚĮĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒȂȑȤȡȚĮȪȡȚȠįİȞșĮȝʌȜȑȟİȚȢ
ıİțĮȝȚȐʌĮȡĮȕĮIJȚțȒįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȆȡȠıȠȤȒĮȞȞȚȫıİȚȢʌȠȜȪȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢʌȡȩıİȟİ
ȝȘȞʌȑıİȚȢʌȐȜȚıİȝĮȞȓĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȁİȢȞĮIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȦ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȆȡȠıʌȐșȘıİ īȡȐȥİ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȤĮȡIJȓ ĮȞ IJȠ șİȦȡİȓȢ
įȣȞĮIJȩțĮȚIJȚıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚıİʌȠȚȠȕĮșȝȩIJĮȞȚȫșİȚȢȂȩȜȚȢȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫıİȚȢIJȘȞ
ĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒıȠȣĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıİIJĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJĮȞȑĮıȠȣıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ
209
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ĬĮıȠȣʌȦIJȫȡĮȝȚĮȐıțȘıȘȝİĮȞĮʌȞȠȑȢȖȚĮȞĮıȠȣ
ijİȪȖİȚ Ƞ șȣȝȩȢ ȄĮʌȜȦȝȑȞȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡȤȒ țĮȚ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ ȩIJĮȞ İȟĮıțȘșİȓȢ ĮȡțİIJȐ ıİ
ıIJȐıȘ țĮșȚıIJȒ IJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıİ IJȠ ȑȞĮ ȤȑȡȚ ıIJȠ ıIJȠȝȐȤȚ țĮȚ IJȠ ȐȜȜȠ ıIJȠ ıIJȒșȠȢ
ǼȚıȑʌȞİȣıİȕĮșȚȐĮʌĮȜȐțĮȚȒȡİȝĮİțʌȞȠȒĮʌȩIJȘȝȪIJȘǼʌĮȞȑȜĮȕİȝİȡȣșȝȩ± 12
ijȠȡȑȢ Ǿ ȐıțȘıȘ IJȘȢ įȚĮijȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ĮȞĮʌȞȠȒȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ± ijȠȡȑȢ IJȘȞ
ȘȝȑȡĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȍȡĮȓĮȐıțȘıȘ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ Ȃİ ȞİȣȡȚȐȗİȚ ʌȠȣ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİȚȢ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȠȞ
İĮȣIJȩ ıȠȣ ȦȢ ĮʌȩȕȜȘIJȠ țĮȚ ijȡȚțIJȩ. ȆȦȢ ȞȚȫșİȚȢ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ȜȑȦ ȃȚȫșİȚȢ
ȐȕȠȜĮȂȒʌȦȢįİȞșİȢȞĮȟĮȞȐȡșİȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǹȚıșȐȞȠȝĮȚ ȜȓȖȠ ȐȕȠȜĮ ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ ȟİıʌȐıȦ ʌȐȞȦ ıȠȣ Ȃİ
ȞİȣȡȚȐȗİȚȢıĮȞIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǼȖȫ șĮ ıIJȘȡȚȤșȫ ıIJĮ ȩȞİȚȡȐ ıȠȣ țĮȚ șĮ
țȡĮIJȒıȦĮȡȤİȓȠǾʌȠȡİȓĮıȠȣșĮțȡȚșİȓȝİȕȐıȘIJȘȞțȜȚȝȐțȦıȘIJȦȞȠȞİȓȡȦȞıȠȣ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȖȡĮʌIJȫȞ ıȠȣ ǹȞ įİȚȢ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȩȞİȚȡĮ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ IJĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ
ǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȢ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢ IJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȩ ıȠȣ ıİ ʌȠȓȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠıșȑıİȚȢ ıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ țȐȞİȚȢ ȩIJĮȞ IJȠ įȚĮȕȐȗİȚȢ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıİȢ
ȖȜȦııȚțȑȢįȚĮIJȣʌȫıİȚȢĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȑȞĮʌȠȓȘȝĮȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣțĮȚIJĮ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐıȠȣĬȑȜȦȞĮțȐȞİȚȢțĮȚȝȚĮȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐİȜİȪșİȡȘıĮȝȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡĮȑIJıȚ
țĮIJİȣșİȓĮȞĮʌȩIJȠȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹʌ¶ ȩıĮ ȝĮȢ İȓʌİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȠȡİȓĮ IJȦȞ
ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞȝĮȢ șĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦȞĮĮijȠȣȖțȡĮıșȫIJȘįȠȝȒIJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢıȠȣ
IJȚȢȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢʌȠȣIJȘįȚĮȝȩȡijȦıĮȞIJȚȢIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢ ± ĮȞIJȚIJĮȣIJȓıİȚȢıȠȣ
IJȚȢ ȐȝȣȞİȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢ ıȠȣ ȝȑıĮ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢ ȝĮȢ
ıȤȑıȘȢȆȡȠȢIJȠʌĮȡȩȞȑȤȦțȐȞİȚȝȚĮıȣȞİįȡȓĮȝİIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮıȠȣĬȑȜȦȞĮıȠȣȕȐȜȦ
ȝȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ ȑțĮȞĮȞ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȜȐșȘ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮșȑȜȘIJĮ ǼȓȤĮIJİ ȩȝȦȢ țĮȚ
țĮȜȑȢıIJȚȖȝȑȢĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓȝİȡȚțȐșİIJȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȩȝȠȡijİȢ ıIJȚȖȝȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȗȒıĮIJİ ȝĮȗȓ ȆȠIJȑ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȡȖȐ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢȝȚĮİȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȘʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȞșȣȝȘșİȓȢțȚĮȣIJȒǹʌȩțȐIJȦ
șȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣȖȡȐȥİȚȢȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮȞȩȝȚȗİȢʌȦȢijIJĮȚȢ ȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȐțȚ
ȑȞȚȦșİȢ İȞȠȤȒ ĮȜȜȐ IJȫȡĮ țĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚȢ ʌȦȢ İʌȡȩțİȚIJȠ ȖȚĮ ıijȐȜȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞȚȫȞ
ıȠȣ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ijȠȡIJȫșȘțİȢ İıȪ ȖȚĮIJȓ ıĮȞ ʌĮȚįȓ İȓȤİȢ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȚįİĮIJȠȪȢ
ȖȠȞİȓȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǼȞIJȐȟİȚĬĮİIJȠȚȝȐıȦIJȚȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ǵȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝĮȢİȓʌİȢȝȠȚȐȗȠȣȞȖİȞȚțȐțĮȚ
șİȦȡȘIJȚțȐ ĬĮ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚȢ ʌȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ȂĮȢ įȚȘȖȒșȘțİȢ ȩIJȚ ıȠȣ İȓʌĮȞ
210
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ĮȣIJȩıȠȣȑțĮȞĮİțİȓȞȠȤȡİȚȐȗİıĮȚĮȣIJȩșȑȜȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚĮʌȩıȑȞĮİțİȓȞȠǺȜȑʌȦȞĮ
ĮʌȠȣıȚȐȗİȚȘȂĮȡȚȐȞȞĮ.
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǻİȞijIJĮȓȦİȖȫʌȠȣȝİ ȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞȩȜȠȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȂȠȣ İȓʌİȢ ʌȦȢ șȑȜİȚȢ ȞĮ ȟİıʌȐȢ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
ıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢĬĮȒșİȜĮȞĮʌİȚȢĮijȒȞȦȞĮȝȠȣıȣȝȕİȓĮȣIJȩ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǹijȒȞȦȞĮȝȠȣıȣȝȕİȓĮȣIJȩǹijȒȞȦIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȞĮȝİțȐȞȠȣȞȞĮ
ijIJȐıȦıIJĮȐțȡĮȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮįȚİțįȚțȫțĮȚ ȞĮȕȐȗȦIJĮȩȡȚȐȝȠȣ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȆȦȢ IJȠ ȕȚȫȞİȚȢ IJȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȒȡİȢ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ
ȖȚĮIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıİǼȞİȡȖȘIJȚțȒĭȦȞȒ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȓȡȞȦ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȦ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢ IJȠ
ıİȕĮıȝȩIJȠȣȢțĮȚȩȤȚIJȠȞijȩȕȠIJȠȣȢȃȚȫșȦȩȝȦȢʌȦȢȩIJĮȞȝİȞİȣȡȚȐȗȠȣȞșȑȜȦȞĮ
IJȠȣȢįİȓȡȦ.
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂİșȩįȠȣGestalt: ȂȠȣİȓʌİȢʌȦȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮIJȠțȐȞİȚȢĮȣIJȩ
ȃĮȕȡİȚȢIJȘȞįȪȞĮȝȘȞĮʌİȚȢįİȞșĮIJȠțȐȞȦĮȣIJȩ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǻİȞșĮIJȠȣȢįİȓȡȦĬĮIJȠȣȢʌİȓıȦȞĮȝİıİȕĮıIJȠȪȞțĮȚȩȤȚȞĮȝİ
ijȠȕȘșȠȪȞ.
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȈȘțȫȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ șȑıȘ IJȠȣ țĮȚ įİȓȤȞİȚ IJȘȞ
ȐįİȚĮțĮȡȑțȜĮıIJȠȞȆİȜȐIJȘĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣʌȦȢı¶ĮȣIJȒIJȘȞțĮȡȑțȜĮțȐșȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣȉȚșĮIJȠȣȢȑȜİȖİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȓȝĮȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢȝİİȜİȪșİȡȘʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮǻİȞİȓȞĮȚȞĮıȦıIJȩ
ȞĮȕȜȑʌȦIJȠȣȢțĮȣȖȐįİȢıĮȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȅijİȓȜİIJİȞĮȝȠȣʌȡȠıijȑȡİIJİȑȞĮȣȖİȚȑȢțĮȚ
ĮıijĮȜȑȢʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ĭĮȞIJȐıȠȣ IJȫȡĮ ʌȦȢ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ țĮȡȑțȜĮ
țȐșİIJĮȚ IJȠ țȠȝȝȐIJȚ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ ıȠȣ ʌȠȣ ĮijȒȞİȚ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȞĮ ıİ ijȠȡIJȫȞȠȣȞ
ȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚȢțĮȚȣȥȘȜȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȉȚșĮIJȠȣȢȑȜİȖİȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀĮțȫȢĮijȒȞİȚȢIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȞĮıİȕȖȐȗȠȣȞİțIJȩȢİĮȣIJȠȪǹʌȩİįȫ
țĮȚİȝʌȡȩȢșĮȕȐȗȦȩȡȚĮțĮȚșĮįȚİțįȚțȫIJȠıİȕĮıȝȩțȚȩȤȚIJȠȞijȩȕȠIJȠȣȢ.
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓĮȣIJȒIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ Ǿ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ Ƞ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫșȘțİ Ș
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȝȠȣȝȑıĮı¶ĮȣIJȒȞ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ıȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıİ ȑȞĮ țĮșİıIJȫȢ
ȕȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȚįȚȩIJȣʌȘȢ ıțȜȘȡĮȖȫȖȘıȘȢ ıIJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıİ țĮțȩ ʌȡȩIJȣʌȠ ǴıȦȢ
ʌĮȡȩȝȠȚĮțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȝİıȑȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıİȦȢʌĮȚįȓ
211
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɏəɌɄȝ: 2ɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢīİȚĮıȠȣǹȞIJȫȞȘ ȝȠȣȆȦȢȒIJĮȞȘİȕįȠȝȐįĮıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢDzIJıȚțȚȑIJıȚȆȡȠȤșȑȢİȞȫȒȝȠȣȞĮȝȚĮȤĮȡȐțĮȚȒȝȠȣȞĮȝȑıĮıIJȠ
țȑijȚȝİȞİȣȡȓĮıİȑȞĮʌĮȚįȓȉȠȞȐȡʌĮȟĮĮȝȑıȦȢĮʌȩIJȠȖȚĮțȐDzȞȚȦșĮʌȦȢȝ¶ȑʌȞȚȖİ
IJȠįȓțȚȠȂİțȠȓIJĮȗİțĮȚȤĮȝȠȖİȜȠȪıİǼȖȫİȚȡȦȞİȓİȢįİȞįȑȤȠȝĮȚ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǻİȞ İȓʌĮȝİ ʌȦȢ ȩIJĮȞ İȓıĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ țĮȚ
țȚȞȘIJȚțȩȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ijȐıȘ ȣʌȠȝĮȞȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıȑȤİȚȢ ȝȘȞ ʌȑıİȚȢ ıİ ȝĮȞȓĮ
ȀĮIJȑȖȡĮȥİȢIJȘȞȡȠȒIJȦȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢǵȤȚȟİȤȐıIJȘțĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǻȫıİȝȠȣȞĮįȦIJȘȞȐıțȘıȘȝİIJĮȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮʌȠȣıȠȣ
ıȣȞȑȕȘıĮȞ țĮȚ ıȠȣ șȣȝȓȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ıȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȋȝȝ ǼȓįİȢ IJİȜȚțȐ ʌȦȢ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ IJȦȞ ȖȠȞȚȫȞ ıȠȣ ıIJĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐțȚȑIJıȚĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚ;
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚįȓțȚȠȑȤİȚȢǹȣIJȩIJȠʌĮȚįȓȝȠȣșȪȝȚıİIJȠȞʌĮIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȩIJĮȞȝİ
İȚȡȦȞİȣȩIJĮȞȉȫȡĮĮȡȤȓȗȦȞĮȕȜȑʌȦĮȜȜȚȫȢIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȈȒȝİȡĮșĮȝȚȜȒıȠȣȝİȖȚĮIJȚȢȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢ
ıțȑȥȘȢ ʌȠȣ İȞȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ IJȚȢ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢ ıȠȣ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ ǻİȢ IJȘȞ țĮȡIJȑȜĮ
ȆȠȚĮȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢıȠȣIJĮȚȡȚȐȗȠȣȞȊʌȠȖȡȐȝȝȚıİIJĮȉȫȡĮșȑȜȦıIJȘȞțĮȡIJȑȜĮȝİIJȚȢ
ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢıȠȣȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢȞĮıȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢʌȠȚĮȜȐșȘıțȑȥȘȢȑȤİȚȢțȐȞİȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȅȡȓıIJİ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȫȡĮ IJȚ ȜİȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıȦıIJȩȢ Ȓ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȢ țĮȚ
ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȢȠIJȡȩʌȠȢʌȠȣıțİijIJȩıȠȣȞ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȊʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȩȢțĮȚȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠȢȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȓıȦȢȐșİȜȐIJȠȣȢȝȠȣ
įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞ ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞĮ ʌȡȩIJȣʌĮ țȚ ȑȞĮ țĮțȩ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȝİ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓȝȚĮİțȡȘțIJȚțȒʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮǺȑȕĮȚĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚțĮȚIJȠ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȘȢįȚʌȠȜȚțȒȢțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘȢȖȚĮIJȠȠʌȠȓȠįİȞİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚȐȝİıĮ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ IJĮ İȟȒȢ İȓįȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ ıIJȚȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞİȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ Ș İʌȚșİIJȚțȒ Ș ʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ Ș ȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ țĮȚ Ș įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣİȓȤĮȞIJȘȞİʌȚșİIJȚțȒțĮȚIJȘʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐǼıȪ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİȚȢįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩȢȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȠıİȕĮıȝȩțȚȩȤȚIJȠȞijȩȕȠIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȈIJȘȞ
įȚĮijȐȞİȚĮ ȕȜȑʌİȚȢ IJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȦȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ ǻȚĮijȐȞİȚİȢ 149).
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȆȠIJȑįİȞIJȠİȓȤĮıțİijIJİȓȑIJıȚ
212
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȩȢȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzijİȡİȢIJȠʌȠȓȘȝĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚ ȅȡȓıIJİ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹ ȦȡĮȓĮ >ȉȠ įȚĮȕȐȗİȚ ʌȡȠıİțIJȚțȐ@ DzijİȡİȢ IJȘ
ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐ ǵȜĮ IJĮ țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮ IJȘȢ ȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐȢ İȓıĮȚ İıȪ țĮȚ ıȣȞȐȝĮ İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ IJȦȞ
įȚțȫȞıȠȣǾȗȦȖȡĮijȚȐıȠȣțȡȪȕİȚʌȩȞȠțĮȚșȣȝȩDzȤİȚȢʌȚȐıİȚʌȠIJȑIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
ȞĮı¶İțȞİȣȡȓȗȦȂȒʌȦȢıȠȣșȣȝȓȗȦIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝȠȣ IJȠȣȢ șȣȝȓȗİIJİ ȂȠȚȐȗİIJİ ĮȡțİIJȐ ȥȣȤȡȒ țĮȚ
IJȩıȠțĮȣıIJȚțȒ ȝİIJȘȞĮȚIJȓĮIJȦȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞȝȠȣȅȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣįİȞȝȠȣijȑȡșȘțĮȞ
ıȦıIJȐ țĮȚ įİȞ ȟȑȡȦ ĮȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țȜȐȥȦ Ȓ ȞĮ șȣȝȫıȦ ȝ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ǻİȞ ȐȟȚȗĮ
IJȑIJȠȚȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢȅ ʌİȜȐIJȘȢȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİ ȣʌİȡȑȞIJĮıȘțȚȑIJȠȚȝȠȢ ȞĮțȜȐȥİȚ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȐȡȤȚıİȢȞĮİțijȡȐȗİıĮȚ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ĮʌȠIJȡİʌIJȚțȩȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȚįȚțȒ ȝȠȣ
ʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘ țȚ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ įȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ țĮȚ
șȜȓȥȘȢȒIJĮȞĮȞȒȝʌȠȡȘțĮȚĮȝijȚșȣȝȚțȒ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂȠȣ ȑijİȡİȢ IJȚȢ ĮıțȒıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ȑȕĮȜĮ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ
șİIJȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮȝȞȒıİȚȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪʌIJİȚȢ ȩIJȚ
ȑȞȚȦșİȢİȞȠȤȑȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮijIJĮȚȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃĮȚ ȅ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ ȒȝȠȣȞ ȝȚțȡȒ ȝĮȢ ʌȒȖĮȚȞİ IJȚȢ ȀȣȡȚĮțȑȢ
ıIJȠȁȠȪȞĮȆĮȡțțĮȚȝĮȢĮȖȩȡĮȗİȗĮȤĮȡȦIJȐǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣİȓȤİʌȐȞIJĮȗİıIJȩijĮȖȘIJȩ
ıIJȠIJȡĮʌȑȗȚĮțȩȝȘțȚȩIJĮȞȟİȤȞȠȪıİĮʌȩIJȠȐȖȤȠȢIJȘȢȞĮijȑȡİȚIJĮȝĮȤĮȚȡȠʌȒȡȠȣȞĮ
ǵIJĮȞįİȞIJıĮțȫȞȠȞIJĮȞȒIJĮȞțĮȜȠȓ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȈIJȘȞ ʌĮȜȚȐ ıȠȣ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ȑȜİȖİȢ ʌȦȢ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ıȠȣ
IJıĮțȫȞȠȞIJĮȞ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ıȠȣ țȚ ȑȞȚȦșİȢ İȞȠȤȒ ȃȩȝȚȗİȢ ʌȦȢ ȒıȠȣȞ Ș ĮȚIJȓĮ ȈIJȘ ȞȑĮ
İțįȠȤȒ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİȚȢ ʌȦȢ IJıĮțȫȞȠȞIJĮȞ ȖȚĮ ȐȜȜĮ
șȑȝĮIJĮțȚ ĮʌȜȫȢȒıȠȣȞʌĮȡȫȞ ȂİIJȘįİȪIJİȡȘİțįȠȤȒIJȘȢȚıIJȠȡȓĮȢıȠȣȠȝȠȚȐȗİȚȘ
ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ıȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ıȣȞİįȡȓĮ ȈIJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ
ıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘ ȝĮȗȓ IJȘȢ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİȚ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ ȑȜİȖİȢ İıȪ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ
ıȣȞȐȞIJȘıȘ ǼȓįĮIJİ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ IJȚȢ įȪȠ ȩȥİȚȢ IJȠȣ ȓįȚȠȣ ȞȠȝȓıȝĮIJȠȢ ǼȓȝĮıIJİ ȞȠȝȓȗȦ ıİ
țĮȜȩ įȡȩȝȠ ǺȜȑʌȦ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȞĮ įȠȝİȓIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ıȠȣ ȑȞĮ ʌȚȠ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȠȠʌȠȓȠșĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚIJȘįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮıȠȣĮʌȩİįȫțĮȚİȝʌȡȩȢ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȣIJȒİȓȞĮȚȘIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȝĮȢıȣȞİįȡȓĮǵʌȦȢȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȢ
Ș īȞȦıȚĮțȒ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮ įȘȜ ıȪȞIJȠȝȘ țĮȚ ıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ıȣȞİįȡȚȫȞ ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮȑȡșİȚȢ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ įȣȠ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ
ʌİȚȢʌȦȢʌȒȖĮȞIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȦȢİijȐȡȝȠıİȢIJȚȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑȝĮșĮ
213
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹȞ įİȚȢ țĮȞȑȞĮ İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠ ȞĮ
ȝȠȣ IJȠ ʌİȚȢ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ ǹʌȩ IJȠ ĮȡȤİȓȠ ȠȞİȓȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ țĮIJȑșİıİȢ ȕȜȑʌȦ ȝȚĮ
șİIJȚțȒțȜȚȝȐțȦıȘıIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐıȠȣ
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȂȘȞȟİȤȐıİȚȢțȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣİȓʌĮȝİ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ǼȜʌȓȗȦ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ ĮȡȤȓıİȚ ȞĮ ıțȑijIJİıĮȚ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢĮıțȒıİȚȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑįȦıĮ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ĬĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȚȐȜȜȠıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓıȒȝİȡĮȘǹȞIJȫȞȘ;
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣĮȡȡȫıIJȘıİ İįȫ țĮȚ įȣȠȝȑȡİȢțĮȚ ijȠȕȐȝĮȚ ȝȒʌȦȢ
IJȘȞțȠȪȡĮıĮİȖȫȝİIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȍȢʌȩIJİșĮțĮIJȘȖȠȡİȓȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣȖȚĮIJĮ
ʌȐȞIJĮțĮȚșĮșİȦȡİȓȢʌȦȢȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȜȑȖȟİȚȢIJĮʌȐȞIJĮȄİȤȞȐȢʌȦȢțȩȞIJİȥİȢȝİIJĮ
ȟİıʌȐıȝĮIJȐ ıȠȣ ȞĮ ȤĮȜȐıİȚȢ IJȘ ȗȦȒ ıȠȣ ǼȣIJȣȤȫȢ IJȫȡĮ ȐȡȤȚıİȢ ȞĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȫȞİıĮȚ
țĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮ.
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢȃĮȚįȓțȚȠȑȤİIJİ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǾĮıșȑȞİȚĮİȓȞĮȚȘIJȑȜİȚĮȜȪıȘʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİȚ
ȠİȖțȑijĮȜȠȢıIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȦȞ©İıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞªīȚĮȞĮIJȚȢĮʌȠijȪȖȠȣȝİ
ȤȡȒıȚȝȠșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȝĮȢȞĮİțijȡȐȗȠȣȝİIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐ
ȝĮȢțĮȚȞĮIJȠȜȝȠȪȝİIJȚȢĮȞIJȚʌĮȡĮșȑıİȚȢȝİıİȕĮıȝȩıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ țĮȚ ȞĮ įİȤȩȝĮıIJİ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȡȐȟİȚȢ
ȝĮȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıȝȑȞİȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ IJİȜİȚȫȞȠȣȝİ IJȚȢ ȩʌȠȚİȢ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȑȢİțțȡİȝȩIJȘIJİȢȑȤȠȣȝİȝİIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚȞĮıȣȖȤȦȡȠȪȝİ
ȫɏəɌɄȞ: 3ɄȭɓɋɂɁɏɜȽǣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢīİȚĮıȠȣǹȞIJȫȞȘ ȝȠȣȆȦȢȒIJĮȞȘİȕįȠȝȐįĮıȠȣ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȃȚȫșȦțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮȂȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘıĮȞįȚȐijȠȡĮĮȜȜȐĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıĮIJȚȢ
ıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢıȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢDzȞȚȦıİȢȩIJȚıȠȣȑȜİȚȥĮȞȠȚıȣȞİįȡȓİȢȝĮȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ȀȐʌȠȚİȢijȠȡȑȢĮȜȜȐʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıIJĮșȫȝȩȞȠȢ ȝȠȣıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣ
īȞȦıȚĮțȒȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢǹȞIJȫȞȘ ȝȠȣȋȐȡȘțĮʌȠȣıİȖȞȫȡȚıĮǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦ
ȝȚĮ ıİȚȡȐ ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ ĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ īȞȦıȚĮțȒȢ ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȢ ȌȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
214
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ İʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ IJȘ įȚʌȠȜȚțȒ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒ ȃĮ IJĮ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȪİıĮȚ
DzȤȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢĮıțȒıİȚȢĮʌ¶ĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣțȐȞĮȝİȀĮȜȒıȠȣİʌȚIJȣȤȓĮȆȚıIJİȪȦıİ
ıȑȞĮ
ȌȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢȉȫȡĮʌȠȣıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİȢIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘȝȑıĮ
ıȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮįȑȤIJȘțİȢ șĮ įȚİțįȚțİȓȢ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ İʌȚșȣȝİȓȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ IJȚȢ
İȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦȝȚĮıİȚȡȐȕȚȕȜȓȦȞIJȠȣĭȡȩȣȞIJțĮȚIJȠȣīȚȠȪȞȖț
ȈȣıIJȘȝȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ǹȞIJȫȞȘ ȝȠȣțȚ İȖȫȤȐȡȘțĮʌȠȣıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮȂȑıĮ
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ıȣȞİįȡȓİȢ ȝĮȢ ȑȝĮșİȢ ʌȦȢ Ș ȗȦȒ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȠȚțȠįȠȝȠȪȞ țȚ
İȝʌȜȠȣIJȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮ ȝĮȢ ǹȣIJȩ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ĮȞ ȠȚ ıȣȝȝĮȤȓİȢ ȝĮȢ
İȞĮȜȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚİʌȓıȘȢĮȞȝʌĮȓȞȠȣȝİțĮȚıIJȘșȑıȘIJȠȣȐȜȜȠȣȀĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ĮijȒıİȚȢ ʌȓıȦ ȩIJȚ ıİ ıIJİȞĮȤȦȡİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ İʌȚțİȞIJȡȦșİȓȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ șİIJȚțȐ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢǼįȫıȠȣȑȤȦȑȞĮȕȚȕȜȓȠĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢIJȠȣ0XUUD\%RZHQ
ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȂİșȩįȠȣ Gestalt: ȉȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİȢ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢ ȖȚĮȩIJȚıȠȣıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮİȝȕĮșȪȞİȚȢȝİĮȣIJȩIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠIJȦȞ3HUOV
+HIIHUOLQHțĮȚ*RRGPDQ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȋȐȡȘțĮ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȖȞȫȡȚıĮ Ǽįȫ ıȠȣ ȑȤȦ ȝȚĮ
ıİȚȡȐȕȚȕȜȓȦȞIJȠȣRogers ǹȞIJȫȞȘıȣȖȤȫȡİıİIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣĬİȡȐʌİȣıİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩ
ıȠȣȆȡȠȤȫȡĮİȝʌȡȩȢ
ȆİȜȐIJȘȢ ǼȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ʌȠȜȪ ȖȚĮ ȩȜĮ Ȃİ ȕȠȘșȒıĮIJİ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮıțİijIJȫ IJȘ ȗȦȒ
ȝȠȣȉȫȡĮȠĮȖȫȞĮȢİȓȞĮȚįȚțȩȢȝȠȣĭİȪȖİȚȤĮȝȠȖİȜȫȞIJĮȢǹʌȠȤȦȡȠȪȞȑȞĮȢ± ȑȞĮȢ
ȠȚȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȚ
215
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȲɓɖɍɅɂɏȽɎɂɓɒɇɈəɎȽɏȽɊɠɅɇȽǣǼȹɐȽɁɂɋɊɍɓɂɜɎɂɄɀɇȽɀɇəǽǤ
216
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȱȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄǣ
ȮɍɊȽɀɇɈɟɉɓɖɋəɏɇɈȽɇɍɇɒɏɂɇɑɂɓɖɚɑǣ
x
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ĭĮȞIJĮıIJİȓIJİ ʌȦȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ IJȠȣ ıʌȚIJȚȠȪ ıĮȢ
ȕȡȒțĮIJİ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȉȠ IJȡȓȕİIJİ țĮȚ țȐȞİIJİ IJȡİȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
țĮIJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıİIJİ IJȘ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ ȀȐȞIJİ
İȣȤȑȢʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞȝȩȞȠIJȚȢįȚțȑȢıĮȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢțĮȚȩȤȚIJȚȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɎɏɣɒɄǣ
dzIJĮȞ ȋȡȚıIJȠȪȖİȞȞĮ țĮȚ İȖȫ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ İIJȠȚȝĮȗȩȝĮıIJĮȞ ȞĮ
ıIJȠȜȓıȠȣȝİIJȠįȑȞIJȡȠ ȝĮȢǼȞȫİțİȓȞȘȑıIJȘȞİIJȠįȑȞIJȡȠ İȖȫĮȞȑȕȘțĮıIJȘȞıȠijȓIJĮ
ȞĮijȑȡȦIJȘȞțȠȪIJĮȝİIJĮ ıIJȠȜȓįȚĮȆȡȚȞȩȝȦȢIJȘȞʌȐȡȦIJȠȕȜȑȝȝĮȝȠȣȑʌİıİı¶ȑȞĮ
ȠȜȩȤȡȣıȠ ĮȜȜȐ ıțȠȞȚıȝȑȞȠ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ǼȖȫ İʌȘȡİĮıȝȑȞȘ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚ IJȠȣ
ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ, IJȠȐȡʌĮȟĮȑIJȡİȟĮıIJȠįȦȝȐIJȚȩȝȠȣțĮȚȐȡȤȚıĮȞĮIJȠIJȡȓȕȦ
ȉȩIJİĮʌȩIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚȐȡȤȚıĮȞȞĮȕȖĮȓȞȠȣȞțĮʌȞȠȓțĮȚʌȡȠȢȑțʌȜȘȟȒȝȠȣĮȞIJȓ
ȞĮ ȕȖİȚ ȑȞĮ IJȗȓȞȚ ȕȖȒțİ ȑȞĮ țȠȣȕȐȡȚ Įʌȩ țȜȦıIJȑȢ ȂİIJȐ ĮțȠȪıIJȘțİ ȝȚĮ ȖȣȞĮȚțİȓĮ
ijȦȞȒ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİ ©șĮ țȐȞİȚȢ IJȡİȓȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȝȩȜȚȢ țȐȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ İȣȤȒ IJȡȐȕĮ ȝȚĮ
ĮʌȩIJȚȢȐțȡİȢʌȠȣʌȡȠİȟȑȤȠȣȞĮʌȩIJȠțȠȣȕȐȡȚȀȐȞİIJȠȓįȚȠțĮȚȖȚĮIJȚȢİʌȩȝİȞİȢįȪȠ
ıȠȣ İȣȤȑȢ ǹȞ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ IJȡȓIJȘ İȣȤȒ IJȠ țȠȣȕȐȡȚ Ȝȣșİȓ șĮ ȑȤİȚȢ ȕȡİȚ IJȚ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ
ȥȐȤȞİȚȢ ĮȞ ȩȤȚ șĮ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ ʌȦȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıİȢ ȜȐșȠȢ IJȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ıȠȣ șĮ ȖȣȡȓıİȚȢ
ıIJȘȞĮȡȤȚțȒıȠȣțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘțĮȚșĮȑȤİȚȢȤȐıİȚIJȘȞİȣțĮȚȡȓĮȞĮȜȪıİȚȢIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ
ʌȠȣıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓª.
ǼȖȫ IJȠ ıțȑijIJȘțĮ ȜȓȖȠ țĮȚ ȑțĮȞĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ȝȠȣ İȣȤȒ ©ȝĮțȐȡȚ ȞĮ ȒȝȠȣȞ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȒ ıİ țȐIJȚ155 ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ıIJȠ IJȡĮȖȠȪįȚª țĮȚ IJȡȐȕȘȟĮ ȝȚĮ
țȜȦıIJȒ . . . ȉȠțȠȣȕȐȡȚȜȪșȘțİǾİȣȤȒȒIJĮȞıȦıIJȒȉȘȞİʌȩȝİȞȘȝȑȡĮȐȡȤȚıĮȞĮ
IJȡĮȖȠȣįȐȦ țĮȚ ȑțʌȜȘțIJȘ țĮIJȐȜĮȕĮ ʌȦȢ Ș ijȦȞȒ ȝȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȞĮ ʌȐİȚ IJȩıȠ ȥȘȜȐ
ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȓıIJİȣİ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ ʌȦȢ İȓȝĮȚ IJȡĮȖȠȣįȓıIJȡȚĮ ȜȣȡȚțȒȢ!! ǵȜȠȚ ȝȠȣ ȑȜİȖĮȞ ʌȩıȠ
ȣʌȑȡȠȤȘ ijȦȞȒ ȑȤȦ țĮȚ ȝİ șĮȪȝĮȗĮȞ. Ǿ ȝĮȝȐ ȝȠȣ ȝİ țĮȝȐȡȦȞİ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ ȑȜİȖİ
ıȣȞİȤȫȢʌȩıȠțĮȜȒİȓȝĮȚ. . . dzȝȠȣȞIJȩıȠȣʌİȡȒijĮȞȘȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣțĮȚȑȞȚȦșĮ
IJȩıȠıȓȖȠȣȡȘ
ȉȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ȝȑȡĮ ȝĮȜȫıĮȝİ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȝĮȝȐ ȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮȞ ĮıȒȝĮȞIJȠ ȜȩȖȠ ǼȖȫ
ʌȡȠțȐȜİıĮ IJȠ IJıĮțȦȝȩ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ IJȠ șȑȜȦ ȉȘȞ İțȞİȪȡȚıĮ ʌȠȜȪ DzțȜĮȥĮ ȖȚĮ ȜȓȖȘ
ȫȡĮ ǹȚıșĮȞȩȝȠȣȞ IJȩıȠ ȐıȤȘȝĮ ȂİIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȘȡȑȝȘıĮ ʌȒȖĮ ıIJȘȞ ȝĮȝȐ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
155
ǹȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮȞĮȟİȤȦȡȓıȠȣȝİ
217
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȗȒIJȘıĮ ıȣȖȖȞȫȝȘ ǹȣIJȒ ȝİ ijȓȜȘıİ țĮȚ ȝİ ĮȖțȐȜȚĮıİ 156 ȉȩIJİ țĮIJȐȜĮȕĮ IJȚ
ȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚ ȖȚĮȞĮȜȣșİȓ IJȠțȠȣȕȐȡȚ ȆȒȖĮıIJȠįȦȝȐIJȚȩȝȠȣțĮȚ ȑIJȡȚȥĮIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ
ȉȠIJȗȓȞȚȝİȡȫIJȘıİ ©ȆȠȚĮİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȩȝİȞȒıȠȣİȣȤȒª ȀĮȚİȖȫĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮ©șȑȜȦȝȩȞȠ
ȝȓĮİȣȤȒĮțȩȝĮª țĮȚİțİȓȞȠ ȝȠȣİȓʌİ©İȞIJȐȟİȚĮȞʌȡȐIJIJİȚȢIJȠıȦıIJȩșĮȜȣșİȓIJȫȡĮ
IJȠțȠȣȕȐȡȚĮȜȜȚȫȢ. . . ª ȉȠțȠȣȕȐȡȚȜȪșȘțİǾİȣȤȒȒIJĮȞıȦıIJȒ
ȂİIJȐİȓʌĮ©DzȤȦȒįȘȩIJȚșȑȜȦțĮȚȩIJȚȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚșȑȜȦȞĮʌȐȡİȚȢʌȓıȦIJȘȞ
ʌȡȫIJȘȝȠȣİȣȤȒ. . . ȆȠȚȠȢįİȞșĮȒIJĮȞȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢȝİȝȚĮȝȘIJȑȡĮıĮȞIJȘȞįȚțȒȝȠȣ; ;
; ȉȠȝȩȞȠʌȠȣİȪȤȠȝĮȚİȓȞĮȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȐțĮȚĮȣIJȒțĮȚȩȜȠȚȘȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȝȠȣǹȣIJȒ
İȓȞĮȚȘIJȡȓIJȘȝȠȣİȣȤȒª țĮȚIJȡȐȕȘȟĮIJȘȞțȜȦıIJȒĮȜȜȐȑțȜİȚıĮIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣ. . . ǻİȞ
ȒșİȜĮȞĮįȦĮȞȒIJĮȞIJİȜȚțȐIJȠıȦıIJȩ. . . ǼȖȫȟȑȡȦIJȚʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐșȑȜȦʌȚȠʌȠȜȪțĮȚ
ĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıȦıIJȩ Ȓ ȩȤȚ įİȞ șĮ ȝȠȣ IJȠ ʌİȚ țĮȞİȓȢ . . . șĮ IJȠ țĮIJĮȜȐȕȦ ȝȩȞȘ ȝȠȣ . . .
ȉȫȡĮʌȚĮȑȤȦĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ157.
ǹȆȁİȣțȩȢȀȪțȞȠȢ
156
ǹȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒǺȜAbrah. Maslow ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮC. Rogers
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ
157
ǹȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘǺȜȂȑșȠįȠȢGestalt. Abrah. Maslow ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮC. Rogers
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ
218
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɁɂɠɒɂɏɄǣ
ȂȚĮijȠȡȐțȚȑȞĮțĮȚȡȩȗȠȪıİȝȚĮȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ ı¶ȑȞĮȝĮțȡȚȞȩȕĮıȓȜİȚȠǾțȩȡȘ
IJȘȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȞǹȝĮȜȓĮǾȗȦȒȒIJĮȞįȪıțȠȜȘțĮȚȑȖȚȞİȤİȚȡȩIJİȡȘȩIJĮȞ
Ƞ ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ IJȠȣȢ İȖțĮIJȑȜİȚȥİ țĮȚ ȑijȣȖİ ĮijȒȞȠȞIJĮȢ ȝȩȞȘ IJȘȞ țȩȡȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ
IJȠȣǾǹȝĮȜȓĮȑȞȚȦșİȑȞȠȤȘʌȠȣȑijȣȖİȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢIJȘȢȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢĮȞĮȡȦIJȚȩȞIJĮȞ
ʌȠȚȠȜȐșȠȢİȓȤİțȐȞİȚ158.
ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮțȠȣȡȐȗȠȞIJĮȞʌȐȡĮʌȠȜȪıIJȘȞįȠȣȜİȓĮțĮȚȘȝȚțȡȒǹȝĮȜȓĮ ʌȠȣIJȠ
ȑȕȜİʌİįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮIJȘȞȕȠȘșȒıİȚİʌİȚįȒȝȩȜȚȢȑʌȚĮȞİIJȠijIJȣȐȡȚȘȝȘIJȑȡĮIJȘȢ
ijȫȞĮȗİȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȢ:
-
ǼȓıĮȚ ĮțȩȝȘ ȝȚțȡȒ ǻİȞ ȟȑȡİȚȢ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚȢ IJȘȞ įȠȣȜİȚȐ ʌȠȣ țȐȞȦ İȖȫ
ȀĮȜȪIJİȡĮțȐIJıİıIJȠıʌȓIJȚțĮȚțȐȞİȝȚĮʌȚȠİȜĮijȡȚȐįȠȣȜİȚȐ
ǾȝȚțȡȒȑȞȚȦșİȐȤȡȘıIJȘȉȩIJİȑȞĮȝĮȪȡȠıȣȞȞİijȐțȚİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȞʌȐȞȦĮʌȩ
IJȠ țİijȐȜȚ IJȘȢ ǹȝĮȜȓĮȢ ȈIJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ IJȘȢ ȕȡȠȞIJȑȢ țĮȚ ĮıIJȡĮʌȑȢ ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ
ȕȡȑȤİȚǵʌȠIJİșȪȝȦȞİȟİıʌȠȪıİĮʌȩʌȐȞȦIJȘȢȝȚĮȝȚțȡȒțĮIJĮȚȖȓįĮ
ǵIJĮȞȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȞıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȘțȩȡȘIJȘȞʌİȡȓȝİȞİȝİȑIJȠȚȝȠijĮȓțĮȚȗİıIJȩIJıȐȚ
ȩȝȦȢțĮȚʌȐȜȚȘȝȘIJȑȡĮįİȞȒIJĮȞİȣȤĮȡȚıIJȘȝȑȞȘ
DzȕĮȜİȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ĮȜȐIJȚ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ȑijIJȚĮȟİȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ IJıȐȚ ʌȚȠ ʌȠȜȪ
ȝȠȚȐȗİȚ ȝİȞİȡȩȖȐȜĮ țĮȚ ȜȓȖȘ ȗȐȤĮȡȘǹȤȠȪIJİĮȣIJȩįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮțȐȞİȚȢǼȓıĮȚ
ȐȤȡȘıIJȘ159
Ǿ ȝȚțȡȒ ǹȝĮȜȓĮ ʌȓıIJİȥİ ʌȦȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚ țȐIJȚ ıȦıIJȐ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ ȐȤȡȘıIJȘ ǹțȩȝȘ ȑȕȜİʌİ ʌȦȢ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȞIJȡȑʌȠȞIJĮȞ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ ȩIJĮȞ
ȑȕȖĮȚȞĮȞ ȝĮȗȓ ȖȚĮ ȥȫȞȚĮ ȆȐȜȚ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȪȡȠ ıȣȞȞİijȐțȚ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ
țİijȐȜȚ IJȘȢ ǹȝĮȜȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȟĮijȞȚțȐ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ ȕȡȑȤİȚ ȂʌȠȣȝʌȠȣȞȘIJȐ țĮȚ ĮıIJȡĮʌȑȢ
ȤĮȜȠȪıĮȞ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ IJȘȢ ȝȠȞȠȜȠȖȠȪıİ ©ȆĮȜȚȩțĮȚȡȠȢª Ǿ ǹȝĮȜȓĮ Ȓȟİȡİ
ʌȦȢʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪıİȝİIJȠȞĮȞȑțijȡĮıIJȠșȣȝȩIJȘȢțĮIJĮȚȖȓįĮ160.
ȂȚĮ ȝȑȡĮ Ș ȝȚțȡȒ ǹȝĮȜȓĮ IJĮțIJȠʌȠȚȠȪıİ IJȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ ǹȞȐȝİıĮ ıİ
ʌĮȜȚȠʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ȕȡȒțİ ȑȞĮ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȆȒȡİ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȞȓ țȚ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ IJȠ ȖȣĮȜȓȗİȚ ǵʌȦȢ
ȜȠȚʌȩȞIJȠȑIJȡȚȕİijĮȞİȡȫșȘțİȑȞĮIJȗȓȞȚ
158
Ɉɲʋɲɿɷɿɳɽɸʘʌʉʐʆʏʉʐʎɶʉʆɸʀʎʏʉʐʎɿɷɲʆɿʃʉʑʎʃɲɿɽɸʘʌʉʑʆʃɳɽɸʅʉʌʔɼɸɶʃɲʏɳʄɸɿʗɻʎɲʋʊ
ʅɹʌʉʐʎʏʉʐʎʘʎɷɿʃʊʏʉʐʎʄɳɽʉʎ͘
159
Ȱʋʉʌʌɿʋʏɿʃʊʎɶʉʆɿʊʎ͘
160
Ƀɲʆɹʃʔʌɲʍʏʉʎɽʐʅʊʎʋʌʉʃɲʄɸʀɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃɹʎʍʐɶʃʌʉʑʍɸɿʎ͘ȵɷʙɲɿʏʀɲʏʉʐɸʀʆɲɿɻʖɲʅɻʄɼ
ɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻɸʇɲɿʏʀɲʎʏʘʆʋʉʄʄʙʆʋʌʉʍɴʉʄʙʆ͘
219
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
-
īİȚĮıȠȣȝȚțȡȒ ʌȡȚȖțȓʌȚııĮ! DzȤİȚȢ IJȡİȚȢİȣȤȑȢ, ȩȝȦȢ ʌȡȩıİȟİĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣ
ʌİȚȢ IJȚ șȑȜİȚȢ İıȪ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ IJȚ șȑȜİȚȢ İıȪ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓıĮȚ
țȣȡȓĮȡȤȘIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣ161.
ǾȝȚțȡȒǹȝĮȜȓĮİȓʌİ
-
-
ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮȝȘȞĮijȒȞȦȞĮ ȝİʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞțĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİȣʌȠIJȚȝȠȪȞțȐȞȠȞIJĮȢIJȠȞ
țȡȣȝȝȑȞȠ ȝȠȣ șȣȝȩ ʌȠȣ IJȫȡĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ țĮIJĮȚȖȓįĮ įȚİțįȓțȘıȘ țĮȚ ȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘ
IJȘȢĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚĮȢȝȠȣĬȑȜȦȒȜȚȠțĮȚȩȤȚțĮIJĮȚȖȓįİȢıIJȘȗȦȒȝȠȣ
ĬĮȖȓȞİȚ.
ǵIJĮȞ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ IJȘȢ ȑțĮȞİ ʌȐȜȚ ȣʌȠIJȚȝȘIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒıİȚȢ Ș ȝȚțȡȒ
ǹȝĮȜȓĮİȓʌİ
-
-
ȀȐȞȦ IJȚȢ įȠȣȜİȚȑȢ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJȑȢ ȝȠȣ ǹȞ įİȞ IJȚȢ țȐȞȦ
ıȦıIJȐįİȞ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȦȢİȓȝĮȚȐȤȡȘıIJȘǼȓȝĮȚʌĮȚįȓĮțȩȝȘțĮȚĮʌĮȚIJȫIJȠ
ıİȕĮıȝȩıȠȣȅıİȕĮıȝȩȢțİȡįȓȗİIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȩIJĮȞȠȐȜȜȠȢİȓȞĮȚ įİțIJȚțȩȢ
ıİĮȞIJȓșİIJȘʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘIJȠȞĮʌĮȚIJİȓȢ
ǼȞIJȐȟİȚǹȝĮȜȓĮȝȠȣįİȞȒșİȜĮȞĮıİʌȡȠıȕȐȜȦıȣȖȞȫȝȘ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ȑȞĮȢ ȗİıIJȩȢ ȒȜȚȠȢ ȟİʌȡȩȕĮȜİ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İȝʌȡȚȝȑ țȠȣȡIJȓȞİȢ IJȘȢ
țȠȣȗȓȞĮȢȃĮȚȘİȣȤȒİȓȤİʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ
ȉȠIJȗȓȞȚIJȘȞȡȫIJȘıİ
-
ȆȠȚĮİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȩȝİȞȘİȣȤȒıȠȣ
ȃĮįȚĮȜȑȖȦıȦıIJȠȪȢijȓȜȠȣȢʌȠȣșĮİȓȞĮȚȝĮȗȓȝȠȣțĮȚıIJĮțĮȜȐțĮȚıIJĮ
ȐıȤȘȝĮ
ȆȡȐȖȝĮIJȚȘǹȝĮȜȓĮĮʌȩIJȩIJİȑȕȜİʌİIJĮȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȖȚĮȞĮįȚĮțȡȓȞİȚ
IJȘȞ țĮșĮȡȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȒȢ IJȠȣȢ țȚ ȩȤȚ IJȘȞ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ Ȓ IJȠ ʌȩıȠ
įȘȝȠijȚȜȒȒIJĮȞıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ȉȠIJȗȓȞȚIJȘȞȡȫIJȘıİ
-
161
ȆȠȚȐ İȓȞĮȚȘIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ İȣȤȒıȠȣ
ȃĮȝİĮʌȠįȑȤȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚȞĮȝİĮȖĮʌȠȪȞ.
ȈȣȖȖȞȫȝȘȝȚțȡȒȝȠȣǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒıȦIJȘȞİȣȤȒıȠȣǻİȞ
ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖțȐıȦ țȐʌȠȚȠȞ ȞĮ ıİ ĮȖĮʌȒıİȚ ȩȝȦȢ İıȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓȢ ȞĮ IJȠ
țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢİȐȞʌȡȫIJĮĮȖĮʌȒıİȚȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣǹȖȐʌȘıİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣ
țĮȚȝȘȞijȠȕȐıĮȚȞĮțȐȞİȚȢțȐIJȚȜȐșȠȢȝȩȞȠȝİIJȠȜȐșȠȢȝĮșĮȓȞȠȣȝİIJȠ
ıȦıIJȩ
ɀɹɽʉɷʉʎ Gestalt.
220
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
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ǻȓțȚȠ ȑȤİȚȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȖĮʌȒıȦ ʌȡȫIJĮ IJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ ȝȠȣ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚșȐȜȥȦ IJĮ
IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȐ ȝȠȣ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȦ țȣȡȓĮȡȤȘ IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȞĮ įȚİțįȚțȫ ȩIJȚ ȝȠȣ
ĮȟȓȗİȚ
ȉȫȡĮȝȓȜȘıİȢıȦıIJȐțȚȑIJıȚșĮȖȓȞİȚȂʌȡȐȕȠǹȝĮȜȓĮȈȠȣįȓȞȦȜȠȚʌȩȞ
ȑȞĮ įĮȤIJȣȜȓįȚțĮȚțȐșİijȠȡȐʌȠȣIJȠțȠȚIJȐȢȞĮșȣȝȐıĮȚIJĮȜȩȖȚĮȝȠȣ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚİȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțİĮʌȩIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȘȢȈIJȠȝİıĮȓȠįȐȤIJȣȜȠIJȠȣ
įİȟȚȠȪ IJȘȢ ȤİȡȚȠȪ ijȠȡȠȪıİ ȑȞĮ ĮıȘȝȑȞȚȠ įĮȤIJȣȜȓįȚ ȝİ ȝȚĮ IJȠȣȡțȠȣȐȗ ʌȑIJȡĮ Ǿ
ǹȝĮȜȓĮ ȕȖȒțİ ȑȟȦ țĮȚİȓįİ ȑȞĮ ȦȡĮȓȠ țȒʌȠ țĮȚIJȘȞșȐȜĮııĮ ȜȓȖȠ ʌȚȠțȐIJȦȅ ȒȜȚȠȢ
ȒIJĮȞ IJȩıȠ ȗİıIJȩȢ! Ǽȓįİ IJȘȞȝȘIJȑȡĮ IJȘȢȞĮȝĮȗİȪİȚ IJĮȜȠȣȜȠȪįȚĮ țĮȚIJȠȞʌĮIJİȡȐ ȞĮ
IJȘȞȕȠȘșȐȅȚ įȣȠȒIJĮȞ IJȩıȠ İȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȚ!
DzIJıȚ ȘȝȚțȡȒǹȝĮȜȓĮ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȝȚĮțĮȚȞȠȪȡȚĮ ȗȦȒ ȤȦȡȓȢțĮIJĮȚȖȓįİȢȆȠIJȑ ȩȝȦȢ
įİȞİȓȤİ ȟİȤȐıİȚ IJĮȜȩȖȚĮ IJȠȣȜȣȤȞĮȡȚȠȪ! ǹȣIJȐ IJĮȜȩȖȚĮ țĮȚIJȠȞȩȘȝĮ IJȠȣȢȕȠȒșȘıĮȞ
IJȘȞțȠʌȑȜĮ ȞĮȝİȖĮȜȫıİȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȘ țĮȚİȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȘ țĮȚȞĮȕȡİȚIJȘȞĮȜȘșȚȞȒ ĮȖȐʌȘ
țĮȚIJȠʌȚȠıʌȠȣįĮȓȠ ȞĮțĮIJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıİȚ IJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ʌȠȣIJȘıIJȠȓȤİȚȦȞİțȐʌȠȚĮțȡȪĮ
ȕȡȐįȚĮ! ȆȐȜȚ ȟȘȝȑȡȦȞİ ȝȚĮ ȗİıIJȒ ȘȝȑȡĮ ȩıȠ ȒIJĮȞ țȣȡȓĮȡȤȘ IJȠȣ İĮȣIJȠȪ IJȘȢ țĮȚ
įȚİțįȚțȠȪıİIJȘȞĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚȐIJȘȢȀĮȚȗȒıĮȞİĮȣIJȠȓ țĮȜȐ țĮȚİȝİȓȢ țĮȜȣIJȑȡĮ!
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ȪɔɠɉȽɈȽɑɒɍɓɈəɐɒɏɍɓǣ
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ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǼȓıIJİȑȞĮȢijȡȠȣȡȩȢțĮȚijȣȜȐIJİȝȚĮʌȩȡIJĮıIJȠȣʌȩȖİȚȠIJȠȣțȐıIJȡȠȣ
IJȠȣȕĮıȚȜȚȐȋȡȩȞȚĮİȓıIJİİțİȓȂȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮįİȞİȓįĮIJİȠȪIJİĮțȠȪıĮIJİIJȓʌȠIJĮ
ȞĮıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȑȟȦȒȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȩȡIJĮȆȡȠȤșȑȢĮțȠȪıĮIJİȖȚĮʌȡȫIJȘijȠȡȐ
ȑȞĮ ĮȤȞȩ șȩȡȣȕȠ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȩȡIJĮ ȋșİȢ Ƞ șȩȡȣȕȠȢ ȑȖȚȞİ ʌȚȠ ȑȞIJȠȞȠȢ
ȈȣȞİȤȓıIJİIJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮȉȠįȦȝȐIJȚȠĮȣIJȩİȓȞĮȚIJȠȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠİıİȓȢȘ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢȐȝȣȞİȢIJȠȣȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪIJȠțȐıIJȡȠIJȠıȣȞİȚįȘIJȩȠȕĮıȚȜȚȐȢIJȠ
ǼȖȫțĮȚȝȑıĮıIJȠįȦȝȐIJȚȠİȓȞĮȚIJȠʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȠʌĮȚįȓĮʌȩIJȠĮȡȤȚțȩIJȡĮȪȝĮ
ĭIJȚȐȟIJİ IJȘȞ ȚıIJȠȡȓĮ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȠ șȑȝĮ ʌȠȣ įȚĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJİȪİıIJİ >ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ ȈȪȞįȡȠȝȠ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȒȢ įȣıȝȠȡijȓĮȢ ȕȠȣȜȚȝȓĮ ȞİȣȡȚțȒ
ĮȞȠȡİȟȓĮ ȐȖȤȠȢ țȡȓıİȚȢ ʌĮȞȚțȠȪ ĮȖȠȡĮijȠȕȓĮ șȣȝȩȢ >ȝȓıȠȢ
ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩIJȘIJĮȗȒȜİȚĮțĮȚțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩIJȘIJĮ@
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ȮɍɔɜɉɒɏɍɎɍɓɐɂɈəɋɂɇɊɇɈɏɟǣ
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ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǾİIJȚțȑIJĮıIJȠȝʌȠȣțȐȜȚ ȑȖȡĮijİ ©ȉȠ ijȓȜIJȡȠʌȠȣıİ țȐȞİȚȝȚțȡȩª
ǻİȞʌȓıIJİȣĮȩIJȚIJȠİȞȞȠȠȪıİȈȣȞİȤȓıIJİ IJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮȅȒȡȦĮȢıȠȣ
ȝȚțȡĮȓȞİȚțȚȑIJıȚȝʌȠȡİȓĮʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘIJȠȢțĮȚĮȞȚȤȞİȪİȚIJȚȜȑȞİȠȚȐȜȜȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢ
țĮșȘȖȘIJȑȢ ijȓȜȠȚ ȖİȚIJȠȞȚȐ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȒ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ Ȓ IJȠ
șȣȝȩ IJȠȣ ǵIJĮȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ʌȐȜȚ ȝİȖȐȜȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚȠ ȫȡȚȝȠȢ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝȐIJȠȣ
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ȜɈɍɉɍɓɅɣɋɒȽɑɎɂɏɜɂɏɀȽɖɋəɏɇȽǣ
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ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ȂȚĮ ȝȑȡĮ ʌȒȖĮ ȕȩȜIJĮ ıIJȠ įȐıȠȢ ȆİȡʌĮIJȫȞIJĮȢ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚ
ʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıĮ ȤȚȜȚȐįİȢ ȝȚțȡȐ ȤȞȐȡȚĮ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıİ įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢ șȐȝȞȠȣȢ ȂȚĮȢ
țĮȚİȓȤĮȤȡȩȞȠĮʌȠijȐıȚıĮȞĮIJĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȦ ȈȣȞİȤȓıIJİIJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮȉȠ
įȐıȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ Ȉİ țȐșİ șȐȝȞȠ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȝȚțȡȐ ĮȞșȡȦʌȐțȚĮ
ʌȠȣ ıİ ȟİȞĮȖȠȪȞ ıİ țȐʌȠȚȠ IJȡĮȪȝĮ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘȐȖȤȠȢȒșȣȝȩȂȚĮȝȚțȡȒȞİȡȐȚįĮȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȪIJȡȚĮıİȕȠȘșȐ
ȞĮ IJȠ ȟİʌİȡȐıİȚȢ ȈIJȠȞ ʌȡȫIJȠ șȐȝȞȠ Ș ȞİȡȐȚįĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıȚĮțȒ įİȞ
ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȞĮIJȠĮȞĮijȑȡİȚȢıȠȣȝȚȜȐIJȚȢȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢȚįȑİȢʌȠȣıȠȣȑȕĮȜĮȞ
Įʌȩ ȝȚțȡȩ ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢ ȆİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢ Ș įİȪIJİȡȘ ıIJȠȞ İʌȩȝİȞȠ șȐȝȞȠ İȓȞĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠįȣȞĮȝȚțȒıȠȣȝȚȜȐȖȚĮIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJĮșȑȜȦ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ
țĮȚȠȚIJȡȓIJȘıIJȠȞİʌȩȝİȞȠșȐȝȞȠİȓȞĮȚIJȘȢȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ&
5RJHUVȈȠȣȝȚȜȐȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘıȠȣȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒ
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɎɏɣɒɄǣ
ȂȚĮȝȑȡĮʌȒȖĮȕȩȜIJĮıIJȠįȐıȠȢȆİȡʌĮIJȫȞIJĮȢı¶ȑȞĮȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıĮ
ȤȚȜȚȐįİȢ ȝȚțȡȐ ȤȞȐȡȚĮ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıİ įȚĮijȩȡȠȣȢ șȐȝȞȠȣȢ ȂȚĮȢ țĮȚ İȓȤĮ ȤȡȩȞȠ
ĮʌȠijȐıȚıĮȞĮIJĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȦǻȚȐȜİȟĮȑȞĮȞĮʌȩIJȠȣȢIJȡİȚȢțĮȚʌȜȘıȓĮıĮʌȚȠțȠȞIJȐ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐ İȓįĮ ȑȞĮ ijȦȢ ȉȠ ijȦȢ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ʌȡȫIJȠ șȐȝȞȠ
ȈȘțȫșȘțĮ ȞĮ įȦ IJȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȂȚĮ ijȦIJİȚȞȒ ʌȚȞĮțȓįĮ ȑȖȡĮijİ ©ǹȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ İʌȚșȣȝİȓȢ ȉȚ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ IJȠ ĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚȢª ȉȫȡĮ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ ȑȞĮ ȝȚțȡȩ șȑĮIJȡȠ ȝİ
ȝĮȡȚȠȞȑIJİȢīȞȫȡȚıĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȡȫIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒȂȚĮțȠʌȑȜĮȝİIJİȡȐıIJȚȠ
ȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠțĮȚȜȣʌȘȝȑȞĮȝȐIJȚĮȞIJȣȝȑȞȘıIJĮȝĮȪȡĮȝİȜİȣțȐijIJİȡȐʌȠȣʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ
ȞĮĮȞȠȓȟȠȣȞǹʌȩʌȓıȦIJȘȢȐȜȜİȢȝĮȡȚȠȞȑIJİȢʌȠȣIJȘȞțĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȠȣȞȘȝȘIJȑȡĮIJȘȢȘ
șİȚĮȘȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘȟĮįȑȜijȘțĮȚȠįȐıțĮȜȠȢȤȦȡȓȢʌȡȩıȦʌȠǵȜȠȚȝĮȗȓʌȜȘıȚȐȗȠȣȞ
ʌȚȠțȠȞIJȐıİİȞȫʌȚȠțȠȞIJȐțĮȚIJĮijIJİȡȐıĮȞȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌȚȠȕĮȡȚȐʌȚȠȕĮȡȚȐțĮȚ
įİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJĮĮȞȠȓȟȦȆĮȡȩȜȠʌȠȣȝȩȞȠʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪıĮIJĮȑȞȚȦșĮȉȘȞʌȓİıȘ
țĮȚ IJĮ ijIJİȡȐ ıțĮȡijĮȜȫȞȠȣȞ ʌȐȞȦ ıIJȘ ȝĮȡȚȠȞȑIJĮ ʌȠȣ ȝİ ĮʌİȚțȠȞȓȗİȚ DzȞȚȦșĮ IJȠ
ȕȐȡȠȢıIJȘȞʌȜȐIJȘȝȠȣǹȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮȝİʌȚȐȞİȚʌĮȞȚțȩȢ ȄĮijȞȚțȐȩȜĮİȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțĮȞIJȠ
șȑĮIJȡȠ ȠȚ ȝĮȡȚȠȞȑIJİȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ȕȐȡȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȜȐIJȘ ȝȠȣ DZȡȤȚıĮ ȞĮ ıțȑʌIJȠȝĮȚ ©ȃĮ
ʌȐȥȠȣȞ ȞĮ ȝİ ʌȚȑȗȠȣȞ ȩȜȠȚ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ȜȑȦ ȩȤȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȐȗȦ IJȚȢ įȚțȑȢ ȝȠȣ
ʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJİȢȂĮȖȚĮIJȓIJĮįȑȤȠȝĮȚȩȜĮĮȣIJȐª
ȆȜȘıȓĮıĮ ıIJȠȞ įİȪIJİȡȠ șȐȝȞȠ ȂȚĮ IJĮȝʌȑȜĮ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌȠȣșİȞȐ
ȑȜİȖİ ©IJȠ IJȡĮȪȝĮª Ȉİ ȜȓȖȠ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ ȝȚĮ ȝȘȤĮȞȒ ʌȡȠȕȠȜȒȢ ȝȚĮ ȠșȩȞȘ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ
ȜİȣțȒ țĮȡȑțȜĮ DzțĮIJıĮ ȈIJȘȞ ȠșȩȞȘ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ ȑȞĮ țȠȡȚIJıȐțȚ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ
IJȠȞȝȐȜȦȞĮȞȖȚĮIJȠıʌĮıȝȑȞȠʌȠIJȒȡȚȖȚĮIJȠıʌĮıȝȑȞȠʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ ȖȚĮIJȠȠIJȚįȒʌȠIJİțĮȚ
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȐȞIJĮ ȑȜİȖĮȞ IJȘȞ ȚįȓĮ ijȡȐıȘ © ȉȓʌȠIJĮ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓȢ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚȢ ıȦıIJȐ ȆȠIJȑ șĮ
ȝİȖĮȜȫıİȚȢİʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢªdzIJĮȞȖȣȡȚıȝȑȞȠȝİIJȘȞʌȜȐIJȘțĮȚįİȞijĮȚȞȩIJĮȞʌȠȚȩȒIJĮȞ
ǾıțȘȞȒȐȜȜĮȟİțĮȚIJȠʌĮȚįȐțȚȕȡȑșȘțİȝȩȞȠIJȠȣıİȝȚĮıțȠIJİȚȞȒȖȦȞȓĮDzțȜĮȚȖİ
ȝȩȜȚȢ ıȒțȦıİ IJȠ țİijĮȜȐțȚ IJȠȣ İȓįĮ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞ İȖȫ dzȝȠȣȞ İȖȫ ıIJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ȝȠȣ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮȉĮįȐțȡȣĮȑIJȡİȟĮȞĮʌ¶IJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣDZțȠȣıĮȝȚĮȜİʌIJȒijȦȞȒȞĮȝȠȣȜȑİȚ
©ǻİȞ ȑijIJĮȚȖİȢ İıȪ ȖȚĮ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ǼȓıĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ȣʌȑȡȠȤȠȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ ĮʌȜȐ įİȓȤȞİȚȢ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ țĮȚ ʌİȡȚȝȑȞȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȜȐ Įʌȩ ıȑȞĮ ȂʌȠȡİȓȢ ȞĮ IJĮ țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢ ȉȠ ȟȑȡȦ
ǵʌȠIJİȝȘıIJĮȝĮIJȐȢȝȘıIJĮȝĮIJȐȢȠȪIJİȖȚĮȑȞĮȜİʌIJȩȞĮʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓȢǹʌȩįİȚȟİIJȠȣȢ
ȩIJȚȟȑȡİȚȢIJȚțȐȞİȚȢțĮȚȩIJȚȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮIJȠʌĮȜȑȥİȚȢǹʌȩįİȚȟİIJȠȣȢȩIJȚİȓıĮȚıȦıIJȒ
ȄİȤȞȐ ȩIJȚ ıȠȣ İȓȤİ ıȣȝȕİȓ Ȉİ IJȡĮȕȐ ʌȓıȦ IJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ ıȠȣ ȀȠȚIJȐ ȝȩȞȠ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ
ȂȩȞȠȝʌȡȠıIJȐȀĮȚȝȘȞȖȣȡȞȐȢʌȓıȦȆȠIJȑȝȘȞȖȣȡȞȐȢʌȓıȦª
ȈIJȠȕȐșȠȢİȓįĮȑȞĮȝȚțȡȩijȦIJȐțȚȞĮȑȡȤİIJĮȚțĮIJȐʌȐȞȦȝȠȣǵIJĮȞʌȜȘıȓĮıİ
ʌȚȠ țȠȞIJȐ IJȡȩȝĮȟĮ țĮIJȐȜĮȕĮ ʌȦȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȚĮ ȞİȡȐȚįĮ ȂȚĮ ʌĮȞİȝȠȡijȘ ȞİȡĮȚįĮ
DZȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ ȝȚȜȐİȚ ȆĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıĮ ȩIJȚ įİȞ țȠȣȞȠȪıİ IJĮ ȤİȓȜȘ IJȘȢ ȩȝȦȢ ȐțȠȣȖĮ IJȘȞ
ijȦȞȒIJȚȢȝȑıĮıIJȠțİijȐȜȚȝȠȣȈĮȞȞĮİȤİȚȝʌİȚȝȑıĮıIJȘȞȥȣȤȒȝȠȣțĮȚȝȠȣȝȚȜȐ
Įʌȩİțİȓ
- ǺȜȑʌȦȑȞĮıțȠIJİȚȞȩʌĮȡİȜșȩȞıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮıȠȣȝȠȣİȓʌİ
- ȃĮȚȑȤȦʌİȡȐıİȚʌȠȜȜȐIJȘȢĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮ
- ǹȜȜȐȕȜȑʌȦțĮȚIJȘıȦIJȘȡȓĮİȓʌİȝ¶ȑȞĮȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠıIJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȐțȚIJȘȢ
- ȃĮȚǼʌİȚįȘİȤȦijȣȖİȚʌȠȜȣȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩIJȠıțȠIJİȚȞȩȝȑȡȠȢʌȠȣțȐʌȠIJİȑȗȘıĮIJȘȢ
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮ
- ȆȠȜȪ țĮȜȐ ǼȜʌȓȗȦ ȞĮ țĮIJȐȜĮȕİȢ IJȚ ȒșİȜĮ ȞĮ ıȠȣ ʌȦ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȐıIJĮıȘ
ĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİ
- ȃĮȚIJȘȢİȓʌĮ
- ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ ıIJĮȝĮIJȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ įȑȤİıĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌȓİıȘ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ǼȓıĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȠȢȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢDzȤİȚȢȗȦȒȑȤİȚȢȝȑȜȜȠȞȑȤİȚȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮDzȤİȚȢIJĮ
ʌȐȞIJĮȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚȢIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞıȠȣȀȠȚIJȐʌȓıȦıȠȣțĮȚțȜİȓıİIJȘȞʌȩȡIJĮıIJȠ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȄİțȓȞĮȝȚĮȞȑĮȝȑȡĮǾĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮȣʌȠįȠȤȒıİ ʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚ ǹȡțİȓ ȞĮIJȘȞ
įȚİțįȚțȒıİȚȢȝİIJȠȞıȦıIJȩIJȡȩʌȠª
ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ijȪIJȡȦıĮȞ ʌȓıȦ ȝȠȣ ijIJİȡȐ ıĮȞ IJȘȢ ȞİȡȐȚįĮȢ ȂʌȠȡȠȪıĮ ȞĮ IJĮ
țȠȣȞȒıȦȝĮįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞĮʌİIJȐȟȦ
ȉȠȩIJȚįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮʌİIJȐȢįİȞıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȦȢįİȞșĮIJȠțĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢʌȠIJȑ țĮȜȒ
ȝȠȣİȓʌİȝȩȜȚȢİȓįİIJȘȞȜȪʌȘıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣ
- ǹțȠȜȠȪșȘıİIJȘȞțȐȡįȚĮıȠȣȀȐȞİȩIJȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚıȦıIJȩȈȣȞȑȤȚıİ
- ĬĮIJȠțȐȞȦİȓʌĮıȣȖțȚȞȘȝȑȞȘ
- ǵȝȦȢıİʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȫıȣȞȑȤȚıİ
ȉȘȞțȠȓIJĮȟĮȝİʌȡȠıȠȤȒ
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ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚȢ įȪȞĮȝȘ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ IJĮ ʌĮȡĮIJȐȢ ȂȩȜȚȢ țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚȢ ȞĮ ijIJȐıİȚȢ
ȥȘȜȐȠȚȐȞİȝȠȚįİȞșĮ ȘıȣȤȐıȠȣȞǺȡİȢIJȠĮıIJȑȡȚ ıȠȣțĮȚ ʌȓıIJİȥİȝİ ȩȜȘ
IJȘȞȥȪȤȘıȠȣȩIJȚșĮIJȠijIJȐıİȚȢıȣȞȑȤȚıİ
- ǼȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ʌȠȜȪ ȞİȡȐȚįĮ ĬĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȒıȦ ʌĮȡȐ ʌȠȜȪ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȒ
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮ
- ȂʌȡȐȕȠȉȫȡĮʌȒȖĮȚȞİǺȜȑʌȦʌȦȢțȐʌȠȚȠȢıİʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚİȓʌİțȚȑijȣȖİ
ǺȡȑșȘțĮȜȠȚʌȩȞıIJȠȞIJȡȓIJȠșȐȝȞȠ
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ȈȣȖȖȞȫȝȘİıİȓȢİȓıIJİȘțȣȡȓĮȈȩȞȚĮȂİȡȫIJȘıİȑȞĮȝȚțȡȩȟȦIJȚțȩ
ȅĮȡȤȘȖȩȢȝȠȣİȓʌİȞĮıĮȢȕȡȦȈĮȢʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚțĮȈȩȞȚĮıȣȞȑȤȚıİIJȠȝȚțȡȩ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȐțȚ
ȈIJȠȕȐșȠȢIJȠȣșȐȝȞȠȣȣʌȒȡȤİȝȚĮȝİȖȐȜȘȝĮȪȡȘʌȩȡIJĮ
-
- ĭIJȐıĮȝİțĮȈȩȞȚĮȂʌİȓIJİȝȑıĮǼȖȫșĮʌİȡȚȝȑȞȦȑȟȦİȓʌİIJȠȟȦIJȚțȩ
DZȞȠȚȟĮ IJȘȞ ʌȩȡIJĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȒțĮ ǼȓįĮ ȑȞĮ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ DzȝİȚȞĮ ȝİ ĮȞȠȚȤIJȩ IJȠ ıIJȩȝĮ
ȂȑıĮȕȡȚıțȩIJĮȞȑȞĮʌİȞIJȐȤȡȠȞȠțȠȡȚIJıȐțȚȂȩȜȚȢȝİİȓįİȑIJȡİȟİıIJȘȞĮȖțĮȜȚȐȝȠȣ
ȂĮȝȐ± ȝĮȝȐijȫȞĮȗİțĮȚȝİʌȒȡİĮȖțĮȜȚȐ
ȆȠȚȐİȓıĮȚǼıȪİȓıĮȚȠĮȡȤȘȖȩȢIJȘȞȡȫIJȘıĮ
ǼıȪ IJȠ ʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȠ ʌĮȚįȓ ȝȑıĮ ıȠȣ ĬȣȝȐıĮȚ ʌȠȣ ıİ ȝȐȜȦȞĮȞ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ țȚ
ȑȜİȖĮȞįİȞțȐȞİȚȢIJȓʌȠIJĮıȦıIJȐİȓʌİįĮțȡȪȗȠȞIJĮȢ
- ǹʌȩİįȫțĮȚʌȑȡĮșĮıİijȡȠȞIJȓȗȦİȖȫIJȘȢİȓʌĮțĮȚIJȘȞʌȒȡĮĮȖțĮȜȚȐ
- ĬĮİijĮȡȝȩȗȦIJȚȢıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢIJȘȢȞİȡȐȚįĮȢĮʌȩİįȫțĮȚʌȑȡĮıțȑijIJȘțĮ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ĮțȠȪıIJȘțİ IJȠ ȟȣʌȞȘIJȒȡȚ ȄȪʌȞȘıĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȫȡĮ ȞĮ ıȘțȦșȫ ȖȚĮ IJȠ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠ
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ȱɏɇɐɒɍɓɀɂɋɋɇəɒɇɈȽɌɘɒɇɈəɐɂȽɎɂɏɀɜȽǣ
‡
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǼȓȝĮıIJİIJĮȟȦIJȚțȐIJȠȣDZȘǺĮıȓȜȘǺĮȡİșȒțĮȝİȞĮįȠȣȜİȪȠȣȝİ
ȫȡİȢIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮȞĮʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȝİIJȩıȠȜȓȖĮȤȡȒȝĮIJĮȞĮIJȡȫȝİıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮȡĮțȐ
ȝİ ȐȞȘșȠ țĮȚ ȖȜȣțȠʌĮIJȐIJİȢ ȝİ ıȐȜIJıĮ ȕĮIJȩȝȠȣȡȠȣ ȞĮ țȠȚȝȩȝĮıIJİ
ıIJȡȚȝȦȖȝȑȞȠȚ ıİ ȝȚțȡȐ țȡİȕĮIJȐțȚĮ țĮȚ ijȣıȚțȐ ȞĮ ijȠȡȐȝİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȖİȜȠȓİȢ
ıIJȠȜȑȢȀȐȞȠȣȝİĮʌİȡȖȓĮȝȑȤȡȚȞĮįȚțĮȚȦșȠȪȝİȈȣȞİȤȓıIJİIJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮ
ȉĮ ȟȦIJȚțȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ șȑȜȦ ȝĮȢ Ƞ DZȘ ǺĮıȓȜȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ȣʌȠIJȚșȑȝİȞȠȚ țĮȜȠȓ
ȖȠȞİȓȢįȐıțĮȜȠȓȝĮȢijȓȜȠȚȝĮȢǵȜȠȚĮȣIJȠȓȩȤȚȝİİʌȚșİIJȚțȒĮȜȜȐȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐșĮıIJİȞĮȤȦȡȚȩȝȠȣȞĮȞįİȞȑțĮȞİȢĮȣIJȩșĮıIJİȞĮȤȦȡȒıİȚȢ
ĮȣIJȩȞ ʌȠȣ ı¶ ĮȖĮʌȐİȚ ȃȩȝȚȗĮ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ țĮȜȩ țȜʌ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩȢ
İțȕȚĮıȝȩȢ ǺȐȜİ IJĮ ȟȦIJȚțȐ ȞĮ ȝȚȜȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȞĮ
İțijȡȐȗȠȣȞIJȠȣȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢIJȠȣȢIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȢȞĮȕȐȗȠȣȞ IJĮ
ȩȡȚȐIJȠȣȢǵȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȐȞIJĮıIJȠȝȠIJȓȕȠȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘȐȖȤȠȢșȣȝȩȢ
ǹȞĮțȐȜȣȥİIJȘȞIJȑȤȞȘIJȘȢįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢīȡȐȥIJİıIJȠ6HDUFKIJȘȢ*RRJOH
įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ șĮ ȕȡİȓIJİ ʌȠȜȜȐ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮ VLWHV ȖȚĮ IJȠ
șȑȝĮ
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ȫɂɏɇɎɚɒɂɇȽɐɂɈɟɐɊɍɊȽɈɏɇɋɟ:
‡
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ĭIJȚȐȟIJİ ȝȚĮ ʌİȡȚʌȑIJİȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ Ȓ
IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓıIJİ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ǺȚțIJȦȡȚĮȞȐ ȆİȡȚʌȜȐȞȘıȘ ı¶ ȑȞĮ
țȠȣțȜȩıʌȚIJȠ ± ȥȐȤȞȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠ ʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȠ ʌĮȚįȓ ȝȑıĮ ȝȠȣ Steampunk
ȉĮȟȓįȚıIJȠțȑȞIJȡȠIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢȠȖȪȡȠȢIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢıİȜİʌIJȐȉĮȟȓįȚ
ȜİȪȖİȢ ıIJȠ ȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ țȜʌ Ȓ Goth DzȞĮ țȠȡȐțȚ >IJȠ id@ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȐșȣȡȩ
ȝȠȣ. ȆȡȠıșȑıIJİ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ıȤȠȜȒ ʌȠȣ İȟİIJȐȗİIJİ ȑȞȞȠȚİȢ
ȩʌȦȢ İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢȖİȞİĮȜȠȖȚțȩįȑȞįȡȠĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒĮȣIJȠʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦıȘțȜʌ
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȴɀɖɍɑǣ
Ȯɏɂɇɑɂɓɖɚɑǣ
x
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ĭĮȞIJĮıIJİȓIJİ ʌȦȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ IJȠȣ ıʌȚIJȚȠȪ ıĮȢ
ȕȡȒțĮIJİ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȉȠ IJȡȓȕİIJİ țĮȚ țȐȞİIJİ IJȡİȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
țĮIJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıİIJİ IJȘ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ ȀȐȞIJİ
İȣȤȑȢʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞȝȩȞȠIJȚȢįȚțȑȢıĮȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢțĮȚȩȤȚIJȚȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɎɏɣɒɄǣ
ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ țȚ ȑȞĮȞ țĮȚȡȩ ıIJĮ ȕȐșȘ IJȠȣ ȝȣĮȜȠȪ ıȣȗȘIJȠȪıĮȞ ȠȚ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ȝȠȣ
ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣȢ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ıIJȠ ĮȞĮȝȝȑȞȠ IJȗȐțȚ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȒȢ șĮȜʌȦȡȒȢ IJȦȞ
ȟȑȖȞȠȚĮıIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞȝȠȣȤȡȩȞȦȞȂȐȜȦȞĮȞıĮȞȝȚțȡȐʌĮȚįȚȐȠȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢ 162 ȝİIJȚȢ
șİIJȚțȑȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ȝȠȣ Ǿ ıȠijȒ ȖȚĮȖȚȐ ʌȠȣ ȜİȖȩIJĮȞ ǼȣijȡȠıȪȞȘ163 țĮșȘıȪȤĮıİ IJȚȢ
ıțȑȥİȚȢȝȠȣȉȠȣȢįȚȘȖȒșȘțİȑȞĮʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚ
ȀȐʌȠIJİ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝĮțȡȚȞȩ ȕĮıȓȜİȚȠ ȗȠȪıİ ȝȚĮ ȝȚțȡȒ ʌȡȚȖțȚʌȠʌȠȪȜĮ ʌȠȣ IJȘȞ
ȑȜİȖĮȞ ȃİijȑȜȘ ȂİIJȐ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮȞ țĮȕȖȐ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ IJȘȢ Ș ȝȚțȡȒ ʌȡȚȖțȓʌȚııĮ
țȜİȚįȫșȘțİ ıIJȠ ȞIJȠȣȜȐʌȚ țȐIJȦ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ıțȐȜİȢ ǹȚIJȓĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ijȠȡȐ IJȠ
țĮIJĮʌȚİıIJȚțȩǺĮıȚȜȚțȩȆȡȦIJȩțȠȜȜȠIJĮ©ʌȡȑʌİȚªIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞIJȘȢ ǼțİȓȑțȜĮȚȖİȖȚĮ
ȫȡİȢȝȑȤȡȚ ʌȠȣĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥİȑȞĮȝĮȖȚțȩıİȞIJȠȪțȚȂȩȜȚȢIJȠȐȞȠȚȟİȕȡȒțİȝȑıĮȑȞĮ
ȝİȞIJĮȖȚȩȞ ȂĮȖİȝȑȞȘ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȠȝȠȡijȚȐ IJȠȣ Ș ȝȚțȡȒ ʌȡȚȖțȓʌȚııĮ IJȠ ȐȞȠȚȟİ ȉȚ
ȑțʌȜȘȟȘ dzIJĮȞ ȝȚĮ ȝĮȖȚțȒ ʌȪȜȘ ʌȠȣ ȠįȘȖȠȪıİ ıİ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȟİȞȠ țȚ ĮțȩȝȘ ʌȚȠ
ȝĮțȡȚȞȩȝȑȡȠȢĮʌȩIJȠȕĮıȓȜİȚȠǵIJĮȞȘțȠʌȑȜĮȕȡȑșȘțİİțİȓIJĮʌȐȞIJĮıțȠIJİȓȞȚĮıĮȞ
ijȠȕȒșȘțİ țĮȚ șȑȜȘıİ ȞĮ ijȪȖİȚ ȂĮ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȩȞȘ țĮȚ İȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞȘ
ȀĮȞİȓȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȞĮ ȕȡİȚ ʌȠȣ İȓȤİ ʌȐİȚ dzIJĮȞ ĮȩȡĮIJȘ ı¶ ȑȞĮȞ ĮșȑĮIJȠ țȩıȝȠ
DzIJȡİȤİșȑȜȠȞIJĮȢȞĮțȜȐȥİȚȂĮįİȞȑțȜĮȥİijȠȕȩIJĮȞȝȘȞțĮIJĮȜȐȕȠȣȞȠȚȐȜȜȠȚʌȦȢ
ȒIJĮȞİȣȐȜȦIJȘțĮȚijȠȕȚıȝȑȞȘ țĮȚȞĮșİȜȒıȠȣȞȞĮIJȘȢțȐȞȠȣȞ țĮțȩ.
ȀȐʌȠȚĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ țȠȓIJĮȟİ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ IJȘȢ țĮȚ İȓįİ ȑȞĮ İțIJȣijȜȦIJȚțȩ ijȦȢ
ȆȡȠȤȫȡȘıİ ĮȞ țĮȚ ijȠȕȩIJĮȞ ȆȓıIJİȣİ ʌȦȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ș ȝȠȞĮįȚțȒ ȜȪıȘ ʌȠȣ İȓȤİ DzIJıȚ
ȠįȘȖȒșȘțİ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ıİ ȑȞĮ IJİȡȐıIJȚȠ įȑȞIJȡȠ ȈIJĮ țȜĮįȚȐ IJȠȣ țȡȑȝȠȞIJĮȞ ȝĮȖȚțȐ
țȜİȚįȚȐǾțȠʌȑȜĮijȠȕȩIJĮȞʌȠȜȪȉȠįȑȞIJȡȠIJȠ ĮȞIJȚȜȒijșȘțİĮȣIJȩțĮȚșȑȜȠȞIJĮȢȞĮIJȘ
ȕȠȘșȒıİȚİȓʌİ©ȆȡȚȖțȓʌȚııȐȝȠȣIJĮıȑȕȘȝȠȣȈȠȣʌȡȠıijȑȡȦĮȣIJȩIJȠțȜİȚįȓȖȚĮȞĮ
ȟİțȜİȚįȫıİȚȢIJȠȣȢijȩȕȠȣȢıȠȣªȋĮȝȒȜȦıİȑȞĮĮʌȩIJĮțȜĮįȚȐIJȠȣțĮȚĮʌȓșȦıİıIJĮ
162
ȆȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞİȢȚįȑİȢȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝĮȢIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢIJȘȞȗȦȒțĮȚIJȠȝȑȜȜȠȞ
ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ ©ijȣIJȑȥİȚª ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ ȝĮȢ ıIJĮ ʌĮȚįȚțȐ ȝĮȢ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ ȝĮȢ
İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞȞĮįȠȪȝİIJȘȗȦȒȤȦȡȓȢʌȡȠțĮIJĮȜȒȥİȚȢ
163
ȈȪȝȕȠȜȠIJȠȣǼĮȣIJȠȪ± ǼȖȫ
230
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤȑȡȚĮ IJȘȢ țȠʌȑȜĮȢ ȑȞĮ ĮıȘȝȑȞȚȠ țȜİȚįȓ ǹȣIJȩ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ ijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗİȚ ȖȪȡȦ IJȘȢ țĮȚ
ȝİIJȐȑʌİıİıIJȠȑįĮijȠȢȉȠȝȐȗİȥİțĮȚIJȠțȡĮIJȠȪıİıijȚȤIJȐıIJȠįİȟȓIJȘȢȤȑȡȚ
ȉȩIJİ ȟĮijȞȚțȐ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ IJȘȢ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțĮȞ IJȡİȚȢ ʌȩȡIJİȢ DZȞȠȚȟİ IJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ
ǹȞIJȓțȡȚıİ ȩȜĮ ȩıĮ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮʌȓİȗĮȞ164 Ǿ țȠʌȑȜĮ ʌİȡȚijȑȡȠȞIJĮȞ ıİ ȝȚĮ ĮȓșȠȣıĮ
ȖİȝȐIJȘ ȡȠȜȩȖȚĮ ȋIJȣʌȠȪıĮȞ İțȞİȣȡȚıIJȚțȐ țȐșİ IJȡİȚȢ țĮȚ ȜȓȖȠ ǹțȠȪȖȠȞIJĮȞ ıȣȤȞȐ
ʌȣțȞȐ ijȦȞȑȢ ©ȃİijȑȜȘ įȚȐȕĮıİ IJĮ ȝĮșȒȝĮIJȐ ıȠȣ ǹțȩȝȘ įİȞ ȑijĮȖİȢ ș¶ ĮȡȖȒıİȚȢ
ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȉȚ ʌĮȚįȓ İȓıĮȚ İıȪ ȂĮȢ IJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡİȓȢ ȉȚ șĮ țȐȞİȚȢ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ ıȠȣ
ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȝȚȜȐȢ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ȟȑȞİȢ ȖȜȫııİȢ ʌȦȢ șĮ ȕĮıȚȜȑȥİȚȢ țȠȡȓIJıȚ ȝȠȣª DZȖȤȠȢ
IJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮ ȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮ țĮȚ țȡȪȠȢ ȚįȡȫIJĮȢ ıIJȠȓȤİȚȦıĮȞ IJȠ țȠȡȝȓ IJȘȢ DzIJȡİȝİ
ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘ DzȞȚȦșİ ȞĮ ʌȞȓȖİIJĮȚ ǹȝȑıȦȢ IJȠ țȠȡȓIJıȚ İȖțĮIJȑȜİȚȥİ ʌĮȞȚțȩȕȜȘIJȠ IJȘȞ
ĮȓșȠȣıĮȂİIJȐȐȞȠȚȟİIJȘįİȪIJİȡȘʌȩȡIJĮȉȩIJİİȓįİIJĮșȑȜȦIJȘȢ 165ȆİȡȚʌȜĮȞȚȩIJĮȞ ı¶
ȑȞĮ ȜȚȕȐįȚ ȖİȝȐIJȠ ȜȠȣȜȠȪįȚĮ ȂȚțȡȑȢ ȞİȡȐȚįİȢ ijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗȠȣȞ ʌĮȞIJȠȪ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ȥȚșȪȡȚȗĮȞʌĮȚȤȞȚįȚȐȡȚțĮ©ȆĮȓȟİȝĮȗȓȝĮȢȄİțȠȣȡȐıȠȣǺȖİȢȝİIJȚȢijȓȜİȢıȠȣȀȠȓIJĮ
IJȚȦȡĮȓȠȖȜȣțȩǺȡİȢțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠȤȩȝʌȚªȉȠțȠȡȓIJıȚʌİȡȞȠȪıİțĮȜȐĮȜȜȐʌĮȡȐȒIJĮȞ
ĮȞȑȝİȜĮ ıİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ ȉȑȜȠȢ ȐȞȠȚȟİ IJȘȞ IJȡȓIJȘ ʌȩȡIJĮ166 Ǽțİȓ İȓįİ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȖȚțȩ
ȤȦȡȚȩ ǹʌȠijȐıȚıİ ȞĮ IJȠ İʌȚıțİijșİȓ ȉȠ ȩȞȠȝȐ IJȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ©İȣȤȠȤȦȡȚȩª Ȉ¶ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ
ȝȑȡȠȢ țȐșİ İʌȚıțȑʌIJȘȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ IJȡİȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȉȩIJİ IJȠ țȜİȚįȓ
ȝİIJĮȝȠȡijȫșȘțİı¶ ȑȞĮȝĮȖȚțȩȜȣȤȞȐȡȚȉȘȢİȟȒȖȘıİʌȦȢİȐȞIJȠIJȡȓȥİȚșĮȑȤİȚıIJȘ
įȚȐșİıȒIJȘȢIJȡİȚȢİȣȤȑȢʌȠȣȩȝȦȢșĮȑʌȡİʌİȞĮIJȚȢȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚıȣȞİIJȐ
Ǿ ʌȡȫIJȘ IJȘȢ İȣȤȒ ȒIJĮȞ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȞȚȫșİȚ ȐȤȡȘıIJȘ Ǿ įİȪIJİȡȘ Ȟ¶ ĮțȠȪİȚ IJȘȞ
țĮȡįȚȐțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮIJȘȢǾIJȡȓIJȘİȣȤȒIJȘȢȒIJĮȞȞĮıʌȐıİȚIJȚȢĮȜȣıȓįİȢIJȦȞ
©ʌȡȑʌİȚª IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȐȜİȚ IJĮ ȩȡȚĮ IJȘȢ167 ȆİȡȓȝİȞİ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ
ȉȓʌȠIJĮijĮȚȞȩIJĮȞȞĮȝȘȞȐȜȜĮȟİȉȩIJİİȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİȝȚĮțĮȜȩțĮȡįȘıȠijȒȖȡȚȐ©ǵIJȚ
ȗȒIJȘıİȢ ȑȖȚȞݪ IJȘȢ İȓʌİ ©ȂĮ ʌȦȢª ĮȞĮȡȦIJȒșȘțİ Ș ȝȚțȡȒ ʌȡȚȖțȓʌȚııĮ ©ȂȩȜȚȢ
ȕȡȒțİȢ IJȚȢ ĮȚIJȓİȢ IJȠȣ ȐȖȤȠȣȢ ıȠȣª168 ȂȚĮ țĮțȚȐ ȝȐȖȚııĮ İȓȤİ ȝĮȖȑȥİȚ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ
ıȠȣțĮȚįİȞıȠȣȑȜİȖĮȞȜȩȖȚĮIJȡȣijİȡȐʌȜȒȖȦȞĮȞțĮȚijȓȝȦȞĮȞIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐıȠȣțĮȚ
ijȣȜȐțȚȗĮȞIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢıȠȣ169ȉȫȡĮȜȪșȘțĮȞIJĮȝȐȖȚĮīȪȡȞĮıIJȠıʌȓIJȚıȠȣțĮȚșĮ
İȓıĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢª DzIJıȚ țȚ ȑȖȚȞİ īȪȡȚıİ ʌȓıȦ Ș ʌȡȚȖțȓʌȚııĮ țĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȩIJİ ȠȚ
ȖȠȞİȓȢIJȘȢIJȘȞȐțȠȣȖĮȞįİȞIJȘȞʌȜȒȖȦȞĮȞțĮȚįİȞIJȘȞțĮIJĮʌȓİȗĮȞª
©ȍȡĮȓȠ ʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚ ȖȚĮȖȚȐª İȓʌĮȞ ȠȚ șİIJȚțȑȢ ıțȑȥİȚȢ ıIJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ ȝȠȣ ȅȚ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢ ıȚȦʌȠȪıĮȞ İȓȤĮȞ İȟĮijĮȞȚıșİȓ Ǿ ıȠijȒ ȖȚĮȖȚȐ ǼȣijȡȠıȪȞȘ ıțȑʌĮıİ IJȘȞ
IJĮȡĮȖȝȑȞȘțĮȡįȚȐıIJȠȡȖȚțȐțĮȚıijȐȜȚıİIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣȝİıIJȠȡȖȒDZȜȜȘȝȚĮȝȑȡĮİȓȤİ
IJİȜİȚȫıİȚțĮȚIJȠȐȖȤȠȢİȓȤİijȪȖİȚȝĮțȡȚȐ
ǺȈ
164
ȉȠȊʌİȡȖȫ
ȉȠǼțİȓȞȠ± id ȑȞıIJȚțIJĮ
166
ǾıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ
167
ȉĮĮȓIJȚĮIJȠȣȐȖȤȠȣȢ
168
ǹȣIJȠıȣȞİȓįȘıȘ
169
ȉĮĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞĮIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞ
165
231
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɁɂɠɒɂɏɄǣ
ȆȡȠȤșȑȢȝİIJĮțȠȝȓıĮȝİıIJȠțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠıʌȓIJȚ İȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠȩȝȠȡijȠțĮȚȝİȖȐȜȠ
ǼȓȞĮȚ IJȡȚȫȡȠijȠ ȝȩȜȚȢ ȝʌĮȓȞİȚȢ ıȣȞĮȞIJȐȢ ȑȞĮ IJİȡȐıIJȚȠ ıĮȜȩȞȚ ȝȚĮ ʌȠȜȪ ȝİȖȐȜȘ
IJȡĮʌİȗĮȡȓĮ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ĮțȩȝĮ ʌȚȠ ȝİȖȐȜȘ țȠȣȗȓȞĮ ȈIJȠȞ įİȪIJİȡȠ ȩȡȠijȠ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ
ȣʌȞȠįȦȝȐIJȚĮ İȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȖȚĮ
ȝİȞĮȑȞĮȖȚĮIJȘȞĮįİȜijȒȝȠȣțĮȚȑȞĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢ
ȝȠȣ ǾȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣȝİ ȐijȘıİ ȞĮ ʌȐȡȦ ȩʌȠȚȠ șȑȜȦ ȝĮ İȖȫ įİȞ șȑȜȘıĮ țĮȞȑȞĮ Įʌȩ
ĮȣIJȐIJĮIJȡȓĮĮȞțĮȚȒIJĮȞțĮȚIJĮʌȠȜȪȝİȖȐȜĮțĮȚijȦIJİȚȞȐ İȖȫșȑȜȘıĮȞĮȑȤȦıĮȞ
įȦȝȐIJȚȠ IJȘȞ ıȠijȓIJĮ Ǿ ıȠijȓIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ıțȠIJİȚȞȩ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ ʌȠȣ įİȞ IJȠ ȑȜȠȣȗĮȞ
țĮșȩȜȠȣ ȠȚ ĮțIJȓȞİȢ IJȠȣ ȒȜȚȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȠ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȩȞȠ ʌȠȣ İȓȤİ ȝȑıĮ ȒIJĮȞ
ȑȜĮȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ șĮȡȡȫʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȝĮȖȚțȩ
DzIJıȚ ȝȚĮ ȝȑȡĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȜİȚʌĮȞ ȩȜȠȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıʌȓIJȚ İȓʌĮ ȞĮ įȦ ĮȞ ȩȞIJȦȢ ȒIJĮȞ
ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȆȒȖĮȜȠȚʌȩȞıIJȘȞıȠijȓIJĮțĮȚȑțĮȞĮĮȣIJȩʌȠȣİȓȤİțȐȞİȚțȐʌȠIJİ ȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
IJȠȣʌĮȡĮȝȣșȚȠȪȑIJȡȚȥĮȝİIJĮȤȑȡȚĮȝȠȣIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚȞĮįȦĮȞșĮȕȖİȚțȐȞĮIJȗȓȞȚĮʌȩ
ȝȑıĮ DzʌȚĮıİ įİȞ ʌȓıIJİȣĮıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȑȞĮIJȗȓȞȚıIJİțȩIJĮȞ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ȝȠȣȡȦIJȫȞIJĮȢȝİ
ʌȠȚȑȢİȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ İȣȤȑȢʌȠȣșȑȜȦ ȞĮȝȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ǼȖȫȤȦȡȓȢİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢțĮȚ
įȚıIJĮȖȝȠȪȢİȓʌĮțĮIJİȣșİȓĮȞIJȚȢİȣȤȑȢȝȠȣıIJȠIJȗȓȞȚ
Ǿ ʌȡȫIJȘ ȝȠȣ İȣȤȒ ȒIJĮȞ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȑıȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıȦ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚ țȡȓıİȚȢ
ȐȖȤȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ȝİ ʌȚȐȞȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȝȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ʌȠȜȜȐ ȞİȪȡĮ ȉȠ IJȗȓȞȚ ĮʌȐȞIJȘıİ
©ȆȓıIJİȥİıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣțĮȚșĮįİȚȢªǾįİȪIJİȡȘȒIJĮȞȞĮıIJĮȝĮIJȒıȦȖȚĮȝȚĮijȠȡȐ
IJȠȞȤȡȩȞȠ ıİȝȚĮıIJȚȖȝȒĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȘ dzȡșİıIJȠȞȠȣȝȠȣIJȩIJİȘʌĮȚįȚțȒȝȠȣȘȜȚțȓĮ
IJȩIJİ ʌȠȣ įİȤȩȝȠȣȞĮ ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ ʌȡȚȞ ĮȡȤȓıȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȑȢ
ĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢ Įʌȩ ȝȑȞĮ ȀĮȚ Ș IJȡȓIJȘ ȝȠȣ İȣȤȒ ȒIJĮȞ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȡȖȘșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ȕĮșȝȠȓ IJȠȣ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣȖȚĮȞĮȕȡȠȪȝİȩȜȠȚIJȘȞȘıȣȤȓĮȝĮȢ ȉȩIJİIJȠIJȗȓȞȚȝȠȣİȓʌİ ©ǹȞʌȘȖĮȓȞİȚȢ
ıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȖȚĮIJȓșȑȜİȚȢȞĮȝȐșİȚȢțȚȩȤȚȖȚĮIJȓıİıIJȑȜȞȠȣȞșĮȕİȜIJȚȦșȠȪȞȠȚȕĮșȝȠȓ
ıȠȣțĮȚįİȞșĮĮȖȤȫȞİıĮȚʌȚĮª
ǹijȠȪȑțĮȞĮIJȚȢİȣȤȑȢȝȠȣIJȠIJȗȓȞȚȝȠȣİȓʌİȑȞĮĮʌȜȩİȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫțĮȚȝİIJȐįİȞ
IJȠ ȟĮȞĮİȓįĮ ʌȠIJȑ ıIJȘȞ ȗȦȒ ȝȠȣ ǵıȠ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȝȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ ȩȜİȢ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșȫȞIJĮȢIJȚȢıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢʌȠȣȝȠȣȑįȦıİ.
ǼȀȃȚijȐįĮ
232
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɒɏɜɒɄǣ
ȆȡȠȤșȑȢ ȝİIJĮțȠȝȓıĮȝİ ıIJȠ țĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠ ȝĮȢ ıʌȓIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ ȩȝȠȡijȠ țĮȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȠ ǼȓȞĮȚ IJȡȚȫȡȠijȠ ȝȩȜȚȢ ȝʌĮȓȞİȚȢ ıȣȞĮȞIJȐȢ ȑȞĮ IJİȡȐıIJȚȠ ıĮȜȩȞȚ ȝȚĮ ʌȠȜȪ
ȝİȖȐȜȘ IJȡĮʌİȗĮȡȓĮ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ĮțȩȝĮ ʌȚȠ ȝİȖȐȜȘ țȠȣȗȓȞĮ ȈIJȠȞ įİȪIJİȡȠ ȩȡȠijȠ
ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚIJĮȣʌȞȠįȦȝȐIJȚĮ İȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȖȚĮȝȑȞĮ, ȑȞĮȖȚĮIJȘȞĮįİȜijȒȝȠȣțĮȚȑȞĮȖȚĮ
IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ ȝȠȣ Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ ȝİ ȐijȘıİ ȞĮ ʌȐȡȦ ȩʌȠȚȠ șȑȜȦ ȝĮ İȖȫ įİȞ șȑȜȘıĮ
țĮȞȑȞĮĮʌȩĮȣIJȐIJĮIJȡȓĮĮȞțĮȚȒIJĮȞțĮȚIJĮʌȠȜȪȝİȖȐȜĮțĮȚijȦIJİȚȞȐ İȖȫșȑȜȘıĮ
ȞĮ ȑȤȦ ıĮȞ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ IJȘȞ ıȠijȓIJĮ Ǿ ıȠijȓIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ ıțȠIJİȚȞȩ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ ʌȠȣ įİȞ IJȠ
ȑȕȜİʌĮȞ țĮșȩȜȠȣȠȚĮțIJȓȞİȢIJȠȣȒȜȚȠȣ ȒIJĮȞĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȠțĮȚIJȠȝȩȞȠʌȠȣİȓȤİȝȑıĮ
ȒIJĮȞȑȜĮȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ șĮȡȡȫʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȝĮȖȚțȩ DzIJıȚȝȚĮȝȑȡĮʌȠȣȑȜİȚʌĮȞȩȜȠȚĮʌȩIJȠ
ıʌȓIJȚ İȓʌĮ ȞĮ įȦ ĮȞ ȩȞIJȦȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȆȒȖĮ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ıIJȘȞ ıȠijȓIJĮ țĮȚ ȑțĮȞĮ ĮȣIJȩ
ʌȠȣİȓȤİțȐȞİȚțȐʌȠIJİıİȑȞĮʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞȑIJȡȚȥĮȝİIJĮȤȑȡȚĮȝȠȣIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ
ȞĮ įȦ ĮȞ șĮ ȕȖİȚ țȐȞĮ IJȗȓȞȚ Įʌȩ ȝȑıĮ DzʌȚĮıİ įİȞ ʌȓıIJİȣĮ ıIJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ ȑȞĮ IJȗȓȞȚ
ıIJİțȩIJĮȞ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ȝȠȣ ȡȦIJȫȞIJĮȢ ȝİ ʌȠȚȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ İȣȤȑȢ ʌȠȣ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ ȝȠȣ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ǼȖȫ ȤȦȡȓȢ İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ įȚıIJĮȖȝȠȪȢ İȓʌĮ țĮIJİȣșİȓĮȞ IJȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ
ȝȠȣ ıIJȠ IJȗȓȞȚ Ǿ ʌȡȫIJȘ ȝȠȣ İȣȤȒ ȒIJĮȞ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȑıȦ ȞĮ țĮIJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıȦ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚ
țȡȓıİȚȢȐȖȤȠȣȢʌȠȣȝİʌȚȐȞȠȣȞțĮȚȝȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞʌȠȜȜȐȞİȪȡĮ ǾįİȪIJİȡȘȒIJĮȞȞĮ
ıIJĮȝĮIJȒıȦȖȚĮȝȚĮijȠȡȐIJȠȞȤȡȩȞȠ ıİȝȚĮıIJȚȖȝȒĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȘ ȀĮȚȘIJȡȓIJȘȝȠȣİȣȤȒ
ȒIJĮȞ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȡȖȘșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ȕĮșȝȠȓ IJȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȪȝİ ȩȜȠȚ IJȘȞ ȘıȣȤȓĮ ȝĮȢ
ǹijȠȪ ȑțĮȞĮ IJȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȝȠȣ IJȠ IJȗȓȞȚ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİ ȑȞĮ ĮʌȜȩ İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ țĮȚ ȝİIJȐ įİȞ IJȠ
ȟĮȞĮİȓįĮʌȠIJȑıIJȘȞȗȦȒȝȠȣ ǵıȠȖȚĮIJȚȢİȣȤȑȢȝȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞȩȜİȢİțIJȩȢ
ĮʌȩIJȘȞȉȡȓIJȘ ȖȚĮIJȓIJȠIJȗȓȞȚȝȠȣİȓʌİʌȦȢįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮĮȜȜȐȟȠȣȝİIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ
ĮȜȜȐIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠʌȠȣIJĮȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİ.
ȀǼ(ȃȚijȐįĮ) 8/5/2012
233
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȣɓɊɟɑǣ
ȮɍɊȽɀɇɈɟɉɓɖɋəɏɇɈȽɇɍɇɒɏɂɇɑɂɓɖɚɑǣ
x
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ĭĮȞIJĮıIJİȓIJİ ʌȦȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ IJȠȣ ıʌȚIJȚȠȪ ıĮȢ
ȕȡȒțĮIJİ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȉȠ IJȡȓȕİIJİ țĮȚ țȐȞİIJİ IJȡİȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
țĮIJĮʌȠȜİȝȒıİIJİ IJȘ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ ȀȐȞIJİ
İȣȤȑȢʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞȝȩȞȠIJȚȢįȚțȑȢıĮȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢțĮȚȩȤȚIJȚȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
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ȂȚĮijȠȡȐțĮȚȑȞĮȞțĮȚȡȩıİȝȓĮȝĮțȡȚȞȒʌȩȜȘȗȠȪıİȑȞĮʌĮȚįȓȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
ȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞİȓȤİȑȞĮıȠȕĮȡȩʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮIJȚșĮıİȪıİȚIJȠșȣȝȩIJȠȣȝİ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮȝʌȜȑțİȚıİțĮȕȖȐįİȢțĮȚȞĮȑȤİȚıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝʌİȜȐįİȢȂȚĮȝȑȡĮȩȝȦȢ
IJȠʌĮȡȐțĮȞİȆȒȡİȝȠȞȠȒȝİȡȘĮʌȠȕȠȜȒĮʌȩIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠİʌİȚįȒIJıĮțȫșȘțİȐȖȡȚĮȝİ
ȑȞĮȞțĮșȘȖȘIJȒīȪȡȚıİıIJȠıʌȓIJȚʌȣȡțĮȚȝĮȞȓĮ
©ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ IJȚ ȑȖȚȞİ; īȚĮIJȓ įİȞ İȓıĮȚ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ;ª İȓʌİ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ IJȠȣ
ȝȩȜȚȢIJȠȞİȓįİ
©ȆĮȡȐIJĮȝİțĮȚİıȪªIJȘȢĮʌȐȞIJȘıİșȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢ
ȀĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȖȜȣIJȫıİȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ țĮIJİȣșȪȞșȘțİ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘ
ıȠijȓIJĮĮȞIJȓȞĮʌȐİȚıIJȠįȦȝȐIJȚȠIJȠȣ
Ǿ ıȠijȓIJĮ ȒIJĮȞ Ș IJȑȜİȚĮ țȡȣȥȫȞĮ ȀȡȣȕȩIJĮȞ ıȣȤȞȐ İțİȓ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȖȜȣIJȫıİȚ
ĮʌȩIJȚȢijȦȞȑȢIJȚȢȝȐȞĮȢIJȠȣțĮȚIJȚȢȖȡȠșȚȑȢIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮIJȠȣǼțİȓȝȑıĮȑȕȡȚıțİ IJȘȞ
ȘıȣȤȓĮIJȠȣțĮȚȑȕȖĮȚȞİȩIJĮȞIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȘȡİȝȠȪıĮȞ
Ǽțİȓ ʌȠȣ țĮșȩIJĮȞ ȝȩȞȠȢ ʌȡȩıİȟİ țȐIJȚ ʌȠȣ įİȞ İȓȤİ ȟĮȞĮįİȓ DzȞĮ Ȥȡȣıȩ
ȤİȡȠȪȜȚ ȞĮȖȣĮȜȓȗİȚ ĮȞȐȝİıĮıİįȚȐijȠȡĮȐȜȜĮ ȐȤȡȘıIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȆȒȖİțȠȞIJȐțĮȚ
IJȠ IJȡȐȕȘȟİ dzIJĮȞ ȑȞĮ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ IJȠȣ IJȠ İȓȤĮȞ ĮȖȠȡȐıİȚ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȒȖĮȞ ıIJȘȞ
ǿȞįȓĮ
©DzȞĮȜȣȤȞȐȡȚªȝȠȣȡȝȠȪȡȚıİİȚȡȦȞȚțȐ ©ȁİȢțĮȚĮȞIJȠIJȡȓȥȦ
ȩȜĮIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣșĮȜȣșȠȪȞª
ȉȠʌȒȡİıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȠȣțĮȚȐȡȤȚıİȞĮIJȠIJȡȓȕİȚȝİȝĮȞȓĮȀĮȚIJȩIJİȑȖȚȞİțȐIJȚ
ĮʌȓıIJİȣIJȠ ȉȠ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ IJȡĮȞIJȐȗİIJĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȐ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕȖȐȗİȚ țĮʌȞȩ ȀĮȚ
ȟĮijȞȚțȐĮțȠȪıIJȘțİȝȚĮijȦȞȒȞĮȜȑİȚ
©ǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢİȓȝĮȚİȜİȪșİȡȠȢª
DzțȜİȚıİ IJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ IJȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣșİȓ Įʌȩ IJȠ İțIJȣijȜȦIJȚțȩ ijȦȢ ʌȠȣ
ȑȕȖĮȗİIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚǵIJĮȞIJĮȐȞȠȚȟİĮȞIJȓțȡȚıİʌȡȠȢȝİȖȐȜȘIJȠȣȑțʌȜȘȟȘȑȞĮȞȥȘȜȩ
țĮȚʌİȡȓİȡȖȠȐȞIJȡĮ
234
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
©ȀĮȜȘıʌȑȡĮ ȞİĮȡȑ ĮijȑȞIJȘª İȓʌİ Ƞ ȝȣıIJȘȡȚȫįȘȢ ȐȞIJȡĮȢ ıIJȠȞ
ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞʌȡȚȞİțİȓȞȠȢʌȡȠȜȐȕİȚȞĮʌİȚIJȓʌȠIJĮ©ǼȓȝĮȚȠȈʌȪȡȠȢIJȠIJȗȓȞȚțĮȚȖȚĮ
ȞĮıİİȣȤĮȡȚıIJȒıȦʌȠȣȝİİȜİȣșȑȡȦıİȢșĮıȠȣȤĮȡȓıȦIJȡİȚȢİȣȤȑȢª
©DzȞĮ IJȗIJȗȚ IJȗȓȞȚª İȓʌİ Ƞ ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ IJȡĮȣȜȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ ©ǻİ
ȝʌ«ȝʌȠȡȡȫ ȞĮIJȠʌȚıIJȑȥȦª
©ȃĮȚİȓȝĮȚȑȞĮIJȗȓȞȚțĮȚșĮıİȕȠȘșȒıȦȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıİȚȢIJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮıȠȣȝİIJȡİȚȢİȣȤȑȢȆİȢȝȠȣIJȫȡĮȝȚțȡȑIJȚıİĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓ"ª
ȉȚIJȠȞĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪıİ; ǻİȞȒIJĮȞțĮȚIJȩıȠįȪıțȠȜȘİȡȫIJȘıȘ«
©ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮİȜȑȖȟȦIJȠȞșȣȝȩȝȠȣªĮʌȐȞIJȘıİĮȝȑıȦȢ
©ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ ȂʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ıİ ȕȠȘșȒıȦª IJȠȣ ĮʌȐȞIJȘıİ Ƞ ȈʌȪȡȠȢ
țĮȚȤIJȪʌȘıİįȣȞĮIJȐIJĮįȐȤIJȣȜȐIJȠȣ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐ Ș İȚțȩȞĮ IJȘȢ ıȠijȓIJĮȢ İȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ ǵȜĮ ȑȖȚȞĮȞ ıțȠIJİȚȞȐ țĮȚ Ƞ
ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ ȑȞȚȦșİ ıĮȞ ȞĮ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȖȚȖȐȞIJȚȠ ʌİȡȚıIJȡİijȩȝİȞȠ IJȠȪȞİȜ țĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ
ȝİȖȐȜȠȢȝĮȖȞȒIJȘȢIJȠȞ IJȡĮȕȠȪıİ ʌȡȠȢIJĮʌȓıȦǻİȞȒIJĮȞİȣȤȐȡȚıIJȘĮȓıșȘıȘǹȜȜȐ
ȩIJĮȞȐȡȤȚıİȞĮȗĮȜȓȗİIJĮȚ . . . . . ȂȆǹȂȆȡȠıȖİȚȫșȘțİȝİIJĮȝȠȪIJȡĮıİȑȞĮȖȞȦıIJȩ
ʌȐIJȦȝĮǼȓȤİȕȡİșİȓıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠıIJȘȞIJȐȟȘIJȠȣȠȜȠȝȩȞĮȤȠȢȅȈʌȪȡȠȢȒIJĮȞįȓʌȜĮ
IJȠȣ
©ȂĮ IJȚ ıIJȠ țĮȜȩ țȐȞİȚȢ; Ȃİ ȑijİȡİȢ ıIJȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ; DzȤȦ ʌȐȡİȚ
ĮʌȠȕȠȜȒĮȞȝİȕȡȠȣȞİįȫșĮȝʌȜȑȟȦȐıȤȘȝĮªIJȠȣijȫȞĮȟİİȟĮȖȡȚȦȝȑȞȠȢ
©ȂȘȞ ĮȞȘıȣȤİȓȢ ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ țĮȞİȓȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıİ įİȚ İįȫª
IJȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıİIJȠIJȗȓȞȚ
ȀĮȚijȣıȚțȐİȓȤİįȓțȚȠǼțİȓȞȘIJȘȞıIJȚȖȝȒıIJȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮȝʌȒțİȠȉȐțȘȢȠ
țĮȜȪIJİȡȩȢIJȠȣijȓȜȠȢȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞIJȠȞȤĮȚȡȑIJȘıİĮȜȜȐȠȉȐțȘȢįİȞIJȠȞİȓįİ
©DzȚ ȉȐțȘ ʌȦȢ ʌȐİȚ"ª IJȠȞ ȡȫIJȘıİ ĮȜȜȐ Ƞ ȉȐțȘȢ ıȣȞȑȤȚıİ ȞĮ
IJȠȞĮȖȞȠİȓİʌȚįİȚțIJȚțȐ
ǾțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȒIJĮȞʌȠȜȪʌİȡȓİȡȖȘĮȜȜȐșĮȖȚȞȩIJĮȞʌȠȜȪȤİȚȡȩIJİȡȘīȪȡȚıİ
ʌȡȠȢIJȘȞʌȩȡIJĮțĮȚĮȞIJȓțȡȚıİIJȠȞȓįȚȠIJȠȣIJȠȞ İĮȣIJȩ
- ©ȉȚțȐȞİȚȢȉȐțȘ;ªȡȫIJȘıİȠµİĮȣIJȩȢIJȠȣ¶IJȠȞijȓȜȠIJȠȣ
- ©ȂȚĮȤĮȡȐªIJȠȣĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİİțİȓȞȠȢ
ȀĮȚIJȩIJİȠȒȤȠȢIJȘȢʌȩȡIJĮȢĮțȠȪıIJȘțİȖȚĮIJȡȓIJȘijȠȡȐțĮȚıIJȘȞIJȐȟȘȝʌȒțİ
ȝȚĮʌĮȡȑĮĮȖȠȡȚȫȞ
ȅ ĮȡȤȘȖȩȢ IJȠȣȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ƞ ʌİȡȚȕȩȘIJȠȢ ȂʌȐȝʌȘȢ ȆĮʌĮįȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ IJȠ ʌȚȠ
ĮȞIJȚʌĮșȘIJȚțȩʌĮȚįȓIJȠȣıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ
- ©ȆĮȚįȚȐțȠȚIJȐȟIJİʌȠȚȠȢİȓȞĮȚİįȫªİȓʌİıIJȘȞʌĮȡȑĮIJȠȣȠȂʌȐȝʌȘȢ
©ȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞȝİIJȘȞȝİȖȐȜȘȝȪIJȘªıȣȞȑȤȚıİȖİȜȫȞIJĮȢ©ȉȚȝȪIJȘİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȒȡİ; ǹʌȩIJĮ
Jumbo IJȘȞĮȖȩȡĮıİȢ;ª
- ©ǺȠȪȜȦıİIJȠªIJȠȣijȫȞĮȟİȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞȠȡȖȚıȝȑȞȠȢ
- ©īȚĮIJȓ; ȉȚșĮțȐȞİȚȢ; ĬĮȝİȤIJȣʌȒıİȚȢȝİIJȘȞȝȪIJȘıȠȣ;ª
ǹȣIJȒȒIJĮȞȘıIJĮȖȩȞĮʌȠȣȟİȤİȓȜȚıİIJȠʌȠIJȒȡȚȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞIJȠȣʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠȢ
ijȣıȚțȐIJȠȣİʌȚIJȑșȘțİțĮȚȐȡȤȚıİȞĮIJȠȞȤIJȣʌȐİȚȝİșȣȝȩ
ȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞIJȠȣʌĮȡȩȞIJȠȢİȓȤİȝİȓȞİȚȐȞĮȣįȠȢ
- ©ȀĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚȢIJȫȡĮIJȚȜȐșȠȢȑțĮȞİȢqªIJȠȞȡȫIJȘıİȠȈʌȪȡȠȢ
235
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
- ©ǹȞȒȝȠȣȞȜȓȖȠʌȚȠĮȞİțIJȚțȩȢȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠȠȟȪșȣȝȠȢȓıȦȢȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞĮ
İȜȑȖȟȦIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣʌȚȠİȪțȠȜĮªıțȑijIJȘțİȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ©țĮȚĮȣIJȒșĮİȓȞĮȚȘʌȡȫIJȘ
İȣȤȒȝȠȣİȪȤȠȝĮȚȞĮȒȝȠȣȞʌȚȠ«ª
- ©ȂȘȞȕȚȐȗİıĮȚİȟȣʌȞȐțȚĮªIJȠȣİȓʌİȠȈʌȪȡȠȢįȚĮțȩʌIJȠȞIJĮȢIJȠȞȑȤȦțȚ
ȐȜȜĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮȞĮıȠȣįİȓȟȦªİȓʌİțĮȚȤIJȪʌȘıİȖȚĮȐȜȜȘȝȓĮijȠȡȐIJĮįȐȤIJȣȜȐIJȠȣ
ȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞȑȞȚȦıİʌȐȜȚȩʌȦȢʌȡȚȞıĮȞȞĮIJĮȟȓįİȣİıİȑȞĮIJȠȪȞİȜțĮȚȑȞĮȢ
ȝĮȖȞȒIJȘȢ ȞĮ IJȠȞ IJȡĮȕȠȪıİ ʌȓıȦ ǵIJĮȞ ʌȡȠıȖİȚȫșȘțİ ȕȡȑșȘțİ ıİ ȑȞĮ ıțȠIJİȚȞȩ
ıȠțȐțȚȉȠȝȑȡȠȢȒIJĮȞȖȞȦıIJȩǼįȫıȣȞȒșȚȗİȞĮțȐșİIJİȝİIJȠȞȉȐțȘȩIJĮȞįİȞİȓȤĮȞ
ıȤȠȜİȓȠīȪȡȚıİțĮȚİȓįİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩțĮșȚıȝȑȞȠıİȝȓĮțȠȜȫȞĮdzIJĮȞȝȩȞȠȢIJȠȣ
ĬȣȝȩIJĮȞțĮȜȐĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȝȑȡĮdzIJĮȞȘȝȑȡĮʌȠȣİȓȤİIJıĮțȦșİȓ ȝİIJȠȞȉȐțȘ
ǻİȞİȓȤĮȞȟĮȞĮȝȚȜȒıİȚĮʌȩIJȩIJİȅİĮȣIJȩȢIJȠȣțĮșȩIJĮȞȝȩȞȠȢIJȠȣʌȐȞIJĮțĮȚȑȕȡȚȗİ
șİȠȪȢțĮȚįĮȓȝȠȞİȢdzIJĮȞʌȠȜȪİțȞİȣȡȚıȝȑȞȠȢȈİȜȓȖȠȑijIJĮıİțĮȚȠȉȐțȘȢ
©ȈȣȖȖȞȫȝȘ ʌȠȣ ȐȡȖȘıĮ ijȓȜݪ IJȠȣ İȓʌİ Ƞ țȠȜȜȘIJȩȢ IJȠȣ ȝȩȜȚȢ
IJȠȞİȓįİ
©ȈȣȖȖȞȫȝȘª ȡȫIJȘıİ șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢ ©DZȡȖȘıİȢ ȝȓĮ ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘ
ȫȡĮțĮȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢțĮșĮȡȓȗİȚȢȝİȑȞĮıȣȖȖȞȫȝȘª
©ĬĮ İȡȤȩȝȠȣȞ ȞȦȡȓIJİȡĮ ĮȜȜȐ Ș ĮįİȡijȒ ȝȠȣ ȑʌİıİ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ıțȐȜİȢțĮȚ ȑʌĮșİ įȚȐıİȚıȘȠȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣIJȘȞʌȒȖĮȞıIJȠȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ ȒșİȜĮ
ȞĮıȚȖȠȣȡİȣIJȫʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȐªIJȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıİȠijȓȜȠȢIJȠȣ
©ȃȠȝȓȗİȚȢ ʌȦȢ ȝİ İȞįȚĮijȑȡİȚ IJȚ țȐȞİȚ Ș ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ ıȠȣ
ȆİȡȓȝİȞĮIJȩıȘȫȡĮȝȑıĮıIJȠțȡȪȠȞĮȑȡșİȚȢțĮȚȝȠȣȜİȢʌȦȢȐȡȖȘıİȢİʌİȚįȒ
Ș ĮįİȡijȒ ıȠȣ ȤIJȪʌȘıİ IJȠ ȤȠȞIJȡȠțȑijĮȜȩ IJȘȢª IJȠȣ ijȫȞĮȟİ ȠȡȖȚıȝȑȞȠȢ Ƞ
ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
ǹȜȜȐȒIJĮȞȘıİȚȡȐIJȠȣ ȉȐțȘȞĮșȣȝȫıİȚ
©ĬĮ ıȠȣ ʌȦ țȐIJȚ țĮȚ ȕĮȜIJȩ țĮȜȐ ıIJȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ ıȠȣª IJȠȣ İȓʌİ
ĮʌİȚȜȘIJȚțȐ©įİȞİȓıĮȚȠȝȩȞȠȢȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚİʌȓıȘȢįİȞ
ʌİȡȚıIJȡȑijİIJĮȚ Ƞ țȩıȝȠȢ ȖȪȡȦ Įʌȩ İıȑȞĮ ȂȑȤȡȚ ȞĮ IJĮ țĮIJĮȜȐȕİȚȢ ĮȣIJȩ įİȞ
șȑȜȦȞĮİȓȝĮȚʌȚĮijȓȜȠȢıȠȣªİȓʌİțĮȚ ȑijȣȖİșȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢ
ȉȠIJȗȓȞȚIJȠȞʌȜȘıȓĮıİĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȣȝȑȞȠ
©ǻȪıțȠȜĮIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮݪIJȠȞȡȫIJȘıİ
©ǻİȞʌİȡȓȝİȞĮȞĮȖȓȞİȚȑIJıȚ . . . ȠijȓȜȠȢȝȠȣĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚȗİȑȞĮ
ıȠȕĮȡȩʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮțĮȚİȖȫIJȠȣȝȓȜȘıĮȝİĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠİʌİȚįȒȝİȑțĮȞİȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȝȑȞȦ ȜȓȖȠ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ȂĮțȐȡȚ ȞĮ ȒȝȠȣȞ ʌȚȠ ȣʌȠȝȠȞİIJȚțȩȢ ȂȚıȩ ȜİʌIJȩ
ĮȣIJȒșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮİȓȞĮȚȘįİȪIJİȡȘİȣȤȒȝȠȣª.
©ȃĮȚ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ǹȜȜȐ ʌȡȫIJĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ıȠȣ įİȓȟȦ țȐIJȚ
ĮțȩȝĮªIJȠȣİȓʌİo ȈʌȪȡȠȢțĮȚȤIJȪʌȘıİȖȚĮIJȡȓIJȘijȠȡȐIJĮįȐȤIJȣȜȐIJȠȣ
ǹȣIJȒ IJȘȞ ijȠȡȐ ȕȡȑșȘțİ ıIJȠ ıĮȜȩȞȚ IJȠȣ ıʌȚIJȚȠȪ IJȠȣ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ
IJȘȜİȩȡĮıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐ IJȠȣ ȅ ȓįȚȠȢ ȒIJĮȞ țĮșȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ıIJĮȣȡȠʌȩįȚ ıIJȠȞ
ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ țĮȞĮʌȑ ȅȚ ȖȠȞİȓȢ IJȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ıIJȠȞ ȝİȖȐȜȠ țĮȞĮʌȑ İȞȫ Ƞ ȝİȖȐȜȠȢ IJȠȣ
ĮįİȡijȩȢȠȆĮȪȜȠȢțĮșȩIJĮȞıIJȘȞʌȠȜȣșȡȩȞĮıțİʌIJȚțȩȢǹȞȠȚȖȩțȜİȚȞİ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJȠ
ıIJȩȝĮ IJȠȣ ıĮȞ ȞĮ ȒșİȜİ ȞĮ ʌİȚ țȐIJȚ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȈIJȠ IJȑȜȠȢ ȩȝȦȢ IJĮ
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236
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
©ȂȘIJȑȡĮȝʌȠȡȫȞĮıİȡȦIJȒıȦțȐIJȚªȡȫIJȘıİĮȖȤȦȝȑȞȠȢIJȘȞ
ȝȘIJȑȡĮIJȠȣ
©ĭȣıȚțȐȆĮȪȜȠªIJȠȣĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİİțİȓȞȘ
©ȂʌȠȡȫȞĮȕȐȜȦıțȠȣȜĮȡȓțȚª
©ĭȣıȚțȐ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓȢ ȞȠȝȓȗȦ ʌȦȢ Ș ȘȜȚțȓĮ ʌȠȣ İȓıĮȚ ıȠȣ IJȠ
İʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚª
©ȆȦ ʌȦ Ȉİ İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ȝĮȝȐª ĮȞĮijȫȞȘıİ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ Ƞ
ȆĮȪȜȠȢ
ǵȝȦȢțȐʌȠȚȠȢįİȞȒIJĮȞȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȢȝİIJȘȞĮʌȩijĮıȘIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢIJȠȣ
©īȚĮIJȓ Ƞ ȆĮȪȜȠȢ ȞĮ ȕȐȜİȚ ıțȠȣȜĮȡȓțȚ țĮȚ İȖȫ ȩȤȚ"ª ȡȫIJȘıİ
șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
©ȉȠȑȤȠȣȝİȟĮȞĮʌİȓĮȣIJȩǹȜĮȞIJȓȞİȓıĮȚʌȠȜȪȝȚțȡȩȢȖȚĮțȐIJȚ
IJȑIJȠȚȠªIJȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıİȒȡİȝĮȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢIJȠȣ
©ǼȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪȐįȚțȠª
©ǾȡȑȝȚıİ ȝȚțȡȑª IJȠȣ İȓʌİ Ƞ ĮįİȡijȩȢ IJȠȣ ©ȩIJĮȞ ijIJȐıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ
ȘȜȚțȓĮȝȠȣșĮȕȐȜİȚȢțĮȚİıȪª
©ǹțȡȚȕȫȢªıȣȝijȫȞȘıİȘȝȘIJȑȡĮIJȠȣ
©ȁȑIJİ ȥȑȝĮIJĮª ijȫȞĮȟİ İțİȓȞȠȢ șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢ ©ȜȑIJİ ȩȜȠȚ
ȥȑȝĮIJĮǹȖĮʌȐIJİIJȠȞȆĮȪȜȠʌȚȠʌȠȜȪĮʌȩİȝȑȞĮțĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȣțȐȞİIJİȩȜĮ
IJĮȤĮIJȓȡȚĮªİȓʌİțĮȚȑIJȡİȟİıIJȘȞıȠijȓIJĮ
ȉȠIJȗȓȞȚȒȡșİțȠȞIJȐıIJȠȞǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
©ȁȠȚʌȩȞIJȚȑȤİȚȢȞĮʌİȚȢªIJȠȞȡȫIJȘıİ
©ǼİȓıȦȢĮȞIJȑįȡĮıĮȜȓȖȠȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȐĮʌȩIJȘȞȗȒȜİȚĮȝȠȣª
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıİİțİȓȞȠȢ
©ǹțȡȚȕȫȢ ǹȜȜȐ ʌȡȚȞ IJȠ ȟĮȞĮțȐȞİȚȢ ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ ıțȑȥȠȣ ʌȩıİȢ
ijȠȡȑȢȗȒIJȘıİȢțȐIJȚĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȖȠȞİȓȢıȠȣțĮȚįİȞıIJȠȑįȦıĮȞª
©ȂȐȜȜȠȞȑȤİȚȢįȓțȚȠªİȓʌİȞIJȡȠʌȚĮıȝȑȞȠȢȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
©ȍȡĮȓĮ IJȫȡĮ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ ȑįİȚȟĮ ȩIJȚ ȒșİȜĮ Ȓȡșİ Ș ȫȡĮ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ
İȣȤȑȢıȠȣªİȓʌİȠȈʌȪȡȠȢțĮȚȤIJȪʌȘıİȟĮȞȐIJĮįȐȤIJȣȜȐIJȠȣ
ȅǹȜĮȞIJȓȞȑȞȚȦıİʌȐȜȚ IJȘȞȖȞȦıIJȒĮȓıșȘıȘȝİIJȠIJȠȪȞİȜțĮȚIJȠȞȝĮȖȞȒIJȘ
ĮȜȜȐ ȑȝİȚȞİ ȑțʌȜȘțIJȠȢ ȩIJĮȞ ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıİ ʌȦȢ IJȠ IJȠȪȞİȜ ȒIJĮȞ ȐıʌȡȠ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ
ȝĮȪȡȠȩʌȦȢʌȡȚȞȈİȜȓȖȠȑijIJĮıĮȞıIJȘȞıȠijȓIJĮ
- ©ǼȓıĮȚȑIJȠȚȝȠȢȖȚĮIJȚȢİȣȤȑȢıȠȣªȡȫIJȘıİȠȈʌȪȡȠȢ
- ©ĭȣıȚțȐªIJȠȣĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ
- ©ȄİțȓȞĮȜȠȚʌȩȞª
- ©ǼȪȤȠȝĮȚȞĮȒȝȠȣȞʌȚȠĮȞİțIJȚțȩȢİȪȤȠȝĮȚȞĮȒȝȠȣȞʌȚȠȣʌȠȝȠȞİIJȚțȩȢ
țĮȚIJȑȜȠȢİȪȤȠȝĮȚȞĮȝȘȞȒȝȠȣȞIJȩıȠȗȘȜȚȐȡȘȢ
ȅȈʌȪȡȠȢȤIJȪʌȘıİIJĮįȐȤIJȣȜȐIJȠȣĮȜȜȐIJȓʌȠIJĮįİȞȑȖȚȞİ
- ©ȉȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚªȡȫIJȘıİȠǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ©īȚĮIJȓįİȞȑȖȚȞİIJȓʌȠIJĮª
- ©ȂĮȑȖȚȞİǹȜĮȞIJȓȞªĮʌȐȞIJȘıİIJȠIJȗȓȞȚȤĮȝȠȖİȜȫȞIJĮȢ©ȑȖȚȞİʌȠȜȪʌȡȚȞ
țȐȞİȚȢIJȚȢİȣȤȑȢıȠȣª
- ©ǻİȞțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦª
237
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
- ©ǹijȠȪ țĮIJȐȜĮȕİȢ IJȚ ıİ țȐȞİȚ IJȩıȠ șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠ IJȩIJİ țĮIJȐȜĮȕİȢ ʌȫȢ ȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıİȚȢIJȠȞșȣȝȩıȠȣǻİȞȤȡİȚĮȗȩIJĮȞȝĮȖİȓĮȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩª
- ©ǻİȞIJȠİȓȤĮıțİijIJİȓȑIJıȚıİİȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫʌȠȜȪȈʌȪȡȠª
- ©ȃĮİȓıĮȚțĮȜȐªIJȠȣĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİİțİȓȞȠȢȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞĮ©İȚȢIJȠİʌĮȞȚįİȓȞª
İȓʌİIJȠIJȗȓȞȚțĮȚİȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțİıIJȠȞȠȣȡĮȞȩĮijȒȞȠȞIJĮȢʌȓıȦIJȠȣȝȓĮȜȐȝȥȘª
ǹʌȩ İțİȓȞȘ IJȘȞ ȝȑȡĮ Ƞ ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ ȑȝĮșİ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȤİȚ IJȠȞ șȣȝȩ IJȠȣ ǽȒIJȘıİ
ıȣȖȖȞȫȝȘ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȖȠȞİȓȢ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ıȣȝijȚȜȚȫșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȉȐțȘ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȑțĮȞİ ĮȚ
ʌȠȜȜȠȪȢ ȞȑȠȣȢ ijȓȜȠȣȢ ȉȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡȠ ȩȝȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȦȢ įİȞ ȟĮȞĮʌȐIJȘıİ ʌȠIJȑ IJȠ
ʌȩįȚ IJȠȣ ıİ İțİȓȞȘ IJȘȞ ĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ ȀĮȚ ȑȗȘıİ ĮȣIJȩȢ țĮȜȐ țĮȚ İȝİȓȢ
țĮȜȪIJİȡĮ
ȀȆ
238
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɁɂɠɒɂɏɄǣ
ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ țĮȚ ȑȞĮ țĮȚȡȩ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȚįȓ ʌȠȣ IJıĮțȦȞȩIJĮȞ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ǼȓȤİ
İʌȚșİIJȚțȒ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ ȂȚĮ ȝȑȡĮ ȖȪȡȚıİ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȑȞȠȢ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ țĮȣȖȐ ıIJȠ
ıȤȠȜİȚȩ Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ IJȠȣ ĮȞȒıȣȤȘ IJȠȞ ȡȫIJȘıİ ©ȍȢ ʌȩIJİ șĮ IJıĮțȫȞİıĮȚ ʌȚĮª ȅ
ȝȚțȡȩȢ ȑijĮȖİ ȤȦȡȓȢ ʌȠȜȪ ȩȡİȟȘ ȝİıȘȝİȡȚĮȞȩ țĮȚ ʌȒȖİ ȞĮ ȟĮʌȜȫıİȚ ȀĮșȫȢ
ȟİțȠȣȡĮȗȩIJĮȞ IJȠȞ ʌȘȡȑ Ƞ ȪʌȞȠȢ ȑȞĮȢ ȪʌȞȠȢ ȕĮșȪȢ Ǽȓįİ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ʌȦȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ
ȩȝȠȡijȠ ȜȚȕȐįȚǼțİȓȜȠȚʌȩȞȕȡȒțİȑȞĮȝĮȖȚțȩȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ
ĭȠȕȚıȝȑȞȠ IJȠ ʌĮȚįȓ įİȞ Ȓȟİȡİ IJȚ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚ. ȂİIJȐ Įʌȩ ȜȓȖȠ ȝİ įİȚȜȐ ȕȒȝĮIJĮ
ʌȜȘıȚȐȗİȚ IJȠ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ țĮȚ ıĮ ȞȑȠȢ ǹȜĮȞIJȓȞ IJȠ IJȡȓȕİȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȠȣ ȕȖȒțİ ĮȜȘșȚȞȩ ȑȞĮ
IJȗȓȞȚȉȠȝĮȖȚțȩIJȗȓȞȚȝİȝȚĮȕĮȡȚȐijȦȞȒȜȑİȚıIJȠʌĮȚįȓ©İȓȝĮȚIJȠįȚțȩıȠȣțĮȚȝȩȞȠ
IJȗȓȞȚȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıİȝİțĮȜȐª
ȉȠʌĮȚįȐțȚȜȠȚʌȩȞȜȑİȚıIJȠIJȗȓȞȚIJȚȢIJȡİȚȢİȣȤȑȢIJȠȣ
©ȂĮȖȚțȩȝȠȣIJȗȓȞȚțȐȞİIJȘȞİȣȤȒȝȠȣĮȜȒșİȚĮĬȑȜȦȞĮȑȤȦĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ
țĮȚĮȣIJȠıİȕĮıȝȩțĮȚȩȤȚİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮª ©ȍȡĮȓĮİȣȤȒªȜȑİȚIJȠIJȗȓȞȚDzIJıȚțȚȑȖȚȞİ
©ĬȑȜȦȝĮțȐȞȦIJȠșȣȝȩȝȠȣıĮijȒȩȡȚĮIJȦȞİʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞIJȦȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞțĮȚIJȦȞ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞȝȠȣª©ȍȡĮȓĮİȣȤȒªȜȑİȚIJȠIJȗȓȞȚDzIJıȚțȚȑȖȚȞİ
©ĬȑȜȦ ȝĮ țȐȞȦ IJȠ șȣȝȩ ȝȠȣ įȚİțįȓțȘıȘ ıİȕĮıȝȠȪ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢ
ȝȠȣª©ȍȡĮȓĮİȣȤȒªȜȑİȚIJȠIJȗȓȞȚDzIJıȚțȚȑȖȚȞİ
ȉȠ ĮȖȩȡȚ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠ İȣȤĮȡȚıIJİȓ IJȠ IJȗȓȞȚ țȚ ĮȣIJȩ ȤȐȞİIJĮȚ ǹʌȩ IJȩIJİ IJȠ ĮȖȩȡȚ
ĮȞIJȓ ȞĮ șȣȝȫȞİȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȠȞ ijȩȕȠ ȟİȤȫȡȚȗİ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤȡĮȚȝȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
țĮȜȠıȪȞȘIJȠȣȉĮȤĮȡȓıȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȐȜȪȖȚȗĮȞțĮȚIJȠȣȢʌȚȠıțȜȘȡȩțĮȡįȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ǹȀ
239
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɒɏɜɒɄ:
ȋșİȢIJȠʌȡȦȓȝȚĮȢțĮȚȒIJĮȞȈȐȕȕĮIJȠțĮȚįİȞİȓȤĮȝİıȤȠȜİȓȠĮʌȠijȐıȚıĮȞĮ
ʌȐȦȞĮʌȐȡȦĮʌȩIJȠʌĮIJȐȡȚIJȠȣıʌȚIJȚȠȪȝĮȢIJĮĮșȜȘIJȚțȐȝȠȣʌĮʌȠȪIJıȚĮțĮȞĮʌȐȦ
ȖȚĮȝʌȐȜĮȝİIJĮʌĮȚįȓĮȀĮșȫȢʌȒȖĮȚȞĮʌȡȠȢIJȠʌĮIJȐȡȚȘȝȐȞĮȝȠȣȝİȕȡȒțİțĮȚȝȠȣ
ijȫȞĮȟİ
- īȚĮʌȠȣIJȠȑȕĮȜİȢİıȪȝȚțȡȑ
- ǵʌȠȣȖȠȣıIJȐȡȦȜȠȖĮȡȚĮıȝȩșĮıȠȣįȫıȦȀĮȚȝȘȝİȟĮȞĮʌİȓȢȝȚțȡȩIJȘȢİȓʌĮ
ȃİȣȡȚȐȗȦʌȠȜȪ ȩIJĮȞȝİȜȑİȚȝȚțȡȩ
ȉȑȜȠȢʌȐȞIJȦȞĮijȠȪȝʌȒțĮıIJȠʌĮIJȐȡȚțĮȚȕȡȒțĮĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȑȥĮȤȞĮıțȩȞIJĮȥĮ
ʌȐȞȦ ıİ ȑȞĮ ʌİȡȓİȡȖȠ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ ǹijȠȪ ȐȡȤȚıĮ ȞĮ ȕȡȓȗȦ İʌİȚįȒ ʌĮȡĮȜȓȖȠ ȞĮ
ȤIJȣʌȒıȦIJȠıȒțȦıĮțĮȚIJȠİʌİȟİȡȖȐıIJȘțĮȖȚĮȜȓȖȠȈȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıĮȩIJȚȒIJĮȞȑȞĮ
ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚdzIJĮȞȤȡȣıȩĮȡțİIJȐıțȠȞȚıȝȑȞȠțȚȑįİȚȤȞİʌĮȜȚȩǹȞȣʌȠȥȓĮıIJȠȢIJȠȑIJȡȚȥĮ
ȖȚĮȞĮijȪȖİȚȘıțȩȞȘțĮȚIJȩIJİȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚʌİIJȐȤIJȘțİȑȞĮȢIJȗȓȞȚțĮȚȝȠȣİȓʌİ
- ǹĮĮĮĮ IJȩıĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ İțİȓ ȝȑıĮ ʌȚȐıIJȘțĮ ǼȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ʌȠȣ ȝİ ȑȕȖĮȜİȢ ıȠȣ İȓȝĮȚ
İȣȖȞȫȝȦȞ
- ȆȠȚȩȢİȓıĮȚİıȪ ȡİȆȦȢȝʌȒțİȢıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȝȠȣ
- ȂĮįİȞțĮIJȐȜĮȕİȢǼȓȝĮȚIJȠIJȗȓȞȚIJȠȣȜȣȤȞĮȡȚȠȪȂʌȠȡȫȞĮıȠȣİțʌȜȘȡȫıȦIJȡİȚȢ
İȣȤȑȢȁȠȚʌȩȞ
- ǻİȞȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚIJȚȢȤĮȗȠİȣȤȑȢıȠȣİȓȝĮȚȝȚĮȤĮȡȐ
- ǹʌȠțȜİȓİIJĮȚȩȜȠțĮȚțȐʌȠȚȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮșĮȑȤİȚȢ
- ȉȠȝȩȞȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝȐȝȠȣİȓȞĮȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢȝȠȣȈȣȞİȤȫȢȝȠȣȜȑȞİʌȦȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȝȐșȦ
ȞĮıȣȖțȡĮIJȫIJȠșȣȝȩȝȠȣțĮȚİʌȚȝȑȞȠȣȞʌȦȢșĮȝȠȣțȐȞİȚțĮȜȩĮȞʌȘȖĮȓȞĮȝİıİȑȞĮ
ȥȣȤȠȜȩȖȠ ĮȜȜȐ İȖȫ įİȞ șȑȜȦ ȞĮ ʌȐȦ ȅȚ ijȓȜȠȚ ȝȠȣ șĮ ȝİ șİȦȡȠȪȞ IJȡİȜȩ țĮȚ șĮ
ȟİțȩȥȠȣȞĮʌȩȝȑȞĮ
- ȂȒʌȦȢIJİȜȚțȐȑȤȠȣȞįȓțȚȠȂȒʌȦȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȜȑȖȤİȚȢȜȓȖȠȠșȣȝȩıȠȣ
- ǷȡİȢ- ȫȡİȢʌȚıIJİȪȦʌȦȢȑȤȠȣȞįȓțȚȠǼȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȜȑȢȠȚijȠȡȑȢʌȠȣȑȤȦȝİIJĮȞȚȫıİȚ
ȖȚĮțȐIJȚțĮțȩʌȠȣȑțĮȞĮıİțȐʌȠȚȠȞİʌİȚįȒȒȝȠȣȞșȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢǹȡțİIJȑȢijȠȡȑȢȞȚȫșȦ
IJȪȥİȚȢȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȣȢȑȤȦijȑȡİȚıİʌȠȜȪįȪıțȠȜȘșȑıȘ
- ǼȞIJȐȟİȚ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ IJȫȡĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓȢ ȞĮ IJȠ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚȢ ȁȠȚʌȩȞ ʌȠȚȑȢ İȣȤȑȢ șȑȜİȚȢ ȞĮ ıȠȣ
İțʌȜȘȡȫıȦ
- ȂȝȝȝșȑȜȦȞĮȝʌȠȡȫȞĮıțȑijIJȠȝĮȚțĮșĮȡȐȩIJĮȞİȓȝĮȚİȟȠȡȖȚıȝȑȞȠȢ
240
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
- ǾİʌȚșȣȝȓĮıȠȣįȚĮIJĮȖȒȝȠȣȆȠȚȐșĮİȓȞĮȚȘįİȪIJİȡȘİȣȤȒ
- ĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣįȫıİȚȢȣʌȠȝȠȞȒțĮȚȥȣȤȡĮȚȝȓĮȖȚĮȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȦIJȚȢțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȑȢ
ȝȚțȡȑȢțȡȓıİȚȢțĮȚʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
- ȆȠȜȪ ȦȡĮȓĮ ȜȠȚʌȩȞ Ș İȣȤȒ ıȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȉȫȡĮ ʌȠȚȐ İȓȞĮȚ Ș IJȡȓIJȘ țĮȚ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮİȣȤȒıȠȣ
- ĬȑȜȦȞĮȝȠȣįȫıİȚȢțĮIJĮȞȩȘıȘȖȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡȫȞĮțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢțĮȚȩȤȚ
ȞĮİȟȠȡȖȓȗȠȝĮȚȝĮȗȓIJȠȣȢ
- ǵʌȦȢ İʌȚșȣȝİȓȢ ȅȚ İȣȤȑȢ İįȫ IJİȜİȓȦıĮȞ Ȉİ İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫ ȖȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ȝȚĮ ijȠȡȐ țĮȚ
İȜʌȓȗȦ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȝİIJĮȞȚȫıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ İȣȤȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȑțĮȞİȢ İȓʌİ IJȠ IJȗȓȞȚ țĮȚ İȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ
ȤȦȡȓȢ țĮȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȐȕȦ ȞĮ IJȠȣ ʌȦ IJȓʌȠIJĮ ȂȩȜȚȢ ȕȖȒțĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮIJȐȡȚ ȑȞȚȦșĮ
ĮȞĮȞİȦȝȑȞȠȢȜİȢțĮȚțȐIJȚİȓȤİĮȜȜȐȟİȚȝȑıĮȝȠȣǼȓȝĮȚıȓȖȠȣȡȠȢIJİȜȚțȐȩIJȚȠȚİȣȤȑȢ
ʌȠȣȑțĮȞĮȑʌȚĮıĮȞIJȩʌȠDzȤȦʌȜȑȠȞĮȜȜȐȟİȚ
Ȇ. ǹ. (Lennon) 8/5/2012
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ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɒɚɒȽɏɒɄǣ
ȂȚĮ ijȠȡȐ țȚ ȑȞĮȞ țĮȚȡȩ ıIJȘȞ ĮȡĮȤȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ IJȠȣ ȝȣĮȜȠȪ ȝȠȣ
ȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ ȗȠȪıİ ȑȞĮȢ ȞİĮȡȩȢ ȑijȘȕȠȢ ǼȖȫ Ǿ ıȠijȓIJĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȖİȝȐIJȘ țȠȪIJİȢ țĮȚ
ʌĮȜȚȐıțȠȞȚıȝȑȞĮȐȤȡȘıIJĮĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮȂĮȪȡİȢțȠȣȡİȜȚĮıȝȑȞİȢțȠȣȡIJȓȞİȢıțȑʌĮȗĮȞ
IJĮ ʌĮȡȐșȣȡĮ İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠ ijȦȢ ȞĮ ȝʌİȚ Ǿ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ İțİȓ ȝȑıĮ ȑȝȠȚĮȗİ
ĮʌȠʌȞȚțIJȚțȒ
ȅȞİĮȡȩȢȗȠȪıİȖȚĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȝȑıĮıİĮȣIJȩIJȠĮȤȠȪȡȚĮʌȠȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȠȢȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞ
IJȠȞ ȒșİȜİ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȑĮ dzIJĮȞİ ʌȐȞIJȠIJİ șȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢ țĮȚ ĮȖİȞȒȢ ȝİ ȩȜȠȣȢ Ǿ ȠȡȖȒ IJȠȣ
ıȣȤȞȐ ȑijIJĮȞİ ıİ IJȑIJȠȚȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ȫıIJİ ȑıʌĮȖİ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ Ȓ ȤIJȪʌĮȖİ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ IJȠ țİijȐȜȚ
IJȠȣıIJȠȞIJȠȓȤȠ
ǼțİȓȞȘ IJȘ ȝȑȡĮ ȦıIJȩıȠ Ȓȟİȡİ ʌȦȢ țȐIJȚ İȓȤİ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ ȝȑıĮ IJȠȣ dzșİȜİ ȞĮ
ȟİijȪȖİȚ Įʌȩ İțİȓ ǹȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ IJȠȣ ȆȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ ǹʌȠijȐıȚıİ ȞĮ IJĮțIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȘ
ıȠijȓIJĮ IJȠȣ ȂȚĮ ȝȑȡĮ İȞȫ ȑȕĮȗİ ıİ IJȐȟȘ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ʌĮȜȚȑȢ țȠȪIJİȢ ȝİ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ İȓįİ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ IJȠȣ ȑȞĮ ıțȠȞȚıȝȑȞȠ ĮȜȜȐ ȖȣĮȜȚıIJİȡȩ ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ ȌȣȤȠȜȩȖȠȢ ȉȠȣ
țȓȞȘıİIJȘȞʌİȡȚȑȡȖİȚĮȉȠʌȒȡİıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȠȣțĮȚȐȡȤȚıİȞĮIJȠIJȡȓȕİȚȝİIJȠȝĮȞȓțȚIJȠȣ
ȖȚĮ ȞĮ IJȠ țĮșĮȡȓıİȚ ȉȩIJİ ʌȣțȞȩȢ țĮʌȞȩȢ ȟİȤȪșȘțİ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȜȣȤȞȐȡȚ țĮȚ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ
ijȠȕİȡȩIJȗȓȞȚİȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİțĮȚIJȠȣİȓʌİ©ǼıȪȑIJȡȚȥİȢIJȠȜȣȤȞȐȡȚțĮȚȝȠȣȤȐȡȚıİȢIJȘȞ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮȝȠȣīȚĮȞĮıİȟİʌȜȘȡȫıȦȖȚĮĮȣIJȩıȠȣȗȘIJȫȞĮțȐȞİȚȢIJȡİȚȢİȣȤȑȢțȚİȖȫ
ıĮȞIJĮʌİȚȞȩȢțĮȚİȣȖȞȫȝȦȞȣʌȘȡȑIJȘȢıȠȣșĮIJȚȢİțʌȜȘȡȫıȦĮȝȑıȦȢª
ȅ ȞİĮȡȩȢ ıțȑijIJȘțİ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ĮʌȐȞIJȘıİ ©ȃȠȝȓȗȦ ȟȑȡȦ IJȚ șȑȜȦ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ țȐșİ IJȚ ȐȜȜȠ ĬȑȜȦ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȟȦ ȃĮ ȝʌȠȡȫ ȞĮ ıȣȖțȡĮIJȫ IJȠ șȣȝȩ
ȝȠȣ ȃĮ ȝȐșȦ ȞĮ İȓȝĮȚ ȣʌȠȝȠȞİIJȚțȩȢ țĮȚ İȣȖİȞȚțȩȢ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȃĮ ȝȘȞ
ʌİȡȚȝȑȞȦIJĮʌȐȞIJĮĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢª
ȉȩIJİIJȠIJȗȓȞȚIJȠȣȑȖȞİȥİțĮIJĮijĮIJȚțȐțĮȚțȜİȓȞȠȞIJȐȢIJȠȣIJȠȝȐIJȚ İȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ
ȅ ȞİĮȡȩȢ ȑȝİȚȞİ ȝȩȞȠȢ IJȠȣ ıIJȘ ıȠijȓIJĮ ǵȝȦȢ ĮȣIJȒ ȒIJĮȞ IJȫȡĮ ʌȠȜȪ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒȅȒȜȚȠȢȑȝʌĮȚȞİĮʌȩIJĮʌĮȡȐșȣȡĮįȓȞȠȞIJĮȢȗȦȒıIJȠȤȫȡȠȝİIJȘȗİıIJȒ
țĮȚ İȣȤȐȡȚıIJȘ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮ IJȠȣ ǵȜĮ IJĮ ȐȤȡȘıIJĮ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ İȓȤĮȞ İȟĮijĮȞȚıIJİȓ țĮȚ IJĮ
ʌȐȞIJĮȒIJĮȞIJĮțIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮǾĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮįİșȪȝȚȗİıİIJȓʌȠIJĮIJȘȞʌĮȜȚȐ
ȉȚȢ İʌȩȝİȞİȢ ȘȝȑȡİȢ Ș ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ țĮȚ Ș įȚȐșİıȒ IJȠȣ ȐȜȜĮȟĮȞ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦIJȚțȐ ȅȚ İțȡȒȟİȚȢ ȠȡȖȒȢ țĮȚ ĮȖĮȞȐțIJȘıȒȢ IJȠȣ ȑʌĮȥĮȞ ȅȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ IJȠȣ
ıȤȑıİȚȢ ȐȡȤȚıĮȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıȪȞIJȠȝĮ ĮʌȑțIJȘıİ ʌȠȜȜȠȪȢ ijȓȜȠȣȢ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ ȝȠȚȡĮȗȩIJĮȞ ʌȜȑȠȞ IJȚȢ ĮȞȘıȣȤȓİȢ IJȠȣ dzIJĮȞ İʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢ ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ țĮȚ
İȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȢȅȚȝȑȡİȢʌȠȣȗȠȪıİȝȑıĮıIJȘȞȠȡȖȒțĮȚ IJȘșȜȓȥȘȑȝȠȚĮȗĮȞʌȜȑȠȞıĮȞ
ȑȞĮțĮțȩȩȞİȚȡȠDzȗȘıĮȞĮȣIJȠȓțĮȜȐțĮȚİȝİȓȢțĮȜȪIJİȡĮ
ĭǹ
242
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȱɏɇɐɒɍɓɀɂɋɋɇəɒɇɈȽɌɘɒɇɈəɐɂȽɎɂɏɀɜȽǣ
‡
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǼȓȝĮıIJİIJĮȟȦIJȚțȐIJȠȣDZȘǺĮıȓȜȘǺĮȡİșȒțĮȝİȞĮįȠȣȜİȪȠȣȝİ
ȫȡİȢIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮȞĮʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȝİIJȩıȠȜȓȖĮȤȡȒȝĮIJĮȞĮIJȡȫȝİıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮȡĮțȐ
ȝİ ȐȞȘșȠ țĮȚ ȖȜȣțȠʌĮIJȐIJİȢ ȝİ ıȐȜIJıĮ ȕĮIJȩȝȠȣȡȠȣ ȞĮ țȠȚȝȩȝĮıIJİ
ıIJȡȚȝȦȖȝȑȞȠȚ ıİ ȝȚțȡȐ țȡİȕĮIJȐțȚĮ țĮȚ ijȣıȚțȐ ȞĮ ijȠȡȐȝİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȖİȜȠȓİȢ
ıIJȠȜȑȢȀȐȞȠȣȝİĮʌİȡȖȓĮȝȑȤȡȚȞĮįȚțĮȚȦșȠȪȝİȈȣȞİȤȓıIJİIJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮ
ȉĮ ȟȦIJȚțȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ șȑȜȦ ȝĮȢ Ƞ DZȘ ǺĮıȓȜȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ȣʌȠIJȚșȑȝİȞȠȚ țĮȜȠȓ
ȖȠȞİȓȢįȐıțĮȜȠȓȝĮȢijȓȜȠȚȝĮȢǵȜȠȚĮȣIJȠȓȩȤȚȝİİʌȚșİIJȚțȒĮȜȜȐȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȒ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐșĮıIJİȞĮȤȦȡȚȩȝȠȣȞĮȞįİȞȑțĮȞİȢĮȣIJȩșĮıIJİȞĮȤȦȡȒıİȚȢ
ĮȣIJȩȞ ʌȠȣ ı¶ ĮȖĮʌȐİȚ ȃȩȝȚȗĮ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ țĮȜȩ țȜʌ ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩȢ
İțȕȚĮıȝȩȢ ǺȐȜİ IJĮ ȟȦIJȚțȐ ȞĮ ȝȚȜȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȞĮ
İțijȡȐȗȠȣȞIJȠȣȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢIJȠȣȢIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȢȞĮȕȐȗȠȣȞIJĮ
ȩȡȚȐIJȠȣȢǵȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȐȞIJĮıIJȠȝȠIJȓȕȠȤĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘȐȖȤȠȢșȣȝȩȢ
ǹȞĮțȐȜȣȥİIJȘȞIJȑȤȞȘIJȘȢįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢīȡȐȥIJİıIJȠ6HDUFKIJȘȢ*RRJOH
įȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ șĮ ȕȡİȓIJİ ʌȠȜȜȐ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮ VLWHV ȖȚĮ IJȠ
șȑȝĮ
ȤɐɒɍɏɜȽɎɏɣɒɄǣ
ȅȝȚțȡȩȢīȚĮȞȞȐțȘȢįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮțȠȚȝȘșİȓȈIJȡȚijȠȖȪȡȚȗİʌȐȞȦțȐIJȦıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
IJȩıȘĮȖȦȞȓĮİȓȤİdzIJĮȞȕȜȑʌİIJİʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȒȆȡȦIJȠȤȡȠȞȚȐȢțĮȚȠȝȚțȡȩȢʌİȡȓȝİȞİȝİ
ĮȞȣʌȠȝȠȞȘıȓĮ IJȠ įȫȡȠ ʌȠȣ İȓȤİ ȗȘIJȒıİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ DZȖȚȠ ǺĮıȓȜȘ ȑȞĮ ȠȜȠțĮȓȞȠȣȡȚȠ
ȑȜțȘșȡȠ
- ©ȃİĮȡȑȝȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮțȠȚȝȘșİȓȢªIJȠȣİȓʌİȘȝȘIJȑȡĮIJȠȣ
- ©ȆȦȢȞĮțȠȚȝȘșȫªĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİİțİȓȞȠȢ©ĮʌȩıIJȚȖȝȒıİıIJȚȖȝȒȑȡȤİIJĮȚIJȠįȫȡȠ
ȝȠȣª
- ©ȃĮȚ ĮȜȜȐ ĮȞ Ƞ DZȖȚȠȢ ǺĮıȓȜȘȢ įİȚ ʌȦȢ İȓıĮȚ ȟȪʌȞȚȠȢ ȓıȦȢ įİȞ ıȠȣ įȫıİȚ IJȠ
įȫȡȠıȠȣªIJȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıİİțİȓȞȘȕȐȗȠȞIJĮȢIJȠȞıIJȠțȡİȕȐIJȚIJȠȣțĮȚIJȡĮȖȠȣįȫȞIJĮȢIJȠȣ
ȑȞĮȞĮȞȠȪȡȚıȝĮȉĮȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣȝȚțȡȠȪȕȐȡȣȞĮȞțĮȚĮȝȑıȦȢȑʌİıİȖȚĮȪʌȞȠ
ȉȘȞ ȓįȚĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ ıIJȠȞ ǺȩȡİȚȠ ȆȩȜȠ ȑȞĮȢ ȖȑȡȠȢ ȞIJȣȝȑȞȠȢ ıIJĮ țȩțțȚȞĮ
ʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȞȖȚĮIJȠȝİȖȐȜȠIJȠȣIJĮȟȓįȚıİȩȜȠIJȠȞțȩıȝȠȑIJıȚȫıIJİȞĮȝȠȚȡȐıİȚ
IJĮįȫȡĮIJȠȣıİȩȜĮIJĮțĮȜȐʌĮȚįȚȐǵȝȦȢIJȘȞȫȡĮʌȠȣȑȝʌĮȚȞİıIJȠİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚȠIJȠȣ
IJȠȞʌİȡȓȝİȞİȝȚĮȝİȖȐȜȘȑțʌȜȘȟȘ
243
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǻİȞ ȣʌȒȡȤĮȞ įȫȡĮ ȠȪIJİ IJȠ ȑȜțȘșȡȩ IJȠȣ įİȝȑȞȠ ıIJȠȣȢ IJĮȡȐȞįȠȣȢ IJȠȣ ȑIJȠȚȝȠ ȖȚĮ
ĮʌȠȖİȓȦıȘ ȩʌȦȢ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȉȠ ȝȩȞȠ ʌȠȣ ȑȕȜİʌİ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȞĮ IJıȠȪȡȝȠ ȝȚțȡȠıțȠʌȚțȐ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȐțȚĮȝİȝİȖȐȜĮĮȣIJȚȐȞĮțȡĮIJȐȞİʌĮȞȩțĮȚȞĮijȦȞȐȗȠȣȞıȣȞșȒȝĮIJĮ
©ǼȓȝĮıIJİIJĮȟȦIJȚțȐIJȠȣDZȘǺĮıȓȜȘªȑȜİȖĮȞ©ǺĮȡİșȒțĮȝİȞĮįȠȣȜİȪȠȣȝİ
ȫȡİȢIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮȞĮʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȝİIJȩıĮȜȓȖĮȤȡȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚȞĮIJȡȫȝİıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJĮ
ȓįȚĮȐȞȠıIJĮțȠȣȜȠȣȡȐțȚĮțĮȞȑȜȜĮȢȀȐȞȠȣȝİĮʌİȡȖȓĮȝȑȤȡȚȞĮįȚțĮȚȦșȠȪȝݪ
©ȄȦIJȚțȐȜȠȖȚțİȣIJİȓIJݪIJȠȣȢijȫȞĮȗİȠDZȘǺĮıȓȜȘȢĮʌİȖȞȦıȝȑȞĮ
©ȄȑȤȞĮIJȠ ȤȠȞIJȡȑ įİȞįȠȣȜİȪȠȣȝİʌȚĮȖȚĮıȑȞĮȝȑȤȡȚ ȞĮʌȐȡȠȣȝİĮȣIJȐʌȠȣ
țİȡįȓıĮȝİȝİıțȜȘȡȒįȠȣȜİȚȐª
©ȂĮİȓȞĮȚʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȒȆȡȦIJȠȤȡȠȞȚȐȢǼțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮʌĮȚįȚȐʌİȡȚȝȑȞȠȣȞIJȠįȫȡĮ
IJȠȣȢĭĮȞIJĮıIJİȓIJİIJȘȞıIJİȞȠȤȫȡȚĮIJȠȣȢȩIJĮȞțĮIJĮȜȐȕȠȣȞʌȦȢįİȞȑijIJĮıİIJȠ
įȫȡȠ IJȠȣȢ IJȠ ȕȡȐįȣ ĬȑȜİIJİ ıIJĮ ĮȜȒșİȚĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȪıİIJİ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ
ȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞĮʌȡȠıȦʌȐțȚĮª
ǹʌȩIJȠIJıȠȪȡȝȠIJȦȞȟȦIJȚțȫȞĮțȠȪȖȠȞIJĮȞȥȓșȣȡȠȚ
-
©ǴıȦȢȠDZȘǺĮıȓȜȘȢȑȤİȚįȓțȚȠªȑȜİȖĮȞȝİȡȚțȐ©ȓıȦȢIJȠʌĮȡĮțȐȞĮȝݪ
©ȅȋǿª ijȫȞĮȟİ ȟĮijȞȚțȐ ȑȞĮ ȟȦIJȚțȩ©įİȞ ȝĮȢ ʌİȓșİȚȢ ȝİ țȐIJȚ IJȑIJȠȚĮ ȂʌȠȡİȓ
IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȞĮ ıIJİȞȠȤȦȡȘșȠȪȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ ĮȜȜȐ ıțȑȥȠȣ ȜȓȖȠ țĮȚ İȝȐȢ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȠijȑȡȠȣȝİ țȐșİ ȝȑȡĮ įȠȣȜİȪȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ IJȩıȠ ȐșȜȚİȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ȟİțȠȪȡĮıȘȈIJȠțȐIJȦțȐIJȦįİȞȗȘIJȐȝİțĮȚʌȠȜȜȐȝȩȞȠȝȚțȡȩIJİȡĮȦȡȐȡȚĮʌȚȠ
ȐȞİIJĮ țȡİȕȐIJȚĮ țĮȚ ȜȠȣțȠȣȝȐįİȢ ȝİ ıȚȡȩʌȚ ȕĮIJȩȝȠȣȡȠȣ țĮȚ ıȠțȠȜȐIJĮȢ țĮȚ
ȝʌȩȜȚțȘIJȡȠȪijĮª
©ǹȖĮʌȘIJȐ ȝȠȣ ʌĮȚįȚȐ Ƞ șȣȝȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮțȩȢ ıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢ ǹȞ İȓȤĮIJİ ʌĮȡȐʌȠȞĮ
șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮIJİ ȞĮ ıIJİȓȜİIJİ ȑȞĮȞ ĮȞIJȚʌȡȩıȦʌȩ ıĮȢ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȚȡȩ ʌȚȠ ʌȡȚȞ ȞĮ
ıȣȗȘIJȒıȠȣȝİ IJĮ ĮȚIJȒȝĮIJȐ ıĮȢ țȚ ȩȤȚ IJȘȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ ȞĮ ȝİ ȕȐȜİIJİ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ı¶ ȑȞĮ İțȕȚĮıȝȩ ǻİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıȦıIJȩ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJİ ʌȡȠıȕȜȘIJȚțȑȢ
İțijȡȐıİȚȢȩʌȦȢµȄȑȤȞĮ IJȠȤȠȞIJȡȑ¶ǾȕȓĮİȓȞĮȚ ĮȖȐʌȘʌȠȣįİȞʌȒȡĮȝİ Ǽįȫ
ȩȝȦȢȑȤİIJİʌȐȡİȚĮȖȐʌȘĮțȩȝȘ țȚĮȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȝİȡȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȐțȚĮȂȘȞ
ȠȤȣȡȫȞİıIJİ ʌȓıȦ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȣʌİȡȘijȐȞİȚĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ İȖȦȚıȝȩ ǹȞĮȗȘIJȐIJİ ȣȜȚțȐ
ĮȖĮșȐ ȖȚĮ ȟİȤȐıİIJİ ʌȩıȠ İȣȐȜȦIJȠȚ țĮȚ įȚĮıʌĮıȝȑȞȠȚ İȓȝĮıIJİ ǹȡȤȓıĮIJİ țĮȚ
ȝİȖĮȜȫȞİIJİ ȞȚȫșİIJİ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȑȢ ȝȑıĮ ıĮȢ țĮȚ įȚȐıʌĮıȘ Įʌȩ İıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢ
ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚțĮȚIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢıĮȢǼȓȞĮȚĮȜȒșİȚĮʌȦȢIJȠȞ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠ țĮȚȡȩ ȒȝȠȣȞ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȘȝȑȞȠȢ ȝİ IJȠ įȚȐȕĮıȝĮ IJȦȞ İʌȚıIJȠȜȫȞ ʌȠȣ
ıIJȑȜȞȠȣȞ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ țĮȚ ıĮȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȜȘıĮ ȜȓȖȠ Ǿ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȠȚ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢȝȑıĮıĮȢİȓȞĮȚȘĮȚIJȓĮȖȚĮIJȠȞșȣȝȩıĮȢīȓȞİIJĮȚIJĮʌİȚȞȠȓ
ıĮȞIJȠȞİȡȩțĮȚ ʌȡȠıʌİȡȐıIJİIJȚȢįȣıțȠȜȓİȢțĮȚIJȚȢĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢȩʌȦȢ
IJȠʌȠIJĮȝȐțȚIJĮȕȡȐȤȚĮª170.
ȉĮȟȦIJȚțȐIJȠȞțȠȓIJĮȗĮȞıĮıIJȚıȝȑȞĮǼȓȤĮȞĮȡȤȓıİȚȞĮȘȡİȝȠȪȞ
-
©ǼȞIJȐȟİȚțİȡįȓıĮIJݪĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİȠDZȖȚȠȢ©įİȞİȓȤĮıțİijIJİȓʌȠIJȑ ʌȩıȠ
ıĮȢțĮIJĮʌȚȑȗȦĬĮȑȤİIJİĮȣIJȐʌȠȣșȑȜİIJİȩȝȦȢȕȠȘșȒıIJİȝİȞĮİIJȠȚȝȐıȦIJȠ
ȑȜțȘșȡȠȖȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡȑıȦȞĮȝȠȚȡȐıȦIJĮįȫȡĮª
©ȈȪȝijȦȞȠȚªĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞIJĮȟȦIJȚțȐțĮȚıIJȡȫșȘțĮȞıIJȘįȠȣȜİȚȐ
ȈİȜȓȖȘȫȡĮIJȠȑȜțȘșȡȠȝİIJĮįȫȡĮȒIJĮȞȑIJȠȚȝȠțĮȚȠDZȖȚȠȢǺĮıȓȜȘȢĮʌȠȖİȚȫșȘțİ
ȟİțȚȞȫȞIJĮȢIJȠȝĮțȡȪIJĮȟȓįȚIJȠȣ
-
170
Lloyd Richmond, 1997 ± 2011. ȉȠȣ ȚįȓȠȣ, Anger and Forgiveness, 1997-2012 .
244
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉȠİʌȩȝİȞȠʌȡȦȓȠȝȚțȡȩȢīȚĮȞȞȐțȘȢȟȪʌȞȘıİİȞșȠȣıȚĮıȝȑȞȠȢțĮȚĮȞIJȓțȡȚıİțȐIJȦ
ĮʌȩIJȠįȑȞIJȡȠȑȞĮȠȜȠțĮȓȞȠȣȡȚȠȑȜțȘșȡȠ
©ǽȒIJȦªijȫȞĮȟİȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȠȢ©ȠDZȘǺĮıȓȜȘȢįİȞȝİȟȑȤĮıݪİȓʌİțĮȚĮȝȑıȦȢ
ȑIJȡİȟİȑȟȦıIJȠȤȚȩȞȚȖȚĮȞĮʌĮȓȟİȚ ȝİIJȠțĮȚȞȠȪȡȚȠIJȠȣʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚ
ȀǹǿDzǽǾȈǹȃǹȊȉȅǿȀǹȁǹȀǹǿǼȂǼǿȈȀǹȁȊȉǼȇǹ
-
ȀȆ
245
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȹɋɂɇɏȽǣǼȭɒȽɊɍɋɍɎəɒɇȽɒɍɓɍɋɂɜɏɍɓǽ:
246
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȢɐɄɊȽɐɜȽɒɘɋɍɋɂɜɏɘɋɐɒɄɋɗɓɖȽɋəɉɓɐɄǣ
x
x
x
x
x
x
ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮİȡȝȘȞİȪıȠȣȝİIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝĮȢȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȘıȣȞįȡȠȝȒ
ȥȣȤĮȞĮȜȣIJȒ
ȉĮȩȞİȚȡĮįİȞİȓȞĮȚȝȩȞȠıȪȝȕȠȜĮS. FreudĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮȡȤȑIJȣʌĮC. Jung)
țĮșȫȢțĮȚijȡȐıİȚȢ± ıȣȝijȡĮȗȩȝİȞĮʌȠȣİȟİȜȓııȠȞIJĮȚJ. Lacan).
ǹȣIJȐʌȠȣȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİıIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝĮȢʌȡȩıȦʌĮIJȠʌȓĮĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
țȠȝȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȝĮȢ
ǼȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐIJĮțȜİȚįȚȐ± ıȪȝȕȠȜĮțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝĮȢıIJĮ
ȩȞİȚȡĮ
ȉȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȣȝİȜİȓȢʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢȒ
ȝȠȞȠȖȠȞİȧțȑȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȣȘȝİȡȓĮȢȒȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞĮįȚİȟȩįȦȞ
İȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȣȒȖİȝȐIJȠȣıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢȖȐȝȠȣȒįȚĮȗȣȖȓȠȣIJȦȞȖȠȞȚȫȞıȦıIJȫȞ
ȒȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȦȞʌȡȠIJȪʌȦȞıȤȠȜȚțȠȪȐȖȤȠȣȢțȜʌ
DzȤȠȣȝİȝȠIJȓȕĮȩʌȦȢȖȚĮȖȚȐʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȘIJȑȡĮĮįİȡijȩȢȐȞįȡĮȢanimus),
ȖȣȞĮȓțĮanima), ȝȦȡȩ IJȠȕȡȑijȠȢȝȑıĮȝĮȢĮȞȐȝȞȘıȘIJȘȢıȣȝȕȚȦIJȚțȒȢ
ıȤȑıȘȢȝİIJȘȞIJȡȠijȩșȐȜĮııĮlibido), ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠȜȓȝȞȘIJȑȡĮȢid),
ȝȒIJȡĮijĮȜȜȚțȑȢĮʌİȚȜȑȢįȑȞIJȡĮțĮIJıĮȡȓįİȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȝʌĮȜțȩȞȚIJȡȠijȒ
șȐȞĮIJȠȢȝĮȪȡȠįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒȗȦȒIJİȞİțİįȑȞȚĮȢʌĮȡĮȖțȠȪʌȠȜȘȐȝȣȞİȢ
(ȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȐİȟĮȡIJȒȝĮIJĮĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠijȩȕȠȢȖȚĮȑțșİıȘ
ȜİȣțȩȑȞıIJȚțIJĮȗȫĮįȚĮįȡȠȝȑȢIJȡȑȞȠıIJȡİȕȜȫıİȚȢ± ĮįȚȑȟȠįĮȖȦȞȓİȢ
ijĮȜȜȚțȒȝȘIJȑȡĮȋȓȝĮȚȡĮțĮIJıȓțĮĮȝijȚșȣȝȓĮijȩȕȠȢȐȞİıȘȝİIJȐȕĮıȘ
ĮȞȐıIJĮıȘȩȤșȘİȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȘ± țĮIJĮȕĮȡȐșȡȦıȘĮȖȐʌȘ- ȝȓıȠȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
ıȣȤȞȐİʌȘȡİĮıȝȑȞİȢĮʌȩIJĮʌȡȩIJȣʌĮIJȘȢIJȘȜİȩȡĮıȘȢ,
ȫɘɑɅȽɅɓɊɟɊȽɐɒɂɒȽɟɋɂɇɏəɊȽɑǣ
1. īȡȐijİ ıİ ıȘȝİȚȦȝĮIJȐȡȚȠ įȓʌȜĮ ıIJȠ țȡİȕȐIJȚ ıȠȣ IJĮ ȩȞİȚȡȐ ıȠȣ.
2. Brain Training Games ȕİȜIJȚȫȞȠȣȞ IJȘ ȝȞȒȝȘ: www.lumosity.com
3. īȡȐȥİ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȚȦȝĮIJȐȡȚȠʌȡȚȞțȠȚȝȘșİȓȢIJȠșȑȝĮIJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣʌȠȣșİȢȞĮ
įİȚȢȁİʌIJȠȝȑȡİȚİȢȒİȚțȩȞİȢʌȠȣșȑȜİȚȢȞĮįİȚȢǼʌĮȞȑȜĮȕİIJĮıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩ
ıȠȣDZijȘıİȤȫȡȠĮʌȩțȐIJȦȖȚĮȞĮȖȡȐȥİȚȢIJȚİȓįİȢ
4. īȡȐijȠȣȝİIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠıİȤȡȩȞȠǼȞİıIJȫIJĮıĮȞĮIJȠȗȠȪȝİ
5. ȈİȣʌȠıȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȝİʌȚșĮȞȑȢıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢȝİIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȝĮȢ
ȗȦȒȤȦȡȓȢȞĮțȡȓȞȠȣȝİ
6. ȆİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȣȝİȝİȜİʌIJȠȝȑȡİȚİȢIJȠʌȓȠʌȡȩıȦʌĮįȚȐșİıȘȤȡȫȝĮIJĮ
ȝȣȡȦįȚȑȢĮȚıșȒıİȚȢțȜʌ
7. ǼȚțȠȞȠȖȡĮijȠȪȝİȩIJȚįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮİțijȡȐıȠȣȝİ
247
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
8. īȡȐijȠȣȝİIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠȟİțȚȞȫȞIJĮȢĮȞȐʌȠįĮ
9. ȈȣȜȜȠȖȓıȠȣIJĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȤĮȜĮȡȦȝȑȞȠȢ
10. ȂȘȞįİȚȢIJĮȚȞȓĮʌȡȚȞțȠȚȝȘșİȓȢʌȠȣșĮıİİʌȘȡİȐıİȚ
11. ȀȜİȓıİIJĮȝȐIJȚĮțĮȚįİȢIJȚȢİȚțȩȞİȢʌȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȢ
12. DZțȠȣIJȠȣȢȒȤȠȣȢʌȠȣȗȒIJȘıİȢ
13. ǵIJĮȞ ȟȣʌȞȒıİȚȢ ıȪȖțȡȚȞİ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȗȒIJȘıİȢ ȝİ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ıȠȣ įȩșȘțĮȞ. ǻİȢ ĮȞ
ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ.
14. ǵIJĮȞıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢıIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠʌȦȢȠȞİȚȡİȪİıĮȚȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚįȚĮȣȖȑȢ
ȩȞİȚȡȠLucid Dreaming)ȅȡȖȐȞȦıİIJȠȤȡȩȞȠIJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣțĮȚȤĮȜȐȡȦıİȖȚĮ
ȞĮȝȘȞȟȣʌȞȒıİȚȢ.
15. ǻȚȐȕĮȗİıȣȤȞȐIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐıȠȣ
16. ǺȐȜİȑȞĮıȪȝȕȠȜȠĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚĮʌȩIJȠțȡİȕȐIJȚıȠȣȈȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıȠȣı¶ĮȣIJȩʌȡȚȞ
țȠȚȝȘșİȓȢțĮȚȗȒIJĮIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠʌȠȣșĮįİȚȢȈȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıȠȣı¶ĮȣIJȩȩIJĮȞ
ȟȣʌȞȒıİȚȢȖȚĮȞĮșȣȝȘșİȓȢIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠǻİȢĮȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȘİʌȚșȣȝȓĮ
ıȠȣ
17. ǽȒIJĮĮʌȩ IJȠȞȐȖȖİȜȠȠįȘȖȩIJȦȞȠȞİȓȡȦȞıȠȣȞĮıİȠįȘȖȒıİȚțĮȚȞĮıİ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıİȚıIJȠȠȞİȚȡȚțȩIJĮȟȓįȚıȠȣ
18. ȉȚIJȜȠijȠȡȠȪȝİIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮʌȠȣʌĮȡĮȖȖȑȜȜȠȣȝİĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣIJİȜȚțȐ
ȕȜȑʌȠȣȝİȀĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȣȝİțĮȚıIJȚȢįȣȠʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮȝĮȢ
19. ǻİȞȟȣʌȞȠȪȝİĮȝȑıȦȢȂȑȞȠȣȝİȝİțȜİȚıIJȐȝȐIJȚĮȒȡİȝȠȚıIJȠțȡİȕȐIJȚțĮȚIJȠ
șȣȝȩȝĮıIJİǼʌȚȝȑȞȠȣȝİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝĮȢ
ʌȡȠțȐȜİıĮȞ
20. ȈȣȗȘIJȐȝİIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝĮȢıİforum ȒȝİijȓȜȠȣȢǺȠȘșȐİȚ
21. ĭIJȚȐȤȞȠȣȝİİȣȡİIJȒȡȚȠȝİțȜİȚįȚȐʌȡȩıȦʌĮʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐȒijĮȞIJĮıIJȚțȐ
șȑȝĮIJĮıȪȝȕȠȜĮțȜʌ
http://www.wikihow.com/Interpret-Your-Dreams
http://www.wikihow.com/Control-Your-Dreams
http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamtheory/jung3.htm
http://www.dreammoods.com/dreamthemes/characters.htm
http://www.dreammoods.com/dreamdictionary/
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ȭɓɉɉɍɀɛɍɋɂɜɏɘɋǣ
ȮȽɊɎȽɉɟɋɇȽɎɍɓɚɐɈȽɀȽɋǤǤǤ
ǼȓįĮ ȤșİȢ ıIJȠ ȩȞİȚȡȠ ȝȠȣ ʌȦȢ ıIJİțȩȝȠȣȞ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ țĮșȡȑijIJȘ țĮȚ
ȝȩȜȚȢIJȠȞȐȖȖȚȟĮȩȜĮȤȐșȘțĮȞȄĮijȞȚțȐȕȡȑșȘțĮı¶ȑȞĮıȠȪʌİȡ-ȝȐȡțİIJǼțİȓİȓįĮ
ȝȓĮ ȩȝȠȡijȘ ȟĮȞșȚȐ ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ ȞĮ țȐșİIJĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȖțȐțȚ ıIJȘ ȖȦȞȓĮ IJȠȣ ıȠȪʌİȡȝȐȡțİIJdzIJĮȞȘȆȑȖțȘǽȒȞĮțĮȚțȡĮIJȠȪıİıIJȠȤȑȡȚIJȘȢȑȞĮȩʌȜȠȉȡȩȝĮȟĮȝȩȜȚȢIJȘȞ
İȓįĮ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȝȓȜȘıĮ ȂȠȣ İȓʌİ ȩIJȚ ȒIJĮȞ ʌȠȜȪ șȣȝȦȝȑȞȘ ȝĮȗȓ ȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȩIJİ ȝİ
ʌȣȡȠȕȩȜȘıİ.
ȂİIJȐĮʌȩȜȓȖȠ ĮȞĮıIJȒșȘțĮ țĮȚ ȕȡȑșȘțĮȝȑıĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȞIJȠȣȜȐʌȚ ȝĮȗȓ ȝ¶ȑȞĮ
ȝȚțȡȩ țȠȡȚIJıȐțȚ ĭȩȡĮȖİ ȐıʌȡȠ ijȩȡİȝĮȐıʌȡĮʌĮʌȠȪIJıȚĮțĮȚ ȝȓĮȐıʌȡȘțȠȡįȑȜĮ
ıIJĮȝĮȜȜȚȐIJȘȢȈIJȠȤȑȡȚIJȘȢțȡȐIJĮȖİʌȠȜȜȐȝʌĮȜȩȞȚĮ țĮȚȝİțȠȓIJĮȖİİȞȫIJĮȝȐIJȚĮ
IJȘȢIJȡİȝȠȑʌĮȚȗĮȞdzIJĮȞıĮȞijȐȞIJĮıȝĮ țĮȚijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞʌȠȜȪDZȡȤȚıİȞĮȝİʌȜȘıȚȐȗİȚ
ıȚȖȐ-ıȚȖȐ ĭȫȞĮȗĮ ȕȠȒșİȚĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȞİȓȢ įİȞ ȝİ ȐțȠȣȖİ ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ȑıțĮıİ ȑȞĮ
ȝʌĮȜȩȞȚ țĮȚ ĮȝȑıȦȢ ĮȚıșȐȞșȘțĮ ʌȚȠ ĮįȪȞĮȝȠȢ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ȐȡȡȦıIJȠȢ DZȡȤȚıĮ ȞĮ
IJȡȑȤȦ țĮȚ IJȠ țȠȡȚIJıȐțȚ ȝİ țȣȞȘȖȠȪıİ ĮıIJĮȝȐIJȘIJĮ ȉȠ țȠȡȚIJıȐțȚ ıȣȞȑȤȚȗİ ȞĮ
ıțȐİȚȝʌĮȜȩȞȚĮțĮȚİȖȫȑȞȚȦșĮȩȜȠțĮȚʌȚȠȐȡȡȦıIJȠȢȝȑȤȡȚʌȠȣIJİȜȚțȐȝİȑʌȚĮıİ.
ǼțİȓȞȘʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȒIJĮȞțĮȚȘıIJȚȖȝȒʌȠȣȟĮȞȐ-ʌȑșĮȞĮĮȜȜȐįİȞĮȞĮıIJȒșȘțĮʌȠIJȑ.
ȈIJȠIJȑȜȠȢIJȠȝȚțȡȩțȠȡȚIJıȐțȚȝȠȣȑįȦıİȑȞĮijȚȜȓıIJȠȝȑIJȦʌȠ țĮȚİȟĮijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ
ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ĭȩȕȠȢ± İȞȠȤȒ± ĮįȚȑȟȠįȠ
ȢɊɓɐɒɄɏɇɣɁɄɑ ɀɓɋȽɜɈȽɊɂɒȽɈɟɈɈɇɋȽɊȽɉɉɇə . . . .
ȅȞİȚȡİȪIJȘțĮʌȦȢȑIJȡİȤĮʌȓıȦĮʌȩȝȓĮțĮIJıȓțĮȉȩIJİĮȣIJȒȝʌȒțİıİȑȞĮIJȡȑȞȠ
țĮȚ ĮʌȠijȐıȚıĮ ȞĮ IJȘȞ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıȦ ǵIJĮȞ ȝʌȒțĮ ȝȑıĮ İȓįĮ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȜȠȪȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢĮȜȜȐȘțĮIJıȓțĮįİȞȒIJĮȞİțİȓȉȘȞșȑıȘIJȘȢİȓȤİʌȐȡİȚȝȚĮȝȣıIJȘȡȚȫįȘȢ
ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ ȝİ țȩțțȚȞĮ ȝĮȜȜȚȐ ĭȠȡȠȪıİ ȝĮȪȡĮ ȖȣĮȜȚȐ țĮȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮ ȞĮ įȦ IJȠ
ȕȜȑȝȝĮIJȘȢ.
ȄĮijȞȚțȐ IJȠ IJȡȑȞȠ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ țĮIJȘijȠȡȓȗİȚ țĮȚ IJİȜȚțȐ ȑʌİıİ ıIJȘȞ șȐȜĮııĮ.
ȀȠȓIJĮȟĮ ȖȪȡȦ ȝȠȣ ʌİȡȚȝȑȞȠȞIJĮȢ ȞĮ įȦ ʌĮȞȚțȠȕȜȘȝȑȞĮ ʌȡȩıȦʌĮ ĮȜȜȐ ȠȚ
ıȣȞİʌȚȕȐIJİȢȝȠȣȒIJĮȞȒȡİȝȠȚıĮȞȞĮȝȘȞİȓȤİıȣȝȕİȓIJȓʌȠIJĮȉȠIJȡȑȞȠİȓȤİȖİȝȓıİȚȝİ
ȞİȡȩțĮȚ ȩȝȦȢĮȣIJȠȓıȣȞȑȤȚȗĮȞȞĮIJȡȫȞİ țĮȚ ȞĮ țȠȣȕİȞIJȚȐȗȠȣȞİȣȤȐȡȚıIJĮȩȝȦȢ
IJȫȡĮ țȐIJȚ ʌİȡȓİȡȖȠ IJȠȣȢ ıȣȞȑȕĮȚȞİ ǹȓȝĮ ȑIJȡİȤİ Įʌȩ țȐșİ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣȢ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ
IJȠȣȢ țĮȚĮȞĮțĮIJİȪȠȞIJĮȞȝİIJȠȞİȡȩIJȘȢșȐȜĮııĮȢ ʌȠȣİȓȤİʌȜȘȝȝȣȡȓıİȚIJȠIJȡȑȞȠ
249
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉȡȠȝȠțȡĮIJȒșȘțĮțĮȚȑțĮȞĮȞĮIJȡȑȟȦʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȑȟȠįȠĮȜȜȐȝȩȜȚȢȖȪȡȚıĮĮʌȩ
IJȘȞȐȜȜȘʌȜİȣȡȐİȓįĮʌȐȜȚIJȘȞȝȣıIJȘȡȚȫįȘȖȣȞĮȓțĮ ȝİIJĮțȩțțȚȞĮȝĮȜȜȚȐțĮȚIJĮ
țĮIJȐȝĮȣȡĮȖȣĮȜȚȐȂȠȣȤĮȝȠȖİȜȠȪıİțĮȚİȞIJİȜȫȢȟĮijȞȚțȐȐȡȤȚıİȞĮȝİʌȜȘıȚȐȗİȚ
dzșİȜĮ ȞĮ ijȪȖȦ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮ țȐIJȚ ȝȑıĮ ȝȠȣ ȝİ țȡĮIJȠȪıİ İțİȓ ĮțȓȞȘIJȠ.
ǼțİȓȞȘȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȞ ȩȜȠțĮȚʌȚȠțȠȞIJȐȝȠȣIJȩIJİȑȕĮȜİIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȘȢıIJĮȖȣĮȜȚȐIJȘȢțĮȚ
IJĮȑȕȖĮȜİ ȝİȝȚĮĮʌȩIJȠȝȘțȓȞȘıȘȉȩIJİȟȪʌȞȘıĮ
ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮǹȖȦȞȓĮ
ȢɀɇȽɀɇəɊɍɓͷǤǤǤǤ
ȋșİȢIJȠȕȡȐįȣİȓįĮİIJȠȚȝĮȗȩȝȠȣȞĮȞĮʌȐȦİțįȡȠȝȒȝİIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐȝȠȣȅ
ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢȝȠȣȗȒIJȘıİĮʌȩIJȠȞĮįİȡijȩȝȠȣȞĮIJȠȣijȑȡİȚIJĮțȚȐȜȚĮ IJȠȣȅĮįİȡijȩȢȝȠȣ
IJȠȣİȓʌİʌȦȢIJĮȑȤĮıİȅʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ ȝȠȣȐȡȤȚıİȞĮijȦȞȐȗİȚ țȚİȖȫȐȡȤȚıĮȞĮțȜĮȓȦ.
ȈIJȠ IJȑȜȠȢ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȒȖĮȝİ ȞĮ ijȪȖȠȣȝİ Ș ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ İȓʌİ ȩIJȚ ʌȑșĮȞİ Ș ȖȚĮȖȚȐ ȝȠȣ.
ȈIJİȞĮȤȦȡȒșȘțĮʌȠȜȪ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ĭȩȕȠȢıIJİȞĮȤȫȡȚĮ
ȢɀɇȽɀɇəɊɍɓ͸ǤǤǤǤ
ȆȡȠȤșȑȢIJȠȕȡȐįȣİȓįĮȩIJȚİȓȤĮʌȐİȚıIJȠȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠȞĮįȦIJȘȖȚĮȖȚȐ ȝȠȣʌȠȣ
İȓȤİʌȐșİȚʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮǵIJĮȞIJȘȞİȓįĮȐȡȤȚıİȞĮȕȒȤİȚțĮȚȝİIJȐĮʌȩȜȓȖȠʌȑșĮȞİǼȖȫ
ȒȝȠȣȞ ȤȐȜȚĮ DzțȜĮȚȖĮ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ țĮȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮ ȞĮ ȘȡİȝȒıȦ ȂİIJȐ İȓįĮ ʌȦȢ
ȒȝȠȣȞĮıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠțȚȑȖȡĮijĮįȚĮȖȫȞȚıȝĮıIJȘȞȚıIJȠȡȓĮǻİȞİȓȤĮįȚĮȕȐıİȚ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ DZȖȤȠȢİȞȠȤȒ
ȮȽɊɘɏəɈɇȽǤǤǤ
ǼȓįĮʌȦȢȒȝȠȣȞȝİțȐʌȠȚȠȞ ı¶ȑȞĮȟİȞȠįȠȤİȓȠǻİȞIJȠȞȖȞȦȡȓȗȦȆĮȓȗĮȝİȝİ
țȐIJȚ ȝȦȡȐțȚĮ. ǻİȞ ȟȑȡĮȝİ ʌȠȚĮȞȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ ȂȩȜȚȢ IJĮ¶ ĮȖȖȓȗĮȝİ ȟĮijȞȚțȐ ʌȑșĮȚȞĮȞ.
ȆĮȓȗĮȝİ ȝ¶ ȑȞĮ ȝȦȡȐțȚ ȉȠȣ ȕȐȜĮȝİ IJȠ ʌȡȩıȦʌȠ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȝʌȠȜ ȀȐIJȚ ʌȡȐıȚȞĮ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȐțȚĮ ȣʌȒȡȤĮȞ ıIJȠ ȝʌȠȜ ȉȠ ȝȦȡȩ ĮȝȑıȦȢ țȠțȐȜȦıİ țĮȚ ʌȑșĮȞİ.
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǼȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİȠʌĮIJȑȡĮȢ IJȠȣʌȠȣʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıİȞĮIJȠıȣȞİijȑȡİȚȂİIJȐșȑȜȘıĮȞĮ
ijȪȖȦȠȐȜȜȠȢȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢʌȠȣȒIJĮȞȝĮȗȓȝȠȣįİȞȝʌȩȡİıİȞĮȝİĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚİȞȫ
ȒșİȜİ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ İȞȠȤȒʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢİȞIJȣʌȦıȚĮıȝȩȢ
ȣȽɉəɐɐɇɍɒɚɏȽɑǤǤǤǤ
ǼȓįĮʌȦȢȝʌȒțĮıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȝȚĮȢȖȞȦıIJȒȢȝȠȣijĮȞIJĮıIJȚțȩʌȡȩıȦʌȠȉȠıʌȓIJȚ
IJȘȢ ȑȝȠȚĮȗİ ȝİ ʌĮȜȐIJȚ. ǼȞIJȣʌȦıȚȐıIJȘțĮ ȆȑȡĮıĮ ȝȚĮ ȥȘȜȒ ȝʌĮȜțȠȞȩʌȠȡIJĮ țĮȚ
ȕȡȑșȘțĮı¶ȑȞĮIJıȚȝİȞIJȑȞȚȠįȚȐįȡȠȝȠ. ǹȡȚıIJİȡȐțĮȚįİȟȚȐșȐȜĮııĮĭȠȡȠȪıĮȑȞĮ
țȩțțȚȞȠ ȜĮȝʌİȡȩ ijȩȡİȝĮ ȆİȡʌĮIJȠȪıĮ ĮȡȖȐ ȝİ IJȡȩʌȠ ȕĮıȚȜȚțȩ Ǿ șȐȜĮııĮ ȒIJĮȞ
ijȠȣȡIJȠȣȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘ. ȅ ȠȣȡĮȞȩȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȝĮȪȡȠȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ĮıIJȑȡȚĮ DzȞĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ IJȑȡĮȢ
ȕȖȒțİ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ șȐȜĮııĮ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ IJȠȣ ȑįȦıĮ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ ȄĮijȞȚțȐ ȝȚĮ ĮȩȡĮIJȘ
įȪȞĮȝȘ ȝİ IJȡĮȕȠȪıİ įİȞ ʌȡȩȜĮȕĮ ȞĮ ʌȚĮıIJȫ țȚ ȑʌİıĮ ıIJȘ șȐȜĮııĮ ȉȠ IJȑȡĮȢ
ȐȡȤȚıİȞĮȑȡȤİIJĮȚțĮIJĮʌȐȞȦȝȠȣȂİʌȓİıĮȞĮȟȣʌȞȒıȦțĮȚIJȠțĮIJȐijİȡĮ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ DZȖȤȠȢ İȞIJȣʌȦıȚĮıȝȩȢĮȞİȝİȜȚȐșȑȜȘıȘ
ȥȽɒɐȽɏɜɁɂɑǤǤǤ
ȀȠȜȪȝʌĮȖĮ ıİ ȝȚĮ ȜȓȝȞȘ. īȚĮ ȞĮ ȕȖȦ ıIJȘȞ ȩȤșȘ ȝİ ȕȠȒșȘıİ ȑȞĮ ȐȖȞȦıIJȠ
ʌĮȚįȓ. ȂʌȒțĮȝȑıĮIJȠȣțĮȚȕȖȒțĮĮʌȩIJȘȞȜȓȝȞȘ. ȂİIJȐȒșİȜĮȞĮʌȐȦıIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠ
ʌȠȣȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȞȝȑıĮıIJȠįȐıȠȢ. ǺȖȒțĮĮʌȩIJȘȜȓȝȞȘțĮȚĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȚįȓȂȐȜȜȠȞȒIJĮȞ
ıȣȝȝĮșȘIJȒȢ ȝȠȣ Ȃİ țȡȐIJĮȖİ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȤȑȡȚ. ĭȠȕȩȝȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȪ ȞĮ ʌȐȦ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ȖȚĮIJȓ
ȒIJĮȞȖİȝȐIJȠțĮIJıĮȡȓįİȢ ıIJȚȢ ȖȦȞȓİȢ. dzȡșĮȞțȚ ȐȜȜĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ țĮȚ ȝĮȢȕȠȒșȘıĮȞȞĮ
įȚȫȟȠȣȝİIJȚȢțĮIJıĮȡȓįİȢǼȖȫĮțȩȝȘ ijȠȕȩȝȠȣȞȉİȜȚțȐ ȑȞȚȦıĮ ȐȞİıȘȉȩıȠʌȠȜȪ
ʌȠȣȐȡȤȚıĮȞĮȕȠȘșȐȦțȚȐȜȜĮʌĮȚįȚȐ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ DZȖȤȠȢ ijȩȕȠȢȐȞİıȘșȑȜȘıȘ
ȜɀȽɎɄɊɚɋɍɎɏɟɐɘɎɍ 1 . . .
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ǼȓįĮʌȦȢʌİȡȞȠȪıĮȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠDzȤȦȝȚĮțĮțȒįȚĮȓıșȘıȘǹȞİȕĮȓȞȦ
ıIJȘȞ IJȐȟȘ ǺȜȑʌȦ ȑȞĮ ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠ ȝȠȣ ʌȡȩıȦʌȠ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȑIJȠȚȝȠ ȞĮ ʌȑıİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ʌĮȡȐșȣȡȠȆȑijIJİȚȉȠʌȚȐȞȦĮʌȩIJȠȤȑȡȚțĮȚIJȠIJȡĮȕȫİʌȐȞȦ ȉȠțȡĮIJȫıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮ
ȝȠȣ ȁȚʌȠșȣȝȐ ȆȡȠıʌĮșȫ ȞĮ IJȠ ıȣȞİijȑȡȦ ȄȪʌȞȘıİ ȉȠ ʌȡȩıȦʌȩ IJȠȣ ȝȠȚȐȗİȚ
ȖĮȜȒȞȚȠ± ĮȖȖİȜȚțȩȀȡĮIJȫĮȣIJȩIJȠȐIJȠȝȠĮʌȩIJȠȤȑȡȚțĮȚIJȠȣȝİIJĮįȓįȦȜȓȖȘĮʌȩ
IJȘȞįȪȞĮȝȒȝȠȣDZȞȠȚȟİIJĮȝȐIJȚĮIJȠȣȂȠȣȤĮȝȠȖİȜȐȄȪʌȞȘıĮʌȠȜȪȒȡİȝȘǹȜȜȐ
ȝȩȜȚȢșȣȝȒșȘțĮIJȚİȓįĮIJȡȩȝĮȟĮ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ DZȖȤȠȢ ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠȖȠȞȚțȩȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȠ
İȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȘ± țĮIJĮȕĮȡȐșȡȦıȘ ± ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȞĮıȫıȦIJȠİȟȚįĮȞȚțİȣȝȑȞȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠ
ĮʌȩIJȘȞĮʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣıȒȝȠȣȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩ.
ȜɀȽɎɄɊɚɋɍɎɏɟɐɘɎɍ͸ǤǤǤ
ǼȓįĮʌȦȢȒȝȠȣȞĮȝİIJȚȢijȓȜİȢȝȠȣıİȝȚĮʌȜĮIJİȓĮǼțİȓȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȞțĮȚIJȠ
ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠȝȠȣʌȡȩıȦʌȠĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȑȤȦİȟȚįĮȞȚțİȪıİȚȝİIJȠʌĮȚįȓIJȠȣȉȠʌĮȚįȓ
IJȡȑȤİȚʌȡȠȢIJȠįȡȩȝȠȄĮijȞȚțȐıIJȑțİIJĮȚĮțȓȞȘIJȠȂʌȠȡİȓȞĮȑȡșİȚțȐʌȠȚȠ
ĮȣIJȠțȓȞȘIJȠȉȡȑȤȦȞĮIJȠıȫıȦȖİȝȐIJȘʌĮȞȚțȩȉĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȞȦȉȠʌĮȓȡȞȦıIJȘȞ
ĮȖțĮȜȚȐȝȠȣȉȠțĮșȘıȣȤȐȗȦȉȠıijȓȖȖȦ ıIJȘȞĮȖțĮȜȚȐȝȠȣȃȚȫșȦȚțĮȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘ
ȀȠȚIJȫĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚȉȠĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠȝȠȣʌȡȩıȦʌȠʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚIJȠʌĮȚįȓIJȠȣȉȠĮijȒȞȦ
ǹȣIJȩIJȡȑȤİȚțĮȚʌȑijIJİȚıIJȘȞĮȖțĮȜȚȐIJȠȣĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠȣȝȠȣʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȂİİȣȤĮȡȚıIJİȓ
ȝİįȐțȡȣĮıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȉȠȣȜȑȦʌȦȢȒIJĮȞIJȠȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞĮțȐȞȦ
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ DZȖȤȠȢĮȖȦȞȓĮȝȚțȡȩʌĮȚįȓȝȑıĮȝĮȢʌĮȚįȓĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠ
ʌȡȩıȦʌȠȖȠȞȚțȩȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȠİȝʌȜȠțȒĮțȓȞȘIJȠİȞȠȤȒȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıțȩȜȜȘıȘ
ıijȓȖȖȦȣʌȑȡȕĮıȘIJȘȢİȟȐȡIJȘıȘȢĮʌȩIJȘȞİȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȒIJȠȣʌȑȡĮıȝĮįȡȩȝȠȣ
ȜɀȽɎɄɊɚɋɍɎɏɟɐɘɎɍ͹ǤǤǤ
ǼȓįĮ ʌȦȢ ȕȡȚıțȩȝȠȣȞĮ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ıʌȓIJȚ ȝİ ȕȡȚțȩȜĮțİȢ ȉȘȞ ȘȝȑȡĮ ȒȝĮıIJĮȞ
ijȓȜȠȚȉȘȞȪȤIJĮįȚȥȠȪıĮȞȖȚĮĮȓȝĮțȚİȖȫȒȝȠȣȞȘțĮȜȜȓIJİȡȘIJȡȠijȒIJȠȣȢDZȡȤȚıĮ
ȞĮIJȡȑȤȦȂİțȣȞȘȖȠȪıĮȞȈȣȞȑȤȚıĮȞĮIJȡȑȤȦȝȑıĮıIJȠıțȠIJȐįȚĮțȩȝȘțȚȩIJĮȞȝİ
ȑȤĮıĮȞ ȁĮȤȐȞȚĮıĮ ȄȪʌȞȘıĮ ȄĮȞĮțȠȚȝȒșȘțĮ ȈȣȞİȤȓȗȦ ȞĮ IJȡȑȤȦ ȈțȠȞIJȐijIJȦ
ȆȑijIJȦȃȚȫșȦȞĮʌĮȡĮȜȪȠȣȞIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣȀȜĮȓȦʌȠȞȐȦțĮȚȞȚȫșȦȝȩȞȘȈĮȞĮʌȩ
ȝȘȤĮȞȒȢ șİȩȢ țĮIJİȕĮȓȞİȚ IJȠ ĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠ ȝȠȣ ʌȡȩıȦʌȠ Ȃİ ȝȚĮ ȝĮIJȚȐ IJȠȣ ȑȞĮ
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ȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠȩȜĮĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞȂȠȣȑįȦıİIJȠȤȑȡȚIJȠȣțĮȚȟȪʌȞȘıĮȝİIJȘȞȖȜȣțȚȐİȚțȩȞĮ
IJȠȣıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣ
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ DZȖȤȠȢĮȖȦȞȓĮȣʌȑȡȝİIJȡİȢĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢıIJȠȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞȠʌȡȩıȦʌȠȖȠȞȚțȩȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȠ
ȧɇȽɃɘɛɍɋɂɇɏɂɊɚɋɄǤǤǤ
ǼȓįĮʌȦȢȟȪʌȞȘıĮı¶ȑȞĮIJİȡȐıIJȚȠıʌȓIJȚdzȝȠȣȞʌİȡȓʌȠȣİȚțȠıȚʌȑȞIJİİIJȫȞ.
Ȃİ İȓįĮ ıIJȠȞ țĮșȡȑijIJȘ ȒȝȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȪ ȩȝȠȡijȘ. ȉȠ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ ȒIJĮȞ ʌȠȜȪ ȩȝȠȡijȠ ȅȚ
IJȠȓȤȠȚ ȒIJĮȞ ȐıʌȡȠȚ ȆĮȡȩȜȠ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȣ Ȑȡİıİ ȕȖȒțĮ dzȝȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ įİȪIJİȡȠ ȩȡȠijȠ
ǺȡȑșȘțĮȝʌȡȠıIJȐıİȝȚĮıțȐȜĮȉȘȞțĮIJȑȕȘțĮȆȒȖĮıIJȠȚıȩȖİȚȠȈȣȞȐȞIJȘıĮIJȠȞ
ʌİȞIJȐȤȡȠȞȠ Įįİȡijȩ ȝȠȣ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ ȖȓȞİȚ įİțĮİʌIJȐȤȡȠȞȠȢ. DzʌĮȚȗİ ȟĮʌȜȦȝȑȞȠȢ play
station ȝʌȡȠıIJȐıİȝȚĮIJİȡȐıIJȚĮȠșȩȞȘIJȘȜİȩȡĮıȘȢǾȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣȝİijȫȞĮȟİıIJȘȞ
țȠȣȗȓȞĮȆȒȖĮțĮȚțȐșȚıĮı¶ȑȞĮʌȐıȠıĮȞĮȣIJȐıIJĮȝʌĮȡDzijĮȖĮĮȡȖȐ± ĮȡȖȐIJȠ
ʌȡȦȚȞȩ ȝȠȣ ǼȓįĮ IJȠ ȡȠȜȩȚ ǼȓȤĮ ĮȡȖȒıİȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ įȠȣȜİȚȐ ȆȒȖĮ ʌȐȜȚ ıIJȠ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ
ȝȠȣDZȞȠȚȟĮIJȘȞIJȠȣȜȐʌĮdzIJĮȞȖİȝȐIJȘȦȡĮȓĮȡȠȪȤĮȃIJȪșȘțĮțĮȚĮʌȠȤĮȚȡȑIJȘıĮ
IJȠȣȢ įȚțȠȪȢ ȝȠȣ țȚ ȑijȣȖĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȠȣȜİȚȐ ȠįȘȖȫȞIJĮȢ ȝȚĮ țĮIJĮțȩțțȚȞȘ Porsche.
ȅįȘȖȠȪıĮ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJȘijȠȡȚȐ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ șȐȜĮııĮ ȈIJȠȞ țĮșȡȑijIJȘ IJȠȣ ĮȣIJȠțȚȞȒIJȠȣ
ȝȠȣȑȕȜİʌĮ Ȟ¶ĮijȒȞȦʌȓıȦȝȠȣ IJȠʌȠȜȪ ȩȝȠȡijȠıʌȓIJȚ ȝȠȣ Ǿ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ȝȠȣ ʌȠȜȪ
ȞİȩIJİȡȘ Įʌ¶ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ȝİ ĮʌȠȤĮȚȡİIJȠȪıİ dzIJĮȞ ʌȠȜȪ ȩȝȠȡijȘ țĮȚ ĮįȪȞĮIJȘ.
ǻȓʌȜĮIJȘȢȒIJĮȞȑȞĮȢȩȝȠȡijȠȢȞȑȠȢȐȞįȡĮȢȄȪʌȞȘıĮȤĮȡȠȪȝİȞȘțĮȚȒȜʌȚȗĮʌȦȢȘ
ȗȦȒȝȠȣșĮȖȓȞİȚIJȠȓįȚȠȠȞİȚȡİȝȑȞȘ
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ǼʌȚșȣȝȓĮ İȟȚįĮȞȓțİȣıȘȤĮȡȐ
ȠɌɂɏɂɠɋɄɐɄɐɒɍɂɀɈȽɒȽɉɂɉɂɇɊɊɚɋɍɂɏɀɍɐɒəɐɇɍ . . . .
ǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚ ȝȩȞȠȢ ȑȟȦ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȜȚȩ İȖțĮIJĮȜİȜİȚȝȝȑȞȠ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠ ȉĮ
ʌȐȞIJĮİțİȓȝȑıĮİȓȞĮȚıțȠȣȡȚĮıȝȑȞĮ. ǹIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮșİȚȫįȘȢțȚĮʌȠʌȞȚțIJȚțȒīȪȡȦ
ʌİȡȓijȡĮȟȘ Įʌȩ ıțȠȣȡȚĮıȝȑȞȠ țȠIJİIJıȩıȣȡȝĮ Ȉİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȡȪʌȚȠ
ȂʌĮȓȞȦ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ĮȞȠȓȖȝĮIJĮ ȆĮȞIJȠȪ ȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȐ ıțȠȣȡȚĮıȝȑȞĮ
İȟĮȡIJȒȝĮIJĮ İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠȞ įȡȩȝȠ ȝȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȠ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠ ȀȐʌȠȚȠȢ ȝİ țȣȞȘȖȐ.
ȃȚȫșȦ ȝȚĮ ĮțĮIJĮȞȓțȘIJȘ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ ȞĮ İȟİȡİȣȞȒıȦ IJȠ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠ ǴıȦȢ ȝİ
ıȣȞȠįİȪİȚ ȝȚĮ ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ ȂʌĮȓȞȦ ıIJȠ ĮıĮȞıȑȡ ȆĮȡĮįȩȟȦȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ ǹȞİȕĮȓȞİȚ
ȝȩȞȠ IJȠȣ ȈIJĮȝĮIJȐİȚ ĮʌȩIJȠȝĮ IJȠ ĮıĮȞıȑȡ ȈʌȐİȚ IJȠ ıțȠȚȞȓ. ȆȑijIJȦ țȐȞȠȞIJĮȢ
IJıȠȣȜȒșȡĮ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮȞ IJİȡȐıIJȚȠ ıȦȜȒȞĮ ĭIJȐȞȦ țȐʌȠȣ ȆȐȜȚ IJȡȑȤȦ ȉȡȑȤȦ
ıIJȚȢ ıțȠȣȡȚĮıȝȑȞİȢ ıIJȑȖİȢ ȝȚĮȢ IJİȞİțİįȑȞȚĮȢ ʌĮȡĮȖțȠȪʌȠȜȘȢ ȂȐȜȜȠȞ ĮȣIJȒ Ș
ʌĮȡĮȖțȠȪʌȠȜȘ ȕȡȚıțȩIJĮȞ įȓʌȜĮ ıIJȠ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠ ǺȖĮȓȞȦ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ IJȡȪʌĮ IJȠȣ
ijȡȐȤIJȘȉȫȡĮȘĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮİȓȞĮȚțĮșĮȡȒțĮȚIJȠȤȫȝĮȤȠȡIJĮȡȚĮıȝȑȞȠȄȪʌȞȘıĮ
253
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ǹȖȦȞȓĮțĮIJĮįȓȦȟȘİʌȚșȣȝȓĮșȑȜȘıȘ
ȮɏɚɖɘɋȽɎɏɍɉəȾɘɒɍɉɂɘɔɍɏɂɜɍǤǤǤ
ǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚıİȝȚĮȜĮȧțȒĮȖȠȡȐȉȡȑȤȦȞĮʌȡȠȜȐȕȦIJȠȜİȦijȠȡİȓȠǻİȞIJȠ
ʌȡȠȜĮȕĮȓȞȦȝİİȝʌȠįȓȗİȚȠțȩıȝȠȢȆȐȜȚIJȠȑȤĮıĮ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ǹȖȦȞȓĮȐȖȤȠȢțȣȞȘȖȘIJȩ
ǼȓįĮ ʌȦȢ ȒȝȠȣȞĮ ıIJȠ ʌȡȠĮȪȜȚȠ IJȠȣ ʌĮȜȚȠȪ ȝȠȣ ıȤȠȜİȓȠȣ ǼȓȤĮȞ ȑȡșİȚ ȠȚ
īİȡȝĮȞȠȓ ȞĮ İʌȚșİȦȡȒıȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȑȢ ȝĮȢ ȉȠȣȢ İȓȤİ ıIJİȓȜİȚ Ș ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ
DzȞȦıȘ ȂĮȢ ȑȕĮȜĮȞ ȞĮ ĮȖȦȞȚıIJȠȪȝİ ıİ țȐʌȠȚĮ ĮșȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȆȡȫIJĮ ĮȖȦȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȞ ȠȚ
ȝĮȪȡȠȚ țĮȚIJĮȝĮȣȡȐțȚĮ. ȈțĮȡijȐȜȦȞĮȞȑȞĮIJȠȓȤȠĮʌȩıĮțȚȐ țȚȠȚīİȡȝĮȞȠȓIJȠȣȢ
ȤIJȣʌȠȪıĮȞ ȝİ ĮȜȣıȓįİȢ ȝİ ıȚįİȡȑȞȚİȢ ȝʌȐȜİȢ ȝİ țĮȡijȚȐ. ǻİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ȞĮ
ĮȞȑȕȠȣȞ țȚ ȑțȜĮȚȖĮȞ ȉȠ ıȤȠȜİȓȠ ıȚȖȐ ± ıȚȖȐ ȐįİȚĮıİ Įʌȩ ʌĮȚįȚȐ țĮșȫȢ IJĮ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮİȓȤĮȞĮȖȦȞȚıșİȓǾijȓȜȘȝȠȣȝȩȜȚȢİȓȤİIJİȜİȚȫıİȚțĮȚȒIJĮȞȘıİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
ǵıȠȚ ijȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ĮșȜȘIJȚțȐ ʌĮʌȠȪIJıȚĮ ȒIJĮȞ Ș ıİȚȡȐ IJȠȣȢ ȞĮ IJȡȑȟȠȣȞ ǼȖȫ įİȞ
ijȠȡȠȪıĮ ĭȠȕȒșȘțĮ ȝȘ ȝİ ıțȠIJȫıȠȣȞ. ĭȩȡİıĮ IJȘȢ ijȓȜȘȢ ȝȠȣ IJĮ ĮșȜȘIJȚțȐ
ʌĮʌȠȪIJıȚĮĮʌȩIJȠįȘȝȠIJȚțȩȄȪʌȞȘıĮ± ȟĮȞĮțȠȚȝȒșȘțĮǼȓįĮʌȦȢȒȝȠȣȞĮıİȝȚĮ
IJȐȟȘȞȘʌȚĮȖȦȖİȓȠȣǾțȣȡȓĮȝĮȢİȓʌİȞĮȝĮȗȑȥȠȣȝİIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJȐȝĮȢǼȖȫțĮȚ ȝȚĮ
ijȓȜȘȝȠȣȝİIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮIJȫȡĮʌȚĮȒȝĮıIJİIJıĮțȦȝȑȞİȢȝĮȗȑȥȠȣȝİIJĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJȐȝĮȢǾ
țȣȡȓĮȝĮȢİȓʌİȞĮʌȐȡȠȣȝİțȚȩIJȚȐȜȜȠʌİȡȓııİȥİȆȒȡĮȝȚĮțȠȜȩȞȚĮ Dior. ǺȑȕĮȚĮIJȠ
ȝʌȠȣțĮȜȐțȚȒIJĮȞıȤİįȩȞȐįİȚȠǴıȦȢȞĮȑijIJĮȚȖĮȞȠȚīİȡȝĮȞȠȓ.
ǿįȑİȢ- ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ ȈȤȠȜȚțȩȐȖȤȠȢȝʌİȡįİȝȑȞĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțȠȜȩȞȚĮ),
țĮIJĮʌȚİıȝȑȞȠȢșȣȝȩȢțĮIJĮʌȓİıȘIJȠȣid (ȑȞıIJȚțIJȠșĮȞȐIJȠȣȝĮȣȡȐțȚĮ),
ʌĮȜȚȞįȡȩȝȘıȘıIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮȐȜȣIJİȢįȚĮijȠȡȑȢıIJȚȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ
254
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɍɇɄɒɇɈɛɐɓɉɉɍɀɛǣǼȦɚɌɂɇɑɎɍɓɁɂɋɂɇɎɣɅɄɈȽɋǽǤ
255
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȱȽɊɄɉɛȽɓɒɍɂɈɒɜɊɄɐɄǣ
ȭɂɊɚɋȽȽɋɛɈɘǣ
ȆȠȚȠȢijIJĮȓİȚȐȡĮȖİȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩʌȠȣİȓȝĮȚ
ǼȓȞĮȚȘȝȠȞĮȟȚȐțĮȚȩȜȠȝȠȣIJȠİȓȞĮȚ
ȅijȩȕȠȢțĮȚȘĮʌȠȟȑȞȦıȘȝİțȐȞȠȣȞȞĮIJȡȑȝȦ
ȝȒʌȦȢțȐʌȠȚĮıIJȚȖȝȒȝȩȞȘȝȠȣ ȝİȓȞȦ
țĮȚțȐșȠȝĮȚȞĮțȜĮȓȦ
ED
DZįİȚĮȘȗȦȒȠȜȩțȜȘȡȘȖȣȡȞȐİȚȖȪȡȦ± ȖȪȡȦ
țȚİȖȫĮțȩȝȘȥȐȤȞȦȞĮȕȡȦIJȠʌȠȣĮȞȒțȦ
ǾȥȣȤȒȝȠȣȐįİȚĮıIJȘıȚȦʌȒĮțȠȪİȚȒȤȠȣȢIJȡȚȖȪȡȦ
ǹȞȠȪıȚĮʌȡȑʌİȚțȚİȖȫĮʌ¶ȑȟȦ
ȈİȝȑȞĮĮȞȒțȦțĮȚįȚİțįȚțȫIJȠįȚțĮȓȦȝĮȝȠȣȞĮȗȦ
ED
ȂȆ
256
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȥɟɈɈɇɋɄɀɏȽɊɊɛǣ
ȀȐșȠȝĮȚıIJȠȝȩȜȠIJȠȣȜȚȝĮȞȚȠȪ
ȅȚıțȑȥİȚȢȝȠȣįİȞȑȤȠȣȞȩȡȚĮ
ȩʌȦȢțȚȠȐįİȚȠȢȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȢȝİIJĮțȓIJȡȚȞĮıȪȞȞİijĮ
ǹȞĮȡȦIJȚȑȝĮȚ
īȚĮʌȠȚȠȞȗȦİȖȫ
ȄİʌİȡȞȫIJȚȢȐıȤȘȝİȢȝȑȡİȢ
ȆȩıȠʌȩȞȠțĮȚĮįȣȞĮȝȓİȢ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌİȡȐıȦĮțȩȝĮ
ǼȓȝĮȚȤĮȝȑȞȘıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞȤȦȡȓȢȤĮȡȐ
ȀĮȚȘıȘȝİȡȚȞȒȝȑȡĮįİȞİȓȞĮȚȩʌȦȢıIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮȝȠȣ
ED
ȁĮȝʌİȡȐĮıIJȑȡȚĮȝȑȤȡȚIJȠȟȘȝȑȡȦȝĮ
ȉĮȕȜȑʌȦȝĮįİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮIJĮʌȚȐıȦ
țĮȚʌȠȣijİȪȖİIJİĮıIJİȡȐțȚĮȝİIJȐ
ĭİȪȖİIJİıIJȠ©ĮȪȡȚȠª
ǹȜȜȐIJȠ©ĮȪȡȚȠªʌȠIJȑįİȞIJȠȟȑȡİȚțĮȞİȓȢ
ȖȜȚıIJȡȐıĮȞIJȘȢțȜİȥȪįȡĮȢIJȘȞȐȝȝȠ
ǼȓȝĮȚȒįȘıIJȘȞțȩțțȚȞȘȖȡĮȝȝȒ
ȈİIJȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌȚıIJȑȥȦ
ǻİȞțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞȦʌȦȢʌİȡȞȐȞİȠȚȝȑȡİȢ
ȀȚȩȝȦȢįİȞȑȤİȚıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȚȕȜȑʌİȚȢıIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮıȠȣIJȘȞȪȤIJĮ
257
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹȜȜȐʌȩıȠIJĮțȣȞȘȖȐȢIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮ
ED
ǵȜȠȚȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȤĮȝȠȖİȜȠȪȞțĮȚIJ¶ȠȞȠȝȐȗȠȣȞİȣIJȣȤȓĮ
ǻİȞIJȠʌȚıIJİȪȦįİȞȤĮȝȠȖİȜȫ
ȂİİȜʌȓįĮıIJȠĮȪȡȚȠʌȡȠıʌĮșȫȞĮȕȡȦIJȠȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠ
IJȠİȣIJȣȤȚıȝȑȞȠȤȦȡȓȢȥȑȝĮȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠȝȠȣ
ʌȠȣȤȐșȘțİțȐIJȦĮʌȩȕȜȑȝȝĮIJĮȣʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘȢ
ED
ǵȝȦȢIJȠĮȪȡȚȠʌȠIJȑįİȞȟȑȡİȚȢ
ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮʌİȡȐıȦIJȘȞțȩțțȚȞȘȖȡĮȝȝȒ
ǹȣIJȒȞIJȘȢįȚİțįȓțȘıȘȢIJȦȞįȚțȫȞȝȠȣİʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞ
ǻİȞȑȤİȚȞȩȘȝĮĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȕȜȑʌİȚȢİıȪIJȘȞȪȤIJĮ
ǾıȘȝİȡȚȞȒıȠȣȝȑȡĮȝİIJȡȐİȚ
ED
ȈIJȑțȠȝĮȚıIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣ
ȆȠIJȑįİȞșĮİȓȞĮȚȩʌȦȢıIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮȝȠȣ
ȠʌȩIJİIJȚıȘȝĮıȓĮȑȤİȚȞĮȥȐȤȞİȚȢIJȠȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠıȠȣ
ǵȜȠȚijȠȡȐȝİȝĮȪȡĮȖȣĮȜȚȐIJȠȕȜȑȝȝĮȞĮȝȘȞijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ
ED
258
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈȣȞİȤȓȗȠȣȝİȞĮʌȚıIJİȪȠȣȝİıIJȠȖȜȣțȩȥȑȝĮ
ĭȠȕȩȝĮıIJİȞĮįȠțȚȝȐıȠȣȝİIJȘȞʌȚțȡȒĮȜȒșİȚĮ
ȀĮȚȘțĮȡįȓĮȐįİȚĮıIJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮĮʌȩİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
ȉȠȥȑȝĮįİȞțĮȜȪʌIJİȚIJȠțİȞȩȝȩȞȠȘįȚİțįȓțȘıȘIJȠİȟĮijĮȞȓȗİȚ
ED
ȋ. ȈĬȜȚȝȝȑȞȠȥĮȡȐțȚ17/3/2012
259
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȜɋɚɈɔɏȽɐɒȽ ȭɓɋȽɇɐɅɛɊȽɒȽ . . .
ǹȞȑțijȡĮıIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮ
ȈțȑȥİȚȢȞIJȡȠʌĮȜȑȢ
ȖȡȐijȦȝİȝȚĮıʌĮıȝȑȞȘțȚȝȦȜȓĮ
ıIJȠȝĮȣȡȠʌȓȞĮțĮIJȦȞȝĮIJȚȫȞȝȠȣ
țȚȑȞĮįȐțȡȣȕȡȑȤİȚ
IJĮȐįİȚĮ- ʌĮȡĮʌȠȞİȝȑȞĮʌĮʌȠȪIJıȚĮȝȠȣ
ED
ȀİȞȩȈțȠIJȐįȚĬȜȓȥȘ.
ǻİȞȠȚȫșȦIJȓʌȠIJĮǼȓȝĮȚȑȞĮIJȓʌȠIJĮ
ǻİȞșȑȜȦȞĮȕȖȦȑȟȦ
ȠȪIJİȞĮįȦIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘ
ǹʌȠIJȣȤȓĮǹʌȩȡȡȚȥȘǹįȚȑȟȠįȠ
ED
ĭȩȕȠȢ . . . ȂȠȞĮȟȚȐ . . . ǹȞȘįȠȞȓĮ . . .
DZȜȜȘȝȚĮįȪıțȠȜȘȝȑȡĮ
ȖȚĮIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠȟİțȚȞȐ
ıȚȖȐȝȘȞʌȐȦȠȪIJȦȢȒ ȐȜȜȦȢ
įİȞșĮIJĮțĮIJĮijȑȡȦ
ǹıȒȝĮȞIJȠȢ . . . ǹȞȐȟȚȠȢ . . . ǹȩȡĮIJȠȢ . . .
ED
260
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂĮIJĮȓȦıȘǹʌȩıȣȡıȘǻȣıșȣȝȓĮ
ȉȩıİȢʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢ
ȝĮİȖȫįİȚȜȚȐȗȦ
ȕȣșȚıȝȑȞȠȢȟĮȞȐ
ıIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢȝȠȣIJȠțİȞȩ
ǹȕİȕĮȚȩIJȘIJĮȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘDZȖȤȠȢ
ED
ȆȈȅȝĮȤȘIJȒȢ28/2/2012
261
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȧɇȽɅɚɐɄɐɒɍɋɛɉɇɍǤǤǤ
īȞȫȡȚȗĮțȐʌȠIJİȑȞĮȞȐȖȖİȜȠ,
ȑȞĮȞȐȖȖİȜȠİȟȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠ
Įʌ
IJȠȞʌĮȡȐįİȚıȠįȓȤȦȢȜȩȖȠțĮȚĮȚIJȓĮ171.
ED
ȆȦȢİȓȞĮȚȐȡĮȖİȩȜȠȚȞĮʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞȞĮıİȖȠȞĮIJȓıȠȣȞ
ȝİIJȚȢʌȡȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣȢ172
ȝȩȞȠțĮȚȝȩȞȠİʌİȚįȒįİȞIJȠȣȢȝȠȚȐȗİȚȢ;
ȃĮıİȤĮıIJȠȣțȓȗȠȣȞȝİIJĮȜȩȖȚĮIJȠȣȢ
țȐȞȠȞIJȐȢıİȞĮȞȚȫșİȚȢ
ıĮȞȜȠȣȜȠȪįȚİțIJİșİȚȝȑȞȠıIJȠȞȕȠȡȚȐ
ED
ȀĮȚȞĮĮȞĮȡȦIJȚȑıĮȚȝİIJȐȖȚĮIJȓ;".
īȚĮIJȓȩȜȠȚĮȣIJȠȓʌȠȣİıȪʌȠIJȑ
įİȞıțȑijIJȘțİȢȐıȤȘȝĮȖȚĮĮȣIJȠȪȢ
ȞĮįȚĮıțİįȐȗȠȣȞ
ȕȜȑʌȠȞIJȐȢıİȞ¶ĮȖĮȞĮțIJİȓȢțĮȚȞĮțȜĮȓȢ;
ED
ȀȚȩȝȦȢȠȐȖȖİȜȠȢʌȠȣȖȞȫȡȚȗĮİȖȫ
ȒIJĮȞʌȐȞIJĮİțİȓȖȚĮȩʌȠȚȠȞİȓȤİĮȞȐȖțȘ
ȩIJȚțĮȚĮȞIJȠȣİȓȤİțȐȞİȚıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
ȀĮȚʌȐȞȦĮʌ
ȩȜĮįİȞȑȤĮȞİʌȠIJȑIJȠȤĮȝȩȖİȜȩIJȠȣ
ʌȡȠıʌİȡȞȫȞIJĮȢIJȚȢȐįȚțİȢİʌȚșȑıİȚȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ʌȠȣʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪıĮȞȞĮȖȡĮIJȗȠȣȞȒıȠȣȞ
IJȘȞȜİȓĮİʌȚijȐȞİȚĮIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣ
ED
ǵȜȠȚĮȟȓȗȠȣȝİȝȚĮșȑıȘıIJȠȞȒȜȚȠ
ȩʌȠȣșĮİȓȝĮıIJİȗİıIJȠȓțĮȚĮıijĮȜİȓȢ
ȀĮȚȩıȠțĮȚĮȞțȐʌȠȚȠȚʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȞ
ȞĮȝĮȢțȡĮIJȒıȠȣȞıIJȠıțȠIJȐįȚ,
171
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘĮȣIJȠȪʌȠȣȟȑȡİȚȞĮįȚİțįȚțİȓİțijȡȐȗȠȞIJĮȢIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐIJȠȣIJĮșȑȜȦIJȠȣȞĮ
ȕȐȗİȚIJĮȩȡȚȐIJȠȣȤȦȡȓȢȩȝȦȢȞĮʌȡȠıȕȐȜİȚIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
172
ȅȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚİʌȚșİIJȚțȠȓȒȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȠȓİțȕȚȐȗȠȣȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȐIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȖȚĮȞĮ
ʌİIJȪȤȠȣȞIJȠȣȢ ıțȠʌȠȪȢIJȠȣȢ
262
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȞįȚİțįȚțȒıȠȣȝİ173!
ED
ǹȆȁİȣțȩȢȀȪțȞȠȢ
173
ǻȚțĮȓȦȝĮıIJȘįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣǼĮȣIJȠȪȤȦȡȓȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ
263
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȮɍɈɍɓɒɜɒɄɑȫȽɋɁɣɏȽɑǣ
ȈțȩȞȘıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮ țȐȞİȚșȠȜȒ
IJȘȞİʌȚșȣȝȓĮȝȠȣȖȚĮIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ
ȀĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȡȠȣIJȓȞĮıțİʌȐȗİȚIJĮșȑȜȦȝĮȢ
ȃȚȫșȦȝȚțȡȒțȚĮıȒȝĮȞIJȘ
ǻİȞȝ¶ȐijȘıĮȞIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ȞĮıIJȣȜȫıȦIJĮʌȩįȚĮȝȠȣȞ¶ĮįȡȐȟȦIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
ED
ȂȚĮĮʌȩțȠıȝȘʌĮȚįȚțȒijȦȞȠȪȜĮ
ȥȚșȣȡȓȗİȚ©Carpe Diemª174.
ǹʌȠıȕȠȜȦȝȑȞȘțȠȚIJȫIJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮȝȠȣ
ıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢȝȠȣ
ȈIJȠıİȞIJȠȪțȚIJȘȢțĮȡįȚȐȢȝȠȣ
ĮȞĮıțĮȜİȪȦIJĮțȠȝȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣ
ȇĮȖȚıȝȑȞĮʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚĮİȞȩȢʌȜȘȖȦȝȑȞȠȣʌĮȚįȚȠȪʌĮȞIJȠȪ
ǹıʌȡȩȝĮȣȡİȢijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓİȢ
ĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞȦȞțĮȜȠțĮȚȡȚȫȞȟİʌȡȠȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ175.
ED
ȂİȝȐȖİȥİIJȠțȠȣIJȓIJȘȢȆĮȞįȫȡĮȢ176.
ȂĮȪȡĮțȠȡȐțȚĮįȚĮIJĮȖȫȞ177 țȚȐıʌȡĮʌİȡȚıIJȑȡȚĮİʌȚșȣȝȚȫȞ178
ȟİʌȘįȠȪȞțĮȚijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗȠȣȞĮȜĮijȚĮıȝȑȞĮ
ǹȞİȝȠıIJȡȩȕȚȜȠȢȝİʌĮȓȡȞİȚȝĮțȡȚȐȆİIJȫȝĮțȡȚȐȤȐȞȠȝĮȚ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐȠȣȡȐȞȚȠIJȩȟȠȖȪȡȦȝȠȣȝİșĮȝʌȫȞİȚ.
ED
ǹțȠȪȖİIJĮȚʌȐȜȚȘȓįȚĮijȦȞȒ
©DZțȠȣIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐıȠȣįȚİțįȓțȘıİ
ʌİȢIJĮșȑȜȦıȠȣțĮȚIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮıȠȣǺȐȜİIJĮȩȡȚĮıȠȣ
ȂȘȞʌȜȘȖȫȞİȚȢțĮȚȝȘȞĮijȒȞİȚȢȞĮʌȜȘȖȦșİȓȢª179.
ȉĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣȠȡșȐȞȠȚȤIJĮȡȠȣijȠȪȞțȐșİȜȑȟȘ
©īȓȞİȠțȪȡȚȠȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣ
174
©DZįȡĮȟİIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮªȜĮIJ
ȉȡĮȪȝĮIJĮțȚİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ
176
ȉȠțȠȣIJȓȝİIJȠțĮȜȩțĮȚIJȠțĮțȩǼįȫıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗİȚIJȠȣʌȠıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
177
ȊʌİȡİȖȫIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȦȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞȐȜȜȦȞȖȚĮIJȠʌĮȚįȓ
178
Id ± ǹȣIJȩIJĮȑȞıIJȚțIJĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢlibidoțĮȚIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣȕȓĮ
179
ǾĮȡȤȒIJȘȢįȚİțįȚțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıIJȘȞİʌȚșİIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȞȤİȚȡȚıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚIJȘȞ
ʌĮșȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
175
264
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǹȖțȐȜȚĮıİIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩʌȠȣĮʌȫșȘıİȢ
ǺİȕȚĮıȝȑȞĮțȜİȓįȦıİȢıİıİȞIJȠȪțȚ ıIJİȞȐȤȦȡȠ
ǻİȞȤȦȡȐIJȠȝİȖĮȜİȓȠIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ
ȝȚĮțĮȡįȚȐıIJİȞȒʌȠȣȐȜȜȠȚȐıIJȠȡȖĮIJȘȞʌİȡȓijȡĮȟĮȞª
ED
ȂȑıĮĮʌȩȑȞĮȜĮȝʌİȡȩĮıIJȑȡȚ
ȑȞĮȝȚțȡȩʌĮȚįȓȟİʌȡȠȕȐȜİȚ180.
ȂȠȣįİȓȤȞİȚIJȠįȡȩȝȠȖȚĮȞĮʌȡȠȤȦȡȒıȦ
ȆȜȐȚȝȠȣĮȖȖİȜȚțȑȢȝȠȡijȑȢ181.
ȈIJȠȡȖȚțȐ ȝİȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıIJȘȞțȠȡȣijȒ
ȝȚĮȢȝİȖȐȜȘȢįȪıțȠȜȘȢĮȞȘijȩȡĮȢ
ȃĮȚ țĮIJȐijİȡĮ ȑijIJĮıĮ ȂİıȣȞȐȞIJȘıĮİʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢ182.
Ȉ. Ȃ11/2/2012
180
ȅİĮȣIJȩȢʌȡȚȞIJȚȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢ
ȅȚıȣȝȕȠȣȜȑȢIJȘȢȥȣȤȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
182
ǹȣIJȠıȣȞİȚįȘıȓĮ
181
265
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȮȽɈɉɂɇɁɇəɊɇȽɑɐɈɍɓɏɇȽɐɊɚɋɄɑɗɓɖɛɑǣ
ȉĮțȜİȚįȚȐıIJȠIJȡĮʌȑȗȚ
ȑIJıȚİʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȐ± ıȤİįȩȞİȟȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐ
ȈĮȞȞĮİȓȝĮȚțIJȒȝĮıĮȢ183.
ȇĮȖȚıȝȑȞĮIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣȖȚĮȝȚĮĮțȩȝȘijȠȡȐ
ȂİȣʌȠȕȚȕȐȗİIJİȟĮȞȐȈȤİįȩȞȣȕȡȚıIJȚțȐȣʌȠįİȚțȞȪİIJİIJȠįȚțȩıĮȢıȦıIJȩ
DzȤİIJİȜȑİȚʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȜȑİȚ184ȆȠIJȑįİȞȝ¶ĮțȠȪİȚțĮȞİȓȢ
ȉȠıIJȩȝĮȝȠȣĮȞȠȚȖȠțȜİȓȞİȚȥİȜȜȓȗȠȞIJĮȢĮȩȡĮIJİȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
©DzȤİȚȢȝİȖĮȜȫıİȚǻİȞİȓıĮȚȝȦȡȩªȝȠȣȖȡȐijİIJİı¶ȑȞĮȤĮȡIJȓțĮȚIJȠțȠȜȜȐIJİ
ȝİȝĮȖȞȘIJȐțȚıIJȘȢțĮȡįȚȐȢȝȠȣIJȠȥȣȖİȓȠȂĮİȖȫİȓȝĮȚʌĮȚįȓĮțȩȝȘ185.
ED
ĭȠȡȐȦȝȐıțĮıIJȘȞĮʌȠȖȠȒIJİȣıȒȝȠȣȖȚĮȞĮIJȘȞțȡȪȥȦ
ȀȜİȚıȝȑȞȘıIJȠȖȪȥȚȞȠʌȡȠıȦʌİȓȠȝȠȣ
ȝȠȚȐȗȦȝȚĮȝȚțȡȠıțȠʌȚțȒijȚȖȠȪȡĮʌȠȣțȠȣȕĮȜȐİȚțĮȡIJİȡȚțȐ
ȑȞĮIJİȡȐıIJȚȠįȐțȡȣ186.
ǾȖȞȫȝȘȝȠȣʌȠIJȑįİȞȝİIJȡȐİȚȂİʌĮIJȐIJİ
ȀȡĮIJȫIJȘȞȥȣȤȡĮȚȝȓĮȝȠȣȆİȡȚȝȑȞȦȞĮțĮȜȝȐȡȠȣȞȩȜȠȚ187.
ȆȐȜȚȝİĮȖȞȠȠȪȞǻİȞȝİıȑȕȠȞIJĮȚ
ȀȜĮȓȦȌĮȡİȪȦȝİIJȠįȐțȡȣȝȠȣȑȞĮ©ȝʌȡȐȕȠțĮȜȐIJȠȑțĮȞİȢª
ǹijȒȞİIJİıIJȠIJȡĮʌȑȗȚȝȚĮȟİȡȒıȣȖȞȫȝȘ
ǼțİȓįȓʌȜĮıIJĮțȜİȚįȚȐȝȚĮȢıțȠȣȡȚĮıȝȑȞȘȢȥȣȤȒȢ
Ȃ¶ĮȖĮʌȐIJİȜȑIJİȆĮȡĮȝȪșȚĮȀĮȚʌȐȜȚ ȥȑȝĮ
ED
ǻİȞȖȚȠȡIJȐȗȦʌȚĮIJĮȖİȞȑșȜȚĮȝȠȣȅȪIJİıİșȠȡȣȕȫįȘʌȐȡIJȚʌȐȦ
ȉȩıȠȢțȩıȝȠȢĮʌİȚȜȒʌȠȣțȡĮIJȐįȒșİȞĮįȚȐijȠȡĮ
ȑȞĮȝȚıȠȖİȝȐIJȠʌȠIJȒȡȚȝİȟȪįȚ
ȀȡȚIJȚțȒıIJȣijȒțȚĮȞİȪșȣȞȘțȡȣijȠȖȞȑijİȚ
ıIJĮȕȜȑijĮȡȐʌȠȣıIJİijĮȞȫȞȠȣȞȩȝȠȡijĮȖȣȐȜȚȞĮȝȐIJȚĮ
ǼȓȝĮȚĮȩȡĮIJȘı¶ȑȞĮȞțȩıȝȠțİȞȩǹȣIJȩȝİʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ
ȂİIJĮȝȠȡijȫȞȠȝĮȚȝİIJĮʌȜȐșȠȝĮȚȖȚĮȞĮȝȘȞȝİʌȜȘȖȫȞȠȣȞ
ǹʌȩȝȚțȡȒıIJİȡȒșȘțĮIJĮȝʌȡȐȕȠǼʌȚțȡȓıİȚȢıijȣȡȘȜȐIJȘıĮȞȑȞĮĮįȪȞĮȝȠİȖȫ
ȂȠȚȐȗȦıĮȞȤȐȡIJȚȞȠȕĮȡțȐțȚıİįȓȞȘ ȞİȡȠȪ
183
ȵʇɲɿʏʀɲʎʏʘʆɸʆɷʉɴʉʄʙʆʃɲɿʏʘʆͨʋʌɹʋɸɿͩʏʘʆɳʄʄʘʆ͘
Ȱʅʔɿɽʐʅɿʃʊʎʏʑʋʉʎɶʉʆɿʉʑɲʋɹʆɲʆʏɿʍʏɻʆʔʐʍɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɼʋʌʉʍʃʊʄʄɻʍɻʏʉʐʋɲɿɷɿʉʑ͘
185
Ȱʋʉʔɸʐʃʏɿʃʊʎʏʑʋʉʎɶʉʆɿʉʑɲʋɹʆɲʆʏɿʍʏɻʆʔʐʍɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɼʋʌʉʍʃʊʄʄɻʍɻʏʉʐʋɲɿɷɿʉʑ͘
186
ɍʌʊʆɿɲɷʐʍɽʐʅʀɲʹ ʅɸʄɲɶʖʉʄʀɲ͘
187
ȾɲʐɶɳʎʅɸɶʉʆɸʀʎʃɲɿʍʑɶʃʌʉʐʍɻɉʋɸʌɸɶʙʃɲɿId ʅɹʍɲʍʏɻʆɻʌʘʀɷɲ.
184
266
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
DZįİȚȠȢȜİȣțȩȢȞȚʌIJȒȡĮȢȡȠȣijȐIJĮșȑȜȦțĮȚIJȘȞĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȒȝȠȣ188.
ȋ. ȈĬȜȚȝȝȑȞȠȥĮȡȐțȚ
188
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻʖʘʌʀʎʀʖʆʉʎɷɿɸʃɷɿʃɻʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ͘
267
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȴɀɖɍɑǣ
Ȯɏɂɉɟɏɍɉɟɇǣ
ǵIJĮȞIJȠȡȠȜȩȚıĮȞIJȡİȜȩIJȡȑȤİȚ
țȚȠȚįİȓțIJİȢIJȠȣȡĮȝijȓıȠȣȞIJĮȞİȪȡĮȝȠȣ
ȝȑȞȦĮʌȠıȕȠȜȦȝȑȞȘĮȞȒȝʌȠȡȘ
ȉȠʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȫ ĮțȓȞȘIJȘ.
ǹțȠȪȦIJȠIJȚț± IJĮțIJȚț± IJĮț
ED
ȅȤȡȩȞȠȢʌĮȖȫȞİȚ ȂȩȞȠȘțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣȤIJȣʌȐȖȡȒȖȠȡĮ
ȉȠįȦȝȐIJȚȠıIJİȞİȪİȚȉĮʌȡȑʌİȚ IJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȝİʌİȡȚțȣțȜȫȞȠȣȞ
ȅȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢIJĮșȑȜȦȝȠȣĮȜĮijȚĮıȝȑȞĮ
Įʌ¶IJȠțȣȞȒȖȚIJȠȣĮįȣıȫʌȘIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣ
İȖțĮIJĮȜİȓʌȠȣȞțȐșİIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȖȚĮȑțijȡĮıȘ
ED
ȄȐijȞȠȣȕȡȓıțȠȝĮȚİȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞȘȀȜİȚįȦȝȑȞȘıIJȠįȦȝȐIJȚȠȝȠȣ
ȉĮĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣijȠȣȡIJȠȣȞȚĮıȝȑȞȘșȐȜĮııĮ
ǼıȦIJİȡȚțȒʌȐȜȘĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJĮșȑȜȦțĮȚIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚ
ED
268
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉĮțȪȝĮIJĮĮȖȖȓȗȠȣȞIJȘȞıIJİȡȚȐȝȠȣțȚİȖȫIJȡȠȝĮȖȝȑȞȠțȠȤȪȜȚ.
ȈȣȞȑȡȤȠȝĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞĮʌȩȖȞȦıȘțĮȚIJȘȝȠȞĮȟȚȐȝȠȣ ıĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚIJȠȕȡȐįȣ
ȉȩIJİʌȠȣȑȤȦȑȞĮĮıȘȝȑȞȚȠijİȖȖȐȡȚȖȚĮȝĮȟȚȜȐȡȚ
țĮȚIJĮȕȜȑijĮȡĮȞĮȞȠȣȡȓȗȠȣȞIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣ.
Ǽ. ǿ. 27/2/2012
269
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɏɍɐɎəɅɂɇȽɐɂɈȽɒəɐɒȽɐɄɎȽɋɇɈɍɠǣ
ȈĮȞȤșİȢIJȠșȣȝȐȝĮȚ
ȝİʌȒȡİĮʌȩIJȠȤȑȡȚ
țĮșȫȢțĮȡįȚȠțIJȣʌȠȪıĮ
ĮʌȩȐȖȤȠȢȖȚĮȝȚĮĮțȩȝȘijȠȡȐ
ȂİIJĮȟȓįİȥİ
ıİȑȞĮȞțȩıȝȠʌȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȗȒıȦ
ED
DZȞșȡȦʌȠȚıIJȑțȠȞIJĮȞ
țȐIJȦĮʌȩȖțȡȓȗȠȠȣȡĮȞȩ
ǵȜĮȑȝȠȚĮȗĮȞʌĮȖȦȝȑȞĮȖȪȡȦIJȠȣȢ
ȀȡȪİȢȥȣȤȑȢȣʌȒȡȤĮȞı
ĮȣIJȩIJȠȞțȩıȝȠ
ED
ȀĮȝȚȐĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘțĮșȩȜȠȣĮʌȠįȠȤȒ
ǼȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞİȢıIJȠȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJȠȐȖȤȠȢ
ED
ȆȠȣșİȞȐįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
IJȠȩȝȠȡijȠȗİıIJȩțȩțțȚȞȠ
țĮȞȑȞĮȢįİȞȒIJĮȞijȓȜȠȢȝİțĮȞȑȞĮȞ
270
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ED
ȂȠȞĮȟȚȐȝİIJȐĮʌȩȝȚĮȝȑȡĮȖİȝȐIJȘıIJȡİȢ
ȋȦȡȓȢȞȩȘȝĮ
ȘʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮıİțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘʌĮȞȚțȠȪ
ȀİȞȩʌȐȜȚțİȞȩ
ED
ȃȚȫșȦȞĮʌȑijIJȦ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢȝİIJȡĮȕȐıIJȠțİȞȩ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐȩȜĮȑȖȚȞĮȞȐıʌȡĮ
ED
DzȞĮijȦȢȝİIJȣijȜȫȞİȚ
ȐȖȡȚĮȝȐIJȚĮȝİțȠȚIJȠȪȞ
ȤȦȡȓȢȞĮȟȑȡȦIJȚșȑȜȠȣȞĮʌȩȝȑȞĮ
ED
ǼȓȞĮȚIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚʌȠȣȝȠȣȕȐȗȠȣȞıIJȩȤȠȣȢ
ȆȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣįİȞİʌȚșȣȝȫ
țĮȚįİȞȝʌȠȡȫȞĮijIJȐıȦ
ED
ǼȀȃȚijȐįĮ
271
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫȽɏəɌɂɋɄɎɂɏɇɎɉəɋɄɐɄǤǤǤǤǤ
ȂȚĮȪʌȠȣȜȘıțȚȐ- ĮȩȡĮIJĮįİıȝȐ
ȂİʌȞȓȖİȚȝȚĮijȠȡȐĮțȩȝȘ
ȉȠȞȚȫșȦȟĮȞȐȉĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮ
ȉĮȝȐȖȠȣȜĮĮȞĮȥȠțȠțțȚȞȚıȝȑȞĮ
țȚȠȚțȩȡİȢIJȦȞȝĮIJȚȫȞ
ʌȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȣȢȤIJȪʌȠȣȢIJȘȢțĮȡįȚȐȢ189.
ȉȡȑȤİȚIJȠȡȠȜȩȚıȣȞİȤȫȢ
ȀȣȞȘȖȐIJȚȢıțȚȫįİȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝȠȣ
ȀȚĮȣIJȑȢıȣȞșȜȓȕȠȞIJĮȚıİȝȚĮȜȓıIJĮĮʌȩ©ʌȡȑʌİȚª190.
ǹȣIJȐʌȠȣȩȡȚıĮȞȐȜȜȠȚ
țĮȚȝİȑʌİȚıĮȞʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚįȚțȐȝȠȣ
ȆȦȢIJĮȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚ
ȈIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚȘįȚțȒIJȠȣȢIJĮȚȞȓĮ
ȂİȜȑȞİȃİijȑȜȘȝȚĮțȠʌȑȜĮʌȠȣȝȠȚȐȗİȚ
ȞĮȝȘȞȟȑȡİȚIJȚșȑȜİȚ
ED
ȄĮijȞȚțȐIJĮijȫIJĮıȕȒȞȠȣȞǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚȝȩȞȘıİȑȞĮȝȠȞȠʌȐIJȚ
ǴıȦȢțȡȪȕİȚțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢǻİȞİȓȝĮȚıİșȑıȘȞĮIJȠȣȢĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȦ
ȆĮȞIJȠȪįȑȞIJȡĮȝİĮʌİȚȜȘIJȚțȐțȜĮįȚȐ
ıȠȣȕȜİȡȐıĮȞIJȪȥİȚȢȖȚĮʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣįİȞȑțĮȞĮ
ĬȑȜȦȞĮijȪȖȦĭȠȕȐȝĮȚʌȠȜȪ
ǻİȞĮȞIJȑȤȦȐȜȜȠIJȘȝȠȞĮȟȚȐȀȜİȓȞȦIJĮȝȐIJȚĮ
ǹȞȠȓȖȦIJĮȝȐIJȚĮǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚʌȐȜȚİțİȓ
ȈİİțİȓȞȠIJȠȝȑȡȠȢȂĮțȐȡȚȞĮȝȘȞȣʌȒȡȤİ
ȆİȡʌĮIJȫĭIJȐȞȦı¶ȑȞĮʌİȡȓİȡȖȠIJıȓȡțȠȆĮȞIJȠȪȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚʌİȡȓİȡȖȠȚ
ʌĮȡĮȝȠȡijȦIJȚțȠȓțĮșȡȑijIJİȢ
ȀȠȚIJȐȗȦIJȠİȓįȦȜȩȝȠȣȅʌȡȫIJȠȢțĮșȡȑijIJȘȢȝȠȣȜȑİȚ©ȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌȡȠıȑȤİȚȢIJȘ
įȚĮIJȡȠijȒıȠȣȑȕĮȜİȢțȚȜȐ± įİȞʌȡȑʌİȚª
ȅįİȪIJİȡȠȢțĮșȡȑijIJȘȢıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚ©ǹțȩȝȘȞĮȥȘȜȫıİȚȢȉȠıȠįȠȪȜĮșĮ
ȝİȓȞİȚȢªȀȚȠIJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȢıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚ©ȃİijȑȜȘIJȚȡȠȪȤĮİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȐȆȦȢșĮȕȖİȚȢ
ȑIJıȚǻİȞıȠȣʌȐİȚIJȠʌȡȐıȚȞȠȤȡȫȝĮʌȐȜȚȩIJȚȞĮµȞĮȚȑȕĮȜİȢȉȚșĮțȐȞȦİȖȫȝİ
ıȑȞĮǹȞįİȞȒȝȠȣȞİȖȫįİȞșĮțĮIJȐijİȡȞİȢIJȓʌȠIJĮª
ǻİȞșȑȜȦȞĮİȓȝĮȚİįȫĭİȪȖȦ191.
189
ȈȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮIJȘȢĮȖȤȫįȠȣȢįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒȢ
Ʌɳʄɻʏʉʐɉʋɸʌɸɶʙʅɸʏʉȵʃɸʀʆʉ͘
191
Ƀʃʊʍʅʉʎʏʉʐʋɲʌɲʅʉʌʔʘʅɹʆʉʐȵɲʐʏʉʑɲʋʊʏɿʎɸʆɷʉɴʉʄɹʎʏʘʆɳʄʄʘʆ͘ȸʖɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ
ɸʀʆɲɿɴɲʍɿʃɼɲɿʏʀɲʏʉʐɳɶʖʉʐʎ͘
190
272
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ED
ȆȚȠțȐIJȦıȣȞĮȞIJȫȑȞĮȜĮȕȪȡȚȞșȠ
ȈİțȐșİȖȦȞȚȐıİțȐșİȐțȡȘȡȠȜȩȖȚĮ
ȆĮȞIJȠȪȩʌȠȣțȚĮȞıIJȡȓȥİȚȢIJȠȕȜȑȝȝĮıȠȣ
ȉȚțIJĮțIJȚțIJĮțȅȡȤȒıIJȡĮʌȠȣțİȞIJȐ
IJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮıIJȠıIJȒșȠȢȝȠȣ
©ȀȠȣțȠȪ± ȃİijȑȜȘʌȒȡİȢIJȠʌȡȦȚȞȩıȠȣª
ȡȫIJȘıİȑȞĮȝİȖȐȜȠįȡȪȚȞȠȡȠȜȩȚȝİțȠȪțȠ
©ȃIJȠȞȖț± ǷȡĮȖȚĮIJȠijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚȠIJȦȞīĮȜȜȚțȫȞª
ıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıİȑȞĮȝĮıȓijȡȠȜȩȚĮʌȩțĮȡȣįȚȐ
©ȃIJȚȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞ± ȞIJȡȚȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞȞ
ȃİijȑȜȘĬĮĮȡȖȒıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠª
ijȫȞĮȟİIJıȚȡȚȤIJȐȑȞĮȟȣʌȞȘIJȒȡȚ
ǼȖțĮIJĮȜİȓʌȦIJȠȜĮȕȪȡȚȞșȠ
ȂİIJȠȗȩȡȚțĮIJȐijİȡĮȞĮȕȡȦIJȘȞȑȟȠįȠ
țȡĮIJȫȞIJĮȢıijȚȤIJȐIJȠȞȒȝĮIJȘȢțĮȡįȚȐȢȝȠȣ
ȆĮȡȐȟİȞȘʌİȡȚʌȜȐȞȘıȘ
ǹȜȜȩțȠIJȘıĮȞȥȣȤȒʌȠȣįİȞȡȫIJȘıİ
IJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȘȢIJȚșȑȜİȚ
ȍȡȠįİȓțIJİȢʌȠȣıĮȞȜȩȖȤİȢțĮȡijȚIJıȫȞȠȣȞ
IJȚȢȜȘıȝȠȞȘȝȑȞİȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
ıİȕȡİȖȝȑȞȠȤĮȡIJȩțȠȣIJȠȝİıʌĮıȝȑȞĮIJȗȐȝȚĮ
įȓʌȜĮı¶ȑȞĮĮȣIJȐȡİıțȠıțȠȣʌȚįȠIJİȞİțȑ192.
ED
ǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚIJȫȡĮıİȝȚĮʌȠȜȪȤȡȦȝȘIJȑȞIJĮ
ȈIJȘȝȑıȘȑȞĮțĮȡȠȣȗȑȜȝİʌȠȜȪȤȡȦȝĮȟȪȜȚȞĮĮȜȠȖȐțȚĮ
ȀȜȩȠȣȞȝİțȑȡȚȞĮȤĮȝȩȖİȜĮ
ȚıȠȡȡȠʌȠȪȞıİʌȠįȒȜĮIJĮȝİȝȚĮȡȩįĮ
ȆȑȡĮįȫșİʌȐȞİ
ȈIJĮȤȑȡȚĮIJȠȣȢȝʌȐȜİȢȗȠȖțȜȑȡıIJȡȚijȠȖȣȡȞȠȪȞ
ıĮȞIJȚȢȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚȢțĮȚIJĮ©ʌȡȑʌİȚªıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣ193.
192
ǹıijȣțIJȚțȩȤȡȠȞȠįȚȐȖȡĮȝȝĮʌȠȣįİȞĮijȒȞİȚʌİȡȚșȫȡȚĮȖȚĮIJȘȞįȩȝȘıȘIJȠȣǼĮȣIJȠȪ
273
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȅȝȠȞȩIJȠȞȠȢȒȤȠȢȝȚĮȢȟİțȠȪȡįȚıIJȘȢȡȠȝȕȓĮȢȖȡĮIJȗȠȣȞȐIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣ
ȈIJȘȞĮȡȤȒȒȤȠȢȝİȜȦįȚțȩȢ
ȝĮıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮʌĮȡĮȝȠȡijȦȝȑȞȠȢțȚİțȞİȣȡȚıIJȚțȩȢ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐĮʌȩȥȘȜȐʌȑijIJȠȣȞțȓIJȡȚȞĮȤĮȡIJȐțȚĮ
ĮȣIJȐIJĮĮȣIJȠțȩȜȜȘIJĮȝȘȞȣȝĮIJȐțȚĮ
ʌȠȣȕȐȗȠȣȝİıIJȠȥȣȖİȓȠȩıȠȚʌȐȥĮȝİ
ȞĮİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȠȪȝİȝİIJĮȝȐIJȚĮ
ȈȘțȫȞȦȝİȡȚțȐțĮȚIJĮįȚĮȕȐȗȦ
©ȃİijȑȜȘȉȠȖȐȜĮıȠȣİȓȞĮȚıIJȠȥȣȖİȓȠª.
©ȃİijȑȜȘǽȑıIJĮȞİIJȠijĮȖȘIJȩIJȠȣʌĮIJȑȡĮıȠȣª
©ȃİijȑȜȘįȚȐȕĮıİȖȚĮIJĮǹȖȖȜȚțȐª
©ȃİijȑȜȘǺȠȪȡIJıȚıİIJĮįȩȞIJȚĮıȠȣª
©ȃİijȑȜȘȃİijȑȜȘȃİijȑȜȘª194.
ED
ǺȠȒșİȚĮĭİȪȖȦ
ȆȡȠıʌĮșȫȞĮIJȡȑȟȦ
ʌȚȠȖȡȒȖȠȡĮĮʌȩIJĮȕȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
DzIJȡİȤĮȑIJȡİȤĮȑʌȡİʌİȞĮȟİijȪȖȦ
ǼțțȦijĮȞIJȚțȒȝȠȣıȚțȒ
ĮțȠȪȖȠȞIJĮȞĮʌȩIJĮȝİȖȐijȦȞĮIJȠȣIJıȓȡțȠȣ
©ȂȚțȡȠȪȜĮȑȜĮİįȫªȝȚĮijȦȞȒȝİțȣȞȘȖȠȪıİ
ȄȣȜȠʌȩįĮȡȠȚȐȡȤȚıĮȞȞĮȝİțȣȞȘȖȠȪȞ
DzIJȡİȤĮĮȞȐȝİıĮıİȟȪȜȚȞĮțȜȠȣȕȚȐ
ȂȑıĮIJȠȣȢijȣȜĮțȚıȝȑȞİȢȖȣȞĮȓțİȢțĮȚʌĮȚįȚȐ
ȉȠȕȜȑȝȝĮIJȠȣȢȝȠȣȑȜİȖİ©IJȡȑȟİȝʌȠȡİȓȢª195.
ȉĮʌȡȩıȦʌĮIJȠȣȢțȩȕȠȞIJĮȞıİȜȦȡȓįİȢ
ĮʌȩIJȚȢıțȚȑȢʌȠȣȑȡȚȤȞĮȞIJĮȕĮȡȚȐțȐȖțİȜĮ
DzʌİıĮȝİijȩȡĮı¶ȑȞĮȤȠȞIJȡȩȖȠȪȞȚȞȠʌĮȜIJȩ
DzȝȠȚĮȗİȝİȝȘIJȡȚțȒijȚȖȠȪȡĮ196.
ȉȠȟİțȠȪȝʌȦıĮțĮȚȝʌȒțĮȝȑıĮdzIJĮȞȐįİȚȠ
DZțȠȣȖĮȝȚĮțĮȡįȚȐȞĮȤIJȣʌȐȡȣșȝȚțȐ
©ǼʌȑıIJȡİȥİȢțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣªİȓʌİȝȚĮȗİıIJȒijȦȞȒ
dzIJĮȞȘįȚțȒȝȠȣijȦȞȒțȚİȖȫȝȑıĮıIJȠʌĮȜIJȩıIJĮȡȠȪȤĮȝȠȣ
ȉȫȡĮIJȠȟȑȡȦDzȤȦʌĮȚįȓʌȠȣʌĮȡĮȝȑȜȘıĮIJȩıĮȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ȉĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȝȠȣȤȡȩȞȚĮ ǼʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢȘȝȘIJȑȡĮȝȠȣ
193
ǹȓıșȘıȘIJȘȢĮʌȫȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢȚıȠȡȡȠʌȓĮȢİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȦȞİıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞ
ȸɹʄʄɸɿʗɻɸʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲʎʅɸʏɲʇʑɶʉʆɿʙʆʃɲɿʋɲɿɷɿʙʆ͘ȵʋʀʍɻʎɻʋʌʉʍʋɳɽɸɿɲʏʘʆ
ʐʋɸʌʋʌʉʍʏɲʏɸʐʏɿʃʙʆɶʉʆɿʙʆʆɲɸʄɹɶʇʉʐʆʃɳɽɸʃʀʆɻʍɻʏʘʆʋɲɿɷɿʙʆʏʉʐʎ͘
195
ɃɿɸʋɿɽʐʅʀɸʎʏɻʎʅɿʃʌɼʎɁɸʔɹʄɻʎ͘
196
ȸɿɷɲʆɿʃɼʅɻʏʌɿʃɼʔɿɶʉʑʌɲʅɹʍɲʍʏɻɁɸʔɹʄɻ͘Ƀʋʌʉʍʏɲʏɸʐʏɿʃʊʎɸɲʐʏʊʎʏɻʎɶɿɲʆɲʅɻʆʄʐɶʀʍɸɿ
ɲʋʊʏɻʆʋʀɸʍɻʏʘʆɶʉʆɿʙʆʏɻʎ͘
194
274
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȤĮȝȠȖȑȜĮıİȝȑıĮıIJȚȢțȩȖȤİȢIJȦȞȝĮIJȚȫȞȝȠȣ
ED
ǺȈ. 27/2/2012.
275
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȧɇȽȽɉɉɇɣɒɇɈɛɋɠɖɒȽɐɒɍȫȽɏɜɐɇǤǤǤǤ
DzȞĮĮțȩȝȘȕȡȐįȣȀȡȪȠțȠȣțȠȣȜȦȝȑȞȠȝİȖĮȜĮȗȦʌȒȠȝȓȤȜȘ
ȂȚĮʌĮȖİȡȒʌĮȞıȑȜȘȞȠȢıĮȞȖȚȖȐȞIJȚĮĮȡȐȤȞȘ
ıțĮȡijȐȜȦıİıIJȘıIJȑȖȘIJȘȢıȠijȓIJĮȢIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪȝȠȣ
ȈIJȠȝȣıIJȚțȩȝȠȣįİȞIJȡȩıʌȚIJȠ
İțİȓʌȠȣȑȞĮʌĮȚįȓțȡȪȕİȚIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢIJȠȣ
ĮʌȩIJĮıĮȡțȠȕȩȡĮșȑȜȦIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ĮȣIJȫȞʌȠȣțĮIJĮIJȡȫȖȠȣȞIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȝĮȢȤȡȩȞȚĮ197.
ȄĮijȞȚțȐĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚȝȚĮțĮȝʌȐȞĮ
ȉȠȝȣıIJȚțȩȝȠȣțĮIJĮijȪȖȚȠȖȓȞİIJĮȚțȦįȦȞȠıIJȐıȚȠȝȚĮȢȖȠIJșȚțȒȢİțțȜȘıȚȐȢ
ȆĮȞIJȠȪțĮȝʌȐȞİȢ©ȃIJȠȞȖț± ȃIJȚȞȖț- ȃIJȠȞȖțª
ED
ǾʌĮȞıȑȜȘȞȠȢȖȓȞİIJĮȚȑȞĮIJİȡȐıIJȚȠȡȠȜȩȚȕȚIJȡȩ
ȈIJȘıȐȡțĮIJȘȢijȣIJȡȫȞȠȣȞȞȠȪȝİȡĮțĮȚįȣȠįİȓțIJİȢ
197
Ɉʉɉʋɸʌɸɶʙ͘
276
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣȖȠȣȡȜȫȞȠȣȞĮʌȩȑțʌȜȘȟȘ
ȈIJȡȚijȠȖȣȡȞȫıIJĮțȜȚȞȠıțİʌȐıȝĮIJĮIJȘȢʌĮȚįȚțȒȢȝȠȣĮijȑȜİȚĮȢ
©ȄȑȤĮıĮȞĮțȐȞȦIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȖȚĮIJĮīĮȜȜȚțȐª
DzȞĮȢțȩȝʌȠȢDzȞĮıțȠȚȞȓ ȖȪȡȦĮʌ¶IJȠıIJȠȝȐȤȚȝȠȣ.
ȂİıijȓȖȖİȚǵȜȠȚțȡȑȝȠȞIJĮȚĮʌ¶ĮȣIJȩĬĮʌȑıȦ
ǿıȠȡȡȠʌȫʌȐȞȦıİȝȚĮʌİIJĮȜȠȪįĮ
ǹȣIJȒijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗİȚȝȑıĮıIJȠıIJȠȝȐȤȚȝȠȣ198.
ED
ǵȝȦȢȝȚĮİȚțȩȞĮʌİȡȞȐĮʌ¶IJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣǾİȚțȩȞĮıȠȣ
ȀȡȐIJȘıȑȝİȈİȑȤȦĮȞȐȖțȘȉȫȡĮʌȠȣȕȡȓıțȠȝĮȚıIJȠȤİȓȜȠȢIJȠȣȖțȡİȝȠȪ
ȂȩȞȠİıȪȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮȝİıȫıİȚȢ
©ȆȠȚȩȞȑȤȦĮȞȐȖțȘȆȠȚȩȞijȦȞȐȗȦªȡȦIJȫIJĮȓįȚĮȝȠȣIJ¶ĮȣIJȚȐ
©ǼȝȑȞĮĮʌȐȞIJȘıİȑȞĮȢĮıȤȘȝȠȪȜȘȢȞȐȞȠȢǼȖȫȤIJȪʌȘıĮIJȚȢțĮȝʌȐȞİȢdzșİȜĮȞĮıȠȣ
șȣȝȓıȦIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢıȠȣȖȚĮİȜİȣșİȡȓĮįȚİțįȓțȘıȘİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢʌĮȚȤȞȓįȚª199.
©ǼȓıĮȚĮıȤȘȝȠȪȜȘȢªIJȠȣİȓʌĮ
©ǼıȪȝİȕȜȑʌİȚȢ ȑIJıȚȖȚĮIJȓȠȚȐȜȜȠȚıȠȣʌȑȡĮıĮȞȐȜȜİȢȚįȑİȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȝȠȡijȚȐȉȚȢ
įȚțȑȢIJȠȣȢȚįȑİȢǼȓȝĮȚȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪıȠȣȅȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢıȠȣǻİȞıİĮȖȤȫȞİȚIJȠ
ȩIJȚįİȞȑțĮȞİȢIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȦȞīĮȜȜȚțȫȞĮȜȜȐIJȠȩIJȚȝİĮȖȞȠİȓȢțĮȚȝİįȚȫȤȞİȚȢ
İȞȫșȑȜİȚȢȞĮȝİȖȞȦȡȓıİȚȢª200.
ED
©ȉİȜȚțȐįİȞİȓıĮȚIJȩıȠȐıȤȘȝȠȢȖȜȣțȠȪȜȘȢİȓıĮȚªįȚĮʌȓıIJȦıĮȤĮȤĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ
©ȆȐȝİȞİʌİȡȚʌȜĮȞȘșȠȪȝİıIJȚȢıIJȑȖİȢIJȦȞıʌȚIJȚȫȞIJȠȣȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȠȪȆĮȡȚıȚȠȪª
198
ɇʑʆɷʌʉʅʉʏɻʎɅɸʏɲʄʉʑɷɲʎ͘ȱɶʖʉʎ͘
ȉȠǼțİȓȞȠ± IdȠȚİıȦIJİȡȚțȑȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
200
ȸɲɿʏʀɲʏʘʆʋɳʆʏʘʆʃɲʏɳʏʉɇ͘Ɍʌʊɿʆʏ͘
199
277
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȝȠȣʌȡȩIJİȚȞİ
©ǼįȫȕȡȚıțȩȝĮıIJİıIJȘȞȆĮȞĮȖȓĮIJȦȞȆĮȡȚıȓȦȞİįȫȖȞȫȡȚıİȢİȝȑȞĮIJȠȞ
ȀȠȣĮıȚȝȩįȠIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢʌȠȣȒșİȜİȢȞĮʌĮȡĮȕȜȑʌİȚȢǼıȪİȓıĮȚȘǼıȝİȡȐȜįĮȝȠȣª
ȝȠȣİȓʌİıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮȝȚĮȢʌİȡȚȘȖȘIJȚțȒȢijȜȣĮȡȓĮȢ
©ȃİijȑȜȘȝİȜȑȞݪIJȠȞįȚȩȡșȦıĮ
©ȈȚȦʌȒ
DZțȠȣIJȚȢțĮȞIJȡȓȜȚİȢıIJȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮIJȦȞțĮIJȩʌIJȡȦȞıIJȚȢǺİȡıĮȜȜȓİȢ
ǺȜȑʌİȚȢIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩıȠȣıĮȞʌȡȚȖțȓʌȚııĮʌİȡȚʌȜĮȞȫȝİȞȘIJıȚȖȖȐȞĮȝȠȣ;201.
ȉȚțȡȓȝĮȂȚĮĮȜĮȗȠȞȚțȒȞȐȡțȚııȠȢȑȤĮıİIJȠțİijȐȜȚIJȘȢı¶ȑȞĮıȚȦʌȘȡȩțȠijȓȞȚ202.
ǻİȞȐțȠȣȖİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞǼıȪʌȐȜȚįİȞȐțȠȣȖİȢIJȚȢįȚțȑȢıȠȣĮȞȐȖțİȢª
ȂİȖȠȒIJİȣİȝİȩȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝȠȣȑȜİȖİ
©ȀȠȓIJĮIJȘȂȠȞȝȐȡIJȘȃĮȠ ȉȠȣȜȠȪȗȁȦIJȡȑțȆĮȡȘȖȩȡȘıȑIJȠȞȃȚȫșİȚȝȩȞȠȢțȚ
ȐıȤȘȝȠȢ203ȃĮȠīțȠȖțȑȞĮȣIJȩȢIJȩȜȝȘıİȑijȣȖİȝĮțȡȚȐıIJȘȞǹȚIJȒȃĮțȚȠǺĮȞ
īțȠȖțIJȚțȡȓȝĮIJȘȞʌȜȒȡȦıİIJȠĮȣIJȓIJȠȣIJȘıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘʌȠȣijȫȜȚĮȗİȝȑıĮIJȠȣ204.
ǵȜȠȚĮȣIJȠȓȠȚȗȦȖȡȐijȠȚijȫȞĮȟĮȞȝĮȗȓǼȓȝĮȚİȜİȪșİȡȠȢțĮȚ ȖȑȝȚıİȠȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȩȢ
ȠȣȡĮȞȩȢʌȚȞİȜȚȑȢıȤȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚȤȡȫȝĮIJĮȉȚȖȜȣțȐʌȠȣȤĮȝȠȖİȜȐȘȞȪijȘʌȠȣ
ȗȦȖȡȐijȚıİȠȈĮȖțȐȜȤȠȡİȪȠȞIJĮȢıIJȠȞȡȣșȝȩIJȠȣĮțȠȡȞIJİȩȞʌȠȣʌĮȓȗİȚȑȞĮȢ
șȜȚȝȝȑȞȠȢʌȡȐıȚȞȠȢȡĮȕȓȞȠȢª
ED
201
Ʌɸʌɿʋʄɲʆʙʅɸʆʉʎɼʌʘɲʎ͕ɲʆɲɺɻʏɻʏɼʎʏɻʎʏɲʐʏʊʏɻʏɲʎʏʉʐʅɹʍʘʏɻʎɲʆʏɿʍʐʅɴɲʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎʃɲɿʏɻʎ
ɷɿɲʀʍɽɻʍɻʎ͘
202
ȂĮȡȓĮǹȞIJȠȣĮȞȑIJĮ
203
ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
204
ɇʏɲʊʌɿɲʏɻʎʗʑʖʘʍɻʎ͘
278
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
©ǹȤȕȡȑȤİȚǺȡȑȤİȚʌȠȜȪª.
ȉȠȤȫȝĮİȣȦįȚȐȗİȚȗȦȒȞİȠȖȑȞȞȘIJȘʌȠȣȝȩȜȚȢijȪIJȡȦıİıIJȠȞȠIJȚıȝȑȞȠȤȫȝĮ
ȆȠȚȠȓİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȠȓʌȠȣȤȠȡİȪȠȣȞıIJȚȢıIJȑȖİȢȆȠȚȐİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȒȘțȣȡȓĮȝİIJȘȞȠȝʌȡȑȜĮ
ʌȠȣIJȡĮȖȠȣįȐǹȤʌİIJȐİȚ
ȈIJȡȠȕȚȜȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌȓıIJĮIJȠȣijİȖȖĮȡȚȠȪȉȡĮȖȠȣįȐİȚǼȜİȣșİȡȓĮİȓȞĮȚȞĮ
ĮȖțĮȜȚȐȗİȚȢIJȘȞȥȣȤȒıȠȣıIJȠȡȖȚțȐIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȞȠȝȓĮıȠȣ įȚİțįȚțȫȞIJĮȢª
ȆȡȠıįȠțȫĮʌȩIJȠȞȐȞȠĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢıIJĮİȡȦIJȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
©ǾțȣȡȓĮİȓıĮȚİıȪʌȠȣIJȡĮȖȠȣįȐȢIJȘȞİȜİȣșİȡȓĮıȠȣĮʌȩIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
ǹȣIJȠȓʌȠȣȤȠȡİȪȠȣȞıIJȚȢıIJȑȖİȢ
İȓȞĮȚȠȚțĮʌȞȠțĮșĮȡȚıIJȑȢʌȠȣ țĮșĮȡȓȗȠȣȞ
IJȘȞȕȠȣȜȦȝȑȞȘțĮȝȚȞȐįĮIJȚȢțĮȡįȚȐȢıȠȣĮʌȩIJȚȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞª
©ǹȤIJȚțĮȜȐʌȠȣʌİȡȐıĮȝİȉȚșĮȖȓȞİȚȩȝȦȢȝİIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝȠȣıIJĮīĮȜȜȚțȐª
ȇȫIJȘıĮȝİĮȖȦȞȓĮ
©ȂȘȞĮȞȘıȣȤİȓȢȩȜĮșĮȖȓȞȠȣȞ
ȁȓȖȘȝĮȖİȓĮțĮȚȝȚĮıIJȐȜĮĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘª
İȓʌİȠȞȐȞȠȢ
ED
ȈIJȡȚijȠȖȪȡȚıĮıIJȠțȡİȕȐIJȚȉİȞIJȫșȘțĮDZȞȠȚȟĮIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣ
©ǵȞİȚȡȠȒIJĮȞ! ǹȤʌȠȚȩȢĮțȠȪİȚIJȘȞįĮıțȐȜĮȝȠȣıIJĮīĮȜȜȚțȐªȝȠȞȠȜȩȖȘıĮ
ȉȡȐȕȘȟĮIJȠȝĮȟȚȜȐȡȚȝȠȣțĮȚIJȠʌȑIJĮȟĮȞİȣȡȚĮıȝȑȞȘıIJȠʌȐIJȦȝĮ
ȆȡȩıİȟĮȑȞĮʌȠȡijȣȡȩȤȡȣıȩįİIJȠIJİIJȡȐįȚȠ
ȈIJȘȞİIJȚțȑIJĮȑȖȡĮijİ©ȂȚĮĮȜȜȚȫIJȚțȒȞȪȤIJĮıIJȠȆĮȡȓıȚªǼȡȖĮıȓĮIJȘȢȃİijȑȜȘȢıIJĮ
īĮȜȜȚțȐ
ȉȘȞʌȒȖĮıIJȠijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚȠdzIJĮȞIJȠȩȞİȚȡȠʌȠȣİȓįĮ
DZțȠȣıĮȝʌȡȐȕȠĮʌȩȩȜȠȣȢ
ȉȫȡĮʌȚĮșĮĮijȠȣȖțȡȐȗȠȝĮȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
279
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
Ȉ¶İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫȞȐȞİȝȠȣȑįİȚȟİȢIJĮșȑȜȦȝȠȣȈ¶İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȫª
ED
ǺȈ. 27/2/2012.
280
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȨɓɖɒɂɏɇɋɛɎɂɏɇɛɀɄɐɄɐɒɄȝɇȾɉɇɍɅɛɈɄǤǤǤ
ǹțȠȜȠȣșȫIJĮȕȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
ʌȐȞȦıİȖȑȡȚțĮȡȠȗȚĮıȝȑȞĮıĮȞȓįȚĮȕİȜĮȞȚįȚȐȢ
ǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚıİȝȚĮIJİȡȐıIJȚĮĮȓșȠȣıĮȕȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘȢ
ȉȠijİȖȖȐȡȚ205 ıIJȡȓȝȦȟİȝİʌİȡȚȑȡȖİȚĮIJȘȝȠȣıȠȪįĮIJȠȣ
ıIJȠıțİȜİIJȩĮʌȩȝȠȜȪȕȚİȞȩȢIJİȡȐıIJȚȠȣȖȠIJșȚțȠȪʌĮȡȐșȣȡȠȣ206
ijȣȜĮțȓȗȠȞIJĮȢIJȘıȐȡțĮIJȠȣıİıIJİȞȩȝȣĮȜĮIJİIJȡĮȖȦȞȐțȚĮ207.
ED
ȉĮįİȡȝȐIJȚȞĮȕȚȕȜȓĮȝȠȚȐȗȠȣȞ
ȞĮĮȞĮʌȞȑȠȣȞȝȑıĮĮʌȩIJȠȣȢĮȞȠȚȤIJȠȪȢʌȩȡȠȣȢIJȠȣȢ
ĮȞȐıİȢĮʌȩțĮIJĮʌȚİıȝȑȞİȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ208.
©ȃİijȑȜȘȑȜĮȞĮʌĮȓȟȠȣȝݪ
ȥȚșȣȡȓȗİȚIJȠȖĮȜȐȗȚȠȤȡȣıȩįİIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠȝİIJȘȞȡȠțȠțȩįȚĮțȩıȝȘıȘ209.
©ǻİȞȝʌȠȡȫȆȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚĮȕȐıȦȖȚĮIJȠıȤȠȜİȓȠª
ĮʌĮȞIJȫĮȞĮȥȠțȠțțȚȞȚıȝȑȞȘĮʌȩIJȠȐȖȤȠȢ
©ȀȚİȝİȓȢIJȚİȓȝĮıIJİǺȚȕȜȓĮįİȞİȓȝĮıIJݪ
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıİȝİĮʌİȡȓijȡĮıIJȘĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚĮ
ED
©ȃİijȑȜȘȄİțȠȣȡȐıȠȣȜȓȖȠ ȉĮȕȜȑijĮȡȐıȠȣijȜİȡIJȐȡȠȣȞ
ȝİIJȠĮȣșȩȡȝȘIJȠȤĮıȝȠȣȡȘIJȩʌȠȣȝȩȜȚȢijIJİȡȠȪȖȚıİĮʌȩIJĮȤİȓȜȘıȠȣª
İȓʌİıIJȠȡȖȚțȐıĮȞIJȡȣijİȡȒȝĮȞȠȪȜĮʌȠȣĮțȠȪİȚIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢȝȠȣ
ȑȞĮȤȡȣıȩįİIJȠȕȚȕȜȓȠȝİȤȡȣıȒȝʌĮȡȩțįȚĮțȩıȝȘıȘ210.
ĭİȪȖȦĮʌ¶IJȘȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞĮįȣıȫʌȘIJȦȞȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȦȞIJȘȢ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJȘIJȐȢȝȠȣǹȞțĮȚįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȉ¶ĮijȒȞȦȩȜĮʌȓıȦȝȠȣǻİȞİȓȞĮȚIJȠıȦıIJȩIJȠȟȑȡȦ
ȂĮįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȐȜȜȘȜȪıȘĬȑȜȦȞĮțȜȐȥȦ
ȂĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮijĮȞȫįȣȞĮIJȒȃȚȫșȦȝȩȞȘǼȓȝĮȚȝȩȞȘ
ȉĮȡȠȜȩȖȚĮİȓȞĮȚȥȣȤȡȐǻȚĮIJȐıȠȣȞİʌȚȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ
ȈĮȞȖȠȞİȓȢʌȠȣȗȘIJȠȪȞĮʌȩıȑȞĮ
IJĮȩȞİȚȡĮʌȠȣțĮIJĮȤȫȞȚĮıĮȞıIJȘıȠijȓIJĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞIJȠȣȢȤȡȩȞȦȞ
ȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚİțİȓȝĮȗȓȝȠȣǼȓȝĮȚĮȩȡĮIJȘ211.
205
ȈȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțȚİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢ
ȉȠȊʌİȡİȖȫ ǺȜ Sigmund Freud ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ.
207
ȅȚİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞ
208
ȂİIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȘȢıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘȢțĮȚIJȘȢijĮȞIJĮıȓĮȢȕȡȓıțİȚȢĮȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘıIJĮ
ȝʌİȡįȑȝĮIJȐıȠȣ
209
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞĮȞĮȖțȫȞ
210
ȆȡȠıȦʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢȚįĮȞȚțȒȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ
206
281
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ED
ĭȠȡȐȦIJĮȝȠȞĮȤȚțȐȝȠȣȕȡȐįȚĮ
IJȠȝĮȖȚțȩȝĮȞįȪĮʌȠȣȝİțȐȞİȚĮȩȡĮIJȘ
ȈĮȞȑȠȢȋȐȡȡȣȆȩIJİȡȟİijİȪȖȦ212.
ǻȡĮʌİIJİȪȦĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ȂȘȞIJȣȤȩȞțĮȚȝİįȠȣȞțȚĮȡȤȓıȠȣȞʌȐȜȚ
©ȉȠȑțĮȞİȢĮȣIJȩȉȠȑțĮȞİȢIJȠȐȜȜȠª
©ȀȚİȖȫĮʌĮȞIJȫȝ¶ĮȖĮʌȐȢȂİįȑȤİıĮȚȩʌȦȢİȓȝĮȚª
ȀȚĮȞIJȓȖȚ¶ĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚȝȠȞȩIJȠȞĮ
©ȉȠȑțĮȞİȢĮȣIJȩȉȠȑțĮȞİȢIJȠȐȜȜȠª213.
ȂȩȞȠIJȠIJȡȓȟȚȝȠIJȦȞıĮȞȚįȚȫȞĮʌȩIJĮȕȒȝĮIJȐȝȠȣ
ıIJȘȞĮȓșȠȣıĮIJȘȢȕȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘȢIJȘȢĮijȪʌȞȚıȘȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠįȫıȠȣȞIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮȝȠȣ
ȂȚĮȝȣıIJȚțȒįȚĮįȡȠȝȒʌȠȣțȐȞȦțȐșİȕȡȐįȣ
ȉȩIJİʌȠȣIJĮȡȠȜȩȖȚĮȝİȞĮȞȠȣȡȓȗȠȣȞȝİIJȠȞȒȤȠIJȠȣȢıIJȠıțȠIJȐįȚ
ǹȞĮıțĮȜİȪȦıțȠȞȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢįİȡȝĮIJȩįİIJȠȣȢIJȩȝȠȣȢ
ȝİIJȣʌȦȝȑȞİȢIJȚȢĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞİȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝȠȣ214.
ED
DzIJıȚʌİȡȚʌȜĮȞȚȑȝĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚijĮȞIJĮıȓĮȢ215.
ȀĮȞİȓȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝİįİȚȂȩȞȠIJĮʌȜȐıȝĮIJĮIJȘȢijĮȞIJĮıȓĮȢȝȠȣȃĮȚİıİȓȢ
ıIJȠȡȖȚțȐȕȚȕȜȓĮȝȚĮȢĮʌİȜİȣșİȡȦIJȚțȒȢȕȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘȢǼıİȓȢȟİijȣȜȜȓȗİIJİIJȚȢĮȞȐȖțİȢ
țĮȚIJȚȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝȠȣǵȤȚIJȚȢĮʌȠıIJİȦȝȑȞİȢȖȞȫıİȚȢȝȠȣ216.
ȈİȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚȃİijȑȜȘ217ȂĮİȓıĮȚȝĮțȡȚȐ
ǻİȞȟȑȡİȚȢʌȩıȠıİȤȡİȚȐȗȠȝĮȚǻİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȢȞĮIJȠijĮȞIJĮıIJİȓȢ
ȀĮȚıȣȞİȤȓȗȦȞĮİȓȝĮȚȝȩȞȘȈİȑȞĮțĮIJȐȜİȣțȠIJȠʌȓȠ
ȝȚĮȢĮȚȤȝȐȜȦIJȘȢıİȜȒȞȘȢı¶ȑȞĮȖȠIJșȚțȩʌĮȡȐșȣȡȠȝȚĮȢȑȡȘȝȘȢȕȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘȢ218.
ǺȣșȚıȝȑȞȘıIJȠĮʌȑȡĮȞIJȠțİȞȩ219ȂȚĮȜȑȟȘıȠȣ
DzȞĮȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠȒȑıIJȦȝȚĮıȠȣȝĮIJȚȐ
İȓȞĮȚĮȡțİIJȒȖȚĮȞĮȝİțȐȞİȚȞĮȞȚȫıȦțĮȜȪIJİȡĮ220.
211
ȀȜȠȞȓȗİIJĮȚȘȑȞȞȠȚĮIJȠȣǼĮȣIJȠȪİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȦȞİȞįȠȕȠȜȫȞȀĮȡĮįȠțİȓȘįȣıșȣȝȓĮ
ǻĮȞİȓȗȠȝĮȚIJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮIJȘȢʌİȡȚʌȜȐȞȘıȘȢIJȠȣȋȐȡȡȣȆȩIJİȡıIJȘǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘijȠȡȫȞIJĮȢIJȠȤȚIJȫȞĮ
ʌȠȣıİțȐȞİȚĮȩȡĮIJȠǾĮȞȐȖțȘIJȠȣȞĮİȓıĮȚĮȩȡĮIJȠȢİȓȞĮȚıȘȝȐįȚIJȘȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚțȒȢįȩȝȘıȘȢIJȠȣ
İĮȣIJȠȪʌȠȣıȣȝȕȐȜİȚıIJȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣȐȖȤȠȣȢ
213
ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȝȘIJȑȡĮijȠȕİȡȒțĮȚĮʌĮȚIJȘIJȚțȒİȣȞȠȣȤȚıIJȚțȒțȚȩȤȚİȞșĮȡȡȣȞIJȚțȒ ǺȜJacques Lacan
ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ.
214
ǻȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘIJȠȣǼțİȓȞȠ± Id. ǺȜ Sigmund Freud ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ.
215
ȈIJĮȩȡȚĮIJȠȣȂİIJĮȚȤȝȓȠȣ
216
ȉȠȩȞİȚȡȠțȚȘijĮȞIJĮıȓĮıIJȘȞȣʌȘȡİıȓĮIJȘȢțȐȜȣȥȘȢIJȠȣıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȠȪțİȞȠȪ
217
ǹȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘIJȠȣİıȫIJİȡȠȣİĮȣIJȠȪȠȠʌȠȓȠȢȤȐșȘțİİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȦȞİȞįȠȕȠȜȫȞǺȜ Sigmund Freud
ȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ. ǺȜC. Rogers (ȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ).
218
ǻȣıșȣȝȓĮıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȩțİȞȩ
219
ǻȣıșȣȝȓĮǹȣIJȠʌĮȡĮȓIJȘıȘǹʌȩıȣȡıȘ
212
282
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȂȚĮțȚIJȡȚȞȚıȝȑȞȘĮʌȩIJĮȤȡȩȞȚĮijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓĮ
ȟİȖȜȓıIJȡȘıİĮʌȩIJĮıțȠȞȚıȝȑȞĮȡȐijȚĮ
DzʌİıİıIJȠʌȐIJȦȝĮȉȘȝȐȗİȥĮıIJȠȡȖȚțȐȉȘȞțȠȓIJĮȟĮ
ȂİțȠȓIJĮȟĮdzȝȠȣȞİȖȫʌȑȞIJİȤȡȠȞȫȞ
ȋĮȝȠȖİȜȠȪıĮȞĮȚIJȩIJİȤĮȝȠȖİȜȠȪıĮ
DZțȠȣȖĮIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣ
ED
ǺȈ. 27/2/2012.
220
ǹȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒǺȜAbrah. Maslow țĮȚC. Rogers (ǹȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȒțĮȚȆȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒ
ȌȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ).
283
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȧȽɀɇəɒɇɈɄɎɂɒȽɉɍɠɁȽǣ
ȆȡȦȚȞȩȂĮȖȚȐIJȚțȠı¶ȑȞĮȜȚȕȐįȚȖİȝȐIJȠĮȞİȝȫȞİȢ
ȄȐijȞȠȣȝȚĮȝĮȕȚȐĮȞİȝȫȞȘĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗİȚ
dzIJĮȞʌİIJĮȜȠȪįĮIJİȜȚțȐ
ȈIJȡȚijȠȖȣȡȓȗİȚʌĮȚȤȞȚįȚȐȡȚțȐ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐĮʌȩIJȠȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠİȞȩȢȞIJȡȠʌĮȜȠȪȒȜȚȠȣ
ȝİțĮIJĮțȩțțȚȞĮȝȐȖȠȣȜĮ
ED
ȉȡȑȤȦıȣȞİȤȫȢȞĮIJȘȞĮȖȖȓȟȦȑıIJȦȖȚĮȜȓȖȠǼȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠȩȝȠȡijȘ
ȂĮįİȞIJȘȞijIJȐȞȦȅȚȞİĮȞȚțȑȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝȠȣȝȠȚȐȗȠȣȞ
ȐʌȚĮıIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮʌȠȜȣIJİȜİȓĮȢ
ȄĮijȞȚțȐȠȤȡȩȞȠȢıIJĮȝĮIJȐ
ȅȚȜİʌIJȠįİȓțIJİȢȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚıȝȒȞȠȢ
ĮʌȩȐȖȡȚİȢıijȒțİȢıIJȘȞțȣȥȑȜȘIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪȝȠȣ
ȃȚȫșȦȝȩȞȘȝȑıĮıIJȠĮʌȑȡĮȞIJȠȤȐȠȢIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪȝȠȣ
ȀȠȣȡȐıIJȘțĮȞĮIJȘȞțȣȞȘȖȫ
ȀȚİıȪʌİIJĮȜȠȪįĮİȓıĮȚȘȘȜȚĮȤIJȓįĮ
ʌȠȣijȦIJȓȗİȚIJȘȞȝʌİȡįİȝȑȞȘȝȠȣȥȣȤȒ
ED
ǼȓıĮȚIJȠȤȡȫȝĮȝȑıĮıIJȠĮʌȩȜȣIJȠȜİȣțȩ
284
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
İȞȩȢijȩȕȠȣȖȚĮȑțșİıȘ221.
ǼȓȝĮȚIJȩıȠțȠȞIJȐıȠȣ
ȂĮȝȚĮĮʌȩıIJĮıȘȝİțȡĮIJȐȝĮțȡȚȐ
ǼȓȞĮȚIJĮșȑȜȦIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞʌȠȣȝ¶İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞȞĮĮȖȖȓȟȦ
IJȘʌİIJĮȜȠȪįĮʌȠȣijIJİȡȠȣȖȓȗİȚıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣ
ED
ǺȈ. 27/2/2012.
221
ȉȠȜİȣțȩıIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮıȣȝȕȠȜȓȗİȚIJȠȞijȩȕȠȖȚĮȑțșİıȘıIJȘȌȣȤĮȞȐȜȣıȘ
285
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȩɄɊɚɏɘɐɂǤǤǤ
ȉȠijȦȢIJȘȢțȐȝĮȡĮȢ
ʌȠȣijȦȜȚȐȗİȚȘȞȪıIJĮțĮȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣȑıȕȘıİ
ȂȚĮȞȪȤIJĮĮțȩȝȘǾțĮȜȘȞȪȤIJĮIJȠȣijİȖȖĮȡȚȠȪ
țȠȪȡȞȚĮıİȞȦȤİȜȚțȐıIJȠʌȡȠıțȑijĮȜȩȝȠȣ
ȃȚȫșȦșȜȓȥȘ. ȃȚȫșȦȝȠȞĮȟȚȐ.
DzȞĮțİȞȩțȣȡȚĮȡȤİȓȝȑıĮȝȠȣ. ȁİȓʌİȚȢțĮȚʌȐȜȚ
īȚĮIJȓȐȡĮȖİ ȂİĮijȒȞİȚȢțĮȚʌȐȜȚȝȩȞȘ.
ǼıȪʌȠȣȝȩȞȠʌĮȡĮȝȪșȚĮȝȠȣįȚȐȕĮȗİȢ
țȚȩȤȚțĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȝİȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚȢ
ED
ȀȡĮIJȫıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮȝȠȣIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒȝȠȣțȠȣȕȑȡIJĮ222,
ĮȣIJȒʌȠȣĮʌȠȤĮȚȡȑIJȘıİIJȘıȣȝȕȚȦIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘȝĮȗȓıȠȣ223.
ȂİıȣȞIJȡȠijİȪİȚĮțȩȝȘ
ȝȚĮʌȡȫȚȝȘʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝĮıȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞİȟĮȡIJȘıȓĮ
ȖȜȣțȚȐĮȞȐȝȞȘıȘIJȘȢıȤȑıȘȢȝĮȢ
ȂĮIJȫȡĮʌȚȠĮʌȩȝĮțȡȘȩıȠʌȠIJȑ
ȖȚĮıȑȞĮİȓȝĮȚțȓIJȡȚȞĮȤĮȡIJȐțȚĮİȞIJȠȜȫȞțȠȜȜȘȝȑȞĮıIJȠȥȣȖİȓȠ
©ȀȐȞİĮȣIJȩİțİȓȞȠIJȠȐȜȜȠª
©ȀȚİȖȫʌȠȣİȓȝĮȚı¶ȩȜĮĮȣIJȐª
ȖȡȐijȦȝİȝȚĮıʌĮıȝȑȞȘțȚȝȦȜȓĮıIJȠȝĮȣȡȠʌȓȞĮțĮIJȦȞȝĮIJȚȫȞȝȠȣ
ȝʌĮȢțĮȚIJȠįİȚȢȂĮİıȪįİȞȝİțȠȚIJȐȢʌȚĮıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮ
ȀȠȚIJȐȢIJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠȝȠȣIJȠȞȜİțȑıIJĮȡȠȪȤĮȝȠȣ
222
ȂİIJĮȕĮIJȚțȩĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ'::LQQLFFRWWȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȠIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢ
ȈIJȐįȚȠIJȠȣțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȠʌȡȫIJȠȢȑIJȠȢȩʌȠȣIJȠȕȡȑijȠȢĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚȑȞĮȝİIJȘȝȘIJȑȡĮIJȠȣȩIJĮȞįİȞ
ȑȤİȚĮțȩȝȘįȠȝȒıİȚIJȠǼȖȫ
223
286
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
IJȘȞȫȡĮȖȚĮȞĮijȪȖȦIJȘȞȫȡĮȖȚĮȞĮİʌȚıIJȡȑȥȦ
IJȘȞȖȞȫȝȘIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȖȚĮȝȑȞĮ
ȉĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣįİȞIJĮțȠȚIJȐȢʌȚĮ
ȞĮįİȚȢʌȩıȠȝȠȣȜİȓʌİȚȢ
ȩʌȦȢIJȩIJİʌȠȣįİȞȝȠȣȗȘIJȠȪıİȢIJȓʌȠIJİ
țȚĮʌȜȫȢȝȠȣțȡĮIJȠȪıİȢIJȠȤȑȡȚ
ED
ȉȡȚȖȪȡȦȝȠȣțȩıȝȠȢ. ȀȩıȝȠȢĮįȚȐijȠȡȠȢ.
ǽȘIJȫȜȓȖȘʌȡȠıȠȤȒ.
ȋȦȡȓȢțĮȝȓĮįȣıIJȣȤȫȢĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘ.
ȀȜİȓȞȦIJĮȝȐIJȚĮ. ǺȡȓıțȠȝĮȚı¶ ȑȞĮȞȐȜȜȠțȩıȝȠ.
ȉȠȞțȩıȝȠIJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣ. ǼȓıĮȚİțİȓ.
ȂȠȚȐȗİȚȢȝİIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒȝȠȣțȠȣȕȑȡIJĮ
ȆȚȠĮʌĮȜȒțĮȚȤȞȠȣįȦIJȒĮʌȩʌȠIJȑ
ȂİțȠȚIJȐȗİȚȢ. ȂȠȣȤĮȝȠȖİȜȐȢ. Ȃ¶ĮȖțĮȜȚȐȗİȚȢ.
ED
ȄȘȝȑȡȦıİǵȜĮȤȐșȘțĮȞ
İıȪ IJȠIJȡȣijİȡȩȝȠȣĮʌȠțȠȪȝʌȚ
IJȠȩȝȠȡijȠİțİȓȞȠȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣȠȞİȓȡȠȣ
DzijȣȖĮȞȩȜĮȝĮțȡȚȐ. ȀĮȚʌȐȜȚȝȩȞȘ.
ȉȡȚȖȪȡȦțȩıȝȠȢ. ȀȩıȝȠȢĮįȚȐijȠȡȠȢ.
ȀĮȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣıIJȡȚȝȦȖȝȑȞĮıİȝȚĮıȐțĮ
ĮʌȚșȦȝȑȞȘıİȝȚĮȐįİȚĮșȑıȘıȤȠȜȚțȠȪȜİȦijȠȡİȓȠȣ
ʌȠȣțȐȞİȚȝȚĮįȚĮįȡȠȝȒʌȠȣįİȞįȚȐȜİȟĮ
287
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉȑȡȝĮIJȠȣȑȞĮıȤȠȜİȓȠʌȠȣȖȣȡȞȐIJȘȞʌȜȐIJȘıIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
ǹȜȜȐțĮȚIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮIJȦȞʌĮȚįȚȫȞIJȠȣȖȣȡȞȠȪȞIJȘȞʌȜȐIJȘ
ED
ǺȈ. 27/2/2012.
288
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȥɠɊȽɐɈɍɒɂɇɋɟǣ
ȃȚȫșȦȞĮȑȡȤİIJĮȚĮʌȩȝĮțȡȚȐ.
ȀȠȞIJȠȗȣȖȫȞİȚ ȖȚĮȞĮȝȠȣțȐȞİȚțĮțȩ
ǵIJĮȞijIJȐȞİȚijȠȕȐȝĮȚ
ȞȚȫșȦʌȦȢȝİıțȠIJȫȞİȚıȚȖȐ± ıȚȖȐ
ȂİIJȡȠȝȐȗİȚȝȩȞȠȘȚįȑĮ
ʌȦȢȑıIJȦțĮȚȖȚĮȜȓȖȠ
șĮȝİĮțȠȣȝʌȒıİȚ
ED
DzȞĮȤȐȠȢıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣ
įİȞȟȑȡȦIJȚțȐȞȦIJȚȜȑȦ
DZȖȤȠȢ
ȈțȠIJİȚȞȩȕĮșȪ
ȝİʌȞȓȖİȚıĮȞȝĮȪȡȠțȪȝĮ
țĮȚțĮIJĮʌȓȞİȚIJĮșȑȜȦȝȠȣ
ED
ȈȀ. 27/2/2012
289
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȠɌɇɁȽɋɜɈɂɓɐɄ:
ȷɋɁȽɉɊȽɎɍɓɖəɅɄɈɂǣ
ȅțȩıȝȠȢȝȠȣȐįİȚȠȢ
ȂĮȝȩȞȠİıȪȜİȓʌİȚȢ
ȉȚȐȜȜĮȟİĮȞȐȝİıȐȝĮȢ
ȁȐșȠȢȝȠȣǻİȞȑʌȡİʌİ
ED
ȂȚĮȝĮIJȚȐțȚȑȞĮȤȐįȚ
țȡȣȝȝȑȞĮıIJĮșȑȜȦȝȠȣ
ȀȠȝȝȑȞȠįȑȞIJȡȠȘȝȠȞĮȟȚȐȝȠȣ
ʌȠȣIJĮijȪȜȜĮIJȠȣįİșȡȠǸȗȠȣȞ ʌȚĮ
ED
ȆȞȓȖȠȝĮȚıIJȠȕȣșȩIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪ
țĮȚȤȐȞȠȝĮȚıIJȘȞȐȕȣııȠIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢȝȠȣ
ǹijȒȞȠȝĮȚıIJĮȕȐșȘIJȘȢĮʌİȜʌȚıȓĮȢ
țĮȚIJȡĮȖȠȣįȫȥȚșȣȡȚıIJȐ
ED
ǾıȦIJȘȡȓĮȝȠȚȐȗİȚijȣȜĮțȒ
ȉȚțȚ ĮȞȒıȠȣȞ ȖȚĮȝȑȞĮȘȜȪıȘ;
290
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȉȫȡĮ
ȆȠȪȤȐșȘțİȢțĮȚįİȞıİȕȡȓıțȦ
ED
ȈȣȞİȤȫȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐȝȠȣ
țȚȩȝȦȢIJĮȝȐIJȚĮıȠȣįİ ȝİțȠȚIJȠȪȞ
ǾijȦȞȒıȠȣįİȞĮțȠȪȖİIJĮȚ
țĮȚIJȠȤĮȝȩȖİȜȠȑȤİȚıȕȒıİȚ . . .
ED
ȈǺ
291
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȟɓɐɅɓɊɜȽǣ
Ȫɖɏɟɋɍɑ, ɔɜɉɍɑɛ ɂɖɅɏɟɑ;
ǻİȞȟȑȡȦIJȚijȠȕȐȝĮȚʌȚȠʌȠȜȪ
ȉȘȗȦȒȒIJȠȞșȐȞĮIJȠ224;
țȚȩȝȦȢijĮȞIJȐȗȠȣȞIJȩıȠțȠȞIJȚȞȠȓįȡȩȝȠȚ225
ED
ȃĮIJȠȕȐȜȦțȐIJȦ
ȉȘȗȦȒȝȠȣȒȝȐȜȜȠȞIJȘȞĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮȝȠȣ
ȅȑȞȠȤȠȢșĮȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚʌȐȞIJĮıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘ226.
ED
ȅȤȡȩȞȠȢįİȞȖȣȡȞȐİȚʌȓıȦʌȠIJȑįİȞ IJȠțȐȞİȚ
ǼʌĮȞĮʌĮȪȠȝĮȚıIJȠįȚțȩȝȠȣĮįȚȑȟȠįȠ
ȀĮșȫȢĮȣIJȩȢțȡȣijȐȝĮȗȓȝȠȣȖİȜȐİȚ ȀİȞȩȈȚȦʌȒȋȐıȚȝȠ227.
ED
ȀȚİȖȫȞĮȖȣȡȓȗȦʌȓıȦʌȐȞIJĮʌȓıȦțĮȚȞĮȕȜȑʌȦʌȐȞIJĮȜȐșȘ
ȀȚĮțȩȝȘĮʌȩĮȣIJȐȞĮȝȘȞȑȤȦȝȐșİȚ
ĬȑȜȦȞĮıIJĮȝĮIJȒıİȚȠȤȡȩȞȠȢȞĮțĮIJȑȕȦ
ED
ȉȚȢȞȪȤIJİȢʌȠȣʌİșĮȓȞȦțȚĮȞĮıIJĮȓȞȠȝĮȚ
șȑȜȦȐȜȜȠȞĮȝȘȞIJĮȟȚįİȪȦ
ȂĮįİȞȝʌȠȡȫȠȪIJİİıȪȝʌȠȡİȓȢțĮȞİȓȢįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓ
ED
ǻİȞȕĮȡȚȑıĮȚȒIJĮȞĮʌȜȐȑȞĮȢȝȠȞȩȜȠȖȠȢ
ȅȤȡȩȞȠȢʌȐȞIJĮțĮȜȩȢȒțĮțȩȢ
ĬĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚijȓȜȠȢțȚİȤșȡȩȢ
224
ȈțȑȥİȚȢșĮȞȐIJȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩIJȘȢįȣıșȣȝȓĮȢ
ȉĮȪIJȚıȘIJȦȞįȪȠİȞıIJȓțIJȦȞIJȘȢȗȦȒȢțĮȚIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣıȘȝĮȓȞİȚʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ
226
ǾȤȡȩȞȚĮİȞȠȤȒıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȘȢįȣıșȣȝȓĮȢ
227
ȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐIJȘȢįȣıșȣȝȓĮȢ
225
292
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ED
Ȁ Ȃ. ȃȘʌİȞșȒ 27/2/2012.
293
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȟɚɏɊȽɉɂɓɈɟǡɐȽɋəɁɂɇȽɐɂɉɜɁȽǣ
ǺĮȡȑșȘțĮȞĮȗȦȝȑıĮıIJȘșȜȓȥȘ
ȝȘȞȝİȡȦIJȐȢȖȚĮIJȘȞIJȪȤȘİįȫțĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ıĮȞșȣȝȦȝȑȞĮȤİȜȚįȩȞȚĮ
ȝ¶ȑȤİȚİȖțĮIJĮȜİȓȥİȚ228.
E D
ȀȜİȓıIJȘțĮȟĮȞȐıIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
țĮȚıIJȘȢIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJȐȢȝȠȣIJȘȞʌĮȡĮȝȩȡijȦıȘ229,
ȝĮȗİȪȠȞIJĮȢıIJȠȐȞȣįȡȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣ
İȜʌȚįȠijȩȡİȢįȣȞȐȝİȚȢȖȚĮȝİIJĮȝȩȡijȦıȘ
E D
ǹʌȩIJĮȐįİȚĮȤĮȝȩȖİȜȐıĮȢĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞșȘțĮ
ıIJȘȝȠȞĮȟȚȐİȞȩȢȐįİȚȠȣțȡİȕĮIJȚȠȪıȣıIJȒșȘțĮ230,
ȝȒʌȦȢțĮȚĮʌȠIJȠȟȚȞȦșȫĮʌȩIJĮijĮȞIJȐıȝĮIJĮ
228
ǻȚİȡȖĮıȚĮțȩȜȐșȠȢțĮIJȐIJȘīȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ©ǵȜĮȒIJȓʌȠIJĮȐıʌȡȠȒ
ȝĮȪȡȠªȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩIJȘȢįȣıșȣȝȓĮȢ
229
ȵʇɲɿʏʀɲʎʏʘʆʋʐʌɻʆɿʃʙʆʋɸʋʉɿɽɼʍɸʘʆ;īȞȦıȚĮțȒ± ȈȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ).
230
ǻȚĮijȣȖȒȝȑıȦIJȠȣȪʌȞȠȣıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝĮIJȚțȒȝȩȞȦıȘȝİȜĮȖȤȠȜȓĮ
294
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ʌȠȣıIJȠȓȤİȚȦıĮȞIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢȝȠȣIJĮ ʌĮȡĮʌİIJȐıȝĮIJĮ231.
E D
ǴıȦȢșĮȡȡİȓȢʌȦȢIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢijȠȕȒșȘțĮ
ĮȡțİIJȐȩȝȦȢıIJȘȗȦȒIJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȒșȘțĮ
ȂȩȞȠȩIJĮȞıȦʌĮȓȞȠȣȞȠȚijȩȕȠȚȜȣIJȡȫȞİıĮȚ
IJȩIJİșĮȡȡȫĮȖȩȖȖȣıIJĮȠȡșȫȞİıĮȚ232.
E D
ǼȜİȣșİȡȫȞİıĮȚİȝʌȚıIJİȪİıĮȚ
įȓȞİıĮȚĮijȒȞİıĮȚ
ȝĮȠȚțȡĮȣȖȑȢIJȦȞijȩȕȦȞ įİȞįİȓȤȞȠȣȞȞĮıȦʌĮȓȞȠȣȞ
țĮșȫȢIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮıIJȘȞȐȕȣııȠıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȐʌİșĮȓȞȠȣȞ.
E D
ȀĮȚIJȩIJİȝȠȚȐȗȦȝİȤĮȡIJȓȜİȣțȩ
ı¶ȑȞĮIJȡĮʌȑȗȚĮįİȚĮȞȩ
ʌȠȣʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚȑȞĮȗȦȖȡȐijȠʌĮȜĮȕȩ
ʌȠȣȝȩȜȚȢıȘțȫșȘțİĮʌȩȪʌȞȠȝİıȘȝİȡȚĮȞȩ
E D
DzȞĮȢțĮȝȕȐȢʌȠȣʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚȞĮȖİȝȓıİȚ
ȑIJıȚĮʌȜȐĮʌȩIJȠĮȞĮʌȐȞIJİȤȠȝİȤȡȫȝĮIJĮ
ȀĮȚIJȩIJİȓıȦȢȘİȜʌȓįĮȞĮȖȣȡȓıİȚ
ȝİȝȚĮȤȠȪijIJĮĮʌȩIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȝȠȣȤȫȝĮIJĮ
E D
ȄȑȡİȚȢʌĮȓȗİȚȞĮijIJĮȓȞİȜȑȦİȖȫ
ȩȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣȟĮȞĮȗȫ
țĮȚįȣıIJȣȤȫȢʌȐȞIJĮȝ¶ĮțȠȜȠȣșȐȞİ
ȩȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣʌȓıȦȝİțȡĮIJȐȞİ
E D
ȋȡȩȞȚĮʌȐȞİʌȚĮȝĮIJȚȞĮʌİȚȢ
231
232
ǹıȣȞİȓįȘIJȠ
ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒijȠȕȓĮȆȡȠįȩșȘțİȘĮȡȤȚțȒİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘıIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
295
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȠȚijȩȕȠȚĮțȩȝȘİįȫȩʌȠȣțȚĮȞįİȚȢ
ǺĮȡȑșȘțĮIJĮȕȡȐįȚĮIJĮȝȠȞĮȤȚțȐ
țĮȚȠȚȝȞȒȝİȢȜĮȕȦȝȑȞİȢȓįȚĮȟȦIJȚțȐ
E D
ȂȐIJĮȚȠȞĮȕȜȑʌȦIJȚȢİȜʌȓįİȢȞĮıIJİȡİȪȠȣȞ
țȚȩȜĮIJĮțĮȜȐıIJȘȗȦȒıİȝȚĮıIJȚȖȝȒȞĮȜȚȖȠıIJİȪȠȣȞ
DzIJıȚĮʌȜȐȖȚĮȝȚĮıIJȚȖȝȒȤĮȡȐȢȑȞĮȢĮȚȫȞĮȢȜȪʌȘȢ
ȆȐȞIJĮȠȚȐȜȜȠȚıȠȣȜȑȞİ©ȝȘȞİȖțĮIJĮȜİȓʌİȚȢª
E D
ǺĮȡȑșȘțĮȑȞĮıȦıIJȩȜȐșȘȤȓȜȚĮ
ȉĮȩȞİȚȡĮȝȠȣıĮȞȤĮȡIJȐțȚĮțĮȓȖȠȞIJĮȚ
ıİȜȑȟİȚȢʌȠȣıİȐıȤȘȝİȢȝȞȒȝİȢİȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚ
țȚȘıIJȐȤIJȘIJȠȣȢĮʌȑȝİȚȞİıİįȚȥĮıȝȑȞĮȤİȓȜȚĮ233.
E D
ȉĮȓıȦȢIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȦȞȐȜȜȦȞȕĮȡȑșȘțĮ
ıİĮįȚȑȟȠįȘʌȠȡİȓĮȟĮȞȐȝȩȞȘȝȠȣȕȡȑșȘțĮ
ȉȠȤȡȩȞȠʌȠȣıIJ¶ĮȣȜȐțȚĮIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪȝȠȣĮțĮIJȐʌĮȣıIJĮIJȡȑȤİȚ
IJȠȞʌȩȞȠȖȚĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣʌȠȣȘȥȣȤȒȝȠȣįİȞĮȞIJȑȤİȚ
E D
ȃ¶ĮȞIJȚțȡȓȗȦȕĮȡȑșȘțĮʌȐȞIJĮıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘ
IJȦȞʌĮȚįȚțȫȞȤȡȩȞȦȞİȞȩȢȝȠȞĮȤȚțȠȪʌĮȚįȚȠȪIJȠȞijIJĮȓȤIJȘ
ĭĮȓȞİIJĮȚʌȦȢIJȘȝȐIJĮȚȘĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘıȚȤȐșȘțĮ
ȝȑıĮıIJȠȜĮȕȪȡȚȞșȠIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȤȐșȘțĮ
E D
ȈIJȘȢȐįİȚĮȢĮʌȩĮȖȐʌȘțĮȡįȚȐȢIJĮijȣȜȜȠțȐȡįȚĮȤĮșȒțĮȝİ
ȝĮIJȠȖȣȡȚıȝȩʌȡȠȢȑȞĮȞıIJȠȡȖȚțȩijȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒʌȠIJȑįİȞȕȡȒțĮȝİ
ǼȜʌȓȗȦȞĮĮțȠȪȢIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞİıȪIJĮȜȩȖȚĮȝȠȣȩʌȠȣțĮȚȞĮµıĮȚ
DzȤȦĮȜȜȐȟİȚįİȞİȓȝĮȚȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢʌȠȣșȣȝȐıĮȚ
E D
ǴıȦȢįİȞȝİĮțȠȪȢțĮȞțȚĮȢijĮȞIJȐȗİȚȢıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣʌȡȩIJȣʌȠıIJȠȡȖȒȢ234.
233
ǻȓȥĮȖȚĮĮʌȠįȠȤȒǺȜK. Rogers ± ʌȡȠıȦʌȠțİȞIJȡȚțȒȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȓĮ
296
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆȚșĮȞȩȞĮȝȘȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȢțĮȚȝİȕȐȗİȚȢı¶ȑȞĮijĮȪȜȠțȪțȜȠȠȡȖȒȢ.
ǹȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȢʌȠȣȞĮıİȕȡȦȤĮȝȑȞȘȟĮȞȐȝȑıĮıIJȠʌȜȒșȠȢ
ȋȐȞİIJĮȚıIJȠțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȩȕȠȣȘIJȩIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪȝȠȣIJȘȢĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘȢȠȒȤȠȢ
E D
ǼțİȓȕȑȕĮȚĮʌȠȣȩȜȠȚȕȡȓıțȠȣȝİȑȞĮıȘȝİȓȠțȠȚȞȩ
İȓȞĮȚIJȘȢȝȠȞĮȟȚȐȢȝĮȢIJȠțȠȚȞȩȝȣıIJȚțȩ
ǹȣIJȒʌȠȣțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐȕȚȫȞȠȣȝİȩȜȠȚ
ȉȩıȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚȖȪȡȦȝĮȢțĮȚȞȚȫșȠȣȝİȝȩȞȠȚ
E D
ȋȚȜȚȐįİȢıțȑȥİȚȢʌİȡȞȐȞİĮʌȩIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣȞȠȝȓȗȦșĮįĮțȡȪıȦ
ȆȩıȠșĮȒșİȜĮȞĮIJȚȢțȐȥȦIJȚȢıIJȐȤIJİȢȞĮıțȠȡʌȓıȦ
ǹțȩȝĮʌĮȡĮʌĮIJȫıIJĮıȪȞȠȡĮȝİIJĮȟȪIJȡȑȜĮȢțĮȚȜȠȖȚțȒȢ
İȓȞĮȚȠįȚțȩȢȝȠȣīȠȜȖȠșȐȢįİȞȑȤȦțȠȣȡȐȖȚȠȜȩȖȠIJȚȝȒȢ
E D
ǺĮȡȑșȘțĮȞĮİȓȝĮȚʌȐȞIJĮıİȝȚĮȐȞȚıȘȝȐȤȘȝ¶İȤșȡȩIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩȝȠȣ
ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚʌȐȞIJĮĮȣIJȩȢȖȡȠșȚȑȢıIJȠțĮșȡȑijIJȘıʌȐȞİIJȠİȓįȦȜȠȝȠȣ
ǼȓȝĮȚĮʌȜȐȝȚĮțȠȣțȓįĮȝȑıĮıIJȠȤȐȡIJȘ
ǼȝȑȞĮȟĮȞȐʌȠȜȚȠȡțȫȥȐȤȞȦȞĮȕȡȦIJȘȞȐțȡȘ
E D
ȂĮIJȫȡĮ įİȞȞȚȫșȦIJȓʌȠIJĮįİȞİȓȞĮȚȣʌİțijȣȖȒ
ȀĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚĮȝȑȡĮȟİțȚȞȐİȚĮȪȡȚȠȝĮįİȞȝ¶ĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓ
ȈİʌĮȡĮțĮȜȫȐȜȜĮȟİțȐIJȚȒįȫıİIJȘȞȤĮȡȚıIJȚțȒȕȠȜȒ
ǹȞĮȡȦIJȚȑȝĮȚĮȞȩȜȠĮȣIJȩʌȠȣȗȦȑȤİȚțȐʌȠȚĮȑȟȠįȠȖȚĮįȚĮijȣȖȒ.
E D
ȀȚİȖȫȑȝİȚȞĮȖȚĮʌȐȞIJĮįİȝȑȞȘıIJȠȞțȩıȝȠĮȣIJȩ
ı¶ȑȞĮIJȩʌȠȤȦȡȓȢȞȩȘȝĮțĮȚįȓȤȦȢȖȣȡȚıȝȩ
ȄȑȡİȚȢİįȫțĮȚțĮȚȡȩıİȐȜȜȠȝȑȡȠȢıțȠʌİȪȦȞĮȗȦ
ȝİIJȐIJȘȞĮʌȠȣıȓĮȝȠȣȩȝȦȢįİȞȟȑȡȦİțİȓIJȚșĮȕȡȦ.
E D
234
ǹȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJȠȣȖȠȞȚțȒȢıIJȠȡȖȒȢțĮȚʌȡȠIJȪʌȠȣ
297
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǻİȞȑȤȦʌȐİȚİțİȓȟĮȞȐ
ȝĮIJȠıțİʌIJȩȝȠȣȞıȣȤȞȐ
ĮțȩȝĮIJȚȢʌĮȜȚȑȢȩȝȠȡijİȢıIJȚȖȝȑȢĮȞĮʌȠȜȫ
ȝĮIJȫȡĮȑIJıȚĮʌȜȐșȑȜȦȞĮİȟĮijĮȞȚıIJȫ235.
E D
ǵȜĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣıȠȣȖȡĮijȫıİȝȚĮȐįİȚĮıİȜȓįĮ
ʌȠȣʌȡȚȞIJȘȞȤĮȡȐȟȦȒIJĮȞĮțȩȝȘȜİȪțȘ
ȝȠȣșȣȝȓȗİȚȑȞIJȠȞĮIJȠȐıʌȡȠȝȠȣįȑȡȝĮ
ʌȡȚȞIJȠıȘȝĮįȑȥİȚȝȚĮįȚȥĮıȝȑȞȘȖȚĮȝȘIJȡȚțȒĮȖȐʌȘȥȣȤȒ
E D
ȀȂȃȘʌİȞșȒ
235
ȀȜĮııȚțȩıȪȝʌIJȦȝĮİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȘȢĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢȖȠȞȚțȒȢijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢıIJĮʌĮȚįȚțȐȤȡȩȞȚĮ
298
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȣɓɊɟɑǣ
ȭɈȽɏɔȽɉɣɋɍɋɒȽɑɐɒȽɐɠɋɋɂɔȽǣ
īȡȐȥİ ȑȞĮ ʌȠȓȘȝĮ ȖȚĮ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȖȚțȩ ȝȑȡȠȢ ıIJĮ ıȪȞȞİijĮ ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮȞİȕĮȓȞİȚȢ
ıțĮȡijĮȜȫȞȠȞIJĮȢıİȝȚĮȝĮȖȚțȒijĮıȠȜȚȐǼțİȓıİʌİȡȚȝȑȞİȚȠȖȓȖĮȞIJĮȢțĮȚıİȕȐȗİȚ
ȞĮ țȐȞİȚȢ įȠȣȜİȚȑȢ ȃȚȫșİȚȢ șȣȝȩ ȄİʌȑȡĮıİ IJȠ įȡĮʌȑIJİȣıİ țĮȚ įȚİțįȓțȘıİ IJȘȞ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮıȠȣȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJĮʌȡȑʌİȚIJȠȣȖȓȖĮȞIJĮ
Ȉ¶ȑȞĮʌȡȐıȚȞȠȜȚȕȐįȚȝȩȞȠȢʌİȡʌĮIJȠȪıĮ
ȂȚĮijĮıȠȜȚȐİȓįĮʌȠȣȑijIJĮȞİȦȢIJȠȞȠȣȡĮȞȩ
DzȝİȚȞĮȕȠȣȕȩȢțĮȚIJȘȞțȠȚIJȠȪıĮ
ȉȚȑȤİȚİțİȓʌȐȞȦĮȞȑȕȘțĮȞĮįȦ
ED
ǷȡİȢĮȞȑȕĮȚȞĮĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞȤȠȞIJȡȩțȠȡȝȩ
ǾĮȞȐȕĮıȘĮȣIJȒįİȞİȓȤİIJİȜİȚȦȝȩ
ȀĮȚȩIJĮȞȑijIJĮıĮIJȚȞĮįȦ
DzȞĮȖȓȖĮȞIJĮİʌIJȐȝȑIJȡĮȥȘȜȩ
ȂȠȣȑįȦıİȝȚĮıțȠȪʌĮʌĮȜȚȐ
ȝȠȣİȓʌİȞĮIJȠȣțĮșĮȡȓıȦIJĮȤĮȜȚȐ
ED
ȂȠȣȑįȦıİȝȚĮȕİȜȩȞĮțĮȚțȜȦıIJȒ
ȂİȝȚȐȢȝȠȣİȓʌİȞĮIJȠȣȡȐȥȦIJȘȞıIJȠȜȒ
ĬȣȝȦȝȑȞȠȢȒȝȠȣȞĮʌȠȜȪ
299
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ǻİȞȐȞIJİȤĮȐȜȜȠı¶ĮȣIJȒIJȘijȣȜĮțȒ
ED
DzIJȡİȟĮĮȝȑıȦȢȞĮȕȡȦIJȘȞijĮıȠȜȚȐ
ıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȝȠȣȞĮȖȣȡȓıȦȟĮȞȐ
ȅȖȓȖĮȞIJĮȢȝİțȣȞȘȖȠȪıİ
ȝĮȞĮȝİijIJȐıİȚįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ
ED
ȀĮIJȑȕȘțĮIJĮȝİȖȐȜĮțȜĮįȚȐ
ȝĮȠȖȓȖĮȞIJĮȢȒIJĮȞĮțȩȝĮʌȐȞȦıIJȘijĮıȠȜȚȐ
ȀĮșȫȢțȠȓIJĮȗĮįİȟȚȐțĮȚĮȡȚıIJİȡȐ
İȓįĮȑȞĮʌȡȚȩȞȚȝİįȩȞIJȚĮțȠijIJİȡȐ
ȉȘȞijĮıȠȜȚȐȑțȠȥĮİȣșȪȢ
țȚȠȖȓȖĮȞIJĮȢȑʌİıİțȐIJȦijĮȡįȪȢ- ʌȜĮIJȪȢ
ED
ȀȆ
300
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȭɂɒɚɅɏɇɎɎɍəɏɊȽɐɒɄɋɏəɖɄɒɍɓɛɉɇɍɓǣ
ĭȜȩȖĮĮįȚȐțȠʌȘ
ijȦIJȚȐʌȠȣıȚȖȠțĮȓİȚ
IJĮȟİȡȩțȜĮįĮIJȘȢȗȦȒȢȝȠȣ
ǹȣIJȐʌȠȣȐijȘıĮĮʌȩIJȚıIJĮĮʌȩĮȖȐʌȘ
țȚȑʌİıĮȞȟȘȡȐ
ʌȡȠıȐȞĮȝȝĮijșȚȞȠʌȦȡȚȞȩ
ĭȦIJȚȐʌȣȡȫȞİȚIJȚȢĮȜȣıȓįİȢ
ʌȠȣʌȞȓȖȠȣȞIJȠșȣȝȩȝȠȣ
ȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȐȟȚȗĮ
țĮȚįİȞʌȒȡĮ
ED
ǾȥȣȤȒȝȠȣIJȡİȝȠʌĮȓȗİȚıĮȞijȜȩȖĮıİȜȐȝʌĮșȣȑȜȘȢ
ıIJȘȝȑıȘĮʌİȚȜȘIJȚțȠȪȝʌȠȣȡȚȞȚȠȪ
ʌȠȣIJıĮțȓȗİȚȩIJȚȞȠȝȓȗİȚȢʌȦȢȝȑȤȡȚIJȫȡĮ
ıİʌȡȠıIJȐIJİȣİĮʌȩIJȠijȦȢIJȠȣȒȜȚȠȣ
ȂȚĮȢĮȜȒșİȚĮʌȠȣʌȪȡȦȞİIJĮȝȐIJȚĮıȠȣ
țĮȚȒșİȜİȢıțȚȐȞĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȑȟİȚȢ
ED
ȄİȤĮıȝȑȞĮȜȩȖȚĮțȡȪȕȠȞIJĮȚ
ʌȓıȦĮʌȩıȣȗȘIJȒıİȚȢʌȠȣįİȞIJȑȜİȚȦıĮȞʌȠIJȑ
ȉȩIJİʌȠȣȝİĮʌȑȡȡȚʌIJĮȞ
ʌȠȣȒȝȠȣȞĮıȒȝĮȞIJȠȢ
ȂĮIJȫȡĮȠįȘȖȫIJȑșȡȚʌʌȠȘȡȦȚțȩȐȡȝĮ
ȝİijȜȠȖȚıȝȑȞĮȐȜȠȖĮ
IJȠȞșȣȝȩIJȘȞȠȡȖȒIJȠȝȓıȠȢțĮȚIJȘȕȓĮ
ȀȣȡȓĮȡȤȠȢIJȦȞijȜȠȖȚıȝȑȞȦȞıȪȖȞİijȦȞIJȠȣįİȚȜȚȞȠȪ
ĮijȑȞIJȘȢIJȘȢĮıIJȡĮʌȒȢțĮȚIJȠȣțİȡĮȣȞȠȪ
ED
ȅȚijȦIJȚȑȢıIJȠȝȣĮȜȩȝȠȣijȠȣȞIJȫȞȠȣȞ
ȩȜĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚșĮȝʌȐțĮȚįȣıȕȐıIJĮțIJĮ
ȉȓʌȠIJİȐȜȜȠįİȞȝİȞȠȚȐȗİȚʌȚĮ
ĮȡțİȓȞĮȟİijȪȖȦĮʌȩIJȘȞȠijșĮȜȝĮʌȐIJȘĮȣIJȒ
IJȘȢʌȣȡȦȝȑȞȘȢȝȠȣȥȣȤȒȢ
301
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıİIJȑșȡȚʌʌȠȐȡȝĮıIJȘȞȡȐȤȘIJȠȣȒȜȚȠȣ
ȀȆ. 28/2/2012
302
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȫɚɔɒɂɇɄɊəɐɈȽɒɍɓɅɓɊɍɠǣ
ȀİȞȩțȠȪijȚĮȘȡİȝȓĮ
ȝİIJȐIJȘȞIJȡȚțȣȝȓĮșȣȝȠȪ
ʌȠȣțİȞIJȐIJȠȣȢȞİȣȡȫȞİȢIJȠȣȝȣĮȜȠȪȝȠȣ
ED
ȉȠĮȓȝĮȝȩȜȚȢįĮțȩȤȜĮȗİ
ıIJȚȢijȜȑȕİȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠıIJİȞȑȢ
Ȟ¶ĮȞIJȑȟȠȣȞIJȘȞȠȡȖȒȝȠȣ
ȆĮȡȐʌȠȞȠțȚȠȡȖȒȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȠȪȢ
ʌȠȣįİȞĮijȠȣȖțȡȐıIJȘțĮȞ
IJȚȢȕȠȣȕȑȢİʌȚșȣȝȓİȢȝȠȣ
ED
ȉȫȡĮȝȩȞȘșĮȝİȓȞȦ.
ǻİȞșȑȜȦIJȠȞȠȓțIJȠıĮȢ
IJȘȞıȣȝʌȩȞȚĮıĮȢ
ED
ȂİIJȠȞijȩȕȠșĮȗȒıȦ
ȝȘȞțȐȞȦțĮțȩıIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ȒıİȝȑȞĮ.
303
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ED
ǷȡİȢ ȝȑȡİȢ țĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮșĮȝİIJȡȫ.
ȂİIJȘȞȝȠȞĮȟȚȐʌĮȡȑĮ
ȀȚĮȞȟİıʌȐıȦʌȐȜȚ
ED
ȈIJȠțİȞȩșĮijIJȐıȦȝİIJȐIJȠȞșȣȝȩ
ʌȠȣțĮIJĮțĮȓİȚıĮȞȤĮȡIJȓ
IJȚȢıȤȑıİȚȢȝȠȣȝİIJȠȣȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ED
ǹʌȠȝȩȞȦıȘ. ȆȠȞȫȞIJĮȢțĮȚIJȡȑȝȠȞIJĮȢ
ȋĮȡȐșĮȟĮȞĮȕȡȫ
ȩIJĮȞȖİȝȓıȦĮʌȩĮįİȜijȚțȒĮȖȐʌȘ - ĮʌȠįȠȤȒ
ED
ǹȖțĮȜȚȐțĮȚȜĮIJȡİȓĮ ȀĮȚįİȞșĮİȓȞĮȚȩȜĮȖțȡȚ
DzȤȦİȜʌȓįĮʌȦȢșĮİȜȑȖȟȦIJȘȞȠȡȖȒȝȠȣĮȞIJȘȞʌĮȡĮįİȤIJȫ
ȀĮȚĮȞȖİȜȚȑȝĮȚȁȣʌȐȝĮȚ
ED
304
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȆȑijIJİȚȘȝȐıțĮIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ
țĮȚʌȓıȦIJȘȢȝȚĮijȡȐıȘȝȩȞȠ
ȋĮȝȘȜȒĮȣIJȠİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
ED
ǹȉ 3/3/2012
305
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȰɉɟɀɂɑɅɓɊɍɠ ɐɂɖɂɇɊɘɋɇəɒɇɈɄɎɓɏɍɐɒɇəǣ
ȉĮȕȡȐįȚĮȝȠȣ
ȤȩȡIJĮıĮȞĮȞȑțijȡĮıIJȠșȣȝȩ
ȈʌȓșİȢȐȖȤȠȣȢȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚijȜȩȖİȢșȣȝȠȪ
ȀȚİȖȫıĮȞțȠȪIJıȠȣȡȠțĮȥĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠ
ıİȤİȚȝȦȞȚȐIJȚțȠIJȗȐțȚ
ED
īȚȠȡIJȐıȚȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȘȞʌȣȡȠıIJȚȐȑıIJȘıĮȞ
IJĮIJȡȓĮĮįİȡijȐțȚĮ
IJȘȢįȣıIJȣȤȓĮȢȝȠȣIJȠȐȖȤȠȢȠșȣȝȩȢțȚȘșȜȓȥȘ
ȈIJĮȩȞİȚȡĮȝİțȣȞȘȖȐȞİ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢıțȑȥİȚȢțĮȚIJȡȑȤȦȞĮıȦșȫ
ED
ȁȪʌȘȢȥȓșȣȡȠȚȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌ¶IJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣ
ȅȡȖȒʌȜȘȝȪȡȚıİțȚĮʌȩȥİIJȘȞțĮȡįȚȐȝȠȣ
ȆȩıȠȑȞȠȤȠȢțĮȚȝȩȞȠȢȞȚȫșȦ
ȂȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡȦıĮʌȐȜȚIJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮȝȠȣ
ȉȘȞʌȑIJĮȟĮıIJȚȢijȜȩȖİȢIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪıIJȘȞʌȣȡȠıIJȚȐ
ED
ǹȞȐȝİıĮıIJȚȢĮįȘijȐȖİȢijȜȩȖİȢ
306
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
įȚĮțȡȓȞȦIJȘijȚȖȠȪȡĮȝȚĮȝȐȞĮȢʌȠȣȝȠȣȖȪȡȚıİIJȘȞʌȜȐIJȘ
ȂĮȠȚȝȘIJȑȡİȢİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȑȢȐȡĮİȖȫȒȝȠȣȞĮțĮțȩȢ236.
ȉȩIJİIJĮıȠȣȕȜİȡȐȝĮȤĮȓȡȚĮIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪ
ȖȣȡȞȠȪȞȝȑıĮȝȠȣ
țĮȚȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȝȚȗȑȡȚĮțȚĮȣIJȠʌĮȡĮȓIJȘıȘ237.
Ȇ. ǹ. (Lennon) 8/5/2012
ȭɒɍɋɒɍɜɖɍɒɍɓɔɟȾɍɓ ɒɄɑɍɏɀɛɑǣ
236
ȉĮȝȚțȡȐʌĮȚįȚȐįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮįİȤșȠȪȞȩIJȚȠȚȖȠȞİȓȢIJȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚȥȣȤȡȠȓĮȞİʌĮȡțİȓȢȒțĮțȠȓțȚ
ĮȚıșȐȞȠȞIJĮȚʌȦȢĮȣIJȐİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩȂȑıĮIJȠȣȢȤIJȓȗİIJĮȚȑȞĮȢĮȣIJȠIJȚȝȦȡȘIJȚțȩȢțȚ
ĮȣIJȠțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȩȢȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮȢ
237
ǼıȦIJİȡȚțȩȢșȣȝȩȢ
307
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȈțȠIJȐįȚțİȞȩțȚĮʌȐșİȚĮ
ıIJȠȝȠȣįȚĮıȝȑȞȠȝȠȣȝȣĮȜȩ
ȂȚĮȟİįȚȐȞIJȡȠʌȘȜȐȝʌĮĮȞĮțȡȓȞİȚIJĮȝȐIJȚĮȝȠȣ238.
ĭȦȞȑȢȝİȝȣȡȦįȚȐĮʌİȚȜȒȢ
ıijȓȖȖȠȣȞIJȠȜĮȚȝȩȝȠȣıĮȞșȘȜȚȑȢ
ȝİʌȞȓȖȠȣȞıĮȞĮȞȑțijȡĮıIJȠȚȜȣȖȝȠȓ
ȈIJȠȞIJȠȓȤȠIJȠȣijȩȕȠȣIJȘȢȠȡȖȒȢȝİıIJȡȚȝȫȤȞȠȣȞ
ȉȠȣȢȝȚȜȐȦȂİĮȖȞȠȠȪȞȂİʌİȡȚijȡȠȞȠȪȞ
ȋĮ ȂİȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȞĮįȪȞĮȝȠ239.
ED
ȅȚȝʌİȡįİȝȑȞİȢıțȑȥİȚȢȝȠȣ
ıȕȒȞȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȣIJȠıȣȖțȡȐIJȘıȘ
ĬȠȜȫȞȦǾȠȡȖȒȝȠȣȟİȤİȚȜȓȗİȚ
ȆȪȡȚȞȘȜĮȓȜĮʌĮȝȠȚȐȗİȚȟİıʌȐıĮȞȜȣııĮıȝȑȞȘ
ǼȓȝĮȚİʌȚIJȑȜȠȣȢįȣȞĮIJȩȢǹȒIJIJȘIJȠȢ
ȂȠȣȜȑȞİȞĮȘȡİȝȒıȦIJĮȜȩȖȚĮIJȠȣȢțȩțțȚȞȠʌĮȞȓ
ȂİijȑȡȞȠȣȞİțIJȩȢİȜȑȖȤȠȣȄİıʌȐȦ
ED
ȂĮʌȫȢȉȚȑțĮȞĮȉȘȞȤIJȪʌȘıĮ
ȀȚȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘȝȩȞȘʌȠȣȝİțĮIJĮȜĮȕĮȓȞİȚ
ȂİȖȑȞȞȘıİ
ȈȣȞȐȝĮȝİĮʌȠįȚȫȤȞİȚ
ĮʌȩIJȘıijȡĮȖȚıȝȑȞȘIJȘȢțĮȡįȚȐ240.
ǹȤȆȩıȠȝİIJĮȞȚȫȞȦǹȜȜȐȖȚĮIJȓ
DzIJıȚțȚĮȜȜȚȫȢĮȣIJȒIJȠʌȡȠțȐȜİıİ
ȂİʌȡȒȗİȚıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝİIJȚȢȖțȡȓȞȚİȢIJȘȢ
ȉĮșȑȜȦIJȘȢțȠȣțȠȣȜȫȞȠȣȞIJĮȩȞİȚȡȐȝȠȣ
ǹȤǻİȞȟȑȡȦȂȐȜȜȠȞİȖȫijIJĮȓȦ
ǻİȞȟȑȡȦȈȣȖȖȞȫȝȘ
ǹĭ. 28/2/2012
238
ȆȚİıIJȚțȒȝȘIJȑȡĮʌȠȣİȣȞȠȣȤȓȗİȚIJȠȞȖȚȠIJȘȢ
Ƀɼʌʘɲʎɲʋʊʏɻʆɽʄʀʗɻʋɳɸɿʍʏɻʅɲʆʀɲ͘Ʌʌʊʃɸɿʏɲɿɶɿɲɷɿʋʉʄɿʃɼʃɲʏɳɽʄɿʗɻ͘
240
ǹȡȤĮȧțȒȝȘIJȑȡĮȝİĮȝijȓșȣȝȠȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮıIJȠȡȖȚțȒțĮȚijȠȕİȡȒ
239
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©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȠɇɈȽɐɒɇɈɛɚɈɅɂɐɄǣǼȧɍɏɔɚɑɈȽɇɐɓɋȽɇɐɅɛɊȽɒȽǽǤ
ȜɐɈɛɐɂɇɑArt Therapy:
1. ǾȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠȁİȪțȦȝĮ- ǼȚțȠȞȠȜİȟȚțȩ.HHSLQJD6WXGLR-RXUQDO Ȉİ
IJİIJȡȐįȚȠțȠȜȜȐȝİİȚțȩȞİȢǻȓʌȜĮȖȡȐijȠȣȝİȜȑȟİȚȢȖȚĮIJĮĮȚıșȒȝĮIJȐȝĮȢ
ıțȑȥİȚȢȝĮȢȉȚȝʌȠȡȫȞĮțȐȞȦȝİĮȣIJȒIJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮȉȚıȤȑıȘȑȤİȚȝİȝȑȞĮ
ȆȠȚȑȢİȜİȪșİȡİȢıțȑȥİȚȢȝȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓȉȚțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȠijȑȡȞİȚıIJȘȗȦȒȝȠȣ
ȆȦȢȝİțȐȞİȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȩȈİʌȠȚȠȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓȈİʌȠȚȠ
ȤȡȫȝĮȉȠıIJȠȜȓȗȠȣȝİȝİıțȑȥİȚȢȡȘIJȐıIJȩȤȠȣȢĮȖĮʌȘȝȑȞĮȣȜȚțȐțȠȜȐȗ
țȜʌǺȜȑʌȠȞIJĮȢȝȚĮĮʌȩIJȚȢİȚțȩȞİȢIJȘȞȐȜȜȘȝȑȡĮĮȞįȠȪȝİʌȦȢIJĮȚȡȚȐȗİȚȝȚĮ
ȞȑĮİȚțȩȞĮIJȘȞțȠȜȜȐȝİțȚĮȣIJȒ
http://arttherapyreflections.blogspot.com/2009/05/keeping-studio-journal.html
http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/08/06/art-therapy-exercises-to-tryat-home/ ǹȡȤȓıIJİIJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩıĮȢȘȝİȡȠȜȩȖȚȠʌĮȓȡȞȠȞIJĮȢȚįȑİȢĮʌȩIJȠ
http://artjournaling.blogspot.com/2010
2. ȀȐȞİȝȚĮȝȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡĮ6FULEEOH'UDZLQJ
ȀȐȞIJİ ȑȞĮ ıȤȑįȚȠ ȝİ țȜİȚıIJȐ ȝȐIJȚĮ ʌȑijIJȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ țİȞȩ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘ İȞȞȠȚȫȞ IJȠȣ ĮıȣȞİȚįȒIJȠȣ ıĮȞ IJĮ ȩȞİȚȡĮ IJȘ ıȣȞİȚȡȝȚțȒ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȘ ȖȡĮijȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘ șȣȝȩ īȚĮ ȞĮ
țȐȞȠȣȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡĮ ȝĮȢ ȠȚ țȚȞȒıİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȜȦIJȑȢ ± ĮʌĮȜȑȢ țȣțȜȚțȑȢ Ȓ
įȣȞĮȝȚțȑȢ ȝİ ȠȟİȓİȢ ȖȦȞȓİȢ țȜʌ ȄİțȚȞȐȝİ įȚĮȚıșȘIJȚțȐ ǹȞ İȓȝĮıIJİ
įİȟȚȩȤİȚȡİȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌİIJȪȤȠȣȝİ IJȠ ʌȡȦIJȩȖȠȞȠ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ
țȐȞȠȣȝİIJȚȢĮȡȤȚțȑȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢȒIJȚȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢșȣȝȠȪȝİIJȠĮȡȚıIJİȡȩȤȑȡȚȂȩȜȚȢ
țȐȞȠȣȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȣȞIJȗȠȪȡĮ ʌȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȝİ ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒ
ȝȠȡijȑȢ ıȤȒȝĮIJĮ țȜʌ ȀĮȜȜȚİȡȖȠȪȝİ IJȘȞ ȑțijȡĮıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ijĮȞIJĮıȓĮ įİȞ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȝİ ȝİ ıȪȝȕȠȜĮ ĮȜȜȐ IJİȜİȓȦȢ ĮıȣȞİȓįȘIJĮ ıIJȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ IJȘȢ ȥȣȤȒȢ
ȝĮȢȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮȤȡȦȝĮIJȓıȠȣȝİȝİIJȠʌȡȫIJȠȤȡȫȝĮʌȠȣșĮʌȚȐıȠȣȝİȩʌȦȢ
IJĮȝȚțȡȐʌĮȚįȚȐȅȚțİȞIJȡȚțȑȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȝİȑȞIJĮıȘȝİȝĮȪȡȠ ȤȡȫȝĮ
ȉȠ ȤȡȫȝĮ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ IJȡȑȤİȚ ıİ ȡȣȐțȚĮ īȣȡȞȐȝİ IJȠ ȑȡȖȠ Įʌ¶
ȩȜİȢIJȚȢȝȠȡijȑȢȖȚĮȞĮĮȞĮțĮȜȪȥȠȣȝİIJȚȢțȡȣȝȝȑȞİȢ ȝȠȡijȑȢIJȠȞȚİȡȠijȐȞIJȘ
IJȦȞ ȝȣıIJȘȡȓȦȞ ȝȚĮȝĮȖȚțȒ ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ IJȠ ĮȡȤȑIJȣʌȠ IJȠȣ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ IJȦȞ ʌȡȐȟİȫȞ
ȝĮȢȑȞĮİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮʌȠȣȝĮȢİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚǼȓȞĮȚȠȚȝȚțȡȠȓȝĮȢȒȡȦİȢ
ǻİȞĮʌȠȖȠȘIJİȣȩȝĮıIJİıȣȞİȤȓȗȠȣȝİIJȠ©ȝĮȖȚțȩªȝĮȢIJĮȟȓįȚȤȦȡȓȢȞĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȕȖȐȜȠȣȝİ ȠʌȦıįȒʌȠIJİ ȞȩȘȝĮ ȁİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐ ȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ IJȠ
įȠȣȜȑȥȠȣȝİȦȢȑȞĮıȘȝİȓȠțĮȚȞĮIJȠįȫıȠȣȝİȞĮIJȠįȠȣȜȑȥȠȣȝİıĮȞȠȝȐįĮ
țȠȝȝȐIJȚ± țȠȝȝȐIJȚȅțĮșȑȞĮȢȠȞȠȝȐȗİȚIJȠțȠȝȝȐIJȚʌȠȣIJȠȣĮȞȒțİȚȉĮȣIJȓıIJİ
309
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ıȤȒȝĮIJĮȖȡĮȝȝȑȢȒȤȡȫȝĮIJĮȝİIJĮıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣșȑȜİIJİȞĮİțijȡȐıİIJİ
ǼȓȞĮȚIJĮįȚțȐıĮȢĮȡȤȑIJȣʌĮ
http://arttherapyreflections.blogspot.com/2011/03/scribble-drawingand-thinking-lightly.html
ĬȣȝȩȢ
ȀȆ
ĬȣȝȩȢ
ǹ.ĭ.
310
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
3. ȄİȜĮijȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȢIJȘȞİıȦIJİȡȚțȒțĮȚİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȝĮȢȗȦȒ8QFOXWWHURXU
lives): ǻȚȫȤȞȠȣȝİIJĮĮʌȦșȘȝȑȞĮȝĮȢFOXWWHUʌȠȣȦȢȑȞĮıȘȝİȓȠ
ȜİȚIJȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞȦȢȐȝȣȞİȢĮȜȜȐįİȞȜȪȞȠȣȞIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮțĮȚȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȕĮȡȓįȚĮ
ĭIJȚȐȤȞȠȣȝİȑȞĮțȠȜȐȗȝİIJȡȓĮȝȑȡȘĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝĮȢțȡĮIJȐȞİıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
ȐȝȣȞİȢİȞįȠȕȠȜȑȢʌȣȡȘȞȚțȑȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢijȩȕȠȚĮȡȞȒıİȚȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȒ
ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘțȜʌĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȝĮȢĮȞIJȚʌȡȠıȦʌİȪȠȣȞıIJȠʌĮȡȩȞȝʌȑȡįİȝĮ
ĮijȪʌȞȚıȘIJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮĮȜȘșȚȞȩȢİĮȣIJȩȢțȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣșĮȝĮȢȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞı¶ȑȞĮ
İȜʌȚįȠijȩȡȠȝȑȜȜȠȞįȚİțįțȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮİȚȜȚțȡȓȞİȚĮĮȣșȠȡȝȘIJȚıȝȩȢȑțijȡĮıȘ
ıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞİȓȝĮıIJİıIJȠȡȖȚțȠȓijȪȜĮțİȢțȚȩȤȚıțȜȘȡȠȓİʌȚțȡȚIJȑȢIJȠȣ
İĮȣIJȠȪȝĮȢȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİıȪȝȕȠȜĮʌȠȣȝĮȢIJȡȠȝȐȗȠȣȞȝĮȢĮijȣʌȞȓȗȠȣȞ
țĮȚȝĮȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȓȗȠȣȞIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮǼʌȓıȘȢȜȑȟİȚȢȤȡȫȝĮIJĮĮȡȤȑIJȣʌĮțĮȚ
ijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓİȢȝİIJȚȢĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤİȢıȘȝĮıȓİȢȂʌȠȡȠȪȝİȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȝİ
ijȦIJȠȖȡĮijȓİȢʌȡȠıȫʌȦȞʌȡĮȖȝȐIJȦȞȒȤȫȡȦȞʌȠȣĮȞIJȚʌȡȠıȦʌİȪȠȣȞIJȠțĮțȩ
ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞIJȠĮijȣʌȞȚıIJȚțȩʌĮȡȩȞțĮȚIJȠĮʌİȜİȣșİȡȦIJȚțȩțĮȚȖİȝȐIJȠȞȑİȢ
ʌȡȠțȜȒıİȚȢȝȑȜȜȠȞhttp://arttherapyreflections.blogspot.com/2010/09/art-ofuncluttering-your-inner-and.html
4. ǽȦȖȡĮijȓıIJİIJȠʌİȡȓȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȘȢįİȟȚȐȢțĮȚIJȘȢĮȡȚıIJİȡȒȢʌĮȜȐȝȘȢıĮȢ
ȈIJȘȞĮȡȚıIJİȡȒȖȡȐȥIJİIJȚȞȚȫșİIJİİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȘȢȤĮȝȘȜȒȢĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘȢIJȠȣ
ȐȖȤȠȣȢIJȠȣșȣȝȠȪȈIJȘȞįİȟȚȐȖȡȐȥIJİIJȚșĮșȑȜĮIJİĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȜȜȠȣȢȖȚĮȞĮ
ȞȚȫıİIJİțĮȜȜȓIJİȡĮīȪȡȦȖȪȡȦȖȡȐȥIJİȜȑȟİȚȢȒȗȦȖȡĮijȓıIJİıȪȝȕȠȜĮĮʌȩ
ʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣıĮȢȡȓȤȞȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȣIJȠʌİʌȠȓșȘıȘıĮȢĮȖȤȫȞȠȣȞȒıĮȢșȣȝȫȞȠȣȞ
ĬȣȝȩȢ / ǹĭ
311
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5. ȅIJȡȠȤȩȢIJȦȞıȣȞĮȚıșȘȝȐIJȦȞ ĭIJȚȐȟIJİįȣȠȠȝȩțİȞIJȡȠȣȢțȪțȜȠȣȢțĮȚ
ȤȦȡȓıIJİIJȠȣȢıİȠțIJȫĮțIJȓȞİȢȈIJȚȢĮțIJȓȞİȢIJȠȣİıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪțȪțȜȠȣ
ȗȦȖȡĮijȓıIJİHPRWLFRQVțĮȚıIJȚȢĮțIJȓȞİȢIJȠȣİȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪıȪȝȕȠȜĮ
įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞʌȠȣ ıĮȢIJĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ
6. ǺȠȣȞȩțĮȚʌİįȚȐįĮ ǽȦȖȡĮijȓıIJİȑȞĮȕȠȣȞȩȝİʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣıĮȢ
İȣȤĮȡȚıIJȠȪȞțĮȚȝȚĮʌİįȚȐįĮȝİʌȡȐȖȝĮIJĮʌȠȣıĮȢȡȓȤȞȠȣȞıİșȜȓȥȘ
7. ȀĮȡįȚȐǽȦȖȡĮijȓıIJİȝȚĮȝİȖȐȜȘțĮȡįȚȐțĮȚȝȑıĮIJȘȢȤȡȫȝĮIJĮȝȠIJȓȕȠ
ıȤȑįȚĮȜȑȟİȚȢʌȠȣİțijȡȐȗȠȣȞıȣȞĮȚıșȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣIJȫȡĮĮȚıșȐȞİıIJİ
ȉȠȐȖȤȠȢ
ǺȈ
312
©ȅȑijȘȕȠȢȝʌȡȠıIJȐıIJȠȞțĮșȡȑijIJȘIJȘȢȥȣȤȒȢIJȠȣª
ȝɇȾɉɇɍɀɏȽɔɜȽ
Abha, S. (ʖ.ʖ). Managing Anger for Self Growth. ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮϴ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊSlideshare:
http://www.slideshare.net/spark_187/anger-management-1766169
ACAT. (ʖ.ʖ). Key References. Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻ 4 28, 2012, ɲʋʊ Association for Cognitive Analytic
Therapy: http://www.acat.me.uk/page/key+references
American Psychology, A. (2012). Controlling Anger Before It Controls ɉʉɽ. Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻ 4 28,
2012, ɲʋʊ American Psychology Association: http://www.apa.org/topics/anger/control.aspx
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ɲʋʊLJŽƵƚƵďĞ͘ĐŽŵ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘LJŽƵƚƵďĞ͘ĐŽŵͬǁĂƚĐŚ͍ǀсϯƌƚdžEƚϲϬϲh
Ȱɷɲʅʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕Ȱ͘;ϮϬϬϵ͕ϮϲͿ͘ȳȰɎсȳʆʘʍʏɿʃɼȰʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮϴ͕
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ΗȰȺɉɆɀȰΗ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘playtherapy.gr/frameset.html
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʍʏʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕Ɉ͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ȳʆʙʍɸɿʎʃɲɿɷɸʇɿʊʏɻʏɸʎʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʐʏʙʆ͗ȶʆɲʎɸʆɷɸɿʃʏɿʃʊʎ
ʃɲʏɳʄʉɶʉʎ͘ ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȻʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉɎʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲʎʃɲɿɉɶɸʀɲʎ͗
http://www.ipsy.gr/clinicalskills.aspx?langid=1
Ȱʆɷʌʉʐʏʍʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕Ȱ͘;ϮϬϬϰͿ͘ɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼʃɲɿʉɿʃʉɶɸʆɸɿɲʃɼɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͗Ⱦʌɿʏɿʃɼɲʆɲʍʃʊʋɻʍɻ
ʏʘʆʅɸʏɲʆɸʘʏɸʌɿʃʙʆɸʇɸʄʀʇɸʘʆ͘Ɏʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲ , 11 ;;ϰͿͿ͕ʍʍ͘ʍʍ͘ϱϭϮ-528.
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ʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘ ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȵʌɶɲʍʏɼʌɿʉȴɿɸʌɸʑʆɻʍɻʎȰʆɽʌʙʋɿʆʘʆɇʖɹʍɸʘʆ͗
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Ȱʆɷʌʉʐʏʍʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕Ȱ͘;ϮϬϬϰ͕ϭϭͿ͘Ɏʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲ͕ϮϬϬϰ͕ϭϭ;ϰͿʍʍ͘ϱϭϮ- 528. Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϭϵ͕
ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊĞůƉƐĞ͘ŐƌͬĞůͬŬĂƚĂůŽŐŽƐ-teyxwn: http://www.elpse.gr/el/katalogosteyxwn/category/50.html?download=403
Ȳɲʍɿʄɸɿɳɷɻʎ͕ȳ͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϰ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȰʐʏʉɶʆʘʍʀɲȾɹʆʏʌʉɅʌʉʍʘʋɿʃɼʎȰʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʎʃɲɿɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĂĨƚŽŐŶŽƐŝĂ͘ŐƌͬϮϬϭϬ-07-1319-10-42/42-systimiki-psychotherapeia.html
Ȳɲʍɿʄɸɿɳɷɻʎ͕ȳ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɈɿɸʀʆɲɿɻɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͖͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
ͨȰɉɈɃȳɁɏɇȻȰͩȾɹʆʏʌʉɅʌʉʍʘʋɿʃɼʎȰʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʎΘɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗
http://www.sitemaker.gr/gvassiliades/assets/systemstherapy.htm
ȳɸʘʌɶɳʃɲ͕ȵ͘;ϮϬϭϬ-2011). Ɏʐʖʉɷʐʆɲʅɿʃɼʗʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲ;ɲʋʉʍʑʌɽɻʃɸͿ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϮϭ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕
ɲʋʊĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚKĨWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐLJ͘h͘d,͘- ȵʃʋɲɿɷɸʐʏɿʃʊʐʄɿʃʊɅʌʉʋʏʐʖɿɲʃʙʆɀɲɽɻʅɳʏʘʆ͗
PSY_370_lectures_2010_2011 AUTH
ȴɲʅɲʍʃɻʆʀɷʉʐ͕Ⱦ͘;ϮϬϭϬ͕ϬϱϮϵͿ͘ϰϴϴɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘ ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
Department Of Psychology A͘h͘d,͘ȵʃʋɲɿɷɸʐʏɿʃʊʐʄɿʃʊɅʌʉʋʏʐʖɿɲʃʙʆɀɲɽɻʅɳʏʘʆ͗
http://www.psy.auth.gr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=283&Itemid=
132&mosmsg=You+are+trying+to+access+from+a+nonauthorized+domain.+%28www.google.gr%29
ȴɲʅɲʍʃɻʆʀɷʉʐ͕Ⱦ͘;ϮϬϭϬ͕ϯϭϳͿ͘ϰϴϴɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘ Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϭϵ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
Department Of Psychology A.U.TH.:
http://www.psy.auth.gr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=283&Itemid=
132&mosmsg=You+are+trying+to+access+from+a+nonauthorized+domain.+%28www.google.gr%29
ȵʐɽʐʅʀʉʐ͕Ⱦ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘Ȱʋɲʆʏɼʍɸɿʎʍɸʅɸʌɿʃɹʎʍʐʆɻɽɿʍʅɹʆɸʎɸʌʘʏɼʍɸɿʎɶʑʌʘɲʋʊʏɻʆɶʆʘʍɿɲʃɼ
- ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɿʍʏɿʃɼɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȻɁɇɈȻɈɃɉɈɃȵɆȵɉɁȰɇȾȰȻ
ȺȵɆȰɅȵȻȰɇɈȸɇɇɉɀɅȵɆȻɌɃɆȰɇ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŝďƌƚ͘ŐƌͬĞĚƵͬŶŽĚĞͬϴϳ
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͕ȳ͘ϭ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɀʉʆʏɹʄɲɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎʉɿʃʉɶɹʆɸɿɲʎɶɿɲʏɿʎʗʐʖɿʃɹʎɷɿɲʏɲʌɲʖɹʎ͘
ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊɸʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͘ŐƌͬĨŝůĞƐͬŝŬŽŐĞŶŝĂ͗
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ɸʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͘ŐƌͬĨŝůĞƐͬŝŬŽŐĞŶŝĂ͘ƉĚĨ
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͕ȳ͘Ϯ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘Ȳɿɴʄʀɲɲʐʏʉɴʉɼɽɸɿɲʎ͗ȳʀʆɸʏɸʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʐʏɼʎʏʉʐɸɲʐʏʉʑʍɲʎ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻ
ϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȻɁɇɈȻɈɃɉɈɃȵɆȵɉɁȰɇȾȰȻȺȵɆȰɅȵȻȰɇɈȸɇɇɉɀɅȵɆȻɌɃɆȰɇ͗
http://ibrt.gr/edu/node/14
ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͕ȳ͘ϯ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɀɹɽʉɷʉɿʃɲɿʏɸʖʆɿʃɹʎʍʏɻɶʆʘʍɿɲʃɼʹ ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɿʍʏɿʃɼɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ
ɸʆɻʄʀʃʘʆ͘ Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȳɿʙʌɶʉʎȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͗
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ɸʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐ͘ŐƌͬĨŝůĞƐͬŵĞƚŚŽĚŽŝͺƚĞdžŶŝŬĞƐ͘ƉĚĨ
ȷɲʔɸɿʌʀɷɻʎ͕Ɍ͘;ϮϬϭϮͿ͘ȰʆɽʌʘʋɿʍʏɿʃɼɎʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲ͘ Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϭϵ͕ϭϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚKĨ
Psychology A.U.TH.:
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http://www.psy.auth.gr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=267&Itemid=
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Ȼʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉ͕Ɏ͘ɉ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ȳɁɏɇɈȻȾȸ- ȰɁȰȿɉɈȻȾȸȺȵɆȰɅȵȻȰ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮϴ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
ȻʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉɎʐʖɿʃɼʎɉɶɸʀɲʎ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞŐŽŝĚĞĂů͘Őƌͬɉʋɻʌɸʍʀɸʎͬϳ-Ɏʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɸʎͬϱϭ-201009-28-20-35-43.html
Ȼʘɲʆʆʀɷɻʎ͕ɍ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɎɉɍȰɁȰȿɉɇȸȾȰȻɎɉɍȰɁȰȿɉɈȻȾȸɎɉɍɃȺȵɆȰɅȵȻȰ͘ Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϰ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕
ɲʋʊƉƐLJĐŚŽĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘Őƌ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉƐLJĐŚŽĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘ŐƌͬĞl/documents/Ioan_SPP.pdf
Ⱦɲʄɲʆʏɺɼ- Ȱɺʀɺɻ͕Ȱ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ȳʆʘʍɿɲʃɼ-ɇʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɿʍʏɿʃɼɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕
ɲʋʊȻɁɇɈȻɈɃɉɈɃȵɆȵɉɁȰɇȾȰȻȺȵɆȰɅȵȻȰɇɈȸɇɇɉɀɅȵɆȻɌɃɆȰɇ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŝďƌƚ͘ŐƌͬĞĚƵͬŶŽĚĞͬϲϵ
Ⱦɲʄʄɿʆʀʃʉʐ͕Ɇ͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ȾɲʄʄɿʆʀʃʉʐɆʉɺɳʆʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʑʏʌɿɲ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŬĂůůŝŶŝŬŽƵ͘Őƌͬʖɲʅɻʄɼ-ɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ
Ⱦɲʐʃɿʊʎ͕Ɂ͘;ϮϬϬϵͿ͘Ȱʐʏʉʋɸʋʉʀɽɻʍɻ- ɲʆɲʍʔɳʄɸɿɲ- ʔʊɴʉʎ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϬϰϬϮ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
ɎʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲʃɲɿȰʐʏʉɴʉɼɽɸɿɲ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉƐLJĐŚĞ͘ŐƌͬĂƵƚŽƉĞƉŽŝƚŚŝƐŝϮ͘Śƚŵ
Ⱦɲʐʃʀʉʎ͕Ɂ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɇʃɹʗɸɿʎ͕ɲɿʍɽɼʅɲʏɲʃɲɿʋɸʋʉɿɽɼʍɸɿʎ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊɎʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲ
ʃɲɿȰʐʏʉɴʉɼɽɸɿɲ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉƐLJĐŚĞ͘ŐƌͬƚĞƐƚĂƵƚŽƉĞƉŽŝƚŚŝƐŝ͘Śƚŵ
Ⱦʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎ͕Ȱ͘ϭ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘Ȱɶʖʙɷɸɿʎɷɿɲʏɲʌɲʖɹʎ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĂ͘Őƌ͗
http://www.psychologia.gr/disorders/anxiety%20disorders.htm
Ⱦʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎ͕Ȱ͘Ϯ͘;ʖʖͿ͘ɎɉɍȰɁȰȿɉɇȸ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϰ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊWƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĂ͘Őƌ͗
http://www.psychologia.gr/therapy/psychoanalysis.htm
Ⱦʉʏɲʆʀɷɻʎ͕Ȱ͘ϯ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘Ȱʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʏɻʎʋʌʉʍʘʋɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ-ʃʑʃʄʉʎʏɻʎɺʘɼʎ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϱϴ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕
ɲʋʊƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĂ͘Őƌ͗Śƚtp://www.psychologia.gr/editions/development.htm
Ⱦʉʐʏʍʉʍʀʅʉʐ͕ɀ͘;ϮϬϭϭ͕ϴϮϱͿ͘ȸɅʌʊʃʄɻʍɻʏʉʐȺɸʌɲʋɸʐʏɿʃʉʑȴɸʍʅʉʑ͗ɇʖɹʍɻɶɿɲʏʌʉʑɲʍɽɸʆɼ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϰ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊɎʐʖʉɶʌɲʔɼʅɲʏɲ͘ĐŽŵ͗
http://psychografimata.com/3532/i-proklisi-tou-therapeftikou-desmou-schesi-giatrouastheni/
Ⱦʘʍʏʉʋʉʑʄʉʐ͕ɀ͘;ϮϬϭϮ͕ϮϮϱͿ͘Ʌʊʏɸɹʖɸɿɹʆɲɳʏʉʅʉʖɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕
ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊɈȰɁȵȰŽŶůŝŶĞ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬLJŐĞŝĂ͘ƚĂŶĞĂ͘ŐƌͬĚĞĨĂƵůƚ͘ĂƐƉ͍ƉŝĚсϴΘĂƌƚŝĐůĞ/сϭϰϮϲϵΘĐƚсϭ
Ɂɲɺɸʆʏɿɳɷʉʐ͕Ȼ͘;ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ɶʆʘʍɿɲʃɼɲʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮϴ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
ȻʄɿɳʆɲɁɲɺɸʆʏɿɳɷʉʐɎʐʖʉʄʊɶʉʎ- Ɏʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʑʏʌɿɲ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬŶĂnjĞŶƚŝĂĚŽƵ͘ŐƌͬƉƐLJĐŚŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ
Ƀʅɳɷɲ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɉʋʊɷɸɿɶʅɲʍʐɶɶʌɲʔɼʎʅɸʄɹʏɻʎʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻʎʅɸʃʑʌɿɲɷɿɳɶʆʘʍɻʍʏʉʆȱʇʉʆɲ/
ʏʉʐ^D͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȻʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉȶʌɸʐʆɲʎʃɲɿȺɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɳʎ
;ȵʐɽʐʅʀʉʐȾ͕͘ȵʐʍʏɲɽʀʉʐȳ͕͘ȿɸʉʆʏɿɳɷʉʐȰ͕͘Ʌɹʆʆɲɉ͕͘ȷʉʌʅʋɳɀ͕͘Ϳ͗
http://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/axis_I_0.pdf
316
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Ƀʅɳɷɲ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɉʋʊɷɸɿɶʅɲʍʐɶɶʌɲʔɼʎʅɸʄɹʏɻʎʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻʎʅɸʃʑʌɿɲɷɿɳɶʆʘʍɻʍʏʉʆȱʇʉʆɲ/
ʏʉʐ^D͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϮϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȻʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉȶʌɸʐʆɲʎʃɲɿȺɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɳʎ͗
http://ibrt.gr/edu/sites/default/files/axis_I_0.pdf
Ʌɲʏɸʌɳʃɻʎ͕ɀ͘Ȼ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɍɲʅɻʄɼɲʐʏʉɸʃʏʀʅɻʍɻ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊɇʐʆɼɽɻɽɹʅɲʏɲ
ʗʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͗ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ƉƐLJĐŚŽƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ͘ŶĞƚ͘ŐƌͬdžĂŵŝůŝ-aytoektimisi/
Ʌɲʐʄɳʏʉʐ͕ȵ͘;ϮϬϭϬ͕ϭϭϮͿ͘ȴɿɸʃɷɿʃɻʏɿʃɼʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɳ͗Ʌɳʌʏɸʊʍɲʍɲʎɲʆɼʃʉʐʆ͊ Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰ
ϭϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊɎʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲ͕Ɍɿʄʉʍʉʔʀɲ͕ȵʋɿʍʏɼʅɸʎ͕Ʌɲɿɷɸʀɲ͗
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬƐĐŝĞŶĐĞĂƌĐŚŝǀĞƐ͘ǁŽƌĚƉƌĞƐƐ͘ĐŽŵͬϮϬϭϬͬϬϭͬϭϮͬɼ-ɳ-ɳ-ʊͬ
ɇȵɅȵɈȻȴȸɇ-ȾȰɁȰȾȰȾȸ͘;ϮϬϬϬ- 2011). Gestalt͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϭϳ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊǀŝƚĂƚŚĞƌĂƉLJɎ͗
http://www.vitatherapy.gr/2BBD2551.el.aspx
ɇʃɲʋɿʆɳʃɻʎϭ͕Ʌ͘;ϮϬϬϯ͕ϭϭϭϰͿ͘ȳʆʘʍɿɲʃɼ-ɇʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɿʍʏɿʃɼȺɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ-Ƀʌɿʍʅʊʎʃɲɿ
ɍɲʌɲʃʏɻʌɿʍʏɿʃɳ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϯ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊtĞďϰŚĞĂůƚŚ͗
http://web4health.info/el/answers/therapy-cogn-behav.htm
ɇʃɲʋɿʆɳʃɻʎϮ͕Ʌ͘;ϮϬϬϯ͕ϭϭϭϭͿ͘Ɏʐʖɲʆɳʄʐʍɻ- Ƀʌɿʍʅʊʎ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϰ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊ
Web4health: http://web4health.info/el/answers/therapy-psych-anal.htm
Ɍɲʃʀʌɻ͕ɇ͘;ʖ͘ʖͿ͘ɇʐʍʏɻʅɿʃɼɅʌʉʍɹɶɶɿʍɻ͘Ȱʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϭϵ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊŝĂƚƌŽ͗
ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ŝĂƚƌŽ͘Őƌͬʗʐʖʉʄʉɶʀɲͬʗʐʖʉʄʊɶʉʎͬϭϲϴϲ-systimiki-proseggisi.html
ɍɿʊʆɻ͕Ȱ͘;ϮϬϭϬ͕ϮϭϴͿ͘ɀɿɲʆɹɲɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲ͊ȳʆʘʌʀʍʏɸʏʉȳʆʘʍɿɲʃʊȰʆɲʄʐʏɿʃʊɀʉʆʏɹʄʉ
Ɏʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ͘ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮϴ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊWƐLJĐŚŽƚŚĞƌĂƉŝĂɍȻɏɁȸȰɇȸɀȻɁȰ͗
http://psychologia-psychotherapia.blogspot.com/2010/02/blog-post_18.html
ɍʉʐʏʉʖʌɼʍʏʉʎ͕ɍ͘;ϮϬϭϬ͕ϮϮϲͿ͘ɇɸʅɿʆɳʌɿʉɃʅɲɷɿʃɼʎȳʆʘʍɿɲʃɼʎȰʆɲʄʐʏɿʃɼʎɎʐʖʉɽɸʌɲʋɸʀɲʎ.
ȰʆɳʃʏɻʍɻϰϮϴ͕ϮϬϭϮ͕ɲʋʊȴʌʉʍʉʍʏɲʄʀɷɲ͗
http://www.drosostalida.com/activities2.asp?eid=1206
ǹıțȒıİȚȢȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢĮȣIJȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢțĮȚĮȣIJȠȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢıIJȠ
http://www.getselfhelp.co.uk/freedownloads2.htm
http://www.psychologytools.org/download-therapy-worksheets.html
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Ιούνιος 2010

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