Title Author(s) Citation The Legitimacy of Security Council activities under Chapter VII of the UN Charter since the end of the Cold War Sato, Tetsuo The legitimacy of international organizations: 309352 Issue Date 2001 Type Book Text Version publisher URL http://hdl.handle.net/10086/16800 Right Copyright (C)2001, United Nations University Press. This file made available with permission of United Nations University Press. Hitotsubashi University Repository Thel e gl t l ma C yOfSec ur l t yCounc i l a c t i vi t i e sunde rCha pt e rVI Ioft he UN Cha r t e rs i nc et hee ndoft he Col dWa r Te t s uoSa t o I nt r oduct i on Thepr ovi s i onsr el a t l ngt Ot heSec ur i t yCounc i li nt heUni t edNa t i ons Cha r t erof2000donotl ookmuc hdi fe r entt ot hos ei nt heCha r t erof 1 9 45.Ar t i c l es23a nd27we r ea me ndedi n1 9 65t oi nc r ea s et heme mbe r s hi poft heSec ur l t yCounc i lf r om i t sor l gl nalllme mbe r st ot hepr es e nt 1 5,wi t hac or r es pondi ngc hangef r om s e ve nt oni nevot e sf ort hea dopt i onofr e s ol ut i ons ・ Noc ha ngewasma dei nt he丘vePe r ma ne ntMe mbe r s ' vet opowe rovers ubs t a nt i vemat t e r s ・1 Howe ve r , t hepr ac t i c eoft heSec ur l t yCounc i l , pa r t i c ul a r l yt hee nf or c e一 menta c t i vi t i esbas edupont hepower sen j oyedbyt heSec ur i t yCounc i l underCha pt e rVI Ioft heUN Cha r t e r ,havec ha ngeddr a mat i c al l ys i nc e t hee ndoft heCol dWa r ・ 2 An dwi t ht hi sc ha nge,as e r i esofne wl ega l pr obl e msha vea ppea r ed・Ki r gl SS uc c i nc t l ys ummar i z edt hec ont r over s i a l s i t uat i onoft heSec ur l t yCounc i lasf ol l ows : Themos ts e r i ou sl e g a lo rqua s i l e g a li s s ue ss ur r o und i ngt hepos t -Col dWa r Se c ur l t yCo unc i lha v es of a rbe e no ft hes o r ta no bs e r v e rdu r i ngt heCo l dWa r woul dha r d l yha v ed r e a mtc oul dr e a c hc e nt r es t a g e ・ The yha v eha dmuc hmo r et o dowi t ht hepos s i bl ea b us eo fpo we rt ha nwi t ha bdi c a t i o no fi t ・ TheCo un c i lh a s Iwhe nt het h r e a tt oi nt e r na t i ona lpe a c ewa snots e l f e v i de nt , i n v o ke dCha pt e rVI a ndha sf ort h emos tpa r to mi t t e da nyJ uS t i 丘c a t i onf o r丘nd i ngs u c hat hr ea t ・ I tha s 3 0 9 3 1 0S ATO i n v o k e dCha p t e rⅥIt oa u t h o r i s eme mbe rs t a t e st ou s ea r me df o r c et op r e s e r v e o rr e s t o r epe a c e , wi t h ou tr e l y i n go nAr t i c l e4 2a n dwi t ho u ta n yAr t i c l e4 3a g r e e 一 me n t si r k P l a c e . Ont heq ua s i l e g i s l a iv t ef ro n t , t heCo u n c i lha se s t a b l i s he dwa rc r i me st r i bu na l s a n di nC O n ne C t i o nwi t ht he mha si s s u e dd i r e c t i v e st ome mbe rs t a t e st oc O o pe r a t e ・ I t ha sc r e a t e dac o mpe n s a t i o nc o mm is s i o nt od e t e i ec m l a i msa g a i ns t na a g g r e s s o r ・I tha se mpo we r e dt h et r i b u na l sa n dt hec o mmi s s i o nt oa pp l yn o r mst ha td o s t a t e no tne c e s s a r i l yr e ae c tp r e e x i s t i ngi n t e r na t i o na ll a w・ Th eCo u nc i lha sma d eq ua s i j ud i c i a ld e t e r ina m t i o nst h a tg owe l lbe y o ndt h o s e i n h e r e n t i ni t se x pr e s sa ut ho r i t yt od e t e r inet m h r e a t st ot hepe a c e , b r e a c h e so ft h e pe a c ea nda c t so fa g g r e s s i o n. I tha sa l s og o n ebe y o ndi t sr e a d i l yi mp l i e da ut h o r i t y t oi nt e r p r e ta n da p p l yr e l e v a n tCha r t e rpr o is v i o n so rt oi nt e r p r e ti t so wnr e s o l ut i o n s ・ I tha sd o nes od e s pi t ei t so wnno n j u d i c i a l c ha r a c t e r , a n dwi t ho u tp r o c e d u r a l ・ 3 s a f e g ua r d s l y, t ogi v e, a Sa Thei nt e nde dpur pos eoft hi sc ha pt e ri st hr e e f ol d. I ti s , ir f s t pr e l i mi na r yobs e r va t i onf ort hef ol l owmga na l ys i s ,a nove r a ui deaoft he pos s i bl epos i t i ont obeg i ve nt ot heSe c ur i t yCounc i l i n仙eUni t e dNa t i ons a ndi nt hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t ya sawhol e;s e c ondl y, t ode mons t r a t e t ha tt heSe c ur i t yCounc i lha ss t e ppedi nt ol e ga l l yg r e ya r e a sf r omt hepe r s pe c t i veof血eUN Cha r t e r ,whi l emos toft hec a s e sc oul dbel e ga uyj us t i ie f d;a nd丘na l l y,t oe mpha s i z et hei mpor t a nc ea ndr ol eofl e g i t i ma c yl n t hes el e ga uyg r e ya r e a s . Cha pt e rVI Ioft heUN Cha r t e ra ndpr a c t i c edur i ngt he Col dWa rpe r i od I nt e r pr e t at i ono ft heChar t e r l nt e ma t i ona lor g a ni z a t i onsa r ef unc t i ona le nt i t i e se s t a bl i s he dbys t a t e s ont heba s i sofa g r e e me nt s( c ons t i t ue nti ns t r ume nt s ) .Si nc et hepur pos e s , f unc t i ons ,powe r sa ndc ompe t e nc e,or g a ni z a t i ona ls t r uc t ur e s ,a c t i v i t i e s , a nda l lot he ri mpor t a ntma t t e r sofi 山e r na t i ona lor ga ni za t i onsa r e,i n e s s e nc e,pr ov i dedi nt he i rc ons t i t ue nti ns t r ume nt s ,a nyl e ga la na l ys i sof t he i rs t r uc t ur e sa nda c t i v i t i e ss houl dl og i c a uys t a r twi t ha na l ys e sa nd i nt e r pr e t a t i onsoft hos ec ons t i t ue nti ns t r ume nt s .I nf a c t ,ma nyoft hed i s Anddi s put e sc onc e r nl ngt he i rs t r uc t ur e sa nda c t i vi t i e s ,whe n Lt heor ga nsofi nt e r na t i ona lor ga ni z a t i onsorr e f e r r edt ot he l lCour tofJ us t i c e,ha vebee na r g ue dont hel e ve lofi nt e r pr e t a t i onoft he i rc ons t i t ue nti ns t r ume nt s .Ont heot he rha nd,t hei 山e r pr e t a t i onofl a wa l wa ysl e a ve ss omer oom f ordi s c r e t i on,a ndi nvol ve s THELEGI TI MACY OFSECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 311 aval uej udgementbyt hei nt er pr et eri ns el ec t l ngOneOfs ever a lpos s i bl e meanl ngSWi t hi nt hef r amewor koft henor mc onc er ned.I nt hi ss ens e,t he mat t erofwhoi st oi nt er pr etandappl yanor mi sdec i s i vei ndet er mi nl ng i t sc ont ent ・Tr eat i esar egener al l yi nt er pr et edandappl i edbyt hes t at es par t i est hems el ves .I nt heca s eofc ons t i t uenti ns t r ument s ,t heor gansof i nt er nat i onalor gani z at i onsal s oi nt er pr etand appl yt hos e pr ovi s i ons r el at edt ot hei rac t i vi t i esasani ns epar abl epr oc es soft hei roper at i on・ Ther ei snopr ovi s i onc onc er nl ngI nt er pr et at i oni nt heChar t eroft he Uni t ed Nat i ons .To i ndi c at et hec onc l us i on ofdi s c us s i onsi nt heSam Fr anc i s c o Conf er enc e,t her eexi s t sonl yt hef ina lr epor tofCommi t t ee I V/ 2( LegalPr obl ems )oft heConf er enc e,apar tofwhi c hi sasf ol l ows : I nt hec ours eoft heope r a t i onf r omda yt oda yoft heva r i ousor ga nso ft heOr ga ni s a t i on,i tl Si ne v l t a bl et ha te a c hor g a nwi l li nt e r pr e ts uc hpa r t soft heCha r t e r a sa r ea ppl i c a bl et oi t spa r t i c ul a rf unc t i ons ・Thi spr oc e s si si nhe r e nti nt hef unc t i o nl ngOfa nybodywhi c hope r a t e sunde ra ni ns t r ume ntde Bni ngi t sf unc t i onsa nd powe r s .I twi l lbema ni f e s t e di nt hef unc t i onl ngO fs uc habod ya st heGe ne r a l As s e mbl y,t heSe c ur l t yCounc i l ,Ort heI nt e r na t i ona lCour tofJ us t i c e.Ac c or d1 ng l y, l ti snotne c e s s a r yt oi nc l udei nt heCha r t e rapr ovi s i one i t he ra ut hor i s l ngOr a ppr ov l ngt henor ma lope r a t i onoft hi spr l nC i pl e・ Di 銃c ulti e sma yc onc e i va bl ya r i s ei nt hee v e ntt ha tt he r es houl dbeadi f f e r e nc e ofopi ni ona mongt heor ga nsoft heOr g a ni s a t i onc onc e r ni ngt hec or r e c ti nt e r pr e t a t i onofapr ovi s i onoft heCha r t e r .Thus ,t woor ga nsma yc onc e i va bl yhol da nd ma ye x pr e s sore ve na c tupondi f F e r entv i e ws ・Unde runi t a r yf or msofna t i ona l g ove r nme ntt hei fna l de t e r mi na t i onofs uc haque s t i onma ybev e s t e di nt hehi g he s t c our tori ns omeot he rna t i ona l a ut hor i t y. Howe ve r , t hena t ur eoft heOr ga ni s a t i on a ndofi t sope r a t i onwoul dnots e e mt obes uc ha st oi nv i t et hei nc l us l Oni nt he Cha r t e rofa nypr ov i s i onoft hi sna t ur e- I nbr i e f , t heMe mbe r sort heor g a nsof t heOr g a ni s a t i onmi ghtha ver e c our s et ov a r i ouse xpe di e nt si nor de rt oobt a i na n a ppr opr l a t ei nt e r pr e t a t i onI ti st obeunde r s t ood.ofc our s e,t ha ti fa ni nt e r pr e t a t i onma debya nyor ga n oft heOr ga ni s a t i onorbyac ommi tteeo fj ur i s t si snotge ne r a l l ya c c ept a bl ei twi l l ・ 4 bewi t houtbi nd i ngf or c e・ ・ 1 tc anbes eenf r om t hi sr epor tt hatt hepos s i bi l i t ywasc l ear l yr e j ec t ed t hatanor gan( s uc hast heI CJort heGener alAs s embl y)oft heUni t ed Nat i onsbegl Vent hepowert oaut hor i t at i vel yi nt er pr ett heChar t erei t her i nwhol eorpar t i al l y,i t si nt er pr et a t i onbi ndi ngal lt heot heror gansand al lt hemembers t a t esoft heUni t edNat i ons ・ 5 Asac ons equenc e,eac h members t at ec oul dques t i onani nt er pr et at i onoft heChar t ermadeby oneoft heor gansi nt aki ngas pec i icmeas f ur e・I ns odoi ng,amember s t at eques t i onswhet hert hemeas ur ei si nac c or danc ewi t ht heChar t e r , andt her ef or ewhet heri ti sl awf ul.6 3 1 2S ATO Whatr ol edoe st heUN Char t e rgi v et ot heSe c ur i y Counc t i l , par t i c ul ar l yunde rCha pt e rVI Io ft heChar t e r ? TheUni t e dNa t i onswa sc onc e i ve dbyt hef ourg r e a tpowe r s-t 九eSov i e t Uni on, t heUni t e dK ing dom, t heUni t e dSt a t e sofAme r i c a, a ndChi na-a t t heDumba r t onOa ksConf e r e nc ei n1 9 4 4. Theg oa l wa spr l ma il r yt oc r e a t e a nor g a ni z a t i ont ha twoul ds e r vea same c ha ni s mf orpos トSe c ondWor l d Wa rht e r na t i ona ls e c ur i t y・ 7TheDumba r t o nOa kspl a nwa sr e 丘ne dby l l ,a ndRoos e ve l ta tYa l t ai nea r l y1 9 45,a ndwa smoul de d St a l i n,Chur c hi r・ 8 i nt ot heCha r t e ra tSa mFr a nc i s c ol a t e rt ha tye a Ar t i c l e1oft heCha r t e r ," ThePur pos e soft heUni t e dNa t i ons , "r e f e r s i npa r a g r a ph1t ot hee fo r tt o"ma i nt a i ni nt e r nat i ona lpea c ea nds e c ur i t y, a ndt ot ha te nd:t ot a kee f f e c t i vec ol l e c t i v eme a s ur e sf ort hepr e ve nt i on a ndr e mova lo ft hr e a t st ot hepe a c e ,a ndf ort hes uppr e s s i onofa c t sof a g g r e s s i onorot he rbr ea c he soft hepe a c e. "Ar t i c l e240 fCha pt e rV, " The i l , "c onf e r so nt heSe c ur i t yCounc i lpr i ma r yr e s pons i bi l i t y Se c ur i t yCounc f ort hema i nt e na nc eofi nt e ma t i ona lpea c ea nds e c ur i t y. Ioft heCha r t e re na bl e st heSe c ur i t yCounc i lt oa dopte c o Cha pt e rVI nom i cs a nc t i onsa ndm i1 i t a r yme a s ur e swhe r et he r ei sa" t hr ea tt ot he "t he r e bye qul ppmgi t pea c e,br e a c hoft hepe a c eo ra c tofa g g r e s s i on, wi 也e nf or c e me ntpowe r si ndi s put e sors i t ua t i onst ha ta r epa r t i c ul a r l y 9Tob r i ngCha pt e rVI Ii nt opl a y, Ar t i c l e3 9S t a t e st ha ti ti Sf ort he s e dous ・ Se c ur i t yCounc i lt ode t e r mi net ha tt hene c e s s a r yc ondi t i onsa r epr e s e nt ; t ha ti s , t ha toneoft het hr e es i t ua t i onsa bovee x i s t s .Onc es uc hade t e r mi 一 ma t i onha sbe e nma deunde rAr t i c l e39, i ti sope nt ot heSe c ur i t yCounc i l t oma ker e c omme nda t i ons ,Ort ode c i dewha tmea s ur e ss ha l lbet a ke ni n a c c or da nc ewi t hAr t i c l es41a nd4 2t oma i nt a i norr e s t or ei nt e r na t i ona l pe a c ea nds e c ur i t y. Ar t i c l e41i spr l ma r i l yc onc e r ne dwi t he c onomi cs a nc t i ons . Ar t i c l e4 2i sc onc e r ne dwi t hm il i t a r ys a nc t i ons ,a ndAr t i c l e43pr ov i de sf orme mbe rs t a t e st oc onc l udea g r e e me nt swi t ht heUni t edNa t i ons unde rwhi c ht he i rf or c e swi nbea va i l a bl ef o rus ewhe nne e de d. Wi t ht he s epr ov i s i ons ,t heSe c ur i t yCounc i lc oul dbec ons i de r e da sa pnma r i l ye xe c ut i veor ga ne qul ppe dwi t hpol i c i ngpowe ra ndt hec a pa c i t y t ous ec oe r c i vef or c ei nt hef or m ofmi l i t a r ya ndnonmi l i t a r ys a nc t i ons . - Wha tr ol edi dt heSe c ur i y Counc t i l pl a ydur i ngt heCol dWay pe r i od? Thel ongpe r i odt ha t wege ne r a l l yi de nt i f ya st he"Col dWa r "ha smea nta n a l mos tt ot a l pa r a l ys i soft heSe c ur i t yCounc i li nt hee xe r c i s eofi t se nf or c eme ntpowe r sunde rCha pt e rVI I .TheCounc i lha sbe e nc r i ppl edbyi t s i de ol og i c a l pol a r i z a t i ona ndt hea bus eoft heve t opowe ro ft hePe r ma ne nt Me mbe r s .Dur i ngt hi spe r i od,onl yt hr e ee nf or c e me nta c t i onsha vebe e n THELEGI Tt MACYOFS ECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 1 3 t a ke nunde rCha pt e rVI I : t hea t t a c kupont heRe publ i cofKor e a,t hes i t 10 ua t i oni nSout he r nRhode s i a, a ndt hei nt e r na ls i t ua t i oni nSout hAf r i c a. Theat t a c ku pont heRe publ i co fKor e a TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l ,t hr oug hRes ol ut i on8 2( 1 9 5 0) ,de t e r mi ne dt ha t t hea r me da t t a c kbyNor t hKor eac ons t i t ut edabr e a c hoft hepea c e,a nd c a l l e dupont heNor t hKor e a na ut hor i t i e st owi t hdr a wt he i rf or c e st ot he 38 t hpa r a l l e l .Thr oug hRe s ol ut i ons8 3( 1 9 5 0)a nd8 4( 1 9 50 ) ,i tr e c om一 me ndedt ha tme mbe rs t a t e sa s s i s tKor eai nr e pe l l i ngt hea r me da t t a c k a ndt ha tt he yma kes uc ha s s i s t a nc ea va i l a bl et oauni 丘e dc omma ndunde r t heUni t e dSt a t e s ,whi c hwa sa ut hor i z e dt ous et heUni t e dNa t i ons且a g a ndwa sobl i g e donl yt or e por tt ot heSe c ur i t yCounc i LThec ol l e c t i ve mi l i t a r ya c t i onunde r t a ke na ga l nS tNor t hKor eawa sl e dbyt heUni t e d St a t e swi t ht r oopsc ont r i but e dby1 6s t a t e s ・TheSe c ur i t yCounc i lha d noa ut hor i t yove rt hec onduc tofmi l i t a r yope r a t i ons ・ Ass oona st her e pr e s e nt a t i veoft heSovi e tUni onc a meba c kt ot heSe c ur i t yCounc i l ,i t c e a s edt opl a ya na c t i ver ol e.TheGe ne r a lAs s e mbl y,howe ve r ,pl a ye d t hi sr ol ea ndbut t r e s s e di t spos i t i onbya dopt l ngt heHUni t i ngf orPe a c eH Re s ol ut i on. , Thes i t uat i oni nSout he r nRhode s i a Aga i ns tt heuni l a t e r a lde c l a r a t i onofi nde pe nde nc ebyt hea ut hor i t i e sof Sout he r nRhode s i a, whi c hwa sanons e l f gove r nl ngt e r r i t or y, t heSe c ur i t y Counc i l ,i nRe s ol ut i on21 6( 1 9 6 5) ,de c l a r e dt hea nnul me ntoft hi sde c l a r a t i onofi nde pe nde nc e.Fur t he r mor e ,a f t erde t e r mi nl ngt hee x i s t e nc eof at hr e a tt ope a c e, i nRe s ol ut i on221( 1 9 6 6 ) , i t"c a l l [ e d]upon"t heUni t e d Ki ngdom "t opr e ve ntbyt heus eoff or c ei fne c e s s a r yt hea r r i va la tBe i r a " ( Moz a mbi que ) ,whi c hi sc oヮne c t edt oRhode s i abypi pe l i ne,ofs hi ps pr e s uma bl yc a r r y i ngoi ldes t l ne df orRhode s i a,a nd"e mpowe r [ e d] "i tt o a r r e s tat a nke rc onc e r ne d.TheSe c ur l t yCounc i la l s oi mpos e de c onomi c a ndot he rs a nc t i ons ,i ns t a ge s ,unde rAr t i c l e41・ Thei nt e r nals i t ua t i oni nSout hAf r i c a TheSe c ur l t yCounc i lha dbee nbe s e tbyque s t i onsr e l a t e dt ot her a c i a l pol i c yofSout hAf r i c as i nc e1 9 6 3,a ndi tha dc onde mne dt hea pa r t he i d pol i c ys e v e r a lt i me sa ndc a l l e df ora na r mse mba r goi nRe s ol ut i on1 81 ( 1 9 6 3) .I twa sonl yi nRe s ol ut i on41 8( 1 9 7 7)t ha tt heSe c ur i t yCounc i l a c t ua l l yI mpos e ds uc hawe a ponse mba r go・He r et heSe c ur l t yCounc i l f oundt hee x i s t e nc eofat hr e a tt opea c eonl yl nr e l a t i ont oSout hAf r i c aヮ s a c qul S l t i onofwea ponsa ndma t e r i e l ,r a t hert ha ni nt hea pa r t he i dpol i c y i t s e l f . Howe ve r , l tS e e msC l e a rt ha tt heSe c ur l t yCounc i lwa smot i va t e dby c ons i de r a t i onsc onc e r nl ngt hea pa r t he i dpol i c y, whi c hwe r ea l r e a dys uf ic i e nt l ya g g r a va t e da tt ha tt i me・ 3 1 4S ATO Somec omme nt s Conc e r ni ngAr t i c l e3 9,日 Thr e a tt oPea c e, =de s pi t ei t sc l ea r ,di r e c ta l l us i ont oa na r me dc o n瓜i c t ,t hec onc e ptofat hr e a tt opea c ee vol ve di nt he pr a c t i c eoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i lt or e f e rt os ome t hi ngbr oa de rt ha nt ha t ・ TheSe c ur i t yCounc i lc oul dbec ons i de r e dt oha vei nc l ude di nt hi sc onc e pts uc hc a s e sa st hede ni a lofs e l f de t e r mi na t i ont ot hebl a c kma j or i t yi n Sout he r nRhode s i a, a ndt hel a r ge s c a l e, s ys t e ma t i cde ni a lofba s i chuma n r i g ht si n Sout hAf ri c a. Conc e r ni ngAr t i c l e39 , "Re c om e nda t i ons , "a ndAr t i c l e4 2, i nt heCol d Wa rpe r i od,oneoft hec r uc i a lque s t i onswa swhe t he rt heCounc i lc oul d t a kemi l i t a r ye nf or c e me nta c t i onsunde rAr t i c l e4 2i nt hea bs e nc eoft he a g r e e me nt sa ndt l l ema c hi ne r ypr ov i de df ori nAr t i c l e s4 3-4 7・ Thepr e va l e ntopl mOna tt ha tt i mewa st ha tAr t i c l e4 2、 wa snota ppl i c a bl ewi t hout , t heKor e a n s pe c i a la g r e e me nt st obec onc l udedunde rAr ic t l e43・l1Thus a c t i ona ndpos s i bl yt hea c t i onc a l l e df o r也 t heRe s o l ut i ononSout he r n Rhode s i awe r ec ons i de r e dt oha vebe e nt a ke nont heba s i so faH r e c omti st r uet ha tt he s e me nda t i onHby仙eSe c ur i t yCounc i l unde rAr t i c l e39・12I we r es c a r c e l yt heki ndsof" r e c omme nda t i ons "t ha tt hedr a f t e r soft he Cha r t e rha di nmhdwhe nt he ya dopt e dAr t i c l e39 . At也et i me , howe ve r , t hi sc onc e ptofmi l i t a r ymea s ur e son仙eba s i sofaCounc i l" r e c omme nda t i on"wa sa c c e pt edbyag r ea tma j or i t yofme mbe r s ,wi t ht hema j o r ・ 13 e xc e pt i onoft heSov i e tbl oc Thea c t i onso ft heSe c ur i t yCounc i li nt het woc a s e sofKor eaa nd Sout he m R血ode s i awe r enote x pl i c i t l yba s e duponr e l e va nta r t i c l e so f t heCha r t e r .Tot ha te x t e nt ,t her es ol ut i onsme nt i one da bovewor ke da s al e g i t i mi z i ngf a c t orf ort heus eoff or c ebyr e c omme ndi ngorde l e ga t i ng f or c i bl ea c t i onst ohdi vi dua ls t a t e sf ors pe c i 丘e dpur pos e s . Apa r tf r omaf e we x a mpl e s , t her ul eoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i ldur i ngt he Col dWa rpe r i odwa sc ha r a c t e r i z edbyv i r t ua lpa r a l ys i s ,de e pdi s a g r e e me nt sa ndmi s t r us ta mongt hePe r ma ne ntMe mbe r s ,a nda ni na bi l i t yt o pr e ve nt , ma na g e,orr e dr e s st hema nyc on且i c t swi t hwhi c hi twa sf a c e d・14 Sec ur i t yCounc i lac t i vi t i esunderChapt erVI Ioft heUN Char t ers i ncet heendoft heCol dW ar Wha tha v ebe e nt hema i na c t i vi t i e soft heSe c ur i t yCounc i lunde rCha pt e r VI Ioft heUN Cha r t e rs i nc et hee ndoft heCol dWa r ?Ar et he yl e ga li n t hes e ns et ha tt he ya r ei nc onf or mi t ywi t hi nt e r na t i ona ll a w,a ndc ons t i t ut i ona li nt hes e ns et ha tt he ya r ei nc on f or it m ywi t ht heCha r t e r , whi c hi s t hec ons t i t ut i onoft heUni t e dNa t i ons ?Someoft hema i na ndpa r t i c ul a r l y c ont r ove r s i a lc a s e swi nbedi s c us s e dbe l ow. THELEGI TI MACYOFS ECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 315 Ar t i cl e39 I nt e r f e r e nc . ei nt oi nt e r nala Hai r so fme mbe rs t at e sbyt heUJ u ' t e dNat i ons onhumanl t ar i angr oundsi nt hec as eo ft heKur ds( Re s ol ut i on688 ( 1991 ) ) ,o fSomal i a ,a ndot he rc as e s Thenot i onofHt hr ea tt ot hepea c eHi snow i nt er pr et edasi nc l udi ng es s ent i a l l yI nt e r nals i t uat i onst ha tmi ghtde gene r a t ei nt oa ni nt e r nat i onalc onf li c t ・TheSec ur l t yCounc i lr ef e r r edt o"t her epr es s i onoft he l r a qlC i vi l i anpopul a t i oni nma nypa r t sofI r aq,l nC l udi ngmos tr ec e nt l yl n Kur di s hpopul at eda r ea s , whi c hl edt oama s s i venowofr e ugee f st owa r ds andac r os si nt er nat i ona lf r ont i e r sa ndt oc r os s bor de ri nc ur s i onswhi c h t hr eat eni nt er na t i ona lpea c eands ec ur l t yi nt her egl On, =1 5a ndHt hema gni t udeoft hehuma nt r agedyc a us edbyt hec onf li c ti nSoma l i a,f ur t he r e xac e r ba t edbyt heobs t a c l esbei ngc r eat edt ot hedi s t r i but i onofhuma ni t ar i a na s s i s t anc e,c ons t i t ut [ i ng]at hr ea tt oi nt er nat i ona lpeaP ea nds ec ur l t y・ =1 6Ones houl dal s oc ons i de rt hec i vi lwa ri nLi ber i a,l nr e gar dt o whi c ht heSec ur l t yCounc i ldet er mi ne d"t ha tt hedet er i or at i onoft hes i t ua t i on[ i nt hi sr e gi on]c ons t i t ut e[ d]at hr ea tt oi nt er n空 na lpea c ea nd s ec ur l t y, par t i c ul a r l yi nWes tAf r i c aasawhol eH; 1 7t hec l Vi lwa ra ndge noc i dei nRwa nda, i nr ega r dt owhi c ht heSec ur i t yCounc i lde t e r mi nedHt ha t t hema gni t udeoft hehun T ani . t a r i a nc r i s i s[ i nt hi sr egi on]c ons t i t Tt e[ d]a t hr ea tt opea c ea nds ec ur l t yl nt her e gl OnH ;18 a ndt hec oupagal nS tt he e l ec t edPr es i dentofHa i t i . 1 9I nt hi sc ont e xt ,al loft hes ec a s eswer es een i nas i mi l a rl i ghtbyt heSec ur i t yCounc i l ・ 2 0 Thi se vol ut i onwasde f e ndedf r om t hevi e wpol ntOft her e al l i f edynami c sofet hni cands i mi l arc onf li c t sasf ol l ows : Et hni cc on f l i c tbl ur st hel i nebe t we e ndome s t i ca ndi nt e r nat t ona l , s t a t ea ndnons t a t e ndVI I .Et hn i cc o n li f c tha sa l s oma dea a c t or s ,a swe l la sl hafbe t we e nCha pt e rVIa mo c ke r yoft hedoc t r i net ha tonl yl n t e r S t a t eC On且i c tc a nbeaH t hr e a tt oi nt e r na l e39).Co n月i c t si nwhi c hmor et ha nha l fami l l i o n t i ona l ea p c ea nds e c ur i t y"( Ar t i c leea r eat hr e a tt o p eopl eg e tki l l e da ndhu ndr e dsoft ho us a ndsofpe o pl eha v et of i nt e r na t i o na lpe a c ea n ds e c ur l t yl nah i g hl yi nt e r d e pe nde ntwor l d・TheSe c u r l t y , Co unc i l wa sa bs o l ut e l yr i g h tt ode c i dea c c o r di n g l yl nt h ec a s eo fSoma l i a , Li be r i a Ang ol a , Rwa nda , e t c ・ 2 1 TheAppea l sChamberoft heI nt e r nat i ona lTr i buna lf ort heFor mer Yugos l a vi aa c knowl edgedt hi si nt heTadi cCas ebys a yl ng: l E] v e ni f〔 a na r me dc o nni c ti nt het e r r i t or yO ft heFo r me rYu g os l a v i a ]we r ec o ns i de r e dme r e l ya sa nH i nt e r na la r me dc onni c t ",l tWO ul ds t i l lc ons t i t ut eaH t hr e a t e t ot hepe a c e Ha c c or di ngt ot hes e t t l e dpr a c t i c eoft heSe c ur l t yCoun c i la ndt h c o mmo nunde r s t a nd i ngo ft heUni t e dNa t i o nsme mbe r s h i pl ng e ne r a LI nde e d , 3 1 6S ATO t hep r a c t i c eo fh teS e c u it r yCo u nc i l i sr ic hwi t hc a s e so fc i v i l wa ro ri nt e r na l s t r i f e , wh i c 血i tc l a s s i 丘e da sa" t h r e a tt ot h epe a c e "a n dd e a l twi t hu n d e rCha p t e rⅥ Ⅰ wi t ht h ee n c o u r a g e me n to re v e na tt h ebe h e s to ft heGe ne r a lA ss e mb l y , s u c ha s l y ,Li b e r i aa nd t h eCo n g oc r i s i sa tt heb e g i n n mgo ft h e1 9 6 0 sa nd,mo r er e c e nt S o ma l i a . I tc a nt h u sb es a i dt ha tt h e r ei sac o mmo nu nd e r s t a n d ng i , ma n i f e s t e db y t h e" s u bs e q ue n tp r a c t i c e "o ft h eme mbe r s h i po ft heUn i t e dNa t i o nsa tl a r g e , t ha t t he" t h r e a tt ot h epe a c e "o fAr t i c l e3 9ma yi nc l ud e , a so n eo fi t ss pe c i e s , nt i e r na l 22 a r me dc o n a i c t s . TheLi b ya nc a s e :Re s ol ut i ons7 3 1( 1 9 9 2 )a nd7 4 8( 19 9 2) nt e ral i a,C ll a e d Se c ur i t yCounc i lRe s ol ut i on7 31of21J a nua r y1 9 9 2,i uponLi byat oe xt r a di t et wos us pe c t sa l l e ge dl yl i nkedt ot hebombi ngof a nAme r i c a na i r l i ne rove rLoc ke r bi et oe i t he rt heUni t e dSt a t e sort he Uni t e dKi ngdom f ort r i a l ・也 r e s pons e,Li byabr oug hta na c t i onbe f or e t heI nt e r na t i ona lCour tofJ us t i c ea ndr e que s t e dt heCour tt oi ndi c a t e pr ov i s i o na lmea s ur e st opr e ve ntt heUni t e dSt a t e sf r om t a ki ngc oe r c i ve a c t i onsa g a l nS tLi bya,a ndt oe ns ur et ha tnos t e pswe r et a ke nt ha twoul d pr e j udi c eLi bya' sr i g ht s . Thr e eda ysa f t e rt hec l os eofor a lhe a r i ng si nt he c a s e,t heSe c ur i t yCounc i la dopt e dRe s ol ut i on7 48a sabi ndi ngde c i s i on r e qui r i ngLi byat oe x t r a di t et hepe r s onsi nque s t i ona ndi mpos l ngS a nc r . t i onsuponi ts houl di tf a i lt odos oby1 5Apr iloft ha tye a Gr a e f r a t hc r i t i c i z edt hi sa c t i o na sf ol l ows : Wi t hd u er e s pe c tt ot hewi s d o mo ft h eS e c u it r yCo u n c i l ,i ts e e mst omer a t h e r d o u bt ulwhe f t h e raf a i l u r et of ul l yr e s po n dt ol t h e ]Un i t e dS t a t e s 'r e q u e s t st o s u r r e n de rs u s pe c t st ot heUm it e dS t a t e so rt h eUn i t e dK ing d o ma n dt opa yc o m pe ns a t i o nc a nb ei n t e r p r e t e d, wi t h i nt heme a n l ngO fAr t i c l e3 90 ft heCh a r t e r , a sa t h r e a tt oi n t e r na t i o n a lpe a c e ;e s pe c i a l l ywhe ni tha sno tb e e ne s t a b i l s he dt ha t Li b y av i o l a t e di nt e r na t i o n a ll a w・23 - As e r i ousa ndc a ut i ousc ons i de r a t i oni sr eq血 e dont hema t t e rofwhe t he r t heSe c ur i t yCounc i lc oul dr ea s ona bl yde t e r mi net hee x i s t e nc eofat hr e a t t o血t e r nat i ona l pea c ea nds e c ur i t yt hr e ea ndaha l fye a r sa f t e r也eLoc ke r bi ebombi ng, s i mpl ybe c a us eLi byaha dnots ur r e nde r edt hes us pe c t s . Ar t i c l e41 TheLi b ya nc a s e :Re s ol ut i ons7 31( 19 9 2 )a nd7 4 8( 1 99 2 ) Gr a e f r a t hf ur t he rpoi nt soutt ha t" t heSe c ur i t yCo unc i lbyRe s ol ut i on7 48 ( 1 9 9 2)t r a ns f or me dt het e r msofs e t t l e me ntr e c omme nde dbyRe 岳 ol ut i on731( 1 99 2)unde rCha pt e rVIi nt oabi ndi ngdi s put es e t t l e me ntunde r Cha pt e . rVI I ,apr oc edur et ha ti snotpr ov i de df ori nt heCha r t e r , ‖24 c l t l ngt hef ol l owi ngs t a t e me ntbyG.Ar a ng i oRui z : THE LEGI TI MACY OFSECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 31 7 Ass t l Pul a t eduna mbi g uous l yl nt heCha r t e r ,t heSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' spowe r sc ons i s t e dofma ki ngno nbi ndi ngr e c o mme nda t i ons ,unde rCha pt e rVI ,whi c hde a l t tt l e me nt ,a nda l s obi ndi ngde c i s i onsunde rCha pt e rVI I ,whi c h wi t hdi s put es e de a l twi t hmea s ur e sofc ol l e c t i ves e c ur i t y・Thema i npol ntWa st ha t ,a c c or di ngt o t hedoc t r i na lv i e w-whi c hdi dnota ppe a rt obes e r i ol l S l yc ha l l e ng e de i t he ri nt he l e ga ll i t e r a t ur eori npr a c t i c e-t heSe c ur i t yCounc i lwoul dnotbee mpowe r e d, whe na c t i ngunde rCha pt e rVI I , t oi mpos es e t t l e me nt sunde rCha pt e rVIi ns uc h ama nne ra st ot r a ns f or mi t sr e c omme nda t or yf unc t i onunde rCha pt e rVIi nt o bi ndi ngs e t t l e me nt sofdi s put e sors i t ua t i o ns ・ 25 Thi si sar at herdel i c at eandc ont r over s i alpol nt ,andwi l lbef ur t herdeal t wi t hl at eri nt hi sc ha pt er ・ Po s t wars e t t l e me nti nt heGul fWar ,i nc l udi ngt hede s t r uc t i ono fI r a q' s c he mi c ala ndbi ol ogi c a lwe a pons ,a ndt hede l i mi t a t i o no ft heboundar y 19 9 1 ) ) be t we e nI r aqa ndKuwai t( Re s ol ut i on6 87( Res ol ut i on687of3Apr i l1 9 91pr ovi desf ort hei nvi ol abi l i t yoft hei nt er 一 Rat i onalboundar ybet weenI r aqandKuwai t ,t hedemar c at i on oft hat boundar yandt hees t abl i s hmentofaUN obs er veruni t( UNI KOM) ,t he des t r uc t i onofl r aq' sc hemi c al ,bi ol ogl C al ,andnuc l earweaponsandl ongr angebal l i s t i cmi s s i l es ,a ndanunder t aki ngbyI r aqnott odevel opany s uc hweaponsi nt hef ut ur e.A spec i alCommi s s i on( UNSCOM)andt he I AEA wer et omoni t orandver i f yl r aq' sc ompl i anc e・I r aqwast or et ur n Kuwai t lpr oper t yandwasdec l ar edl i abl ef orl os sandda mageasar es ul t ofi t sunl awf uli nvas i onandoc c upat i onofKuwai t ・A f undt opayc ompens at i onwast obees t abl i s hed.Sanc t i onsagal nS tI r aqwer et obemai nt ai nedunt i li thadf ul 丘1 1 edi t sdi s ar mame ntobl i gat i onsundert her es ol ut i on・Kuwai t iandt hi r dc ount r ynat i onal sdet ai nedi nI r aqwe r et obe r epa t r i at ed・Fi nal l y,t heSec ur i t yCounc i ldec l ar ed,Hupono抗c i alnot i 丘c at i onbyl r aqt ot heSec r et ar yGener alandt ot heSec ur i t yCounc i lof i t sac c ept anc eoft hepr ovi s i onsabove,af or malc eas eir f ei sefec t i vebet weenI r aqandKuwai ta ndt heMemberSt at esc 00per at l ngWi t hKuwai t i nac c or danc ewi t hRes ol ut i on678( 1 9 91 ) . " Gr aef r at hc r i t i c i zedt hi si nt hef ol l owl ngt er ms : l A] st hedi fe r e nts t r uc t ur e sofCha pt e rVIa ndCha pt e rVI Ide mons t r a t e,t he Se c ur i t yCounc i lunde rCha pt e rVI Iha sapol i c l ngf unc t i ononl y-・ e, whe na c t l ngunde rCha pt e rVI It heSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i onnor The r e f or ma l l yi ec onf ine dt os t opl pi ng ]m i1 i t a r ya c t i v i t i e sora v e r t [ i ng ]as pe c i icda f ng e rf or a c e ,1 nOr de rt oa l l owt hef unc t i onl ngOfpe a c e f uldi s put e t hema l nt e na nCeOfpe s e t t l e me ntpr oc edur e st os ol vet hec onni c twhi c hl e dt ot hebr e a c hoft hepea c el26 Toa c c e ptt ha tt heSec ur i t yCounc i lc oul di mpos ei t sr e pa r a t i ons c he meonl r a q a ndot he rme mbe rSt a t e soft heUni t e dNa t i onswoul dr unc ompl e t e l ya ga l nS tt he s ys t e moft heCha r t e r . I twoul dnot onl yc onf us epol i t i c a l a ndj udi c i a l powe r sv es t e d i nt e nt i o na l l yi ndi f f e r e ntor g a ns , buta l s oe ndowt heSe c ur i t yCounc i lwi t hl e g i s l a t i vepowe r swhi c hSt a t e sne v e rha v et r a ns f e r r edt oa nyUni t e dNa t i onsor g a n・27 31 8 S ATO Es t abl i s hme nto fa nI nt e r na t i ona lCr i mi nalTr i buna l f ort hePr os e c ut i on o fPe r s onsRe s pons i bl ef orSe r i ousVi ol a t i onso fI nt e r nat i ona l 27( 19 9 3 )a ndRe s ol ut i o n9 5 5( 19 9 4 ) ) Huma ni t a r i a nLaw( Re s ol ut i on8 i l ,i n Re s ol ut i on8 2 7( 1 9 9 3 ) ,es t a bl i s he dt he"I nt e r TheSe c ur i t yCounc na t i ona lTr i buna lf ort hePr os e c ut i onofPe r s onsRe s pons i bl ef orSe r i ous Vi ol a t i onsofI nt e r na t i ona l Huma ni t a r i a nLa wCommi t t e di nt heTe r r i t or y l y,t heSe c ur i t yCounc i l , oft heFor me rYugos l a v i as i nc e1 9 91 ・ ‖2 8si mi l a r i nRe s ol ut i on9 5 5( 1 99 4) ,e s t a bl i s he dt heHI nt e r na t i o na lTr i buna lf ort he Pr os e c ut i onofPe r s onsRe s pons i bl ef orGe noc i dea ndOt he rSe r i ousVi ol a t i onsofI nt e r na t i ona lHuma ni t a r i a nLa wCommi t t edi nt heTe r r i t o r yof Rwa ndaa ndRwa nda nCi t i z e nsRe s pons i bl ef orGe noc i dea ndOt he rSuc h Vi ol a t i onsCommi t t e di nt heTe r r i t or yofNe i g hbour i ngSt a t e s , be t we e n1 J a nua r y1 9 9 4a nd31De c e mbe r1 9 9 4・ H2 9 Thee s t a bl i s hme ntoft he s et r i buna l sbyr e s ol ut i onsoft heSe c ur i t y Counc i lga ver i s et or e s e r va t i onsa ndc it r i c i s m.I twa sa r g ue dt ha tt he a ut ho r i t yt oe s t a bl i s hat r i buna lt otyof E e nc e sbe i ngc om i t t e di nt he t e r r i t or yofa nys t a t ewa se s s e nt i a l l yt obel e f tt ot hes t a t e( S )wi t hj ur i s di c t i onove rt hei ndi vi dua l sc onc e r ne d;t ha tt heCha r t e r ,whe na dopt e d, c ons t i t ut e dt r e a t yobl i ga t i onst ha tdi dno ti nC l udet hee s t a bl i s hme ntofa c ompul s or yc r i mi na l j ur i s di c t i on;a ndt ha tne i t he rha d也eme mbe rs t a t e s g l Ve nS uc hj ur i s di c t i ont ot heUNt he r e a f t e r . 3 0 Howe ve r ,t heAppea l sCha mbe roft heI nt e r na t i ona lTr i buna lf ort he For me rYugos l a vi aa 抗r me di t sl e g a l i t yi nt heTa di cCa s e,s a yl ng: r Thee s t a b l i s h me n to ft hei n t e r na t i o na lTr i b u na lb yt h eS e c u r i t yCo u n c i ld o e s no ts i g n i y,h f o we v e r ,t ha tt h eSe c it m yCo u n c i lha sd e l e g a t e dt oi ts P meo fi t s , u fn c t i o nso rt hee x e r c i s eo fs o meo fi t so wnpo we r s . No rd o e si tme a n, l nr e v e r s e t ha tt heS e c u r i y Co t u n c i lwa sus u r p i n gf o ri t s e l fpa r to faj u d i c i a lf unc t i o nwh i c h d o e sno tbe l o n gt oi tb utt oo he t ro r g a n so ft heUn i t e dNa t i o n sa c c o r d ngt i o t heCha r t e r ・ TheS e c u it r yCo u nc i lha sr e s o r t e dt ot hee s t a b i l S me l n to faj u d i c i a l o r g a ni nt hef o r mo fa ni n t e r na t i o na lc r i mi n a lt r i b u na la sa ni n s t ume r ntf o l ' t he y , i . e . , a s e x e r c i s eo fi t so wnpr in c i pa l un f c t i o no fma i n t e na nc eo fp e a c ea n ds e c u it r ame a s u r ec o nt r i b u t i n gt ot h er e s t o r a t i o na n dma i nt e na n c eo fp e a c ei nt hef o r me r Yug o s l a v i a ・ 3 1 Ar t i c l e4 2 Aut hor i z at i ono ft heu s eo ff or c eb yme mbe rs t a t e si nt heGul fWa r ( Re s ol ut i on67 8( 19 9 0 ) )a ndot he rc a s e s TheSe c ur i t yCounc i lr e s or t edt oaf or mul aa ut hor i z ngorc i a l l i ngupon me mbe rs t a t e sge ne r a l l yt oa c twi t ht heSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' sbl e s s l ngbut wi t houti t sc ont r ol .I nt heGul fWa r ,i ta ut hor i z ed"Me mbe rSt a t e sc o- THELEGI TI MACY OFS ECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 319 ope r a t l ngWi t ht heGover nme ntofKuwai t-・t ous eal lnec es s a r ymea ns t ouphol da ndi mpl e mentr es ol ut i on6 60( 1 990)andal ls ubs eqTentr el eva ntr es ol ut i onsa ndt or es t or ei nt e r na t i ona lpeac eands ec ur l t yi nt he a r ea・ "3 2I ndi f f e r e ntc ont e xt sofal es s ers c a l e,t heSec ur l t yCounc i lr es or t e dt ot hi sf or mul ai ns uc hc a s e sa sSomal i a, 3 3Bos ni aHer z e govi na, 3 4 Rwa nda, 3 5a ndHai t i ・ 3 6Ther eoc c ur r ed,pa r t i c ul a r l yl nr e l a t i ont oSec ur i t yCounc i lRes ol ut i on6 78( 1 990) ,agr ea tdealofc ont r over s yovert he i r l e ga l i t y,c ons t i t ut i ona l i t y,a ndpos s i bl el ega lgr ounds I Thea r gume nt saga l nS tt hi sf or mul ac anbes ummar i z eda sf ol l ows : l C] ha r a c t e is r i nga . na c t i o na st a ke nu nde rAr t i c l e42S ho ul dd e pe ndo nwhe t h e r t heCou nc i lg a v eI t s e l ft heme a nst oe x e r c I S eC O nt r O la ndd i r e c t i o no v e rt heme a s ur e sa do pt e d・ Ther e s ol ut i oni nq ue s t i o nc ont r a d i c t st heba s i cpr e mi s e sofAr t i c l e 42, f o rt het ot a ll a c ko fd i r e c t i o na ndc ont r olbyt heCounc i lo v e rt hea c t i o nsi t a u t ho r i s e s ・ Thev a g ue n e s so ft hede l e g a t i o no fa u t hor i t ypl ・ O V i d e dbypa r a g r a phZ i ss t r i ki ng ; t hewi ded i s c r e t i one n j o y e dbyt heS t a t e sc o nc e r n e da st ot he" ne c e s s a r y e,t hel a c ko fa nyi ndi c a t i ona bo utt hec o mma nda ndc 0O r di na t i ono f me a ns Ht ous t hemi l i t a r yo pe r a t i o n, t hev a g ue ne s so ft hepur po s eo ft hea u t hor i s a t i o n, a ndt he l a c ko fe v e nac l e a rr e por t i ngObL i g a t i onf o rt h ec oa l i t i onSt a t e sma keDe s e r tSt o r m a no pe r a t i one x t e r na lt ot heUni t e dNa t i o ns ,a st hef or me rS e c r e t a r y Ge ne r a l hi ms e l fha st a ke npa l mst Ounde r l i neonaf e woc c a s i on s ・ 3 7 l y, Thema j or i t yOfl e ga ls c hol ar s , howe ve r , a l t houghmor eorl es sr el uc t a nt a r er e adyt oa c c e ptt hi sf or mul aa sr ea l i s t i c a l l ypr a c t i c ala ndac c e pt abl e・ Thi spos i t i ons ee mst obeba s edupons ever a lel eme nt s ・ 3 8somepr ovi s i onsi nt heChar t er ,s uc ha sAr t i c l es48a nd53,e xpr es s l yenvi s a get l l e Counc i laut hor i z l ngac t i onbyot her s .Ast heSec r et a r yGene r ala c knowL edge d,t heUni t edNat i onsi snote qul ppedt ot a kec omma ndofama j or mi l i t a r yoper a t i oni nvol vi ngt heus eoff or c eaga l nS ta na gg r eS S Or ・To e xc l udet hepos s i bi l i t yofa ut hor i z a t i onwoul dmea nnopos s i bi l i t yoft he Uni t edNat i onst aki ngmi l i t a r yenf or c eme nta c t i onon a nys ubs t a nt i a l s c a l e.I ti sgene r a l l yc ons i der eda s"unl i kel yt ha ti nt henea rf ut ur ea ny oper a t i onofi mpor t a nc ewi l lbec onduc t edot he r wi s et hanbymea nsofa f or c et ha ti saut hor i s edbyt heSec ur i t yCounc i lori st ot a l l yout s i det he UN s ys t em・ =3 9 Uni l at e r alt L S eO ff or c ef ort hei mpl e me nt af i ono fRe s ol ut i on6 87( 199 1) TheUni t edNa t i onsr a ni nt os er i ousdi 抗c ul t i esove rt hei mpl ement a t i on ofRe s ol ut i on6 8 7( 1 9 91 ) ・ Thi sr es ol ut i on . a s s umedI r aqic ?oper a t i on,a nd t hema i npr obl e mswi t ht hei mpl e ment a t l OnOft her es ol ut l OnC ameOutOf i t se nf or c ementa ga l nS ta nunwi l l i ngI r aq. I nt hi ss e ns e,onec oul ds a yt ha t t heSec ur l t yCounc i lpa i df ort hedec i s i onoft hec oa l i t i onnott odes t r oy Sadda m Hus s ei n' sr egl meunde rt hec ove roft hea ut hor i za t i ont ous e "a l lnec es s a r ymea s ur es… t or es t or ei nt e r nat i onalpea c ea nds ec ur l t y・ " 3 2 0S ATO Howe ve r ,i ti sdoubt ulwhe f t he ri twoul dha vebe e npol i t i c a l l yf e a s i bl e 7t opr ovi def ort hei s s ue a tt het i meoft hea dopt i onofRe s ol ut i on68 ofe nf or c e me nt . Thos ec r i t i c a loft heope ne ndeda ut hor i za t i onoft heus e 6 7 8( 1 9 9 0)We r enotl i ke l yt oa c c e ptag e ne r a l off or c ei nRes ol ut i on. a ut hor i t yt ous ef or c et os e c ur ec ompl i a nc ewi t hRe s ol ut i on68 7・ 4 0 Amongt heva r i ousi nc i de nt sr e l a t edt ol r a q,t hema t t e r sofdi s a r ma一 me nta ndwe a ponsi ns pe c t i onsa r epa r t i c ul a r l yr e l e va ntt ot hei mpl e me nr a qobs t r uc t e dt hei mpl e me nt a t i onbyde ny l ng t a t i onofRe s ol ut i on687.I a c c e s st ot heI AEA a ndt heUNSCOM we a ponsi ns pe c t or s . TheSe c ur i t y Counc i luna ni mous l ya dopt e dRe s ol ut i on707( 1 9 91 ) ,i nwhi c hi tc onde mne dI r a q' ss e r i ousv i ol a t i onofanumbe rofi t sobl i ga t i onsunde rRe s ol ut i on687.1 ta l s oa dopt e dRe s ol ut i on71 5( 1 9 91 )t os uppl e me ntRe s ol ut i on68 7.I r a q,ont heot he rha nd,c ont i nue di t sobs t r uc t i ona nd五ma l l y i nf or me dUNSCOM t ha tt heUNwe a ponsi ns pe c t or swoul dnol onge rbe a l l owe dt ous et he i rowna i r c r a f t .Thepr e s i de ntoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i l i s s uedas t a t e me nti nWhi c hi twa sde t e r mi nedt ha tI r a qwa si nma t e r i a l 7a ndi t sr e l a t e dr e s ol ut i ons ,a ndwa r ne dI r a qof br ea c hofRe s ol ut i on68 t hes e r i ousc ons e que nc e st ha twoul df lowf r om s uc hc ont nue i dde ia f nc e. ingdom,andFr a nc es t a r t ed Fur t he r mor e, t heUni t edSt a t e s , t heUni t e dK a i rs t r i ke sons i t e si nS Out he r nl r a q・ 41 7,t hec e a s e ir f e Thus ,aque s t i oni spos eda st owhe t he rRe s ol ut i on68 r es ol ut i on, a uowe dt heuni l a t e r a l us eoff or c ewi t houta nyf ur t he rSe c ur l t y Counc i lr e s ol ut i oni nor de rt os e c ur et hei mpl e me nt a t i onoft hec ea s eir f er e g l me,e ve ni nt hea bs e nc eofa nyus eoff or c ebyI r a q. TheSe c ur i t y s ol ut i on687,a 凪r me da l l1 3pr i orr e s ol uCounc i l ,i nPa r a g r a ph1ofRe t i ons ,i nc l udi ngRe s ol ut i on6 78,"e xc e pta se x pr e s s l yc ha nge dbe l ow t o a c hi e vet hegoa l soft hi sr e s ol ut i on,i nc l udi ngaf or ma lc ea s e ir f e, "and de c l a r e d,i nPa r a g r a ph33,t ha taf or ma lc ea s e ir f ewa se fe c t i veupon o凪c i a la c c e pt a nc ebyI r a q.Thea ut hor i z a t i ont ous ef or c ei nRe s ol ut i on 6 78i st he r e f or enol ong e ri nf or c e. Thus ,onec omme nt a t orc onc l uded: I nt h ea b s e n c eo fe x p r e s sa ndf o ma lS e c u r i t yCo u nc i la u 血o r i s a t i o n也ec e a s e i f r emu s tr e ma i ni nf o r c e . TheUKMi is m t e r ' sa r g u me n tt h a t ," i nt hel i g h to fI r a q' s 8 7a n dt h uso ft hec e a s e i f r e c o n t nue i db r e a c h e so fS e c u it r yCo nc u i lRe s o l u t i o n6 t e ns ,a n do ft her e pe a t e dwa r n ng i sg iv e nb yt h eS e c u it r y Co nc u i la n dme mb e r s o ft hec o a l i t i o n・t h e i rl t h eUS A]f o r c e swe r ee n t i t l e dt ot a kene c e s s a r ya n dp r o po r t i o na t ea c t i o ni nO r d e rt oe n s ur el r a q lC O mpl i a n c ewi t ht ho s et e ns "i sno t l e g a l l yc o n v i n c i ng ・ 4 2 ∫ As e r i e sofc r i s e se ns ued,pa r t i c ul a r l yi n1 9 9 7a nd1 99 8,c onc e r nmgt he i mpl e me nt a t i onofRe s ol ut i on68 7.TheUni t e dSt a t e sa nnounc e dt ha ti t wa spr e pa r edt ous em il i t a r yf or c ea sal a s tr e s or t . Sec r e t a r yGe ne r a lKof i Anna nwe ntt oBa g hda di nFe br ua r y1 9 9 8n ada nnounc eda na g r e e me nt - THELEGI TI MACYOFSECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 21 c onnr ml ngf ul lc ompl i a nc ebyI r aqwi t ha l lr el eva ntr e s ol ut i ons ,i nc l udi ng Res ol ut i on 687,TheSec ur l t yCounc i le ndor s edt hi sMemor a ndum of 1 998) ,adopt edunde rCha pt erVI I , i n Unde r s t a ndi ngi nRes ol ut i on1154( whi c ht heSec ur l t yCounc i lwar nedt ha t"a nyvi ol at i onwoul dha vet he s eve r es tc ons equenc esf orl r aq・ =4 3Hわwe ver ,whi l et heUni t edSt at esas s er t edt ha tuni l at e r a lf or c i bl ea c t i oni nr e s pons et ovi ol a t i onsr e ma i ned pos s i bl e,a且umberofCounc i lmembe r s ,i nc l udi ngRus s i a,Chi na,a nd Fr anc e,S t a t edt ha tt hi sr es ol ut i onc oul dnotber el i edupona saut omat i c al l yaut hor i z l ngt heus eoff or c ea gal nS tl r aq・ 4 4TheSe c ur l t yCounc i l , a . ga i n,adopt edRes ol ut i on1205( 1998) ,i nwhi c hi tc onde mnedt hede c i s l 0nbyI r aqt oc eas ec ooper at i onwi t ht heSpec i a lCommi s s i ona saf lagr antvi ol a t i onofRes ol ut i on687( 1991)a ndot he rr e l e vantr es ol ut i ons , butdi dnota ut hor i z et heus eoff or c eagal nS tI r aq・ Onemont hl at e r ,howe ver ,whe nl r aqa gal l lr es t r i c t edi ns pe c t i onsby UNSCOM,t heUni t edKi ngdom a ndt heUni t edSt a t e sc a r r i edoutmas s i veai rs t r i kesa ga l nS tI r a qwi t houtt r yl ngt OaC qul r ea ut hor i z at i ont ous e f or c e・Conc er nl ngt hi ss e r i esofa i rs t r i kesa ga l nS tI r aq,t hef ol l owl ngC Onc l us i on,r eac hedbyKr i s c h,s ee msr ea s ona bl ya c c ur at e: [ N] e i t he rt hei nt e r pr e t a t i o no fRe s ol ut i on678( 1 9 9 0) ,6 8 7( 1 9 9 1 ) ,1 1 5 4( 1 9 9 8) a nd1 2 0 5( 1 9 9 8)n o rs t a t epr a c t i c es i nc e1 9 91g i v ei ndi c a t i o nsf orUni t e dNa t i ons a ut hor i z a t i ono ft het hr e a toru s eo ff or c ei nor de rt oe nf o r c el r a q' spo s t wa r obl i g a t i o ns- Th us ,t her e l i a nc eo nUni t e dNa t i o nsa ut ho r i t ys e e msmot i v a t e d 45 b yt hede s i r et oe nha nc et hea ppe a r a nc eo fl e g i t i ma c yde s pl t eO bv i ousi l l e g a l i t y・ TheSe c ur i t yCounc i ls t e ppi ngi nt ol e gal l ygr e yar e as Thebr i e fa na l ys ュ sa boveoft hemai nandc ont r over s i a lac t i vi t i esoft he heUN Cha r t e rs i nc et heendof Sec ur l t yCounc i lunderCha pt e rVH oft t heCol dWari mpl i e st hats omeoft heac t i onsoft heSec ur i t yCounc i l mi ghtbea mbi guousi nt e r msoft he i rl ega l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t y・Two i mpor t anti s s ueswi l lbec ons i de r edbel ow・ Whe t he rt heSe c ur l t yCounc i lha st hel e gal powe rt oi mpos eabi ndi ng di s put es e t t l e me ntunde rCha pt e rVI I Thee s s e nc eoft her ol eoft heSec ur l t yCounc i li nma i nt a i nl ngI nt e r na t i ona lpeac ea nds ec ur l t yl i esi ni t sa bi l i t yt oa c tqui c kl ya nddec i s i ve / l yt o pr e ve ntorpuni s hat hr ea tt oorbr ea c hoft hepeac e,ora na c tofa ggr e s s i on.Suc hexec ut i vea c t i onandenf or c eme nta c t i vl t yC Oul dnotbeac c ompl i s hedi fa c c ompa ni ed,f ore xa mpl e,byr i gor ousa ndl engt hye vi dent i a r y pr oc es s esi nvol vi ngc ompl i c at edpr oc edur esf orga t her i ngf a c t sandhea r 1 ngWi t nes s es ,nori fdel ayedduet os omef or m ofl egalappealmec ha ni s m・ 4 6Thus ,Kel s en,f orexa mpl e,a r guedt ha tt heCounc i lneednotac t 3 2 2S ATO i na c c or da nc ewi t he x i s t i ngi nt e r na t i ona ll a wwhe ni ti sa c t mgt oma i nt a i n orr e s t or ei nt e r na t i ona lpea c ea nds e c ur i t y・Hes t a t e d: Thep u r po s eo ft h ee n f o r c e me n ta c t i o nu nd e rAr t i c l e3 9i sno t :t oma in t ino a r r e s t o r et h el a w, bu tt oma nt i a i n, o rr e s t o r epe a c e , wh i c hi sn o tne c e s s a r i l yi d e n t i c a lw it ht h el a w… [ Whe ni ti sa c t i n gu nd e rCha pt e rVI I , ]t heS e c u it r yCo u n c i l wo u l db ee mpo we r e dt oe s t a b l i s hj u s t i c ei fi tc o n s i d e r e dt hee x i s t i ngl a wa sno t y, a ndh e nc et oe n or f c ead e c i s i o nwh i c hi tc o n s i d e r e dt ob ej u s tt ho ug h s a t i s f a c t or n o ti nc o n f o r mi t ywi t he x i s t i n gl a w・ Th ed e c i s i o ne n f o r c e db yt heSe c u r i t yCo u n c i l ma yc r e a t ene wl a wf o rt hec o nc r e t ec a s e ・ 47 Thea r g ume ntt ha tl e ga lr i g ht sofs t a t e sma ybei nf r i ng e duponors us pe nde dbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i li nt hea ppl i c a t i onofc ol l e c t i vee nf or c e me ntmea s ur e si ss uppor t e dbyt heCha r t era ndt het r av au xpr e par a t oi r e s oft heCha r t e r ,a swe l la st hepr a c t i c eoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i l・ 48 Ar t i c l e 1 ( 1 )oft heCI l a r t e rpr ovi de sa sf ol l ows : 一 Ar t i c l el ・ Thep u r po s e so ft h eUn i t e dNa t i o n sa r e : 1 .Toma i n t a i ni n t e ma t i o na l ea p c ea n ds e c u r i t y , ndt a ot ha te nd: t ot a kee f f e c t i v e c o ue c t i v eme a s u r e sf o rt h ep r e v e n t i o na ndr e mo v a l o ft h r e a t st ot i l epe a c e , a n d f o rt h es u p p r e s s i o no fa c t so fa g g r e s s i o no ro t he rb r e a c he so ft h epe a c e , a n dt o b r nga i b o u tb yp ea c e ulme f a n sa ndi nc o n f o r m it yw it ht hepr i nc i p l e so f j us ic t e a ndi nt e ma t i o na ll a w,a d j u s t me nto rs e t t l e me n to fi n t e r na t i o n a ld i s pu t e so r s i t ua t i o nswh i c hmi g htl e a dt oab r e a c ho ft h epe a c e ・ Thi spr ovi s i ondi vi de st hemea nsf orma i 山a i nl ngi nt e r na t i ona lpe a c e a nds e c ur i t yht oc ol l e c t i veme a s ur e sa ndpe a c e uls f e t t l e me nt ,a ndi ti s onl yi n仙ec ont e xtoft hel a t t e rt ha tt heSe c ur i t yCounc i li ss ub j e c tt o t hec ons t r a i nt sofi nt e r na t i ona ll a wa ndj us t i c e・Fur t he r mor e,i tc oul dbe c ont e nde dt ha tt heve r ynot i onofe nf or c e me ntmea s ur e si mpl i e st ha tt he Counc i lha st hea ut hor i t yt oi mpl ng eupon, r e s t r i c t ,ors us pe ndt her i g ht s t ha ts t a t e sa r enor ma l l ye nt i t l edt oe xe r c i s eunde rbot hc us t oma r ya nd c onve nt i ona li nt e r na t i ona ll a w.Suc ha ut hor i t yf ort heCounc i lc oul dbe i mpl i c i ti nCha pt e rVI Ioft heCha r t e r , s pe c i 丘c a l l yAr t i c l e s39, 41 , 4 2, a nd 48・49Thus ,也epr a c t i c eoft heSec ur i t yCounc i lc l e a r l yde mons t r a t e st ha t at r a dee mba r goi mpos e dbyi tc oul da fe c tr i g ht st oe nga gei nc omme r c e a swe l la sr i g ht soff r e emove me ntbys hi psont hehi g hs ea s . Howe ve r ,i ti si nc or r e c tt oc ont e ndt ha tt heSe c ur i t yCounc i li sc o mpl e t e l yunr e s t r a i nedbyt hepr l nC i pl e sof j us t i c ea ndi nt e r na t i ona l l a wwhe n i ti st a ki ngc ol l e c t i veme a s ur e sunde rCha pt e rVI Ioft heUN Cha r t e r ・ 5 0 Tot hec ont r a r y,i tc oul dr e a s ona bl ybec ont e nde dt ha tt hef oundi ng s t a t esoft heUni t e dNa t i onsga vet hi se x t r a or di na r ypowe rt Ot heSe c ur l t y Counc i lonl yont hec ondi t i ont ha tt hes c opeoft h i spowe rwoul dbel i mi t e dt oe nf or c e me nta c t i v i t i e sne c e s s a r yf ort hepur pos e sofma i nt a i ni ng THELEGI TI MACY OFS ECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 2 3 i nt er nat i ona lpeac ea nds ec ur l t y,e xc l udi ngad j us t me ntors e t t l eme ntof i nt er nat i ona ldi s put esors i t uat i ons , asi si mpl i edi nt hes t r uc t ur eofAr t i c l e 1( 1 )oft heUN Cha r t er .Wha ti sunc l earandunr es ol vedi swher ea nd how t hebounda r ys houl dbedr a wnbe t weent het wo-t hati s ,e nf or c e一 血entac t i vi t i esnec es s a r yf ort hepur pos esofmai nt ai nl ngl nt e r nat i ona l peac ea nds ec ur l t yOnt heoneha nd,a ndad j us t mentors e t t l e mentof i nt er na t i ona ldi s put esont heot her-andnott hef a c tt hats uc habounda r yac t ua l l ye xi s t s ・Asr ega r dst hi sdi c hot omy,i tha sbe ens ugges t edt ha t : I tc o ul dwe l lbea r g ue dt ha t… S e c onda r yl e v e la c t i o nsa f t e rt h ei ni t i a lr e s po ns e ha sb e e nt a ke nt or e s t or ei nt e r na t i ona lpe a c ea nds e c ur l t yS houl dnota l s of a l l wi t hi nt hewi dedi s c r e t i o no ft heCounc i l ,buts houl dbet e s t e da l s oa g a l nS tt he pr e v a i l i ngpr l nC l pl e so fi nt e r na t l O na ll a w・Thef ur t he raSe c u r l t yCounc i la c t i o n i sf r om i t spr l ma r ya C t i v l t yOfma i nt a i nl n gOrr e S t Or l ngI nt e r na t i ona lpe a c ea nd SS e r tt heke yr o l eofi nt e r na t i ona ll a w・51 s e c ur l t y , t hemor ei mpor t a nti ti st ol ・ e a TheSec ur l t yCounc i lr es ol ut i onst hati ne 任ec ta mountt oadet e r mi nat i onorc har ac t er i z a t i onofal ega ls i t uat i ona r ee xt ens i ve・The yl l l C l ude: t hos et hata s s er tt ha tpa r t i c ul a ra c t sa r ei l l ega la ndnul la ndvoi d;t hos e dema ndi ngl nt er na t i ona l nonr ec ogni t i on;t hos ei mpos i nga r mse mba r goes ; t hos edeal i ngwi t ha ndr ec ognl Z l ngaSa na ut hor i t yanous t edr egl me, r a t he rt hant her egl mei na c t ua lc ont r ol ;t hos ei mpos i ngPea c eC Ondi t i ons , def ini ngandgua r ant eei ngboundar i es ,andde t er mi nl ngS t a t er eS POnS i bi l l l t yl S S ueS ; a ndt hos ees t a bl i s hi ngI nt er nat i onal c r i mi na lt r i buna l s ・ Al t hough i tmi ghtbedi 抗c ul tt odr a w ac l ea rl i nebet weene nf or c ementac t i vi t i es ands et t l e mentofi nt er na t i ona ldi s put e s ,i tmus tbee mphas i z edt hatt he f ur t heraSec ur l t yCounc i la c t i on i sf r om i t senf or c e mentac t i vl t yf or mai nt a i nl ngOrr e S t Or l ngI nt e r nat i ona lpea c ea nds ec ur l t y,t hemor ec ons i de r a t i oni st obegl Vent Ot hepr l nC i pl esofj us t i c eandi nt er nat i onall a w・ Whe l he rt heSe c ur i t yCounc i lc oul dde l e gat et heus eo ff or c et ome mbe r s t at e s Whi l eagene r alana l ys t sOnt hi spol ntha sa l r ea dybeenmadea bove,t he ba s i ci deaunder l yi ngt heopl ni onsofama J Or l t yOfl e gals c hol a r sont hi s pol ntC Oul dbes umma r i z edi nt hef ol l owl ngt e r ms : Ar t i c l e4 2doe si l Oti t s e l ft i eSe c ur l t yCo unc i la r me da c t i o nt oAr t i cl e4 3a nd doe snotne c e s s a r l l yde endonas p t r o ngMi l i t a r ySt a f fCommi t t e e ・ Ar t i c l e4 2doe s c o nt e mpl a t et ha tme mbe rs t a t e swi l lt a kea r me da c t i o nde e me dne c e s s a r ybyt he Co unc i l ・Thus ,O nec o ul da r g uet ha twhe nt heCo unc i lha sa ut hor i s e dt heus eo f a r me df o r c eunde rc ha pt e rVI Iwi t ho uts pe c i f y i ngwhi c ha r t i c l ei tha sr e l i e do n, t hes ou r c eofi t sa ut ho r i t yi sAr t i c l e4 2. Thea r g ume n ti sapr a g ma t i cone , t r e a t l ng t heCha r t e ra sac ons t i t ut i onc a pa bl eofg r o wl ngt Ome e tC ha ng l ngC i l ' C umS t a nC e S ・ Byt hes a met oke n, t h eCou nc i l ' spowe rt oa u t hor i s et heus eo fa r me df orceu nd e r 3 2 4S ATO c ha pt e rⅥIma ybes e e na sa ni mp l i e dpo we rt ha ti sn o tl i t e r a l l yt i e dt oAr t i c l e 4 2 , b u ti sc o n s i s t e n twi t ht h ep u r p o s eo ft ha ta r t i c l ea n de ma na t e sf r o mt hef u n c t i o na lne c e s s i t yt oma ket h eCo u n c i l ' se n or f c e me n ta ut ho r i t ye fe c iv t e l 5 2 Cr i t i c i s m,howe ve r , pe r s i s t s .Sa r oos hi , f ore xa mpl e,a s s e r t st ha tt heSe c ur i t yCounc i ldoe snotpos s e s st hec ompe t e nc et ode l e ga t et ome mbe rs t a t e s t hepowe rt ode c i det ha tat hr ea tt o, orbr ea c hof , i nt e r na t i ona lpea c ea nd s e c ur i y ha t se i t he rs t a r t e dorc ea s e dt oe xi s t ,f ors e ve r a lr ea s ons .Fi r s t l y, t ha tde c i s i oni st heve r yr ai s ond' e ' t r eofCha pt e rVI I ,a sa nAr t i c l e39 de t e mi na t i oni st hega t e wa yt oa c t i onunde rCha pt e rVI I ・St a t e sha ve de l e ga t e dt hi sa ut hor i t yt ot heSe c ur i t yCounc i lont hec ondi t i ont ha tt he Se c ur i t yCounc i lwoul dbet heonl ye nt i t yt oe xe r c i s et hi spowe r ・ Sec ondl y, t hei ns t i t ut i ona l s a f e g ua r doft heve t oi sa t t a c he dt ot heCounc i l ' sde c i s i onma ki ngpr oc e s s e s .Thi se ns ur e st ha ts t a t e se xe r c i s ede l e ga t e dCha pt e r , VI Ipowe r sonl yi nOr de rt oa c hi e v et heob j ec t i ve sof也eUni t e dNa t i ons a ndnots ol e l yt of ur t he rt he i rowns e l f i nt e r e s ti napa r t i c ul a rs i t ua t i on・ Th i r dl y,Ar t i c l e53,0mr e g l Ona la r r a ng e me nt st oc a r r youtmi l i t a r ye nf or c e me nta c t i oni nor de rt oma nt i a i ni nt e r na t i ona lpea c ea nds e c ur i t y, pr ov i de st ha ts uc ha c t i onc a nnotbec a r r i e dout" Wi t houtt hea ut hor i s a t i on i l . "Onec a nnota r g ue,Sa r oos hic ont i nue s ,t ha tt he oft heSe c ur i t yCounc Se c ur i t yCounc i li sa l l owe dt ode l e ga t ei t sAr t i c l e39powe rofde t e r mi , na t i ont oi ndi vi dua lme mbe rs t a t e sbutnott or e g l Ona la r r a ng e me nt s s i nc ear e g l Ona la r r a ng e me nti s ,a f t e ra l l , onl yac ol l e c t i onofUNme mbe r s t a t e s ・I nt hec a s eoft heGul fWa r ,Re s ol ut i on6 78s e tt woob j e c t i ve s : na me l y,t ouphol da ndi mpl e me ntRe s ol ut i on6 6 0( 1 9 9 0)a nda l ls ubs eque ntr e l e va ntr es ol ut i ons ,a ndt or e s t or ei nt e r na t i ona lpea c ea nds e c ur i t yi nt hea r ea.Sa r oos hic ons i de r st ha tt hes e c ondob j e c t i vei nVol ve s de l e ga t i ngt ome mbe rs t a t e st hec ompe t e nc et ode c i dewhe ni nt e r na t i ona l pe a c ea nds e c ur l t yi nt her e g i onha vebe e nr e s t or ed,a ndt ha tt hepur por t edde l e ga t i onbyt heCounc i loft hi sbr oa dpowe rt ome mbe rs t a t e si s u l . 5 3 t husunl a wf Pe r s i s t e ntc r i t i c i s mss e e mt oi ndi c a t eRe s ol ut i on6 78' sf r a g i l ec ons t i t ut i ona l i t ya ndt hene c e s s i t yofl e g i t i ma c yi nt hi sne wa r e aofe nf or c e me nt tha da l r e a dybe e npoi nt edoutt ha tt hi sme c ha ni s m powe rde l e ga t i on・I ma ybe:"Le ga l ?Ye s ,t e c hni c a uy.Butl e g i t i ma t e?A bor de r l i nepr opos i t i ona tbe s t . ‖5 4 t erast hecons t i t ut i on Legi t i macyi n血el i ghtoft heUN Char oft hei nt er nat i onalcom uni t y Ha v i ngbr i e 且ya na l y s e ds omeof血ema i nc a s e sofSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i vi t i e sunde rCha pt e rVHof t heUNCha r t e rs i nc et hee ndoft heCol dWa ri n THELEGI TI MACY OFS ECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 2 5 t hel i ghtoft he i rl e gal i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i onal i t y,t hi sc ha pt e rwi l lnow di s c us st hel egl t i mac y55 0ft hes ea ndot he rac t i vi t i esoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i L Thi sdi s c us s i onwi l lbebas edupont hef ol l owl ngt wobas i ct hemes : 。Tl l emor et heSe c ur l t yCounc i ls t e psi nt ol e gal l ygr e ya r eas ,t hemor e l e gl t l maC yl Sr equi r edf ori t sac t i vi t i est obee fec t i vea nda c c ept a bl e・ .Le gi t i mi z a t i onofSec ur l t yCounc i la c t i vi t i esi nt hel i ghtoft heUN Cha r t erast hec ons t i t ut i onoft hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommunl t yneedsa hi ghe rdegr eeofs uppor ti nt e r msofs e pa r a t i onofpowe r sandj udi c i a l r e vi ewwhi c ha i msa tpr e vent l nga bus eofa ndens ur l ngpr opere xe r c i s e ofpower s ・Ast heSec ur l t yCounc i lhasmor eoc c a s i onst oe xe r c i s ei t s s t r ongpower s ,i ti snec e s s a r yt oe xa mi newhet her ,a ndi fs o,t owha t ext ent ,s e par a t i onofpower sa ndj udi c i alr e vi e wasf unda ment a lme c hani s msf orpr e ve nt l ngabus eofa ndens ur l ngpr ope re xe r c i s eofpower s i nc ent r al i z edna t i onalgove r nl ngS ys t e msC a nbeappl i edt ot heUni t ed Na t i onss ys t em・56 TheUN Char t e ra st hec ons t i t ut i ono ft hei nt e r nat i onalc ommuni t y Ther eha vebeent wos t r ea msoft houghtt hatr e ga r dt heUN Cha r t e ras ac ons t i t ut i on・57 Oner e gar dsi tast hec ons t i t ut i onoft heUni t edNa t i ons ・ TheCha r t era st hec ons t i t uenti ns t r ume ntoft heUni t edNa t i onsc ont a i ns t hec ons t i t ut i onde 丘neda st hos epr ovi s i onst ha tpr ovi def ort hel e gal f oundat i ona ndf r a mewor kofa ni nt e r nat i ona lor ga ni z at i on.Thec or eof t hec ons t i t ut i ona lnat ur eofc ons t i t uenti ns t r ument sl i esi nt hef ac tt ha t c ons t i t uenti ns t r ument spr ovi det hel ega lf oundat i onsa ndf r a me wor k f ort hes t r uc t ur esa nda c t i vi t i esofi nt e r na t i onalor ga ni za t i onsont hebas i s oft hei re vol ut i ona r ya nd t el eol ogl C ali nt er pr et a t i onss ot ha t ,de s pl t e c ha ngl ngl nt e r nat i onalr el at i ons ,i nt er nat i ona lor ga ni z at i onsc a nc ont i nue t of unc t i one抗c i ent l y,a nde fec t i vel yper f or mt hei rgi venPur pos esa nd f unc t i ons .I nt er na t i ona lor ga ni z a t i ons. havebeenc r ea t edbe c aus et he i r pur pos esandf unc t i onsc a nnotbeac l l i e vedbyt hec r ea t i onofs i mpl e nor msofc onduc tbymea nsoft r ea t i es ,i nc l udi ngmul t i l a t e r a ll a w一 ma ki ng t r ea t i es ・The i rpur pos esa ndf unc t i onsc a nbeac hi evedonl ybyt hepe r 一 ma nentope r a t i onofor gani z at i ona le nt i t i es .Thi si mpl i est hatc ons t i t uent i ns t r ument swi l la l waysneedt obeada pt edt oc ha ngl ngC i r c ums t a nc esf or t hepur pos esoft hee f Rc i e ntf unc t i onl nga nde f f ec t i vea c t i vi t i esofi nt e r na t i onalor ga ni z at i ons ・ 58 T hi ss t r eam oft houghti sf ai r l ywe l les t abl i s hed byt hepr a c t i c eofs t a t esa ndi nt e r na t i ona lor ga ni z a t i ons ・ 59 1 twoul dbe pos s i bl et oa r g uet hat ,bas edupont hedoc t r i neoft hei nt e r pr et at i onof c ons t i t ue nti ns t r ume nt sa st hec ons t i t ut i onsofi nt e r nat i onalor ga ni z at i ons ,mos t ,i fnota l l ,oft hea bove一 ment i onedac t i vi t i esoft heSec ur l t y Counc i lar el ega l ;t hi si sde mons t r at ed,f ore xa mpl e,byt hedi s c us s i on c onc er ni ngt hel e gal i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofRes ol ut i on678( 199 0) . 6 0 326 S ATO The . Ot he rs c hoolr e g a r dst heCha r t e ra st hec ons t i t ut i onoft hei nt e r na t i ona lc oH ml uni t y. Af t e rt hee ndoft heCol dWa r , ma nya ut hor sbe ga n t or e f e rt ot hi si dea.I ti sa ni dea血a ti sc l ea r l ypr o mot edbyt hei mpr e s s i vea c t i v i t i e sof也eSe c ur i t yCounc i l i nt he1 9 9 0 S . Opi ni onsva r y, howe ve r , Onwhe t he rt heCha r t e rc a nber e ga r de da sa"c ons t i t ut i on"oft hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t y6 1i nas e ns ec ompa r a bl et ot hef unc t i onofdome s t i c c ons t i t ut i ons . Somea r equi t epos i t i ve. Tomus c ha t , f ore xa mpl e, t a kest hepos i t i ont ha t i tha s"be c omeobv i ousi nr e c e ntye a r st ha tt heCha r t e ri snot hi nge l s e t ha nt hec ons t i t ut i onoft hei nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t y. "Hee l a bor a t e son t hi spoi nta sf ouows : [ T] oe n t e rt h eUni t e dNa t i o nsd i ∬e r sp r o f o u nd l y丘・ o ma c c e p t i n gat r e a t yo ft h e u s ua lt y p e . AS t a t ewh i c hbe c o me same mb e ro ft hewo r l do r g a n i s a t i o nc o ns e n t s n o tj u s tt oas e ie r so fwe l l d e in f e da nde a s i l yi d e n t i 五a b l eo b l i g a t i o ns , i ta g r e e st o ac ha ng e ds t a t u su nd e ri nt e r na t i o na ll a w. . .l T] heS e c u r i t yCo u nc i li sa u t ho r i s e d t oi mpo s eb i n d ngo i b l i g a t i o n so ne v e r yme mbe rS t a t ewhe ne v e ri s s ue so f" nt i e r na t i o na lpe a c ea nds e c u r i t y "a r ea ts t a k e .Th i si sa ne x t r e me l yb r o a df o r m山a . No b o d yc a nf or e s e ewi t ha n yd e g r e eo fpr e c i s i o ni nwh a ts e ns ei twi l lb ei nt e r p r e t e db yt heS e c u it r yCo u n c i l. , . Who e v e rj o i nst heUni t e dNa t i o n sg i v e sb l a nke tpo we r st ot heSe c u r i t yCo u nc i l ・ 6 2 e,dr a wsa t t e nt i ont o"t he Somea r emor ec a ut i ous .Dupuy,f ore xa mpl s ha r pc ont r a s ts t i l le x i s t i ngbe t we e n,ont heo neha nd,仙ee x l ge nC i e sof nor ma t i vea ndor ga ni ci nt e gr a t i ona t t a c he dt ot hei de aofc ons t i t ut i ona nd, ont heot he rha nd,t hepe r s i s t i ngdi s s e mi na t i onofpowe ra mongc ompe t 一 mga ndf or ma l l ye qua ls ove r e l g nS t a t e s , Whi c hs t i l lc ha r a c t e r i s e st hei nt e r na t i o na ls oc i e t yi ns pi t eoft hei mpor t a nc enow t a ke nbyt hea c t i onof hundr edsofi nt e r na t i ona lor ga ni s a t i ons ・ ‖6 3Hec onc l ude s : Thei n t e r na t i o na ll e g lo a r d e rr e ma i n smo r ec ha r a c t e r i s e db yt hes p r e a d i ngo f s o v e r e i g n t yt ha nb yt heo v e r a l lno r ma t i v ea ndo r g a n i cs u bo r d i na t i o no fs t a t e s t oa ni nt e r na t i o na lpu bl i co r d e re mb od i e di nt het e x to faCh a r t e rt ha two u l da t t hes a met i mep r o v i d eac e n t r la a u t h o it r ya i me da te n f o r c ngt i h e" c o n s t i t u t i o na l " r u l e sc ha r a c t e r i s mg也a tpu b l i co r d e r . Wha tt heI CJs a i di n1 9 4 9r e ma i nst r u e : t he Un i t e dNa t i o n si sno ta" s u pe r S t a t e H ・ 6 4 Ot he robs e r ve r sa r emor ec r i t i c a l ・Ar a ng i oRui z ,f ore xa mpl e, 6 5i squl t e ne ga t i vei na s s umi ngt ha tt hedoc t r i neofi mpl i edpo we r si sa ppl i c a bl ea s a ni nt e r pr e t i vet oolo ft heCha r t e rf ort hede t e r ina m t i onoft hepowe r s oft hepol i t i c a lor ga nsoft heUni t e dNa t i ons ,t heSe c ur i t yCounc i li n pa r t i c ul a r ;her e j e c t st hi sa sbe i ngmor eda ng e r ousf ort hepr e s e r va t i on a ndde ve l opme ntoft her ul eofl a wi nt he"or ga ni s e di nt e r na t i ona lc ommuni t y, "Hes t a t e s : THE LEGI TI MACY OFS ECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 327 [ A] l t houg ht heUNi swi t ho utdou bta no r g a n i s a t i on, ha v i ngi t sl e g a l s t a t ut ei nt he Cha r t e r( a ndi nt ha ts e ns eac ons t i t ut i o no fi t so wn) , t heCha r t e ri snot" t hec o ns t i t ut i o n"or"ac o ns t i t ut i on"o ft h ec o mmu nl t yO ft heme mbe rSt a t e so ro ft he c o mmunl t yO fa l le x i s t l ngS t a t e s ,l e ta l onet hec o mmunl t yO fma n ki nd・I not he r wo r ds , t heUNi snota no r g a ni s a t i ono ft heme mbe rSt a t e st he m s e l v e s , a l mos ta s i ft he ywe r ei ns o meme a s ur ea b s o r be do rd i s s o l v e di nl t ; no ri si t , de s pi t et hebol d Wet hePe opl e s "-a no r g a l i ewi t hwhi c ht het e x to ft heUNCha r t e rbe g i ns-" ni s a t i onoft hepe o pl e so ft heme mbe rSt a t e s ,a sas l n g l epe opl e .Theme mbe r S t a t e sr e ma i n, und e rt heCha r t e r , t hes e pa r a t e , i nd e pe nde ntpol i t i c a le nt i t i e st he y we r ebe f or e ha nd,i nt he i rmut ua lr e l a t i o ns ,a swe l la si nr el a t i ont ot heUN;a nd t he yr e ma i na l s o-t hi si so fpa r a mo unti mpo r t a nc e-s ub j e c tt og e ne r a li nt e r na t i ona ll a wa nde ndo we dwi t ht her i g h t sde r i v i ngt he r e f r o m・ 6 6 Thec ont ent i onofeac hs c hoolc ont a i nss omet r ut h;i ti spr oba bl ywi s es t t ot r yt os y nt hes i z et hos ea ppr opr l at epOl nt S ,a i ml nga ts o血eC OnS i s t e nt doc t r i ne.I tc oul da tl eas tbec onc l udedt ha t : Thec o ns t i t ut i o na ls y s t e ms e tupf o rt hei nt e r na t i ona lc o mmuni t yi nt heUn i t e d Na t i onsCha r t e ri sofc our s ef a rf r ombe i ngpe r f e c t ・ I tha so nl yal i mi t e dc a pa c i t y t oe nf o r c ec ompl i a nc ewi t hi t sba s i cr ul e s . Thi s ,howe v e r ,S ho ul dnotd e t r a c to ur a t t e nt i o nf r omt hef a c tt ha twel i v ei na ni nt e r na t i ona ll e g a ls y s t e mr a t he rd i f f ere ntf r omt heonee x i s t i ngbe f or e1 9 4 5 ・ 6 7 TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l :Be t we e nf ai r ne s sa nde He c t i v e ne s s TheSe c ur i t yCounc i lc a nbec onc e pt ua l l yl oc a t edonac ont i nuumbe t wee n t wopol es :f a i r nes sa nde f f ec t i venes s .Whi l et hes et woe l ement sa r enot i nher ent l yc ont r adi c t or y,t heys eem t oexc l udeeac hot he rt os omee xt e nt wi t hr egar dt ot heSec ur i t yCounc i li nt hedec e nt r a l i z e dpowe rs t r uc t ur e oft hewor l dt oda y・ Fr a nc kde 丘nesHl egl t i ma c yHa si ta ppl i est ot her ul e sa ppl i c a bl ea mong ・"Le gi t i ma c y, "hewr i t es ,"i sapr oper t yofar ul eorr ul e一 ma ki ng s t a t es i ns t i t ut i onwhi c hi t s e l fe xer t sapul lt owa r dc ompl i anc eont hos ea ddr e s s ed nor ma t i vel ybec a us et hos ea ddr e s s edbe l i e vet ha tt her ul eori ns t i t ut i on hasc omei nt obe i nga ndoper a t esi nac c or da nc ewi t hgener a l l yac c e pt ed pr l nC i pl esofr i ghtpr oc e s s ・ =6 8Le gi t l maC y,hes a ys ,c a nonl ybeac c or ded t or ul esa ndi ns t i t ut i ons , ort oc l ai msofr i g hta ndobl i ga t i on, l nt hec i r c ums t a nc eofanexi s t l ngC Ommunl t y・ I ti sonl ybyr e f e r e nc et oac ommunl t y' s evol vi ngs t andar dsofwha tc ons t i t ut esr i ghtpr oc es st hati ti spos s i bl et o a s s er tmea nl ngf ul l yt hatal a w,ora ne xe c ut i veor de r ,orac our t ' sj udgement ,orac i t i z en' sc l ai m onac ompa t r i ot ,oragove r nme nt ' sc l a i m ona c i t i z en,i sl egl t i ma t e・ 6 9 Fr a nc kde ve l opedhi sa na l ys i sf r om t hevi ewpol ntOff a i r nes s ; hea r g ues t hatf a i r nes s"i sac ompos i t eoft woi ndepe nde ntvar i abl es : 1 e gl t l ma C yand 3 2 8 SATO di s t r i but i vej us t i c e・ ""Fa i r nes sdi s c our s e, "hec ont i nues , "i st heproc es sby whi c ht hel a w,andt hos ewhoma kel a w, s ee kt oi nt egr a t et hes eva r i a bl es , r ec og nl S l ngt het e ns i onbet wee nt hec ommunl t y' sde s i r ef orbot hor de r ( l egi t i ma c y)a ndc ha nge( j us t i c e) ,aswe l last het e ns i onsbet Yee ndi f E e r l l ngnot i onsofwha tc ons t i t ut esgoodor de ra ndgoodc hangel nC OnC r et e i ns t a nc es ・ "70Ha vi nga nal ys edf rom t hi svi e wpoi ntt hec ol l e c t i ves ec ur i t y oft heUN Sec ur i t yCounc i l ,Fr a nc kpoi nt sout : ns , ]Wes e ead r a ma t i cr e t u r nt oj us twa r [ Wi t ht heCha r t e roft i l eUni t e dNa t i o t he or ya nd, s i nc e也ee ndo ft hec o l dwa r , o f j us twa rpr a c t i c e . I nf u t ur eonemi g ht r e a s ona bl ye x p e c t t os e eUNpe a c e ke e pi nga ndpe a c e e nf o r c ngc i ont ng i e nt sl a r g e l y pr e e mptt her i ghtj us t l yt oe ng a g ei nwa r .Al lot he rwa rwi nbeun j us t ・Thi s e nf o r c e me ntmono po l yma ke si te x t r a o r di na r i l yi mpor t a ntt ha tt hei ns t i t u t i o na l pr oc e s sbywhi c ht hes y s t e mr e s o r t st om i1 i t a r yf o r c ei sno tme r e l yf o ma r l l yl e it i ma t ebuti ss e e nt obef a i r .Fa i me s si nt hi sc on t e x tme a ns( 1 )t ha tt heSe c ur i t y Co unc i le ng a g e si no pe nf a i r ne s sdi s c o ur s e-f ore x a mpl e ,a boutt r e a ingl t i ke s a l i kea nda boutf a ul ta ndpr o po r t i ona it l y-be f or ema ki ngade c i s i ont od e pl o y f o r c e ;( 2 )t ha tpo we rw it hi nt heSe c ur it yCo nc u i li t s e l fbepe r c e i v e dt obea l l oc a t e df a i r l yi na c c o r da nc ewi t ht hee qua lr ig h t s , ba l a nc e da ga ns i tt heune q ua ld i s t r i but i ono fr e s po ns i bi l i t ya mo ngs t a t e sf orc a r r y l ngO utt heCou nc i l ' st a s ks ;a nd ( 3 )t ha ta l lde c i s i o nst ous ef or c ea l l o c a t ec os t sa ndbe ne it f s( nl i i v e s ,r e s o ur c e s , a ndo ut c o me s )i nama nne rwhi c hdoe sno te x a c e r ba t et heg a pbe t we e na dv a nt a g e da nddi s a d va nt a g e ds t a t e s ・ 71 g - Ef f ec t i ve ne s s ,ont heot he rha nd,der i vesf r om t her ec ogni t i ont ha t"i ti s nota ta l ls e l f e i vdenti nt oda y' Swor l dt ha t' f ai r 'a nd' ge nui ne l yc ol l ec t i ve' dec i s i on一 ma ki ngbyt heSec ur i t yCounc i li sas ens i bl ea ppr oac hf orgl oba l c on且i c tma na geme nt ・ =7 2Real is t i c a l l ye fec t i vec ol l ec t i ves ec ur it yc omes rom t f hec onc e ptofr el a t i ngr e s pons i bi l i t yf ort hema i nt e na nc eofpea c e a nds ec ur i t yt ot hes e l f i nt e r es toft hema j orpower s .TheLeagueof Nat i ons 'c ol l ec t i ves ec ur i t ymec ha ni s m hadpr ove ni nadequa t ei nt ha ti t pur por t edt oi mpos er es pons i bi l i t i esons t at est hatt he ywe r eunwi l l i ngt o unde r t a kei npr a c t i c e,be c a us eoft hes e r i ousc ons eque nc ess uc hr es pons i bi l i t i esc oul dha vef or也e m.TheSec ur i t yCounc i lwasc ons t i t ut eds o ast or e lec f tt hes pec i a li nt e r es t sa ndr es pons i bi it l i esofi t spr l nC i pa lcont r i but or s .I nt hi ss e ns e,t her oot soft heSec ur i t yCounc i ll i el es sh t he Counc i loft heLeagueofNa t i onst ha ni nt heni net eent hc ent ur yConc e r t ofEur opea nPowe r s ・ 73 Mu r phyma kest hef ol l owmgpe r s ua s i vepoi nti n t hi sr ega r d: Themo s tr e a l i s t i cme a nso fa c h i e v i ngac r e di bl et hr e a torus eofpo we rbyt he Uni t e dNa t i o nsi st hr o ug hc l os ec 0O pe r a t i o na mo ngt hena j orm il i t a r ypo we r sof t hewo r l d・ TI 1 0S epo we r smus tbec onv i nc e dt ol e a v ea s i det heo pt i o nofe x e r c I S mg u ni l a t e r a la c t i o ni nf a v o uro ft hec o l l e c t i v epr oc e s st ha tf o r c e st he mt ot a kea c c o unto fe a c hot he r ' Si nt e r e s t s . Todos o, t hena ] o rpo we r smus tbepe r it m t e dt o THELEGI TI MACY OFSECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 29 br i ngi nt ot hepr oc e s st hos ema t t e r st he yc ons i de rv i t a lt ot he i rowni nt e r e s t sa nd t opus hf ort hos ema t t e r st obea ddr e s s e di nas a t i s f a c t or yma nne r ・h doi ngs o, ea c hpowe ri sf or c e dt ot a kei nt oa c c ountt hec onc e r nsoft heot he rma j orpowe r s , t he r e bymi ni mi s l ngt hel i ke l i hoodofa ne s c a l a t i onofc on爪i c t .Ont heot he rha nd, e a c hpowe rwi l lonl ybewi l l i ngt opa r t i c I Pa t ei nt hepr oc e s si fi ti sc a pa bl eof pr ot e c t l ngI t sO WnVi t a li nt e r e s t sf r om c ol l e c t i vea c t i ona ndofa v oi di ngt hec om mi t me ntofi t smi l i t a r yf or c e swhe ni ts oc hoos e s ・Forbot hr e a s ons ,t hes y s t e m s houl dnota s pl r et Ot r e a t l nga l lt hr e a t st ot hepe a c ee qua l l yt hr oug ha ut oma t i c a ndr e l i a bl er e s pons es・ 74 一 I ts eemsundeni abl et hatt hi sc ont ent i onofef f ec t i venes sc ont ai nss ome i mpor t antt r ut hs ・However ,ouranal ys t sOfSec ur i t y Counc i lac t i vi t i es underChapt erVI Ioft heUN Char t ers i nc et heendoft heCol dW ar demons t r at est hatt hec ont ent i onofefec t i venes sneedst obemodi iedby f 75 t hec ons i der a t i onoff ai r nes s . Func t i ona ls e par at i ono fpowe r sa saf ac t orf orl e gi t i mi z at i on TheAppeal sChamberoft heI nt er nat i onalTr i buna lf ort heFor merYugos l a vi a,i nt heTadi cCas e,S ett hec or r ec ts t ar t l ngpoi ntf ordi s c us s i onon t hemat t erofs epar at i onofpower s : x ec ut i v ea ndj udi c i a ldi v i s i onofpo we r swhi c hi s I ti sc l e a rt ha tt hel e g i s l a t i v e,e l a r ge l yf ol l owe di nmos tmuni c l pa ls ys t e msdoe snota ppl yt ot hei nt e r na t i ona l s e t t i ngnor ,mor es pe c i ic f a l l y,t ot hes et t l ngOfa ni nt e r na t i ona lor ga ni s a t i ons uc h a st heUni t e dNa t i ons ・Amongt hepr l nC l pa lor g a nsoft heUni t e dNa t i onst he di v i s i onsbe t we e nj udi c i a l ,e x e c ut i vea ndl e g i s l a t i v ef unc t i onsa r enotc l e a rc ut ・ Re ga r di ngt hej udi c i a lf unc t i on,t heI nt e r na t i ona lCour tofJ us t i c ei sc l e a r l yt he "pr i nc i pa l j udi c i a lor ga n"( s e eUn i t e dNa t i onsCha r t e r , a r t . 9 2) . The r ei s , howe v e r , nol e g i s l a t ur e,i nt het e c hni c a ls e ns eoft het e r m,l nt heUni t e dNa t i onss ys t e m a nd, mor eg e ne r a l l y, noPa r l i a me nti nt hewor l dc ommunl t y・ Tl l a ti st os a y,t he r e e x i s t snoc or por a t eor g a nf or ma l l ye mpowe r e dt oe na c tl a wsdi r e c t l ybi ndi ngon i nt e r na t i ona ll e g a ls ub j e c t s ・ I t i sc l e a r l yi Tpos s i bl et oc l a s s i yt f heor g? nsoft heUni t e dNa t i onsi nt ot heab ov e hec ondi s c us s e ddi v i s l OnSWhi c he x I S ti nt hena t l Ona ll a wo fSt a t e s .I nde e d‥.t s t i t ut i ona ls t r uc t ur eoft heUni t e dNa t i onsdoe snotf ol l owt hedi v i s i onofpowe r s of t e nf oundi nna t i ona lc ons t i t ut i ons . 76 Thus ,t heques t i onofl egal i t yandc ons t i t ut i onal i t yofSec ur i t yCounc i l ac t i vi t i esc annotbeappr oac hedont hebas i sofanal ogl eSandpr es umpt i onsbas eduponnat i onalgover nl ngS ys t ems ,butonl ybyi nt er pr et l ngt he Uni t edNat i ons 'c ons t i t uenti ns t r ument ,t heChar t er ,andi t spr ac t i c es ・ However ,t heques t i onofl egl t i mac yofSec ur i t yCounc i lac t i vi t i esc an bebet t eranal ys edbyc l as s i f yi ngwhet hert heSecur i t yCounc i li sac t l ng i nanexec ut i ve,l egi s l at i ve,orj udi c i alc apac l t y.I nanot herwor ds ,i ti s 3 3 0S ATO , pos s i bl et oe va l ua t emor ea c c ur a t e l ywhe t he r ,a ndi fs o,t owha te xt e nt t heSe c ur i t yCounc i li sa c t l ngpr ope r l ybya dopt i ngaf r a meofr e f e r e nc e ・ 77F ore xa mpl e,whe n ba s e dont het y peofde c i s i onst heCounc i lma ke s t heSe c ur i t yCounc i ls t e psi nt ot hej udi c i a l ,r a t he rt ha ne xe c ut i ve,f unc t i o n,i ti spos s i bl et ous es uc hf r a me sofr e f e r e nc ea si nde pe nde nc ef r om pol i t i c a li n且ue nc e s ,a ndr e qui r e me nt si nhe r e nti nj udi c i a lf unc t i on( s uc h moj ude x a sduepr oc e s s , publ i c a t i onofj us t i iedr f ea s onl ng, Pr i nc i pl eofne i ns uac aus a,e qua l i t yoft hepa r t i e s ) .Whe nt heSec ur i t yCounc i ls t e ps i nt ot hel e g i s l a t i vef unc t i on, f r a me sofr e f e r e nc es uc ha st heque s t i onoft o wha te xt e ntaSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i onbe l ong l ngt Ot hel e is g l a t i vef unc t i on i sne c e s s a r ya ndus e uli f na c hi e v ngt i heor l g l na lpur pos eofma i nt a l nl ng orr e s t or ngi i nt e r na t i ona lpe a c ea nds e c ur i t y,a nds omer e qul r e me nt S i nhe r e ntint hel e g i s l a t i vef unc t i on( s uc ha sc onf or mi t ywi t hpr i nc i pl e s ofj us t i c ea ndi nt e r na t i ona ll a w,r e s pe c toff unda me nt lc a ons i de r a t i onof huma ni t y) , c a nbeus e d. Weha ves t a r t edf rom t heba s i ct he met ha tt hemor et heSe c ur l t y Counc i ls t e psi nt ol e g a l l yg r e ya r ea s ,t hemor el e it g i ma c yl Sr e qui r e df or i t sa c t i v i t i e st obee f f e c t i vea nda c c e pt a bl e・I nt hel i g htoft hi sl e g i t i ma c y ,i fnote x pr e s s l ypr ovi de di n ofSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i v i t i e s , i ti si mpor t a nt t heCha r t e roft heUni t edNa t i ons , f ort heSe c ur i t yCounc i lt oa na l yt i c a uy s e pa r a t ee xe c ut i ve, l e g i s l a t i v e, a ndj udi c i a l f u nc t i onst oa vo i da nunde s i r e d m i xt ur eoft wof unc t i ons ・ Se pa r a t i onofpowe r si nt hec e nt r a l i z e dna t i ona l gov e r nl ngS ys t e mi sf unda me nt a l l yor g a ni z a t i ona li nt hes e ns eo fa t t r i but i ngdi fe r e ntf unc t i onst odi f f e r e ntor ga ns . Thes e pa r a t i onofpo we r si n t hi sor g a ni z a t i ona ls e ns ei s ,a swa spoi nt e douta bovei nt heTa di cCa s e, nota dopt edht heUni t e dNa t i ons . Ho we v er , t hei de aofa na l yt i c a l l ys e pa r a t i ngSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i v i t i e si nt oe xe c ut i ve,l e g i s l a t i ve,a ndj udi c i a l f unc t i onst oj udget he i rpr opr ie t yi nt hel i g htoft hef r a meofr e f e r e nc e a ppr opr i a t ef ore a c hf unc t i onc a nbec ons i de r e daf unc t i ona l , i fnotor ga , ni za t i ona l , s e pa r a t i onofpowe r si nt hel e s ss t r i c ts e ns eoft hewor d. Thus Wec a nc onc l udet ha tmor ea t t e nt i ons houl dbepa i dt ot her e qul r e me nt S ofaf unc t i ona ls e pa r a t i onofpowe r si ne va l ua t i ngSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i v i t i e s ・Fr om t hi svi e wpoi nt ,Wewi l le xa mi nes omeoft hec ont r ove r s i a l Se c ur i t yCounc i la c t i v i t i e sr e l a t edt oe i 也e rj udi c i a lorl e g i s l a t i vef unc t i on. Qua s i j udi c i al powe r s Gr a e f r a t hpoi nt soutt ha t : Th eS e c u r i t yCo u n c i lr e ma i nsapo l i t i c a l o r g a nt h a tt a ke spo l i t i c ld a e c i s i o n s . Ev e n i ft heCo u n c i ld e c i d e sl e g a ld i s p u t e sa nde x e r c i s e s" q ua s i Jud i c i a lf u n c t i o n s "i t n e i t h e ra pp l i e sj l l d i c i a lme t h o d sn o rr e a c he sj ud i c i a lr e s u l t s ,a ndi t sc o n c l u s i o n s I t sd e c i s i o nst h e r e f o r ec a n no t r e pl a c e n e v e ra t t a i nt heq ua li t yo faj ud i c i a l d e c i s i o n, r u l i n g so ft h eCo u r to rma k et he ms u pe r luo f u s . Th eS e c u r i t yCo u n c i l s h o u l dl e a v e THELEGI TI MACYOFS ECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 31 t ot heCou r twha tbe l ong st ot heCou r t ・I ts hou l dnott a kede c i s i o nsi nma t t e r s t ha ta r ea l r e a d ybe f or et heCour torwh i c hs ho ul dbede a l twi t hbyt h eCo ur t , u nl e s st he r ei sat h r e a tt ope a c ee n t a i l i nga nu r g e ntne e df o ri mme d i a t ea c t i o n. 78 Howeve r ,i tc oul dbec ont endedt hatt heSec ur l t yCounc i lc ane xer c i s ea qua s l j udi c i a lf unc t i onbyes t a bl i s hi ngaj udi c i a lor ga n.TheCour t ,i nt he , Ef f ec tofAwar dsCa s e,f oundt hatt heGene r a lAs s embl ydi dnoti t s e l f unde rt heCha r t e r ,pos s e s st hej udi c i a lf unc t i one xe r c i s edbyt heAdmi n, i s t r a t i veTr i bunalt ha tt heGener a lAs s embl yhades t a bl i s hed.Howe ve r i tc ons i de r edt hatt heGener alAs s embl ypos s es s edt hepowe rt oes t a bl i s h t heAdmi ni s t r at i veTr i buna l ,t hi spowe rbei ngI mpl i edf r om i t sc ompet e nc et or egul a t es t a fr el a t i ons ・ TheCour ts t at ed: [ T] heCha r t e rd oe snotc o nf e rj ud i c i a lf unc t i o nso nt heGe ne r a lAs s e mb l y-. By e s t a bl i s hl ngt heAd ml n i s t r a t l V eTr i buna l , t heGe ne r a lAs s e mb l ywa snotde l e g a t 1 ngt hepe r f or ma nc eo fi t so wnf unc t i o n:i twa se xe r c i s l ngapowe rWhi c hi tha d ・ 79 u nde rt h eCha r t e rt or e g u l a t es t a fr e l a t i o ns Thi sus eoft hepowert oe s t a bl i s hs ubs i di ar yor ga nst ope r f or mf unc t i ons t ha tt hepr l nC l palor ga nc annoti t s e l fe xer c i s ei squl t ei mpor t anti ndet er 一 mi nl ngt hel ega l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i onal i t yofr ec enta c t i vi t i esbyt heSec ur l t y Counc i l ・Se ver a le xa mpl esa r egl Venbe l ow・ TheI nt e rnl t t i ona lTr i bunal f ort heFor me rYu gos l av i a TheAppea l sChamberoft heI nt er nat i onalTr i bunalf ort heFor mer Yugos l a vi aac knowl edged,i nt heTadi cCas e,t l l att heCounc i lpos s es s ed t hepowe rt oe s t abl i s ht heWa rCr i me sTr i buna lt oe xe r c i s ej udi c i a lf unc t i ons ,i mpl i edbyi t sex pr es spowe r si nAr t i c l e41,bec a us ei ti samea s ur e nec es s ar yf ort hee f f ec t i vee xer c i s eofi t spower st oma i nt a i norr es t or e i nt e r nat i ona lpeac e・ Pr os ec ut i onofpe r s onsr es pons i bl ef ors er i ousvi ol at i onsofi nt e r nat i ona lhuma ni t a r i a nl a wc ommi t t edi nt het er r i t or yoft heFor merYugos l a vi ai squl nt eS S e nt i a l l yaj udi c i a lma t t e r ・I tneedst obee xer c i s ednot t hr ougha r bi t r a r ypuni s hme ntbyapol i t i c a lol ` ga n,butbya ni nde pendent j udi c i alor ga n,TheSt a t ut eoft heTr i bunali nc l udedi nSec ur l t yCounc i l Res ol ut i on827( 1 99 3)C l ea r l yi ndi c a t est hatt hi sj udi c i a lf unc t i oni sexe r c i s e db yaj udi c i a l ,al t hougha dhoc ,or ga n,i na c c or da nc ewi t hj udi c i a l pr oc edur es ・ TheUni t e dNat i onsCompe ns at i onComnu ' s s i on Anot he re xa mpl ei st heUni t edNat i onsCompens a t i onCommi s s i onc ont e mpl a t edi nRes ol ut i on68 7( 1 991 ) , t oe va l ua t el os s ess uf f e r eda sar es ul t ofl r aq' si nva s i onofKuwai ta ndt or es ol vedi s put edc l a i msaSt OI r aq' S 3 3 2S ATO 1 991 )ba s e d l i a bi l i t yf ort hos el os s e s ,a nde s t a bl i s he dbyRe s ol ut i on692( upont her e por tbyt heSe c r e t a r yGe ne r a l .TheCommi s s i on' spr mc l pa l bodyi st heGove r ni ngCounc i l ,whi c hi sc ompos e dofr e pr e s e nt a t i ve sof mec ur r e ntme mbe r so ft heSe c ur i t yCounc i la ta nyg l Ve nt i me・ TheGove r ni ngCounc i l i st hepol i c y一 ma ki ngor ga na nda dmi ni s t r a t oroft heUni t e d Na t i onsCompe ns a t i onFundf orpa y me ntofc l a i msa ga i ns tI r a q;a ss uc h, i tha sr e s po ns i bi l i t yf ore s t a bl i s hi ngg ui de l i ne sonma t t e r ss uc ha st he a dmi ni s t r a t i ona nd丘na nc l ngOft heCompe ns a t i onFund,a ndt hepr oc e dur e st obea ppl i e di nt hepr oc e s s l ngOfc l a i ms . TheGove r ni ngCounc i li s a s s i s t e dbyanumbe ro fc omm is s i one r s ,whoa r ee xpe r t si nf ie l dss uc ha s ina f nc e, l a w, ns i ur a nc e, a nde nvi r onme nt a lda ma gea s s e s s me nt , a nda c ti n t he i rpe r s ona lc a pa c i t y. Whi l et heCo mmi s s i oni ss a i dnott obeac our tor a na r bi t r a lt r i buna l ,i tpe r f or msa tl ea s taqua s i j udi c i a lf unc t i oni nt he s e ns et ha ti te xa mi ne si ndi v i dua lc l a i ms ,ve r i 丘e st he i rva l i di t y,e va l ua t e s l os s e s ,a nda s s e s s e spa yme nt s .Gi ve nt hena t ur eoft hi sf unc t i on,i ti se s s e nt i a lt ha ts omee l e me nt sofduepr oc e s sbebui l ti nt ot hepr oc e dl l r e, a nd t ha tt heGove r ni ngCounc i le s t a bl i s ht heg ui de l i ne sr e ga r di ng也ec l a i ms pr oc e dur e. Pa ne l snor ma l l yc ompos edoft hr eec ommi s s i one r si mpl e me nt t he s eg ui de l i ne si nr e s pe c tofc l aim st ha ta r epr e s e nt eda ndr es ol ut i on ofdi s put e dc l a i ms ・The yma ket hea ppr opr i a t er e c ommβnda t i onst ot he Gove r ni ngCounc i l , whi c hi nt ur nma ke s仇e丘na lde t e r mi na t i on・ Whi l et heCommi s s i onc oul dbel e ga l l yba s edupont hei mpl i e dpowe r unde rCha pt e rVI It opr ovi dej st u i c ea ndr e s ol veout s t a ndi ngI s s ue sa f t e r ade va s t a t nga i r me dc onf li c t , Ki r g i sc r i t i que di t se s t a bl i s hme nta sf ol l ows : - I no nei mp o r t a nt r e s pe c t , h o we v e r , t h eme c h a n i s ml a c k se s s e n t i a l p r o c e d t l r a l s a f e 一 g u a r d s . Th ewho l ep r o c e d u r ei ss u pe r is v e db yaGo v e r n ngCo i u nc i l , wh i c hc o ns i s t so ft h er e p r e s e nt a t i v e so ft heSe c u r i t yCo u n c i l ' sme mbe r sa ta n yg i v e nt i me , a c t l n gno ta Si nd e p e n d e n ti nd i v i d ua l s ,bu t也t he i rg o v e r n me nt a lc a p a c i t i e s . The Go v e r n i ngCo u n c i le s t a b is l h e sr u l e sa n di nt e r pr e t a t i o nsf o ra p p l i c a t i o nb yt he c o i s m s i o n e r s( wh od oa c ti nt he i rpe r s o na lc a pa c i t i e s )a nds e r v e sa st h ea p pe l 1 a t eb o d yf ort her e v i e wo fda ma g ea s s e s s me n t s . Th el e it g l ma C yO ft h i sme c ha n i s m i st h so u pe nt oq ue s t i o n,n o tb e c a us ei twa su n f o r e s e e nn i1 9 4 50 rt h eS e c u r l t y Co u nc i ll a c ke dt hei mp l i e dpo we rt oc r e a t eac o mpe ns a t i o nc o mmi s s i o na f t e ra n a me dc o n 且i c t ,bu tb e c a us et heCo u n c i lhe d g e ds o meba s i cp r mc i p l e so fpr o c e d u r a lf a i r n e s swh e ni tc r e a t e dac o m i s s i o nl a c k i ngi nd e pe nd e n c ef r o mpo l i t i c a l i n l f ue n c e . 80 I nt hel i g htofl e g a l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t y,i ti spos s i bl et oc onc l ude t ha tt heSe c ur i t yCounc i lc a ne s t a bl i s ht heCompe ns a t i onCommi s s i onf or pr oc e s s l ngt hec l a i msa ga i ns tI r a qunde rCha pt e rVI I .Fur t l l e r mOr e,i t woul dnotha v ebe e nr e a l i s t i ca nds ui t a bl et oa doptat r a di t i ona la r bi t r a l pr oc e dur et odea lwi t ht hec l a i ms , be c a us et hehug enumbe rofc l a i msa nd THELEGI TI MACYOFS ECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 3 3 t hedi f F e r e nc e sbe t we e nt he mc ons t i t ut ea ni ns ur mount a bl eobs t a c l et o t hea dopt i onOfac l a s s i ca r bi t r a la ppr oa c h・Howe v e r ,i ti snotde s i r a bl e t ha tt heGove r nl ngCo unc i la c t l nga Sapol i t i c a lor ga ni se nga ge di nt he pe r f or ma nc eofj udi c i a lf unc t i onst ot hee xt e ntt ha tpr oc e s s l ngt hec l a i ms l a g a l nS tl r a qe nt a i l st heba s i c a l l yj udi c i a lt a s ksofe xa ml nl ngi ndi v i dua l c l a i ms , ve r i yi f ngt he i rva l i di t y,e va l ua t i ngl os s e s ,a nda s s e s s i ngp? y me nt s ・ I t wi l l not pos s e s ss u銃C i e ntl e g i t i ma c yc ons i de r e da ga l nS tt her e qul r e me nt S ofaf unc t i ona ls e pa r a t i onofpowe r swi t havi e wt opr e ve nt l nga bus eof a nde ns ur l ngpr ope re xe r c i s eofpowe r s ・ TheUni t e dNa t i onsI r aqKuwai tBounda r yDe mar c at i onCommi s s i on Thedut yoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i l t or e s pe c tt het e r r i t or i a l i nt e g r l t yOfs t a t e s wa sa not he ri s s ueboundupi nRe s ol ut i on68 7( 1 9 91 ) .Si nc et heSe c ur i t y Counc i lwa ss e tupt oma i nt a i nt hepol i t i c a li nde pe nde nc eofs t a t e sa nd ha snoa d j udi c a t or ypowe r st ope r ma ne nt l ya l l oc a t er i g ht sori mpos et he t e r msofas e t t l e me ntofadi s put eors i t ua t i onona nys t a t e, l tC OnS e que nt l y f ol l owst ha ti tha snor i ghtt ope r ma ne nt l ya l l oc a t et i t l et ot e r r i t or y, Ort o de t a c hort r a ns f e rs ove r e l g nt yOve rapor t i onofas t a t e' St e r r i t or y, wi t hout t hec ons e ntoft ha ts t a t e・81 wi t hr e s pe c tt ot hede ma r c a t i onoft hel r a qKuwa i tbounda r yi ndi c a t edi nRe s ol ut i on68 7,t heSec r e t a r yGe ne r a l ,a t t her e que s toft heSec ur i t yCounc i l ,e s t a bl i s he dt heUr it edNa t i onsI r a qKuwa i tBounda r yDe ma r c a t i onCommi s s i on.TheCommi s s i onwa sc ompos e dofoner e pr e s e nt a t i veea c hf r om I r a qa ndKu wa i ta ndt hr e ei ndepe nde nte x pe r t sa ppoi nt e dbyt heSe c r et a r yGe ne r a l , oneofwhomwoul d s e r vea sc ha i r ma n・TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l ,a c t l ngunde rCha pt e rVI Iof t heCha r t e r ,una ni mous l ya dopt e dRe s ol ut i on8 3 3,i nwhi c hi te ndor s e d t heCommi s s i on' sr e por ta nda 抗r me dt ha tt heCo mmi s s i on' sde c i s i onson t hede ma r c a t i onoft hebounda r ywe r eana l . TheSe c ur i t yCounc i la s s e r t s t ha tt hi sope r a t i onwa sade ma r c a t i onofa ne xi s t i ngbounda r ya ndnota de l i mi t a t i onofwha tt hebounda r ywas ;l na not he rwor ds ,t ha tt heCom一 mi s s i onwa snotr e a l l oc a t l ngt e r r i t or ybe t we e nI r a qa ndKuwa i t ,butwa s s i mpl yc a r r yl ngOutat e c hni c a lt a s k・ I nt hel i ghtofl e ga l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t y,l ti st r uet ha tt he r ee xi s t e d t heAg r e e dMi nut e sof4Oc t obe r1 9 6 3,S e t t i ngoutt hei nt e r na t i ona l bounda r ybe t we e nI r a qa ndKuwa i t , a ndt ha tl r a qa c c e pt e dRe s ol ut i on6 8 7 1 nwhi c ht heSe c ur i t yCounc i lde ma nde dt ha tI r a qa ndKuwa i tr e s pe c tt he i nv i ol a bi l i t yoft hei nt e r na t i ona lbounda r ybe t wee nt he m・ I nt hi ss e ns e, i t s e e msha r dl ypos s i bl et oc r i t l quet hel e ga l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yoft he a c t i onst ha tt heSe c ur l t yCounc i lt ook. Howe ve r ,i ti sa l s ot r uet ha tt he r ee xi s t e dadi s put ebe t we e nI r a qa nd Kuwa i tont heva l i di t yoft heAg r e e dMi nut e s ・Ⅰ twa sa l s opoi nt e dout , a f t e rac a r e f ula na l y s i s ,t ha t"t os a yt ha tt heCommi s s i onwa sme r e l y 3 3 4S ATO e . nga g e di n at e c hni c a lde ma r c a t i one xe r c i s ei sa .c Pns i de r a bl el ove r s l mpl i 丘c a t i on1 ,e ve ni fi ti sa l s ot r uet ha tt heCom s s l OnWa snotr e a l l oc a t mgt e r r i t or y・=82 Unde rt he s ec i r c ums t a nc e s ,whi l et hede t e r mi na t i on ofwhe r et he bounda r yl a ybe t we e nI r a qa ndKuwa i twa sne c es s a r yf ort her e s t or a t i on a ndc ont i nue dma i nt e na nc eofi nt e r na t i ona lpe a c ea nds e c ur i t y,i tc oul d bec ont e nde dt ha tt hi ss houl dha vebe e nc a r r i e doutbya ni nde pe nde nt j udi c i a l t r i buna l t obee s t a bl i s he dunde rt hea ut hor i t yoft heCounc i l . Al s o, t heSe c ur i t yCounc i l ,a st hema i ngua r a nt orofi nt e r na t i ona lor de r ,ha s i ns uc hc a s e sar e s pons i bi l i t yt oe ns ur et ha tj us t i c ei ss e e nt obedone be t we e nt hepa r t i e sbyr e f e r r i ngt hema t t e rt ot heI nt e r na t i ona lCour t ofJ us t i c eore s t a bl i s hi ngaj udi c i a lt r i buna l也a tc a nde c i det hema t t e r t hr oug hj udi c i a lpr oc e s s .Conc e r ni ngt hi sma t t e r ,Sa r oos hima ke st hef o1 l owl ngpOl nt : Th ep o i n ti st ha tt hec ho i c eo fi ns t i t ut i o n lr a e s p o n s ei so fc r uc i li a mpo r t a n c ea l s o i nd e t e r ml nl n gt hel o ng t e n e fe c t i v j B ne S SO ft h eCo u n c i l ' sa c t i o ns ・A t ib r u na l Wo u l dha v ep r o v i d e dt hea p p r o p r l a t ej ud i c i a ls a f e g ua r d st oe ns l l r et ha tt h ea r g l ト me n t so fb o t hS t a t e swe r ef ul l yh e a r da ndg i v e nd u ewe i g h ti n as u b s e q u e nt d e c i s i o n. Th i swo ul dc o n t r i b u t es i g n i 丘c a n t l yt o也母pe r c e p t i o nb yt hepa r t i e s也a t j u s t i c ewa si nf a c td o neb e t we e nt he m, a id, i ti st h uss u b it m t e d, as i g ni 丘c a n tc o nt r i b u t i o nwou l db ema det ot h el e g i t i ma c yo fa n ys u bs e qu e n te n or f c e me n ta c t i o n b yt h eCo u nc i lt ha tma yb en e c e s s a r yt oe n f o r c et h ede c i s i o no ft het r i b u na l ・ 83 TheCha r t e rc onf e r sdi fe r e ntpowe r suponUni t e dNa t i onsor g a ns ,c ons i s t e ntwi 也t hec ompos i t i o nof血os eor ga ns .TheSe c ur i t yCounc i li s c ompos e doft hemos tpowe 血 ls t a t e s( a tl ea s ta tt het i meofi t se s t a bl i s hme nt ) ,a ndc ons e que nt l yma nt i a i nst hei nhe r e ntc a pa c i t yt oc oe r c e c ompl i a nc ewi t hi t sde c i s i ons . Fort heSe c ur i t yCounc i l ,howe ve r , t her e s ol ut i onofi s s ue sofl a wi nadi s pos i t i vema nne ri snotc ons i s t e ntwi t hi t s r ol ea se xe c ut i vee nf or c e r ,nori st heSe c ur i t yCounc i lequl ppe dwi t ht he c ompos i t i ona ndpr oc e s ss ui t a bl ef ort hee xe r c i s eofs uc hpowe r s .The Se c ur i t yCounc 止,e ve nwhe na c t l ngunde rCha pt e rVI Ioft heCha r t e r ,i s notaj udi c i a lor ga nc a pa bl eofa dopt i ng丘na lde c i s i onsont her i g ht sof pa r t i e s ・ Unl i ket hede c i s i onsofj udi c i a lor g a ns , i t sde c i s i onsa r et he r e f or e note nt i t l edt or e sj udi c at ae fe c t. 84 I nt hes a mewa y,whe nt heSe c ur l t y Counc i lma ke sl e ga lde t e r mi na t i ons ,i ts houl dnoti nc or por a t epol i t i c a l c ons i de r a t i onsi nt oi t sde c i s i onma ki ng.Cons i de r i ngpol i t i c a lf a c t or si s i na ppr opr l a t ebe c a sel u a w, unl i kepol i t i c s , i spr l ma r i l yba s edonc ons i de r a t i onsoff a i r ne s sa ndnor ma t i vea ppl i c a t i onsofr ul e s ・ 85 Th us ,whe nt he Se c ur i t yCounc i ls t e psi nt ot hej udi c i a l , r a t he rt ha ne xe c ut i ve, unc f t i on, i t i si mpor t a ntt of ul 丘ls uc hr e qul r e me nt Sa Si nde pe nde nc ef r om pol i t i c a l i nf lue nc e sa ndr e qui r e me nt si nhe r e nti nj udi c i a lf unc t i on( S l l C ha sdue THELEGI TI MACYOFSECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 3 5 pr oc e s s ,publ i c a t i onofj us t i iedr f eas onl ng,Pr l nC i pl eofne moj ude xi ns ua c d〟 ∫ α,a ndequa l i t yofpar t i es ) . Qua s i l e gi s l at i v epowe r s Whet hert heSec ur l t yCounc i lhasqua s i l egi s l at i vepowe r sde pe ndsupon t hede ini f t i onof"l egi s l a t i vepowe r s ・ ' 'Ana nr ma t i vec onc l us i onmi ght f ol l owi fwes t a r tf r om awi del yac c e pt edde ini f t i onofl e gi s l a t i veaut hor i t y i nt heUN s e t t l ng;t ha ti s ,t hat"l egi s l at i veac t sha vet hr eees s e nt i a lc ha r a c t e r i s t i c s : t he va r euni l a t e r a li nf or m, t he yc r eat eormodi f ys omeel e me nt ofl ega lnor m,a ndt hel ega lnor mi nque s t i oni sge ne r a li nna t ur e,t hati s , di r ec t edt oi ndet er mi nat eaddr es s eesa ndc a pa bl eofr e peat eda ppl i c a t i on i nt i me・ =8 6Ki r gl S ,f r om t hi svi e wpol nt ,ma kest hef ol l owl ngas s es s ment : nd42, but t r e s s e dbyAr t i c l e s25a nd48, C l e a r l ya ut ho r i s e UNCha r t e rAr t i c l e s41a t heSe c ur i t yCo unc i l t ot a kel e g i s l a t i v ea c t i o ni nt he[ a bo v e ]s e ns e . Thus , e c onomi c s a nc t i o nsund e rAr t i c l e41ha v ebe e nu ni l a t e r a li nf or m( a do pt e dbyt hef i f t e e nme mbe rSe c ur i t yCo unc i lr a t he rt ha na g r e e me nto fa l lUNme mbe r s ) ;t he yha v e c r e a t e do rmodi ie f dl e g a lno r ms( bi nd i ngr ul e s ) ;a ndt he yha v ebe e ng en e r a l i nna t ur e( d i r e c t e dt oa l lm9 mbe rs t a t e sa nds o me t i me se v e nt ono n一 me mbe r s , a l t houg hAr t i c l e48( 1 )pe r ml t St he mt obedi r e c t e dmor es e l e c t i v e l y) . 8 7 I ti sdeba t a bl ewhet heronec anc ons i de ra sl egi s l at i vet henat ur eoft he powe r se xe r c i s edunde rCha pt e rVI I ,pa r t i c ul a r l yAr t i c l e41,a sKi r gi s does ・ I twoul dr a t herbec ons i de r eda sc onc r et ee xec ut i on, a st he s epowe r s a r enor ma l l ye xe r c i s edwi t hr ega r dt opa r t i c ul a rc a s esi nt hec ont e xtof ma i nt a i nl ngOrr eS t Or l ngl nt e r nat i ona lpeac ea nds ec ur l t y・ 8 8Howeve r , ma nyoft henor msofc onduc tembodi edi n,f ore xa mpl e,Res ol ut i on661 ( 1990)a dopt edunde rAr t i c l e41ar ege ne r a li nnat ur e,di r ec t edt oa l l members t at esasaddr es s ees ,a l t houghl i mi t edt ot hei rr e l a t i ons hi pwi t h I r aqorKuwa i t ・Suc hc onc e pt sa sl egi s l at i onorexec ut i ona r enots t r i c t l y de 丘nedi nt hec ont e xtofSec ur i t yCounc i lpower s ,nora r et he ygl Ve nl egal l ynor mat i veefec t s . Thes epower sc a n,t he r e f or e,s i mpl ybedes c r i bed asqua s i 1 egi s l a t i ve・ 8 9 Thedi s a r ml ngOfI r aq,oneoft hema i nobj ec t i ve sofRes ol ut i on687 ,mi ghtbedes c r i beda sa. c as eofquas i l egi s l a t i on,noti nt hea bove ( 1991) s ens e,buti nt hes e ns eofc r ea t l ngne w Obl i ga t i onsf orI r aqt hathadnot e xi s t edpr i ort ot heena c t mentoft hi sr es ol ut i on・ 9 0Fore xa mpl e,a l t hough t hePr ot oc olf ort hePr ohi bi t i on oft heUs ei nWarofAs phyxi at l ng, Poi s onousorOt herGas es ,a ndofBa c t er i ol ogl C a lMet hodsofWa r f a r e onl yr es t r i c t st he"us e"ofs uc hmat e r i al s ,Res ol ut i on687r equi r edt he "des t r uc t i on"oft hos ewea ponsa ndpr ohi bi t edI r aqf r omeve npos s es s l ng t henec es s a r ya gent s ・However ,t heSe c ur l t yCounc i l ,i nt hepr ea mbl et o Res ol ut i on687,l a i doute vi de nc es uppor t l ngl t S丘ndi ngt hatI r a qc ont i nuedt obeat hr eatt oi nt er nat i ona lpeac e;s pec i 丘c a l l y,I r aq' spr oc l i vi t y 336 S ATO t owa r da ggr es s i on,e vi de nc edbyi t st hr ea t st ous eout l a wedwea ponr y a ndi t spa s ti ns t a nc esofaggr es s i on.Thus ,onec omme nt a t orc onc l uded: "Thes ei nc r ea s edobl i ga t i onswe r el ogi c a la ndr eas ona bl ee xt ens i onsof t heGe ne vaPr ot oc ol ,es pec i a uygl Ve nt hel r aqlpr Ope nS l t yt Ous ea nd t hr eat e nt ous et hes ewea pons ・ =9 1 Thec onc l us i onr ea c hedi nt hea boves ec t i on,c onc e r nmgt hema t t e rof whet he rt heSe c ur it yCounc i lha st hel e ga lpowert oi mpos eabi ndi ngdi s put es e t t l ementunderCha pt e rVI I ,W山 appl yt ot hes ea ndot he rc as es 9 2 ofqua s i l eg i s l a t i on.Tha ti st os a y,t hef ur t he raSec ur i t yCounc i la c t i or L , a ne xe r c i s eofquas i l l egi s l at i vepowe r s ,i sf rom i t senf or c e me nta c t i vi t y f orma i nt a i nl ngOrr eS t Or l ngi nt er nat i ona lpeac ea nds ec ur i t y,t hemor e c ons i de r a t i oni st obegi ve nt os uc 血r equl r eme nt SaSC Onf or mi t ywi t hpr hc i pl e sofj us t i c ea ndi nt e r nat i ona ll a w,a ndr es pec toft hef unda me nt a l c ons i de r a t i onofhuma ni t y.Thi si si na c c or da nc ewi t ht hepr operi nt er pr et a t i onoft heUNCha r t e r , pa r t i c ul a r l yCha pt e rVI I ,a swe l la swi t ht he e xpe c t a t i onora nxi et yt hatmos toft heme mbers t at esha vewi t hr e gar d t ot hee xe r c i s eofquas i l e gi s l at i vepowe r sbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i l . Judi c i alr e v i e wbyt heCour ta saf ac t orf orl e gi t i mi z at i on Nei t he rt heUN Cha r t e rnort heSt at ut eoft hel nt e ma t i ona lCour tof J us t i c edi r ec t l yaddr es s est heques t i onofj udi c i a lr evi e w. Thus ,Gr ae f r a t h poi nt sout : Thef ou nde r so ft heCha r t e rd i dnot丘ndi tne c e s s a r yt oe x pl i c i t l yf o r mul a t e ama nda t ef o rt heCour tt or e v i e wt hel e g a l i yo t fGe ne r a lA ss e mb l yo rS e c ur i y t Co unc i lr e s o l u t i o ns .The yt ho ug htt ha tt hes y s t e mo ft hev e t owo ul ds u凪c ea sa c he c ka ndba l a nc ede ic v ea g a ns i tt hepl e ni t udeo ft heSe c ur i y Co t unc i l ' spo we r s ・ The ywe r eo ft hev i e wt ha tt hed i 丘e r e ntpo l i t i c a li nt e r e s t so fs e v e r lS a upe r po we r s wo ul dpr e v e ntd e c i s i o nso ft heSe c ur i t yCou ndlf r o mg o ngbe y o ndt heCha r t e r , a nd也a tt hi spol i t i c a lde v i c ewou l de ns ur et ha tt heUNwa snotr e d u c e dt oat oo l o fones u pe r po we r ・ 9 3 Si il m a r l y,t heCour t ,i nt heCe r t a i nExpe ns esCas e,hadt hef ol l owl ng pol ntt Oma ke: I nt hel e g a ls y s t e msofSt a t e s ,t he r ei so f t e ns omepr o c e d ur ef o rde t e r ini m ngt he va l i d i t yo fe v e nal e is g l a t i v eo rg o v e r n me nt a la c t ,butnoa na l o g ouspr oc e dur ei s t ob ef o undi nt hes t r uc t ur eo ft heUn i t e dNa t i o ns .Pr o po s a l sma ded ur i n gt h e d r a f t i ngo ft heCha r t e rt op l a c et heul t i ma t ea ut ho r i t yt oi nt e r pr e tt heCha r t e ri n t heI nt e r na t i o na lCo u r tofJ us t i c ewe r enota c c e pt e d; t heo pl mO nWh i c ht heCou r t i sht hec our s eo fr e nde r ngl i Sa na d v i s o r yo pi n i o n. sa A n t i c i pa t e di n1945, t he r e f o r e , e a c ho r g a nmus t , i nt he丘r s tpl a c ea tl e a s t , de t e r inei m t so nJ w is m d i c t i o n・ 9 4 THELEGI TI MACY OFS ECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 3 7 Howeve r ,i tnow s ee mspr oba bl et hatt he Cour tc oul di nt er pr ett he Cha r t era ndj udget hel e ga l i t yofaSec ur l t yCounc i lr es ol ut i onbot hi n a dvi s or yopl ni onsa ndi nc ont ent i ousc a s es . Fi r s t l y,t heGe ner a lAs s e mbl y a ndt heSec ur l t yCounc i lha vec ompet e nc et or eques tana dvi s or yopl ni on ona nyl ega lques t i on,whet he rornoti ta r i s eswi t hi nt hes c opeoft hei r a c t i vi t i e s . TheCour t , i nt heNami bi aCa s e, madet hi spoi ntC l ea rbys t a t i ng: Undou bt e d l y,t heCou r tdoe snotpos s e s spo we r so fj ud i c i a lr e v i e w ora ppe a l i nr e s pe c to ft hed e c i s i o nst a k e nbyt heUni t e dNa t i o nso r g a nsc o nc e r ne d・The q ue s t i onso ft hev a l i d i t yorc onf o r ml t yWi t ht heCha r t e ro fGe ne r a lAs s e mbl y r e s o l ut i o n21 45( XXⅠ )o ro fr e l a t e dSe c ur i t yCo un c i lr e s o l ut i o nsdoe sno tf o r m t hes u b j e c to ft her e que s tf ora dv i s o r yo pl ni o n.Ho we v e r ,1 nt hee x e r c i s eo fi t s r t , i nt hec o u r s e j ud i c i a l unc f t i o na nds i nc eo b j e c t i o nsha v ebe e na d va nc e dt heCou o fi t sr e a s on l ng ,Wi l lc o ns i de rt he s eob j e c t i onsbe f o r ede t e r mi nl nga n yl e g a lc on s e q ue nc e sa r i s l ngf r o mt hos er e s o l ut i ons ・ 9 5 :"What e vert he Sec ondl y,l nt heLoc ke r bi eCa s e,t heCour thel dt hat s i t uat i onpr e vi oust ot headopt i onof[ Sec ur i t yCounc i lRes ol ut i on748 ( 1992) ] ,t her i ght sc l ai medbyLi byaunde rt heMont r ea lConvent i on c a nnotnowber ega r deda sa ppr opr l a t ef orpr ot ec t i onbyt hei ndi c at i onof pr ovi s i ona lmea s ur es ・ "Thema J Or l t yOpl ni ont husr el i e dont heCounc i l r e s ol ut i onwi t houtaddr es s l ngt heques t i onofwhet heri tmi h tbeul g t r a v i r e s .However ,s e ver a lj udgesc l a r i iedt f hei rbel i eft ha tt her e j ec t i onof Li byaヮ sa ppl i c a t i onf orpr ovi s i onalmea s ur esdi dnoti mpl yt ha tt heCour t wasHa bdi c a t [ i ng] Hi t sr ol east hepr i nc i pa lj udi c i alor ga noft heUni t ed Nat i ons . A numberofj udges , f ur t he r mor e, be l i evedt ha tt heCour ts houl d c ons i derwhe t hert heCounc i l ' sa c t i onswe r eval i d.Onec omme nt a t orc onc l udeda sf ol l ows : I ns um, t heI, i byad e c i s i onma r ke dt hef ir s tt i meas i g ni ic f a ntpo r t i onoft heWo r l d Cou r ti nt i ma t e di tc o ul de x e r c i s eapowe rofj ud i c i a lr e v i e wi nc o nt e nt i ou sc a s e s . Thi sde v e l o pme nti si mpor t a ntno ts i mpl ybe c a us eac o nt e nt i ousc a s eha sa r g ua b l yg r e a t e rpr e c e de nt i a lv a l uet ha na na d v i s o r yc a s e;i ta l s os ug g e s t st ha tt he Co ur tdoe sno tt hi nkj udi c i a lr e v i e ws ho ul dbee x e r c i s e donl ywhe ni mpl i c i t l yor ff e c to f e x pl i c i t l ye nd or s e dbyaUNor g a ns e e ki n ga na d v i s or yo pl ni o nont hee t ha tH or g a n' sa c t s H・ 9 6 Howeve r ,t hepr e s entmec ha ni s m ofj udgi ngt hel ega l i t y ofSec ur l t y Counc i lr es ol ut i ons ,ei t heri nadvi s or yopl ni onsori nc ont ent i ousc as es , i s ve r yl i mi t ed.I nac ont ent i ousc as e,t hema t t e rde pendsonwhet hert wo s t at esac c eptt hej ur i s di c t i onoft heCour ti nac as ewher et hei s s uebe t ween t he mi ses s ent i a l l yr el at edt ot hel e gal i t yofaSec ur i t yCounc i lr es ol ut i on・ Thi sc oul dbeaver yr a r ei nc i dent .Asf ort hea dvi s or yopl ni on,nei t her 3 3 8 SATO t heGener a lAs s embl ynort heSec ur i t yCounc i lhasbeenac t i vei nut i l i z1 ngt hi smec hani s m. I thasbeenc or r ec t l ypoi nt edoutt hatt h9ques t i onofj udi c i alr evi ew s houl dnotbea ppr oac hedf r om an al l or not hi ngvi ewpoi nt ,S nc i et he Cour ti sonl yoneofmany( de) l egi t i mat or s .Al var ezhadt hef ol l owi ng pol ntt Omake: [ T] heWo r l dCour t ' sr i g htt oc r i t i quet heCounc i ls houl dnotbepr e mi s e dont he pr opos i t i ont ha tt heCour ti st he"onl yi ns t i t ut i on"c a pa bl eofve r i f y i ngmel a w・ Ast hedr a f t e r soft heCha r t e rc onc ede d,t heus ua lt es tf orc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yi s t yofc a s e st ha tr ea c ht heCour ta ndt he "g e ne r a la c c e pt a nc eH, a nd, g i ve nt hepa uc i ne e df o rda yt oda yde c i s i ons ,e a c hUN or ga ni sus ua l l yi nC ha r g eof" ve r i f yi ng l e ga l i t y"a ndt y pi c a l l ydoe ss owi t houti nc i de nt .AsUSc ons t i t ut i ona ls c ho l a r s ha venot e d,i ns t i t ut i ona lpr a c t i c e sha v eha da smuc h( ormor e )t odowi t hc e r t a i n c ons t i t ut i ona lde ve l o pme nt si nt heUn i t e dSt a t e sa st heUSSupr e meCour t ・ Gi ve n ,i ti sunwa r r a nt e dt oa s s ume t hehug el a c una ei nc a s el a wa ndi t sha pha z a r dna t ur e t ha tc ons t i t l l t i ona lde ve l opme ntori nnova t i onne c e s s a r i l yr e l i e sonaj udi c i a li pr l ma t urOrt ha tt hel e g i t i ma io t nofs uc hde ve l opme nt sr e qul r e SaC Our t ' sbl e s s i ng・ Tha tnot i oni spa r t i c ul a r l ypr obl e ma t i ci nt hec ont e xtoft heUni t e dNa ionsa t nd t heSe c ur it yCounc i l-whe r et heCour t ' si nvol ve me nt ,g l Ve ni t sj ur i s di c t i ona l l i mi t s , i sne c e s s a r i l ya t t e nua t e dwhe ni tc ome st oj udg i ngt heCounc i l ' sa c t s , whe r e s omec ha s msi nt hel a woft heCha r t e ra r ewi de rt ha na nyg a psi nUSc ons t i t ut i ona ll a w,a ndwhe r ema nyoft hec ons t i t ut i ona li nnova t i onsi npr a c t i c eha venot i nv ol ve dt heCour t ' spa r t i c i pa t i on・97 m - Thi sc ur r ents i t uat i onl eadst ot hec onc l us i ont hati ft heSec ur i t yCounc i l i st obeef f ec t i vei nt hel ongr un, i tneedst odemons t r at et hati ti sus i ngi t s power sj udi c i ous l y. Ont heot herhand,ac c or di ngt OBowet t ,t hec ur r entc as ef orpr ovi dhg t heCour twi t hadi r ec tpowerofj udi c i alr e vi e wr es t sont hr eec ons i der at i ons ・Fi r s t l y,i nmos tdemoc r at i cs oc i et i es ,gover nment al( a nds omet i mes l egi s l a如 e)ac t sar er evi ewabl ebyt hees t abl i s hedc our t ss oast oens ur e t hat也eyar eval i dundert hec ons t i t ut i on;whys houl dt hi snotbet hec as e i nt heUni t edNat i ons ?Thes ec ondi st hatwi t ht het er mi nat i onoft he Col dW ar ,t heSec ur i t yCounc i lc annowoper at ewi t houtpol i t i c alorl egal c ont r ol s ・Andt het hi r di st hat ,wher es uc hor gansar enotpl enar yor gans , t hes t at esnotr epr es ent edi nt hem needs omemeanst oens ur et hatwhat i sdonei n血ei rnamei sc ons t i t ut i onal・98Bas edupont hes ec ons i der at i ons , Bowet tr eac hedt hef ol l owmgconc l us i on: I tmus tbec onc e de dt ha tt he r ea r ef e ws l g nSt ha t ,a tpr e s e nt ,t heme mbe r sof : t heSe c ur i t yCou nc i la r epr e pa r e dt oc ont e mpl a t ej udi c i a lr e vi e wbyt heCour t t heWe s t e m powe r swoul ds e et hi sa sahi ndr a nc ea ndne i t he rRus s i anorChi na t . Buti nt hel ong t e r mi nt e r es t soft he di s pl a y[ S ]a nyg r e a tc on丘de nc ei nt heCour UNt hei de ai swor t hpur s ul ng・99 THELEGI TI MACYOFSECURI TYCOUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 3 9 Whi l e,asnot ed,t heCour ti snotgi ven t hef ul l ledged i f ns t i t ut i ona l powe rofj udi c i a lr evi ew, i tc oul dc e r t ai nl ybeut i l i z edmor ee xt ens i vel yl n i nt e r pr et l ngt heCha r t e ra ndj udgi ngt hel ega l i t yandc ons t i t ut i onal i t yof aSec ur i t yCounc i lr es ol ut i on.Her e,however ,i ti swi s et okeepl nmi nd s omeoft hedi nc ul t i e st hatt heCour twoul dha vet odea lwi t h・Fi r s t l y, t her ea r enoc l ea rl egals t andar dsgl Ve nt Ot heCour t ,f ore xa mpl e,ast o whatc ons t i t ut e sat hr eatt ot hepeac e,abr ea c hoft hepeac e,ora na c tof a ggr es s i on,orast owhet he rac er t a i nmeas ur ei sl i ke l yornec es s a r yt o mai nt ai n orr es t or et hepeac e.Al t hought heCour tma ydec i det ha ta mea s ur ewoul dbec ont r a r yt onor msofj usc oge nsorf unda ment alhuma n r i ght s ,l t Spower ,aSWa sa s s er t edbyJ udgeLaut er pac hti nt heBos ni a Genoc i deConve nt i onCas e,woul dpr oba bl y"note mbr ac ea nyr i ghtof t heCour tt os ubs t i t ut ei t sdi s c r et i onf ort ha toft heSe c ur l t yCounc i li n de t er mi nl ngt hee xi s t enc eofat hr ea tt ot hepeac e,abr eac hoft hepeac e, Ora na c tofa ggr es s i onore ve nt hepol i t i c a ls t e pst obet a ke nf ol l owl ng =100 s uc hade t er mi na t i on. Sec ondl y, ac t i veut i l i z a t i onoft heCour ti nj udgi ngt heCounc i l ' Sa c t i ons mi ghtha ves omenega t i vei nf luenc eont heCour ti t s el fi fadmi ni s t e r ed c a r e l es s l y.Al va r e zga vet hef ol l owl ngadmoni t i on: Tot hee x t e ntt heWo r l dCour tbe c ome smor es y s t e ma t i c a l l yl nV O l v e di nt hepa r t i s a ns t r u g g l e so ft l l eCou nc i l , i tma ybe " pol i t i c i z e d". ‥i nc r e a s e dj ud i c i a lr e v i e w ma ybl u rt hepr e s e ntd i s t i n c t i o nsbe t we e nt hepr o pe rr ol e sf orCo ur ta ndCo unc i l , po l i t i c sa ndl a w. Whi l et hebl umngOft he s ed i s t i nc t i o nsma ynotpos es os e r i ousa l e g i t i ma c ypr o bl e mf ord ome s t i cl e g a lr ul e s ,wh i c ha r eba c ke dbye fe c t i v ei n s t i t ut i ona l i s e ds a nc t i ons ,t hec o ns e q ue nc e sf o rt hel e g l t i ma c yo fi nt e r na t i ona ll a w ma ybel nu C hg r a v e r ,Gi v e nt het e nuousl e g l t i ma c yo fI CJj udg e s ,t ur nl l l gt l l e m i nt oumpl r e SOft heCounc i l ' spol i t i c a lg a me si st o or i s k y・ 1 0 1 Thes epr obl e ms ,however ,Woul dpr oba bl ynotc ons t i t ut ei ns ur mount a bl eobs t a c l esi npr omot l ngt hel egl t i ma c yofSec ur l t yCounc i la c t i onsby i nvol vi ngt heCour tt oar eas ona bl ee xt entwi t hpol i t i c alwi s dom・102 1 ti s t r uet hatt he r ei sl i t t l epos s i bi l i t yf ort hef ul l ledgedi f ns t i t ut i onalpower ofj udi c i alr e vi ew,l i ket ha tf oundi nna t i ona lgover nl ngS ys t e ms ,t Obe br oughti nt ot hel e gals t r uc t ur eoft heUl i t edNa t i onsbyaf or ma la mendme ntoft heCha r t e r .However ,t heCour tc anj udget hel ega l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofaSec ur l t yCounc i ll ・ eS Ol ut i onwi t hi nt hepr es ent ,a l t hough l i mi t ed, l e ga lf r a me wor kdes c r i be dabove. Fur t her mor e, t het hr eer eas ons t ha tBowet tpoi nt souta sgr oundsf orhi sa r gumentdel e gef e r e ndaof i nt r oduc i ngt hef ul l 月edgedi ns t i t ut i ona lpowerofj udi c i a lr e vi e wa r eal s o p er s uas i vea sgr oundsf ort hea r gumentdel e gel at a ofmor ea c t i ve l y i nvol vi ngt heCour tei t heri nadvi s or yopl ni onsori nc ont ent i ousc as es ・I n t hel i ghtoft hes ec ons i der a t i ons ,t hef ol l owl ngpOl nt ,madebyFr a nc k,i s c e r t a i nl yJ uS t i Ged: 340 S ATO Wh i l ei two u l dbef o o l ha r d y-a n de n t i r e l yI mp r o ba b l e-f ort h eCo u r tt os u b s t i t u t ei t sj ud g me nto fwha tc o n s it t u t e sa" t h r e a tt ot hep e a c e "a ndwha tme a s u r e s hr e a t ,s o med e g r e eo fc o mp et e n c et or e v i e w a r ea p p r o pr i a t ei n me e t ngs i uc hat Co u n c i ld e c i s i o n si se s s e nt i lt a oma nt i a l mn gt h ec o n 丘 d e n c eo fa l lt h es t a t e st ha t h a v ef r e e l yc h o s e nt od e l e g a t es pe c i i f Ca ndl i it m e dpo we r st oas u p r a n a t i o na l o r g n a wi t hr e s t r i c t e dme mb e r s l l i p・ J ud i c i a l r e v i e wf o rH g r o s sa b u s eo fd i s c r e t i o nHwo ul d e n h a n c es i g n i 丘 C nt a l yt hea u t h o r i t yo ft heCo u nc i lb ya s s u r l ngme mb e r so ft heUN ha ti t sa c t i o n sr e ma i na c c o u n t a b l et ot he -e s ec p i ll a yt ho s eno to nt h eCo u n c i l-t Cha r t e ra n dt heme mb e r s h i p1 1 0 3 Concl us i on I Ani nt e r e s t i ngf a c ti s血a tf ort hepa s ts e ve r a lye a r s ,i nt e r na t i ona ll e ga l s c hol a r sha ver e f e r r edt ot hec onc e ptofl e g i t i 血a c ynotonl yi nt hos ea r t i c l e sa na l y s i ngt hel e g i t i ma c yoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i l ,buta l s oi nt hos e di s c us s mgt hel e g a l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofv a r i ousa c t i v i t i e sby也e Se c ur i t yCounc i l .Asha sbe e nde mons t r a t e d山 地i sc ha pt e r ,t heSe c ur i t y Counc i lha si nc r ea s mg l ys t e ppe di nt ol e ga l l ygr e ya r e a sf r omt hepe r s pe c t i veoft heUNCha r t e r . I nc r ea s l ngr e f e r e nc e st ot hec onc e ptofl e g i t i ma c y i nl e ga ll i t e r a t ur ewoul dbeac l ea ri ndi c a t i ont ha tt hel e ga l i t yo rc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofva r i ousa c t i vi t i e sbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i li sa mbi g uousor ra f g i l ea tbe s t . Mor es pe c i 丘c a uy,t heSe c ur i t yCounc i lha si nc r ea s i ng l ybe e npe r f or ml ngqua S i r j udi c i a la ndqua s i l e g i s l a t i vef unc t i onss i nc et hee ndoft heCol d Wa r tAswa spoi 山e doutbyt heAppea l sCha mbe roft heI nt e r na t i ona l Tr i buna lf ort heFor me rYugos l a vi ah t heTa di cCa s e,t he r ei snoor ga ni z a t i ona ls e pa r a t i onofpowe r si nt heUni t e dNa t i ons ・Thus ,t hel e ga it l y orc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i vi t i e sc a nonl ybej udge di n t hel i g htoft her e l e va ntpr ov i s i onsoft heCha r t e ra ndi t spr a c t i c e・As wa se mpha s i z e di nt hi sda pt e r ,t hemor et heSe c ur i t yCounc i ls t e psi nt o l e ga l l yg r e ya r ea s ,t hemor el eg i t i ma c yl Sr e qui r e df ori t sa c t i v i t i e st obe e fe c t i vea nda c c e pt a bl e. Fort hi spur pos et obea c hi e ve d, muc ha t t e nt i on , s houl dbepa i dt ot her equl r e me nt SOfaf unc t i ona ls e pa r a t i onofpowe r s e ve n也Oug ht hi si snote x pl i c i t l yde t a i l e dht heUNCha r t e r . Thei deaof a na l y t i c a uys e pa r a t i ngSe c ur i t yCounc i la c t i v i t i e si nt oe xe c ut i ve,l e g i s l a t i ve, a ndj udi c i a l f unc t i onst oj udget he i rpr opr i e t yi nt hel i g htof仙ef r a me , ofr e f e r e nc ea ppr opr i a t ef orea c hf unc t i onc a nbec ons i de r e daf unc t i ona l i fnotor ga ni z a t i ona l ,s e pa r a t i onofpowe r si nt hel e s ss t r i c ts e ns eoft he phr a s e. I tc oul dc e r t a i nl ybea r g ue dt ha tt hel e ga lr i g ht sofs t a t e sma ybei mpl ng e duponors us pe nde dbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i li nt hea ppl i c a t i onof c ol l e c t i vee nf or c e me ntmea s ur e s . I tc oul df ur t he r mor ebec ont e nde dt ha t s omequa s i judi c i a la ndqua s i l e is g l a t i vepowe r sa r eg l V e nt Ot heSe c ur l t y Counc i li ni t se nf or c e me nta c t i v i t i e sde e medne c e s s a r yf ort hepur pos e s THELEGI TI MACY OFS ECURI TY COUNCI LACTI VI TI ES 3 41 ofmai nt ai nl ngl nt e r na t i onalpeac ea nds e c ur l t y,al t houghnote xpl i c i t l y pr ovi dedf ori nt heUNCha r t e r ・ Howe ver , Onc et heSe c ur l t yCounc i ls t e ps i nt ot hes el egal l yg r e ya r eas ,muc hat t e nt i onmus tbepa i dt ot her equl r e一 ment sofaf unc t i ona ls e pa r at i onofpower s ・ Ont hi spol nt ,howe ve r ,t hepr a c t i c eoft heSec ur l t yCounc i lhasnot beenhi ghl yc ommenda bl e・ Al t hought heSec ur l t yCounc i lhasi nc r eas l ngl y adopt edr es ol ut i onst hati ne l f ec ta mountt oade t e r mi na t i onorc ha r ac t er i za t i onofal e gals i t uat i on,i thasnotpa i de nougha t t ent i ont ot he r equl r ement SOfaf unc t i ona ls e par at i on ofpowe r s ・I ns uc hc a s es ,f or exampl e, ast heUni t edNat i onsCompe ns a t i onCommi s s i ona ndt heUni t ed Nat i onsI r aqKuwa i tBounda r yDema r c a t i onCommi s s i on,t heSec ur l t y Counc i ldi dnots ec ur ej udi c i a li nde pe ndenc e,t husl eadi ngt ot hef r a gi l e f ・I tc oul d l egl t i mac yoft hes ec ommi s s i onsandt heSec ur i t yCounc i li t s e l bec onc l udedt hatt hef ur t he raSec ur i t yCounc i la c t i oni sf r om i mmedi a t e c ol l ec t i veenf or c eme ntmeas ur est opr eve ntat hr ea tt oorbr ea c hoft he peac eoranac tofa ggr es s i on,t hemor el e gl t i mac yl Sr equi r ed;henc e, mor eat t ent i onmus tbepa i dt ot her equl r e me nt SOfaf unc t i ona ls e pa r a t i onofpower s . Legi t i mac y,howeve r ,i sa na mbi guousa ndbr oadc onc e pt ・I tc oul dbe enhancednotonl ybyf ul 丘l l i ngt her e qul r ement SOfaf unc t i ona ls e pa r at i onofpower s ,buta l s obyr ec our s et ot hej udi c i a lr e vi e w mec ha ni s m・ I nt hel egalf r a me wor koft heUni t edNa t i ons ,t heI nt e r na t i ona lCour t ofJ us t i c ei snotgl Ve nadi r ec tpowerofj udi c i alr e vi e w,a ndi t sr ol ei n j udgi ngt hel ega l i t ya ndc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofSec ur l t yCounc i lr es ol ut i onsi s qui t el i mi t ed. However , t hel egi t i ma c yofSec ur i t yCounc i la c t i vi t i e sc oul d beenhanc edbyac t i vel ypr ovi di ngr ec our s et ot hej udi c i a lr e vi e w mec hani s m,es pec i al l ywhe nt hel egal i t yorc ons t i t ut i ona l i t yofs uc ha c t i vi t i esi s notc l ear ・ Her ea gal n, t hemor et heSec ur i t yCounc i ls t epsi nt ol egal l ygr ey ar eas ,t hemor el egl t i mac yl Sr equi r ed,henc et hemor eac t i ver ec our s e, al t houghwi t hi n ar eas ona bl es c ope,t ot hej udi c i a lr evi ew mec ha ni s m s houl dbeenc our a ged. Not es 1 .Ki r g i s ,F.L.J r ,1 9 9 5 .日 Th eS e c u r i t yCo u n c i l ' sF i r s tFi f t yYe a r s ・ HAme r i c a nJ oL L r na l o fI nt e r nat i ona lLa w8 9 : 5 0 6 . Th i sI Sag o o da r t i c l ea n a l y s i n gt h ed e v e l o p me n to ft h e S e c u r i t yCo u n c i l o v e rt h ep a s t5 0y e a r s ・ 2.I t i sn o wc l e a r , h o we v e r , t h a t t h en e we r as i n c et h ee n do f t h eCo l dWa rc a nb ed i v i d e d i n t ot wop er i o d s . Th e f i r s ti sf r o mt h el a t e1 9 8 0 st o1 9 9 4 , wh e nt h eS e c u r i t yCo u n c i l b e c a med r a ma t i c a l l yr e v i t a l i z e da n de x p a n d e dl t Sa C t l V l t i e s ・ Th es e c o n dl Sf r o m1 9 9 4 o n wa r d s ,wh e nt h eWe s t e r nPe r ma n e n tMe mb e r sb e c a mec a u t i o u sf o l l o wl n gt h e i r e x pe r i e n c e sl nS o ma l l aa n dt h eFo r me rYu g o s l a v i a ・ Fu r t h e r mo r e ,Ru s s i aa n dCh i n a o f t e no p p o s e dt h o s et h r e ePe r ma n e n tMe mb e r sa n dp r e v e n t e dS e c u r i t yCo u n c i l a c t i v 1 t i e sp r o p o s e db yt h e m. 3 .Ki r g i s , F. LJ r , H Th eS e c u r i t yCo u n c i l ' sFl r S t Fl f t yYe a r s M( s e en o t e1 , a b o v e ) , 5 3 7 5 3 8 ・ 342 SATO Re por toft heRa ppor t e urofCom i t t e eI V/ 2,a sAppr ov e dbyt heCom i t t e e, "UN 4・" Doc ・9 3 3I V/ 2 / 4 2( 2) ,1 9 45 .Uni t e dNa i i o耶 Con f e r e nc eonI nt e mat i ona 10r ga nL s a t i on Doc u me nl s1 3:6 4 5. 5 .Se e ,f o rde t a i l s ,Sa t o,T. ,1 9 9 6.Ev ol v i ngCo ns t i t ut i onso fI nt e r na t i onal0r ga nL s a t i o ns ・ TheHa g ue: Kl uwe rLa wI nt e r na t i ona l ,1 6 4 11 81 . 6 ・Con f or t i ,B. ,1 9 9 6 .TheLa wa ndPr L Z C t i c eo ft heUni t e dNa t i ons .TheHa g ue :Kl uwe r La wl nt e ma t i ona 1 ,1 6. e,t heUni t e dNa t i onss t r e ng t he ne d 7lBe ne it f ngf i ron t heLe a g ueofNa t i ons 'e x pe ie r nc i t spWpos e si ne c o nomi ca nds oc i a la r e a sa swe l l . 8・K ir iS g , F. L. J r ," n eSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' sFi r s tFi f yYe t a r s "( s e enot e1, a bov e ) , 5 06 -5 09 ・ 9.Me r r i l l s , J ・G. ,1 9 9 8. 1 nt e mat i ona lDi s put eSe t t l e me nt( 3r de d. ) .Ca m br id g e :Ca mbr idge Uni ve r s i t yPr e s s , 24 5-2 4 9. 1 0.Bur c i , G. L. , 1 99 3. " TheMa nt i e na nc eofI nt e r na t i ona lPe a c ea ndSe c ur i ybyt t heUni t e d Na t i ons :Ac t i onsbyぬeSe c u r i t yCounc i lu nde rt heCha pt e rVI Ioft heCha r t e r , Hb Pr o s pe c t sf orRe f or To ft heUni t e dNado nsS y s t e m,e di t e dbyt heI t a ia l n Soc i e t yf o r l nt e ma t i oma lOr ga ms a t i on. Pa do va:CEDAM,1 2 3 ,1 2 4-1 3 1. ll .Se et hea ut hor it i e sc i t e di n Sc ha c ht e r ,0. ,1 9 91 ." Um it edNa t i on s La wi nt heGul f r i c a nJ ouma lo fl nt e T ・ na t i o nalLa w8 5:4 5 2,4 6 4,not e s3 3a nd3 4.Se e Con且i c t . "Ame a l s oKi r g i s ,F.L.J r ," TheSe c ur it yCounc i l ' sFi r s tFi f t yYe a r s "( s e enot e1 ,a bove ) , 5 0 6 -5 0 9. 1 2・Bo we t t , D.W. ,1 9 6 4.Uni t e dNa t i o nsFor c e s I ALe ga lSt ud yo fUni t e dNa t z ' oT WPr a c t i c e ・ Lond on:St e ve nsa ndSo ns ,3 4. 1 3.Goodr ic h,L.M"Ha mbr o,E. ,a ndS i mons ,A.P. ,1 9 69 .TheCha r t e ro ft heUni t e d Na t i ons( 3 r da ndr e v i s e de d. ) . Ne wYor k:Col umbi aUni ve r s i t yPr e s s , 3 01 1 1 4・Bur c i ,G. LJ' TheMa i nt e na nc eofI nt e r na t i ona lPe a c e"( s e enot e,1 0 ,a bo ve ) ,1 29 ・ 1 5・SCRe s ・6 88( 1 9 91 )of5Apr il1 9 91 . 1 6.SCRe s . 7 9 4( 1 99 2)o f3De c e mbe r1 99 2 . 1 7 .SCRe s . 78 8( 1 99 2)of1 9No ve mbe r1 9 9 2. 1 8.SCRe s . 9 29( 1 9 9 4)of2 2J une1 9 9 4. 1 9.SCRe s t 8 7 3( 1 9 9 3 )of1 3Oc t obe r1 9 9 3. 20.Asf ort hepe a c e ke e pi ngope r a t i onsi nt he s ec a s e s ,ma nywe r ewi t hi ns i ng l es t a t e s whe r ec i v i lwa r swe r er a g l ng,a nds omeoft he m we r ew it houtt hec ons e nto ft heg ov e mme nt , i fi nd e e dt he r ewa sag ov e mme nt . ir K isc g or r e c t l ypoi nt sout( ir K i gS , F. LJ r , " TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' sFi r s tFi f t yYe a r s "( s e enot e1 ,a bove ) ,5 3 5 )比a t :" Al e ga l pur is twoul dha vet r oubl e丘nd nga i ut hor it yi nt heCha r t e rf orSe c ur it y Counc i lme a s ur e soft hi ss or t ,butt hei nt e ma t i ona lc ommum iy t ha snotob j e c t e dt ot he m onl e ga l g r ounds "; a ndt ha tob j e c t i onst ot he s eo pe r a t i ons" ha v ebe e nba s e di ns t e a dons uc c e s s / f a i l ur e ,orc os t l b e ne it f ,g r ound s . " 21 ・Kt i h ne , W"1 99 5. " TheUm it e dNa t i ons , Fr a g me nt n igSt a t e s , a ndt heNe edf orEn la r g e d Pe a c e ke e pi ng, "hTo mus c ha t ,C.( e d. ) ,TheUni t e dNat i onsa tAgeFi J b7 IAL , e ga lPe r s pe c t i v e ・TheHa g ue:Kl uwe rLa wI nt e r na t i ona l ,9 1 ,9 9 .Se ea ls oOs t e r da hl ,I . ,1 9 9 8・ Thr e a tt ot hePe ac e :TheI nt e r pr e t a t i onb yt heSe c u7 ・ i y Counc t i lo fAr t i c l e390 ft heUN Cha r E e r ・Upps a l a: I us t usFor l a g. 2 2." ThePr os e c ut orv.Dus koTa di c , "Ca s eNo.I T9 41 l AR7 2 ,De c i s i onof2Oc t obe r 1 9 9 5.1 9 9 6,I nt e r na t i onalLe ga lMat e r i a l s3 5:3 2,4 3,A lv a r e z ,howe ve r ,c r i t i c i z e dt h i s poi nta sf ol l ows( l va A r e 2 : , J .E. ,1 9 9 6 ." Nur e mbe r gRe v i s i t e d: TheTa di cCa s e . "Eur ope a nJ oul ・ na lo fI nt e ma t i ona lLa w7: 2 4 5, 25 6) : Thea ppe l l a t ec ha mbe r ' sc ur s or yt r e a t me ntoft heCounc i l ' sde t e r i na m t i onof" hr t e a tt o i l . At t hepe a c e"i snotl i ke l yt obec o mf or t ngt i ononpe r ma ne ntme mbe r soft heCou nc s t a kei nt hi sc a s ei st hel e ga ll ybi ndi ngna t ur eofaqua s i l e g i s l a t i ve / qua s i j udi c i a la c t i on THE LEGI TI MACY OF SECURI TY COUNCI L ACTI VI TI ES 343 ti c e" t ha tt heCounc i lha si ndl C at ed, byt heCounc i l .Whi l ei tma ybe"s e t t l e dpr ac t hr oug h pr i orqua s i l l e gl S l a t l Ve / quas i J udi c i a ldet er mi nat i ons ,t ha t"i nt er na la r medc onli f c t s "c ons t i t ut es uc ht hr ea t s , r e l i anc eons uc hhndi ngst odet e r mi net hel e ga l i t yoft he pa r t i c ul ar丘ndi ngi nt hi sc a s ei sc l r C Ul ara ndunhe l pf ul ・ 良, 1 99 3・ L L Lea vet ot heCour t WhatBe l ongst ot heCour t : TheLi byanCa s e・ " 23・Gr a ef r at h, Eur o pe ? 〟J our na lo fl nt e r na t 1 0na lLaw4:1 8 4,1 991Onemi ghts ayt hatt het hr eatt o i nt e r na t l Onalpea c eands ec ur l t yf oundbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i lwasLi byans uppor tf or e nde r ・ t er r or i s mi nge ner al ,nots i mpl yt hef ai l ur et or e s pondt ot her e que s t sf ors urr Howe ver , j udgl ngf r omt hepos i t i onl a t e rt a kenbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i l-1 npar a gr aph 1 60fRes ol ut i on88 3( 1 99 3)a ndpa r a gr a ph80fRes ol ut l On11 9 2( 1 998)-t ha tt he mea s ur e ss e tf or t hl ni t spr e vi ousr e s ol ut i onss houl dbes us pe nde di mmedi at e l yi f t het woac c us eda r r i vedi nt heNet he r l a ndsf ort r i a l , i ti sr ea s ona bl et oa s s umet hatt he r e que s tt os ur r enders us pe c t swast hec or epol nt ・ ,1 96. 2 4.I bd. z,G. ,1 99 2,Ye a r booko fI nT e r na t i ona lLawCommt s s t onI :1 50. 25.Ar ang l OI Rui 26・Gr a ef r at h,B. ,1 99 5." I r aqiRe pa r at l OnSa ndt heSec ur i t yCounc i l L "He l de l bur gJ our na l 5:1,1 2-1 3, o fI nt e r na t i ona lLa w5 27.I bi d. ,26, 28.SCRes .8 27( 1 99 3)of25Ma y1 993. 29.SCRes .9 55( 1 99 4)of8November1 99 4. 30,Ra o,P.S. .1 99 5." TheUnl t edNa t i onsa ndl nt e r nat i onalPeac ea ndSec ur l t y An "i nTomus c ha t ,C.( ed. ) ,TheUni t e dNa t i onsa t AgeFI Fy( s e enot e l ndi a nPer s pe c t i ve, ,1 43,1 58-1 59・Seea ls ot hes t a t e me ntofAr ang l ORui z ,G. ,1 99 3・Ye ar book 21 ,a bove) o fl l l t e r na l 1 0na lI J aWCommi s s 1 0nI :16. c . "Cas eNo. I T9 41 AR7 2, Dec i s i onof2Oc t obe r1 99 5 31."ThePr os e c ut orv. Dus koTa di gi s .F,L J r ,"TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' s ( s eenot e2 2,a bove) ,45.Ki r g i sa l s os t a t ed( Ki r Fi r s tFl f t yYea r s H( s eenot e1,a bove) ,5 22) :H[ Ⅰ ] ti snotf a r f et c hedt of hl da ni mpl i ed powert oc r ea t ewa rc r i mest r i bunal sl ft hec ondi t i onsf ora ppl yi ngc ha pt erVI Ia r emet a ndpr l nC I Pl esoff unda me nt a la d j udi c at or yf a l meS Sar ef ol l owed ' 32・SCRe s .6 78( 1 99 0)of29Nove mber1 99 0. 33.SCRes ・794( 1 99 2)of3Dec embe r1 99 2・ 34.SCRes .81 6( 1 99 3)of31Ma r c h1 99 3a ndSCRe s .8 36( 1 9 93)of4J une1 99 3. 35.SCRes .929( 1 99 4)of2 2J une1 99 4. 36.SCRe s .9 40( 1 99 4)of31J ul y1 99 4. L. , "TheMa i nt e nanc eofI nt e r na t i ona lPea c e"( s eenot e10,a bove) ,1 34135. 3 7.Bur c i ,G. 38・See,f orexa mpl e,Gr eenwood,C・ ・1 995・HTheUni t edNat i onsasGua r a nt orofl nt e r t e dKi ngdom vi e w, "i n na t i ona lPea c eandSe c ur l t y:Pa s t ,Pr es enta ndFut ur e-A Uni e d, ) ,TheUni t e dNat i onsa tAgeFl j bJ( s e enot e21,a bove) ,59,70. Tomus c ha t ,C.( 39・Ga j a,G・ ,1 99 5・"Us eofFor c eMa deorAut hor i s edbyt heUnl t edNat i ons , "i nTomued. ) .TheUni t e dNat i onsa tAgeFi b ( s eenot e21,above ) ,3 9.4 3.Se eal s o s c ha t ,C.( l hne ,W . .TheUni t e dNat i ons( s e enot e21 ,a bove) ,1 061 Ki a y,C. ,1 994. "Af t e rt heCe a s e ir f e: I r a q, t heSe c ur l t yCounc i landt heUs eofFor c e. " 40・Gr Br i t l S hYe arBooko f1 7 7 t e r na t i onalLaw6 5:1 3 5,1 3 611 37・ 41 ・See,f ort hes epo l nt S ,Uni t e dNa t i ons ,1 9 9 6・T/ 7 eUni t e dNa t i on sandt heI r aqKuwat T ConPi c t ,1990 19 9 6 .Ne wYor k:Uni t e dNa t i ons ,7918 7.438,51 2 51 3,516・ 42.Gr a y,C. ,=Af t ert heCe a s e ir f el '( s e enot e4 0,a bove) ,1 55. 43.SCRes .1 154( 199 8 )ofユMa r c h1 9 9 8. 44・UN Doc ,S/ 3858( 1 9 9 8 ) ,1 4,c i t e di nWedg wood.R・ ,1 998・"TheEnf or c eme ntofSe c ur i t y Cou nci lRes ol ut i on6 8 7:TheThr e a tofFor c eAga i ns tl r aq' sW e a ponsofMa s s Des t r uc t i on. "Ame r l C a nJ our na lofI nt e r na t i onalLaw92.724,728. l / 344 SATO ,1 9 99. " By pa s s i ngt heSe c ur i t yCounc i l : m b A i g uo us Se ea l s oLobe l , J . a ndRa t ne r , M. Aut hor iz a t i on st oUs eFor c e ,Ce a s e 血e sa ndt heI r a qiI ns ec p t i onRe ime g ・ "Ame r i c a n J oumalo fI nt e ma t i onalLaw93:1 24. 45,Kr is c h, N. ,1 99 9・ "Un i l a t e r a lEnf or c e me ntoft heCol l e c t i v eWi l l : Kos o vo, I r a q, ndt a he Se c it m yCou nc i l ・ "Ma xPl a nc kYe a r booko fUni t e dNa t i on sLaw3:59,731I tc oul dbe a r g ue dt ha tt heun i l a t e r a le nf or c e me nto fSe c ur it yCo unc i lr e s o l ut i o nsnotbys ng i l e s t a t e sbutbymul t i l a t e r lr a e g l Ona lor g a ni z a t i onsha st heme r i tofa c h i e ingt v hec om on g oodr e c og ni z e dbyt heSe c ur it yCou nc i l .Howe v e r ,i fi twe r ej us t i ie f di ns uc hawa y, Counc i lme mbe r swoul dbemuc hmor ec a ut i ousi na dopt ngt i heor igi na l Se c ur it y Counc i lr e s ol ut ionst ha tm ig htl e a dt oun i l a t e r le a n f o r c e me nti n as i mi l a rwa y.Af t e r a l l , t h i ss i mpl ys ee mst ot r ns a f e rt hepr obl e mf r omt hel e ve lo fe x pr e s sa ut ho r i z a t i o nt o t ha tofa dopi tono fr e s ol ut i o ns , t husgo l ngi nt oavi c i ousc i r c l e.I bi d. ,93-9 4. 461Sha w,M・N. ,1 99 7・" TheSe c ur it yCounc i la ndt heht e r na t i ona l Cour tofJ us ic t e: ci l Fu a nc t i on, "i n Muue r ,A.S.e ta l.( e ds ) ,TheI nt e r na t i ona l J udi c i a lDr if ta ndJ udi Cour to fJ u s t i c e :I t sFut uT ・ eRol ea Pe rFl j & Ye ar : S .TheHa g ue :Kl uwe rLa wl nt e ma t i onal ,21 9,225-6, 47 .Ke ls e n, H. ,1 9 51・TheUn i t e dNat i onsIA Cr i t i c al Ana l ys i so fi L sFunda me nt a lPl ' Obl e ms . ,29 4. Ne wYor k:St e ve ns 48.S e e, f ore x a mpl e, Gi l l , T. D. ,1 99 5. "Le ga la ndSomePol i t i c a lLi mi t a ionsont t hePowe r oft heUNSe c ur it y Counc i lt oEx e r c i s eI t sEnf o r c e me ntPo we r su nde rCha pt e rVI Iof t heCha r t e r . "Ne t he r l a nd sYe a r booko fl nt e mat i ona lLaw26:33,64168;Goodr ic hL. M.e ta l . ,TheCha r t e ro ft heUni t e dNa t i ons( s e enot e13,a bo ve ) , 27 -28. 49.I bi d. ,61 -6 2. bi d・ ,72 f・Se ea l s oLa mb,S・ ,19 99." Le ga lLi it m st oUn i t e dNa t i onsSe c ur it yCou nc i l 50・I Powe r s , "i n Goodw inGi l l , G. S. a ndTa l mon, S. ( e d s ) , TheRe a l i yo t fl nt e r na t i onal Law. ・ ,361;Ze ma ne k, Es s a y si nHonouro fI o nBr ownl i e .Ox f or d:Ox f or dUni ve r s i t yPr e s s K,1 999・" I st heSe c it m y Counc i lt heSo l eJ udg eofI t sOwnLe ga l i t y?, "i n Ya kpo,E・ ndBou a me dr a, T.( e ds ) ,Es s a y si nHonourO fJ ud geMoha mme dBe d j a ou. TheHa g ue : Kl uwe rLa wht e r na ional t ,6 29;Aka nde ,D"1997." TheI nt e r na iona t lCour tofJ us t i c e a ndt heSe c ui rt yCounc i l . AI sThe r eRoom f orJ udi c i a lCo nt r o lofDe c i s i onsoft he Po l i t i c lOr a ga nso ft heUni t e dNa t i ons ? "I nt e r na t i onal a ndCompa r a t i v eLawQua r t e T ・ l y 46:309,31 9f・ ;Ga r da m ,J ・G・ ,19 9 6." Le ga l Re s t r int a sofSe c ur it yCou nc i lMi l i t a r y En f or c e me ntAc ion・ t " Mi c hi gan Jour na lo fI nt e maE i ona lI , aw 1 7:28 5;Gol l a ndDe bba s ,V"1 9 9 4."Sec ur it yCou nc i lEn f or c e me ntAc t i ona ndI s s ue sofSt a t eRe s pons i bi l i t y. "I nt e mat i onalandCompar at i v eLawQua r t e r l y4 3: 5 5. 51 ・Sha w,N. M・ ," TheSe c ur i t yCou nc i l "( s eenot e4 6,a bove ) , 2 2 7. Hede s c ibe r dt h i sg r a da ionf t r o mt hei mme di a c ya nds e r i ous ne s soft h eda ng e ra sf o l l ows(i bi d. , 23 4) : Thel e s si mme di a t eors e ioust r heda ng e rc ons t i t ut e dbyt hepr e de t e r i ne m dt hr e a tt oor br e a c hoft hepea c e,t hemor el i ke l yt ha tonei sc onc e me dwi h pe t a c e f ula d j us t me nt ors e t t l e me nta ndt hust hec o ns e que nt i a la pphc a t i onofj us t i c ea ndi nt e r na t i ona ll a w・ Sha w wa sc l ea r l yi ns pi r e dont hi spoi ntbyas i il m a rdi s t nc i t i onma deb yLa ut e r pa c ht( La ut e r pa c ht ,E. ,1 991 .As pe c t so ft heAdmi ni s t r a t i ono fI nt e rn a t i onalJu s t i c e . Ca mbr i dg e :Gr ot i usPubl i c at i onsLi mi t e d, 4 4 )a sf ol l ows : Thoug l li tma ynotbepos s i bl et odr a w血el i newi 血a bs ol ut epr e c i s i on,o nema ys ug 一 g e s tt ha tadi s t i nc t i onc a nbedr a wnbe t we e npr e s c ipt r i onsofc onduc tt ha ta r edi r e c t l y a ndi mme di a t e l yr e l a t e dt ot het e r ina m t i onoft hei mpug ne dc o nduc t ,s uc ha sc ll a i n g upont hea g g r e s s ort ow it hdr a w,a ut hor iS ngc i ol l e c t i vef or c i bl er e s pons eoror de r ng i t hei nt e r upt r l OnOft r a der e l a t i o nsw it hhi m, a ndt hos e丘ndi ng st ha t , t houg h notr e l a t e d, THE LEGI TI MACY OF SECURI TY COUNCI L ACTI VI TI ES 345 ha veag ener alandl ongt e r ml ega li mpa c tt ha tgoesbeyondt hei mmedi at eneedsoft he s i t ua t i on.i nt ot hi sc at e gor ywoul df a l ll e ga lh di ngst ha tc e r t ai nc onduc ti sHunl a wf ul H orl S" i nva l i d"or"nul la ndvoi d". 52・Ki r gi s , F. LJ r ," TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' sFi r s tFi f t yYea r s "( s e enot e1 ,above ) , 521 . See a l s oFr owei n,J ・A. ,1 99 4・"Rea c t l OnSbyNotDi r ec t l yAf f e c t edSt a t est oBr ea c he sof Publ i cI nt e r nat i ona lLaw. "Re c ue i lde sc oL L r S248:37 7. 53lSa r oos hi ,D. ,1 999.TheUni t e dNat 1 0nSa ndt heDe v e l o pme nto fCol l e c t i v eSe c ur l y. t ' The De l e ga l t l o nb yt heUN Se c ur t け Counc i lo fi t sCha pt e rVI IPowe r s ・Oxf or d:C1 a r e ndon Pr es s ,3313 4,1 78-1 8 5. 5 4・Wes t on,B.H"1 991."Sec ur it yCounc l lRes ol ut i on678a ndPer s i a nGul fDe c i s i on y. "Ame r icaF ZJ our na lo fI nt e r na t i ona lLaw8 5:51 6,53 3・ Ma ki ng:Pr e c a r i ousLe gi t i ma c onpolnt edoutf ourpr obl emsi nt hi sl ac kofl e gi t i ma c y( i bi d. ,51 8) : l nt hei nde t e r 一 West e ga la ut hor l t yOfRes ol ut i on6 78;l nt heg r eat powe rpr es s ur edi pl oma c y mi nac yofthel t hatma r kedi t sa dopt l On; l ni t swhol l yunr es t r i c t edc ha r a c t e r ; andi nt heCounc i l ' sha s t y r et r ea tf r om nonvi ol e nts a nc t i onl nga l t e r na t i vespe r mi s s i bl eunde ri t ・ Seea l s oQui gl e y,∫ . ,1 996.日The` Pr i va t i z a t i on'ofSe c ur i t yCounc i lEnf or c e ment ch i ga nJ our na lo fI nt e r na t l 0na lLaw1 7:249・ Ac t i on:AThr ea tt oMul t i l at er a l i s m. "Mi 5 5.Thec onc eptofl e gi t i ma c ywi l lnotbedi s c us s edhe r e.SeeCar on,D.D・ ,1 993.日 The l . "Ame 7 ・ L ' c a nJ our na lo f Le gl t i mac yofCol l ec t i veAut hor i t yoft heSec ur it yCounc i I nt e r na t 1 0na lI J aW8 7:55 2. , 5 6 See,f ordomes t i canal ogi esPa r t i c ul a r l yl nr e l a t 1 0mt Oi nt er nat i ona lor ga ni z a t i ons Suga nami ,I L,1 989.TheDome s t i cAna l og ya ndWor l dOr de rPr o po s a l s ・Cambr i dge: Cambr i dgeUni ve r s i t yPr es s . 57・Se eal s oSuy,E. ,1 99 5." TheCons t l t ut i ona 】Char ac t e rofCons t i t uentTr eat i esof l nt er nat i onalOr ga ni s at i onsandt heHi e r a r c hyofNor ms∴i nBe ye r l i n,U・eta l ・( e ds ) , La wBe t we e 7 7Cha ng ea ndPr e s e r v a t i on.Comme mor at i t , eCol l e c t i onf orRudol fBe r nha r dt .Ber l l n:Spr i nge r , 26 7・ 58・Se e,f ordet a l l s ,Sa t o,T, ,Ev ol v i ngCons t l t ut i ons( s e enot e5,a bove) ,229 -230. 59・Thei nt e r pr et a t i vef r a mewor kpr opert ot hec ons t l t uenti ns t r ume nt sofi nt e r nat l Ona l or gani z a t i onsba s edupont hei re vol ut l Ona r ya ndt e l eol ogl C a li nt er pr e t a t i ons ,onwhi c h t heaut hore l a bor at e di nhi swor k( l bl d. ) , nows eemst obewl del ya c c e pt edi ndoc t r i nes . Se e,f orexampl e,Zema nek,K・ ,1 99 7.日 TheLe ga lFounda t i onoft heI nt e r na t i ona l Sys t e m:Gene r a lCours eonPubl l CI nt er nat i ona lLa w. "Re c ue i lde scou r s266:9,9 0-91 ; Ze ma nek,K, ,"I st heSec ur l t yCounc i lt heSol eJ udgeofi t sownLegal i t y?=( s eenot e 50,a bove) ,6 3 2-6 34. 6 0・Re f e r e nc ewasma det ot hec onc e ptofHac ons t i t ut i onHi nt hl SC Onne C t i onbyma ny l e gals c hol a r s ;s e e, f ore xa mpl eFr anc k, T・M・a ndPat el ,F・ ,1 991・"UNPol i t i c a lAc t l On i nLi euofWar :' TheOl dOr de rChanget h' . "Ame r i c a nJ our nalo fI nt e r nat 1 0nalLaw 85:63,6 6-6 7・Seeal s ot hequot a t i onf r om Ki r gi si nt het extcor r es pondi ngt onot e5 2, an c kas fol l ows( Fr anc k・TIM・ , above・Thel ogi coft hl S?r gumentWa sl at e rus edbyFr Fa i r ne s si nI nl e r nat l 0nalL , awa ndI ns t i t ul L ' ons ,Oxf or d: Clar en donPr e s s , 29 9-300) : 1 99 5. 2 'oft heCha r t e r ,a Pea c e kee pi ngl SPOpul ar 】 ya t t r i but edt oa nI ma gi na r y` Cha pt e r61/ r e pl a c e mentf ort hei mmobi l i s edAr t i c l e43;butt heCha r t er ,be i ngoft hege nusc ons t i t ut i on,S houl dber eada sc apa bl eofr e gene r at i ona ndada pt at i onThus ,whi l et hef r amer sma yhavemoot edt hec ol l ec t i veenf or c ements ys t e m ont he cl e43,t obea t a s s umpt l Ont ha ts t a t eswoul dc ommi tf or c e s ,l na c c or da nc ewi t hAr t i t hedi s pos a loft heCounc i l .t hi sI nt ent i oni snotc hi s el l e di nt ot het e xtl fAr t i c l e43 c annotbei mpl ement e di npr ac t i c e,t ha tdoe snotnec es s ar i l yf r us t r a t et heChar t e r ' s l a r gerpur pos e・Ac ar di na lpur pos e,made expl i c i ti nAr t i c l e42,i st oena bl et heUNt o 346 SATO " t a kes u c ha c t i onbya i r ,s ea ,orl a ndf or c e sa sma ybenece s s a r yt or e s t or ei nt e r na t i ona l pe a c ea nds e c it m y"de pl oyi ng"a i r ,s e aorl a ndf or c e sofMe mbe r s "・Ar ic t l e4 2 doe snotme nt i onAr t i c l e4 3,a ndi ti st he r e f or epos s i bl et oc onc l udet ha tt hel a t t e ri s me r e l yo newa yt oma kes uc hf or c e sa v il a a bl ea ndt ha tt heCha r t e rdoe snotpr e c l ud e t heCounc i lde v i s l ngOt he rme a nst oa c c ompl is ht hi spar a mounti ns t i t ut iona lpur pos e ・ 61 .1 ti ss a i dt ha tt hema j or it yofwr it e r st oda ys e et hes pe c i 丘cme ni a ngOft hec onc e ptofa " c ons t i t ut i on"i nt hec o mbi na t i onoft woe l e me nt s( Shl ma, B. , 1 9 9 4・ " Fr omBi l a t e r a us m t oCommun i t yI nt e r e s ti nI nt e r na t i ona l La w. "Re c ue i l de sc our s2 5 0: 26 0) ・ Ont hef o r ma l s i de ,ac o ns t i t ut ione n J oy spr ior it yov e r"or di na r y"r ul e s ;w it hr e g a r dt os ubs t a nc e,i t l a ysdow n t heba s i cr ul e sg ove m ngt hel i f eo fac o mmun l t y・ Dupuyc l ar i ie f dt wome n肇 soft a het e m Hc r ons t i t ut i onHa sf ol l o ws( Du puy , P・ , 1 9 9 7・ vi si t e d. "Ma x H TheCons t i t ut i ona lDi me ns i onOft heCha r t e roft heUm it e dNa t i onsRe Pl a nc kYe al ・ booko fUni t e dNa t i onsLaw1 :1 ,3 ) .Thec ons t i t ut i oni nt hema t e ia r lor s ubs t a nt i a ls e ns eoft het e m i r s" t obec ons i de r e da sas e to fl e g a lpr i nc i pl e sofpa r a mounti mpor t nc a ef ore v e r yo neoft hes ub j e c t sbe l ong l ngt Ot hes oc i lc a ommuni t y r ul e dbyi t . I tpl a c e sa l loft he m( i nc l udi ngt hedi #e r ents t a t e' sor ga ns )i nas ubo r di na t e pos i t i ona ndi mpl i e sahi e r a r c h yofnom s ,ont het opofwhi c ha r et hel e ga lpm c i pl e s be l ong l ngt Ot hes a i dc o ns t i t ut i on. "Thec ons t i t ut io ni nt heor g a ni ca ndi ns t i t ut i ona l s e ns e" poi nt st ot hede s i g na t i onofpubl i cor g a ns ,t hes e pa r a ionofpowe t r sa ndt he di fe r e nti ns t i t ut ionswhi c ha r ee nd owe dea c hw it hi t sownc ompe t e nc i e s . "Thea na ly s i s i nt hi sc ha pt e ri sr e l a t e dt ot h i ss e c onds e ns e. 6 2.Tomus c ha t ,C. ,1 99 3."Obhg a t i onsAr iS ngf i orSt a t e sWi houtorAg t a ns i tThe i rWi l l . " Re c ue i lde sc ouT : S2 41 :2 4 9.Tomus c ha t ' sa na l y s i si sba s e dupont hef ol l owi ngunde r s t a ndi ngofi nt e r na t i ona ll a wa nds oc i e t y( i bi d. , 21 0 121 1 ) : Ones houl dbe a ri nm i ndt ha ta ns we r s ,e ve ni fc or r e c t l ypr ov i de donag i ve nPr obl e m a ts o mepoi nti nt i me,donotne c e s s a il r yr e ma nV i li a df ore ve r . Thef a c ti st ha tt hec ohe s i v el e ga lbondst y l ngSt a t e st oonea not he rha vec ons i de r a bl ys t r e ng t he ne ds nc i e t hec ommgi nt of or c eoft heUni t e dNa t i o nsCha r t e r. ‥ Gi ve nt hede v e l opme nt st r i g g e r e dbyt heUN Cha r t e r ,t oda yac ommun i t ymode l ofi nt e r na t i ona ls oc i e y woul t ds e e mt oc omec l os e rt or e a l i t yt ha na nyt i mebe f or ei n hi s t o r y.Ac c or di ngt ot hi si nt e r pr e t a t i on,St a t e sl i v e,a sf r o mt he i rbi r t h,w it hi nal e g l a f r a me wor kofal i i t m e dnumbe ro fba s i cr ul e swhi c hde t e r i ne m st he i rba s i cr ig ht sa nd obl i g a t i onsw it ho rwi t houtt he i rw il l ,l ea v l ngt he m,ho we ve r ,s u&c i e ntr oom f ors e l f r e s pons i bl ea c t i onwi t b 血t heo pe ml ng SOft ha tl e ga le di 丘c e .Onema yc a 1 1也i sf r a mewo r k,f r omwhi c he v e r ySt a t er e c e i v e si t sl e g a le nt i t l e me ntt ober e s pe c t e da sas ove r e i g ne nt i t y,t hec ons t i t ut i ono fi 山e ma t i ona ls oci e t yor ,pr e f e r a bl y,t hec ons t i t ut i onof hei t nt e r na t i ona lC o mmuni t y,c ommuni t ybe ngat i e r ms ui t a bl et oi ndi c a t eac l os e r uni ont ha nbe t we e nme mbe r so fas oc i 叫. Se ea l s ot hedi s c us s i onbyFa s s be nde ri n Fa s s be nde r ,B"1 9 9 8.UN Se c ur i y Counc t i l Re f or ma ndt heRi ghto fVe t oIA Con s t i t ut i ona lPe r s pe c t i v e .TheHa g ue:Kl uwe rLa w l nt e ma t i ona 1 . 6 3・Dupuy, P. ," TheCons t i t ut io na lDi me ns i on"( s e enot e61 ,a bove ) , 2. 6 4・I bi d・ ,3 0.Dupuy,howe ve r ,i sa l s opos i t i v ei na c knowl e dg ngt i hec ont ibut r io nbyt he Uni t e dNa t i ons ,a shes t a t e sa sf onows( i bi d. ,3 0-31 ) : Tha tbe i ngs a i d,t hea s s e r t i o n也a tt hec r ea t i onoft heUn i t e dNa t i onsha si 山r odl l C e d ar a di c a lc ha ng e山 地es t r uc t ur eofi nt e r na t i ona ll a w,whi c hwa sma debyas e r i e sof a ut hOr si nc l udi ngFr i e dma n,La c hs ,Sc ha c ht e r ,Vi r a l l yorR.J .Dupuyha sl i ke is w e pr ov e dt obet ueo r ve rt hel a s tf if t yye a r s . THE LEGI TI MACY OF SECURI TY COUNCI L ACTI VI TI ES 347 6 5.I na ddi t i ont oAr a ng ioI Rui z , Her de ge nma deas i ml l arc ont ent i ona sf ol l ows( Her de gen, M. J. , 1 99 4. "The' Cons t i t ut 1 0nal i z at i on' oft heUNSe c ur l t ySys t e m. "Va nde 7 ' bl l T J our na l i onal I , aw27:1 35,1 50) : o fTr a ns na t [ T] l l eC OnS t i t ut i ona】pe r c ept i oni sofdoubt f ulheur i s t i cva l ue.Theunder l yi ngana l og y r i s ksbl umngf unda me nt aldl f E e r e nc e sbet wee nt henat ur eoft heUNs ys t emandc l as s i c i s s ue soft hes epa r a t l OnOfpowe r si nat r ul yc ons t l t ut i ona lc ont e xLThe r el SnOS Ol i d ba s i sf ort he s ea na l ogl eSf r om whl C ha nype r s ua s i vec onc l us l OnSma ybedr a wn・I n s t r uc t ur a ldens l t y,t heUni t edNa t i onsCha r t erl SS t l l lf a rf r om ac l os eds ys t e m ofc ompet e nc i esi nwhi c ht hea ppl i c a t i onofc ons t i t ut i onalc onc ept sr ea l l ymakess ens e・I n l i ghtoft hea c t ua ldi s t r i but i onoff unc t l OnSbe t wee nt heGel l e r a lAs s embl ya ndt he Se c ur l t yCounc i landt heI CJ ,t hel nVOC a t l OnOfaHs epa r at i onofpowe r s H1 Sme r e l ya f or m ofs peec h・ 6 6・Ar angi oI Rui z,G"1 99 71"The' Feder a lAna l og y'a ndUN Cha r t e rI nt e r pr et at i on:A Cr i t l C alI s s ue. "Eur o pe a nJ our na lo fI nt e r nat i onalLaw8:1,1 61 7.Seeal s oAr a ngi oTheEs t a bl i s hme ntoft hel nt er na t l Ona lCr i mi na lTr i buna lf ort he Rui z,G. ,1 99 6." For me rTer r l t Or yOfYugos l a vi aa ndt heDoc t r i neofI mpl i edPowe r soft heUni t ed Na t i ons , "i nLat t anz l ,F.a ndSc i s o,E.( eds ) ,Fr o mt heAdHocI nt e r na t i ona lPe 1 7 a l t .Na po】 i :Edi t or i a l eSc i e nt i ic f a,31 1Whi l el twoul dnot Tr l buna l sT oaPe r ma l t e ntCour bewi s et oa c c e ptt hewhol ear gumentofAr a ng i oRul Z,S OmeOfhi spol nt Sa r eWe】 】 wor t hquot l nga Sadmonl t l OnS : [ T] her e alt e s ta st owhet he rt hef e der a la na l ogyt hes i shol dswi t hr es pec tt ot heUN i st hedegr ee,i fa ny,t owhi c ht heCha r t e ra fe c t st hel e ga ls t r uc t ur eoft her el at i onsOf t heme mberSt at eswi t hea c hot he r ・Thepr obl em l SWhet he rt her ul esl ai ddowni n t heCha r t e ra ndt heor ga nsope r at l ngl ni mpl ement at l Ont her eofmodl f yt oa nyde一 gr eet heki ndofegal i t a r l a n,es s ent i a l l yhor l Z Ont alr el at i onse xI S t l nga mongS t a t es unde rgene r a li nt e r na t l Ona ll a wa ndor dl na r yt r eat yr ul e s .I tl S ,l nOt herwor ds ,a ques t i onofdet e r i ni m ngW het her-a ndpos s i bl yt owha te xt ent t heCha r t e rbr i ng s t i c a l l S a t i on"i nt her el a t i onsoft hemembe rSt at esi nt e rS ea ndwi t h a bouta ny"ver t heUN t ha tma yj us t i yt f hef e der ala nal og i e sas s umedbyt hec ons t l t ut 1 0na lt heor i es ・ ( I bi d. ,5. ) s f A a ra sI nt er na t i ona ll egals c hol ar sa r ec onc er ne d, If indt wot endenc i esda nge r ous Thef ir s tl St het ende nc yt o] us t l f yl nl a wa nyt hi ngt hathapp ensi nt heUNbya s s umi ng t ooea s i l yei t he rt hemodl ic f a t i onora br oga t i onofCha r t err ul e sbyt ac i ta gr e ement ort hr ought hef or mat 1 0nOfc us t oma r yr ul e s ;r ul eswhl Ch,i fneedbe,Woul dc ha nge whent heUNpr a c t i c ec har l geSdi r ec t i on.Iwoul df eelmor ec onf id e ntaboutt hef ut ur e oft heUN l f ,e ve r ys oof t e n.onewer et of indt ha tt he r eha dbe e nnomodi ic f a t i onof t hel a w,t hatt hear t i c l eoft heChar t e rha dnotdi s a ppear e d,butt hati tha ds uf f e r e d, pur el yands i mpl y,abr ea c h;andl i kewi s e,t hatnoc us t oma r yr ul ehadc omeI nt obe i ng orvani s hed. Thes ec ondt endenc y[ i sr e l at e dt o]c ombl nl ngt hepr i vi l egedc ondl t l OnOfc e r t a i n s t a t esi nt heSec ur i t yCounc l l wl t ht hec ondi t i onofs t r e ngt ht he ywoul dal s oe nj oyl e ga l l y ・ ・ ・underge ner aLI nt er na t i ona ll a wi t s e l f .The s es t a t eswoul dappa r ent l yope r a t e,"T L T l uni v e r s i ".bot honbeha l foft hei nt er nat i ona lc ommuni t ya sawhol e,a ndonbeha l fof t heUN.Thef a br i cofi nt er na t i onall a w . .woul dt husat t a i nac ons l der abl edeg r e eof ‥"ve r t l C a l l S at i on"ofl nt e T nat i ona1l a wi ns i deandout s i det heUN. ‥ Onewonder swhatenc our ag ementt or es i s ta bus ec a ne ve rc ome,t ot hegov er n一 ment soft hes ma l lorweaks t a t es ,f r om t he or i esac c or di ngt owhl C ht heS t r ongWOul d 348 SATO ha v ea c qui r e dt hel e g l po a we r sofawor l ddi r e c t o r a t ew it houtbe i ngs ub j e c tt oa llt he obl i g a ionsofc t o mmonme mbe r s ,a n dw it ho uts ubm it t i ngt oa n ydut yt oa c c ountf or he t i ra c ionst t ot hes t a t e si nr e l a t i ont owhi c ht he ywou l de xe r c i s e, hr t ou ht g heCounc i l , a 1 1 e g e dl yl e g i s l a t i vea nda d j udi c a t or yf unc t i onsnotc ont e mpl a t e di na nypr ov is i onof d. ,25-26. ) t beCha r t e r .( I bi Thec r uc i l pol a nti st ha ti ti sv e r yha r dt oc onc e i vea sanor ma l de ve l opme ntoft he " or ga is m m"C r e a t e dbytheCha r t e rt hef a c tt ha tt heSe c ur it yCounc 止t ur ni t s e l fpr o pr l 0 mot u, a ndw it houta de qua t ec ont r olbyt hee nt i r eme mbe r s h i p, romt f heg e nda l ' met ha t t hef ou n de r sa r eg e ne r a l l yc ons i de r edt oha vec r e a t e d,i nt ot hes upr e mel e is g l a t i v e, j t l di c i a la nde x e c l l t i veor ga no fas l l pe トS t a t e Jts e e msr e a s ona bl et oa s s umet ha t ,ha d t hef ounde r se nvi s a g e dt hepos s i bi l i t yofs uc hadr a ma t i cde ve l opme nt ,t he ywoul d ha v epr ov i de df ora de qua t eg ua r a nt e e s .( I bi d. , 28. ) owe i n,∫ .A, ,H Re a c t i ons H( s e enot e52,a bo ve ) ,3 58.Aga i ns tt hea t t i t udet a ke nby 6 7・Fr We i lt hatt hen it e r na t i ona ll e g a l or de rs houl ds t ol bes e e na sma i nl yba s e dont hewi l lof t hes t a t e sa se x pr e s s edi nbi l a t er a la ndmul t i l a t e r a lt r e a ie t s , Fr owei ns t a t e d( i b i d. ,3 65) t ha t :" Wi t hpubl i ci nt e r na t i ona ll a wde v e l opi ngi nt omuc hmo r et ha nal a wofbi l a t e r a l a ndmul t i l a t e r a lt r e a t yr e l a t i o ns hi pst het h r e s hol dt oac ons t i t ut i ona ls t uc r t ur eha sl ong be e mc r os s e d. ‖ 68・Fr nc a k,T・M. ,1 99 0.Th ePowe ro fI , e gi t i ma c yAmo ngNat i ons INe w Yor k:Ox f o r d Uni ve r s i y Pr t e s s ,2 4・ Fr a nc kpoi nt soutf ourc r i t e r i aofl e it g i ma c y( i bi d・ ,c ha pt e r s411 1 , a ndFr a nc k,T・M. ,Fai r ne s s( s e enot e60,a bov e) ,30146) :de t e r ina m c y,s y mbo l i cva l i da t i on,c ohe r e nc e, a nda dhe r e nc e. Ag a ns i tt he s ea na l ys e s , Wi l l i a msc r i t i que dl eg i山na c yi nt he s et e m sa r sac ons e r va t i ve pr J nC i pl e, r e ae c t ngt i hec ons e r va t i s moft hes t a t e s s y s t e i cv m a l ueofor de r . Hepoi nt e d . ,1 9 98.Le g i t z ' ma c yi nI nt e ma t i ona lRe l at i onsa ndt heRL s ea ndFa l lo f out( Wi l l i a ms ,J ・ Ma c il m l a na ndNe wYor k:St .Ma r t n' i sPr ess ,1 211 3) : Yu go s l av i a.London. Hi sc r i t e r i as t r e s st hene e dt obei nt ouc hwi t ht hepa s t ,t ova li da t ea c t i onsa nda c t or s i ce .T he r e f or et henor ma t i vev i s i onofwha t a g a ms te x pe c t a t i onsa nde xi s t i ngpr a c t oug h tt ober e s t sont hepe r ec f t i onofwha ta lr e a dyi s ,t hemor ee fe c t i v eope r a t i onof i nt e ma t i ona ls oc i e yr t a t he rt ha ni t st r a ns f om a t i oni nt os ome t h i ngne wbui l tondi qe r e ntpr mC i pl e s ・ 6 9・Fr nc a k, T. M. , Fai r ne s s( s e enot e60,a bo ve ) , 26. 70.I bi d. ,25-26. 71 .I bi d. ,31 3-31 4. 7 21Mur phy,S.D. ,1 99 4." TheSe c ur it yCo un c i l ,L eg it i ma c y,a ndt heConc e ptofCol l e c t i veSe c ur it yAf t e rt heCol dWa r . "Col um bi aJ ouma lo fTr a n s na h ona lLaw3 2:201 , 2 58, bi d・ ,256-257.Si il m a r l y,Goodr iC hs t a t e da sf ol l o ws( Goodr i c h,L M. ,1 9 74.T he 7 3・I Uni t e dNa t i on si naCha ngi ngWor l d. Ne wYor k: Col umbi aUni v e r s i y Pr t e s s , 21 ) : [ T】 hedr a f t e r sof也eCha r t e rc a met o血ec onc l us i ont ha taf o r m ofor g a n i s a t i on也 a t f ol l owe dt heg e ne r a ll i ne soft heLe a g ues ys t e m, buti nc or por a t e dt hec onc e r tpr nc i i pl e 仇a tpe a c ec oul donl ybema i nt a i ne ds ol onga §血ema j orpowe r sba da nht e r e s ta nd we r ewi l l i ngt oc ol 0 er p a t ei n ma i nt a i nl ngi t , ha da tl e a s tac ha nc eofs uc c e s s . 74・I bi d・ ,260・Fr o mt hi sv l e WPOl nt ,t heme t hodofa ut hor iz i ngs t a t e st ous ef or c et or e s pondt ot hr e a t st op ea c ea nds e c ur i t yl Sc ons i de r e dwe l ls ui t e dt ot h ec onc e ptofma J or THE LEGI TI MACY OF SECURI TY COUNCI L ACTI VI TI ES 349 power sa c t i ngbyc ons e ns us . Mur phyde v el opst hi spoi nta sf ol l ows( i bi d・ ,261 -26 2) : Whe ns uchs i t ua t i o nsa is r e, OneOrmor ePOWer SWi l lbet hemot i va t l ngf or c ei ns ec ur i ng Sec ur i t yCounc i la ut hor l S a t i onf ort heac t i on,ands houl dbee x pe c t e dt oc a r r yt hepr 1 ma r ybur de nt hr oug ht heus eofi t smi l i t ar yf or c e s ・I mpos i t 1 0nOft hi sbur denma kesi t mor el i ke l yt ha te nf or c e me nta c t l OnWi l lonl ybet a ke nwhent her ei sar ea lc ommi t ment byoneormor ema j orpowe r s , Whi c hi sa ne s s e nt l ale l e mentt ot hes uc c e s soft hea c t i on・ Fors i mi l a rr ea s ons , t hepr oc es sofpr ovi dl ngf ai r l yope nendeda ut hor i s at i ont ot he s e e-・ i nmos tc a s es ,l tl SS i mpl ynotf ea s i bl ef ort heSe c ur l t y na t i ona lf or c e si sa ppr opr l a t t t e mptt oi mpos ee xt e ns l VeC OnS t r ai nt sont heac t i onsoft hos es t a t e sc onduc ト Counc i lt oa 1 mgt hee nf or c e me nta c t i on… Suc hc ons t r ai nt sul t i ma t el yc a nbehi ghl yc ount er pr oduc t i vet ot hec onduc toft heenf or c e menta c t i on… TheSec ur i t yCounc i l mus tt a kes er i ous l y es a nyaut hor l S a t i onf ort heus eoff or c ei nl i ghtoft hei nevl t a bl ys e r i ousc ons equenc t hatwi l lr es ul t ; att hes a met i me,ther emus tbeadegr e eoff a i t ha ndt r us ti nt hea c t i ons l ・ oft hee nf or c i ngS t at e st Oadher et ot heba s i cgoa l se s t a bl i s hedbyt heSe c ur i t yCounc i 75・Ca r onma deas i mi l a rpolnt( Ca r on,D・D・ ,1 9 93・"TheLeg i t i ma c yoft heCol l ec t i ve Aut hor i t yoft heSec ur i t yCounc l l . "Ame r l C a nJoumalo fI nt e r nat l 0nalL J aW 8 7:55 2, 566-5 67) : Nowt hatt heCounc i li sa c t i ng, l e gl t l ma C ya r gua bl yi ses s e nt i a lt oens ur l ngi t sl ong t e r m e fe c t i ve ne s s .Butj us ta si ts ee mswr ongt og ai ne だec t l Vene S Sa tt oogr ea tane xpe ns et O l egl t l ma C y,S Odoesi tnotma kes e ns et oi nc r ea s el e gi t i ma c ya tt hee x pens eofas l gni aI c a ntl os si nef f ec t i ve ne s s . os e c ut orv. Dus koTa dl C , "Cas eNo.I T9 4トAR7 2, Dec i s i onof2Oc t obe r1 9 95 76."ThePr 7. ( s eenot e22,above),46-4 e pr ,K, 1 99 4・"Doest heUni t edNat i onsSec ur i t yCounc l lHavet heComp et enc et o 77・Ha r wYor kUni v e r s i yJour t nalo fI nt e r nat i onalL J aWa nd Ac ta sCour ta ndLegi s l a t ur e?"Ne Pol i t i c s2 7:1 03,1 56. 78.Gr a ef r a t h,B. ,=Le a vet ot heCour t H( s e enot e23,above),204・I nt hi sc onnec t l On , Ha r pe rr ef e r r edt os e ve r a lpoi nt s( Har per ,K・ ," Doe st heUni t e dNa t i onsSec ur i t y e nc e"( s e enot e77,a bove) ,1 37-1 40) ・Fi r s t l y,a. c our tl Sge nCounc i lHa vet heCompet er al l ypr e s umedt oha vepr oc e dur a ls a f eg ua r dsf orduepr oc es s ・Se c ondl y, l tl Sr equl r ed t oe xpl a i ni t shol di ngsonl egala ndf a c t ua li s s uesi npubl i s hedopl ni ons ・Thl r dl y,i ft he Counc l li st oa c tl naj udl C l a lc apac l t y,i tmus tnotal l ow i t sme mbe r st oa d j udl C at e tt er si nwhi c hi t sme mbe r sa r ei nt er es t edpa r t i es ・ ma l y,Ki r gi ss t a t ed( Ki r gi s ,F.L.J r ,"TheSe c ur i t yCounc i l ' sFI T S tFi f t yYe a r s " Si mi l ar ( s e e. not e1,a bove) ,53 2) :HTheCounc i lhasnor ul esofpr oc edur ef orf a l rad j udi c a t i ve hea r l ng S ,norC Oul di tr eas ona bl ybee xpec t edt oa doptorf ol l owa nys uc hr ul es ・ M 79・1 95 4I CJRe p・ ,61・ gl S , F.L Jr,H TheSec ur i t yCounc i l l sFi r s tFi f t yYea r s "( s e enot e1,a bove) , 525・See 80,Ki r a l s oKl r gi s , FL J r ,1 9 95.HCl a i msSet t l eme ntandt heUni t edNa t l OnSLe ga lSt r uc t ur e, " i nLi l l i c h.R.B.( ed・ ) ,TheUni t e dNat i onsCompe ns at 1 0nCommi s s E On・Ne w Yor k: Tr a ns nat i ona lPubl l S he r s ,1 0 3. I ti ss a i d,howe ve r ,t ha tt heGoveml ngCoul C i lha ss of ara l wa ysa ppr ov edwi t hout a nyc hanget her ec omme nda t l OnSOft hePa nel sofCommi s s i one r s ・ DiRat t a l ma, M・ and t e dNat i onsCompe ns at T OnCommL y s 1 0n:A Ha ndbook・ Tr e ve s ,T・( eds ) ,1 999.TheUni TheHa gue:Kl uwerLa wI nt er na t i ona l ,353 7. 81 .Gi l l , T.D. ,"Le ga la ndSomePol i t i c a lLi mi t at i ons "( s eenot e48,a bov e) ,8 5f・ 8 2・Mende l s on,M.H・a ndHul t on,S C・ ,1 99 3・"TheI r aqKuwai tBounda r y. HBr l t i s hYe ar 3 50 SATO Booko fI nt e ma i i o na ZL , aw 64:1 3 5,1 9 3.Wi t hr e ga r dt ot hepos i t i onoft heSe c ur i t y nt e douta sf ol l ows( i bi d・ ,1 9 2) : Counc i lme nt i one da bov e, Me nde l s ona ndHul t onpoi Te c h ni c a l l y, t h i sma yha v ebe e nc or r e c t , bu ts ubs t a nt i ve l yt he r ewa smor et oi t ・ ir s tpl a c e".t hi swa snotade ma r c a t i one x e r c i s ei nt heus ua ls e ns eoft he I nt he f t e m ・TheCommi s s i onwa sno tme r e l yma r ki ngoutont heg r oundabo unda r ywhi c h ha da lr e a dybe e nde i f ne dw it hs omepr e c i s i oni nat r e a y.Sof t a ra sc onc e r nedt he bounda r yi nt heKhowrAbdA ll a h,t he r ewa snot r e a t yde i f ni iona t ta l l ;a nd,a sf or t hel a ndbou n da r y,t het r e a t yde i f ni t i onwa ss ova g uea st or e qui r ec ons i de r a bl ee l a bor a t i on( t ous eane ut r a lt e r m) . 8 3・Sa r oos hi ,D. ,1 9 9 6・" TheLe g a lFr a me wor kGov e n ri ngUni t e dNa t i onsSubs i di a r yOr 7: 413, 471 -4 7 2・ Ha r pe r , K・ , "Doe st he g a ns . "Br i t i s hYe a rBooko fI nt e r na t i ona lLaw6 Uni t e dNa t i onsSe c ur i t yCo unc i l Ha v et heCompe t e nc e"( s e eno t e7 7, a bov e) , 1 4 6 -1 4 7・ r t e n c z uk, B. , 1 9 9 9 . " TheSe c ur i yCounc t i l , t heI nt e r na t i ona l Co ur t a ndJ udi c i a l Re ie v w: 8 4.Ma Wha tLe s s onsf r omLoc ke r bi e ? "Eur o pe a nJ our na lo fI nt e ma t i ona lLaw1 0: 51 7,5 3 3・ 8 5.Ha r pe r ,K. ," Doe st heUni t e dNa t i onsSe c ur it yCounc i lHa v et heCompe t e nc e"( s e e not e77,a bov e ) ,1 3 7,1 41.Si mma ,pa r t i c ul a r l yc onc e i ngt m heFor merYug os l a v i aa nd nt .Whi l es uc hSe c ur it y Rwa ndat ibuna r l sa nds a nc t i onsr e g l me S ,ma deas i il m a rpol Counc i ll a wma ki ngorr e g ul a t or yme a s ur e sa ppe a rj us t i 丘e d,a nds houl dbede e me d l e ga li ft he yh mi tt he ms e l ve st os pe c i icc f a s e sofpa r t i c ul a r l yhl l g ed i me ns i ons-t he unde r l y ngc i ons i de r a t i onbe ngt i ha ti nt e r na t i ona l pe a c ea nds e c ur i t yC a nOn lyber e S t or e di ft hef a c t or st ha tl e dt ot heAr t i c l e39s i t ua i to nsa r er e dr e s s e da st hor oug hl ya s pos s i bl e-hepoi nt e douta sf ol l ows( Si mma ,B. ,H Fr om Bi l a t e r a l i s mt oCommuni t y l nt e r e s t "( s e enot e61,a bove ) , 2 7 7 ) : Howe ve r ,i ns uc hi ns t a nc e s ,t heCounc i ls houl dbehe l dt oc onf or mt oge ne r a lpnnc i pl e sofl a wa nde l e me nt a r yc o ns i de r a t i onsofhuma ni t y.Thust heYug os l a v i aa nd Rwa ndaTr ibu na l smus tc e r t a i nl yber e g a r de da sobl i ge dt oa c c or dduepr oc e s sof l a w,f a i rt r i a l ,a ndt or e s pe c tt her i g ht soft hea c c us e d( a spr ov i de di nt he i rs t a t ut e s ) I Si il m a r l y,s a nc t i onsr e g l meSu ket ha te mbodi e di nr e s ol ut i o n68 70nI r a qmus tr e ma i n pr o por t i ona t et ot hebr ea c he so ft hel a wt husc onc e r ne d. 8 6 ・Ye i n,E. m ,1 9 6 9 .Le gi s l a t i v ePowe r si nt heUm' t e dNa t i on sa ndS pe c i a l L s e dAg e nc i e s . Le y de n:AI W.Si j t ho f,6. 8 7・K ir iS g , F・L J r ," TheSe c it m yCou nc i l ' sFi r s tFi f t yYe a r s "( s e enot e1,a bov e ) , 5 20・ e ,f ore x a mpl e ,S kubi s z e ws ki ,K. ,1 9 6 5 16 6 ." Ena c t me nto fLa wb yI nt e r na t i ona l 88 .Se rn a dona lLa w41:1 9 8 , 20 2. 0r g a ni z a t i ons . 〟Br i t i s hYe arBooko fI nt e 8 9 ・Si il m a r l y,deBr i c ha mba uts t a t e d( deBr ic ha mba ut ,M,P. ,2 0 0 0." TheRol eoft he Uni t e dNa t i onsSe c ur it y Counc i ]i nt heht e ma t i ona lLe g a lSy s t e m, "i n By e r s , M・ ( e d. ) , TheRol eo fLa wi nI nt e r na dona lPol i t i c s IEs s a y si nI nt e ma t i ona lRe l a t i on sa ndZ nt e r ,26 9,2 75 ) :H Al t houg ht heSe c ur i t y nan ' o na LLa w・Ox f or d:Ox or f dUni ve r s i t yPr e s s Counc i ldoe snotha v et hepo we rt oc r e a t el a w, i tdoe sha v et hepo we rt oc r e a t er i g ht s a ndobl i ga t i onsf ort heme mbe rSt a t e soft heUn i t e dNa t i ons . " 9 0.Robe r t s ,L D. ,1 99 3."Uni t e dNa t i onsSe c ur i t yCounc i lRe s ol ut i on68 7a ndI t sAf t e r ma h:TheI t mpl i c a t i onsf orDo me s t i cAut hor i t ya ndt heNe e df orLe g i t i ma c y・ "Ne w 9 3,5 9 7 -61 0:s e ea l s o Yor kUni v e r s i t yJ ouma Lo fI nt e r na t i o nalLawa ndPol i t i c s25:5 Ha r pe r ,K・ ," Doe st heUn i t e dNa t i onsSe c l l it r yCounc i lHa vet heCo mpe t e nc e"( s e e a bov e ) ,1 2 7 -1 28. not e77, 91 .I bi d. ,1 5 5. 9 2lEs t a bl i s hme ntofs ubs i di a r yor g a nsc oul ds ome t i me si nV ol v equa s i 1 e g i s l a t i vef unc t i ons - THE LEGI TI MACY OF SECURI TY COUNCI L ACTI VI TI ES 351 i ns uc hc a s e sast hel nt e r na t l Ona lTr i buna lf ort heFor me rYug os l a vl a, andf orRwanda, aswe l last heUni t edNa t i onsCompe ns at i onCommi s s l On・Conc e r nl ngt hef or mer ,i t gi s , F. LJ r , "Tl l eSe c ur l t yCounc i l ' sFl r S tFl f t yYea r s "( s e enot e1 , wa spoi nt e dout( Kl r a bove) , 522) :" The s eSt at ut esa r el e g i s l at i veh "a t ur ee vent houg h ea c hSt a t ut ea ppl i e s t oonl yonee xi s t i ngs i t uat i on: ea c hi sdi r e c t edt oI ndet er mi na t ea ddr es s ees( i ndi vi dual s ) a ndmaybea ppl i edr epea t edl yunt i la l lj us t l C l abl ec a s e sha vebe ent r l ed・ Hseea l s o Ki r g i s 'di s c us s i onwl t hr e ga r dt ot hepr obl emsofa ppl i c a bl el awa ndpr oc edur a lpr ovi s i onsc onc er ni ngt het r i buna l s ,a swe] last hedi r e c t i v est oa ppl yt hef or c ema J e ur e de f enc ec onc e r nl ngRes ol ut i on687,1 bi d・ ,5 23 5 25・Howe ve r ,c onc eml ngt hes et r i bud. ,5 2 3) : nal s ,Ki r gi sac knowl edgedt hei rl e ga l i t y( i bi Tobes ur e,t hef r ame r soft heCha r t erdonots ee mt oha vec ont e mpl at edt heus eof l e291 mt hi sf a s hl On. Ne ve r t hel es s , t heob j ec t i ons ee msl ega l i s t i cbec a us et heAr t l C l e Ar t i c 39c ondi t i onsa r emet ,t heTr i buna l ' sdec i s 1 0nmake r sa r ei nde pendentofpol l t i c a l ol ,a ndt head j udi c at i vepr oc edur ea ppea r st obees s e nt i a l l yf a l r ・ c ont r 93・Gr a ef r at h, B/' Lea vet ot heCour t "( s eenot e23, a bove) , 203. He r de ge ns t at eds l mi l a r l y The' Cons t i t ut l Onal l Z a t i onloft heUNSe c ur l t ySy s t e ml ' asf ol l ows( He r deg en,M.JJ' bove ) ,1 5 0) : ( s eenot e65,a Unde rt heChar t e r ,t hepr l ma r yS af eg uar da ga l nS ta nunbal anc eddyna mi s m doe snot . l i ewi t hj udi c i a lc ont r ol ,butr at herw it hapol i t i c a lc he c k-t heve t o. . AThi sel e ment a ndnotdyna mi ci nt e r ve nt i onbyt heI CJ , l St hemal nguar dl a nOft heSe c ur i t yCounc l l ' s abs t e nt 1 0nf r om i r r at l Ona l l t ya ndabus eofpowe r s ・ 9 4・1 9 62I CJRe p-1 68・ CJRe p,45 9 5・1 9 71I 96,Wa t s on,G-良. ,1 99 3,"Cons t l t ut i ona l i s m,J udi c i alRe vi e w,a ndt h eWor l dCour t . " Ha7 ・ V ar dI nt e r nat i onalLawJouT ・ na l3 4:1,27. 97・AI va r ez , JE. ,1 99 6・ H J udgi ngt heSec ur i t yCounc l l . 日Ame r i c anJoL u J na/o fl nt e r nat i onal Law90:1,91 Her de ge nmadeas i il m a rpolnt( Her de ge n, M・ JL ," The' Cons t i t ut 1 0na li z ae65a bove ) ,1 51 ) : t i on'oft heUN Sec ur it ySys t e m"( s eenot Cont r as t e dwl t ht hec ompr ehens i vepower soft heEur opea nCour t , t heI CJ' si nt er ve nt l Onl nt headml nl S t r a t i onoft heCha r t erandt heoc c a s i onsf orl tt Opr onounc eupont he e f f ec tofSe c ur i y Counc t i lr es ol ut i onsde e ndonr p at he rha z a r dousa ndi nc l de nt a lel eme nt s :apr ope rc a s ebr oug htb yt hepr ope rpa r t i esunde rpr opers ubmi s s i ont ot he Ha gue・Be c a us et heI nt e r nat i ona lCour tofJ us t i c epos s es s e snopowe rofa nnul ment , t hei mpac tofi t sr eas onl ngr e ga r di ngt heIll egal i t yofaSec ur i t yCounc i lr e s ol ut l On wi l lof t e nbel ef tt os pec ul a t i vegue s s l ngJna ddi t i on,t heI CJ' sdec i s i onsc a nnotc l a i m r goomne s . bl ndi nge f f ec te 98-Bowe t t ,D・ W. ,1 9 96. "TheCour t ' SRol ei nRe l at i ont oI nt er nat i onalOr ga ni s at i ons , "i n ,Fi f t yYe ar so ft heI nt e r nat 1 0nalCour to fJus t l C e : Lowe,V・a ndFi t z ma ur i c e,ML( eds ) Es s a yst ' nHonouro fSi rRobe r t Je 7 Z nl ng S ・Ca mbr i dge:Ca mbr i dgeUnlVe r S i t yPr es s ,1 81, 1 90-1 91. ,1 99 4・TheNe wWor l d Seea l s ot heva r i ousdi s c us s 1 0nSbyBed J a ouii nBed J a Oui ,M・ Or de ra ndt heSe c ur i t yCounc z ' l :Te s t l ngt heL ・ e gal t l yo fi t sAc t s ・Dor dr e c ht :Mar inus Ni j hof E . 99・I bi d・Laut e r pa c htl Sa l s opos l t i veand,l nt hec ont ex tofHr ec our s ea ga i ns tqua S l j udi c i a l dec i s i onsofpol i t i c alor ga nsofi nt e r nat i ona l or ga nl S a t i ons , "s t a t e d( Laut e r pa c ht ,E・ , 352 SATO As pe c L s( s e enot e51 ,a bov e ) ,1 1 3 -1 1 4) : I nwha tdi r e c t i ont he nc a nwemov et or e duc eore l i ina m t et hepr obl e m ofe r r one ou s ori mpr ope rn is t i t ut i ona lqua s i j udi c i a la c iv t it y?Thea ns we rwoul da ppe a rt ol i ei nt he di r e c t i ono fj udi c i a lr e ie v w; i ne fe c t , i nt hed i r e c t i o nofs omeki ndofa pp ea LI ts houl d beo pe nt oaSt a t eore nt i t ypr e j udic e dbyaSe c ur it yCounc i lr e s ol ut iont oi ns i s tont he s ubmi s s i onof也edi s put e dque s t i onsofl a wt oa ni nt e ma t i oma lt r i buna L Se ea lS ot her e l e va ntdi s c us s i o nbyt hepr e s e nta ut hor( Sa t o, T・ , Ev ol v i ngCon s t i t ut i ons ona l0r g a n由at i ons( s e enot e5 ,a bov e ) ,1 77 -1 78 ) , o f/ nt e r nati nt e ma t i ona lLawRe por t s9 5:1 5 9.Se ea l s ot hedi s c ss u i onont h i s 1 0 0・1 9 9 3I CJRe pり4 3 9;I poi ntbyAka nde,D. ," TheI nt e r na t i ona lCour to fJ us t i c ea ndt heSe c it m yCounc i l " ( s e enot e5 0,a bove ) , 3 2 5-3 4 2. 1 01 .AI va r e z , J . E・ ," J ud g ngt i heSe c u it r yCou nc i l "( s e enot e9 7,a bove ) , 3 7. n ot A he rpr ob1 1 e m㌣a gpoi nt e doutbyGr ee nwooda sf ol l ows( Gr e e nwood,C・ ・1 9 9 9 ・" TheI mpa c tof De c i s l OnSa ndRe s ol ut i onsoft heSe c ur i t yCounc i lont heht e ma t i oma lCour tofJ us t i c e , "i nHe e r e,W. P.( e d. ) , I nt e ma t i onalLawa ndt heHa gue' S7 50 t hAnni v e l Ta r y. The Ha g ue : T. MIC・A ss e I . Pr e s s ,8 1 ,8 5 18 6 ) : Thea s s e r ionofag t e ne r a l i s e dpowe ro fj udi c i a lr e v i e wofSe c ur it yCounc i lr e s ol ut i ons a ndde c i s i onsc oul dha v eade s t a bi hs i nge f f e c tont hewor ki ng sofCha pt e rVI Ioft he Cha r t e r ,i fade c i s i ont a ke nbyt heSe c ur i t yCo l l nC i l ,f ore xa mpl e,t oi mpos ee c onomi c s a nc t i ons ,C oul dbec ha ll e ng ed,pe r ha psma nyy e a r sa f t e ri twa st a ke n・Tha two ul d i nduc ea ne l e me ntofunc e r t a i nt ywhi c hc oul dha nghkeas wor do fDa moc l e sov e r e v e r ys a nc t i onsr e g l meOnWhi c h也eCounc i lmi g htde c i de . 1 0 2・Ont h i sma t t e r ,Bowe t tc ont nue i da sf ol l o ws( Bowe t t ,D. W. ," TheCour t ' sRol e"( s e e not e9 8 ,a bove ) ,1 91 ) : Theob j e c t i ont ha tt h i swou ldi nv it et heCot l r tt Oque s t i ont heCounc i l ' spol i t i c a l j udg e me nt ,ordi s c r e t i on,i sno tc ompe l l ng.Mos i tl e g a ls y s t e msha veat r a di t i onofj udi c i l a a bs t e nt i onf r om " pol i t i c a lque s t i ons , "andi ts houl dnotbee x ec p t e dt ha tt heCour t woul da t t e mptt os ubs t i t ut ei t spol i t i c a lj udg e me ntf ort ha toft heSe c u r i t yCol l nC i l ・ 1 0 3.Fr a nc k,T.M. ,1 99 5." TheUn i t e dNa t i onsa sGua r a nt orofht e r na t i ona lPe a c ea nd Se c ur i t y: Pa s t , Pr e s e nta ndFut ur e , "i n Tomus c ha t ,C.( ed. ) ,TheUni t e dNa t i on sat Age Fi J b,( s e enot e21 ,a bov e ) ,3 7.Se ea l s oSi mma ,Bリ" Fr om Bi l a t e r li a s mt oComml l n i t y I nt e r e s t "( s e enot e61 ,a bov e ) , 28 2; Ma l a nc z uk. P. ,1 9 9 9 ."Re c ons i de r i ngt heRe l a t i ons hi pBe t we e nt heI CJa ndt heSe c ur it yCounc i l , Hi nHe e r e ,W.P・( e d・ ) ,I nt e r na t i ona l Law( S e enot e1 01 ,a bov e) ,8 7,9 8-9 9 . *Thea ut horwoul dl iket onot e,w it hg r a t i t ude ,t heg e ne r ousc ont ibut r i ong i ve nt Ohi s r e s e a r c hbyt heMt ua t aSc i e nc eFounda t i oni n1 9 9 8.
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