RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Grammar
SENTENCES/CLAUSES/PHRASES
Sentences
A sentence is a group of world that makes complete sense. For example, ‘A cow is grazing in the field is a sentence
while ‘cow field grazing’ is not. Sentences are made of two parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject is the
person or thing that acts or is described in the sentence. The predicate, on the other hand, is that action or
description. Complete sentences need both the subject and the predicate.
Sentences are of four kinds:
(a)
Those which make statements or assertions, are called declarative or assertive sentences.
Example: I go to school every day.
Statements can be both positive and negative.
(b) Those which ask questions, are called interrogative sentences.
Example: where do you live?
(c) Those which express requests or commands, are called imperative sentences.
Example: pleases shut the door.
GO away.
(d) Those which express a strong feeling are called exclamatory sentences.
Example: what a beautiful building!
Clauses
Sentence can be broken down into clauses.
For example: Ram had to catch the train as he was getting late.
In this sentence, there are two clauses: an Independent clause and a dependent clause.
Independent clause: Ram had to catch the train.
Dependent clause: as he was getting late.
Dependent clauses can work as noun, adverb or adjective.
Noun clause
A noun clause can replace any noun in a sentence, functioning as a subject, object or complement.
. Where they are going is unknown.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
. She is what she appears to be. (Complement)
. I don’t know whether he would come today. (Object)
. Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it. (Subject)
Adjective Clauses/Relative Clause
“I listened to the song that was a chart buster in the Eighties.” An adjective clause describes a noun just like an
adjective. Which song The song that was a chart-buster in the Eighties. Often called relative clauses, they’re either
restrictive or nonrestrictive (also called defining and non-defining).
Restrictive clause – Specifies or restricts noun, for examples, “She wore the dress that I presented her on her
birthday.’’ Here the speaker means a particular dress. The noun which the relative
clause refers to is called its antecedent. A relative clause is always used next to its antecedent.
For example: The boy who is wearing the blue jeans is my brother. (Correct)
The boy is my brother is wearing the blue jeans. (Incorrect)
Nonrestrictive clause – ‘’The building, which they build in san Francisco, sold for a lot of money.’’ Here the clause
adds extra information about an already- specific noun. The main sentence conveys complete meaning even
without the clause.
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in a sentence. An adverb clause
answer question such as ‘’when?,’’ “where?. “Why?,” “with what goal/result?” and “ under what condition?” .
The principal gave a speech here.
The principal gave a speech where the students were protesting.
Usually, a subordinating conjunction like ‘’because,’’ “when (ever)’’,” where (ever)”,’’since’’,’’after’’ and ‘’so
that,’’ will introduce an adverb clause and denote the time, place manner reason or the result of an action being
done as suggested by the verb.
Coordinate clause
The coordinate clause is linked by a coordinating conjunction, such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
Coordinate clauses make sense.
I like ice cream but I hate chocolate.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
I was getting late so I decided to go by taxi.
Phrases
A small group of words without a finite verb that together have a particular meaning and typically form part
of a sentence.
We shall be going to ‘’the amusement Park’’ is a phrase.
Phrases act like parts of speech inside clauses. That is, they can act as nouns, adjectives, adverbs and so on.
[Solved example]
Q. Complete the sentences by writing the most appropriate clauses.
(a) I wish …………………………….. .
(b) life is …………………………….. .
(c) It is strange …………………………….. .
(d) I got late …………………………………. .
(e) …………………………………… I should close the door.
(f) I have lost the book ……………………………… .
(g) He is the boy …………………………………. .
(h) The cricket bat ………………………………. Was mine .
Ans. (a) I were taller
(b)what we make of it
(c) that he has not replied
(d) because I got stuck in a traffic jam
(e) As it is windy
(f) which was given by you
(g) who stand first in the class
(h) that you broke yesterday
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
[Practice Question]
1. Complete the following passage by writing the most appropriate noun clause.
Most of the parents do not know (a) ……………… . They just go on complaining (b) ………………….. . They go on
finding faults with them. The parents do not realise (c) ……………………. .
2. Complete the following sentence by adding a noun clause .
(a) He told me ………………………
(b) He wanted to know …………………………
(c) The teacher informed the class …………………….
(d) He knew …………………………. .
(e) It is certain ……………………… .
(f) He explained ……………………… .
(g) Who can predict ……………………… ?
(h) I think …………………………….. .
(i) Do you know ………………………… ?
(j) Let him tell …………………………. .
3. Complete the following sentence by subordinate Adjective/Related clause:
(a) I have lost the book ………………………….
(b) This is the doll ………………………….
(c) He is the student …………………………
(d) Meera is the girl …………………………
(e) This is the TV ……………………. .
(f) I have already seen the place ………………………..
(g) Do you know the man …………………………. ?
(h) Please give me the book ………………………… .
(i) Would you like to read the book ………………………. ?
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(j) This is the problem ………………………….. .
4. Complete the following sentence using appropriate subordinate Adjective clause.
(a) Dr. R.D. Sharma ………………………… is a famous person.
(b) Manish …………………….. is an accountant .
(c) Dinesh found the book …………………….. .
(d) This is the pen ……………………… .
(e) This is the place ……………………. .
(f) He met the scientist …………………….. .
(g) The president ………………………….. Was invited to the party.
(h) Those students …………………… Should contact the class teacher.
(i) I know the boy …………………….. .
(j) The lawyer ……………………….. was clever .
5. Complete the following sentences using Adverb clause.
(a) You will get good marks …………………… .
(b) She will not invite you …………………….. .
(c) I will help him …………………….. .
(d) Although it was late ………………… .
(e) You need not give him any money ……………………… .
(f) Do your best …………………….. .
(g) I will wait for her ……………………….. .
(h) He worked hard ……………………….. .
6. Ravi and raj are planning a visit to Jaipur. Complete the dialogue between them using the following
sentences as clauses .
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
If we go by car
Since it is a long journey
When I was a child
Ravi : I am really excited about the trip .
Raj : I have been to the place (a) …………………….. .
Ravi : (b) ………………………………… we can reach there easily.
Raj : We’ll go by car. (c)……………………………. .
TENSES
The tense of a verb denotes the time of an action, i.e. present, past or future. The principal tense forms are –
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous. Thus, there are a total of twelve tense forms. The tense of the
verb brings about some changes in the verb form. The functions of these forms may be distinct or overlapping, i.e.
in some cases more than one tense form may be used.
TENSES AT A GLANCE
Tense
Helping verbs
Main verbs
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Present Indefinite
Do, does (Neg.Int.)
I form, +‘s’ or ‘es’ Aff.
Present continuous
Is, am, are
I form- (Neg. Int.)
Present perfect
Has, have
I form+ ing with all the sub.
Present perfect continuous
Has been, have been
III form
Past Indefinite
Did (Neg.Int)
I form + ing + since / for
II form – Affrimative,
I form- (Neg. Int.)
Past Continuous
Was, were
I form + ing with all the sub
Past perfect
Had
III form
Past perfect continuous
Had been
I form + ing
Future Indefinite
Shall (I,We),will-(others)
I form with all the subjects
Future Continuous
Will be, shall be
I form + ing
Future perfect
Will have, shall have
III form
Future perfect continuous
Will havebeen, shall have been
I form + ing
Note: Always use the verb according to the person number and gender of the subject. In all the perfect
continuous tenses, always use ‘since’ or ‘for’ for expression of time.
Since: For point of time
For: For period of time
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
1. The sequence of tenses is the principal according to which the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause
follows the tense of the verbs in the principal clause .
2. There are three main rules which we must always keep in mind.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Rule No. 1 . If the verb in the principal clause is in the present or future tense, the verb in the subordinate
clause may be in any tense, according to sense. For example
What he is doing.
I Know
What he is was doing.
Or
What he will be doing.
I shall know
What he had done.
What he will have done.
Rule No. 2 . If the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clause
must also be written in the past tense. For example:
1. I knew he was telling a lie.
2. He worked hard so that he might pass.
There are, however, some exceptions to this rule.
(i) If the verb in the subordinate clause expresses some universal truth or habitual fact, it is always in the
present tense, if the verb in the principal clause is in the past tense
For example:
1. The old father told his sons that unity is strength.
2. I was sorry to hear that he has a bad temper.
(ii)
If the verb in the subordinate clause is introduced by the conjunction than the verb may be of any
tense, even though there is past tense in the principal clause. For example:
1. She liked him better then she like you.
2. He helped us more than he helps his own children.
(iii)
If the subordinate clause is an adverbial clause of the place or reason, they may be in any tense
according to the tense/sense implied. For example:
He failed because he has weak health.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(iv)
Remember that the conjunction lest is always followed by should. For example:
He worked hard lest he should fail.
Rule No. 3 . The conjunctions as if and as though always take were in the subordinate clause whatever the
tense in the principal clause. For example:
1. He talks as if he were mad.
2. He worked as though he were a giant.
Common errors in the Usage of Tenses
Incorrect
correct
He has not bought a car till yesterday.
I have come yesterday.
They are studying for five hours.
We did not read ‘Hamlet’ till we were in class eleventh.
He had not bought a car till today.
I came yesterday.
They have been studying for five hours.
We had not read ‘Hamlet’ till we were in class eleventh.
I am working here since 1999.
I am going to school on foot every day.
Why are you liking this place?
I am having a blue pen.
He is having a large family.
If it will rain, we shall not go out .
I have been working here since 1999.
I go to school on foot every day.
Why do you like this place?
I have a blue pen.
He has a large family.
If it rains, we shall not go out.
[Solved Example]
Q. Read the following paragraph and fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in the brackets.
Once there was a king. He (a) ………………….. (know) for his benevolence. Every day he (b) ……………… (feed) the
hungry and (c) ………………….. ( clothe) the poor before he (d) ………………….. ( take ) his food. He (e) ………………. (do)
so for many years. He (f) ………………………. ( love ) by his subjects.
Ans. (a) was known
(e)did
(b) fed
(f) was loved
(c) clothed
(d) took
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
[Practice Questions]
1. Fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs with the most appropriate form of verbs given in
the brackets. Write your answers against the correct blank numbers.
1. My mother (a) ……………….. (do) a lot of work. She (b) …………………. ( cook) food and (c) …………………… (clean)
the house. Whenever, I (d) ……………………… ( fallen) ill, she looks after me well. She (e) ……………………. (be) a
religious person. She (f) ………………………….. ( narrate) many interesting stories from the Ramayana and the
Mahabharata to us at bed time . right now, she is not at home.
2. I (a) ………………………… (run) for a bus when I (b) ……………………….. (hit) my foot on something on the pavement
and (c) …………………………… (fall) over. I tired to get up but (d) ………………………. (move). I had a terrible pain in my
left foot. I (e) ……………………….. ( sprain) my ankle very badly. I was limping when some passers-by (f) ……………………
(notice) me.
3. Yesterday, I (a) …………………… (try) to take notes while the teacher (b) ………………….. (explain) a topic in the
class. Since she (c) …………………….. (not speak) loudly, it (d) ……………………..(be) difficult to hear, especially because
some of the students behind me (e) …………………….. (talk) and (f) …………………….. (laugh) most of the time.
4. Yesterday, a speeding car hit a scooterist, who (a) …………………. (fall) unconscious. The poor fellow (b)
……………….. (bleed) a lot before he (c) ……………………. (rush) to a hospital by a good Samaritan. The man (d)
……………….. (struggle) for help an hour before he (e) ………………….. (breathe) his last. The doctor (f) ………………….
(arrive) too late.
5. The roof of the hall of a school building (a) ……………………. (fall down) in heavy rains yesterday night. Five
person (b) …………………… (die) on the spot. The school building (c) …………………….. (be) under construction.
According to the neighbours, about fifteen persons (d) ……………………… (sleep) in the hall of semi-constructed
building. Most of the victims (e) …………………… (be) the family members of the workers, who (f) ……………………
(come) from nearby villages..
6. I (a) ……………………. (come) in very late night and unfortunately, the dog (b) ……………………….. (wake) up and
(C)………………………… (start) to bark. This (d) ……………………….. (awake) my mother. She (e) ………………………….. (not
hear) my voice because the dog (f)………………………….. (bark) very loudly.
7. When I (a) …………………………… (arrive) at the station, Sunita (b)………………………….. (wait) for me. She
(c)………………………. (wear) a blue dress and (d) …………………………… (look) very pretty. As soon as she (e) …………………
(see) me, she (f) ………………………………. (shout) something, but I could not hear what she said.
8. Yesterday, a blue line bus (a) ……………………….. (run) over a school boy who (b) ……………………… (cross) the
road. The boy (c) ……………………….. (injure) seriously and (d) ………………………. (rush) to the hospital. The passengers
(e) ………………………….. (catch) hold of the driver and (f) …………………….. (hand) him over to the police.
II. Complete the passages given below with an appropriate verb.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
1. Cicero (a) ………………….. with truth that friendship (b) …………………….. our happiness and (c) ……………………….
Our sorrow. When we (d) ………………………. Well it is delightful to have friends who (e) ……………………….. so proud of
our success that they (f) ………………………… as much pleasure from it as we (g) …………………….. ourselves. For the
friendless man, the attachment of the wealth, power and honour (h) ……………………….. of little value .
2. Yesterday Savita (a) …………………………. To my house to give me the happy news of her standing first in the
Board Examination. I (b) …………………………… overjoyed to know this. We (c) ……………………… our views regarding
the latest trend in paper setting. She also (d) ………………………….. me that she (e) ………………………….. all the classes
regularly. She never (f) ……………………………. Any class. This habit (g) ………………………… her a lot. Now she (h)
………………………. To go to the united kingdom for higher studies .
3. Yesterday when I (a) …………………….. to see my friend I (b) ……………………………… his door locked. One of his
neighbours told me that he (c) ………………………… out to buy vegetables. I waited there for half and hour but he (d)
…………………………… I had to come back without meeting him.
4. Rishabh (a) ……………………….. feeling thrilled because he has passed his SSC Examination with 90% marks. He
(b) ………………………… to join Shri Ram college commerce because he (c) ………………………….. to do B.Com (Honours).
However, he (d) ……………………………. For admission in other colleges too.
5. Mother, there (a) ………………… a happy new for you. I (b) ………………….. promoted to the post of director.
The company (c) …………………….. me a high salary and fully- furnished flat. I (d) ………………… the new office next
week.
6. He (a) …………………………. In this office for the last five years. He (b) ………………… a sincere worker. His boss
(c) …………………………. Him very much. So he (d) ……………………….. him double promotion.
7. The Bombay Express usually (a) …………………….. on time . but today it (b) ……………………. Late by one hour. I
(c) ……………………… this man since 1990. He (d) ……………………… in this office as a clerk since 1985.
MODALS
Modals are those auxiliary (helping) verbs which express the mode or manner of the action indicated by the
main verbs. They express modes such as ability, possibility, permission, and obligation.
The following are modal auxiliaries;
‘shall’. ‘should’, ‘will’, ’would’, ’can’, ‘could’, ‘may’, ‘might’, ‘must’, ‘ought to’, ‘used to’, ‘need’, ‘dare’
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Use of Modal Auxiliaries
(a) Shall & will:
1. ‘Shall’ is used with the first-person subject (I, We) and ‘will’, with the second- and third person subjects,
to express the simple future.
2. ‘Will’ with the first-person subjects, expresses:
Intention, for example: I will go home today.
Promise, for example: I will try to do better.
Threat, for example: I will kill him.
Determination, for example: I will do or die.
3. ‘Shall’ with the second & third person subject, expresses:
Order, for example: you shall do it just now.
Threat, for example: you shall be punished.
Promise, for example: you shall have a holiday.
Determination, for example: shall he go with you?
(b) ‘Would’ is used to express:
Habitual action, for example: he would sit all day with book in his hand.
Willingness, for example: I would do my best to satisfy you.
Wish, for example: would that I were healthy.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(c) ‘Should’ is used to express:
Duty, for example: We should keep our word.
Advice, for example: you should take rest.
After ‘lest’ for example: work hard lest you should fail.
Polite request for example: should I help you to solve this problem?
‘Shouldn’t’ is used to express:
Advice, for example: you shouldn’t walk in the middle of the road.
To talk about things right or wrong, for example: you shouldn’t have spoken to him very rudely.
Assumption, for example: Shouldn’t he have finished the work by now?
(d) ‘May’ is used to express:
Possibility, for example: He may succeed in his work.
Permission, for example: May I come in?
Wish, for example: May you live long.
Purpose, for example: He works hard so that he may pass.
(e)
‘Can’ is used to express:
Power/ability, for example: He can swim.
He cannot speak English.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Permission, for example:
You can go now.
Can I use your bicycle?
(f)
‘Might’ (past tense of ‘May’) is used to express:
A suggestion, for example: you might try calling the help desk.
Possibility, for example: it might rain.
Purpose, for example: He worked hard that he might win a scholarship.
(g)
‘Could’ (Past tense of ‘can’) expresses:
Power/ability, for example: He could run fast when he was young.
Polite request, for example: Could you please help me?
(h) ‘Must’ expresses:
Compulsion, for example: you must carry out my orders.
Mustn’t’ expresses:
Suggestion/advice, for example: you must not talk to the driver while he is driving.
Necessity, for example: I must not forget her anniversary.
(i)
Ought to denotes:
Duty or moral or social obligation. It is used nearly in the same sense as ‘should’. the verb that
follows ‘ought’ always takes the to + V1 form, for example:
We ought to obey our teachers.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
We ought not to speak ill of others.
(j)
Need expresses:
The sense of requirement or want. Need not expresses the idea that there is no compulsion, for
example:
You needn’t leave today, you can leave tomorrow.
You needn’t pay the whole amount in one installment.
Need I wait till he comes?
Needn’t’ expresses:
Opinion or unnecessary action, for example: you needn’t have written twice.
(k)
Dare means:
To have the courage to do something’, for example: you needn’t have copied the work for me.
He dare not go there.
(l)
Used to expresses:
A habit in the past.
Used to + V1, for example:
I used to swim when I was young.
I used to live in Mumbai. ( now I live in Delhi )
We used to go to Shimla in winter but now we don’t.
(m)
Has to/Have to expresses:
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Some compulsion, obligation or necessity in the present or future tense.
Has to / Have to +V1, for example:
Mohan has to finish his work in time.
I cannot come with you because I have to finish my work in time.
(n)
Had to expresses:
Compulsion, obligation or necessity in the past. The expression ‘ had to ‘ is the past tense of ‘have to’.
Had to + V1, for example:
Yesterday my servent did not come. I had wash my clothes myself.
The enemy had to accept defeat at last.
Note: haven’t (got) to / hadn’t (got) to can be used as well but not preferred in formal writing.
(o)
Will have to expresses:
Compulsion, obligation or necessity in the future. The expression will have to is the future tense of
have to.
Will have to + V1, for example:
Next week you will have to deposit your fee.
[Solved Example]
Q. Complete the passage with appropriate answers.
You (a) ……………………………. See a large number of migratory birds flying to India to escape the extreme cold
conditions of many parts of the world. And as the weather hots up a little, these birds (b) ………………………. No
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
doubt fly back to the destination they come from. These birds usually leave the icy climate during the winter lest
they (c) ………………………… die of cold.
Ans
(a) will/may
(b) will/would
(c) should
[Practice Question]
Complete the passages with appropriate modals.
1. I hope you understand fully well how you (a) ……………………. Keep your body healthy. It is not through good
diet alone. Even the best of diet (b) ……………………… not give you good health. A good diet (c) …………………… be
accompanied by good exercise. Exercise (d) ……………………….. consist of a walk, jogging or skipping. Don’t worry.
Exercise (e) ……………………… not be taken for hours. You (f) ………………. Spare a few minutes in the evenings and
mornings to undergo the necessary quota of exercise.
2. Milk is a complete food, full of vitamins and proteins. Children should drink it regularly otherwise they
might suffer from undernourishment. Elders (a) ………………….. also take it but those who (b) ………………………….. not
afford it (c) ……………………………. Take pulses, fruits and vegetables as an alternative.
3. The art of cooking was made perfect in ancient India. When the people were eating raw meat the world
over, Indians used to prepare hundreds of food items from one single commodity. Even today we know that we
can prepare many item form milk alone. It (a) ………………………….. be curd, better, cheese, sweets, etc.
unfortunately, this milk producing country is running short of milk. We (b) …………………. Not improve this condition
unless we pay serious attention to our milk giving cattle. We (c) ……………………. Improve their breed by new
scientific methods.
4. Dear Sir
Studies (a) …………………. Be very important but health (b) ………………….. never be treated as less important.
You (c) ……………………… have heard the proverb health is wealth moreover, you (d) ………………………. Have a
healthy mind, if you have a healthy body. An unhealthy body (e) ……………………….. not augur well for a healthy
mind. As a result, the mind (f) …………………….. turn unhealthy.
5. Seeing a crow eating a piece of bread, a fox thought how it (a) …………………………. Trick that fellow. It said,
(b) ……………………. I talk to you sir ?” the crow did not even look at the fox. The fox again said, “ (c) ……………………. I
am sure you (e) ……………………….. sing very well.” The crow who (f) ………………………. Not be persuaded till then
now looked at the fox. It (g) ………………………. Have felt flattered. The crow said to itself, “I ‘ll show this fox how
well I (h) ………………………… sing.” It opened its beak. The piece of bread fell down and was eaten away quickly by
the fox.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Complete the conversations filling the blanks with suitable modals.
6. Vibha :
(a) …………… I speak to you, shanta? I need to talk to you rather urgently.
Shanta:
what’s the matter, Vibha? You look quite worried. (b) ………………….. I be of any help to you?
Vibha :
I am in a soup I need Rs10,000 immediately. (c)………………… you lend me some money?
Shanta:
Well, I am afraid. I However, I (d) …………………. Arrange such a big sum immediately. You
(e)……………………….. have told me earlier. However, I (f) ……………… spare about Rs5000 easily.
7. Guddu :
Mother, (a) ………………… I go to the market?
Mother:
No, you (b) …………………. Not .
Guddu :
it is urgent, so I (c) …………………….. go.
Mother :
it (d) ……………………. Rain, so you (e)……………….. not go, lest you (f) ………………. Get wet .
8. Student : madam, may I come in?
Teacher : where were you ? you (a) ………………. Be in the class at the right time.
Student : sorry madam , I (b) …………………… get the straight bus.
Teacher :
Ok,but you (c)…………………… not repeat it in future.
Student :
I (d) ………………………. Not repeat. Kindly, forgive me this time.
Teacher :
you (e) …………………………. Started earlier.
Student :
madam, in future I (f) …………………….. .
SUBJECT-VERB Concord
A verb agrees with the subject in number and person. A singular subject takes a singular verb and plural
subject takes a plural verb.
(i) She is a good speaker.
(ii) They are good speakers.
In sentence (i) the subject ‘she’ is in the singular number; the verb ‘is‘ is also in the singular. But in sentence
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(ii) the subject ‘they’ is in the plural number; the verb ‘are’ is is also in the plural.
Examples:
(a) Girls are taking a test.
(b) Boys are weeping bitterly.
(c) They have not finished the task.
(d) Geeta is reciting a poem.
(e) My sister does not tell lies.
(f) He hates milk but his sister does not.
In the above sentence the verbs have changed according to the person of the subject. Thus, we know
that the verb agrees with the subject in number and person. This is known as subject-verb concord.
1. Two or more singular subject joined by ‘and’ take a plural verb.
For example:
You and I are friends.
2. When two subjects are joined by ‘as well as ‘ the verb agrees with the first subject.
For example:
Her friends as well as she are talkative.
3. Either, neither, each, every and everyone are followed by a singular verb.
For example:
Each of them is lovable.
4. When two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular.
For example:
My sister and friend has come.
5. When two subjects together express one idea, the verb is in the singular
For example:
Two and two makes four.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
6. When a plural noun expresses some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the verb is in
singular.
For example:
Twenty kilos of rice is not much for the month.
7. When two or more singular subjects are connected by ‘with’, ’together with’, ‘ and not’, ‘besides’, ‘ no
less than’, the verb is in singular.
For example:
He and not you is to blame.
8. The verbs agrees with the number of the nouns that fallow the verb.
For example:
There are five girls in the office.
9. Some nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning, take a singular verb.
For example:
English is my favorite subject.
10. A plural noun which is the name of a country or province or the title of a book, is followed by a singular
verb.
For example:
The West Indies is a black country.
Human values is written by M.K. Diwan.
11. A collective noun generally takes a singular verb when the subject stands for the collection as a whole
and plural verbs when the subject stands for the individuals of which it is composed.
For example:
The whole class is present.
The team are celebrating their victory.
12. A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number and person.
For example:
It is I who is to blame.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
[Solved Example]
Q. Fill in the blanks appropriately.
(a) Mahatma Gandhi ………………………. The greatest man of modern times.
(b) The hall ………………………. Packed to capacity.
(c) His knowledge of Indian vernacular ……………………… far beyond the common.
Ans
(a) is
(b) was
(c) is
[practice questions]
1. Fill in the blanks appropriately.
(a) The quality of the mangoes ……………………. Not good.
(b) ………………….. your father and mother at home?
(c) Honour and glory …………………… his reward.
2. Fill in the banks with the most appropriate word.
(a) The horse and carriage …………………….. at the door.
(b) Bread and butter ……………………… his only food.
(c) My friend and benefactor ………………………… come.
3. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word.
(a) The ship with its crew ………………….. lost.
(b) The novelist and poet ………………….. dead.
(c) Neither food nor water …………………… to be found there .
4. Fill in the blanks with most appropriate word.
(a) Fifteen minutes ………………. Allowed to each speaker.
(b) Gulliver’s Travels …………………… written by swift.
(c) Mathematics …………………………. A branch of study in every school.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
5. Fill in the blanks with most appropriate word.
(a) A summon ………………… sent for his arrest.
(b) Politics ……………………… not meant for students.
(c) The news …………………… broadcast from all India Radio.
ACTIVE AND Passive construction
Only a transitive verb can be used in the passive voice. An idea can be expressed in either passive or
active voice depending upon whether the emphasis is to be placed on the doer of the action, i.e. the subject or
the sufferer of the action, i.e. the object. Look at the sentences given below:
1. The hunter killed a tiger (Active voice )
2. A tiger was killed by the hunter ( passive voice )
In the first sentence the subject ( the hunter) is the doer of the action. This sentence is in the active
voice . in the second sentence, the subject (tiger) is the receiver of the action. Here the subject is being acted
upon. This sentence is in the passive voice . The change in the form of the verb showing whether the subject acts
or is acted upon is called the voice. A verb is said to be in the active voice when the person or thing denoted by
the subject acts or is active. So the verb ‘killed ‘ in the above sentence is active. A verb is said to be in the passive
voice when the person or thing denoted by the subject does not act but suffers the action done by something or
someone. The verb was ‘ killed’ in the second sentence is passive.
Rules of changing from Active voice to passive voice:
1. The subject is made the object and the object is made the subject and ‘by’ is added before the never object.
If the object is lifeless, ‘in’, ‘to’, etc. are added.
2. In the passive voice, we always use V3.
3. Imperative sentence: let + sub + Be + V3.
4. If a sentence contains two verbs, the voice of both the verbs is changed.
5. For changing a sentence from the passive voice to the active voice, when the object is not given, we write it
ourselves and then change the voice.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Example: Active Voice
The children
love
Sweets.
Passive voice
sweets
Are loved
By the children
Change of tense (form of ‘be’)
Active
Present indefinite
(do/does,V1)
Past indefinite
(did,V2)
Future indefinite
Will/shall + V1
Present/past continuous
(is/am/are/was/were)+V4
passive
Is /am/are+V3
Was/were +V3
Will be/ shall be + V3
Is/am/are/was/were + being + V3
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Past/present/future perfect
Has/have/had/will have+V3
Has/have/will have/had + been + V3
[Solved Example]
Q. Given below is a set of instruction for a recipe. Read the instructions carefully and complete the
paragraph appropriately.
Crush six bananas into pulp.
Boil half kg of milk.
Add banana pulp and sugar.
Stir for two minutes and then remove it from heat.
Six bananas are crushed into a pulp. Half a kg of milk (a) ……………………. . banana pulp and sugar
(b)……………………. . the mixture. It is stirred for two minutes and (c) …………………………… from the heat.
Ans
(a) is boiled
(b) are added to
(c) then removed
[Practice Question]
1. Below you can see a set of instruction for kneading the dough of chapattis. Complete the paragraph with
passive form.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Take 1 ½ cup of flour, ½ tsp. of salt ,1/2 cup of water in a mixing bowl.
Mix flour and salt in the mixing bowl. Slowly stir in the water and knead the mixture till it feels soft.
If mixture breaks while kneading moisten hands with water before going on .
Store unused dough in an airtight container in the fridge.
The required flour and salt is mixed in the mixing bowl. Then the water (a) ……………………… and the mixture (b)
………………………….. for a few minutes. If the mixture breaks while kneading your hands can be (c) ………………………
water before you continue . the unused dough can be stored in the refrigerator in an air-tight container.
2. below is a set of instruction for washing clothes, imagine that you have completed the procedure. Complete
the paragraph.
Pour water in the washing machine up to the marked level.
Add sufficient detergent powder to give rich foam.
Put the fine clothes first and switch on the machine.
Switch off the machine after five minutes.
Water was poured in the washing up to the marked level, sufficient detergent powder (a) …………………. To give rich
foam. The fine clothes (b) …………………….. and the machine (c) …………………. . after five minutes the washing
machine was switched off.
3. Your friend’s uncle has given her rs30,000 but she does not have an account in the bank. Tell her how to open
an account in the bank. The given instructions may be used to complete the paragraph.
Go to the nearby bank.
Contact the officer and take the form.
Complete the form with necessary information.
Submit the form with two photographs and a proof of residence.
Go to the nearby branch of the bank chosen by you. The branch officer should be contacted. A form (a)
…………………. It should be (b) ………………………. The form (c) ………………………… with two photographs and a proof of
residence.
4. Look at the newspaper headlines given and then use the given information to complete the news items by
filling
in each blank. Write your answers against the correct blank
numbers.
NO HIKE IN SCHOOL FEE
(a)
MEDICAL COLLEGE ADMISSIONS TO REDUCE
…………………..
Delhi Education minister has nullified the
apprehension that the fee of government schools
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(b)
Admission of students in medical and dental colleges ………………………. To 2000 and 3000 seats respectively for
of renewal of permission from the centre.
want
(c)
HOUSE TAX BILL ON COMPUTER
Preparation of house tax bills ……………………………… within the next six months.
REPORTED SPEECH
We may report the word of speaker in two ways:
1. By quoting his exact words. This is called direct speech.
2. By reporting the meaning of his words without quoting the actual words. This is called indirect speech.
Example:
Robin said, ’’I am not feeling well. ‘’ (Direct speech )
Robin said that he was not feeling well. (Indirect speech)
In direct speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker while in indirect speech,
we don’t.
Rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech
1. the present forms of verb in the reported speech change to their corresponding past form if the reporting
verbs is in the past tense. However, no change is made in the tense of the verbs if the main verb is in the present
tense. Also the tense of the verb in statements, expressing universal truths, remain unchanged.
Example:
(a) (i) he said to me, ‘’ I have finished my homework. ‘’ (direct speech)
(ii) He told me that he had finished his homework. (indirect speech)
(b) (i) He says, ‘’ I am a fool to make such a mistake. ‘’ (direct speech)
(ii)He says that he is a fool to make such a mistake. (indirect speech)
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
As a rule, the simple past in the direct speech becomes past perfect in the indirect speech.
(a)
He said to me, ‘’I went to the market yesterday,’’ (Direct speech)
(b)
He told me that he had gone to the market the previous day. (Indirect speech)
2. The first – person pronouns in the reported speech change according to the person and number of the
subject and the second person according to the object of the reporting speech. The third – person pronouns in the
reported speech remain unchanged.
Example:
(a) (i) I said to Sonia , ‘’ are you coming with me?’’ (direct speech)
(ii) I asked Sonia whether she was going with me . (indirect speech)
(b) (i) he said to me, ‘’I have a lot of work to do and that I might take Geeta’s help is she was free.
(ii) He told me that he had a lot of work to do and that I might take Geeta’s help is she was free.
3. The words expressing nearness in time change to words expressing distance in time in the reported
speech however, no change occurs if the principal verb is in the present tense .
‘here’ changes to ‘there.’
‘this’ changes to ‘that’.
‘now’ changes to ‘then’.
‘today’ changes to ‘ that day’.
‘come’ changes to ‘go’.
‘yesterday’ changes to the previous day’.
‘tomorrow’ changes to ‘the next day’ .
‘Last night’ changes to ‘the night before’.
‘Thus’ changes to ‘so’.
‘these’ changes to ‘those’.
4. In statements, that is used as the connector.
In question, the indirect speech is introduced by verb like ‘asked’ or ‘inquired’ etc and ‘if’ or ‘whether’ is
used to connect the sentences.
In introducing commands or requests, the indirect speech is introduced by verbs expressions like
‘exclaimed with joy’, etc. as per the mood conveyed by the reported speech. The exclamatory sentence In the
reported speech is changed to a statement with ‘that’ as a connector.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Examples:
(a) He said to me, ‘’I am glad to see you after such a long time.’’
statement
He told me that he was glad to see me after such a long time.
(b) He said to me , ‘’ are you going for a movie with your friends this evening?’’ Interrogative
He asked me whether (if) I was going for a movie with my friends that evening.
(c) He said to me, ‘’ please get me a glass of water.’’
Imperative
He requested me to get him a glass of water.
(d) He said, ‘’Alas! I am undone.’’
Exclamatory
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.
(e) The captain said to soldiers, ‘’ lay in ambush and fir.’’
Command
The captain ordered the soldiers to lay in ambush and fire.
(f) The teacher said to me, ‘’stand up on the bench.’’
Command
The teacher ordered me to stand up on the bench.
[Solved example]
Q. Read the following conversation and complete the paragraph by filling the
blanks with the most appropriate answer. Write your answer against the correct
blank numbers.
Employer : why did you leave your previous job?
Applicant : they didn’t meet my requirement.
Employer : what salary do you expect here?
Applicant : I am expecting Rs 25000 per month.
Employer : we can pay you just Rs 20000 per month.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
An applicant went for an interview in an office. The employer asked him why he had left his previous job.
The applicant replied that (a) ……………………….. the employer further enquired (b) ………………………… . the applicant
replied. (c) ………………………… the employer concluded by saying that they could pay him just Rs20000 per month.
Ans. (a) they had not met his requirement
(b) what salary he expected there.
(c) that he was expecting Rs 25000 per month.
[Practice Questions]
1. Read the given conversation carefully. Complete the given report with most suitable words and
expressions based on the conversation. Don’t add any new information. Write your answer against the correct
blank number in your note book.
During the meeting one the members asked the fellow members (a) ……………………. The first colleague
replied (b) ………………………… he then inquired Mr Jones about his opinion for the same. Mr Jones expressed doubt
saying (c) …………………………. .
2. Read the given conversation and complete the report that follows. Write your answer against the
correct blank numbers in your note book.
Patient : Doctor, I have a terrible toothache.
Doctor : Well, sit down. I need to examine your teeth. Please open your mouth wide.
Patient : is there any serious problem, doctor?
Doctor : there is nothing serious. One of your teeth has developed a small cavity that requires filling
up. That’s all.
Patient : is there anything else?
Doctor : hmm, your teeth require cleaning too.
The patient told the doctor (a) …………………… the doctor told him (b) ………………….. his teeth. He also
requested him to open his mouth wide. The patient then inquired whether there was any serious problem. To
this, the doctor replied (c) ………………………. On being asked whether there was anything else as well, the doctor
told the patient that his teeth required cleaning too.
3. Read the given conversation and complete the report that follows. Write your answer against the
correct blank number in your note book.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Man :
Servant:
Man :
Servant:
Man :
Servant:
You are becoming very lazy these days. Didn’t I ask you to get my breakfast ready by 8 o’clock?
I am sorry, sir I got up very late today. That’s why I couldn’t prepare it on time.
didn’t you set the alarm before going to sleep?
yes I did sir.
then, what happened?
I forgot to wind the clock.
The man scolded the servant (a) …………………….. he questioned him (b) ………………….. the servant
apologized to him respectfully and explained that (c) …………………….. the man asked him whether he didn’t set the
alarm before going to sleep. To this, the servant answered politely that he had done so . his master further
inquired the reason for the delay. The servant answered humbly that he had forgotten to wind the clock.
4. Read the given conversation and complete the report that follows. Write your answer against the
correct blank numbers.
Suman : the service is really slow here. I have been trying to get the waiter’s attention for the last ten
minutes.
Tanya : I hope he waits on us soon. I have a class at five o’clock.
Suman : oh, here comes the writer. It looks like we’re going to get served after all.
Tanya : good. I’m starving.
While sitting in the restaurant, suman complained (a) ………………….. to get the waiter’s attention for the
last ten minutes. Tanya wished (b) ……………………. As she had a class at five o’clock. Just then suman exclaimed
that the waiter had come and it looked like (c) ………………….. Tanya got happy and said that she was starving.
5. Read the given conversation and complete the report that follows. Write your answer against the
correct blank numbers.
Teacher : what is the chemical formula for water?
Rohan : it is HIJKLMNO’.
Teacher : what are you talking about?
Rohan
: yesterday you said it is ‘h’ to ‘o’!
The teacher asked rohan (a) ……………… . rohan replied that it was HIKLMNO. At this, the teacher
surprisingly asked (b) ……………………… rohan answered calmly (c) …………….. .
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
CONNECTORS/CONJUNTIONS
(a) A connector is a word which merely joins sentences or sometimes words.
Examples:
Ram and shyam are good friends.
He is thin but healthy.
(b) Connectors or conjunctions may be used in pairs as well.
Examples:
Either-or – either behave properly or quit the class.
Neither-nor- he is neither good at studies nor at sports.
Both-and – he is both honest and hardworking.
Thought-yet – thought he is hurt, yet he is not complaining.
Whether-or- I do not know whether he’’ll come or not.
Not only-but also – he is not only foolish but also spoilt.
Note. Such connectors, also known as correlative conjuctions, are used immediately before the words to
be connected.
Sometimes certain compound expression can be used as connector like even if, so that, as though.
As well as, provided that in order that, etc.
Examples:
I’’ll lend you the book provided that you return it on time.
He walks as if he were lame.
The connectors or conjunctions are of two types:
(a)
Co-ordinating conjunctions which join clauses of equal rank.
Example:
Listen to me or I’ll complain against you.
(b)
subordinating conjunction which join a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Examples:
Wait here till I return.
We shall cancel the picnic if it rains.
We eat so that we may live.
[Solved example]
Q. Fill in the blanks with appropriate connectors.
(a) Two ………………………. Two make four.
(b) God made the country ………………………… man made the town.
(c) she must weep, ……………………. She will die.
(d) the man is poor ………………………….. he is honest.
(e) I ran fast, ……………………. I missed the train.
(f) he lost his balance ………………….. fell off the bicycle .
Ans. (a) and
(b) and
(c) or
(d) but
(e) but
(f) and
[Practice Questions]
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate connectors.
(a) He may study law ……………………….. medicine.
(b) ………………….. you wish it shall be done .
(c) you must work …………………….. starve.
(d) ……………………… he is there, I shall see him.
(e) he was annoyed ………………………… he was neglected by his friends.
(f) I am so tried …………………………. I cannot go on.
2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate connectors.
He went to college today (a) …………………….. he wasn’t feeling well. He always stands first in the class
(b) ……………………….. his friends never fare well in studies as they are lazy. (c) …………………… they are rich, whereas
he has to take tuition to make both ends meet.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate connectors.
(a) Run fast ………………….. you will miss the bus.
(b) wait …………………………. I return.
(c) give me something to eat …………………….. I’ll die of hunger.
4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate connectors.
(a) Ritu is than ……………. Healthy.
(b) ……………. There is life there is hope.
(c) He bled so profusely …………. He died.
5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.
(a) …………… a borrower …………….. a lender be.
(b) walk quickly, ……………… you will not overtake him.
(c) I was annoyed ……………… I kept quiet.
(d) ………….. he is mad ……….. he feigns madness
(e) we both love …………… honour him.
(f) I do not care ……………. You go ………… stay.
DETERMINERS
Determiners and nouns together make noun phrases; for example: a boy, every boy, my boy, several boys,
this boy.
Determiners limit the noun by giving some additional information about the noun. ‘The boy’ refers to a
boy who has been spoken of earlier.
A noun phrase may include both a determiner and an adjective, such as, a healthy boy, all sick boys, some
intelligent boys, etc.
Determiners are words which come before nouns. They show whether a noun refers to a general or a
specific object, person or place, which or how many things the noun refers to. They define or limit a noun to the
singular or plural. They indicate an amount or quantity. They may precede numerals or adjectives. The following
are the most commonly used determiners.
Articles: a, an, the
Possessives: my, our, your, its, their
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
Adjectives and pronouns of indefinite number or quantity: some, on, any, each, all, every little, less, many much,
neither, either, enough, few, fewer, first, second, which, what, whose, etc.
Examples:
1. Malabar is a beautiful region.
2. Some students missed their class.
3. Our children are well mannered.
4. All winners of awards were present.
5. This book is very old.
Use of articles:
A and an are used before a noun to show that it is not specific
A is used before consonant sounds, e.g. a boy, a house, a chair, a man, a unit, a university, etc.
An is used before a vowel sound, e.g. an eel, an elephant, an hour, an honest man, etc.
The is used to show that the noun is specific, e.g. The fist railway line in India was laid in Maharashtra.
The phone is out of order.
The is used when a noun is preceded by a superlative adjective-the longest day.
The is used for nouns which are common to all people, e.g. the earth, the sun, the moon, the sky.
The is used with uncountable nouns if indicating specifics, e.g. The water is clean. The milk has gone sour.
If unspecific meaning is indicated, the is not used, e.g. water is an important component of our food.
The is used when we refer to whole groups of people-the Indians, the good, the bad.
The is used before mountain ranges, rivers, canals, oceans, deserts, holy books, etc.
For example, the bible, the Himalayas, the Ganges, the pacific ocean.
The is used before the names of newspapers, government departments, museums, libraries, e.g. the ministry
of health, the time of india, etc.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
The is not used before names of persons, continents, cities, holidays, days of the week, months, subjects of
study. Etc.
Determiners of quantity:
Many is used only with plural nouns and to show a large number.
Much is used with uncountable nouns indicating a large quantity.
Some and any show not a very large quantity.
Some is used in affirmative sentence, e.g. is there any water in the pitcher?
There isn’t any water in the pitcher.
Each and every indicate single units in a group. Each refers to individual members of small group, while every
to member of a large group. Sometimes both each and every can be used. E.g. each of his five brothers was
learned.
Every Indian must vote.
Every/each one was given aid.
All is used to indicate the whole group rather than its components, e.g. all the students of section 11A have
passed.
Few means very small number, not enough and below expectation; a few indicates some numbers; the few
indicates very small specific number, e.g.
Few students are interested in learning languages.
A few students are good at English.
The few student who are good usually come from educated families.
Little, a little and the little, similarly, denote quantity.
He knows little about the matter.
A little water is still left in the jug.
The little water that was left in the jug has been split by the cat.
[Solved Example]
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Q. Fill in the blanks appropriately.
(a) Kerala is ………………… land of unmatched beauty.
(b) ……………………. Children are well mannered.
(c) ……………………. Apple a day keeps doctor away.
Ans.
(a) a
(b) our
(c) an .
[Practice question]
1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate word.
My friend lived on (a) …………………. First floor of (b) …………………… recently renovated old house on (c) ……………
river Beas. She was afraid of burglars and always locked up (d) ……………………… house carefully before going to
bed. She also took precaution of looking under (e) ………………….. bed to see if (f) ……………………. Was hiding there.
2. In the given passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the most
appropriate missing word in the space provided.
Before
word
after
(a) Taj Mahal is a mughal marvel. It is one
…………..
…………..
……………
(b) of greatest wonders of the world. It
…………..
…………..
……………
(c) Is love-story told in marble. Emperor
……………..
………….
……………
(d) Shah Jahan built this for queen Mumtaz
…………….
…………..
…………..
(e) Mahal. It lies on banks of the river
…………….
…………..
…………..
(f) Yamuna. In front there is water channel
……………..
…………..
………….
(g) with many fountains. It looks beautiful
…………….
………….
…………..
(h) at night. It adds charm to beauty of monument.
…………….
……………
…………..
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
3. In the given passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the most
appropriate missing word, along with the word that comes before and the one
which comes after against the correct blank number.
Before
word
after
(a) Milk is a perfect food. It should form essential
……………
……………
………….
(b) Part of daily diet. Doctors advise never to
…………..
……………
…………
(c) Miss daily glass of milk it is good for the people of
…………..
……………
…………
(d) ages but it is especially needed for growing children
…………..
…………..
………….
(e) because of nourishing value . milk contains
…………..
…………..
………..
(f) all necessary minerals and vitamins for a strong
………….
………….
………..
(g) it nourishes body and keeps it fit and strong.
……………
……………
…………
(h) milk is essential nutrient which fights against diseases.
……………
…………….
………..
And healthy body
4. In the given passage, one word is omitted in each line. Write the missing word
along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the
correct blank.
(a) As always government is trying
…………..
…………..
………….
(b) to make situation look less grim.
…………..
…………..
………..
(c) ‘’we have requested center for financial
………….
…………..
………..
(d) help and stone will be left unturned
………….
………….
……….
(e) to mitigate people’s problems,’’
………….
……………
…………
(f) says senior minister. Free
………….
…………..
…………
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(g) kitchens will be started in blocks
………….
…………..
…………
(h) in affected areas.
………….
…………..
…………
5. Complete the sentence with one word each.
(a) ……………………… entire polling station seemed to be (b) ………………….. huge mass of humanity. It was (c) ……………
public holiday. (d) ……………….. old man insisted on talking to (e) ………………….. polling officer. He refused to show
(f) ………………….. identify slip.
6. look at the word and phrases given. Rearrange them to form meaningful
sentences.
(a) they / in the hall / for / two hour / watching / had been / television /
(b) where / a / for / and / reading / are / a library / stored / place / books / is / kept /
(c) from / the / also / removes / fasting / body / poison /
(d) hours / every / the / fasts / take / liquids / during / one / must / four /
(e) the / number / illiterates / uttar Pradesh / highest / of / has /
7. Complete the sentence with appropriate answers.
(a) ……………………. Baskets are meant for fruits?
(b) …………………….. books did you read during the summer vacation?
(c) …………………….. of the athletes held any promise.
8. Complete the sentences with one word each.
(a) I drove on the time machine without changing …………………. Lever.
(b) Mumbai is ………………………. Beautiful place.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
[Prepositions]
A preposition is a word which is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show the place or position.
A preposition may join a
(a) noun to another noun
There is a fly in the pot.
(b) noun to an adjective
He is fond of tea.
(c) noun to a verb
The cat jumped off the wall.
Thus, a preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing
denoted by it stands in regard to something else.
[Solved Example]
Q. Fill in the blanks appropriately.
26 January is a very special day (a) ………………. India. It is (b) …………………… this day India became a sovereign
democratic republic (c) …………………… 1950. Dr Rajendra Prasad became the first president (d) ……………….. the
India republic. 26th January is celebrated (e) ………………………… great enthusiasm and festivity all over the county.
First of all, the prime minister visits the Amar Jawan Jyoti (f) …………………… India Gate.
Ans. (a) for
(b) on
(c) in
(d) of
(e) with
(f) at
[practice Questions]
1. complete the letter by writing one suitable word in each blank. Write your answers against the correct blank
number
Dear Govinda
I am so sorry (a) ………………. My inability to keep an appointment (b)……………………. You yesterday.
I promised to see you (c)…………………….. Regal at 5 p.m. you must have waited for me there. I sincerely apologies
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(d) ………………….. you for my absence. Well, let me explain what happened. My younger sister met (e) ………………
an accident while returning from school. She was (f) …………………….. great pain.
Yours sincerely
Ramesh
2. In the give passage. One word has been omitted in each line. Write the most
appropriate missing word along with the word that comes before and the one
which comes after against the correct blank number.
Before
Word
After
(a) milk is used various forms. It is taken directly.
……………
…………..
……………
(b) It is added tea, coffee and other drinks. Curds
…………….
…………..
……………
(c) whey and cheese are prepared milk should
……………
…..........
…………..
(d) always be kept clean and covered containers. In
…………..
…………..
………….
(e) cities and towns milk is sold booths and shops.
…………..
…………..
………….
(f) milk is cheaper in comparison many other costly
…………….
…………….
…………..
(g) It is a source energy
…………….
………………
……………
(h) and strength. Milk is the best supplement growth.
…………….
……………..
……………
Food items.
3. Fill in the blanks with one word each.
(a) They will have completed the house …………………………. Next June.
(b) There is not much difference ………………………… the two books.
(c) Parking ……………………… the middle of the road is prohibited.
(d) wait for me ……………………… the bus stop.
(e) people ran away ……………………. The scene of fire.
(f) Take your hands ………………………..the table and stand erect
4. Fill in the blanks with one word each.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(a) Please do not be angry ……………………me.
(b) I do not agree ……………………. Your proposal.
(c) I agreed ……………him……………….all points.
(d) Abstain……………………..drinking too much.
(e) We waited……………………anxiety for good news.
(f) They arrived ………………………the railway station.
5. Fill in the blanks with one word each.
(a) I felt the necessity …………………………doing it.
(b) Is it necessary ………………………..you to ask questions?
(c) I have reconciled………………………my lot.
(d) I have resigned ………………………. My fate.
(e) He was relived ………………………… his responsibility.
(f) He has on cause …………………….. complaint.
6. Fill in the blank with a suitable preposition word.
(a) My grandfather is always complaining ……………………… the pain in his neck.
(b) The pilot blamed his colleague ……………………….losing their way.
(c) An infant depends ……………………… its mother for food.
(d) I was angry ……………………. My brother for breaking my tape recorder
(e) They’re very fond …………..tennis.
(f) you were absent …………….the science club yesterday.
7. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word each.
(a) There is a temple …………….my house.
(b) He lives ………….his means.
(c) Latika is ……………… of all her classmates.
(d) There is a village ……………. The hills.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(e) We should abide ……………. The constitution of our country.
(f) Who is the woman …………….. a dark red saree?
8. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word each.
(a) What are you looking ……………..?
(b) what are you thinking …………….?
(c) Which of these chairs did you sit …………….?
(d) He is fond …………….. tea.
(e) The cat jumped ………………the chair.
(f) Sugar is made ……………… sugar beet and sugar cane.
9. Look at the words and phrases given . Rearrange them to make meaningful sentences.
(a) elephant / land animal / present / largest / is / day / the / of / the /
(b) on / peace loving / is / animal / it / earth / most / the / the /
(c) more easily / that is / why / domesticated / be / can / and / it / trained /
10. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
(a) success ………………. Life depends ……………… good health. We can keep our bodies fit ………………. Keeping
Ourselves clean. We should not cultivate bad habits ……………….. smoking.
(b) My brother was arriving ……………. the G.T. Express.I went ………………. The railway station to receive him. I
Waited ……………. him ……………. a long time. But
(c) I came back and kept my watch ……………………….. the table and my bag ……………………. The almirah and
moved fast……………………. Kitchen but there was nothing ………………… the refrigerator. I was very disappointed.
(d) she looked …………………… me angrily and forbade me ……………………… entering her room. Shes suspected me
………………………. The mischief done …………………………. Someone else .
(e) Anthony got ………………………… the bus but there was no seat vacant …………………. Him. He looked here and
there and sat ……………………….. the bonnet. The driver did not like it and shouted ……………………….. him.
(f) he starts his working day ……………………….. early morning. He likes to read the newspapers and generally has
papayas, fresh juice and poha ……………………….. breakfast. He works ……………………. 7 race course road and rarely
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
comes …………………….. his south block office. He also likes to spend time …………………….. his granddaughter,
niharika. His love ……………………… poetry is well known .
(g) he frequently travels …………………….. new delhi and madhya Pradesh. He is still active ……………….. politics and
takes a keen interest ……………………… social work. He has been associated ……………………… many cultural
ogranistions. He holds regular meetings …………………………. His residence .
INTEGRATED GRAMMAR EXERCISES
GAP FILLING
1.FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Dr Sadao hoki’s house (a) ……………………….. built on a spot of the Japanese coast (b) …………………. (c)
………………. A little boy he had (d) ……………………. Played. The low, square. Stone house was set (e) ………………….
Rocks well (f) ………………………. A narrow beach that was outlined with bent pines.
2. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE FORMS OF THE VERBS GIVEN
IN BRANKETS.
The market is (a) …………………….. (flood) with sub-standard helmet for bike riders. This poor quality has (d)
…………………… (lead) to a fourth of all road deaths. Major manufacturers. (c) …………………….. (speaks) about this
matter at the road safety conference. They mentioned that there (d) ………………………… (is) no data available on the
number of ISI-marked helmets (e) ……………………….. (manufacture). Poor quality helmets.
3. The note “Advice to New Recruits” come from an army booklet. Fill in the
blanks with appropriate modals.
Welcome to Ranor barracks!
Follow the rules, accept the advice and you will find your life in the army interesting and fulfilling.
You (a)…………………………… have your hair cut very short in first month. After that you (b)……………… grow it
longer but it (c)…………………………… never touch your collar. Your uniform (d) ……………………… be kept clean and
tidy. Boots and buttons (e)………………………. Be polished daily. You (f) ……………………… smoke in any of the working
rooms but you (g)…………………………….. smoke in the mess hall. In the first month you (h)…………………….. leave the
barracks but thereafter you (I)…………………………… go out at weekends. Before joining you (j)…………………….have a
medical check-up.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
4. Complete the paragraph by filling in each blank with the most suitable
word so as to make it completely meaningful. Write your answer against the
correct blank number.
On 10th November 1910, Leo Tolstoy suddenly decided to renounce (a)…………………..home. He was
accompanied (b)…………………… his daughter (c) ……………….. his doctor. He left his house (d) …………….the middle of
the night. The next day he reached (e)……………….. monastery of uptina and spent the night there writing
(f)…………… article.
5. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets.
The supreme Court has (a)……………..... (order) the state government to (b)………………... (demarcate) a
buffer zone around each tiger reserve in the state. This measure will (c)…………….. (go) a long way in
(d)……………..(preserve) the endangered species. The National Tiger Conservation Authority has (e)………………
(welcome) this order as 15 tiger reserves would be (f) ………………….. (notify) under this order.
6. Fill in the blanks with correct forms of verbs in brackets.
64-years-old Diana Nyad (a)…………… (complete) a 53-hour swim from Havana, Cuba to Florida on
Monday The Los Angeles woman is the first swimmer to (b)………………… (completed) the 165-kilometre swim
without a shark cage. A crew of divers and boaters (c) ……………….. (help) out by watching for sharks and clearing a
away jellyfish. This was her fifth attempt to swim from Cuba to Florida. The endurance swimmer wanted
(d)…................ (prove) that it’s never too late to achieve your dreams.
7. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word.
It was (a)…………………. 1962 when Dr. Radhakrishnan became the President (b) ……………………India that
his birthday in September came to (c)………........... observed as Teachers’ Day…………………… it was a tribute to Dr
radhakrishnan’s close association (d) ……………………….. the cause of teacher. Whatever position he held whether.
(e) ……………………. President or vice president or even as ambassador, Dr Radhakrishan essentially remained a
teacher all his life. Teaching was his first love and those (f) …………………. Studiesd under him still remember with
gratitude his great qualities as a teacher.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
8. Complete the passage bt fillinf the blanks with suitable adverbs or adjectives.
In (a) ………………. Days, holidays used to ring bells of fun and joy for the kids, a (b) …………………. Time
with their loved ones. These (c) ……………………….. times are lost (d) ……………….. in the burdens of homework and
extra classes. Let us try to find out a way (e) …………………… to ensure happiness of blooming kids.
9. complete the given passage by filling a suitable joining word.
Mr. roy (a) …………………… has been affectionately call dad by all the neighbours, is the jolliest man I
know his loving eyes (b) …………………. Are often hidden behind his thick glasses reflect the delightful character
within his middle finger has a diamond-studded gold ring (c) ……………………. Gleams brilliantly matching the
brilliance of Mr. Roy’s eyes. Mr.Roy’s shoes (d) ………………………. Are visible beneath his trousers, always shine
brightly.
10. here is a description of reena’s kitchen with regard to different things kept there. Some words are. Missing. Fill
in the blanks with correct words after reading the passage carefully.
As you enter the kitchen on the side wall just (a) ……………………. The table hung a long mirror that was
lined in teak wood. A large chandelier hung (b) ……………………. The centre of the kitchen at the end of a chain that
had been hooked into the ceiling. In the corner (c) ……………………. To the cupboard was the sink at which we wash
utensils. Sugar and spice jars were neatly arranged (d) …………………….. the self (e) …………………….. the refrigerator
11. in the given passages, fill in the blanks with a suitable verb form.
(i) the computer in the office (a) …………………….. me heartburn. Everybody, it seems, (b) …………………….. success
with them except me . I (c) …………………………… to take a computer course so I can (d) ………………………… them who
is the boss.
(ii) yesterday, I (a) ……………………. My two friends to my birthday party, but neither of them (b) ……………………….
Coming . each one is busy, one with a work at home and the other with a family function, ‘why (c) ……………………….
These things with both of them, have to happen at the same time?’’ I (d) …………………
EDITING / OMISSION
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
1. In the given passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing
word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against
the correct blank number.
Before
after
word
(a) she was one of pretty and charming
……………..
………………
………………
(b) young girls sometimes are born as if
……………..
……………..
…………….
(c) by a slip of fate, a family of clerks.
……………..
……………
…………….
(d) she no dowry, no expectations, no way
……………..
……………
……………
(e) of known, understood, loved and wedded
……………..
……………
…………….
(f) by rich and distinguished man; to
……………..
……………
…………….
(g) she let be named to a little clerk
…………….
…………..
……………
(h) of the ministry public instruction.
……………..
…………….
…………..
2. the given passage has not been edited. There is one error in each line. Write the
incorrect word and the correction against the correct blank number. Remember to
underline the word you have supplied.
INCORRECT
CORRECT
Malaria caused by the bite of the female anopheles
(a) mosquito will become dangerous if care was not taken.
…………………….
…………………
(b) the bite of the mosquito transfer the parasite into
……………………
………………..
(c) the human system. Malaria is accompanied with high.
…………………….
…………………
(d) fever and shivering, this mosquito breed in
…………………….
………………..
(e) stagnant water, in puddles, in coolers. Etc it .is
……………………
……………….
(f) important to take care that water do not collect
……………………
……………….
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(g) in and around the houses. Garbage can also
…………………..
………………..
(h) be regularly removed so that mosquitoes will not breed in
…………………..
…………………
Such damp wasters.
3. In the given passage, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the most
appropriate missing word along with the word that comes before and the word
that comes after against tha correct blank number.
They reached the dam at nine.
Before
word
after
(a) in the morning stopped in the
………………
………………….
………………..
(b) garden near dam and left their
……………..
………………….
………………..
(c) food in rest room. In the garden.
……………..
………………….
……………….
(d) there several beehives. The
……………..
………………..
……………….
(e) boys girls had their tea and went
……………..
………………..
………………
(f) to the dam. They the sight.
……………..
……………….
………………
(g) at night they dinner
……………..
……………….
………………
(h) and off to sleep after a tiring day.
…………….
………………..
………………
4. a survey was carried out by the municipalities of metros to find out the amount
of e-waste generated in their cities. The airbag carrying the reports was damaged
during flight and the reports were smudged so that some of the words could not be
read clearly. Complete the report by filling in the missing word along with the word
that comes after against the correct blank number.
Before
word
after
(a) a list of e-waste generating cities made.
…………………
………………..
……………..
(b) Mumbai was to be the most e-waste generating city.
………………..
………………..
……………..
(c) the next city that was delhi.
…………………
……………….
…………….
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(d) the least e-waste was at Nagpur.
………………..
………………..
…………….
(e) altogether about 8 lakh tons of a e-waste had generated.
……………….
……………….
……………
(f) the e-waste contained toxic waste health hazards.
………………..
……………….
……………
(g) it led to medical problems.
………………..
………………
…………..
(h) stringent measures needed to solve this issue.
………………..
……………….
…………….
5. the voters in a participate locality were handled a leaflet about the
responsibilities of the municipality in their area. The leaflet was dropped by
helicopter and landed on a garbage dumb. The words of the leaflet were grubby
and unreadable. Complete the note by filling in the missing words in the leaflet
along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after against the
correct blank number.
Before
word
After
…………..
……………
………….
(b) the overall growth of your locality on you.
……………
…………….
…………….
(c) your representative will the maintenance of the locality.
…………….
……………
…………….
(d) the births, deaths and other data is for the locality.
……………..
……………
…………….
(a) the neighbouhood councellor busy after you
Choose you councellor.
(e) the cleanliness of the locality is his duty.
(f) that is why it is that you vote.
……………
……………
…………….
………………
……………..
…………….
(g) your vote precious and important.
………………..
……………..
.……………
(h) You the voice of the nation.
………………..
………………
…………….
6.In the passage given, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the
missing word that comes before and the word that comes after against the correct
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
blank number. Underline the word that forms your answer. The first one is done as
an example.
Before
word
After
The old owl said,” It is someone your
someone
amongst
your
(a) neighbours.” Kutkut with surprise,
………………
……………..
………………
(b) “ How you be so sure?” The old owl
……………..
…………….
……………..
(c) looking thick glasses replied,”That
……………..
………………
……………..
(d) is thief knows the exact time when
……………..
……………..
……………
(e) you not at home.” As if he watches
…………….
……………..
…………….
(f) you nearby. He then told a plan to
……………..
………………
……………
(g) catch the thief morning. KutKut told
……………..
……………..
……………
(h) all her neighbors that she kept sweets
…………….
……………….
…………….
Inside and kept a vigil for the theif.
7. In the give passage, there is one word missing in each line. Write the missing
word with the word that comes before and after that. Underline the word supplied
by you. The first one is done as an example.
I never forget one of my childhood
Before
word
after
I
can
never
(a) experiences. I was trying climb a tree
……………
……………..
……………..
(b) when my foot slipped and fell and
……………
……………..
……………..
(c) fainted. My friends thought I dead.
…………….
………………
…………….
(d) They all left me and ran. When
……………
……………..
……………
(e) I regained consciousness, I found I could
…………..
……………..
…………..
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(f) not move part of my body. I
…………….
……………..
…………..
(g) had a terrible pain in back and
…………….
…………….
…………..
(h) legs. I not know what to do.
……………..
…………….
……………
8. The given passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line. Write the
incorrect word and the correction against the correct blank number.
Incorrect
correct
(a) across Delhi got the respite from
…………………..
………………….
(b) sealing and demolition of the municipal
…………………..
…………………
(c) Corporation of Delhi following a Supreme
………………….
……………….
(d) court order in September 29 allowing
……………………
…………………
(e) continuation of commercial activities on
…………………..
……………….
(f) residential areas, pending the final
…………………..
…………………
(g) decision in the matter. But the MCD’s
…………………..
………………..
(h) sealing drive has already claimed four lives.
…………………..
…………………
Traders on nearly 2,250 roads and streets
SENTENCE REORDERING
1. Rearrange the jumbled word and phrases in to meaningful sentences.
(a) Poland / art paintings / long / has a / in making / distinguished tradition /
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) are awaiting / the games / your / stadium / we / arrival at /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) landlord donated / to the / the rich / school / all his money /
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
2. Rearrange the jumbled word and phrases in to meaningful sentences.
(a) and / every / for war / was awake / villager / hurriedly / prepared /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) seen him / though / had ever / he was / no one / very famous /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) in future / working / with / we / you / forward to / look /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Rearrange the jumbled word and phrases in to meaningful sentences.
(a) the / Indian / English / exploited / the / farmers /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) pay / the / had to / poor farmers / high fines / very /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) natural disasters / farmers / share of taxes / even / pay / their / in times of / the / had to /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Rearrange the words and phrases in order to make meaningful sentences.
(a) our / the / and /on / son / new / was / the / work / scratches / of / our / car / dents / neighbour’s /
definitely /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) of / inside / dozen / chocolate / there are / a / boxes / cookies / each / carton /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) belong / by / two / cats / the / the / garden / to / a / gray / friend / sitting / of / bench / mine / good /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Rearrange the word in order to make meaningful questions.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
(a) new / does / his / cost / Ashish’s / sports what / bike / that / gave / father /
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) go / buy / did / and lily / to / the / john / market / fruits / when / to /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Monday / on / the / beach / along / is / at / walking / on / sunset / who /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Rearrange the following word and phrases to from meaningful sentences.
(a) the / library / is / from / borrowing / very simple / a book / of / the process /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) have / with you / your / to / going / the library / while / library card /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) book / the required / of / find / the catalogue / number / from / the accession
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Look at words and phrases below. Rearrange them to from meaningful sentences.
(a) were created / a thousand years ago / in the sea / the foundations for / a whole city /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) oil / was found / in the 1960s / North sea / the / under /
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) designed / as a result / new rigs / were /
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
FORMATIVE ACTIVITIES
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Focus On: GRAMMAR
. Aim: The aim is to acquire fluency with accuracy. Grammar is a set of rules for combining words to
express meaning.
It will help the learner to develop the ability to correct errors and work in a synchronized way.
Skills Developed: To enable the learners to
work on integrated grammar exercises.
Activity 1:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
(In this passage, some word are misspelt deliberately)
ECONOMIC RECESSION
“ Many experts state that it is only an economic recession when GDP growth is negative for two consecutive
quarters or more. However, for all practical purposes a recession starts when there are several quarters of slowing
but still positive growth. Often a quarter of negative growth will occur, followed by positive growth for several
Quarters, and then another quarter of negative growth.
A good example was the stock market crash and subsequent economic downturn in 2000. This was not a
recession in technical terms because GDP growth was negative in Q3 2000 Q1 2001 and Q3 2001, none of which
were consecutive. However, anyone who lived through it knows that it felt like a recession during all that time.
And in fact GDP growth did not reach over 3% until Q3 2003.
But the only good thing about a recession is that it will cure inflation. The balancing act the federal Reserve must
pursue is to slow economic growth enough to prevent inflation without triggering a recession.
1. Pick out difficult words from the passage and find their meanings.
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
2. Now prepare a list of difficult words spelt wrongly for your partner and ask him/her to write them
correctly. Score his/her achievement. The same activity can be repeated by your partner for you.
3. Form five MCQs, followed by 4 options each. Also supply the best possible answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Activity 2: card game
Make vocabulary cards taking difficult words from the lessons of your textbook. Share them with your classmates
and organize a game ‘Let us have fun with words.
Activity 3: Reported speech
Report the conversation between Ayesha and Ellie to your grandfather in indirect
speech. Begin like this:
Yesterday Ayesha reminded Ellie that it was almost bedtime and she should retire to her room upstairs. Ellie
protested and said
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
.Aim: To test the stusdent’s ability to comprehend and scan the passage for relevant answers. Making Inferences
White Washing A Fence
Tom appeared with a bucket of white wash and a long handled brush. He surveyed the fence. All gladness left
him and a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board fence, nine feet high, life to him
seemed hollow and a burden. Sighing he dipped his brush and passed it along the top most plank. Repeated fence
and sat down on a tree-box, discouraged.
Tick the correct option.
(a) All gladness had left Tom because…………………………..
(I) a deep melancholy had settled down upon his spirit.
(ii) life to him seemed hollow
(iii) he had to white wash a fence
(iv) he had to repeat the operation again
(b) Tom sighed because………………………..
(I) he had dipped his brush and passed it along the topmost plank.
(ii) he had to repeat the operation
(iii) the fence had an insignificant white washed steak on it.
(iv) of the large area of the unwhitewashed fence.
Aim : to develop the ability of the students to work on future time reference.
Activity 4.
Plan an excursion for 40 student to hill station.
Future time reference
Collect brouchers or information about various destinations preferably places of historical interest.
Places that have been a part of heritage .
Prepare a list of all activities to be undertaken
A list of all articles required during the trip
RGT CLASSES, THANE / IX-X ENGLISH GRAMMAR-1
Aim: to enable the learner to complete the passage using appropriate words.
Activity 5:
Complete the following passage by filling the right word.
Puppets are among the (a) …………………….. man- made objects in (b) …………………… world. Archaeologists in Egypt
and india have (c) ………………………. Jointed clay models that are operated by pulling (d) …………………………. Strings
which date back to 4,000 yrs . historians tell us that puppets (e) …………………………. Created by nearly all people at
all times. The first puppets. (f) ………………………… probably used mostly by adults.

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