RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA Chapter 3. Nationalism in India IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS 1. Nationalism. Patriotism; a feeling of collective belonging to one’s nation; sharing common feelings of identity. 2. Nations-states. A state having common territory and inhabited by people sharing common languages, race, culture and etc. 3. Influenza epidemic. Extensive spread of influenza- an acute virus disease usually with fever, cold, and body rashes. 4. Forced recruitment. In colonies people were often compelled to koi an army and fight war on behalf of the colonial ruler. 5. Satyagraha. A method of agitation and protest, based on truth and non-violence. This was first introduced by Gandhi Ji in Indian National Movement. The method was passive resistance consisting of defiance laws, nonpayment of taxes, boycott of government institutions, etc. 6. Rowlett Act. An Act passed by the British government in India in 1919. It authorized the government to arrest and imprison a person without trial. The Act was against civil rights. 7. Civil Disobedience. Refusal to comply with certain law as a method of peaceful protest. 8. Hartal. Strikes – a method of demonstrating protests. 9. Martial Law. Law of military government. When martial laws are imposed, ordinary laws are suspended. 10. Jallianwala Bagh. A park in Amritsar in Punjab. It is well known in the history of India because the place is associated with massacre of the Indian by the British. 11. Khalifa. The spiritual and temporal head of all Muslim and Muslim world. Khalifa was also the ruler of the Turkey till 1922. 12. Boycott. A method of resistance used by an Indian nationalist under which they refused cooperation with British in every sphere – stopping to use foreign goods by not attending British institution. 13. Picket. A method of protest by which the people block the entrance of a shop, factory or office. One or more person stand outside a place of work or shop to dissuade others from entering. 14. Khadi. Handspun handloom materials. 15. Begar. Forced labor compelling people to work free without any remuneration. 16. Gudem Rebels. The people who participate in the militant guerrilla movement in the gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh. It was a resistance movement against the colonial government who preventing the people from entering in forests for gazing their cattle or collect firewood or fruits from the region. 17. Plantation. Estates or extensive areas under cultivation of cash crops such as tea, coffee, cotton. Tobacco, etc. 18. Dominion status. Dominion status is a status enjoyed by other dominions British commonwealth such as Australia or Canada. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following agreement gave seats to the depressed classes in provincial and central legislative council? (AI 2012) (a) Lucknow Pact (b) Gandhi-Irwin Pact (c) Poona Pact RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (d) None of These 2. Which one of the following viceroys announced vague offer of dominion status for India in October 1929? (AI 2012) (a) (b) (c) (d) Lord mount batter Lord Dalhousie Lord Irwin None of these 3. Which one of the following colors was there in swaraj flag design by Gandhiji in 1921? (AI 2012) (a) (b) (c) (d) Red, green and white Red, green and yellow Orange, white and green Yellow, white and green 4. In which of the following region was Dalit participation limited in the civil disobedience movement? (AI 2012) (a) (b) (c) (d) Maharashtra and Nagpur Awadh and Maharashtra Bengal and Punjab Kerala and Karnataka 5. Why were the Dalit’s ignored by a congress for a long time? (AI 2012) (a) (b) (c) (d) Fear of offending sanatanis Fear from Dr. B R Ambedkar Fear from socialism Fear from industrialists 6. Which of the following acts did not permit plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission? (AI 2012) (a) (b) (c) (d) Indian independence act Inland Emigration Act of 1859 Impaired legislature council Act Inland immigration Act 7. In which of the following year’s Mahatma Gandhi inspired the peasants of champaran district of Bihar to struggle against the oppressive plantation system? (a) (b) (c) (d) 1916 1917 1918 1919 8. In which one of the following Indian national congress session, the idea of non-cooperation movement was accepted? RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (a) (b) (c) (d) Lahore session Nagpur session Calcutta (Kolkata) session Madras (Chennai) session 9. Why did Gandhiji withdraw the non-cooperation movement? (Delhi 2011) (a) (b) (c) (d) Gandhiji realized that the people were losing interest in movement. Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent in many places. Some congress leader wanted to participate in elections to provincial council. Some congress leaders wanted more radical mass agitations. 10. Which one of the following statement is false about Alluri Sitaram Raju? (Delhi 2011) (a) (b) (c) (d) He claimed he had special powers. He was inspired by the non-cooperation movement. He believed in the principle of non-violence advocated by Gandhiji. He persuaded people to give up drinking. 11. Which one of the statement is not related to Gandhi-Irwin pact? (AI 2011) (a) (b) (c) (d) Gandhiji agreed not to launch any further mass agitations against the British. Gandhiji agreed to participate in the round table conference. Gandhiji decided to call off the civil disobedience movement. The British agreed to release the political prisoners. 12. Why does the nationalists in India tour villages to gather folk songs and legends? Choose the most appropriate reason from following. (AI 2011) (a) (b) (c) (d) Nationalists wanted to study their own culture. Nationalists wanted to published it and earn money. Nationalists did it because it gave true picture of traditional culture. Nationalists wanted to keep folk culture intact. 13. Who among the following wrote “Vande Mataram”? (Foreign 2011) (a) (b) (c) (d) Abanindranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Natesa Shastri 14. Which of the following statement is not true about the Simon Commission. (Foreign 2011) (a) (b) (c) (d) It was appointed by Sir John Simon. It did not have any Indian member. It was opposed by all parties in India. It was set up to look into the constitutional system in India. 15. The Jallianwala Bagh incident took place in to the city of RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (a) Amritsar (b) Agra (c) Meerut (d) Lahore 16. Which was the following was the reason for calling off the non-cooperation movement by Gandhiji? (a) His arrest (b) The chauri-chaura incident (c) Pressures from the British government (d) Round table conference 17. The resolution of purna swaraj was adopted at which session? (a) Karachi congress (b) Haripur congress (c) Lahore congress (d) Lucknow congress 18. The Simon commission was boycotted because (a) (b) (c) (d) There was no Indian in commission It supported the Muslim league Congress felt that the people deserved swaraj There were differences of the members. 19. When did Jallianwala Bagh incident take place? (a) 13th April 1919 (b) 14th April 1920 (c) 13th March 1919 (d) 15th March 1920 20. Justice party of madras was a party of (a) Non-Muslims (b) Non Brahmins (c) Non Tamils (d) Judges 21. Who led the peasant movement during the non-cooperation movement? (a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Gandhiji (c) Baba Ramachandra (d) Sardar Patel 22. Baba Ramachandra led a peasant movement in Awadh against the (a)British government RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (b) The ruler of Awadh (c) The Talukdars (d) The money lenders 23. By whom was the swaraj party formed? (a) Motilal Nehru and C.R. das (b) Subhas Chandra Bose and Sardar Patel (c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad (d) Motilal Nehru and Rajendra Prasad 24. With which main demand did the civil disobedience movement start? (a) Abolition of untouchability (b) Abolition of dowry (c) Abolition of salt law (d) None of the above 25. At which of the following places did Gandhiji make salt out of sea water to defy the salt law? (a) Sabarmati (b) Wardha (c) Dandi (d) Ahmedabad 26. Who among the following led the civil disobedience movement in Peshawar? (a) Lala Lajpat Rai (b) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (c) Khan Abdul gaffar khan (d) Jawaharlal Nehru 27. By what name were the Dalit’s referred by Gandhiji? (a) Untouchables (b) Shudras (c) Harijans (d) Achhuts 28. When was the Indian chambers of commerce and industries set up? (a)1926 (b) 1927 (c) 1928 (d) 1929 29. Why was Alluri Sitaram Raju well known? (a) He led the militant movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh. (b) He led a peasant movement in Awadh. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (c) He led a Satyagraha movement in Bardoli. (d) He set up an organization for upliftment of the Dalit’s. 30. Who organized Dalit’s in to the depressed classes association in 1930? (a) Sitaram Raju (b) Dr, B R Ambedkar (c) Mahatma Gandhi (d) Sardar Patel 31. By whom was the song ‘Vande Mataram’ written? (a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (b) Rabindranath Tagore (c) Sarat Chandra (d) Natesa Shastri 32. Which of the following is the most important features of the Satyagraha movement advocated by Gandhiji? (a) Abolition of untouchability (b) Social equality (c) Truth and non-violence (d) Basic education 33. Why did Gandhiji organized Satyagraha in 1917 in kheda district of Gujrat? (a) To support the plantation workers (b) To protest against high revenue demand (c) To support the mill workers to fulfill their demand (d) To demands loan for the farmers 34. Gandhiji organized Satyagraha against Rowlett act in 1919 because (a) The act was unjust, which denied the civil rights to Indians (b) The act was passed by the British (c) The act discriminated against the Muslim (d) The act denied educational rights to Indians 35. Why was Satyagraha organized in champaran in 1919? (a) To oppose the British laws (b) To oppose the plantation system (c) To oppose high land revenue (d) To protest against the oppression of the mill workers. 36. Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlett Act? (a) It introduced the salt Law. (b) It increased taxes on land. (c) It gave the British the power to arrest and detain a person without a trial. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (d) It put a ban on the Congress party. 37. Why did Gandhiji organize a Satyagraha in Ahmedabad Mill in 1918? (a) To protest against the poor working conditions in the factory. (b) To demand for higher wages for workers. (c) To protest against high revenue demand. (d) None of the above. 38. Who among the following two leaders led the khilafat movement? (a) Shaukat ali and Muhammad ali (b) Gandhiji and Sardar Patel (c) Muhammad ali Jinnah and abul Kalam azad (d) Abul Kalam azad and Jawaharlal Nehru 39. What is meant by Begar? (a) Unemployment (b) Forced labor without payment (c) Beggary (d) Working for nominal payment 40. ‘Hind Swaraj’ was written by (a) Abul Kalam azad (b) Mahatma Gandhi (c) Sardar Patel (d) Subhas Chandra Bose 41. What does the term Khalifa refer? (a) Sultan of a Muslim country (b) Spiritual leader of the Muslim (c) Nawab of a Muslim state (d) Bad shah of Mughal period 42. Mark the correct response Under the inland emigration act of 1859 the peasants were not permitted to (a) (b) (c) (d) Leave their village Settle in the city Leave their plantation without their permission Allow the woman to leave farmlands without permission 43. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the non-cooperation movement? (a) The leaders failed to organized the movement well RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (b) People lacked the courage (c) The movement turned violent (d) The movement was not widespread enough to continue 44. Why was the Simon commission sent to India? (a) To look into Indian constitutional matter and suggest reform (b) To choose member of Indian council (c) To settles dispute between the government and the congress leaders (d) To set up a government organization 45. Why was the round table conference held in England? (a) To discuss provisions of future Indian constitution (b) To discuss the steps to be taken to check Indian national movement (c) To give concessions to Indian (d) To makes plan for improvement of agriculture 46. By whom was the first image of Bharat Mata painted? (a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) Abanindranath Tagore (c) Ravi Varma (d) Nandlal Bose 47. During which of the following movement did the women participate in large numbers for the first time? (a) Swadeshi and boycott movement (b) Non-cooperation movement (c) Civil disobedience movement (d) Quit India movement 48. What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of gudem hill in Andhra Pradesh? (a) Satyagraha movement (b) Militant guerrilla movement (c) Non-violent movement (d) None of the above 49. Which of the following is the most important factor for the growth of nationalism in Indian? (a) British administrative reform (b) Introduction of railways (c) Social reform (d) Colonial exploitation under the British rule 50. Why did general dyer open fire on peaceful crowd in Jallianwala Bagh? Mark the most important factor (a) To punish the Indians RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (b) To take revenge of breaking martial laws (c) To create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of Indian (d) To dispersed the crowd Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks) PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1. Explain the circumstances under which Gandhi Ji decided to call off the civil disobedience movement in 1931. (AI 2012) 2. Why did non-cooperation movement gradually slowdown in cities? Explain three reasons. (Delhi 2008, 20012) 3. Explain any three fact about the economic situation created in India by first world war. (Delhi 2011) 4. How does cultural process help in creating a sense of collective belonging in India? Explain. (Delhi 2011) 5. Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh. (Delhi 2011) 6. Explain any three reason for the lukewarm response of some Muslim organization to the civil disobedience movement. (Delhi 2011) 7. Explain any three effects of non-cooperation movement on the economy of India. (AI 2011) 8. Explain four points about Gandhi’s ideas on ‘satyagraha’. (AI 2008) 9. How did Gandhi try to integrate the depressed classes into society? Explain any three points. (Foreign 2011) 10. Why did the rich peasants take a part in the civil disobedience movement? Give for reasons. (Foreign 2011) 11. How did Dr. B R Ambedekar try to improve the condition of depressed classes? Explain any three points. (Foreign 2011) 12. Explain any three causes that led the tribals to the revolt in the gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh. (Foreign 2011) 13. Why did Gandhi ji decide to launch nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett act 1919? Explain any three reason. (AI 2010) 14. Mention any three efforts made by Gandhi ji to get Harijans their rights. (Delhi 2009) 15. Mention three reason by which rich peasant communities took active participation in the civil disobedience movement. (Delhi 2009) 16. Describe briefly any three economic efforts of non-cooperation movement. (AI 2009) 17. Describe in brief the reaction of the people immediately after the Jallianwala Bagh incident. (Delhi 2009) 18. Described the main features of the civil disobedience movement in 1930. (Delhi 2009) 19. Explain the reason for relaunching the civil disobedience movement by Gandhi ji. (AI 2009) 20. Explain the new political and economic situations, created during the First World War in India. (Delhi 2008) 21. Mention three main proposals with reference to non-cooperation movement, as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi. (Delhi 2008) ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 22. What is meant by Satyagraha, as advocated by Gandhi ji? 23. Why did Gandhi ji decided to do ‘Hartal’ on 6th April 1919? How did the police react to it? 24. Why was the khilafat movement supported by Gandhi ji in 1919? What was his main aim? 25. State any four factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in India. 26. Explain the conditions of the plantation workers during colonial rule. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA 27. What is known as Gandhi-Irwin pact? 28. Examine the role of women in the course civil disobedience movement. 29. Why did the Muslims failed to respond to the call of the united struggle during civil disobedience movement? 30. Describe briefly the ‘salt march’ undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks) PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS 1. Explain the reaction of Indian people against Rowlett act passed in imperial legislative council in 1916. (AI 2012) 2. Describe the action taken by the British administrative against the nationalists who opposed the act. (AI 2012) 3. How did the people and colonial government react to the civil disobedience movement? Explain. (Delhi 2012) 4. How did non-cooperative movement start in the cities? Explain its economic effects. (Delhi 2012) ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 5. How did the non-cooperation movement spread in to countryside? NCERT QUESTIONS 6. How did the First World War help in the growth of the national movement in India? 7. Examine incidents leading Jallianwala Bagh massacre. How did the government react to Satyagraha? 8. Examine the main features of peasant movement during civil disobedience movement. 9. Examine the Satyagraha movement organized by Gandhi ji between 1916-1918. 10. Examine the methods adopted by Indians during the non-cooperation movement. 11. Examine the main features of gudem rebellion. Value Based Questions 1. ‘Bhagat Singh and batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the legislative assembly. Bhagat Singh was 23 when he was tried and executed by the colonial government. During this trial, bhagat Singh stated that he did not glorify the cut of the bomb and pistol but wanted a revolution in a society.’ (a) Did bhagat Singh believed in the cult of the bomb? (b) What did he meant by ‘wanted a revolution in a society’? (c) What values the above paragraph inculcates? 2. ‘The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom, but also has based itself on exploitation of the masses and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.’ RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA (a) What things were the Indian people deprived of by the British? (b) What values do you acquire from the above passage? Map Work 1. In an outline map of India mark the following (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Dandi (AI 2010, 2008) Amritsar (Delhi 2010) Chennai (madras) (Foreign 2010) Champaran (AI 2010, 2008) Lahore Chauri Chaura 2. In outline map of India, locate and mark the places where congress sessions were held in (a) 1929 (b) 1929 (AI 2010, 2008) Answer 1. c 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. b 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. c 23. a 24. c 25. c 26. c 27. c 28. b 29. a 30. b 31. a 32. c 33. b 34. a 35. b 36. c 37. b 38. a 39. b 40. b 41. b 42. c 43. c 44. a 45. a 46. b 47. c 48. b 49. d 50. c Short Answer Type Questions 1. By the end of 1930, the civil disobedience movement spread like wild fun to many parts of India. Alarmed with this, the colonial government began to arrest the congress leaders one by one, which led to violent clashes. When Abdul ghaffer khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930, angry crowed demonstrated in the streets of peswar, defying police authority. Many died in the dash. A month later when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Solapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts etc. symbolized British authority. British started a repression and attacked peaceful Satyagrahis. Under the circumstances, Gandhi ji decided to call off the movement and signed the Irwin pact in March 1931. (Overall Assessment) 2. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down in cities for various reasons. I. Khadi cloth was often more expensive than man produced mill cloth and poor people could not effort to buy it. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA II. So boycott of foreign goods could not continue for long. III. Similarly boycott of foreign institution too posed a problem. No alternative institutions were set up to their place. So teacher and students finally had to resume their studies in government school. Lawyer joined banks in government courts. 3. The First World War had a great impact on the economic and political situations in India. The new economic situation as a result of the war were: I. War loans: the world war had led to increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans. II. Duties and Taxes: customs duties were increase and income tax was introduced. III. Rising prices: right through the war prices of goods kept on increasing and doubling between 1913 and 1918. This greeted extreme hardship for the people. IV. Forced recruitment: villagers were called upon to provide soldiers under forced recruitment which meant many of the male members had to go for war. This also had an economic impact on the lives of people. 4. In India, initially the sense of collective belongingness came from a united struggle of the people against the colonizers under whom they suffered oppression, suppression and cruelty. Having achieved that end, it was necessary to keep the people of the nation united for all times to come and have a sense of national pride. A variety of cultural processes helped in building that sense of collective belongings, some of which are listed below: Bharat Mata as identity of the nation: in 20th century there emerged various images of India as Bharat Mata. I. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay of Bengal who had in the 1870s written ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn dedicated to the motherland now created the first image of India as bharat Mata. II. The next image of the Bharat Mata came from Abanindranath Tagore in the form of painting portraying bharat Mata as a calm, composed. Divine and spiritual. His image was influenced by the swadeshi movement. III. Thereafter many other images of Bharat Mata merged from various artists. This how India came to be identified as a mother figure and gave people a sense of collective belongingness under bharat Mata. Folklore as identity of the nation: nationalists felt that in order to create a sense of collective belongingness in our diverse culture folklore was essential to restore a sense of pride. I. II. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began to revive folk songs, dances, folk tales, cultures, traditions, rhymes, hymns, myths, legends, stories. In madras, Natesa Shastri published a 4 volume of collection of Tamil folktales “the folklore of southern India”. He believed that this was national literature manifesting’s the real thoughts and charactestics of the people of India. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA Flag as identify of the nation: during the swadeshi movement flags began to be used to create a sense of collective belongingness. National leaders realized the value of such icons and symbols to create a feeling of collective belongingness. History as identity of nation: since the colonizers had considered India to be backward and primitive it was necessary to document the past glory of India. All this glory had decline under colonization. The nationalist histories created a sense of collective pride in India’s past achievement. 5. The non-cooperation movement in Awadh was against the Talukdars and landlords under whom the peasants had been facing serious problems and suffered. Some of the problems faced by peasants were: I. The Talukdars and landlords demanded very high rents and other cases from them. II. They were forced to do unpaid works i.e. beggar in the farms of these Talukdars and landlords. III. Since the peasants did not own land they lived as a tenants. However, they did not have any security of tenure and were regularly evicted in order to prevent them from acquiring any rights over leased land. IV. The peasants were burdened with high revenue and severe oppression from the Talukdars and landlords. 6. When Gandhi ji called for the civil disobedience movement the Muslims were lukewarm in their response due to: I. Their disappointment with the non-cooperation movement and how it ended without any proper outcome. II. The congress have become more visibly associated with the Hindu nationalists groups like the Hindu Maha Sabha making large section of Muslim feel alienated. III. The relation between hinds and Muslims were worsened as each community began organizing religious processions with militant fervor. IV. Communalism had become widespread by now and each community did things to provoke the other leading to communal clashes and riots. Differences between the two communities grew. V. In 1927, the congress and Muslim league tried to negotiate a compromise and although initially it appeared that such an alliance would be possible, some important differences cropped up which could not be resolved. VI. Muslim leader and intellectual were concerned about the minority status of Muslims in India and feared that their culture and identity would be suppressed by domination of Hindu majority. So when the civil disobedience movement began there was an atmosphere of district and suspicion between the communities and the Muslims response was lukewarm. 7. The economic impact of the non-cooperation movement was that: I. The factory manufactured cheap and abundant foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. II. Import of foreign cloth and halved in 1921 and 1922 causing huge economic loss as it value dropped from 102 crores to 57 crores. III. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade even though it meant loss of profits to them. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA IV. With the spread of the non-cooperation movement more and more people began to discard imported clothes and wear only Indian made clothes. V. Production of Indian textiles went up which was good for our industrialization and economy. 8. Satyagraha emphasized with the power of truth and the need to search for the truth. I. It suggested that in the struggle against injustice, if cause was right, there was no need for aggression and physical force. Victory could be won by appealing to the conscience of the oppressors. II. Gandhi ji’s Satyagraha was a novel method to protesting through “mass agitation” without the use of forced. The oppressors would be persuaded to see the truth and that truth would ultimately triumph. III. The first Satyagraha was carried successfully in south Africa in 1915 to fight the racist regime of colonizers. IV. When he came to India he believed that this “Dharma” of Satyagraha could unite all Indians. 9. In order to integrate them into society mahatma Gandhi I. Organized Satyagraha to secure for them entry into temples and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. II. He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables. III. He persuaded the upper classes to change their attitude towards the depressed classes and give up untouchability. IV. When the British conceded to demand of Dr B R Ambedkar to have separate electorates for the Depressed Classes Gandhiji went on a fast unto death as he believed that a separate electorate for Dalit’s would slow down the process of their integration into society. 10. Among the different social groups that participated in the civil Disobedient Movement the rich peasants also had their ideals and perceptions of Swaraj which encouraged then to join the movement. I. Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujrat and Jats in utter Pradesh who were producers of commercial crops were hard hit by depression and falling prices. II. As there cash income reduced they were unable to pay government revenue. III. The government refused to reduce revenue. IV. These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporter of the civil disobedience movement to free themselves from this situation. These led to widespread resentment so they joined the civil disobedience movement. For them fight for the swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. 11. I. In 1930, Dr. B R Ambedkar organized the Dalit’s (the untouchables) into an organization called the depressed classes association, now known as scheduled caste. II. His ideas to depressed class deferred from that of Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted a separate electorate for Dalit’s. III. Whilst at round table conference in London he demanded a separate electorate for Dalit’s and the British colonizer conceded his demand. This caused mahatma Gandhi to fast unto the death because he believed that separate electorate for the Dalit’s would slow the process of their integration into the main society. IV. He signed the Poona pact with Gandhi ji and congress giving the depressed to secure reserved seat for Dalit’s in the provincial and central legislative council to be voted in general election. 12. The tribal peasants of gudem hill in Andhra Pradesh fought for swaraj and revolted against the British. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA I. II. III. IV. The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing the tribals from entering the forest to graze their cattle and felt that their traditional rights were being taken away. The tribal who were strongly dependent on the forests for food, fruits and fuel were prevented to carry out these activities affecting their livelihood which enraged them. The government were forcing the peasants of the gudem hill to carry out Begar (unpaid work) for the building of roads. A militant movement had begun to resist the repressive measures of the colonizers. The tribals here became violent and attacked police station and attempted to kill the British. 13. I. II. III. The Rowlett act was passed hurriedly through the imperial legislative council despite the united opposition of Indian members. The act gave the government enormous power to repress political activities. To detained political prisoners without trial of two years. 14. I. Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for hundred years if untouchability were not eliminates. II. he called untouchables ‘Harijans’ or the children of god, organized satyagraha to secure their entry into the temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. III. He himself clean the toilets to dignify the work of the sweepers and persuaded the upper caste people to change their heart and stop the practice of ‘untouchability’. IV. He themselves to demanded reserved seats in educational institutions. Dalit’s also wanted separate electorate that they would choose Dalit members of legislative council. According to them political power would resolve their social disabilities. 14. In the countryside rich peasants communities like Patidars in Gujrat and Jats in Haryana were active participants in the civil disobedience movement. I. Being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. II. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay government’s demand. III. The government’s refusal to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment among them. Thus the rich peasants become enthusiastic supporters of the movement. For them struggle for swaraj was a fight against high revenue demand. 15. The movement had dramatic effects on the economic front: I. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign clothes were burnt in to the bonfire. II. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. III. Import of foreign clothes became half between 1921 and 1922 and ‘Khadi’ was promoted. IV. Productions of Indian textiles mills and handlooms went up. 16. I. as the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, the crowd took to street in many north Indians town. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA II. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attack on governmental buildings. III. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize the people. Satyagrahis resisted with courage. 17. The main features of civil disobedience movement: I. First successful mass movement. II. People from all section participated – role of students, people, young, and old, joined. III. Role of women – for the first time women in large numbers left the comfort of their homes and joined the movement. IV. For the first time the movement was launched with the goal of purna swaraj or complete independence. V. The people could successfully defy British laws. 18. The civil disobedience movement was relaunched in 1932. After civil disobedience movement the congress was declared illegal and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings and disobedience. I. Failure of the talk in 2nd round table conference. II. Country was passing through unrest. There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dock workers in 1932. Peasants were facing high taxation and poverty. III. The viceroy refuse to meet Gandhi ji or take any steps to relieve the measures of the people so Gandhi ji relaunched the civil disobedience movement. 19. I. the First World War led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. II. Customs duty was increased and income tax was introduced. III. Between 1913-1918 prices of commodities almost doubled leading to extreme hardship for the common people. IV. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. 20. I. Gandhi ji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. II. It should began with the surrender of titles awarded by government and boycott of civil services, army, police, courts, legislative council, schools and foreign goods. III. In case, the government used repression, a civil disobedience movement would be launched. 21. I. Satyagraha is a novel method of mass agitation and resistance used by Gandhi ji in South Africa in his struggle against the racist regime. Later it was applied by Gandhi ji in Indian national movement. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and non-violence. II. He felt that if the cause was true or if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA III. Without seeking revenge or being an aggressor, a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. It could done by the using moral force, by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. 22. I. Gandhi ji in 1919 decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed of Rowlett act 1919. The act gave government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial of two years. Mahatma Gandhi wanted a non-violent civil disobedient against such unjust laws, which could start with a Hartal on 6th April. II. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed down. Alarmed by the popular upsurge and scared that lines of communication such as the railways and telegraph would be disrupted, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists. III. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi were barred to entering in Delhi. On 10th April the police of Amritsar fire upon a peaceful procession, provoking widespread attack on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and general dyer took demand. 24. I. In 1919, Gandhi ji supported khilafat movement to protest against the breakup of ottoman (Turkish) empire by British and humiliation caused to Turkish caliph who was also the head of the Muslim of the whole world. II. Gandhi ji also wanted to unite Hindus and Muslim to protest against Jallianwala Bagh massacre. III. In this movement, Gandhi ji extended the support of congress towards the Muslim. He saw the opportunity of uniting the hinds and Muslim for the cause of die’s freedom 25. I. Result of colonial exploitation. II. Understanding of the true nature of the British rule. III. Racial discrimination. IV. Role of Mahatma Gandhi and other leader. V. impact of nationalists, literature, songs, poems, folklore. 26. I. workers in plantation had to live and work with harsh conditions. They were confined within enclosed areas – freedom of movement was restricted. II. Under the inland emigration act of 1859 tea plantation workers were rarely permitted to leave tea garden. If they leave or escape, they were mostly caught and severely punished. III. They were brutally treated in plantation. They used to die dreaming of their families and homes. 27. I. the civil disobedience movement was started in March 1930 and by the end of the year nearly 100,000 people were arrested. In such a situation the viceroy lord Irwin signed an agreement with Gandhi ji on 5th march 1931 because he wanted the congress to attend the round table conference in London. This agreement is referred to as the Gandhi-Irwin pact. Gandhi ji promised to call off the civil disobedience RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA movement and consented to participate in the 2nd round table conference in London. The viceroy agree to reduce the political prisoner who were not charged with violence. In December 1931 Gandhi ji attended the conference but returned disappointed as the negotiation in London conference failed. 28. I. An important feature of the civil disobedience movement was the large scale participation of women. During the salt march to Dandi thousands of woman came out of their homes to listen to Gandhi ji. II. They participated in protest march, manufacture salt and picketed foreign clothes and liquor shops. Many went to jail. III. In urban areas women in high caste families also participated where in rural areas they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhi ji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of woman. 29. I. Some of the Muslim political organization in India were lukewarm in their response to the civil disobedience movement. II. After the khilafat and non-cooperation movement, a large section of the Muslims felt alienated from the congress. III. From the mid-20s the congress came to be more visibly associated openly with Hindu religious nationalists groups like Hindu mahasabha. IV. During this period the relation between Hindu and Muslim worsened, each community organized religious procession with militant fervor, provoking Hindu – Muslim communal clashes in various cities. Every riots deepened the distance between two communities. (Any three) 30. I. when government failed to fulfill the demands of Gandhi ji he along with 78 chosen followers began his historic march on 12th march 1930 to break salt law. II. He covered nearly 240 miles on foot from his ashram at Sabarmati at Ahmedabad to Dandi, a small coastal town on the Gujrat coast. After reaching there he made salt by boiling sea water. This march is known as the Dandi march and is also referred to as salt Satyagraha. III. Indian inspired by the ideals of Satyagraha cannot carry arm because they made ‘non-violence’ their religion. Long Answer Type Questions 1. I. The Rowlett Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. II. The Indians reacted unitedly against this unreasonable Act. III. Gandhi ji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against the urgent laws and decided to start a Hartal on 6th April. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA IV. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed down. V. Alarmed by the popular upsurge and geared the line of communication might be de script, the British clamped down the nationalists. On 10th April the police at Amritsar fired upon peaceful crowd and eminent leaders were arrested. 2. As soon as the nationalists began the resistance movement against the Rowlett Act and Gandhi ji announced non-violent Hartal on 6th April 1919, the British came down the nationalists. Alarmed at the popular upsurge, the British clamped down the nationalists. Local leaders were picked from Amritsar, and Gandhi ji was barred from entering Delhi. On 10th April, the police at Amritsar fired upon peaceful demonstrators, provoking attacks on bank and offices. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took the command. 3. Different people reacted differently to the civil disobedience movement. Thousands of people broke the colonial laws-broke salt laws, manufactured salt an demonstrated in front of government salt facilities. Foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chowkidari tanes. Village officials resigned and many places forest people violated forest laws – going into Reserve Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. In Peshawar movement was led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan. On the other hand colonial government reacted with ruthless opinion. Worried by the intensity of the movement the colonial government began arresting all eminent congress leaders. This led to violent dashes in many places. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 1, 00, 000 people were arrested. The congress was declared as illegal institution once Gandhi ji called off the movement viceroys signed a part with Gandhi ji. 4. The movement in town/cities started with middle class participation. Thousands of students left government controlled schools and colleges. Headmasters and teachers resigned and lawyers gave up practices. The council elections were majestic in most provinces. The economic effects of the movement were tremendous. Foreign goods were boycotted, shops were picketed and foreign clothes were burnt in huge half. This had hit the colonial economy to a great extent. The import of foreign goods was reduced to and value dropped. Foreign trade declined. On the other this encouraged ndian industries. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA 5. Once the movement started it began to spread country side. Very soon it drew the peasants and tribal in its fold. In Awadh peasants were led by Baba Ramachandra. Here the movement was against the Talukdars and landlords who exploited the peasants and demanded exorbitantly high rent and other uses. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue of began and social boycott of landlords abolition the peasants invoked the name of Gandhi ji to sanction all their action and aspiration. By the end of 1920 Oudh Kissan Sabha was set up by Jawaharlal Nehru a many other followed. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Gandhi ji and the idea of swaraj in their own way. In gudem hill in Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement was organized against the colonial oppression. Though it was not similar to congress movement of none—cooperation’s in was inspired by Gandhi ji ideas. The spirit of non-cooperation spread to the workers in mill and among plantation workers also. When they heard of non-cooperation movement thousands of workers defied the authorities. 6. The First World War played an important role I strengthening national movement in India. The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to an increase of expenditure which was met by the additional taxes of Indian people. The war led to a price rise – leading to extreme hardship for the common people. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and this forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. Acute shortage of food accompanied by influenza epidemic led to famine and misery. The Indians began to realize that they were unnecessarily drawn in war which was for British imperialists interests. This feelings united the Indian against British who began to demanded reforms. Fortunately during the period of war Gandhiji returned to India from south Africa and gave leadership to people by organizing satyagraha which was a mass struggle against the foreign authorities. 7. On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day a crowd of people gathered in an enclosed ground called Jallianwala Bagh to attend a meeting. Being strangers to the city they were unware that martial law had been imposed by General Dyer. The angry General block the exit and order the troops only to open fire on the innocent crowd, killing hundreds. He declared that his aim was to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of the Satyagrahis. This incident proved to be a landmark in the history of Indian National Movement. The cruelty and atrocities committed on Indians made Gandhiji decide to start more broad-based movement in India. The government responded with repression; the people were humiliated terrorized. The satyagrahi made to crawl and rub their noses on the ground. People were flogged and Gujranwala village in Punjab was bombed. 8. Main features of peasant movement during civil disobedience movement: I. In the country side the rich peasant like Patidars of Gujrat and jats in utter Pradesh were active in civil disobedience movement. RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA II. Being producers of cash crops they were hit hard by the trade depression and falling prices of cash crops. They found it difficult to pay government revenue due to loss refusal of government to reduce revenue led to widespread agitation and unrest. III. The rich peasant became supporter of the movement. For them struggle for the swaraj was the struggle against high revenue. IV. Poorer peasants however had the different problems. Many of them were the tenants on rented land owned by others. V. Due to the great depression their income dwindled. They found it difficult to pay the rent for their land. They wanted their rent to be remitted and joined radical movements led by socialists and communists. Congress however did not support no rent campaign. 9. Between 1916-1918 Gandhiji successfully organized Satyagraha movement involving the masses. In 1916, he travelled to champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system. In 1917, he took up the cause of the peasants of kheda district in Ahmedabad to fight for reduction of revenue through Satyagraha movement. In 1918, Gandhiji organized Satyagraha movement against cotton mill owners. These movement was the first mass movement in Indian National Movement. These inculcated selfconfidence and spirit to fight against injustice among people. 10. In the Nagpur session of congress in 1920, the programme for non-cooperation movement was adopted. The movement began in January 1920. People from various groups participated in this movement with nationalist aspiration. The movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Thousands of students were left the government controlled school and colleges; teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their practices. Gandhiji made it cleared that the movement must remained non-violence. This should be launched a stages – it would start with renunciation of titles followed by boycott of all British institutions and should end with non-payment of taxes. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign clothes and items were burnt in bon-fires., in many places traders refused to sell foreign goods or finance trade. Indians began to wear clothes made in india-khadi or handspun. Indian handlooms became popular production of Indians textile mills and handloom went up. 11. In the gudem hill of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerilla movement spread in early 1920’s this movement was not similar to Gandhiji non-cooperation movement yet the inspiration came from Gandhiji. The movement was basically protest against forest laws. Here, as in other forest regions, the colonial government has closed the forest areas, preventing people for entering forests to graze their cattle or to collect firewood or fruits. This enraged the people of the hills. Not only where they deprived of their livelihood and food but also their traditional rights too were denied when the government compelled them to work free (Begar) for road-building. They revolted RGT CLASSES, THANE / NATIONALISM IN INDIA under Alluri Sitaram Raju who was popular because of his special power of astrological predictions and the power to heal people. He could survive bullets-shorts. The rebels believed that he was an incarnation of god. Though Raju respected Gandhiji, he asserted that India could be liberated only by use of force and not through non-violence. The gudem rebels attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials. Raju was eventually captured and executed in 1924. Value Based Question 1. I. He did not believed in the cult of the bomb or violence. However, he believed in freedom at any cost. II. There should be stir among the people to fight for independence. III. Patriotism and sacrifice for the sake of country’s honor. 2. I. The Indians were deprived of their freedom. Besides this, they were also exploited economically, and culturally. Protest against injustice. II. (a) resistance and will power (b) Respect for freedom. Map Work
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