ᤵᴗ㈨ᩱ䠄䠓䠅䠄12/2䡚䠅 䛂స䜛ഃ䛃 • 䠄๓ᅇ䛾⥆䛝䠅 • 㡢ᴦሗ⛉Ꮫ䠄䛂⫈䛟ഃ䛃䛾ฎ⌮䠅 • 㡢⣲ᮦ䛾సᡂ䠄㟁Ꮚᴦჾ䞉㡢㡪ྜᡂ䠅 • 㡢ᴦ₇ዌ䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䠄䛄᪂ୡ௦ᴦჾ䛅䠅 • 㡢ᴦሗฎ⌮䝅䝇䝔䝮䞉䝒䞊䝹 • ᵓ㐀ゎᯒ – GTTM, IRM • 㡢ᴦሗ᳨⣴ 䠄๓ᅇ㈨ᩱ䜈䛾⿵㊊䠅 • 䜰䞊䝖䛸䛧䛶䛾䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍㡢ᴦไస • 䛂స䜛ഃ䛃䛾ฎ⌮ • ⮬ື₇ዌ䞉కዌ䞉ྜዌ • ⮬ືస᭤䚸䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍㡢ᴦసရ • ⮬ື₇ዌ䞉కዌ䚸༶⯆₇ዌ • ⮬ືస᭤䞉⦅᭤ 1 䛂స䜛ഃ䛃 2 䠆⮬ື₇ዌ 䠄䠍䠅 • ₇ዌᴦჾ䠖 MIDI 㡢※䚸player piano ➼ 䠄㏻ᖖᴦჾ䛾⮬ື₇ዌ䛿䜎䛯ู䛾ヰ䠅 • ⮬ື₇ዌ • ⮬ືకዌ䞉ྜዌ • ༶⯆₇ዌ䠄䝆䝱䝮䝉䝑䝅䝵䞁➼䠅 • ᴦ㆕䛾᭷↓䚸䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮ᛂ⟅ • ᴦ㆕ሗ䛻⾲䛡䜢䛧䛯₇ዌ䜢⾜䛖䚹 䛴䜎䜚ᴦ㆕ሗ䛿ᡤ • ᴦ㆕㏻䜚䛾₇ዌ䠖 䛂ᶵᲔⓗ₇ዌ䛃 • ᐇ㝿䛾₇ዌ䛿䚸ᴦ㆕㏻䜚䛂ṇ☜䛻䛃⾜䛺䜟䜜䜛䜟 䛡䛷䛿䛺䛔䠖 ពᅗⓗ䞉ⱁ⾡ⓗ㐓⬺ • ไᚚᑐ㇟ • ⮬ືస᭤ • 䛂㐀ᛶ䛃䚸䝷䞁䝎䝮⏕ᡂ䚸䝔䞁䝥䝺䞊䝖䠄䝍䝛䠅 • ⮬ື⦅᭤ 3 䠆⮬ື₇ዌ䠄䠎䠅 4 䠆⮬ືకዌ䞉ྜዌ䚸༶⯆₇ዌ • ฎ⌮ᙧែ䛾≉ᚩ • ཧ↷ᆺ ĺ ₇ዌィ⏬ • ᒁᡤⓗฎ⌮䛸ᇦⓗฎ⌮ • ඹ㏻䜲䝕䜱䜸䝮䛸ಶᛶ • ᙧែ䠖 ⮬ືకዌ ⮬ືྜዌ ༶⯆₇ዌ • 䜰䝥䝻䞊䝏 • 䠄₇ዌሗ䛾ᡭືసᡂ䠅 • ₇ዌ䝹䞊䝹䜢స䜚䛣䜐䚹 • ே㛫䛾₇ዌ䛛䜙≉ᚩ䜢ᢳฟ䛩䜛䚹 䝧䞊䝇䚸 analysis by synthesis • cf. 䛂Rencon 䠄ⶈ᰿䠅䛃 http://www.renconmusic.org/ • 㡢㛗 (agogics)䠖 onset 䛾䝍䜲䝭䞁䜾䚸㛗䛥 • 㡢䛾ᙉᙅ (dynamics) • ዌἲ䞉⾲ (articulation) ᴦ㆕ሗ ┦ᡭ 䕿 䕿 䕧 ༢ᩘ 」ᩘ ༢」 ᑟᶒ 䛻⊂ዌഃ 䛻 䛻 • 䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮ฎ⌮䛜ᚲせ • ₇ዌ㏣㊧ ┦ᡭ䛾₇ዌ䜎䛱䛜䛔䜈䛾ᑐᛂ • 䝔䞁䝫ண 䞉ྜ䜟䛫᪉ • ₇ዌ䛾⮬ᛶ 5 6 䠆ᩥ⊩➼䠄⮬ື₇ዌ䞉కዌ➼䠅 䠆⮬ືస᭤䞉⦅᭤ • Rencon: http://www.renconmusic.org/ 䠄㛢㙐୰䠅 • rencon music 䛷᳨⣴䛩䜛䛸㛵㐃ㄽᩥ䚸グ䛜᳨ ⣴䛷䛝䜛 • ᖹ㈡⍠⨾䠖 ₇ዌ䛾⾲䛵䛡䚸 bit ู䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛸㡢ᴦ䛾ୡ⏺䛃䚸5.2 ⠇ • ᇼෆ㟹㞝䠖 ⮬ືకዌ䚸 bit ู䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛸㡢ᴦ䛾ୡ⏺䛃䚸5.1 ⠇ • 㟷㔝⿱ྖ䠖 䝆䝱䝮䝉䝑䝅䝵䞁䝅䝇䝔䝮䚸 bit ู䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛸㡢ᴦ䛾ୡ⏺䛃䚸5.3 ⠇ • ⮬ືస᭤䠖 7 ึᮇ䛛䜙◊✲䛥䜜䛶䛔䛯䛜䚸⌧ᅾ䛷䛿ὶ䛸䛿ゝ䛘䛺䛔䚹 • 䝷䞁䝎䝮䞉☜⋡ⓗ䛺ฎ⌮я㐀ᛶ䚸సពᅗ • స᭤ᐙ䛾䝇䝍䜲䝹䛾ᢳฟ䛸䛭䛾ᶍೌ э ◊✲ⓗ䛺┠ⓗ ( D. Cope ➼) • 䝛䝑䝖ୖ䛷䛾స᭤䞉⦅᭤䝃䞊䝡䝇 䠖 Orpheus 䠄ᮾ䞉ᔢᓚᒣ◊䠅 • ⮬ື⦅᭤ • 䝞䝑䜻䞁䜾䞉䝟䝍䞊䞁䛾㑅ᢥ䞉⏝ • ኌ䛡 (Harmonization), Reharmonization 8 (K. Ebcioglu: Harmonization of Bach-Style Chorales) 䠆ㄢ㢟䞉ၥ㢟Ⅼ Chorale 286 • ฎ⌮ෆᐜ䛿䠄㡢ᴦⓗ䛻䠅㧗䛔䜒䛾䛸ゝ䛘䜛䛛䚹 э䠄ᚲ䛪䛧䜒䠅ゝ䛘䛺䛔 • • • • 䠄㡢ᴦ䛻䛴䛔䛶䛾䠅▱㆑䛾䝺䝧䝹 ฎ⌮䛩䜉䛝ෆᐜ䛜」㞧䞉㞴䛧䛔䚹 䛸䛻䛛䛟ື䛛䛺䛡䜜䜀ጞ䜎䜙䛺䛔䚹 䛸䛻䛛䛟ື䛔䛶䛧䜎䛖䚹 • ฎ⌮䛾䝰䝆䝳䞊䝹ᛶ • ⼥ྜⓗ䞉⤫ྜⓗฎ⌮ 9 10 䛂䜰䞊䝖䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍㡢ᴦ 䛂䜰䞊䝖䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾䠊䠊䠊䠄䠎䠅 • 䜸䝣䝷䜲䞁䚸㠀䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮䛷䛾㡢䞉ᴦ᭤〇స э 䝔䞊䝥㡢ᴦ • 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛾ฎ⌮䛻⮬⏤ᗘ䜢ᣢ䛯䛫䜛 э 䜰䝹䝂䝸䝈䝮స᭤➼ • 䛂䝟䝣䜷䞊䝬䞁䝇䛃䛾㔜せᛶ ⮫ሙឤ䚸䝷䜲䝤䛾䛂୍ᅇᛶ䛃䚸䠊䠊䠊 э䝅䝇䝔䝮䝎䜴䞁䜈䛾䝞䝑䜽䜰䝑䝥 • 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛜ఱ䜢䛧䛶䛔䜛䛛䛜ぢ䛻䛟䛔 • ᢏ⾡ඃ䞉ᑟ • ⱁ⾡ᛶ䚸ព䞉సᛶ䛸䛾㛵ಀ • 䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮䛷䛾స᭤䠋₇ዌ䚸ྜዌ • 㟁Ꮚᴦჾ • 䜰䝁䞊䝇䝔䜱䝑䜽ᴦჾ 䛂Cyber ᑻඵ䛃➼ 11 12 䛂㡢ᴦᐙ䛃䛸䛧䛶䛾䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍 䛂⬟ຊ䛃(▱⬟䚸ⱁ⾡ᛶ䚸䠊䠊䠊䠅䛾ᡤᅾ • ⮬ືస᭤䞉⦅᭤䚸⮬ື₇ዌ䞉కዌ䞉ྜዌ➼ • 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛜య䛸䛺䜛 я 㐨ල䛸䛧䛶䛾䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍 я 䜰䞊䝖䛸䛧䛶䛾㡢ᴦ • ᶵᲔ䛜ⱁ⾡ⓗ䛺₇ዌ䜢䛩䜛䛾䛿⡆༢䠛 ே㛫䛾ሙྜ䛷䜒䚸䛂ᶍೌ⪅䛃䛿ホ౯䛥䜜䛺䛔䚹 • 䛂య䛃䛿䛹䛣䛻䛒䜛䛛 • 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍⮬㌟ • 䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䞉䝅䝇䝔䝮సᡂ⪅ • 䝥䝻䜾䝷䝮䝴䞊䝄 • ே㛫䛾₇ዌ⪅䞉స᭤ᐙ䠄䝕䞊䝍ྲྀᚓᑐ㇟䠅 • 㐀ᛶ䞉ⱁ⾡ᛶ䞉ಶᛶ䛸䛿䠛 э അ↛ᛶ䚸䝷䞁䝎䝮ᛶ䛸䛾㛵㐃 13 14 䛂⬟ຊ䛃䛾ᡤᅾ䠄䠎䠅 㡢⣲ᮦ䛾సᡂ (1)䠖 ┠ⓗ • 䛄ே㛫ཎ⌮䛅 • ᪤Ꮡ䛾㡢䠄ᴦჾ㡢䠅䛾ᛅᐇ䛺⌧ ྛ✀䛾ྜᡂ᪉ᘧ䚸Analysis by Synthesis䚸 PCM 㡢※䚸≀⌮䝰䝕䝹 • ᪂つ䛺㡢⣲ᮦ䛾సᡂ 㟁Ꮚᴦჾ䠄≉䛻䜰䝘䝻䜾䠅䚸ྛ✀䛾ྜᡂ᪉ᘧ • ᪤Ꮡ䛾㡢䠄㠀㡢ᴦⓗ䛺㡢䠅 䝔䞊䝥㡢ᴦ䚸Musique Concrete 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍₇ዌᐙ䛾䝁䞁䝃䞊䝖䜢⪺䛝䛯䛔䛛䠛 • ホ౯䛾ၥ㢟 㐀ⓗάື୍⯡䛻㛵䜟䜛ၥ㢟 䛭䜜⮬㌟䛜◊✲ᑐ㇟䛻䛺䜚䛖䜛 ⴭసᶒ➼䛿䠛 • cf. 䛂Rencon 䠄ⶈ᰿䠅䛃 http://www.renconmusic.org/ 15 㡢⣲ᮦ䛾సᡂ(2) 16 ᩥ⊩䞉URL 䠄㟁Ꮚᴦჾ䚸䝅䞁䝉䝃䜲䝄䠅ᥖ • 㟁Ꮚᴦჾ • 䜰䝘䝻䜾ᴦჾ • 㟁Ꮚᴦჾ䛾Ṕྐ䠄ᪧ∧䠅 http://web.archive.org/web/20000816035448/www.ob solete.com/120_years/ • ᪂∧䠖 http://120years.net/ Thermin, Ondes-Martenot, 䜰䝘䝻䜾䝅䞁䝉䝃䜲䝄䠄Moog ➼䠅 • 䝕䜱䝆䝍䝹ᴦჾ • 䝅䞁䝉䝃䜲䝄༤≀㤋 http://www.synthmuseum.com/ • 䝰䞊䜾䠖 http://moogmusic.com/ • 䝝䞊䝗䜴䜵䜰ྜᡂ • 䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰ྜᡂ • ຍ⸨⨾䠖㟁Ꮚᴦჾ䛾ኚ㑄䛸㡢ᴦ㡢㡪䛾◊✲ㄢ㢟䚸 bit ู䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛸㡢ᴦ䛾ୡ⏺䛃䚸2.1 ⠇ • 㘓㡢ᶵ䛾⏝ 䝔䞊䝥㡢ᴦ䚸Musique Concrete䚸䠄PCM 㡢※䠅 17 18 㡢㡪ྜᡂ᪉ᘧ 䝕䜱䝆䝍䝹(䝋䝣䝖䜴䜵䜰䠅ྜᡂ䞉ኚ • Ἴᙧྜᡂ • ཎ⌮ⓗ䛻䛿↓㝈䛾⮬⏤ᗘ䛜䛒䜛 я 㡢㡪ⓗ䞉䝝䞊䝗䜴䜵䜰ⓗ⏕ᡂ䛻䛿ከ䛟䛾ไ⣙ • ຍ⟬ྜᡂ • 䝣䜵䞊䝈䞉䝪䝁䞊䝎 (phase vocoder) • ῶ⟬ྜᡂ • ₇ዌ䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䛺䛹䚸䛾ᶵ⬟㒊ศ䛛䜙ศ㞳 ྍ⬟ • 䝇䝨䜽䝖䝹䝰䝕䝹 • ฎ⌮㈇Ⲵ䞉₇⟬㔞䚸⭾䛺タᐃ㔞䚸」㞧䛥 • ⮬⏤ᗘ䛜䛝䛩䛞䜛䠛 • ே㛫䛸䛾᥋Ⅼ䠖 䛂እឤ䛃 • ≀⌮䝰䝕䝹 • Ἴᙧ䛾ኚ 19 • FM ྜᡂ • Waveshaping • Granular Synthesis • ྛ✀䛾䜶䝣䜵䜽䝍 • 䝰䞊䝣䜱䞁䜾 20 ḷၐศᯒ䞉ྜᡂ䠄䠍䠅 ḷኌศᯒ䞉ྜᡂ䠄䠎䠅 • 䛘䜙䜜䛯䝯䝻䝕䜱䞉ḷモ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ḷၐ䜢䝁䞁䝢䝳 䞊䝍䛻䜘䜚ྜᡂ䛩䜛䚹 • M.Mathews: “Daisy” (1962) 䛜᭱ึ䛾 • ḷၐ䛾ศᯒ䞉ྜᡂ䛿᪥ᮏ䛷◊✲䛜┒䜣䛺ศ㔝 • ၟᴗⓗ䛻䜒㔜せ䛻䛺䛳䛶䛝䛶䛔䜛䚹 • 㡢ኌ䛷䛿䚸ẕ㡢䛻ᛂ䛨䛶≉ᐃ䛾࿘Ἴᩘᡂศ䛜ᙉ 䛟䛷䜛䚹䛣䜜䜢䛂䝣䜷䝹䝬䞁䝖(formant)䛃䛸ゝ䛖䚹 • 䝣䜷䝹䝬䞁䝖䜢䛖䜎䛟ྜᡂ䛩䜜䜀㡢ኌ䜙䛧䛟 ⪺䛣䛘䜛䚹 • Ꮚ㡢䛾ྜᡂ䛿䜒䛳䛸㞴䛧䛔䚹 • Singer’s formant䠖 䛻䜽䝷䝅䝑䜽ḷᡭ䛻 ≉᭷䛾ḷኌ䛾䝣䜷䝹䝬䞁䝖䠄3000Hz ㏆䠅 22 21 ḷၐ䛾䝣䜷䝹䝬䞁䝖䠄䝔䝜䞊䝹䠅 A 800-1200 Hz E 400-600 Hz 2200-2600 Hz I 200-400 Hz 3000-3500 Hz O 400-600 Hz ḷኌศᯒ䞉ྜᡂ䠄䠏䠅 U • ᐇ㝿䛾ḷኌྜᡂ䛷䛿༢䛻㡢㡪䛰䛡䛷䛺䛟䚸 䜲䞁䝖䝛䞊䝅䝵䞁䚸䜰䜽䝉䞁䝖䛺䛹䜢䛖䜎䛟䛡䛺䛔䛸 ⮬↛䛻⪺䛣䛘䛺䛔䚹 200-400 Hz • ḷኌ䛾◊✲䛿᪥ᮏ䛷┒䜣䛺ศ㔝䚹 • 〇ရ䛸䛧䛶䚸Vocaloid 䛻䜘䜛ḷኌ ྜᡂ䛜䝠䝑䝖䚹䠄ึ㡢䝭䜽䝅䝸䞊䝈䠅 • ே㛫䠄ኌඃ䠅䛾㡢ኌ䛾䝃䞁䝥䝸䞁䜾䛜 䝧䞊䝇 • ᨵⰋ䠖 Vocalis䠄୰㔝䠅 23 24 㞃䜜䝬䝹䝁䝣䝰䝕䝹䠄HMM䠅 㞃䜜䝬䝹䝁䝣䝰䝕䝹䠄䠎䠅 • ㇟䜢䜲䝧䞁䝖䛾⣔ิ䛸䛧䛶䛸䜙䛘䜛䠄グྕ䠅 • ⾲㠃ⓗ䛺㇟ิ䜢䚸⫼ᚋ䛻䛒䜛≧ែ㛫䛾㑄⛣䛸䛧䛶 䛸䜙䛘䜛䚹 • ≧ែ䛻䛿䚸≧ែ㛫䛾㑄⛣☜⋡䛸䚸ᑐᛂ䛩䜛㇟⏕ᡂ ☜⋡䛜䛘䜙䜜䛶䛔䜛䚹 • 䛭䛾☜⋡䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䛷䚸ほᐹ㇟ิ䛾᭱ᑬ⤒㊰䜢 ồ䜑䜛 (Viterbi 䜰䝹䝂䝸䝈䝮➼䜢⏝䛔䜛䠅 • ☜⋡⮬య䛜Ꮫ⩦ᑐ㇟䚹䠄Baum-Welch algorithm➼䠅 • ๓ᅇ䛾 DP 䝬䝑䝏䞁䜾䛻䜘䜛᭱㛗ิ᳨⣴䛸㢮ఝ䚹 • ලయ䛸䛧䛶䚸୰㔝䠖 VoiceDrummer 䛷䛾ᐇ⌧ 䛻䛴䛔䛶㏙䜉䜛䚹 • http://staff.aist.go.jp/t.nakano/VoiceDrummer/i ndex-j.html • ཧ⪃䝃䜲䝖 • Wikipedia (en): Hidden Markov Model, Viterbi Algorithm • http://unicorn.ike.tottoriu.ac.jp/murakami/doctor/node7.html 25 26 ᩥ⊩䠄㡢㡪ྜᡂ䠅 • ᑠᆏ┤ᩄ䠖 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍㡢ᴦ䛸ᴦ㡢ྜᡂᢏ⾡䚸 bit ู䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛸㡢ᴦ䛾ୡ⏺䛃䚸2.3 ⠇ • 㛗ᔱὒ୍䠖 ᴦ㡢ྜᡂ䜰䝹䝂䝸䝈䝮 䠉 Kyma 䛻 䜘䜛ᵓᡂ䚸 bit ู䛂䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䛸㡢ᴦ䛾ୡ⏺䛃䚸2.4 ⠇ 䠄㡢㡪䝃䞁䝥䝹䜒䠅 • ᣢ⚽⣖䛂ḷኌྜᡂ䛸䛭䛾ᛂ⏝䛃, ሗฎ⌮䚸vol.50, no.8 (2009), pp.723-728 27 ₇ዌ䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䠄䛄᪂ୡ௦ᴦჾ䛅䠅 28 ₇ዌ䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䠄䠎䠅 • 䛂⡆༢䛺䛃䠄ㄡ䛷䜒䛘䜛䠅䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇 • ᚑ᮶ᆺ䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䠄䠙ᴦჾ䠅䛾⌧䞉ᶍೌ • ᪂つ䛺䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䞉₇ዌᙧែ䛾㛤ᣅ • ሗ※䠖 ㌟䜚䚸ືస • TFP/SFP (Two/Single Finger Piano) ➼䠄∦ᐤ◊䠅 • Max Mathews: Radio Baton http://csounds.com/mathews/ ྛ✀䝉䞁䝃䞊ሗ䠄➽㟁䚸⬻Ἴ䚸㰘ື䚸䠊䠊䠊䠅 ගᏛⓗ䠄⏬ീⓗ䠅ሗ • ₇ዌ⪅䛜䛹䛣䜎䛷ไᚚ䛧䛖䜛䛛 • ₇ዌάື䛾⣽ศ ᴦ㆕₇ዌ䛸⾲䛵䛡䛾ศ㞳 • ᪂つ䛺䛂₇ዌ䛃ᙧែ • ₇ዌ䛾㞴᫆ᗘ 㞴᫆ᗘ䛾㧗䛔䠄⩦ᚓ䛾ᚲせ䛺䠅䜲䞁䝍䝣䜵䞊䝇䠛 • ⎔ቃ䛛䜙䛾ሗྲྀᚓ ⎔ቃ㡢ᴦ䚸䝃䜴䞁䝗䝇䜿䞊䝥䚸അ↛ᛶ䛾㡢ᴦ䚸䠊䠊䠊 cf. Thermin, Ondes-Martenot 29 30
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