ジェンダー・センシティブな視点からみたルワンダ・ガチャチャ裁判

ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞どⅬ࠿ࡽࡳࡓࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ
Gacaca Courts in Rwanda Observed from the Gender Sensitive Perspective
ே㛫ᩥ໬๰ᡂ⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉
ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮♫఍⛉Ꮫᑓᨷ M2୰ᮧ༓㭯
1.
せ⣙
㸦࿴ᩥ㸧
ᮾ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝࡟఩⨨ࡋࠊ
ࠕ༓ࡢୣࡢᅜࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࣝ࣡ࣥࢲඹ࿴ᅜࡣ 1994 ᖺ࡟ᝒ๻ⓗ࡞ࢪ
࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓࠋ᪂ᨻᶒࡣࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢẸ⾗ྖἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢
ุࠖࢆἲไᗘ໬࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᑟධࡋࠊᅜẸ࡟ཧຍࢆ⩏ົ࡙ࡅࡓࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ࢞ࢳ
ࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣࠊୡ⏺ⓗ࡟ぢ࡚ࡶ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢᡭἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ၏୍↓஧ࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ
ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞ඛ⾜◊✲ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࠋᮏㄪᰝࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢᐇ⾜
㐣⛬ࢆࠊ≉࡟ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽᢕᥱ࣭⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋㄪᰝᆅᇦࡣ㤳㒔࢟࢞ࣜ࡜
༡㒊ᕞࣇ࢚┴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ┤ᚋࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓࡣࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᭀຊ㸦Gender-Based Violence:
GBV㸧ࢆᴟࡵ࡚῝้࡞ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆࡵࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ GBV ࡣࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ㝿ฮ஦
⿢ุᡤ㸦International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: ICTR㸧࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆ⿢ุᡤࡢ⟶㎄࡜ࡉࢀ
ࡓࡀࠊ2008 ᖺࡢἲᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ᢅࢃࢀࡿ ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ 2 Ⅼࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡣ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙧᘧ࡛
ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ࡜ࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣఱࡔࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣዪᛶࡓࡕ
࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢ࠿ࠋㄪᰝࢆ㐍ࡵࡿ୰࡛ࠊ2 ࡘࡢὀ┠ࡍ࡭ࡁⅬࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ
➨ 1 ࡟ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡀドゝ⪅ࡸุ஦࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊከᵝ࡞ᙧ࡛࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡬
ཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡔࠋ➨ 2 ࡟ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ౛እⓗ࡟㠀බ㛤ᙧ
ᘧ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⪃ᐹ࡛ࡣࠊGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢᑂ⌮࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧࡢ᥇⏝ࡣࠊ⿢ุࡢ㎿㏿໬ࢆྍ⬟࡟ࡋࡓ
ࡀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡛⿕ᐖࢆබ⾲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢᅔ㞴ࡣᡶᣔࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜⤖ㄽ࡙ࡅࡓࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ዪᛶࡓࡕࡣ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞ᶵ఍ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࡓࡀࠊ
ࡑࢀ࡜ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮୺ὶ໬࡜ࡢᅉᯝ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡉࡽ࡞ࡿㄪᰝࢆせࡍ
ࡿࠋ
㸦ⱥᩥ㸧
The Republic of Rwanda, “Country of thousands of hills” located in East Africa, experienced a
tragic genocide in 1994. After that, the new political power introduced “Gacaca courts”, a
community-based people’s justice system.The system was established as a part of judicial system,
therefore, all of Rwandan citizens must fulfill their duties to participate in it.
It is said that this unique Gacaca courts system was one of the methods of transitional justice.
However, there are only a few gender sensitive studies of Gacaca courts. This study aims to
understand and analyze Gacaca courts from the gender sensitive perspective. My data are based
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9
on fieldwork conducted in Kigali and Huye, the two main cities of Rwanda.
The following questions are examined. How were gender based violence (GBV) cases handled
in community-based Gacaca courts and what were the advantages or disadvantages of it? How did
Gacaca courts affect women?
After the genocide, the Rwandan government regarded GBV as a severe genocidal crime.
Accordingly, GBV cases were within the jurisdiction of International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda (ICTR) and Rwandan ordinary courts. However, due to the revision of the law, GBV cases
became to be handled in Gacaca courts in 2008.
Two remarkable points were found. First, women played various roles such as witnesses and
judges in Gacaca courts. Second, for GBV cases Gacaca courts adopted closed sessions hence
altering its popular character.
This study concludes that the use of closed sessions made possible speedy trials, however, it did
not help resolving victims’ fear of stigma. Although participating Gacaca courts promoted
women’s new roles in the society, further study is necessary to confirm the relationship between
Gacaca courts and gender mainstreaming in Rwanda.
2. ⌧ᆅㄪᰝᮇ㛫㸸2014 ᖺ 8 ᭶ 6 ᪥㹼8 ᭶ 28 ᪥
3. ㄪᰝ⫼ᬒ
ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡣ௒ᖺ 4 ᭶ࠊ1994 ᖺࡢࠕࢺࢗࢳẸ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࠖ࠿ࡽ 20 ᖺࡢ⠇┠
ࢆ㏄࠼ࡓࡀࠊ㐣ཤࡢ኱つᶍ࡞ேᶒ౵ᐖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࠸࠿࡟ࠕṇ⩏ࠖࢆ㏣ཬࡍࡿ࡭ࡁ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࠕ⛣
⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࠖTransitional Justiceࡢㄢ㢟࡟┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2005 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2011 ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ࡣࠊࣝ
࣡ࣥࢲ඲ᅵ࡛ྖἲไᗘ໬ࡉࢀࡓࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࠖ㸦Gacaca
Courts㸧ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊձ⹢ẅ᫬࡟ఱࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠊ┿┦ࢆ✲᫂ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊ
ղ⹢ẅࡸேᶒ౵ᐖࡢ⨥ࢆ㎿㏿࡟⿢ࡃࡇ࡜ࠊճ୙ฎ⨩ᩥ໬࡜㜚࠺ࡇ࡜ࠊմᅜẸ⤫ྜ࡜࿴ゎ࡟
㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊյࣝ࣡ࣥࢲேࡀ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ㸦ᅜ㝿♫఍࡟㸧ド᫂ࡍࡿ
ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦National Service of Gacaca Courts 2012㸧ࠋ
ඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡣ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡀ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘࡢᡭἲ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᢈุⓗ㆟
ㄽࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸ࢕ࣈ࡞㆟ㄽࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢ
ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛ࡣᪧ࣮ࣘࢦࢫࣦࣛ࢕࢔ࡢẸ᪘ί໬࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊGBV ࡀ≉ᐃࡢ㞟ᅋࢆ◚ቯࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵࡢṊჾ࡜ࡋ࡚኱つᶍ࠿ࡘᡓ␎ⓗ࡟⏝࠸ࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊGBV ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ῝้࡞ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡜ࡋ࡚ ICTR ࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆ⿢ุ
ᡤࡢ⟶㎄࡜ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ2008 ᖺࡢἲᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ྲྀࡾᢅࢃࢀࡿ ࡇ࡜࡟
࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
୍⯡ⓗ࡟⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰ᝟ࡸࣉࣛ࢖ࣦ࢓ࢩ࣮ಖㆤࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽཝᐦ࡞㠀බ㛤✵㛫࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉ
ࢀࡿ࡭ࡁࢣ࣮ࢫࡀࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᐇ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟క࠸ࠊࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ᅔ㞴ࡀ
⏕ࡌࡓ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ≧ἣࢆᩚ⌮
ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
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4. ㄪᰝ┠ⓗ
ᮏㄪᰝࡣࠊࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࠖࡢᐇ⾜㐣⛬ࢆࠊ≉࡟ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽᢕᥱ࣭⪃ᐹࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬ࡜ࡣࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢࢧࣂ࢖ࣂ࣮࡛࠶
ࡿዪᛶ࠾ࡼࡧ GBV ࡟╔┠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ≉ᚩࡢ 1 ࡘ࡜࠸࠼
ࡿ GBV ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ
ࡢᐇ᪋ࡣዪᛶࡓࡕ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓࡢ࠿ࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࢆゼࢀࠊ⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾㄪᰝࡸᩥ⊩
཰㞟ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢ≧ἣ࡜௒᪥ࡢ♫఍≧ἣࢆỮࡳྲྀࡾࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢭࣥࢩࢸ࢕ࣈ
࡞⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏࠾ࡼࡧᖹ࿴ᵓ⠏ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㆟ㄽࢆႏ㉳ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
5. ㄪᰝ᪉ἲ
⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾࠊᩥ⊩཰㞟࠾ࡼࡧࣝ࣡ࣥࢲྛᆅࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࣓ࣔࣜ࢔ࣝࡢゼၥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲ
ࡎࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ࡢどⅬ࠿ࡽࡳࡓ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏࠾ࡼࡧ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾࡀྍ⬟
ࡔ࡜ุ᩿ࡋࡓᨻᗓᶵ㛵ࠊᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࠊNGOࠊ◊✲⪅࡞࡝ࢆ㑅ᐃࡋࠊΏ⯟๓࡟ゼၥチྍࢆᚓࡓࠋ
⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢ⤂௓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ゼၥࡢᶵ఍ࢆᚓࡓ◊✲⪅࡞࡝ࢆྵࡵࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲே⏨ᛶ 4 ேࠊࣝ࣡ࣥ
ࢲேዪᛶ 7 ேࠊ᪥ᮏே⏨ᛶ 2 ேࠊ᪥ᮏேዪᛶ 1 ேࢆᑐ㇟࡟⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
࠶ࡽ࠿ࡌࡵ༠ຊ⪅ࡢᡤᒓู࡟⏝ពࡋࡓ㉁ၥ⚊࡟ἢࡗ࡚ࠊ༙ᵓ㐀໬࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ
ࡑࡢ᫬ࡢ≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᵓ㐀໬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋㄪᰝሙᡤࡣ㤳㒔࢟
࢞ࣜᕷ࡜༡㒊ᕞࣇ࢚┴࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ࣭࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุᮇ࡛࠶ࡿ௒᪥ࡢ≧ἣࢆ▱ࡿ
ࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ㛵㐃ᩥ⊩ࡸ᪂⪺グ஦ࠊࣃࣥࣇࣞࢵࢺ࡞࡝ࡢ㈨ᩱ཰㞟ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳ
ࣕ⿢ุࡢ࢔࣮࢝࢖ࣈ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭱᪂ືྥࢆ▱ࡿᡭࡀ࠿ࡾࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊ6 ࡘࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ
࣓ࣔࣜ࢔ࣝࢆゼၥࡋࡓࠋ
6. ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ
(1) ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุタ❧ࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜ࠕᙉ࠿ࢇࠖࡢᐃ⩏ࢆࡵࡄࡿ㆟ㄽ
࢔ࢻ࣍ࢵࢡ࡞ᅜ㝿ฮ஦⿢ุᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ ICTR ࡣ 1994 ᖺ࡟ᅜ㐃Ᏻಖ⌮ࡢ୺ᑟ࡛タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓෆ࡛ࡣ GBV ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ㆟ㄽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ1995 ᖺ 11 ᭶࡟ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ
ᨻᗓࡀ୺ദࡋࡓ࢟࢞ࣜᅜ㝿఍㆟㸦Kigali International Conference㸧࡛ࡣࠊᅜෆ࠾ࡼࡧᅜ
㝿♫఍ࡢ㛵ಀ⪅ࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟࠿࠿ࡿ୙ฎ⨩ࡢ᰿⤯࡜ㄝ᫂㈐௵࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᑐヰࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ୰࡛ᙉ࠿ࢇࡉࢀࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡀࠊࢧࣂ࢖ࣂ࣮㞟ᅋࡢ୰࡛ࡶ≉࡟ᙉ
ㄪࡋ࡚ゝཬࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕᙉ࠿ࢇࠊẅேࠊ௚ࡢ῝้࡞≢⨥ࡣ≉࡟ཝࡋࡃฎ⨩ࡍࡿ࡭
ࡁࡔࠖ࡜࠸࠺⤖ㄽࡀฟࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺㸦Kaitesi 2014㸧ࠋ
࢟࢞ࣜᅜ㝿఍㆟ࡢᩘ࢝᭶ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊ1990 ᖺ 10 ᭶ 1 ᪥࠿ࡽᙜ᫬ࡲ࡛࡟ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜෆ࡛⾜ࢃ
ࢀࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࡜ே㐨࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⨥ࢆ㉳ッࡍࡿἲᚊࡢⲡ᱌ࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣᚋ࡟≢
⨥⪅ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࢆࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡢࡓࡓࡁྎ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋⲡ᱌࡛ࡣࠊGBV ࡀ᭱ࡶ㍍ᚤ࡞ࠕ㈈
⏘࡟㛵ࡍࡿᨷᧁࠖࡢḟ࡟㍍ᚤ࡞≢⨥࡜ࡋ࡚࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜศࡅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜࡟ከࡃࡢ
⏨ᛶ࣭ዪᛶᅜ఍㆟ဨࡣᣄྰ཯ᛂࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ1 ேࡢዪᛶ㆟ဨࡀࠕᙉ࠿ࢇࠖࡣ
⊃ࡍࡂࡿᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᣦ᦬ࡋࡓࠋ᝿ീࢆ⤯ࡍࡿ࡯࡝ࡢࠊᵝࠎ࡞ࠕᛶჾᐁ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࠖࡀ
ᶓ⾜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࠊGBV ࢆࡩࡿࢃࢀࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᖺ㱋ࡸᛶูࡀ୍ᵝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃៖
ࠕᙉ࠿ࢇࠖ࡜ࠕᛶჾᐁ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᩥゝࡀ᥇⏝
ࡉࢀࡓ㸦Kaitesi 2014㸧ࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࠊ
ࡉࢀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ≢⨥ࡣ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ1 ࡟ศ㢮ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
11
11
ࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࠊࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ᭱୰ࡢࠗᙉ࠿ࢇ࠘࡜ࡣఱࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࡢ࠿㸽ࠖ࡜࠸࠺᪂ࡓ࡞
㞴㢟ࡀᾋୖࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊICTR ࡢุỴ࡛ࡣᅜ㝿ἲୖ࡛᫂☜࡞ᐃ⩏ࡢ࡞࠿
ࡗࡓᙉ࠿ࢇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ
ࠕᙉไⓗ࡞᮲௳ࡢୗ࡛ே࡟ᑐࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿᛶⓗᛶ㉁ࡢ≀⌮ⓗ౵ᐖࠖ࡜
ᐃ⩏ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ICTR ุỴ 1998㸧ࠋ
(2) ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡜ࡣ
ձᴫせ
ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࡛ࡣ 1994 ᖺࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋࠊ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡀ 3 ࡘࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㏣ཬࡉࢀࡓࠋ๓
㏙ࡢ ICTRࠊNGO ࡸࢻࢼ࣮ᅜࡢྖἲไᗘᨭ᥼ࢆཷࡅࡓᅜෆ⿢ุᡤࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓࡢ
Ⓨ᱌࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕἲ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿᅜෆἲࡢ᪋⾜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
ᡂேᕷẸࡢ඲ဨཧຍࡀ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋ2005 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2012 ᖺࡲ࡛ࠊ඲ᅵ࡛⣙ 200 ୓௳ࡶࡢ
ᑂ㆟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ
࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣࠊᆅ᪉⾜ᨻ༊ศࡈ࡜࡟ᡂேᕷẸࡀุ஦ࢆ㑅ࡧࠊ᝟ሗࢆ཰㞟ࡋࠊ⨥≧Ỵ
ᐃ࡟㛵୚ࡍࡿẸ⾗ྖἲࡔ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ඲ᅵ࡛⣙ 17 ୓ேࡀุ஦࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ
㈨᱁ࡣࠊἲᚊᐙࠊNGO ⫋ဨࠊᨻ἞ᐙࠊ㆙ᐹ࣭㌷㛵ಀ⪅ࠊ⪷⫋⪅௨እࡢࠊ21 ṓ௨ୖࡢࣝ࣡
ࣥࢲே࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋୖグࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡍே≀ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊ≀㉁ᦆᐖࢆ㝖࠸ࡓࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆ
≢ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊṇ┤࡛ಙ㢗࡟㊊ࡿ㧗₩࡞ே≀ࠊ࢟ࢽࣕࣝ࣡ࣥࢲㄒ࡛ࠕ࢖ࢽ࣒ࣕࣥ࢞࢞ࣚࠖ
㸦Inyangamugayo㸧ࡀุ஦࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣ⌧ᨻᶒࡢ୰᰾ࢆ༨ࡵࡿඖࣝ࣡ࣥࢲឡᅜᡓ⥺㸦Rwandan Patriotic
Front: RPF㸧࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡀ≢ࡋࡓேᶒ౵ᐖ⾜Ⅽࢆ⿢ࡃ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆᣢࡓࡎࠊᑂ⌮ᑐ㇟ࡣᪧࣁ
ࣅ࣐ࣕࣜࢼᨻᶒ㸦1973㹼1994 ᖺ㸧ഃࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ≢⨥࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ2008 ᖺࡢ᭱ᚋࡢἲ
ᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ≢⨥ࡢ➨ 1 ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡀࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᣦᑟࠊ⤌⧊ࠊᡪືࠊGBVࠊ➨ 2 ࢝ࢸ
ࢦ࣮ࣜࡣẅே࡜ẅே࡟⮳ࡽ࡞࠸㌟యᨷᧁࠊ➨ 3 ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡣ≀ⓗ࡞ᦆᐖࡸ␎ዣ࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
᭱⤊ⓗ࡟࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣ඲࡚ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࠊ᭱㧗ฮࡣ⤊㌟ฮ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⨥≧
Ỵᐃ࡛ࡣࠊබ┈ປാฮ࡟ࡼࡿ኱ᖜ࡞ῶฮࡀ㐺⏝ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ≉ᚩ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
ᮏㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢタ❧ᮇࢆ 1995 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2004 ᖺࠊ᪋⾜ᮇࢆ 2005 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2011
ᖺࠊ2012 ᖺ 6 ᭶ࡢ㛢఍࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࢆ࣏ࢫࢺ࣭࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุᮇ࡜༊ศࡋࡓࠋ
ղ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢ୍⯡ⓗ⌮ゎ
௒ᅇࡢ⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࢆ࢔ࣞࣥࢪࡋࡓࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࠖࡀࠊ
ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢேࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⌮ゎࡋࡸࡍࡃࠊ࡞ࡌࡳࡸࡍ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀศ࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋᖺ௦ࡸ♫఍ⓗ❧ሙࢆၥࢃࡎࠊከࡃࡢேࠎࡀ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࡢࡇ࡜ࢆࠕఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࠖࠊࠕࣝ࣡ࣥ
ࢲ⊂⮬ࡢࠖ⣮தゎỴ᪉ἲࡔ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࠕ࢘ࣝࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖࠕ࢔࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖࠕ࣒࢘ࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖ
࡞࡝ᵝࠎ࡞࿧ࡧ᪉࡛࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࡣぶࡋࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ࡜ࡣ࢟ࢽࣕࣝ࣡ࣥࢲㄒ࡛ࠕⰪ⏕ࠖࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡶࡓࡔࡢⰪ⏕࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ࠕ㆟ㄽࢆࡍࡿࡢ࡟᭱㐺࡞ሙᡤࠖ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡ྜ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ࡜⪺ࡃ࡜ࠊᮌ㝜
ࡢⰪ⏕ࡢୖ࡛ேࠎࡀ㞟ࡗ࡚ヰࡋྜ࠺ගᬒࡀ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋඖ᮶ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ࡜ࡣ
ᆅᇦඹྠయ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊ⚾ⓗ࡞ࡶࡵ஦ࢆ⿢ࡃࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆᣦࡋࠊ᳜Ẹᆅᮇ௨㝆ࡣබⓗ࡞ྖἲయ
⣔ࡢ⿵᏶⤌⧊࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦Ṋෆ 2008㸧ࠋ⚾ⓗ࡞ࡶࡵ஦࡜ࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤᐙᗞෆ
ࡢ㞳፧ࠊ┦⥆ࡢၥ㢟ࡸࠊ㏆㞄ఫẸ㛫ࡢ㔠㖹ࢆࡵࡄࡿࢺࣛࣈ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ
12
12
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⹢ẅ࡟㛵ࢃࡗࡓ
⪅ࢆ⿢ࡁࠊ㔞ฮࢆゝ࠸Ώࡍฮ஦⿢ุ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ௨๓ࡢࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕࠖ
࡜ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥ࢆ⿢ࡃ┠ⓗ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࠖࡢෆᐇࡣ኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ
ճ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุタ❧ᮇ㸦1995 ᖺ㹼2004 ᖺ㸧
ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢᘬࡁ㔠࡜࡞ࡗࡓ኱⤫㡿ᶵᧁቒ࠿ࡽ⣙ 100 ᪥ᚋࠊ1994 ᖺ 7 ᭶ 18 ᪥࡟ RPF
ࡀࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࢆไᅽࡋࠊᡓத⤊⤖ᐉゝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࠕࢺࢗࢳẸ᪘࡟ᑐࡍࡿ኱⹢ẅࠖࡣ⤊ᜥ
ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ᪂ᨻᶒࡣฮົᡤ࡟࠶ࡩࢀ࠿࠼ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⹢ẅ࡟㛵ࢃࡗࡓ⪅ࡓࡕࡢฎ㐝࡟㢌ࢆ
ᝎࡲࡏࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋᅜෆ⿢ุᡤࡣở⫋ࡸᢚᅽࡢṔྐࢆᢪ࠼ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋ࡟ࡣᘚㆤ
ኈࡸ᳨஦࡞࡝ࡢἲᚊᐙࡀ⤯ᑐⓗ࡟୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࠊ
ࠕᅜෆ⿢ุᡤ࡛⿢ุࢆ
⾜ࡗࡓሙྜࠊ100 ᖺ௨ୖࡢ᫬㛫ࢆせࡍࡿࠖ࡜ヨ⟬ࡉࢀࡓ࡯࡝࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
1995 ᖺࠊࣅࢪ࣒ࣥࢢᨻᶒࡣᜠ㉧ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡶࠊ᚟ㆶ⾜Ⅽࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤࡛ᗫ᱌࡜
࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢ᫬ᮇ࡟ᨻᶒෆ࡛ࡣ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢཎᆺ࡜࡞ࡿ࢔࢖ࢹ࢕࢔ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ
࡚࠸ࡓ࡜᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠋ1994 ᖺࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⤊↉┤ᚋ࠿ࡽᨻᗓ୺ᑟ࡛ࠊ◊✲⪅ࡓࡕࢆ஺࠼
ࡓ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࢳ࣮࣒ࡀⓎ㊊ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡢ≉␗ᛶ࡟ὀ┠ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ1995
ᖺ࠿ࡽ 2000 ᖺࡲ࡛༡࢔ࣇ࡛ࣜ࢝⾜ࢃࢀࡓ┿ᐇጤဨ఍ࡣࠊ⛣⾜ᮇṇ⩏ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ඛ౛࡜ࡋ
࡚ࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿࠋࢩ࢚ࣛࣞ࢜ࢿࠊᮾࢸ࢕࣮ࣔࣝࠊ࣮࣌ࣝ࡞࡝ࡀ༡࢔ࣇࣜ࢝᪉ᘧࢆᛂ⏝ࡍࡿ
ᙧ࡛┿ᐇ࿴ゎጤဨ఍ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓ㸦㜿㒊 2008㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ┿ᐇ㸦࿴ゎ㸧ጤဨ఍ࡣ 8
ᖺ࠿ࡽ 34 ᖺ࡜࠸࠺㛗࠸ᮇ㛫࡟㉳ࡇࡗࡓேᶒ౵ᐖࢆㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛ࡣࠊ⣙ 100 ᪥㛫࡜࠸࠺▷ᮇ㛫࡟ࠊそ㠃ࡶࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㞟
ᅋࡀྠࡌࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࡟ᬽࡽࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㞄ேࡓࡕࢆくᧁࡋࡓࠋ⌧ᨻᶒ࡟ẚ㍑ⓗ㏆࠸❧ሙ࡟࠸
ࡿ◊✲⪅࡜ᨻᗓ㛵ಀ⪅ࡣࠊ
ࠕⓙࠊఱࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ┠ᧁࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠿ࡽࠊ┿ᐇࢆ㏣ồࡍࡿᚲ
せࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓࠖ࡜㏙࡭ࡓࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᨻᗓࡀᚲせ࡜ࡋࡓࡢࡣ┿ᐇጤဨ఍࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
ࠕ࿴ゎ࡜ฎ
⨩࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
(3) ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡜ዪᛶ
ձࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᮍஸே࡬ࡢᨭ᥼
࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢ᪋⾜ᮇ࡟ຍᐖ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㉳ッ࣭ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡢ⏨ዪẚࡣ 9 ᑐ 1 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࣭ࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛⨥ࢆ≢ࡋࡓ⪅ࡢ኱㒊ศࡀ⏨ᛶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ㸦⾲ 1㸧ࠋࢪ
࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋࠊኵࡀẅᐖࡉࢀࡓዪᛶࡸࠊኵࡀຍᐖ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ฮົᡤ࡟ධࢀࡽࢀࡓዪᛶ࡟ୡᖏ
ࡢ㐠Ⴀ㈐௵ࡀㄢࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡞࠿࡛ࡶᮍஸேࡣኵࡢẅᐖࡢ┠ᧁ⪅࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓ⮬
㌟ࡶ GBV ࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᮍஸேࡸᏙඣ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ
ᨭ᥼ࡣᛴົ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢖ ࢻ ᮍ ஸ ே ࡸ Ꮩ ඣ ࡢ ᨭ ᥼ ࡟ ≉ ໬ ࡋ ࡓ ⌧ ᆅ NGO ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᭱ ࡶ ⴭ ྡ ࡞ ࡢ ࡣ Avega
㸦Association des Veuves du Genocide Agahozo㸧࡜࠸࠺⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1995 ᖺࠊ50 ேࡢᮍஸ
ேࡓࡕࡀ Avega ࢆタ❧ࡋࡓࠋAvega ࡣࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⿕ᐖࢆཷࡅࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡢኌࢆ
௦⾲ࡋࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢ᪋⾜࡟ࡶᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡶ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲᅜ
ෆ࡟ 5 ࣨᡤࡢάືᣐⅬࢆᣢࡕࠊ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ➨ 2 ࡢ㒔ᕷࠊ༡㒊ᕞࣇ࢚┴࡟࠶ࡿ
Avega South ࡛⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ
13
13
Avega South ࡣࣇ࢚┴ࡢ 8 ࡘࡢᆅ༊ࢆάືᆅᇦ࡜ࡋࠊࣥࢦ࣐ࢭࢡࢱ࣮㸦ࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࡣேཱྀᩘ
༓㹼1 ୓ேつᶍࡢᆅ᪉⾜ᨻ༊ศ㸧ࡢึ➼⿢ุᡤ࡜ྠࡌᘓ≀ࡢ୰࡛㞄᥋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦෗┿ 1, 2㸧ࠋ
ࡕ ࡞ ࡳ ࡟ ࠊ ࢟ ࢞ ࣜ ࡟ ࠶ ࡿ Avega ᮏ 㒊 ࡣ ࠊ ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢖ ࢻ ࡢ ᧞ ⁛ ࢆ ᥖ ࡆ ࡿ ᨻ ᗓ ⤌ ⧊ CNLG
㸦National Commission For The Fight Against Genocide㸧࡟㞄᥋ࡍࡿ㸦෗┿ 3㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ❧ᆅ
᮲௳ࡣഅ↛࡛࠶ࡿࡑ࠺ࡔࡀࠊNGO ࡛࠶ࡿ Avega ࡀࠊᆅ᪉⿢ุᡤࡸᨻᗓ⤌⧊࡜ᐦ࡟༠ാࡋ࠺
ࡿ⎔ቃ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓᐜ␲⪅ࡢேᩘ
ᕞ
඲య
⏨ᛶ
%
ዪᛶ
%
ᮾ
195,877
177,740
91
13,137
9
༡
480,286
431,154
90
49,132
10
す
207,695
188,346
91
19,349
9
໭
56,480
51,984
92
4,496
8
࢟࢞ࣜᕷ
62,899
57,350
91
5,539
9
1,003,227
906,574
90
96,653
10
ྜィ
⾲ 1 ⏨ዪูࡢᐜ␲⪅ேᩘ㸦National Service of Gacaca Courts 2012 ࢆඖ࡟సᡂ㸧
෗┿ 2 ࣥࢦ࣐ึ➼⿢ุᡤ㸦ᕥ㸧࡜ Avega South
෗┿ 1 Avega South ஦ົᡤ
෗┿ 3 ࢟࢞ࣜᕷࠊCNLG ࡜ Avega ᮏ㒊㸦ዟ㸧
14
14
ղዪᛶࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡬ࡢཧຍ
ඛ㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ⹢ẅ࡟㛵୚ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡢ኱㒊ศࢆ⏨ᛶࡀ༨ࡵ
࡚࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊዪᛶࡀ࢖ࢽ࣒ࣕࣥ࢞࢞ࣚ࡜ࡋุ࡚஦࡟㑅ฟࡉࢀࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡢቑຍࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋ
ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊከࡃࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡀኵࡸᐙ᪘ࢆẅࡉࢀࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ドゝࢆ
ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆồࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ Avega ࡣάືࡢ୍⎔࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᮍஸேࡓࡕࡀ࢞
ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ุ஦ࡸドゝ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆᨭ᥼ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋάືᆅᇦࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ
࢕࡟ᚰ⌮⒪ἲኈࢆὴ㐵ࡋࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ┦ㄯ࡟஌ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᚰࡢࢣ࢔ࢆࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋAvega
ࢆྵࡴ 17 ࡢ NGO ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿ Ibuka ࡶྠᵝࡢάື࡟ὀຊࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ุ஦࡟࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࠊẖ㐌 1 ᅇࡢ఍㆟࡬ࡢཧຍࡀ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ⏝஦ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚఍㆟࡟ཧ
ຍ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡁࡣࠊ஦๓࡟⏦࿌ࡍࢀࡤḞᖍ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊୡᖏ㐠Ⴀࢆᢸ࠸ࠊᏊ࡝ࡶ࡜୧
ぶࡢୡヰࡸᐙ஦࡛ᛁࡋ࠸ዪᛶࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊุ஦࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᐜ࡛᫆࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋุ
஦࡟㑅ฟࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊࡑࢀࢆཷㅙࡍࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣಶேࡢุ᩿࡟௵ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊ≉࡟⿕ᐖ⪅ࡸ┠ᧁ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ドゝࡍࡿሙྜࠊእയᚋࢫࢺࣞࢫ㞀ᐖ
㸦Post traumatic stress disorder: PTSD㸧࡬ࡢᑐฎࡀᚲせ୙ྍḞ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋドゝ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊ㐣
ཤࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡍࡇ࡜࡛୙Ᏻࠊᜍᛧࠊ୙ಙឤࠊᝒࡋࡳࠊ៮ᝏࠊᏙ⊂ឤࢆᢪࡃ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࢳ
ࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ୰ࠊ⿢ุ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿዪᛶࡓࡕࢆᚰ⌮⒪ἲኈࡀ⢭⚄ⓗ࡟ᨭ࠼ࡓ㸦Ibuka
2007㸧ࠋ
௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊุ஦ࡸドゝ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊዪᛶࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ
࡚యຊⓗࠊ⢭⚄ⓗ࡟㔜࠸㈇Ⲵࡀ࠿࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶཧຍࢆࡋࡓேࠎࡢືᶵࡣ࠸࠿࡞ࡿࡶࡢ
ࡔࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࠶ࡿࣝ࣡ࣥࢲேዪᛶࡣࠊ
ࠕཧຍࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊຍᐖ⪅ࡢドゝࡢࡳࡀ┿ᐇ࡟
࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺࠿ࡽ͐ࡑࢀ࡟ࠊឡࡍࡿᐙ᪘ࡀࠊ࡝ࡇ࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ẅࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿ࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵࡌ
ࡷ࡞࠸࠿࡜ᛮ࠺ࠖ࡜ㄒࡗࡓࠋ
ճ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫ
2008 ᖺࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕἲࡀᨵṇࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ ICTR ࠾ࡼࡧᅜෆ⿢ุᡤ࡛⿢࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠕᙉ
࠿ࢇࡸᛶჾᐁ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅࡜ඹ≢⪅ࠖࡀࢭࢡࢱ࣮ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ᑂ
⌮ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 2㸧ࠋࡑࡢ୺࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⿢ุࡢ㎿㏿໬࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ
GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ᢅࢃࢀࡿ࡜ࠊ
ࠕ⮬ศࡢཷࡅࡓ GBV ࡢ⿕ᐖࡢබ⾲ࢆỴᚰࡋࡓࠖ
ዪᛶࡢᏑᅾࢆࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢఫẸࡓࡕࡀ▱ࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࠊAvega ࡸ Ibukaࠊࣝ࣡ࣥ
ࢲࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘࢝࢘ࣥࢭ࣮ࣛ༠఍࡞࡝ࡀࡑࢀ࡟཯ᑐࡍࡿពᛮࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓࡀࠊ኱ࠎⓗ࡞࢟ࣕࣥ࣌
࣮ࣥࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡃἲᚊࡣ㏻㐣ࡋࡓ㸦Human Rights Watch 2011㸧ࠋ
ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢẸ⾗ྖἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡔࡀࠊGBV ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫࡣ౛እⓗ࡟
㠀බ㛤ࡢ✵㛫࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࠋཧຍ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࡣุ஦ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࠊຍᐖ⪅ࠊࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘࢝࢘ࣥࢭࣛ
࣮ࠊࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࢕࣮ࡢࡓࡵࡢ࣮࢞ࢻ࣐ࣥࠊࡑࡋ࡚┠ᧁ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋ┠ᧁ⪅ࡣドゝࢆ⤊࠼ࡓࡽ
ࡑࡢሙ࠿ࡽཤࡿ㸦ᅗ 1㸧ࠋ
ࡇࡢ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧࡣ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰ᝟ࡸࣉࣛ࢖ࣦ࢓ࢩ࣮ಖㆤࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽᑟධࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊከࡃࡢ⿕
ᐖ⪅ࡀཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟Ẽࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࠊྠᖍࡍࡿุ஦ࡓࡕ
ࡀࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ෆ㒊ࡢேࠎࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Human Rights Watch 2011㸧ࠋ
௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ドゝࢆࡋࡓ⿕ᐖ⪅࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡣ
࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊุ஦࡟㑅ࡤࢀࡓேࠎ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࡢᣦᑟࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓዪᛶ
15
15
ࡣࠊ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧࡣࠕ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᑛཝࢆᏲࡿࡓࡵࠖࡢࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓ࡜ㄒࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ᙼዪࡣࠊࡶ
ࡋ㏻ᖖࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡜ྠᵝࡢᙧᘧ࡛ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀᢅࢃࢀࡓሙྜࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ㞄
ேࡓࡕ࡛࠸ࡗࡥ࠸ࡢ✵㛫ࡣࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊᗈࡍࡂࡿࡢ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࠊ⊃ࡍࡂࡓࡔࢁ࠺࡜ᣦ
᦬ࡋࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟୍ᐃࡢホ౯ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࠕ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡜࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢
ุ࡛ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ⿢ࡃ᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᅜෆእ࡛㈶ྰ୧ㄽࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࡢ⌧ᐇ࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓ᭱ၿࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡔࡗࡓࠖࠋ
࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ
ࢧࣈ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ
⨥
ἲᘐ
ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢖ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ே 㐨 ࡟ ཯ ࡍ ࡿ ⨥ ࢆ ィ ⏬ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࠊࡲ ࡓ
1
ࡑࡢ㤳ㅛ⪅ࠋඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
ᅜෆࡲࡓࡣ
ᅜᐙࠊᕞࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ⾜ᨻᶵᵓࠊᨻඪࠊ㌷ࠊ᠇ර㝲ࠊ᐀ᩍᅋయࠊ
ICTR
2
Ẹ ර ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ࡞ ࠿ ࡛ ᣦ ᑟ ⓗ ᆅ ఩ ࡟ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢖ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸
ࡣே㐨࡟཯ࡍࡿ⨥ࢆ≢ࡍ࠿ࠊ௚ேࢆಁࡋ࡚⨥ࢆ≢ࡉࡏࡓ⪅ࠋ
ࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢖ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ே 㐨 ࡟ ཯ ࡍ ࡿ ⨥ ࡢ ᡪ ື ࠊᣦ ♧ ࠊࡲ ࡓ
1
3
ࡣᣦᑟ⪅ⓗᙺ๭ࢆᢸࡗࡓࡶࡢࠋඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
‽ ᕞ ࠊࢥ ࣑ ࣗ ࣮ ࣥ ࣞ ࣋ ࣝ ࡢ ⾜ ᨻ ᶵ ᵓ ࠊᨻ ඪ ࠊ㌷ ࠊ᠇ ර 㝲 ࠊẸ
4
ර ⤌ ⧊ ࡢ ࡞ ࠿ ࡛ ᣦ ᑟ ⓗ ᆅ ఩ ࡟ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࢪ ࢙ ࣀ ࢧ ࢖ ࢻ ⨥ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ
ே㐨࡟཯ࡍࡿ⨥ࢆ≢ࡍ࠿ࠊ௚ேࢆಁࡋ࡚⨥ࢆ≢ࡉࡏࡓ⪅ࠋ
5
ᙉ࠿ࢇࡸᛶჾᐁ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᣝၥࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ࠋඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
ẅ ᡘ ࡸ 㐣 ᗘ ࡟ ṧ 㓞 ࡞ ⾜ Ⅽ ࡟ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࡼ ࡃ ▱ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ẅ ே ⪅ ࠋඹ ≢
1
⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
ᣝ ၥ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ⪅ ࠋ┦ ᡭ ࡀ Ṛ ࡟ ⮳ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ሙ ྜ ࡶ ࠊࡲ ࡓ ඹ ≢ ⪅ ࡶ
ࢭࢡࢱ࣮
2
ྵࡴࠋ
3
Ṛయ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㠀ே㐨ⓗ࡞⾜Ⅽࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ⪅ࠋ
ẅ ே ࣜ ࢫ ࢺ ࡟ ᑐ ㇟ ⪅ ࡢ ྡ ࢆ ㍕ ࡏ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࿨ ௧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠊ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ ௚
2
4
ே ࡟ ࡑ ࢀ ࢆ ಁ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࠊࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ẅ ᐖ ࡟ ⮳ ࡿ ᨷ ᧁ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡓ ⪅ ࠊඹ
≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
ẅேࢆពᅗࡋ࡚ᨷᧁࡋࡓࡀࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡀṚஸࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓሙྜࠋ
5
ඹ≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
ẅ ᐖ ࡍ ࡿ ព ᅗ ࡞ ࡋ ࡟ ௚ ⪅ ࢆ ᨷ ᧁ ࡍ ࡿ ࠿ ࠊᨷ ᧁ ࢆ ຓ ࡅ ࡓ ⪅ ࠋඹ
6
≢⪅ࡶྵࡴࠋ
㈈ ⏘ ࡟ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᨷ ᧁ ࡔ ࡅ ࢆ ≢ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࠋࡓ ࡔ ࡋ ࠊࡇ ࡢ ᇶ ᮏ ἲ ᐇ ᪋
3
᫬ Ⅼ ࡛ ࠊ⿕ ᐖ ⪅ ࠶ ࡿ ࠸ ࡣ බ ⓗ ᶵ 㛵 ࡜ ࿴ ゎ ࡀ ᡂ ❧ ࡋ ࡓ ⪅ ࡟ ࡘ ࠸
ࢭࣝ
࡚ࡣࠊྠࡌ஦ᐇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㉳ッࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
⾲ 2 ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ⨥࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢ௚ࡢே㐨࡟཯ࡍࡿ⨥ࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ
ศࡅ㸦∦ᒣ 2012 ࡼࡾᘬ⏝ࠊ୍㒊ኚ᭦㸧
16
16
ุ஦
࢝࢘ࣥࢭ࣮ࣛ ⿕ᐖ⪅
࣮࢞ࢻ࣐ࣥ
┠ᧁ⪅
ຍᐖ⪅ 㸨 ⫈⾗୙ᅾ
ᅗ 1 GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫᑂ⌮᫬ࡢ㠀බ㛤✵㛫ෆ㒊㸦⫈ࡁ࡜ࡾࢆᇶ࡟ⴭ⪅సᡂ㸧
մ⏕ά࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ
࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ຍᐖ⪅࡜ࡋ࡚㔞ฮࢆ⛉ࡉࢀࡓேࠎࡣࠊබ┈ປാࡸ㈺ൾࡢ⩏ົࢆ⥅⥆ⓗ
࡟ᢪ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚⿕ᐖ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ྥࡁྜࡗࡓຍ
ᐖ⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡣ⥆ࡃࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡣዪᛶࡓࡕ࡟ࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡔ
ࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࡲࡎࠊุ஦࡜ࡋ࡚㑅ࡤࢀࡓேࠎࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ཧຍࡍࡿ๓࡟ࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࢆཷࡅ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ⩏ົ௜ࡅࡽࢀࡓ㸦∦ᒣ 2012, Kaitesi 2014㸧ࠋ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕἲࢆ㏻ㄞࡋ࡚⌮ゎࡋࠊ㈐
௵ࢆᣢࡗ࡚㔞ฮࢆᐃࡵࡿ୍㐃ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣࠊከࡃࡢேࠎࠊ≉࡟ዪᛶࡓࡕ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ
࠸⤒㦂ࡔࡗࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ
Avega ࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇ࡜ࡋ࡚ᮍஸேࡓࡕࢆᨭ᥼ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓዪᛶࡣࠊࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ
࡜ࡁࠊዪᛶࡣ⏨ᛶࡼࡾࡶ⢭⚄ⓗ࡟ᙅ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻࡀ㐍⾜ࡍࡿ࡟ࡘࢀ࡚ࠊⓙࡀṇᖖ
ᚰࢆኻࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠖ࡜ᙜ᫬ࡢᵝᏊࢆ⾲⌧ࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊඛ㏙ࡢุ஦ࡢࢺ࣮ࣞࢼ࣮ࡣࠊࡑࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂ࢆࡋࡓࢧࣂ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡀุ஦࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ
ࠕᛴ࡟♫఍࡟ࡉࡽࡉࢀࠖࠊ
ࠕព
ᛮỴᐃࢆࡍࡿ⤒㦂ࢆᚓࡓࠖࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋࡓ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋࡢࣝ࣡ࣥ
ࢲ࡛ࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࢖ࢩ࣮ࣗࡢ≧ἣࡀኚ໬ࡋࡓࠖ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡑ࠺ࡔࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ
࢖ࢻ௨๓࡜ẚ࡭࡚ࠊዪᛶࡓࡕࡢᐙᗞࡸ♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿᙺ๭ࡀኚࢃࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ព࿡࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊዪᛶࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ຍᐖ⪅࡜ࡢࠕ࿴ゎࠖࡣࠕᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࠖࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺
ࡔࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ୍⯡ⓗ࡟⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢᚰ᝟࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊຍᐖ⪅࡜ඹ⏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡜࡛
࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊຍᐖ⪅࡜ࡢ㛵ࢃࡾ᪉ࡣྛዪᛶࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓ≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ
ຍᐖ⪅ࡀ⿕ᐖ⪅Ꮿࡢᐙࡢಟ⌮࡞࡝ࡢసᴗ࡬ࡢ༠ຊࢆ⏦ࡋฟࡓሙྜࠊ༢㌟࡛㧗㱋ࡢዪᛶ⿕ᐖ
⪅ࡣࡑࢀࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ཯ᑐ࡟ⱝ࠿ࡗࡓࡾࠊᐙ᪘࡜ఫࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࡾࡍࡿዪᛶࡣࠊຍᐖ
⪅࡜࿴ゎࡍࡿពᛮࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ⏦ࡋฟࢆᣄྰࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࣏ࢫࢺ⣮த
♫఍࡛⏕ࡁᘏࡧ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ዪᛶࡓࡕࡢᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࡣᖺ㱋ࡸ⎔ቃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚኱ࡁࡃᕥྑࡉ
ࢀࠊ࿴ゎࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ
7. ⪃ᐹ
ࡲࡎࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟࠾࠸࡚ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡀ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧ࡛ᑂ⌮ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࠊ
ࡑࡢ᭱኱ࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡣࠊຍᐖ⪅ฎ⨩ࡢ㎿㏿໬࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝᑂ⌮ࢆ⾜
࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊṇ⩏࡬ࡢ࢔ࢡࢭࢫࢆᮃࡴ⿕ᐖ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࡼࡾ᪩ࡃຍᐖ⪅࡟⿢ࡁࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀࡿ
17
17
ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊGBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡣᗈࡍࡂࡿ࡜ྠ᫬࡟⊃ࡍࡂࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࢹ࢕࣐ࣞࣥࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⮬ศࡢᬽࡽࡍࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢఫẸ኱ໃࡢ㠃๓࡛ GBV ࡢ⿕ᐖࢆබ
⾲ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ⱞ㞴࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓࠊࡑ࠺ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࣉࣛ࢖ࣦ࢓ࢩ࣮ࡀ㟢ฟࡉࢀࠊ᭱ࡶ
㏆ࡋ࠸ᐙ᪘ࡸఫேࡓࡕ࠿ࡽᣄ⤯ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠸࠺ᜍᛧࡸ⩈᜝ᚰࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽࡔࠋ
ࡑࡢࢹ࢕࣐ࣞࣥࡣ㠀බ㛤ᙧᘧ࡟࡞ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡜࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊࡓࡸࡍࡃゎᾘࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕ࡢ୰࠿ࡽ㑅ࡤࢀࠊ㠀බ㛤ᑂ⌮࡟❧ࡕ఍ࡗࡓุ஦ࡣ ࠎ࡟ࡋ࡚⿕ᐖ
⪅ࡸຍᐖ⪅࡜㢦ぢ▱ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࢕࣭࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫࢆᢅ࠺ࡇ
࡜ࡣ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚㠀ᖖ࡟ᅔ㞴࡞ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ホ౯ࡍࡿࠋ
ḟ࡟ࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ཧຍࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛⏕ࡌࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ⏕ά࡬ࡢ࢖ࣥࣃࢡࢺ࡟ࡘ࠸
࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ࠿ࡽࠊุ஦࡜ࡋ࡚࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡛ാ࠸ࡓዪᛶࡓࡕࡣࠊᛴ࡟♫
఍࡬ᨺࡾฟࡉࢀࠊពᛮỴᐃࢆࡍࡿ❧ሙ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡓ⾪ᧁⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࢆࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢪ
࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ࡛ከࡃࡢ⏨ᛶࡓࡕࡀ≛≅࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡢᾘᴟⓗ࡞⤖ᯝ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊዪᛶุ஦ࡓࡕ
ࡣᐙᗞෆࡢ㐠Ⴀ㈐௵ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ♫఍࡛୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓᶵ఍ࢆࡶ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡍࡿᏑᅾ࡟࡞
ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ୍᪉࡛ࠊ⿕ᐖ⪅ࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡢᏳ඲ಖ㞀ࡣᖺ㱋ࡸ⎔ቃ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚኱ࡁࡃᕥྑࡉࢀࠊ
ࠕዪᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠖࡀ᪥ࠎࡢ⏕ά࡟≉᭷ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻ௨
๓ࡢࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ♫఍࠿ࡽ⥆ࡃዪᛶࡢᙺ๭ࡸෆ㠃໬ࡉࢀࡓᙺ๭ព㆑ࡀࠊ⣮தᚋࡢ 20 ᖺ࡛๻ⓗ
࡟ኚ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡣ⪃࠼࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ࢖ࣥࢱࣅ࣮࡛ࣗ㏙࡭ࡽࢀࡓࠕࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࢖ࢩࣗ
࣮ࡢኚ໬ࠖࡣ࢖ࣥࢱࣅࣗ࢖࣮ࡢᒓᛶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㒔ᕷ㒊ࡢⱝᖺዪᛶࠊ࣍࣡࢖ࢺ࣮࢝ࣛᒙࡢᐇឤ
࡞ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ࠋ
᫖௒ࠊࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࡛ࡣᅜ఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢡ࣮࢜ࢱไࡸዪᛶࡢᅵᆅ࢔ࢡࢭࢫᶒᙉ໬
࡞࡝ࠊᨻᗓࡢᙉ࠸ࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺ࡟ࡼࡾࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮୺ὶ໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᒓᛶࡢዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡬ࡢཧຍ⤒㦂ࡀ࠸࠿࡟఩⨨௜
ࡅࡽࢀࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ヲ⣽࡞ศᯒ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
8. ௒ᚋࡢ◊✲࡬ࡢᒎᮃ
ㄪᰝࡢࡓࡵ࡟ึࡵ࡚ࣝ࣡ࣥࢲࢆゼࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣఱ࡟ࡶ௦࠼ࡀࡓ࠸㈗㔜࡞⤒㦂ࡔࡗࡓࠋ⌧ᆅ
࡛ᚓࡓࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡸ㈨ᩱࢆά࠿ࡋࠊ◊✲ࢆ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ௒ᚋࡣࠊ࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࡢ
GBV ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿዪᛶࡢຍᐖ⪅ࡸ⏨ᛶࡢ⿕ᐖ⪅࡜࠸࠺Ꮡᅾ࡟ࡶὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢞
ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุ࡟ཧຍࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡀዪᛶࡓࡕࡢ࢚ࣥࣃ࣓࣡ࣥࢺ࡟⧅ࡀࡗࡓࡢ࠿ࠊྠ᫬ᮇࡢࣝ࣡
ࣥࢲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௚ࡢࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᨻ⟇ࡸࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᣦᩘࡢືྥࢆᏛࡧ࡞ࡀࡽ⪃ᐹࢆ῝ࡵࡓ࠸࡜
ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
9. ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
㜿㒊฼ὒ[2008]ࠗ┿ᐇጤဨ఍࡜࠸࠺㑅ᢥ̿̿⣮தᚋ♫఍ࡢ෌⏕ࡢࡓࡵ࡟࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑࠋ
∦ᒣኟ⣖[2012]ࠕࢪ࢙ࣀࢧ࢖ࢻᚋࣝ࣡ࣥࢲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㉧ࡋ࡜࿴ゎ̿̿࢞ࢳࣕࢳࣕ⿢ุࢆ஦౛
࡜ࡋ࡚ࠖᮾி኱Ꮫ኱Ꮫ㝔 ⥲ྜᩥ໬◊✲⛉ ಟኈᏛ఩ㄽᩥࠋ
Ṋෆ㐍୍⦅[2008]ࠗᡓத࡜ᖹ࿴ࡢ㛫̿̿⣮தຨⓎᚋࡢ࢔ࣇࣜ࢝࡜ᅜ㝿♫఍࠘࢔ࢪ࢔⤒῭
◊✲ᡤࠋ
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Bornkamm, Christoph[2012], Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Between Retribution and Reparation.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, Phil[2010], The Gacaca Courts, Post-Genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda:
Justice without Lawyers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Human Rights Watch[2011], Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based
Gacaca Courts.
Ibuka, Kanyarwanda, DED/ZFD[2007], Gacaca and Trauma : Psychosocial guidance for trauma
victims in Rwanda.
Kaitesi, Usta[2014], Genocidal Gender and Sexual Violence:The legacy of the ICTR, Rwanda’s
ordinary courts and gacaca courts, Cambridge: Intersentia.
National Service of Gacaca Courts[2012], Summary of the Report Presented at the Closing of
Gacaca Courts Activities, Kigali:Republic of Rwanda.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Judgement, Case No. : ICTR-96-4-T, 2 September 1998.
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