↰ਛ㊀ੱ᳗ᥙሶ✬ ╙࿁ኅᣖߦߟߡߩో࿖⺞ᩏ 0(4,╙ᰴႎ๔ᦠޓ㧝ޡኅᣖߣޢ ᣣᧄኅᣖ␠ળቇળో࿖ኅᣖ⺞ᩏᆔຬળ ᪥ᮏࡢᐙศᢸ࠾ࡅࡿᛶูศ㞳ࡢศᯒ ⟄ ῟ஓ 㸦❧㤋Ꮫ⏘ᴗ♫Ꮫ㒊㸧 ࠙せ᪨ࠚ ኵ፬㛫ࡢᐙศᢸࡢ◊✲࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᐙ㢖ᗘ࣭㛫ࢆኵ፬ࡑࢀࡒࢀྜィࡋ࡚ࡑࡢつᐃせᅉ ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ࠸࠺᪉ἲࡀ୍⯡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐙ㡯┠㛫࡛㈇ᢸࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ࠺ࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋᐙ㈇ᢸࡢ㢖ᗘᕪࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿせᅉࡋ࡚ࠊᐙ㡯┠ 㛫ࡢᕪࡣࡁ࡞ㄝ᫂ຊࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᐙ㈇ᢸࡢኵ፬ᕪࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ せᅉࡋ࡚ᐙ㡯┠ࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢస⏝ࢆ⨨ࡃࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥎ᐃࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽせᅉࡢ ㄝ᫂ຊࡢ㧗ࡉࢆẚࠊࡑࢀࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ࡞ࡐኵ፬㛫ࡢᖹ➼࡞ᐙศᢸࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞࠸ࡢࠖ࠸࠺ၥ ࠸᪂ࡋ࠸ぢ᪉ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿࠋNFRJ08 ࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡗࡓศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡈኵ፬ࡢ ㈇ᢸࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡿኵࡣࡰࡍ࡚ࡢᐙ ࡘ࠸࡚㐌 1 ᅇᙅࡢ㏣ຍⓗ㈉⊩ࢆࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ㏣ຍࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡣᑡࡋࡔࡀᐙ㡯┠ࡈ ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡶほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋලయⓗࡣࠊ㣗‽ഛࡢ㏣ຍ㈇ᢸẚ࡚ᤲ㝖ࡢ㏣ຍ㈇ᢸࡀ㐌 0.3 ᅇࡽ 0.8 ᅇࡁࡃࠊኵࡣጔࡀࠕ⏨ᛶⓗࠖാࡁ᪉ࢆࡋࡓࡁࠊጔࡀᖖ᪥㡭⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᖖ ⓗᐙ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᤲ㝖࠸ࡗࡓ┦ᑐⓗపࢫ࢟ࣝࡢᐙࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ࡚ᡭఏࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࠸࠺⤖ᯝ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸 ᐙศᢸࠊᛶูศᴗࠊᛶูศ㞳 㸯㸬ၥ㢟タᐃ㸸ᐙປാ㛫ࡢᛶูศ㞳 ࠕᛶูศᴗ(sexual division of labor)ࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊ⏘ᴗ♫࡛ࡣከࡃࡢሙྜࠕ⏨ᛶ㸦ኵ㸧 ࡀ㞠⏝ປാࠊዪᛶ㸦ጔ㸧ࡀᐙᚑࡍࡿࠖࡇࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠕᛶูศ 㞳(sexual segregation)ࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊ ࠕᛶู⫋ᇦศ㞳(occupational sex segregation)ࠖ࠸࠺ゝ ⴥ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᐙ௨እࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⏨ዪࡢᵓᡂྜࡢ㐪࠸ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿ (Tomaskovic-Devey et al. 2006; Tomaskovic-Devey & Skaggs 2002; Chang 2000; England et al. 1988)ࠋᛶูศᴗࡣᕤᴗక࠺ዪᛶࡢࠕᑓᴗ፬ࠖࡢᒁ㠃࠾࠸࡚㐍ᒎࡋࡓࡀ(ⴠྜ 1997)ࠊࠕᛶู⫋ᇦศ㞳ࠖࡣࡴࡋࢁ⬺⏘ᴗక࠺ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫປാࡢ㟂せᣑࡢᒁ㠃࠾࠸࡚ࠊ ⏨ᛶࡀከࡃാࡃ࣐ࢽࣗࣝປാẚ࡚ࠊࢧ࣮ࣅࢫປാ࠾࠸࡚ࡣዪᛶࡢ┦ᑐⓗ࡞ᚑ⪅ ᩘࡀከ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ᐇែࢆ⾲ࡍゝⴥࡋ࡚ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡢࠕ⫋ᇦ㸦⫋ᴗ㸧ࠖ௨እࡢഃ㠃 㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㈤㔠ࡢ⏨ዪᕪࠊᚑᴗᆅ࣭ປാ㛫ࡢ⏨ዪᕪ࡞ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ࠶ ࡽࡺࡿ㏆௦♫࠾࠸࡚ࠊ⛬ᗘࡢᕪࡣ࠶ࢀዪᛶࡣ⏨ᛶࡼࡾప㈤㔠࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᚑᴗᆅ ࡋ࡚ࡣࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒࣭㠀ṇつ㞠⏝ࡢྜࡀከ࠸ࠋ ᪉࡛ᐙ࣭⫱ඣ࣭ㆤປാࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣᛶูศᴗࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ ዪᛶ㸦ጔ㸧ࡀࡢ⛬ᗘ㈇ᢸࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊࡉࡽࡑࡢ㈇ᢸࡢᕪࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿせᅉࡣఱࠊ 55 ࠸࠺ၥ㢟タᐃ࡛ศᯒࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࢇࡢሙྜࠊᐙ᪘እ࡛ࡢປാ㛫ࠊධᕪࠊᛶู ศᴗព㆑࡞ࡀㄝ᫂せᅉࡋ࡚ຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡀᐇドࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ(Tsutsui 2005; ᯇ⏣࣭㕥ᮌ 2002; Batalova & Cohen 2002; ᯇ⏣ 2000; Blood & Wolfe 1960)ࠋࡋࡋᐙປാࡢᛶูศ㞳 (sex segregation of housework, gendered division of housework)ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ┦ᑐⓗ◊✲ࡢ✚ ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࠋᐙປാࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡣࠊᐙປാࢆ୍⯡ⓗㄡࡀከࡃ㈇ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠊࡲ ࡓ㈇ᢸྜࡣ࠺࠸ࡗࡓせᅉ࡛Ỵࡲࡿࡢࠊ࠸ࡗࡓࡇ㸦యⓗ࡞㈇ᢸᕪ㸧࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ ᐙປാࡢ࠺ࡕࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᐙࢆㄡࡀ㈇ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ㸦ᐙປാෆࡢศᴗ㸧ࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓほⅬࡽࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᗈ࠸ព࡛ࡢᐙປാࠊࡘࡲࡾᐙ࣭⫱ඣ࣭ㆤ ࠸࠺ 3 ศ㢮╔┠ࡋ࡚⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤᯇ⏣(2004)ࡣࠊୡᖏෆࡢᮎᏊᖺ㱋ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ ⏨ᛶࡢᐙཧຍࡀቑ࠼ࡿഴྥ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆぢ࠸ࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ♩Ꮚ (2002)ࡣ ㆤປാ㸦ࢣ㸧ࢆࡵࡄࡿࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ព㆑ࡘ࠸࡚ศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ◊✲ࡣᗈ࠸ព࡛ࡢᐙປാ㛵ࡍࡿᛶูศ㞳ࡢᐇែࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᪉࡛ࠊ⫱ඣࡸᐙ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⊃࠸ព࡛ࡢᐙປാࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㈇ᢸࡢᛶูศ㞳ࢆศᯒࡍࡿ ព⩏ࡶᛀࢀࡿࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡎ⫱ඣㆤࡣᐙ᪘࢟ࣕࣜࡢయࢃࡓࡗ࡚Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿປ ാ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊබⓗ࡞ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᴗ⊂⮬ࡢ୧❧ᨭไᗘࡼࡗ࡚㈇ᢸࡀ㍍ῶࡉ ࢀࡿᗘྜ࠸ࡀࡁ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ 1ࠋ ࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ᐙປാࡣࠊ୍ⓗ࡞⫱ඣ࣭ㆤఇᴗࡼࡗ࡚ࡣᑐฎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ศࠊ ࡼࡾ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞ാࡁ᪉ࡼࡗ࡚㈇ᢸࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡀつᐃࡉࢀࠊࡲࡓ㏫ാࡁ᪉ࢆ᰿ᮏⓗつᐃࡍ ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ㐌࠶ࡓࡾࡢ㛫ࡢほⅬࡽࡣᖹ➼ᐙࡀ㈇ᢸࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㐌ᮎ ࡲࡵ࡚⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞᪥ᖖⓗ࣭࣮ࣝࢸࣥⓗ࡞ᐙࢆከࡃ㈇ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᪉ࡀࠊ ാࡁ᪉ࢆ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ᗘྜ࠸ࡀᙉ࠸ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ㏫ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ≉᪥ᮏ࠾ࡅࡿࡼ ࠺࡞㛗㛫ປാࢆక࠺ࣇࣝࢱ࣒㞠⏝ᚑࡍࡿ㝈ࡾࠊ㐌ᮎࡲࡵ࡚ᐙࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡛ ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࡢ㈇ᢸࢆ࠸ࡃࡪࢇࡣῶࡽࡍࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡶࠊ࣮ࣝࢸࣥⓗ㐙⾜ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ ࠶ࡿᐙࢆ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡼࡾ㧗࠸ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆせࡍࡿᐙ ࢆኵࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᐙࡀᖹ➼㈇ᢸࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡼ ࡾࡶ㛗࠸㛫ࡀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ᖖⓗ㐙⾜ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿᐙࡀྠࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ せࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿሙྜࠊዪᛶࡀࣇࣝࢱ࣒࡛ാࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ⏨ᛶࡢഃࡣࢃࡑࢀ ᑐࡋ࡚ᑐฎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ 1 6%(VWHVHWDOࡣࠊᐙ᪘ᨭᨻ⟇ZRUNOLIHSROLF\ࡢ⏝ࡀࠊ⫱ඣࢆ㝖ࡃᐙࡢᛶูศ ᴗࢆᙉࡍࡿ࠺࠸࠺ၥ㢟タᐃ࡛ᐙศᢸࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᮏ᮶ࡣ⏨ዪࡢᑵᴗ᮲௳ࡢᆒ➼ ࢆពᅗࡋࡓ⫱ඣఇᴗไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ⫱ඣࡸㆤ࡞࡛ᐙᗞࡢ㈇ᢸࡀࡁ࡞ᮇዪᛶࡀఇᴗࡍࡿࡇ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࡴࡋࢁఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ࠕዪᛶⓗᐙࠖ ࠕ⏨ᛶⓗᐙࠖࡢᛶูศᴗࡀᙉࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ ࠸࠺ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝୰す㒊ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡗࡓ᳨ドࡢ⤖ᯝࠊᐙ᪘ᨭไᗘࢆά⏝ࡋࡓࡽ࠸ࡗ࡚ᐙ ࡢᛶูศᴗࡀᙉࡉࢀࡿࠊ࠸ࡗࡓഴྥࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 56 ᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊᐙศᢸ㛵ࡍࡿఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟タᐃࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠕ࠺ࡋ࡚㸦 ᐙࡢ㸧ᛶูศᴗࡀᏑ⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠖ࠸࠺ၥ࠸ᑐࡍࡿࡲࡓูࡢ⟅࠼࡞ࡿྍ⬟ ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᅜࡈⱝᖸࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࠶ࡿࡏࡼ(Geist 2005)ࠊࢇࡢඛ㐍ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࠊປ ാ㛫ࡸධࡢᕪࠊᛶูศᴗែᗘࡢຠᯝࢆ㝖እࡋ࡚ࡶጔࡣኵࡼࡾࡶከࡃᐙࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊጔࡢ᭷ൾປാࡢࠕពࠖࡽㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ◊✲㸦ྠࡌࣇࣝࢱ࣒࡛ࡶࠊ ጔࡢධࡀᐙ⣔ࡢ⿵ຓࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㝈ࡾࠊጔࡣᐙࢆከࡃ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ㸧(ᑠ➟ཎ 2005)ࠊ ࣐ࢡ࡛ࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᖹ➼యไࡽㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ◊✲(Fuwa 2004)ࠊྠࡌ♫ᒓࡍࡿኵ ፬࠾ࡅࡿᖹ➼࡞ᐙ㈇ᢸࡀᇶ‽࡞ࡗ࡚ጔࡢഃࡢබᖹឤࢆᙅࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ ᣦࡋࡓ◊✲(◚࣭⟄ 2010)࡞ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᐙࢆ㡯┠ࡈศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ ࠕ࡞ࡐጔࡀ ከࡃࡢᐙࢆ㈇ᢸࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡲࡓูࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡓ࠼ࡤࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ປാᚑࡍࡿጔࡣࠊ ࠕ㛫ࡀ࠶ࡿࡽᐙࢆከࡃࡇ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢ ྠࠊ ࠕ㛫ࢆᰂ㌾࠼ࡿࡽ≉ᐃࡢᐙࢆከࡃ㈇ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣࠊ⊃࠸ព࡛ࡢᐙປാࡢ㈇ᢸࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡘ࠸࡚ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡗࡓศᯒࢆ⾜ ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ዪᛶࡢ㞠⏝ປാᐙࡢ୧❧ࢆᅔ㞴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᐙ㈇ᢸࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡘ࠸ ࡚ࠊ༢࡞ࡿࠕᐙእ㒊ປാࡢᛶูศᴗࠖࡢศᯒࡽࡣ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᐇࢆ᫂ࡽ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡇ࠺ࠋ 㸰㸬ඛ⾜◊✲⌮ㄽ௬ㄝ㸸ᐙປാࡢศ㢮㈇ᢸࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ ᐙປാࢆㄡࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿࡢࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞せᅉࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀࡿࡢࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᐇド◊✲ࡢཌ࠸✚ࡀ࠶ࡿ(Shelton & John 1996)ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢࢇ࡛ࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞ ✀㢮ࡢᐙࡢ㢖ᗘࡸ㛫ࡀኵ፬ࡈྜィࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᕪࡸẚࠊࡉࡽࡣࡑࢀࢆつᐃࡍࡿせ ᅉ㸦ປാ㛫ࠊኵ፬ࡢධ᱁ᕪࠊᛶูศᴗែᗘ࡞㸧ࡀᅇᖐศᯒ➼ࡼࡗ᳨࡚ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲ࡛ᐙศᢸࢆᤊ࠼ࡿ◊✲ࡢࡦࡘࡢࢹ࣓ࣜࢵࢺࡋ࡚ࠊಶࠎࡢᐙປ ാࡢᕪࡀぢ࠼࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ゝ࠺ࡲ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊᐙ㸦⏕⏘㸧ປാࡣከᵝ࡞✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋศ㢮ࡍࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡣ࠸ࡃ ࡘࡢࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊࡓ࠼ࡤ㐙⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡢ⛬ᗘࢫ࢟ࣝࡀᚲせࠊࡢ⛬ ᗘࡢ㢖ᗘ࡛⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ㸦ࡑࢀࡶ㐌ᮎ࡞ࡲ ࡵ࡚⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ㸧 ࠊ࠸ࡗࡓᇶ‽ࡽศ㢮ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢศ㢮ࡔ ࠊࢫ࢟ࣝࢆせࡍࡿࡶࡢࡢ࡞ࡣ㣗‽ഛࠊ⦭ࠊࣟࣥࡀࡅ࡞ࡀධࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ᪥ ᖖⓗ⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ➹㢌ࡣ㣗‽ഛࠊࡘ࠸࡛Ὑ℆࡞ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㢼࿅ࡢᤲ㝖 ࡣẖ᪥⾜࠺ᐙᗞࡀከ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࡀࠊ㒊ᒇࡢᤲ㝖ࡣ㐌ᮎࡲࡵ࡚⾜࠺ࠊ࠸࠺ᐙᗞࡶከ࠸ࡢ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋྠࡌࡼ࠺ᗞࠊᐙࡢಟ⌮࡞ࡣࠕ࠸ࡘ⾜࠺ࠖࡘ࠸࡚⮬⏤ࡀຠ ࡃᗘྜ࠸ࡀࡁ࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࠊࡑࡢࡓࡵࠕ⏨ᛶⓗᐙࠖࡤࢀࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ(Estes et al. 2007; Blair & Lichter 1991)ࠋ ᛶูศ㞳ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡀᙉ࠸♫ࡔࠊࢫ࢟ࣝࢆせࡍࡿᐙࠊ㧗㢖ᗘ࡛᪥ᖖⓗ⾜࠺ᚲせࡀ 57 ࠶ࡿᐙࡣࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᐙẚ࡚ዪᛶࡼࡗ࡚㈇ᢸࡉࢀࡿྜࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿ⪃࠼ࡿ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋS. B. Estes et al. (2007)࡛ࡣࠊศᯒ⪅⮬㌟ࡀᐙࢆ㸱ࡘࡢࢱࣉศ㢮ࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ ࠕዪᛶⓗᐙ(female-typed tasks)ࠖࡣᤲ㝖ࠊ㣗⏝ពࠊ㣗࠶ࡓ࡙ࡅࠊὙ℆ࡀࠊ ࠕ⏨ ᛶⓗᐙ(male-typed tasks)ࠖࡣᗞࠊᐙࡢಟ⌮ࠊ⮬ື㌴ࡢಟ⌮ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ S. Coltrane (2000) M. C. Noonan (2001)࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢࡢᐙ㸦ࢦ࣑ฟࡋࠊᐙィ⟶⌮ࠊ ㈙࠸≀㸧ࡣࠕࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮୰❧ࠖࡔࡋ࡚࢝ࢸࢦࣛࢬࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋዪᛶⓗᐙࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࡶࡢࡣ᪥ᖖⓗ࣭࣮ࣝࢸࣥⓗᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐙປാ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕ୍㐌㛫 ࡢࡇ࡛ࡲࡵ࡚ࠊ୕ᅇࠖࡣ࠸࡞࠸ᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࡢᐙࡀጔ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣኵ㈇ᢸࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸ഴྥ࠶ࡿࡢ࠸࠺ࡇࡣ⤒㦂ⓗ ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡿࡁၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡾࠊ◊✲⪅⮬㌟ࡀ࠶ࡽࡌࡵ࢝ࢸࢦࣛࢬࡍࡁࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ Estes et al. (2007)ࡽࡀศ㢮ࡢ᰿ᣐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ S. Blair & D. Lichter (1991)ࡽࡼࡿᐇド◊ ✲࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࠶ࡿ♫㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤ࣓ࣜ࢝㸧࡛㈇ᢸࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮ᕪࡀ࠶ࡿᐙ㡯┠ࡀࠊู ࡢ♫㸦ࡓ࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏ㸧࡛ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸ࡗࡓྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ศᯒᑐ㇟ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿ᪥ᮏࡢኵ፬࠾࠸࡚ࡣጔࡢᐙศᢸẚ⋡ࡣḢ⡿ㅖᅜẚࡋ࡚ᴟࡵ࡚㧗ࡃࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢ ㈇ᢸࡢ㔜ࡉࡣጔࡢಶேᒓᛶ㸦㛫ࡸධ㸧┦ᑐⓗ⊂❧⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀᣦ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(Fuwa 2004)ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶࠕዪᛶⓗᐙࠖ ࠕ⏨ᛶⓗᐙࠖ࠸ࡗ ࡓ༊ศࡀពࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦ࡕࡽࡶዪᛶࡀ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ㸧ྍ⬟ᛶࡶ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡲࡎࡣ⤒㦂 ⓗᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡢᐇែࢆᢕᥱࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ḟࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ༊ศࡀほᐹ࡛ࡁࡓሙྜࠊᐙࡢᛶูศᴗࡣዪᛶࡢാࡁ᪉ࢃࡽࡎ ᡂ❧ࡍࡿࡢࠊࡑࢀࡶዪᛶࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀࠕ⏨ᛶⓗࠖ㏆࡙ࡃࡘࢀ࡚ᛶูศ㞳ࡢᗘྜ࠸ࡀ ᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࡿ㸦⏨ᛶࡀࠕዪᛶⓗᐙࠖ㐍ฟࡍࡿ㸧ࡢࠊ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᐇែࡋ࡚࠶ࡿᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡀ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ⤌ࡳ࡛ᡂࡾ❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ ౫Ꮡࡍࡿࠋࡶࡋᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡀᐙࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ㛫ⓗไ⣙ࡼࡿࡇࢁࡀࡁ ࠸ࡢ࡞ࡽࡤࠊዪᛶࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀࠕ⏨ᛶⓗࠖ࡞ࡶࡢ㏆࡙ࡃࡘࢀ࡚ࠊᐙ㡯┠ࢃࡽࡎ ᐙࡢ㈇ᢸࡣᖹ➼㏆࡙ࡃࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣዪᛶࡀࣇࣝࢱ࣒࡛ാࡃࡇ࡛㐙⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡀᅔ 㞴࡞ࡿࢱࣉࡢᐙኵࡀ⋡ඛࡋ࡚㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪉࡛ࠊࡶࡋᐙ ࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡀከศࢫ࢟ࣝᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢ࡞ࡽࠊዪᛶࡀࠕ⏨ᛶⓗࠖാࡁ᪉㏆࡙࠸࡚ࡶࠊᐙ 㡯┠ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ⏨ᛶࡢ㈉⊩ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡽࡎࠊ⏨ᛶࡢ㈇ᢸቑࡣࢫ࢟ࣝࢆせࡋ࡞࠸ᐙࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡢࡳࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃ᐹࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ศᯒࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ ࡲࡎࠕᐙ㡯┠ࡼࡗ࡚ጔࡢ㈇ᢸࡀࡁ࠸ࡶࡢࠊ┦ᑐⓗ⏨ᛶࡢ㈇ᢸ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗࠸ࡶࡢ ࡢᕪࡀ࠶ࡿ࠺ࠖࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᕪࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓሙྜࠊࡉࡽᐙ㡯┠㛫ࡢᕪࡼ ࡗ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ㒊ศࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉㸦ᑵᴗᙧែປാ㛫㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿ㒊ศࡢ ࡕࡽࡀࡁ࠸ࡢࢆࡳࡿࠋ ḟࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢస⏝ຠᯝࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡁࠊ ࠶ࡿᐙ㡯┠ูࡢᐙ㡯┠࡛ᖹ➼ᛶᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࠺ࢆࡳࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ㣗ࡢ‽ഛ 58 ᤲ㝖ࡢ㢖ᗘࢆࡳࡓࡁࠊࣇࣝࢱ࣒࣭ᖖ㞠⏝ࡢጔࡣࠊࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ࡢጔẚ࡚ࡕ ࡽࡢᐙ࡛ࡶኵࡢຓࡅࢆࡼࡾከࡃᚓࡽࢀࡿࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡋࡋ୧ᐙࢆẚࡿࠊኵࡣᤲ㝖 ࡢ᪉ࡼࡾከࡃ㈉⊩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ௨ୖࡢ᳨ド㡯┠ࢆどぬࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞⡆༢࡞ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋᅗ 1 ࡣࠊᐙ㈇ᢸࡢኵ፬㛫ࡢᕪࡘ࠸࡚ࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࠊᐙ㡯┠ࠊ୧⪅ࡢస⏝ࡢ㸱ࡘࡢせ ᅉࡘ࠸࡚༢⣧ࡋ࡚ᅗ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕ A ࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣࠊᐙ㈇ᢸᕪࡀ⣧⢋ ᐙ㡯┠ࡢࡳࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕጔࡀࣇࣝࢱ࣒࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࣃ ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶᐙศᢸࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ኚࢃࡾࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡈᕪࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜࠊ ࡘࡲࡾᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡀ࠶ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐙ㈇ᢸࡢᕪࡣጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡼࡗ࡚ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᛶูศ㞳ࡢほᛕࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ⏨ዪᕪࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇ ࡢሙྜࠊᐙ a ẚ࡚ᐙ b ࠾࠸࡚ኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ࡀࡁ࠸ࡓࡵࠊᐙ b せࡍࡿࢫ࢟ ࣝࡀᐙ a ࡼࡾࡶᑡ࡞࠸ࠊ࠸ࡗࡓㄝ᫂ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ B ࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣ㏫ᐙ㡯┠ࡈࡢᕪࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉࡛ศᢸࡀ␗࡞ࡿࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢሙྜࠊᐙࡢࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ⏨ዪᕪࡀ࡞ࡃࠊኵࡣጔࡢാࡁ᪉ᛂࡌ࡚ࡢᐙ࡛ࡶᆒ➼㈇ ᢸࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤጔࡀࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ࡽࣇࣝࢱ࣒ົ࡞ࡗࡓࡁࠊ㐌ᮎ ࡲࡵ࡚⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᐙࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ㐙⾜ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ᐙ㸦㣗 ‽ഛ࡞㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶኵࡀᡭఏ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࠋ C ࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉ᐙ㡯┠ࡢຠᯝࡀ୧᪉࠶ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙྜᇶᮏⓗ࡞ᐙ ࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡣ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊኵࡣጔࡢാࡁ᪉ᛂࡌ࡚ᐙ aࠊᐙ b ࡶᡭఏ࠼ࡿ⠊ ᅖ࡛ᡭఏ࠾࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋ D ࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡈᐙ㡯┠ࡢຠᯝࡀ␗࡞ࡿሙྜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤጔ ࡢົࡀࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ࡽࣇࣝࢱ࣒࡞ࡗࡓࡁࠊ≉ᐃࡢᐙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣኵࡣᡭఏࢃ࡞ ࠸ࡀࠊูࡢᐙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᡭఏ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡁኵࡀᡭఏ࠺ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡿᐙࡀ㣗‽ഛ࡛ࠊኚࡀ࡞࠸ࡢࡀᤲ㝖࡛࠶ࡿࡍࢀࡤࠊኵࡣ᪥ᖖⓗⓎ⏕ࡍ ࡿࢱࢫࢡࡢ㠃࡛ጔࢆຓࡅࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ᪉࡛㣗‽ഛࡢ㢖ᗘኚࡀ࡞ࡃࠊ ᤲ㝖࠾࠸࡚ኚࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡽࠊኵࡣࢫ࢟ࣝ㊊➼ࡢ⌮⏤ࡽࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ࢱࢫࢡࡘ࠸ ࡚ࡣᡭఏ࠼࡞࠸ࡀࠊẚ㍑ⓗᡭఏ࠸ࡸࡍ࠸ᐙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㈇ᢸࢆศࡕྜ࠾࠺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡞ࡿࠋ 59 ᅗ 1 ᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳㛵ࡍࡿ㸱ࡘࡢ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝ 㸱㸬ࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ᪉ἲ ⏝ࡍࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡣࠕ➨ 3 ᅇᅜᐙ᪘ㄪᰝ(NFRJ08)࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋNFRJ08 ࡣ 2009 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࡽ 2 ᭶ࢃࡓࡗ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓᶓ᩿ㄪᰝ࡛ࠊㄪᰝⅬ࡛ 1936 ᖺࡽ 1980 ᖺ⏕ࡲࢀࡢఫẸᇶᮏྎᖒ Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀࡓẕ㞟ᅋࡽᒙ 2 ẁ↓సⅭἲ࡛ᢳฟࡋࡓ 9,400 ேࡢಶேࢆᶆᮏࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭷ ຠᅇᩘࡣ 5,203 ே㸦ᅇ⋡ 55.35%㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋNFRJ08 ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ≉ᛶࡸᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᇶᮏᒓᛶ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ✄ⴥⱥ(2010)ỌᬡᏊ(2010)ࢆཧ↷ࡋ࡚ࡋ࠸ࠋᅇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣ↓㓄അ⪅ ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊࡉࡽḟ㏙ࡿ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢࡍ࡚ࢆḞᦆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅇ⟅⪅ࢆ㝖࠸ࡓ 3856 ேࢆศ ᯒࡢᑐ㇟ࡋࡓࠋ 㸦ࡓࡔࡋ᥎ᐃ࠾࠸࡚ࡣㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢḞᦆࡢࡓࡵࡇࢀࡼࡾࡶࢣ࣮ࢫᩘࡀᑡ ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ 㸧 ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡣᐙࡢኵ፬㛫ࡢ㢖ᗘᕪ㸦ጔኵ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾ್ࡀࡁ࠸ጔࡀከࡃ㈇ ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋᅇࡢศᯒ࡛ࡣࠊㄪᰝࡉࢀࡓྛᐙ㡯┠㸦ࠕ㣗ࡢ⏝ពࠖࠕ㣗ࡢ ࠶ࡓ࡙ࡅࠖࠕ㣗ᩱရࡸ᪥⏝ရࡢ㈙࠸≀ࠖࠕὙ℆ࠖࠕࡑ࠺ࡌ㸦㒊ᒇࠊ㢼࿅ࠊࢺࣞ࡞㸧ࠖ㸧 60 ࡢ㢖ᗘᕪࡑࢀࡒࢀࡀ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾㄪᰝࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡦࡾࡘࡁ 5 ࡘࡢほ ᐹ್ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊタၥࡢ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡣࠕࡰẖ᪥㸦㐌 6ࠥ7 ᪥㸧 ࠖࠕ୍㐌㛫 4ࠥ5 ᅇࠖࠕ୍㐌 㛫 2ࠥ3 ᅇࠖ ࠕ㐌 1 ᅇࡃࡽ࠸ࠖ ࠕࢇ⾜ࢃ࡞࠸࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ 7 ᅇࠊ4.5 ᅇࠊ2.5 ᅇࠊ1 ᅇࠊ0 ᅇ⟬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࠕࡰẖ᪥㸦㐌 6ࠥ7 ᪥㸧 ࠖࢆࠕ㐌 7 ᅇࠖࠖ࢝࢘ࣥ ࢺࡍࡿࡇࢆࡣࡌࡵࠊࡇࡢ⟬ࡣከࡃࡢ๓ᥦࢆ⨨࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⟬ࡢ᪉࡛᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࡀࡢ ⛬ᗘኚࡍࡿࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ✏ࢆ࠶ࡽࡓࡵ࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓ࠸ࡀࠊᮏ✏ࡣࡉࡁࡢ๓ᥦ࡛᥎ᐃࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿⅬὀពࡋ࡚ࡋ࠸ࠋ ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡣࠊࡲࡎ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡀࡢᐙ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㢖ᗘᕪ࡞ࡢࢆ༊ูࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡢࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸦ࣜࣇࣞࣥࢫ࣭࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿ㣗‽ഛࢆ㝖࠸ࡓࠊ࠶ࡓ࡙ࡅࠊ㈙࠸ ≀ࠊὙ℆ࠊᤲ㝖ࡢ 4 ࡘ㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀຍ࠼࡚࣓ࣥࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡋ࡚ࠊጔᑵᴗᙧែጔ ປാ㛫ࢆᢞධࡍࡿࠋጔᑵᴗᙧែࡣࠊ ࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖ 㸦ࠕ⤒Ⴀ⪅࣭ᙺဨࠖࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿ୍⯡ᚑᴗ⪅㸦බົဨࢆྵࡴ㸧 ࠖ㸧ࢆࣜࣇࣞࣥࢫ࣭࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࠊ ࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࠖ 㸦ࠕ⮫㞠࠸࣭ ࣃ࣮ࢺ࣭ࣝࣂࢺࠖ 㸧ࠊ ࠕὴ㐵࣭ዎ⣙ࠖ 㸦ࠕὴ㐵♫ဨ࣭ዎ⣙♫ဨ࣭კク♫ဨࠖ 㸧ࠊ ࠕࡑࡢࠖ 㸦ࠕ⮬ Ⴀᴗ࣭⮬⏤ᴗ⪅ࠖࠕ⮬Ⴀᴗࡢᐙ᪘ᚑᴗ⪅ࠖࠕෆ⫋ࠖ 㸧ࠊ ࠕ↓⫋ࠖࡢ 4 ࡘࡢࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘࢆ ᢞධࡍࡿࠋጔປാ㛫ࡣጔࡢ㐌࠶ࡓࡾࡢປാ㛫㏻㛫ࢆྜィࡋࡓࡶࡢࢆ㐃⥆㔞ࡋ ࡚ᢞධࡍࡿ㸦⤖ᯝࢆぢࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ༢ࢆ 10 㛫ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸧 ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡢࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘጔປാ㛫㸦㐃⥆㔞㸧࠾ࡼࡧጔᑵᴗᙧែࡢస⏝ຠ ᯝࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࡶ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚᥎ᐃࡋࠊᑬᗘẚ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࣔࢹࣝ⤫ィ㔞᭷ព࡞ᨵၿࡀ࠶ ࡿሙྜࠊᕪ㡯ࢆ࠸ࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋ ࡑࡢࡢ⤫ไኚᩘࡋ࡚ࠊᛶู㸦ᐙ㈇ᢸ㛵ࡍࡿኵ፬㛫ࡢᕪࢆ⤫ไࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸧ࠊኵࡢປ ാ㛫㸦10 㛫༢㸧ࠊጔኵࡢධ᱁ᕪ㸦ኵࡢᖺࡽጔࡢᖺࢆᘬ࠸ࡓࡶࡢࠊ༢ࡣ 100 㸧 ࠊᛶูศᴗែᗘ㸦ࠕ⏨ᛶࡣእ࡛ാࡁࠊዪᛶࡣᐙᗞࢆᏲࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ពぢ ᑐࡍࡿ㈶ྰࠊ ࠕࡑ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ(=1)ࡽࠕࡑ࠺ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ(=4)ࡲ࡛ࡢ 4 ẁ㝵ホ౯㸧ࠊ6 ṓᮍ‶ࡢᏊ ࡶࡀ࠸ࡿ࠺㸦࠸ࡿሙྜ 1 ࢆࡿࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸧 ࠊጔኵࡢᏛṔ㸦࠾ࡼࡧࡑࡢᕪ㡯㸧 ࢆᢞධࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ࡑࢀࡒࢀࠕ୰Ꮫᰯࠖ ࠕ㧗ᰯࠖ ࠕᑓ㛛Ꮫᰯ㸦㧗༞ᚋ㸧 ࡛ࠖ 0ࠊ ࠕ▷࣭㧗ᑓࠖ ࠕ Ꮫ㸦4 ᖺไ㸧 ࠖࠕᏛ㝔࣭Ꮫ㸦6 ᖺไ㸧 ࡛ࠖ 1 ࢆࡿࢲ࣑࣮ኚᩘ㸧 ࠋᮏㄽᩥ࡛ὀ┠ࡍࡿኵ፬㛫 ᐙ㈇ᢸᕪᑐࡍࡿᐙ㡯┠ጔປാ㛫࠾ࡼࡧጔᑵᴗᙧែࡢస⏝ࡢຠᯝࡣࠊࡋࡓࡀ ࡗ࡚ᇶᮏⓗࡣࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ⤫ไኚᩘࡢຠᯝࢆ㝖ཤࡋࡓୖ࡛ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ ࡿࠋ ⏝ࡋࡓኚᩘࡢᇶᮏ⤫ィ㔞ࢆ⾲ 1 グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᇶᮏ⤫ィ㔞ࡣࠊᅇ᥎ィࡍࡿ 2 ࡘ ࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢ୧⪅࠾࠸࡚ࢃࢀ࡞ࡗࡓ⪅௨እࡢᅇ⟅⪅ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ᐙ㢖ᗘࡢほᐹᩘࡀᐙ㡯┠ࡈ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣḞᦆࡼࡿࠋᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝ ࡢ≉ᛶࡽࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶᅇ⟅⪅ࡀࡍ࡚ࡢᐙ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ኵጔࡢ㢖ᗘࢆᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᚲ せࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝࡣࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ㸦FGLS ᥎ᐃ㸧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ(ᮧ 2005; Wooldridge 2002)ࠋ ᪤㏙ࡓ࠾ࡾࠊඛ⾜◊✲ẚࡓࡁࡢᮏㄽᩥ࡛ࡢ᥎ᐃࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡣࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡈࡢ 61 ኵ፬㛫㢖ᗘᕪࡢ᥎ᐃࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓᕪࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞せᅉࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡢ᥎ᐃࢆ ྠ⾜࠺ࡇ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣᑐ㇟⪅ࡢኵ፬࠾ࡅࡿ 5 ࡘࡢᐙ㡯┠ࡢኵ፬㛫㢖ᗘᕪࢆほ ᐹࢣ࣮ࢫࡳ࡞ࡍࡇ࡛ྍ⬟࡞ࡿࡀࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡢ㢖ᗘᕪࡣಶࠎࡢኵ፬⊂⮬ࡢࡲࡲࡾࡀ ࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᵝࠎ࡞ኚᩘࡢᙳ㡪ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖࠸ࡓ࠶࡛ࡶほᐹ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸せᅉ ࡼࡿኵ፬ෆࡢ᧠㡯┦㛵ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᧠ 㡯ࡢࢡࣛࢫࢱ࣮ෆ┦㛵ࢆ⪃៖ࡋࠊᶆ‽ㄗᕪࡢ᥎ᐃ⿵ṇࢆຍ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹ࡛ࣝࡣኵ፬ࡢಶูຠᯝࡀᨩ㡯ṧࡿࡇࡽࡃࡿᨩ㡯ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ ┦㛵㸦ಀᩘࣂࢫ㸧ࡀ㝖ཤ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ(OLS ᥎ᐃ)ࡢ᥎ᐃࡶ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚⾜ ࠸ࠊ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࡁ࡞ᕪࡀ࡞࠸ࡢ࠺ࢆ᳨ドࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⾲ 1 ኚᩘࡢᇶᮏ⤫ィ㔞 N ᐙ㢖ᗘᕪ㸦ጔኵࠊ㐌࠶ࡓࡾ㸧 ᖹᆒ ᶆ‽೫ᕪ ᭱ᑠ್ ್᭱ 㣗‽ഛ 3147 㣗ᚋ∦ࡅ 3155 5.24 2.90 -7.00 7.00 ㈙࠸≀ 3167 3.39 2.90 -7.00 7.00 Ὑ℆ 3158 5.36 2.75 -7.00 7.00 ᤲ㝖 3172 3.95 3.02 -7.00 7.00 ጔ㐌࠶ࡓࡾປാ㛫㸦༢㸸10 㛫㸧 3103 1.79 1.94 0.00 12.65 ኵ㐌࠶ࡓࡾປാ㛫㸦༢㸸10 㛫㸧 3207 3.95 2.35 0.00 12.65 ᖺᕪ㸦ኵጔࠊ༢㸸100 㸧 3207 3.61 3.25 -12.50 12.50 ⏨ᛶࢲ࣑࣮ 3207 0.47 0.50 0.00 1.00 ጔᖺ㱋 3207 48.95 11.54 23.00 78.00 6 ṓ௨ୗᏊࡶ࠶ࡾ 3207 0.17 0.38 0.00 1.00 ጔᏛṔ㸦༞ࢲ࣑࣮㸧 3207 0.31 0.46 0.00 1.00 ኵᏛṔ㸦༞ࢲ࣑࣮㸧 3207 0.38 0.49 0.00 1.00 5.73 2.44 -7.00 7.00 㸲㸬ศᯒ⤖ᯝ ⾲ 2 ࡣࠊጔᑵᴗᙧែࢆධࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝጔປാ㛫ࢆධࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ᕪ㡯ࢆྵࡴࡶࡢྵࡲ࡞࠸᥎ᐃࡢࣔࢹࣝ⤫ィ㔞ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣔࢹࣝ㑅ᢥࡢࡓࡵ ࡢ᥎ᐃࡣ᭱ᑬἲ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࡀࠊFLGS ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝᕪࡣࢇ↓ࡗࡓࠋ ᑬᗘẚ᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢࣔࢹࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡶᕪ㡯ࢆᢞධࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝ࠾࠸࡚ᑬᗘࡢ ᭷ព࡞ᨵၿࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ᅇࡣᕪ㡯࠶ࡾࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡒ ࢀ࠾࠸࡚ᅛᐃຠᯝ᥎ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡶ࠶ࢃࡏ࡚⾲グࡍࡿࠋ 62 ⾲ 2 ࣔࢹࣝ⤫ィ㔞୍ぴ ࣔࢹࣝ N ࣔࢹࣝᑐᩘᑬᗘ ⮬⏤ᗘ AIC BIC ጔᑵᴗᙧែࣔࢹࣝ㸦ᕪ㡯࡞ࡋ㸧 15794 -36702.14 20 73444.27 73597.62 ጔᑵᴗᙧែࣔࢹࣝ㸦ᕪ㡯࠶ࡾ㸧 15794 -36621.23 36 73314.46 73590.48 ጔປാ㛫ࣔࢹࣝ㸦ᕪ㡯࡞ࡋ㸧 15289 -35431.27 18 70898.53 71035.96 ጔປാ㛫ࣔࢹࣝ㸦ᕪ㡯࠶ࡾ㸧 15289 -35354.02 26 70760.04 70958.54 ⾲ 3 ࡣࠊጔᑵᴗᙧែࢲ࣑࣮ᐙ㡯┠ࢲ࣑࣮ࡢᕪ㡯ࢆᢞධࡋࡓࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࠾࠸࡚ࡣಶయෆ୍࡛ᐃࡢኚᩘࡢຠᯝࡣྲྀࡾ㝖ࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖ ࡀጔᑵᴗᙧែࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ࠾ࡅࡿࣜࣇࣞࣥࢫ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊࠕᖖ 㞠⏝ࠖࡢࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡀయࡢࣜࣇࣞࣥࢫ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ ᯝ㐣ཤ࡞ࡗࡓ್࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿಀᩘࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵࣁ࢘ࢫ᳨࣐ࣥᐃ (Hausman 1978)ࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⤖ᯝࢆẚࡿࡓࡵࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࠾ࡅࡿ ጔࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᑵᴗᙧែࡢࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡀ 0 ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺᥎ᐃ್ࢆࡑࢁ࠼ࡓୖ࡛ࡳࡿࠊ ୧ࣔࢹࣝࡢࡦࡘࡢ㡯┠࠶ࡓࡾࡢ᥎ᐃ್ࡢᕪࡣᖹᆒࡋ࡚ 0.006 ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐇ㉁ⓗࡣࢇ ྠࡌ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᢞධࡋࡓㅖ⤫ไኚᩘࡀಶูຠᯝᨩ㡯ࡢ┦㛵ࢆ ࡾ㝖࠸ࡓࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ᭱ึࡽ㸦⤫ไኚᩘࡢຠᯝࢆྵࡴ㸧ಶูຠᯝᨩ㡯┦㛵ࡀ࡞ ࡗࡓࡢࡢࡕࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࠋᅛᐃຠᯝࣔࢹࣝ࠾ࡅࡿᨩ㡯ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ┦㛵 ࡣ 0.004㸦⤖ᯝࡣ⾲㠀⾲♧㸧࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚋ⪅࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡋࢁࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࣛ ࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࢆࡳ࡞ࡀࡽᩘ್ࢆゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇࡍࡿࠋ ⤖ᯝࢆศࡾࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊጔࡢᑵᴗᙧែᐙ㈇ᢸᕪࡢண ್ࢆᅗ 2 ࣉࣟࢵࢺࡋ ࡚࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࣜࣇࣞࣥࢫ࣭࢝ࢸࢦ࣮࡛ࣜ࠶ࡿࠕ㸦ጔ㸧ᖖ㞠⏝ࠖࠕ㣗‽ഛ㸦ࡢኵ፬㛫 ㈇ᢸᕪ㸧ࠖࢆᇶ‽(=0)ࡋࡓࡁࡢࡑࡢࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋᩘ್ࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࠊጔ ẚࡓኵࡢᐙ㢖ᗘࡀከ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ 63 ᅗ 2㸸ጔࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖ ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡢ㈇ᢸᕪࢆ 0 ࡋࡓࡁࡢ ྛ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡢ㈇ᢸᕪ㸦ጔኵ㸧 64 ⾲ 3 ᐙ㈇ᢸ㢖ᗘᕪࢆ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡋࡓᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ㸦ጔᑵᴗᙧែࣔࢹࣝ㸧 ᖖ㞠⏝ × 㣗‽ഛ (ref.) ᚋ∦ࡅ -0.574 *** -0.576 *** ㈙࠸≀ -1.895 *** -1.895 *** Ὑ℆ -0.52 *** -0.518 *** ᤲ㝖 -2.22 *** -2.229 *** 㣗‽ഛ (ref.) 0.782 *** ᚋ∦ࡅ -0.402 *** 0.379 ㈙࠸≀ -1.988 *** -1.204 *** Ὑ℆ -0.358 *** 0.412 ** ᤲ㝖 -1.859 *** -1.085 *** * -0.323 ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ ዎ⣙࣭ὴ㐵 ࡑࡢ ↓⫋ × × × ᅛᐃຠᯝ ࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝ (ref.) 㣗‽ഛ (ref.) ᚋ∦ࡅ -0.651 ㈙࠸≀ -2.114 *** -1.785 Ὑ℆ -0.709 * -0.369 ᤲ㝖 -2.487 *** -2.158 0.343 㣗‽ഛ (ref.) 0.398 ᚋ∦ࡅ -0.165 0.229 ㈙࠸≀ -2.254 Ὑ℆ 0.183 ᤲ㝖 -1.341 * *** *** *** *** -1.852 *** 0.583 ** -0.958 *** 0.912 ** 㣗‽ഛ (ref.) ᚋ∦ࡅ -0.555 *** 0.356 ㈙࠸≀ -2.761 *** -1.861 *** Ὑ℆ -0.382 *** 0.529 *** ᤲ㝖 -1.533 *** -0.633 *** ᛶูศᴗែᗘ -0.156 *** ⏨ᛶࢲ࣑࣮ -0.339 *** ጔᖺ㱋 0.017 *** ධᕪ㸦ኵጔ㸧 0.108 *** 0.191 *** × ኵປാ㛫㸦༢㸸10 㛫㸧 6 ṓᮍ‶Ꮚࡶ࠶ࡾࢲ࣑࣮ * -0.021 ᏛṔ ኵࡶጔࡶ㠀༞ (ref.) ኵ㠀༞࣭ጔ༞ ษ∦ -0.243 ኵ༞࣭ጔ㠀༞ -0.165 † ኵࡶጔࡶ༞ -0.454 *** 3.813 *** 3435.44 (23) *** F ್㸦⮬⏤ᗘ㸧㸭 㸦⮬⏤ᗘ㸧 144.88 (20,12568) ⣭ෆ┦㛵ಀᩘ ࢣ࣮ࢫᩘ㸦ᅇ⟅⪅ᩘ㸧 * *** 0.476 15794(3206) *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 65 0.363 15794(3206) ࡲࡎጔࡢᑵᴗᙧែࡈࡳࡿࠊయⓗࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖ࠾ࡼࡧࠕὴ㐵࣭ዎ⣙ࠖ࠾࠸࡚ ࡑࡢࡢ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜࡼࡾࡶᐙ㈇ᢸᕪࡀᑠࡉ࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡘ ࠸࡚ࡳࢀࡤࠊᑵᴗ≧ែࡼࡗ࡚࡛᭱㐌࠶ࡓࡾ 0.96 ᅇศࡢ㈇ᢸᕪࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࡣඛ⾜◊✲࡛ࡶ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢁࡀ㈇ᢸᕪࡣࠊࡁ࡞ᐙ 㡯┠ࡈࡢ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡶศࡿࠋ ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖ ࠕ࠶ࡓ࡙ࡅࠖ ࠕὙ℆ࠖẚࡓࠕ㈙࠸ ≀ࠖ ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡢ㈇ᢸᕪࡀయⓗ࡞ࡾᑠࡉ࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾᚋ⪅ࡢᐙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ┦ᑐⓗ ኵࡀ㈇ᢸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᗘྜ࠸ࡀ㧗࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋලయⓗࡣࠊࡓ࠼ࡤᖖ㞠⏝ࡢጔ ࡗ࡚┦ᑐⓗ㈇ᢸᕪࡀ᭱ࡶࡁ࠸ࡢࡣࠕ㣗‽ഛ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀẚ࡚ࠕ࠶ ࡓ࡙ࡅࠖ ࠕὙ℆ࠖࡣ㐌࠶ࡓࡾ⣙ 0.5 ᅇศࡔࡅᖹ➼࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ ࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖࡣ⣙ 1.9 ᅇศࠊ ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡣ⣙ 2.3 ᅇศࠊᖹ➼࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ⣧⢋㢖ᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࡳࢀࡤࠊᐙࡢ㈇ᢸ㢖ᗘᕪࡢయࡢ ࠺ࡕࠊᚑ᮶ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡶ╔┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ㒊ศࡼࡾࡶࠊᐙ㡯 ┠ࡢ㐪࠸ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿ㒊ศࡀࡁ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡲࡓ ḟ⠇࡛ゐࢀࡿࠋ ࡛ࡣᑵᴗᙧែࡼࡿᐙ㈇ᢸᕪࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡈ␗࡞ࡿ࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ⾲ 3 ࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖࡢࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡢ㢖ᗘᕪࢆᇶ‽ࡋࡓ್࡛࠶ࡿࡢ ࡛ࠊస⏝⊂⮬ࡢຠᯝࢆࡳࡿࡓࡵ⾲ 4 ࢆసᡂࡋࡓࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ୍␒ᕥୗࡢࢭࣝࡣࠊጔࡀ ࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕᖖ㞠⏝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇࡼࡿኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗᐙ㈇ᢸࡢኚࡣࠊ ࠕ㣗 ‽ഛࠖẚ࡚ࠕᤲ㝖࡛ࠖ㐌 0.362 ᅇከࡃࠊࡇࡢ㏣ຍࡣỈ‽ 5%࡛᭷ព࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ ࢆពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽྠࡌࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡳ࡚ࡳࡿࠊጔࡀࠕᖖ㞠⏝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇ ࡼࡿኵࡼࡿ㏣ຍࡢ㈇ᢸࡣࠊ ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖẚ࡚ࠊ ࠕࡑࡢࠖࡢሙྜࡣ㐌 0.873 ᅇࠊ ࠕ↓ ⫋࡛ࠖ 0.684 ᅇศከ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡢᖹ➼ࡃࡽ࡚⣙ 1.2 ಸࡽ 1.6 ಸࡢຠᯝ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡼࡿጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࡸࡣࡾ↓ど ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ⾲ 4 ጔࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖྛᑵᴗᙧែ࠾ࡅࡿᐙ㡯┠㛫ࡢ㈇ᢸᕪ ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ ᚋ∦ࡅ㣗‽ഛ ㈙࠸≀㣗‽ഛ ዎ⣙࣭ὴ㐵 ࡑࡢ ↓⫋ 0.173 --- -0.089 --- 0.408 † 0.020 --- -0.091 --- -0.233 --- -0.355 --- -0.878 *** Ὑ℆㣗‽ഛ 0.148 --- -0.193 --- 0.703 ** 0.135 --- ᤲ㝖㣗‽ഛ 0.362 * -0.272 --- 0.873 *** 0.684 *** *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 ࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖẚࡋ࡚ࠕ↓⫋ࠖ࠾࠸࡚㸦ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࢆᇶ‽ ࡋࡓࡁࡢ㸧ኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࢀ௨እࡢᑵᴗᙧែ࠾࠸࡚ࡣᙳ㡪ࡀほᐹࡉࢀ ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸦ᅗ 1 ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺㸧 ࠕࡑࡢࠖ ࠕ↓⫋ࠖ࠾࠸࡚ኵࡼࡿࠕ㈙ 66 ࠸≀ࠖࡢ㈉⊩ᗘࡀẚ㍑ⓗ㧗࠸ࡇࡼࡿࡀࠊጔࡀ↓⫋࡛࠶ࡿࡇኵࡢാࡁ᪉ࡢ┦㛵㸦୧ ⪅ࡶᘬ㏥ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠊ࡞㸧ࡀఱࡽࡢᙧ࡛ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡿᙳ㡪ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࠸ ࡎࢀࡋࢁጔࡀࠕᖖ㞠⏝ࠖࡢࢣ࣮ࢫẚ࡚ࠊࠕࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ࠖࠕὴ㐵࣭ዎ⣙ࠖࠕࡑࡢࠖ ࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖ㛵ࡍࡿኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡀࢃ ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡶጔࡀࠕᖖ㞠⏝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇࡼࡿほᐹࡉࢀࡓᙳ㡪ࡣ㐌࠶ࡓ ࡾ 1 ᅇ௨ୗࡢ㢖ᗘ࡛࠶ࡾࠊዪᛶࡢᑵᴗᙧែࡀ࣮ࣝࢸࣥⓗᐙ㠀࣮ࣝࢸࣥⓗᐙࡢ㈇ ᢸᕪ࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣࡑࢀࡁࡃࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠼ࡼ࠺ࠋ ḟጔࡢ㐌࠶ࡓࡾປാ㛫ࢆ࣓ࣥࡢㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡋࡓ᥎ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⾲ 5 ᥖ㍕ࡍࡿࠋࣛ ࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡼࡗ࡚᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓಀᩘࡢ୍⮴ᛶࢆ᳨ᐃࡍࡿࣁ࢘ࢫ᳨࣐ࣥᐃࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ ୍⮴ᛶࢆᲠ༷ࡋࡓࡀࠊಶูຠᯝㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡢ┦㛵ࡣ-0.002 ᑠࡉࡃ㸦⾲ࡣ㠀ᥖ㍕㸧ࠊࡲࡓ ᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞್ࡢᕪࡣᖹᆒࡋ࡚ 0.002 ࡼࡾᑠࡉ࠸ࡓࡵࠊᅇࡣࡇࡇ࡛ࡶࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝࣔࢹࣝࡢ⤖ ᯝࢆࡳ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡍࡿࠋ ⤖ᯝࢆศࡾࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊጔປാ㛫ᐙ㈇ᢸ㢖ᗘᕪࡢ᥎ᐃ್ࢆᅗ 3 ࣉࣟࢵ ࢺࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋጔࡢ㐌࠶ࡓࡾປാ㛫ࡀ 0 ࡢࡁࡢࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࡢ㢖ᗘᕪࢆ 0 ࡋࡓࡁࡢ ್࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 2 ྠࡌࡃࠊ ࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖࠕᤲ㝖ࠖ࠾࠸࡚యⓗኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ᗘࡀ㧗ࡃࠊ ᐙ㈇ᢸࡢᛶูศᴗࡀࡇࡇ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ☜ㄆ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ᅗ 3 ጔປാ㛫ࡼࡿᐙ㈇ᢸ㢖ᗘᕪࡢኚ ḟጔࡢປാ㛫ࡢᙳ㡪ࡢస⏝࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡲࡎࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࠕ࠶ࡓ࡙ࡅࠖࠕὙ ℆ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊጔࡢປാ㛫ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ࡣᮇᚅ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࡀศ ࡿࠋࡇࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊጔࡢປാ㛫ࡀ㛗࠸ኵࡢ㈉⊩ࡀ ከࡵほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊጔࡢປാ㛫ࡀ 10 㛫ቑ࠼ࡿࠊ㐌࠶ࡓࡾ࠾ࡼ ࡑ 0.27 ᅇศࡢኵ㈇ᢸࢆぢ㎸ࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ ࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⾲ 2 ࡢ᥎ᐃ࡛ࡶぢࡽࢀ ࡓࡼ࠺ጔࡀാ࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ሙྜኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ㠀⥺ᙧຠᯝࡀ┠❧ࡘࠋ 67 ࡑࢀ࡛ࡶጔࡢປാ㛫ࡀ 40 㛫ࢆ㉺࠼ࡿ࠶ࡓࡾࡽᚎࠎኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈇ᢸࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡿࠋ ⾲ 5 ᐙ㈇ᢸ㢖ᗘᕪࢆ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘࡋࡓᅇᖐࣔࢹࣝࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝ㸦ጔປാ㛫ࣔࢹࣝ㸧 ᅛᐃຠᯝ ࣛࣥࢲ࣒ຠᯝ 㣗‽ഛ (ref) ᚋ∦ࡅ -0.528 *** -0.529 *** ㈙࠸≀ -2.724 *** -2.735 *** Ὑ℆ -0.346 *** -0.347 *** ᤲ㝖 -1.478 *** -1.489 *** (ref) ጔປാ㛫㸦༢㸸10 㛫㸧 -0.057 ጔປാ㛫 -0.029 *** ጔປാ㛫× ᚋ∦ࡅ 0.020 ㈙࠸≀ 0.398 Ὑ℆ -0.031 ᤲ㝖 -0.269 0.020 *** 0.404 *** -0.268 *** -0.046 *** -0.033 *** ጔປാ㛫× ᚋ∦ࡅ 0.000 ㈙࠸≀ -0.045 Ὑ℆ 0.007 ᤲ㝖 0.028 0.000 *** 0.008 * 0.028 * ᛶูศᴗែᗘ -0.140 *** ⏨ᛶࢲ࣑࣮ -0.313 *** ጔᖺ㱋 0.021 *** ධᕪ㸦ኵጔ㸧 0.104 *** 0.221 *** ኵປാ㛫㸦༢㸸10 㛫㸧 6 ṓᮍ‶Ꮚࡶ࠶ࡾࢲ࣑࣮ -0.054 ᏛṔ ኵࡶጔࡶ㠀༞ (ref) ኵ㠀༞࣭ጔ༞ -0.308 * ኵ༞࣭ጔ㠀༞ -0.175 † ኵࡶጔࡶ༞ -0.505 *** ษ∦ F ್㸦⮬⏤ᗘ㸧㸭 㸦⮬⏤ᗘ㸧 5.745 *** 4.420 *** 236.79 (12,12174) *** 3367.41(23) *** ⣭ෆ┦㛵ಀᩘ 0.478 ࢣ࣮ࢫᩘ㸦ᅇ⟅⪅ᩘ㸧 15289(3103) *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 68 0.362 15289(3103) 㸳㸬⪃ᐹࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ ௨ୖࡢศᯒ⤖ᯝࡀࠊᅗ 1 ࡛♧ࡋࡓ⌮ㄽࣔࢹࣝࡢࢀ㏆࠸ࡢࢆ⪃ᐹࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋᐙ ㈇ᢸࡢኵ፬㛫㢖ᗘᕪࡣࠊᐙ㡯┠ጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡢ୧᪉ࡼࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊほᐹࡉࢀ ࡓ⤖ᯝࡣᅗ 1 ࡢ C ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ D ㏆࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡀศࡿࠋࡕࡽࡢ᪉ࡀㄝ᫂ຊࡀ㧗࠸࡛ ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓಀᩘࢆぢࡿࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠸࠸࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡍࡿࡓ ࡵࠊᕪ㡯ࢆྵࡲ࡞࠸ࣔࢹࣝࢆ OLS ᥎ᐃࡋࠊࡑࡇࡽᐙ㡯┠ࢲ࣑࣮ࢆ㝖࠸ࡓሙྜጔ ࡢാࡁ᪉ࢆ㝖࠸ࡓሙྜࡢㄝ᫂ຊࡢపୗࢆẚ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺ࠋ ࡲࡎጔᑵᴗᙧែᐙ㡯┠ࢆධࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝࡢỴᐃಀᩘࡣ 0.16 ࡔࡀࠊࡇࡇࡽጔᑵᴗᙧែ ኚᩘࢆ㝖ࡃỴᐃಀᩘࡣ 93.1%࡞ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᐙ㡯┠ࢆ㝖ࡃ 41.6%࡞ࡿࠋḟጔ ປാ㛫ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ୧᪉ࢆධࢀࡓࣔࢹࣝࡣỴᐃಀᩘࡀ 0.162 ࡔࡀࠊጔປാ㛫ࢆ㝖ࡃ 92.2%ࠊᐙ㡯┠ࢆ㝖ࡃ 41.2%࡞ࡿࠋ௨ୖࡽࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉ᐙ㡯┠ࡢ୧᪉ࡀኵ፬ ࡢᐙศᢸ㈇ᢸᕪᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࡑࡢᙳ㡪ࡢࡁࡉ㸦ṧᕪศᩓࢆῶࡽࡍᗘྜ࠸㸧 ࡣᐙ㡯┠ࡢ᪉ࡀಸ௨ୖࡁ࠸ࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶࠊປാᐙࡢ࠶࠸ࡔࡢᛶ ูศᴗ୪ࢇ࡛ᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡀࡣࡗࡁࡾᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ࠸࠼ࡿࡔࢁ ࠺ࠋ ḟస⏝ຠᯝࠊࡘࡲࡾጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡼࡿᐙ㡯┠ࡈࡢኵࡢ㈉⊩ࡢᕪ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ᕪ㡯ࢆ㏣ຍࡍࡿࡇ࡛ᚓࡽࢀࡿ㏣ຍࡢỴᐃಀᩘࡣጔᑵᴗᙧែࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ 3.5%ࠊጔປാ㛫 ࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ 3.4%࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㏣ຍࡢศᩓㄝ᫂ຊࡣᑠࡉ࠸ࠋࡣ࠸࠼ࠊస⏝ຠᯝࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ ඹ⥺ᛶࡼࡿศᩓ⦰ᑠࡢᙳ㡪ࡶ࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊỴᐃಀᩘࡔࡅࢆぢ࡚㏣ຍࡢㄝ᫂ຊࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡇ ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿᥎ᐃࡉࢀࡓಀᩘࡽࡳࡿࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡢຠᯝࡢᐙ㡯┠ࡈ ࡢᕪࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶᑠࡉ࠸ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡍ࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓ࠾ࡾࠊጔࡀࠕᖖ㞠⏝࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ ࡇకࡗ࡚ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖ㛵ࡋ࡚ᐙ㈇ᢸࡀᖹ➼ࡍࡿᗘྜ࠸ẚ࡚ࠊ ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖ㈇ᢸࡀ ᖹ➼ࡍࡿᗘྜ࠸ࡣ 1.2 ಸ㸦ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ẚ㸧ࡽ 1.6 ಸ㸦ࠕࡑࡢࠖẚ㸧࡞ࡿࠋ㐌 ࠶ࡓࡾᅇᩘ⟬ࡍࡿ 0.36 ᅇࡽ 0.87 ᅇᚲࡎࡋࡶ㏣ຍศࡣከࡃࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ ࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢቑຍศࡀࡑࡶࡑࡶᑠࡉ࠸࠸࠺ࡇࡶ࠶ࡾࠊ┦ᑐⓗࡣࡸࡣࡾࡇࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ↓ど ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀࠕ⏨ᛶⓗ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡇࡼࡿኵࡢ┦ᑐⓗ㈉⊩ࡢቑຍࡣࠊࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖ ࠕ࠶ࡓ࡙ࡅࠖ ࠕὙ℆ࠖࡼࡾࡶࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡸࠕ㈙࠸≀ࠖ࠾࠸࡚ࡼࡾࡁࡃほᐹࡉࢀࡓࠋࡘ ࡲࡾࠊጔࡀࡼࡾከࡃാࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡿኵ፬ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᐙ㡯┠ࡢኵ፬㛫㈇ᢸᕪࢆ㸦㐌࠶ ࡓࡾ⣙ 0.9 ᅇศ㸧ᑠࡉࡃࡍࡿࡀࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ᐙࡼࡾࡶᤲ㝖ࡸ㈙࠸≀࠸ࡗࡓࢫ࢟ࣝࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ せㄳࡉࢀ࡞࠸ᐙ࡛ࡑࡢഴྥࡀᙉࡗࡓࠊ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋጔປാ㛫ᐙ㡯┠ࡢ స⏝ຠᯝࢆࡳ࡚ࡶྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ഴྥࢆほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࠋጔປാ㛫ࡀቑ࠼࡚ࡶࠕ㣗‽ഛࠖࠕ࠶ ࡓ࡙ࡅࠖ ࠕὙ℆ࠖࡢኵࡼࡿ㈉⊩㢖ᗘࡣኚࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࢀẚ࡚ࠕᤲ㝖ࠖࡸࠕ㈙࠸ ≀ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣኵࡀవศᡭఏ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡵࡿࠊࡲࡎᐙ㈇ᢸࡢࡁࡉࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿຠᯝࡢࡁࡉࡣࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡈࡢᛶูศ 69 㞳ࡢ᪉ࡀጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡼࡾࡶࡁ࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᐙࡢᛶูศ㞳ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓࠋḟࠊኵࡣጔࡢാ ࡁ᪉ࡢ㐪࠸ᛂࡌ࡚ᐙ㡯┠ࡢ㐪࠸ࢃࡽࡎ㈉⊩ᗘࢆቑࡸࡍࡀࠊኵࡀ㏣ຍⓗᡭఏ࠺ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡿᐙࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᐙࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡉࡽࡑࡢ㈉⊩ࡣጔࡀ᪥ᖖⓗ⾜ࢃ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᐙࡘ࠸࡚࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡲࡾࢫ࢟ࣝࢆᚲせࡏࡎࠊ㐌ᮎ࡞ࡲࡵ࡚ ⾜࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿᐙࡘ࠸࡚ከࡵࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋᮏ◊✲ࡢࣥࣉࣜࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥㄢ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠾ࡇ࠺ࠋᐙ㢖ᗘࡢኵ፬ᕪ ࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿせᅉࡋ࡚ᐙ㡯┠ࡀࡁ࡞ྜࢆ༨ࡵࡓ㸦ᐙ㈇ᢸࡢ㢧ⴭ࡞ᛶูศ㞳ࡀほᐹ ࡉࢀࡓ㸧࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊ⏨ዪ㛫࡛ᐙࢫ࢟ࣝࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡓࡵศᴗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࠊ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣኵ፬ࡢാࡁ᪉ࡽࡋ࡚ጔࡢ᪉ࡀ᪥ᖖⓗ࡞ᐙࢆ㐙⾜ࡋࡸࡍ࠸࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿ ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡁᐙ㡯┠ඹ㏻ࡋࡓኵࡢ㈉⊩ࡢ㏣ຍࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡇ ࠊࡑࢀຍ࠼࡚ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆせࡋ࡞࠸ᐙࡘ࠸࡚㏣ຍࡢ㈉⊩ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࡇࡽ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࢫ࢟ࣝ㐙⾜ࡋࡸࡍࡉࡢ୧ഃ㠃ࡀేᏑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿุ᩿࡛ࡁࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ᐙࢆࡼࡾᖹ➼ศᢸࡍࡿࡣࠊዪᛶࡀࡼࡾከࡃാࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡁ⏨ᛶࡀዪᛶࡀ࠸ ࡘࡶࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᐙࢆୖᡭࡃࠕ࢝ࣂ࣮࡛ࠖࡁࡿ࠺ࡀࡦࡘࡢ㘽࡞ࡿࠋ≉ዪᛶࡀ ᖖ㞠⏝࡞ࡿࠊ㣗ࡢ‽ഛ࠸ࡗࡓ࣮ࣝࢸࣥⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢࢫ࢟ࣝࢆせࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ᐙࡘ࠸࡚⏨ᛶࡀ㈉⊩࡛ࡁࡿ࠺ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅇࡢศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ ࡢࡣࠊዪᛶࡢാࡁ᪉ᛂࡌࡓ⏨ᛶࡢᐙ㈉⊩ࡢቑຍࡣࠊࡴࡋࢁࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ࠶ࡲࡾせࡏࡎࠊ㐌 ᮎࡲࡵ࡚⾜࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᐙࠊࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᤲ㝖࠾࠸࡚ࡼࡾከࡃぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࠊ ⏨ᛶࡀᐙࢆ㏣ຍⓗ㈇ᢸࡍࡿ㝿ࠊࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ࡞ࡉࡀ㞀ᐖ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᐙ㡯┠ࡸጔࡢാࡁ᪉ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ࡞ࡾᙉ࠸ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊయࡋ࡚ጔࡀࢇࡢ ᐙࢆᘬࡁཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿᐇࡁ࡞ኚࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᅇࡢ◊✲ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ጔ೫ࡗࡓᐙ㈇ᢸ ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶኵࡀ㸦ᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ㸧ᐙ㈉⊩ࡍࡿせᅉࡣఱࠊ࠸ࡗࡓほⅬࡽࡢศ ᯒ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡇࡣᛀࢀ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ ୖグ㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡀࠊᐙࡢኵ፬㈇ᢸᕪࡣጔഃᙉࡃ೫ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᨩ㡯ࡢṇつᛶࡢ๓ᥦ 㐪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ࠋㄝ᫂ኚᩘࢆᢞධࡋࡓ࠶ࡢṧᕪࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸦ᢞධࡍࡿ๓ࡢ ⿕ㄝ᫂ኚᩘẚ࡚㸧ࡁࡃ೫ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡓࡵᅇࡢ᥎ᐃ⤖ᯝࡢಙ㢗ᛶࡣᢸಖ ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ᥎ᐃࣔࢹࣝᨵၿࡢవᆅࡣ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࡢࡇࡣ ᚋࡢㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㹙ᩥ⊩㹛 Batalova, J. 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Maume, 2007, “Is Work-Family Policy Use Related to the Gendered Division of Housework?,” Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28: 527-45. Fuwa, M., 2004, “Macro-level Gender Inequality and the Division of Household Labor in 22 Countries,” The American Sociological Review, 69(6): 751-67. ◚㯞⣖Ꮚ࣭⟄῟ஓ㸪2010㸪 ࠕᐙศᢸᑐࡍࡿබᖹឤࡢᅜ㝿ẚ㍑ศᯒࠖ ࠗᐙ᪘♫Ꮫ◊✲࠘22(1): 52-63㸬 Geist, C., 2005, “The Welfare State and the Home: Regime Differences in the Domestic Division of Labour,” European Sociological Review, 21(1): 23-41. Hausman, J. A., 1978, “Specification Tests in Econometrics,” Econometrica, 46: 1251-71. ✄ⴥⱥ㸪2010㸪ࠕNFRJ08 ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ≉ᛶ:ணഛᶆᮏ࣭ᅇ⋡࣭᭷㓄അ⋡ࠖࠗᐙ᪘♫Ꮫ◊✲࠘22(2): 226-31㸬 ᮧ⾜ఙ㸪2005㸪ࠗࣃࢿࣝࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ࠘ᒾἼ᭩ᗑ㸬 ᯇ⏣ⱱᶞ㸪2000㸪ࠕኵࡢᐙ࣭⫱ඣཧຍࡢつᐃせᅉࠖࠗᖺሗ♫Ꮫㄽ㞟࠘13: 134-45㸬 ̿̿̿̿㸪2004㸪ࠕ⏨ᛶࡢᐙཧຍ:ᐙཧຍࢆつᐃࡍࡿせᅉࠖΏ㎶⚽ᶞ࣭✄ⴥⱥ࣭ᔱᓮᑦᏊ⦅ࠗ⌧௦ᐙ ᪘ ࡢᵓ㐀ኚᐜ:ᅜᐙ᪘ㄪᰝ [NFRJ98] ࡼࡿィ㔞ศᯒ࠘ᮾிᏛฟ∧㸪175-89㸬 ᯇ⏣ⱱᶞ࣭㕥ᮌᚁ⏨㸪2002㸪ࠕኵ፬ࡢປാ㛫ᐙ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀ : ♫⏕άᇶᮏㄪᰝࡢಶ⚊ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ⏝࠸ ࡓኵ ፬ࡢᐙ㛫ࡢつᐃせᅉศᯒࠖࠗᐙ᪘♫Ꮫ◊✲࠘13(2)(2): 73-84㸬 ỌᬡᏊ㸪2010㸪ࠕNFRJ08 ᅇ⟅⪅ࡢᇶᮏᒓᛶࠖࠗᐙ᪘♫Ꮫ◊✲࠘22(2): 232-7㸬 Noonan, M. 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McTague, 2006, “Documenting Desegregation: Segregation in American Workplaces by Race, Ethnicity, and Sex, 1966-2003,” American Sociological Review, 71(4): 56-88. 71 Tsutsui, J., 2005, “Relative Resource or Available Time?: The Analysis of the Japanese Household Division of Labor through Multiple Models,” Nenpo Shakaigaku Ronshu, 18: 170-80. Wooldridge, J., 2002, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. ♩Ꮚ㸪2002㸪 ࠕࢣࠕබඹ㡿ᇦ/ᐙෆ㡿ᇦࠖ:ࢪ࢙ࣥࢲ࣮࣭ࢹࣥࢸࢸࡢどⅬࡽࠖ ࠗᏘหᐙィ⤒ ῭◊✲࠘56: 11-21㸬 72 Gender Segregation of Housework in Japan: An Analysis using NFRJ08 Junya TSUTSUI Ritsumeikan University Most existing research on household labor have adopted a procedure where sums of couple’s frequency or time devoted to housework are used to measure husbands’ and wives’ contribution and are regressed on their working hours or gender attitudes. Whether there are differences among each type of housework, however, has not gathered reasonable attention. Couples’ contributions to housework may be significantly varied by type of housework. In this paper an alternative answer to the conventional question, “why the equalization of housework responsibilities among couples has not been achieved?”, is proposed by analyzing differing housework contribution in couples by the types of housework and wives’ working styles, as well as their interaction effects. Estimation results using NFRJ08 informs that there is a significant variation in couple’s housework contribution by types of housework. It also provides a fact that although a full-time working wife, compared to a wife who works part-time, receives about on average one additional aid for each housework, the additional frequencies of each housework varies: husbands tend to put more effort to housework that needs less skill and needs to be done on daily bases. An implications by these analyses is that in order to achieve more egalitarian allocation of housework in Japan, men may has to be more trained in doing skilled, daily housework like preparing meals. Key words and phrases: housework, sexual division of labor, gender segregation 73 74
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