➨ 8 ᅇసᴗ⛉Ꮫబ⸨๛グᛕㅮ₇㸦2004 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 23 ᪥㸧 㛫ሙᡤసᴗ㸸⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⏕άࡢࡽ࠼᪉ࢆᙧసࡿࡶࡢ Time, Space, and Occupation: Interactions Shaping our Perceptions of Life Ruth Zemke, OTR, FAOTA ༡࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᏛ࣭ྡᩍᤵ ఀ⸨㈗௦Ꮚ࣭ᮧ┿⏤⨾㸦ㆤ⪁ேಖタ ឡ⤖ࡢ⾤㸧 ࣭ྜྷᕝࡦࢁࡳ㸦┴❧ᗈᓥᏛ㸧┘ヂ ࡇࡢㅮ₇ࡣࢫ࣮ࣞࢢࣝㅮ₇ࢆᅵྎࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᮏ✏ࡶḟࡢᩥ⊩ᇶ࡙࠸࡚సᡂࡋࡓࠋZemke R: The 2004 Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture: Time, Space, and the Kaleidoscopes of Occupation. Amer J Occup Ther 58 (6), 608-620, 2004. ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᪥ᖖࡢసᴗࡣ㛫✵㛫ࡢ୰࡛⏕ࡌࡿࡀ㸪సᴗࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿୖ࡛ࡣఏ⤫ⓗእⓗ⎔ቃࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࡚㛫 ✵㛫ࢆࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬సᴗࡢࠕ࠸ࡘࠖ ࠕࡇ࡛ࠖ࠸࠺ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪㛫ࡸ✵㛫సᴗࡢෆ ⓗ⤒㦂ࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࡣ㸪ಶேࡗ࡚ࡢព௨ୖࡢࡶࡢ࡛㸪ࡼࡾ」㞧࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿ㸬⳹㙾ࡢ୰ࡢ࢞ࣛ ࢫࡢከᵝ࡞ᑠ∦ࡢࡼ࠺㸪సᴗࡢከࡃࡢせ⣲ࡀ┦㛵㐃ࡍࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㑅ᢥࢆᫎࡋ㸪ᖖኚࡍࡿ㸪᪥ࠎࡢ సᴗࡢ」㞧࡞ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀぢฟࡉࢀࡿ㸬ᗣࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓࡾᅇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡶࡗࡶ㔜せ࡞సᴗࡢせ⣲㸪Ṕྐⓗ ⚾ࡓࡕࡀసᴗࢆぢ࡚ࡁࡓ୰࡛ࡢ㙾ࣞࣥࢬࡣ㸪సᴗ⒪ἲ࠾ࡅࡿࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆኚࡉࡏ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡀ⮬ศ ⮬㌟ࢆ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢᐇ㊶ࢆ࠺ぢࡿ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿ┦ᡭࡗ࡚ࡣ࠺࠸࠺ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆኚ ࡉࡏ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᓫ㧗ࡉᛮ㆟ࡉࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ⳹㙾ࡢࡼ࠺㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣసᴗ⒪ἲࡢ⛉Ꮫ㸦science㸧 ᢏ㸦art㸧ࢆ⼥ྜࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬 ㉁ࡢせ⣲ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪≀㉁ᑐࡋ࡚ኚ࠼ࡽࢀࡿ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ 㛫✵㛫ࡣ㸪Ᏹᐂ㸪㐍ㄽⓗ࡞ࡇࡽே㛫⮳ ࣮㸪ࡘࡲࡾศᏊἼືࡢ୧᪉ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⏕ࡲ ࡿࡲ࡛㸪ከࡃࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬Ᏹᐂࡢ㛫 ࡛ࡉࡢࡰࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ✵㛫ࡣኳᆅ᭷ࡢ㉳※ࡢ≀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㐍ㄽⓗ࡞ Einstein㸦ࣥࢩࣗࢱࣥ㸧ࡢᏱᐂㄽࡣ㸪ጞࡲࡾࡀ 㛫✵㛫ࡣ㸪ᆅ⌫ୖࡢ⏕Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕ࡁ≀ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ 㛫㸪✵㛫㸪≀㉁㸪࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡢㄪ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆᥦ ࡿ㸬ே㛫ࡢ㛫✵㛫ࡣே㛫ࡢ⏕άࡢ㐣⛬ࡸάືࡢ୰ ၐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸸㢮⛥࡞ࡇ㸪ᚤᑠ࡞✵㛫Ⅼ㸪ᚤᑠ࡞▐ ࡛⌮ゎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Tuan, 1977, pp.132-134㸧㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀ㸪 㛫ࡣ࡚㸹࡚ࢮࣟࡢࡁࡉ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬⣙ 150 ൨ᖺ๓ ⚾ࡓࡕࡢసᴗࢆぢࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪␗࡞ ࡣ㸪Ᏹᐂ㸪✵㛫㸪≀㉁㸪࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡣ㸪⮬↛ືⓗ࡞ ࡗࡓ⳹㙾ࡢ㙾ࡢ୍ᘧࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡗ ࡶࡢ࡞ࡾ㸪㛫ඹᣑࡍࡿ㸪 ࠕ₻ࡢὶᮌࡢࡼ࠺ ࡓᅗ⤊ࢃࡿࡀ㸪࡚ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࢹࢨࣥࡗ࡚ 㐠ࡤࢀࡓ≀㉁࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ✵㛫ࡢ୰ࡢࠕࣅࢵࢢࣂࣥࠖ࠸ సᴗࡢᇶ♏࡞ࡿせ⣲ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࠺ 㸪 ↝ ࡅ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ⇕ ࠸ ⅆ ࡢ ⋢ ࡢ ୰࡛ እ ◚ ࡋ ࡓ 㸦Veneziano, 2004, p.56㸧㸬ⅆࡢ⋢ࡀᣑࡋ㸪෭ࡵࡓࡁ㸪 Ᏹᐂࡢ㛫✵㛫 ᑠࡉ࡞ளཎᏊ⢏ᏊࡀཎᏊྜయࡋࡓ㸬୍⯡ⓗ࡞┦ᑐᛶ Ᏹᐂ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㛫✵㛫ࡣ㸪ே㢮ࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞ㄽⅬ ⌮ㄽࡢ᪉⛬ᘧ࡛࠶ࡿ Einstein ࡢ⌮ㄽࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫ࡢ ࢆ⧊ࡾࡐࡓ࡚ࡢᩥࡢ୰࡛㸪Paul Gauguin ࡀ 1897 ୧⪅ࢆྵࢇࡔ 4 ḟඖࡢᗄఱᏛᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡓ㸬㔜ຊࡣ㸪 ᖺᥥ࠸ࡓࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡇࡽ᮶ࡓࡢ㸽⚾ࡓࡕࡣఱ ≀㉁᥋㏆ࡋ࡚㛫㸫✵㛫ࡢ㐃⥆యࡢ୰࡛‴᭤ࡍࡿ㸪 㸽⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡇྥ࠺ࡢ㸽ࠖ࠸࠺ࡇ௦⾲ ᭤ࡀࡗࡓ㸬ཎᏊࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺㖟Ἑ⣔ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ဴᏛ⪅ࡸ⚄Ꮫ⪅ࡼࡾ⏘ࡳฟࡉࢀࡓ㸬⚾ 㔜ຊࡢάືࡢୗ࡛ేྜࡉࢀࡓ㸬࠸ࡃࡘࡢᫍࡣᝨᫍࡢ ࡓࡕࡢჾᐁ㸪ࢹࣥࢸࢸ㸪㐠㸪Ᏹᐂ⤖ࡧࡘ ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆⓎ⌧ࡉࡏ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᝨᫍࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡣ㸦⚾ ࠸ࡓே㛫ࡢᴫᛕ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࢆㄌ⏕㸪⏕㸪Ṛࡀᥥࢀࡓ ࡓࡕࡀ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ୍ࡘࡣ㸧⏕ࢆⓎ⌧ࡉࡏ ⤮ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ே㛫ࡣ㛫✵㛫ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪ୡ௦ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪 ࡓ㸬 ື≀ࡢ♽ඛ㸪᪩ᮇࡢ⏕≀యࡢᙧែࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪Ᏹᐂࡢ≀ −- 29 29 − 㐍ㄽⓗ࡞㛫✵㛫 㐍ㄽⓗ࡞㛫ࢆΏࡾ㸪⎔ቃ㐺ᛂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛㸪 ື≀ࡢ✀ࡣ㛫✵㛫ࢆ㉺࠼࡚✀ࡢಶᩘࡢኚືࡽ⮬ ↛Ὲửࢆ㏻ࡋࡓ㐺ᛂ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬Einstein ࡢ⢭⚄ Ⓨ㐩⌮ㄽ㸦1987, 1989, 1992㸧ࡣ㸪ಶࠎࡢ⬻ࡢ㐺ᛂࡣ㸪 㑅ᢥ㐣⛬ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪ࡇࡢሙྜ㸪⬻ࡢ⚄⤒⣽⬊ࡢಶᩘࡢ ከᵝᛶࡽ㑅ࡤࢀࡓࡇࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⏕ࡌࡓࡇࢆࡶᥦၐ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᙼࡣ㸪ಶయࡢᴫᛕࡢ▐㛫ࡽ㸪㛫✵㛫 ࡣศ㸪⛣ື㸪⤌⧊ࡋࡓ㸪⣽⬊㞟ᅋࡢᙧᡂࢆỴᐃ ࡍࡿᣦࡋࡓ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢಶయࡣ㸪Ⓨ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⣽⬊㸪 ⫾ⱆ㸪⫾ඣࡢ㛫ⓗ㸪✵㛫ⓗ࡞Ṕྐࡼࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡉࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⬻⣽⬊ࡢึᮇࡢࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᇶ♏ࢢ ࣮ࣝࣉࡣ㸪⎔ቃⓗ࡞㛫✵㛫ಶࠎࡢ┦స⏝ࢆ㏻ ࡋ࡚ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᙧᡂࡣ㸪⚄⤒⣔ࢩࢼࣉࢫࡢᙧᡂ ቑᙉࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⏕ࡌࡿ㸬㐃⥆ࡋࡓ่⃭ࡣ㸪㐃⥆ⓗ⤌ ⧊ࡉࢀ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᭱ึࡢ㛫✵㛫ࡢㄆ㆑࡞ࡿኚ ࡢㄆ㆑ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡢࡣࠊ⚄⤒⣽⬊ࡢ␗࡞ࡗࡓࣃࢱ࣮ ࣥࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍሙᡤࡢ୰࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⚄⤒⣽⬊ࡢ㐃 ⤖ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࢆྲྀࡾᕳࡃୡ⏺ࡢ⤒㦂ࡢࠕ࣮࣐ࣟ࢝ࣝࢵ ࣉࠖ Edelman ࡀࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡶࡢࢆᙧసࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇ ࢀࡽࡢ࣮࣐ࣟ࢝ࣝࢵࣉࡣ㸪⎔ቃே㛫ࡀసᴗⓗࡋࡗ ࡾ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿឤぬ㸪ࡘࡲࡾ⎔ቃࡀ㛫✵㛫 ඹᐦ᥋⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽ᮶ࡿ่⃭ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛ ࠶ࡾ㸪ඹ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ⚄⤒⣽⬊ࡢ㞟ᅋ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ ࢀࡽࡢ࣮࣐ࣟ࢝ࣝࢵࣉࡢ㞟ᅋࡋ࡚ࡢ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⤒㦂ࡢ ᐇࡢ⚄⤒⣽⬊ࡢᆅᅗࡣ㸪ḟ➨యⓗ࡞ᆅᅗࢆ⤌⧊ ࡋ㸪ᙧసࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕≀ࡢෆእࡢ⌧ᐇࡢ ᆅᅗࡣ㸪⮬ᕫࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ࡶࡢࢆㄆ㆑ࡉࡏጞࡵࡿ㸬 ࡑࢀࡣ㸪⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛ࡢ⾜ືࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ⎔ቃࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸪 㛫✵㛫ࡢ୰ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬 Paul MacLean㸦๓ NIMH ⬻⾜ື◊✲ᐊᐊ㛗㸧ࡣ㸪 ୕ࡘࡢ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ୕㒊㛛ࡋ࡚ࡢே㛫ࡢ⬻ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ Ⓨᒎࡉࡏࡓ㸦Jacob, 2003; MaClean, 1978㸧㸬୕ࡘࡢ⬻ࡣ㸪 ྂ௦ࡢ∐㢮ࡢ⬻㸦⬻ᖿ㸧㸪ྂ࠸့ங㢮ࡢື⬻㸦⬻ ㎶⦕య㸧㸪ࠕࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᭱ୖࠖࡋ࡚Ⓨ㐩ࡋࡓ㧗ḟ့ ங㢮ࡢ⬻᪂⓶㉁࠸࠺㐍ㄽⓗࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ ゎ ๗ Ꮫ ⓗ ᵓ 㐀 ࡢ ⌮ ゎ ࢆ ຓ ࡅ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ 㸪 Orstein Thompson㸦1984㸧ࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡲࡲࡾࡀ࡞ࡃ㸪ఱᖺࡶ ࡅ࡚ࡅ㊊ࡋࡀࡉࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡞ᐙࢆീࡍࡿࡼ࠺ồࡵ ࡓ㸬ࡑࢀࡣᑐ↷ⓗ㸪Caine Caine㸦1991㸧ࡣ㸪୕ ࡘࡢே㛫ࡢ⬻ࡢ」㞧࡞ᶵ⬟ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪୍⥴ ఫࡳ㸪୍⥴ാ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ 3 ேࡢᐙ᪘⪃࠼ࡿࡇࢆᥦ ࡋࡓ㸬⚾ࡣ㸪3 ேࡢጜጒࡢ⬻ᐙ᪘ࡋ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇ ࡀዲࡁࡔ㸬 ୍␒ୖࡢጜ㸪⬻ᖿࡢ࣋ࢸࡣ⥔ᣢࡢᢸᙜ࡛࠶ࡿ㸸㣗 ≀ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ㸪ᗫᲠ≀ࢆᤞ࡚㸪⯡ࡢᏳಖ㞀࠼㸪 ఫࡴሙᡤࢆᛌ㐺ࡍࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ↓ព㆑ࡢ࠺ࡕᶵ⬟ࡋ㸪 ⛛ᗎᏳಖ㞀ࢆឡࡋ㸪ኚ᪂ወࡉࡣᢠࡍࡿ㸬 ᙼዪࡀᛶ࠼ࡿࡁࡣ㸪⦾Ṫࡢࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ Ỵࡋ࡚⪅⮬ศࡢఫࡴᐙࢆศࡅ࡚⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡣ࡞ ࠸㸬ᙼዪࡢୡ⏺ࡢ୰࡛ࡣ㸪㛫ࡣ࡛㸪ሙᡤࡣࡇࡇ࡞ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣゝㄒࢆࢃࡎ㸪࡚ࡶ㟼࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࣋ࢸ㸦ึᮇࡢே㛫㸧ࡣ㸪┤᥋ⓗୡ⏺ἐ㢌ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟እ㒊ࡢ༊ูࡀࢇ࡞࠸ࡓ ࡵ㸪ᐈほⓗᐇᅾࡣ࠶ࡾࡑ࠺ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦Jacob, 2003, p. 13㸧㸬ࡇࡢ༊ูࡣ㸪 Edelman ࡀ⪃࠼ࡿໟᣓⓗ࡞ᆅᅗ㸪 ព㆑ࡢጞࡲࡾ㸦㠀⮬ᕫ⮬ᕫࡢ༊ู㸪⮬ᕫ㠀⮬ᕫࡢ ቃ⏺ࡢⓎ㐩㸪ෆእ㸪ᴫᛕࡢⓎ㐩㸪ᢳ㇟ᴫᛕ㸪⮬ᕫࡢ ୡ⏺ෆእࡢ㛫✵㛫ࡢ▱㆑ࡢ༊ศ㸧ࡼࡗ࡚సࡽࢀ ࡓ㸬 ⬻ᐙ᪘ࡢ 2 ␒┠ࡢጜࡣ㸪 ࠕ㐣ᩄ࡞᪂ୡ௦ࠖࢱࣉࡢዪ ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⬻㎶⦕⣔ࡢ࣮ࣝࢬ㸦㏻⛠࣮ࣝ㸧ࡣ㸪῝ ࡃ⥴ⓗ࡛㸪࣋ࢸࡀ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ᵝࠎ࡞㢦ࡸయࡢ⾲⌧࡛ ᙼዪࡢឤࢆศࡕྜ࠺㸬࣮ࣝࡣᥦᦠ㸪ᘧ㸪⚃㈡ࢆ ษࡍࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫㸪㐣ཤࡢ⤒㦂ࡽ⌧ ᅾࡢሙᡤឤࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ㛵ಀࡋࡓ⥴ࢆᣢࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬࣮ࣝࡣ㸪➇த༠ຊࡢ㛫ࢆᦂࡽ࠸࡛࠸ࡿ㸬ᙼ ዪࡢᛶ㛵ࡍࡿ↔Ⅼࡣ㸪࣐ࣟࣥࢳࢵࢡ࡞ឤ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ ࡣᢡࡢᣄ⤯ࡢ③ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ㞟ᅋࡽ㐲ࡊࡅࡽ ࢀࡿࡇ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㞟ᅋࡢ୰ࡢᡂဨࡸษ࡞ࠕ⪅ࠖ ࡢ⥴ⓗ࡞‶㊊ࡽษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆᜍࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࣮ࣝࡗ࡚㸪㛫ࡣ㐣ཤࡢឤᑗ᮶ࡢᏳࢆព ࡋ㸪✵㛫ࡣᙼዪࡀẼࡅ࡚࠸ࡿேࡸ≀㏆࡙ࡃ㸪 㐲ࡊࡿࡇࢆពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ᭱ࡶⱝࡃ㸪࡞ጒࡣ⬻᪂⓶㉁ࡢࢿ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ㸬ᙼ ዪࡣ⬻ᐙ᪘ࡢࡾ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪႐ࡧ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣゝㄒ ᢏ࡛㐀ⓗ࡞ᢏ⬟ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡉࡽ」㞧࡞⛉Ꮫⓗ ศᯒ㧗ḟࡢᢳ㇟ⓗᛮ⪃ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࢿࣝࡣព࠶ ࡿసᴗ㸪ᣮᡓ㸪᪂ወࡉ㸪่⃭ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ㸪 ㏥ᒅ㸪సᴗዣ㸪ࢆჃࡃ㸬ᙼዪࡢጜࡓࡕࡣᢡ㸪 ᙼዪࡀࡃ↓ព㆑࡛࠶ࡿࡇ㸪ෆ┬ⓗ࡛࡞࠸ࡇ㸪࠶ ࡿ࠸ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃࡶᙼዪࡀ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡓࡃࡉࢇㄒ ࡾࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ㢪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪እⓗୡ⏺ࡢឤ ぬࡸ⥴ⓗ࡞▱ぬࡣ㐪࠺ࡼ࠺㸪⬻᪂⓶㉁ࡢࢿࣝ ࡀෆⓗ㸪እⓗ⌧ᐇ㛫✵㛫ࡢ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢゎ㔘ࢆస ࡾୖࡆ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ㸪ᐙ᪘ࡢṔྐ㸪㐣ཤ㸪 ᙼዪࡓࡕࡀᏑᅾࡋࡓሙᡤࡢ㌶㊧ࢆᥥࡃࡀ㸪ከࡃࡣ⃭ࡋ ࡃᮍ᮶ᐙ᪘ࡢᐙᒇᩜࡀඖࡢሙᡤᡠࡿྍ⬟ᛶ↔Ⅼ ࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᙼዪࡣ⪅Ỵᐃࢆศࡕྜ࠺ࡅࢀ ࡶ㸪ᮍ᮶ࢆணࡋ㸪ィ⏬ࢆ❧࡚ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ㸪⬻ᐙ᪘ −- 30 30 − ࡳࢇ࡞࡛ィ⏬ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬ጜࡓࡕࡣࢿࣝ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࡾᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪࣮ࣝ ࡢ≧ἣᑐᛂࡍࡿ⥴ⓗ࡞⤫ไࡸ㸪࣋ࢸࢆ⮬⏤ࡉ ࡏࡿࡇᑐࡋ࡚ࠕࢩࣇࢺࢲ࢘ࣥࠖࡍࡿࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑ ࢀࡣ㸪ࡉḞࡅ㸪ᨷᧁⓗ࡞⾜ືࡀక࠺ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࢿࣝࡀỴࡲࡾษࡗࡓ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⩦័ⓗ࡞సᴗ㏥ᒅࡋ㸪 ព࠶ࡿసᴗࢆዣࢃࢀࡿ㸪࣮ࣝࡀᏳࡸࢫࢺࣞࢫࢆ ឤࡌࡿ㸪࣋ࢸࡢ㆙ሗჾࡀ㬆ࡾ㸪Ᏻࡀ⬣ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ⪅▱ࡽࡏࡿࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ㸟 ⬻᪂⓶㉁ࡢࢿࣝࡀ⏕ࡳฟࡍࣇࣝࢱ࣮ࡗ࡚ ࡚ࡶ⮬↛࡛࠶ࡿᢳ㇟ᴫᛕࡣ㸪ឤぬ▱ぬࡢࡓࡵࡢᴫᛕࡢ ௦⏝࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞┤᥋⤒㦂ࡢḞዴࡀᙼዪࢆ࠸ࡃ ࡽ⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࡢ᥋ゐࡽእࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬すὒᩥࡢ ே㛫ࡣ㸪ࢿࣝࡢࡼ࠺㸪⮬↛Ὲửࡢ୍㒊࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ඃ ✀ࡋ࡚⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆぢࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪 ⮬ᕫࢆ࡚ࡢ⪅ศࡅ࡚⪃࠼㸪ཧຍࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡼࡾ ࡣ⮬↛ୡ⏺ࢆほᐹࡋጞࡵࡓࡢࡔ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪⮬↛ ⪅࠸࠺≀ࢆ㸪⚾ࡓࡕ㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿ᭷⏝ࡉ┠ⓗ ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ぢጞࡵࡓࡢࡔ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣእࡢୡ⏺ࡋࡗ ࡾ⤖ࡧࡘ࠸࡚࠸ࡿᐇ㝿ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ㛢ࡵฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ ࡁࡿ㸬㐠㌿୰ࡸ୰㸪᪥୰ࣛࣛࡋ࡚᪥ἐࢆぢᦆ ࠺ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬⮬ศࡀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽ⮬ศࢆゎࡁ ᨺࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸹ࡑࡢ▐㛫㸪ࡑࡢሙᡤ㸪ࡑࡢసᴗࢆ ⤒㦂ࡋ㸪ࡑࡇ࠸ࡿࡇࡽ⮬ศࢆゎࡁᨺࡘ㸦Jacob, 2003, p.14, Langer, 1989㸧㸬 సᴗࡣ㸪ከࡃࡢ᪉ἲ࡛ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀ㸪㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࡑࢀࡣ㸪సᴗࡢእⓗほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿᛶ㉁ࢆᙉㄪࡋ㸪ேࡀ ẖ ᪥ ࡍ ࡿ ᬑ ㏻ ࡛ ࡞ ࡌ ࡳ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ 㸦 American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 1995㸧㸪άືࢆ ࡍࡿ࠸࠺⤒㦂㸦Pierce, 2001, 2003㸧ࢆᙉㄪࡋࡓࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ே㛫ࡢ㛫✵㛫ࡣ㸪2 ࡘࡢഃ㠃ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ ࡿ㸬ィ㛫ࡸᆅ⌮ⓗ⨨ࡢࡼ࠺࡞እⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⨨ ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ㸪 ࠕ⏕ࡁࡽࢀࡓ✵㛫ࠖゝࢃࢀࡿ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ഃ 㠃࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Parkes & Thrift, 1980㸧㸬ࡇࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࡣ㸪 ほⓗ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ࠕ⤒㦂⪅ࡀ⏕ࡁ㸪ືࡁ㸪ពࢆ᥈ࡍࠖ ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Buttimer, 1976, p. 282㸧㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡀ㸪 సᴗࡢࡇࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ᐃ⩏ࢆྵࡵࡓࡁ㸪ࡲࡓ㛫✵ 㛫ࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ഃ㠃ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇࢆ⚾ࡓࡕᛮ࠸ฟࡉ ࡏࡿ㸬 㛫㸭㛫ᛶ ఏ⤫ⓗ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪Ᏹᐂࡢឤぬࡢ୰࡛ࡢ㛫ࡢ⪃࠼ ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᫂☜࡛࡞࠸㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ↓㝈ࡢ⠊ᅖ࡛㸪 ฟ᮶ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ㸪㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ࡇࢀࡽ㉳ࡇࡿࡔ ࢁ࠺⪃࠼ࡿ㸬Ꮡᅾࡍࡿ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ ࡚ࡢ▐㛫࡛ࡑ࠺⪃࠼ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㛫ࡢእⓗ࡞⨨ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢḟඖࢆᏛࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪ィ㛫㸪ఱ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ㸪㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪㉳ࡇࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࠸࠺ 㛫㸹ฟ᮶ࡢ⥅⥆㛫㛫㝸࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 Christiansen㸦1996㸧ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㡿ᇦ㸪㛫ࡢ㛵 ಀ㸪㛫⏝ࢆྵࡵࡓࡶࡢࡢ୰࡛ఏ⤫ⓗ࡞సᴗࣂࣛࣥ ࢫࡢᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡋࡓ㸬ᅜ㝿ⓗ࡞㛫⏝ࡢ◊✲ ࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪ከࡃࡢᅜࡢேࡀࡢࡼ࠺㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ࠸࠺సᴗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸦㸸Robinson, 1997; Szalai, 1977; Szalai & Andrews, 1980㸧ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ㸪ࢹ࣮ࢱ㞟 ศᯒࡢࡓࡵࡢ㐺ษ࡞◊✲᪉ἲࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ ࡓ㸦Pentland, Harvey, Lawton, & McColl, 1999㸧㸬ࡇࢀࡽ ࡚ࡣ㸪సᴗࡢ ᐃࡋ࡚㛫ࡢ⨨ⓗ࡞ぢ᪉ࢆ⏝࠸ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢഴྥࡢ୰࡛㸪Minato& Zemke 㸦2004㸧ࡣ㸪 ᪥ᮏࡢᆅᇦఫࡴ⤫ྜኻㄪࡢேࠎࡢ㛫⏝ࡘ࠸ ࡚㸪᪥ᖖࡢసᴗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢࢫࢺࣞࢫࢫࢺࣞࢫ㛵㐃 ࡋࡓసᴗ㑅ᢥࡢࢫࢺࣛࢸࢪ࣮ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡓࡵㄪ ᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ཧຍ⪅ࡣ▷ᮇ㛫ࡢࢫࢺࣛࢸࢪ࣮ࡋ࡚ࢫ ࢺࣞࢫࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿసᴗ㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡍࡅࢀࡶ㸪ࢫࢺ ࣞࢫࡢᛂࢆ⤫ไࡍࡿ㛗ᮇ㛫ࡢᢏ⬟ࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏ㸪⦎ ⩦ࢆࡍࡿࡓࡵᙼࡽࡣࡲࡓࢹࢣࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸪సᴗ ᡤ㸪ࣃ࣮ࢺࢱ࣒ࡢ࠸ࡗࡓⓗάື࠸࠺ࢫ ࢺࣞࢫࡢ࠶ࡿసᴗཧຍࡢ㛫⏝ࢆ㑅ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀ ࢃ ࡗ ࡓ 㸬 Erlandsson 㸪 Rognvaldsson, & Eklund 㸦2004㸧ࡣ㸪 ࠕ᪥ࡢ᪥グࠖࢆ㛫㸫సᴗࡢᅗ᭩ࡁ᭰ ࠼㸪ᅗࡼࡗ࡚グࡋࡓࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ」㞧ࡉࢆศᯒࡋ㸪 㛫ࡢ୰ࡢసᴗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆࡼࡾ᭱᪂ࡢ᪉ἲ࡛◊✲ࡋࡓ㸬 ᙼࡽࡣ㸪సᴗࡢពࡸ౯್㸪ᗣࡢ㛵ಀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ࡢసᴗࡢᛶ㉁࠸࠺Ⅼࡽ㸪సᴗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢ᭦࡞ࡿⓎᒎࡢᚲせᛶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦Erlandsson, Rongnvalsson, & Eklund, p. 12㸧㸬 ⚾ࡀ᪥᫂ࡽࡋࡼ࠺ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿసᴗࡢᴫᛕ ᜍࡽࡃࡼࡃྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ㸪⤖ࡧࡘࡁࡢ⤒㦂㛫ᛶ ࡢᴫᛕࡔࢁ࠺㸬㛫ᛶࡢᴫᛕࡣ㸪㛫ࡢ⤒㦂㸪㛫 ࡢ▱ぬ㸪㛫ࡢព࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪సᴗࡢ㛫ⓗ ࡞ഃ㠃㥆ᰁࡳࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡣࠕࣜࢬ࣒㸦సᴗෆࡢㄢ 㢟ࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸧㸪ࢸ࣏ࣥ㸦సᴗࡢ㹙㐣⛬ࡢ㹛ྜ㸪ࡲࡓ ࡣ㏿ᗘ㸧㸪ྠᛶ㸦ࡢཧຍ⪅ඹ㸧㸪ᣢ⥆㛫㸬㸬 㸬 㡰ᗎ㸦ㄢ㢟ࡢ㡰␒㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᪥ᖖࡢసᴗࡢࣃ ࢱ࣮ࣥᙺ❧ࡘࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Larson & Zemke; Zemke & Clark, 1996, P.92㸧㸬࠼ࡤ㸪సᴗࡢ࠸ࡃࡘࡣ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ 㐃⥆ࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ᚲせࡉࢀࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࣮࣌ ࢫࡸ㛫㔞ࢆỴࡵࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬Ꮚ౪ࡢୡヰࡢࡼ ࠺࡞సᴗࡣ㸪Ꮚ౪ࡢࢸ࣏ࣥࡀ㸪ேࡢࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝࡼ ࡾ 㔜 せ ࡛ ࠶ࡿ ࡶ ▱ ࢀ࡞ ࠸ 㸦Krieger, 1996; Larson, −- 31 31 − 2000; Larson & Zemke, 2004㸧㸬 㛫ࡢே㛫ࡢㄆ㆑ࡣ㸪⬻ᐙ᪘ࡢ≉ᚩࡢΰྜࢆ♧ࡍ㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪 ࠕᤊ࠼᪉㐃⥆ᛶ㸪ྠᮇᛶྛឤぬࢩࢫࢸ࣒ෆ ࡢ⥅⥆ᮇ㛫ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ▱ぬࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ⤫ྜࡋ㸪 ࡇࡢሗࢆ㐣ཤᮍ᮶㛵㐃ࡋࡓ᫂☜࡞⌧ᅾࡢឤぬࢆ ࠼ࡿࡓࡵ⤌⧊ࡋ㸪♫ᩥⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛ࡇࢀ ࡽࡢ㛫ࡢഃ㠃ࢆ⤌⧊ࠖࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ 㸦Blanche & Pahrham, 2001, p. 188㸧㸬ᗂᑡᮇࡢព㆑ࡢጞ ࡲࡾࡣ㸪⬻ᖿࡢ࣋ࢸఝ࡚࠸࡚㸪✵⭡㸪ႃࡢῬࡁ㸪 ⑂ປ㸪ᐮࡉ࠸࠺ᛌࡢ୰࡛㸪㛫ࡢ‶㊊ᛌࡀᚓࡽ ࢀࡓᮇ㛫ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ᛌᛌᑐࡍࡿෆⓗ㸪እⓗ࡞ᛂ ࡀྠ㉳ࡇࡿࡇ࡛㸪⬻㎶⦕⣔ࡢ࣮ࣝࡢᇶᮏⓗ ⥴ࣞࣃ࣮ࢺ࣮ࣜࡀᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿ㸬࣮ࣝࡣ㸪」㞧ࡉࡢቑ ࢆ♧ࡍࡀ㸪࿘ᅖࡢࡶࡢࡼࡗ࡚ㄪᩚࡉࢀࡓ㛫ࡢព ᑐࡋ࡚ᙉࡃᛂࡍࡿ㸬⬻᪂⓶㉁ࡢࢿࣝࡣ㸪ᐙ᪘ࡢ ィࡢㄞࡳᡭ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᙼዪࡢ࢝ࣞࣥࢲ࣮ࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗ ࣝࢆࡗ࡚⛊㸪ศ㸪㛫㸪ᖺࡢ➼㛫㝸ࡢ༢ീࡉ ࢀࡿ㛫⏺ࡢྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᴫᛕࢆㄆ▱ⓗ▱ぬࡍࡿ㸬ᙼዪ ࡓࡕࡣࡳࢇ࡞࡛⏕ᾭࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚సᴗ⤖ࡧࡃ୰࡛ࡢΏ ࡋ ࡓ ࡕ ࡢ 㛫 ࡢ ⤒ 㦂 ࢆ ᙧ స ࡿ 㸬 Cottle Klineberg 㸦1974㸧ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㛫ࡢ⤒㦂࡛࠶ࡿ㛫ᛶࡢ⏕ᾭ Ⓨ㐩ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡓ㸬 ேࠎࡣ㸪సᴗࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁ㸦occupational engagement㸧 ࡼࡗ࡚ᙧసࡽࢀࡓከᵝ࡞㛫ᛶࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⚾ ࡓࡕࡢసᴗࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㛫ࡢぢ᪉ࡣࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸽⚾ࡓࡕࡣ␗࡞ࡗࡓసᴗ࠾࠸࡚㸪 ␗࡞ࡗࡓ㏿ᗘ࡛㛫ࡀືࡃ࠸࠺▱ぬࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࠎ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣసᴗ⤒㦂ࡑࢀ⮬㌟↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ᣮᡓⓗ࡞άືࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ㸪㛫ࡀ㐣ࡂࡿࡢࢆ ᛀࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 Flaherty ࡢ◊✲㸦1999㸧࡛ࡣ㸪㛫ⓗᅽ⦰㸪㛫ⓗ ᘏ㛗㸪ྠᮇ࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢ㛫ᛶࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡶࡋࢀ࡞ ࠸ᇶ♏ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㛫ⓗᅽ⦰ࡣ㸪ィࡢ 㛫ࡀ♧ࡍࡼࡾࡶ㛫ࡢ㐍ࡳ᪉㸦㐍ࡳ㸧ࡀᑡ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡁ㉳ࡇࡿ㸬ࠎ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪 ࠕᴦࡋ࠸ࡁ ࡣ㛫ࡀ㣕ࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࠖࡼࡃゝ࠸㸪࠶ࡓࡶィࡢື ࡁࡀ㏿ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᑐ㸪㛫ⓗᘏ㛗ࡣ㸪 ィࡢ㛫ࡀ♧ࡍࡼࡾࡶࡶࡗ㛫ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ឤࡌࡿࡁ⏕ࡌࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㏥ᒅ࡞㛫ࡀ㛫ᘏࡧ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿឤࡌࡿ㸬ࡲࡿ࡛ィࡀ㐜ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࡔ㸬 Flaherry ࡣ㸪ྠᮇࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᫂ࡽࡋࡓ㸬⤒㦂ࡋࡓ 㛫ィࡢ㛫ࡀ୍⮴ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ᜍࡽࡃ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᪥ࡢከࡃࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍసᴗ ࡢ⤖ࡧࡁࢆᚲ↛ⓗక࠺㸬≉ࡇ࡛ࡶィࡀ ࠶ࡾ㸪ࢇ࡚ࡢேࡢ⭎ィࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡢ♫࡛ ࡣࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡢసᴗⓗ㛫ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 Csikszentmihalyi㸦1988, 1990㸧ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࢆࣇ࣮ࣟ࠸ ࠺⤒㦂ᑟࡃ≉ᐃࡢసᴗࡢ㉁ࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࣇ ࣮ࣟࡣ㸪㛫ࡀỌ㐲⥆ࡃ࠸࠺ឤぬࢆྵࢇࡔసᴗ ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁᙉⅯ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ΰࡋ ࡓ㛫ᛶࡢࡢ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚㛫ⓗ᩿⤯ࢆྵࡴ㸬ᛴᛶࡢ㸪 ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ៏ᛶࡢẼࡸ㞀ᐖࡢⓎࡢࡼ࠺࡞ே⏕ࢆኚ࠼ ࡿฟ᮶ࡢ୰ࡢ㛫ࡢṍࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࠶ࡓࡶ㛫ࡢࠕ⏕ ᆅࠖࡀฟ᮶ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ ಟࡣ㠀ᖖࡺࡿࡸ࡛㸪‶㊊ࡍࡿసᴗࡢᖐࡢ୰ ࡛࠶ࡿேࡢࡺࡿࡸ࡞ࡾྜ࠸ࡋ࡚㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿ 㛫ᛶᡠࡿ㐣⛬ࡀࡺࡗࡃࡾ࡞ࡿ㸬୍࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪 ⃭ࡋ࠸⥴ⓗ㸪ㄆ▱ⓗΰࡣ㸪ᙉⅯ࡞⾪ᧁࡢᴟᗘࡢ⎔ ቃࡢୗ࡛㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢᴟᗘࡢ㛫ⓗ⤒㦂ࡢࡣ㸪 ḟࡢ࡛ぢࡽࢀࡿ㸬ཤࡿ 5 ᭶ࡢグᛕ᪥ࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ㸪 ⚾ࡢ∗࡛࠶ࡿ➨ḟୡ⏺ᡓࡢ⡿㌷✵㌷ࣃࣟࢵࢺࡢ ᭱㧗బᑚࡀ㸪㐲ࡃ㐣ࡂࡓ㛫ሙᡤ࡛ࡢ⮬㌟ ࡢ⤒㦂ࡢពࡘ࠸࡚ヰࡍࡓࡵᣍᚅࡉࢀࡓ㸬ᙼࡢᅇ ࡢ୰࡛㸪௨๓ࡢ✵୰ᡓࡢ▐㛫ࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡋ㸪ᙼࡗ ࡚ࡣ㛫ࡀṆࡲࡗࡓ㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡢࢇࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞ⓗ࡞ 㛫ᛶࡢΰࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚ࡣ࠸࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡋࡋ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ ከࡃࡀ㢖⦾㸪㛫ⓗᅽ⦰㸪㛫ⓗᘏ㛗㸪ྠᮇ㸪ࡑࡋ ࡚ࠎࣇ࣮ࣟࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬Larson ࡣ㸪సᴗ⤒㦂 ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㉁ၥࢆ⾜࠸㸪e-mail ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒⤒⏤࡛ᅇ⟅ࡋ ࡓ⡿ᅜࡢ୰す㒊す㒊ࡢ 35 ྡࡢసᴗ⒪ἲᏛ⏕ඹ ⤒㦂ࢧࣥࣉࣝἲ㸦Experience Sampling Methods: ESM㸧 ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪⚾ࡀసᴗ㛫ᛶࡋ࡚ゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪సᴗ ཧ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ 㛫 ࡢ 㛫 ࡢ ⤒ 㦂 ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ◊ ✲ࡋ ࡓ 㸦Larson㸪ᮍฟ∧㺡㺼㺎㺞㸧㸬ᅇ⟅⪅ࡣ࠶ࡿ୍▐ࡢసᴗ㸪ሙ ᡤ㸪♫ⓗ⎔ቃྡ๓ࢆࡅ㸪᪂ወࡉ㸪」㞧ࡉ㸪సᴗ ⏝࠸ࡿᢏ⬟࡞ࡢ㉁ၥ⟅࠼ࡓ㸬⥴ⓗ㸪▱ⓗ࡞ཧ ຍࢆྵࢇࡔཧຍࡘ࠸࡚㸪⮬ᕫసᴗࡢ↔Ⅼࡢᙜ࡚ ᪉㸪ྠᵝసᴗ⤒㦂ࡢ㛫ᛶࡢ▱ぬࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᅇ⟅ ࡋ ࡓ 㸬 Larson ࡣ 㸪 ᵓ 㐀 ⓗ ࣔ ࢹ ࣜ ࣥ ࢢ 㸦 Structuring Modeling 㸧ศᯒࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪᪂ወࡉ㸪」㞧ࡉ㸪ಶேࡢᢏ ⬟ࡢ⏝࠸࠺సᴗࡢ≉ᚩࡣ㸪ཧຍࡢண せᅉ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ࡑࢀࡣࡘࡲࡾ㛫ᛶࢆண ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆぢฟ ࡋࡓ㸬ືⓗ࡞㛫ࡢసᴗ㸦Dynamic Occupations in Time: DOiT㸧ࣔࢹࣝ㸦Larson, 2004㸧ࡣ㸪ᩥ⊩ࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ⤖ ᯝࡽண ࡉࢀࡓ」㞧࡞㛵ಀࢆドࡋࡓ㸬 Larson ࡢ ㍯ 㒌 㢖 ᗘ ศ ᯒ 㸦 Configural Frequency Analysis㸧 㸦Bergman, 1998; Von Eye, Spiel, & Wood, 1996㸧 ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ᭦࡞ࡿࢹ࣮ࢱࡢ᳨ドࡣ㸪せᅉࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ㸦᪂ −- 32 32 − ወࡉ㸪」㞧ࡉ㸪⥴ⓗ㸪▱ⓗཧຍ㸪⮬ᕫࡢὀព㸪స ᴗࡢὀព㸧ࡑࢀࡽ㝶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸せ ᅉࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ㧗࠸㸪ప࠸㸪㛫ᛶࢆぢฟࡍヨࡳࡀ⾜ ࢃࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࡢぢゎࡣ㸪⤫ィⓗᮇᚅࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡼࡾ㸪 ࡼࡾ㢖⦾㉳ࡇࡿ≉ᚩࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢᏑᅾࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓࡀ㸪 ࡲࡓ 6 ࡘࡢ」ྜࡋࡓࠕࢱࣉࠖࡲࡓࡣࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪 ࡑࢀࡣ▱ぬࡉࢀࡓ㛫ᛶࡢ⠊ᅖ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ཧຍ ⪅ࡢ㛤ᨺᆺࡢ㉁ၥᑐࡍࡿศᯒᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪᭦࡞ࡿ సᴗⓗ㸪ಶேⓗ≉ᚩࡀ㸪సᴗࡢᴦࡋࡳ㸪సᴗ㐙⾜ࡢ‶ ㊊㸪㐙⾜ࢫࢺࣞࢫ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀ┠ᶆ㐩ᡂ࠸㏆࡙࠸ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪ࡢࡼ࠺࡞せ⣲ࢆྵࢇࡔ㛫ᛶࢆࡼࡃண ࡍ ࡿࡇࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࡁࡔ㸪ᥦၐࡉࢀࡓ㸬 ⡿ᅜ♫࠾ࡅࡿ㛫ࡢᅽຊࡢឤᛂࡌ࡚㸪⚾ ࡓࡕࡣ⮬ศࡢ┠ᶆࡢඃඛ㡰ࢆࡘࡅࡿࡇࢆዡບࡉࢀ 㸦Covey, 1989㸧㸪ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ๐ῶࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡃࡼ࠺ヨࡳࡿ㸬⤒῭ⓗࡼࡃࡍࡿࡇࡣ㸪ࡇࡢᅜࡢ ேࠎࡣ㸪㛫ࡢḞஈࡢ▱ぬᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡘࡲ ࡾ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣ⏝࡛ࡁࡿ㛫ࡢ୰࡛ࡍࡿࡇ㸦సᴗ㸧 ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡿࡢࡔ㸬ୡ⏺ࡢࡢᅜẚࡿ⡿ᅜࡣ㸪 ࠾㔠ࡣ⿱⚟ࡔࡀ㸪㛫ࡣ㈋ࡋ࠸ࡼ࠺ぢ࠼ࡿࡢ㸽1 ᪥ྠࡌ 24 㛫࠸࠺ไ㝈ࢆఇᜥࡋ࡚ᣢ࡚ࡤ㸪⚾ࡓࡕ ࡣ㛫ⓗ㇏࡞ࡿࡢ㸽ࡇࡢࢹ࣐ࣞࣥࢆゎỴࡍ ࡿ⚾ࡓࡕࡢヨࡳࡣ㸪㛫ࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇࢆྵࡴ㸦Robinson & Godbey, 1997㸧㸬ከ㔜ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿᩥ㸦Hall, 1983㸧ࡢ୰ ࡛㸪࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞సᴗࡀྠࡌ㛫ᯟࡢ୰࡛㐙⾜ࡉࢀ࠺ࡿ㸬 ࡇࡢ」ᩘࡢㄢ㢟ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀᢪ࠼㎸ࢇࡔసᴗ㸦enfolded occupations㸧ࡋ࡚ゝཬࡋࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Bateson, 1996; Larson & Zemke, 2004; Zemke & Clark, 1996, p. 91㸧㸬 Primeau ࡣ㸪⮬ື㌴᪑⾜ࡢ୰୍࡛ࡘࡢ┠ⓗ௨ୖࡢ⤌ࡳ ྜࢃࡏࡘ࠸࡚ࠕ᪑⾜ࡢ㐃㙐㸦trip-chaining㸧ࠖ㏙ ࡓ㸦1996, p. 120㸧㸬㐠㌿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿື⏘௰ᴗ⪅ࡣ㸪 ᐈᦠᖏ㟁ヰ࡛ヰࢆࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ࣀ࣮ࢺࣃࢯࢥ࡛ࣥ ࡢᐈࡢື⏘ࡢࡓࡵࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑ ࢀࡣ 3 ே┠ࡢᐈࡢࠕࡾᐙࠖ⛣ືࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣࠕ✵㛫ࢆ῝ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢࡶ ࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬ྠ୍ࡘࡢሙᡤ௨ୖ࡛㉳ࡇࡾࡑ࠺ࡶ࡞ ࠸ࡇࡀ㸪⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢⓎᒎࡼࡾ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ✵㛫㸭ሙᡤ 18 ୡ ⣖ 19 ୡ ⣖ ࡣ 㸪 ဴ Ꮫ ⓗ 㛫 ୰ ᚰ ⩏ 㸦temporocentrism㸧ࡢ௦࡛࠶ࡿ୍᪉㸦Casey, 1997, p. x㸧㸪✵㛫ࡣࡓ࠸࡚࠸㛫ୖࡢ≉ᐃࡢⅬ࠾࠸࡚◊✲ࡉ ࢀ㸪20 ୡ⣖ࡢဴᏛࡣ㸪ே㛫ࡢ⏕άࡢ✵㛫ሙᡤࡢᇶ♏ ⓗ࡞㉁ࢆᙉㄪࡋ㸪ྠᵝ✵㛫㛫ࢆ⧊ࡾࡐ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬 ≀ࡀ㉳ࡇࡾ࠺ࡿ↓㝈ࡢࡁࡉࡋ࡚Ᏹᐂࡢ㛫ࢆ⚾ ࡓࡕࡀ⪃࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᏑᅾࡍࡿ ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺࡚ࡢ▐㛫ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࡁ㢮ఝࡋࡓᏱᐂࡢぢ࠼ ࡿ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡢ✵㛫ࢆ㸪࡚ࡢ≀㉁ⓗ࡞≀ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡚ ࡢ᪉ྥᣑᙇࡋࡓᗈࡀࡾࡋ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㛫ࡢ ⨨ⓗ࡞⠊ᅖࡀ㸪ఱ㉳ࡇࡿ▐㛫࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽ㸪⥅⥆ᮇ 㛫࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≀ࡢ㛫࡛ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢࡁ✵㛫ࡢ㢮ఝࡋࡓᗈ ࡀࡾࡀ≀ࡢ⨨࡙ࡅ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⠊ᅖ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≀ࡢ㛫 ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬✵㛫ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⚾ࡓࡕࡢసᴗⓗ࡞㛵ᚰࡣ㸪స ᴗࢆࡍࡿ୰࡛ࡢ⚾ࡓࡕே㛫ࡢ⨨ࡸ㸪సᴗࢆࡍࡿࡇ ࢆ㏻ࡋࡓືࡁ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ✵㛫ⓗ࡞ḟඖྠࡌࡃ㸪㛫ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ ලయⓗᙧసࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣᣑࡋࡓᏱᐂ࠾ ࡅࡿ⚾ࡓࡕࡢᝨᫍࡢኴ㝧ࡢ࿘ࡾࡢᅇ㌿㸪࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ ࡢ⚾ࡢᐙ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㊊ࡢୗ࡛ࡢᆅ㟈࠸࠺ᆅ⌫ࡢື ࡁ࠸࠺✵㛫ࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚ື࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣࡲࡓ⾜ື ࡋ㸪✵㛫ࡢ୰࡛ືࡁ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㣗≀ࡸ⪁ᗫ≀ ࡛࠶ࡿ㌟య㸪⾑ᾮ㸪✵Ẽ㸪Ꮫ≀㉁ࡢ୰࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢෆⓗ㸪እⓗືࡁࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢయࡢ ୰࡛㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⚾ࡓࡕ⮬㌟⪅ࡢయࡢ㛫࡛㸪⚾ࡓࡕ ࡢᝨᫍࡢኳᩥᏛⓗ࡞ᮏయࡢ㛫࡛㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢᏱᐂࡢ ࡢ࡚ࡢせ⣲ࡢ㛫࡛ࡢ㛵ಀࢆኚࡉࡏࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽ ࡢኚࡍࡿ㛵ಀࡣ㸪㛫ࡢ▱ぬ㛫ᛶࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ⏕ࡳ ฟࡍ㸬ྠᵝ㸪✵㛫ࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢసᴗ ࡛࠶ࡿࠕసᴗ̿✵㛫ᛶ㸦occupatio-spaciality㸧ࠖࡼࡗ ࡚ᙧసࡽࢀࡓ⚾ࡓࡕࡢሙᡤࡢㄆ㆑㸪ሙᡤࡢ▱ぬ㸪ሙᡤ ࡢព࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪 㸦ලయⓗ⾲⌧ࡉࢀࡓ㸧ࠕᏑᅾ㸦beings㸧ࠖ ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ࠕ⾜Ⅽ⪅㸦doers㸧ࠖ 㸦⾜ືࡋ㸪ືࡃ㸧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ࠕ࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃᏑᅾ㸦becoming㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣ✵ ࡢ⏕ࡁ≀࡛࠶ࡾ㸪✵㛫㛫ࡢ୰⨨ࢀ㸪୧⪅ࡢ୰ ࡛⤒㦂ࡍࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⏕ᾭࡀࢱ࣌ࢫࢺ࣮ࣜ࡞ࡽ㸪ࡑࡢ ࡁࡑࡢࢹࢨࣥࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⨨㸪✵㛫ࡸ㛫ࡼࡗ ࡚ᙧసࡽࢀ㸪⦪⣒㸪ᶓ⣒ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢసᴗࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥ ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⧊ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣ㓄ิࡲࡓࡣᵓᡂ㒊 ศࡢ㓄ิ࠸ࡗࡓࢹࢨ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࡣ㸪 సᴗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣ㛫✵㛫ࡢ୰ࡢ⚾ࡓࡕࡢసᴗࡢࢹࢨ ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡾ㸪㛫ⓗ㸪✵㛫ⓗሙᡤࡸ⤒㦂ࡢ㓄ิ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ✵㛫㸪㛫ࡢẁ㝵ⓗ࡞ព㆑ࡢⓎ㐩ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕ⮬㌟ࡢ ㌟యඹጞࡲࡿ㸬Merleau-Ponty ࡣ㸪ࠕ⚾ࡽ㐲࠸ ࡇࢁ࠶ࡿ✵㛫ࡣ㸪ࡤࡽࡤࡽ࡛ࡲࡲࡾࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸㸬 ࡶࡋ⚾ࡢࡇࡢయࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࡽࠊ✵㛫࡞ࢇ࡚ࡇࡶ࡞ ࠸ࠖ㸦1965/ 2002, p. 112㸧㏙ࡓ㸬Henderson ࡣ㸪స ᴗ⒪ἲኈసᴗ⛉Ꮫ⪅㸪㌟య✵㛫✵㛫ⓗ࡞⎔ቃ ࡢ┦స⏝㸦⚾ࡓࡕࡢ㌟య㌟యࡢ⾲㠃ࡢ▱ぬ㸪ឤぬ ჾᐁ<proprioception>ࡲࡓࡣືసჾᐁ㸺kinesthesis>㸧㸪✵ −- 33 33 − 㛫ࡢᢕᥱ㸦⚾ࡓࡕࡢᡭࡢᒆࡃ⠊ᅖ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢୖ⫥ࡢᶵ ⬟ⓗ࡞ືࡁࡼࡗ࡚▱ࡿ㸧 㸪ᮎᲈࡢ✵㛫㸦⚾ࡓࡕࡀ⚾ࡓ ࡕࡢయࢆືࡍࡇࢆ㏻ࡋࡓ࣮ࣜࢳࡢ⠊ᅖࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ⠊ ᅖ㸧ὀពࢆྥࡅࡉࡏࡓ㸦Blanche & Parham, 2001; Henderson, 1996㸧㸬ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡓ✵㛫ࡣ㸪⬻ᖿࡢ࣋ࢸࡢ ᤕ㣗ࡸᤕ⋓ࡢ༊ูࡽࡢឤぬሗ㸪㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿ ࣇࢱ࣮ࢩ࢙࣮ࣅࣥࢢ࣮ࣟࢩࣙࣥࡢ୍྿ࡁࡼࡗ่࡚⃭ ࡉࢀࡿ⬻㎶⦕⣔࣮ࣝࡢឤࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪⬻᪂⓶㉁ࢿ ࣝࡢࡢࡓࡵࡢ⛣ືᆅᅗࡸࢧࣂ࣮ࢫ࣮࣌ࢫࡢㄆ▱ ⓗᵓᡂࡲ࡛㸪⬻ࡢከᵝ࡞ฟᡤࢆฎ⌮ࡍࡿࡇࢆせồࡍ ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪㛫ᛶࡢ⤒㦂ࡀ≀⌮ⓗ࡞Ᏹᐂ㛫ࡣ㐪 ࠺ࡢྠᵝ㸪≀⌮ⓗ✵㛫ࡶ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ࡑࢀࡣ␗࡞ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࡢࡼ࠺ࠕ✵㛫ࠖ࠸࠺≀⌮ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡀ㸪ពࢆ ᣢࡗࡓᏑᅾ࡛࠶ࡿࠕሙᡤࠖ࡞ࡿࡢ㸽ᐙࡸࣃ࣮ࢺ㸪 ᇛࡸ᥀ࡗ❧࡚ᑠᒇࡢఱࡀ㸪ࠕᐙࠖࡍࡿࡢ㸽ሙᡤࡣ㸪 ≀⌮ⓗࡶ㇟ᚩⓗࡶసࡽࢀࡿ㸬Relph㸦1976㸧ࡢሙᡤ ࡢ⌧㇟Ꮫⓗ࡞ྂⓗⓎ⾲ࡢ୰࡛㸪ሙᡤࢆ✵㛫ࡣ㐪ࡗ ࡓ≀ࡋࡓሙᡤࡢほⓗ࡞⤒㦂ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗせ⣲ࢆ᫂ࡽ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ሙᡤࡣ㸪ඹ㏻ᛶࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ᚲࡎࡋࡶྠࡌ ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆᚲせࡋ࡞࠸ࡅࢀࡶ㸪ㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿ ㉁㸪⮬↛ࡢ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⤌ࡳ❧࡚ࡽࢀࡓእほ㸪ࡲࡓࡣே 㛫ࡢάືࡸ౯್ࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㐪࠸࡞࠸㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢ ᕷࡢࢫࢱࢪ࣒ࡣ㸪ࡓࡸࡍࡃㄆ㆑࡛ࡁࡿሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡑࡢ᰿ᮏⓗせ⣲ࡣ㸪ࠕሙᡤࡣ⾜Ⅽពᛮࡢ୰ᚰ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ⚾ࡓࡕࡢᏑᅾࡢព࠶ࡿฟ᮶ࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿᡤࡢ͂↔Ⅼ̓ ࡔࠖ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Norberg-Schulz, Relph ࡼࡿ ᘬ⏝, 1976, P. 42㸧㸬ࠕ✵㛫ࡣ㸪ᐃ⩏ពࢆ⋓ᚓࡍࡿ ሙᡤኚࢃࡿࠖ 㸦Tuan, 1977, p.136㸧㸬ሙᡤࡣ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ ㉳ࡇࡾ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡗ࡚ពࡀ⏕ࡌࡿసᴗ┦స⏝ࡢ ࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡽⓎ㐩ࡍࡿ㸬ࡶࡕࢁࢇࠕ࠸ࡃࡘࡢฟ᮶ ࡸ⾜ືࡣ㸪࠶ࡿ≉ᐃࡢ≧ἣࡢ୰࡛ࡢࡳពࢆࡶࡘࠖ 㸦Relph, 1976, p.42㸧㸬ࢇ࡞సᴗࡀሙᡤࡲࡓࡣ✵㛫ࡢ ᛶ㉁ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ㸽ࡇࡀࠕ⪷࡞ࡿࠖሙᡤ㸦ᩍ㸪ᑎ㸪 ⚄♫㸪ࠕ⥳ࡢ⪷ᇽࠖ㸧㸽බࡢሙᡤᑐࡍࡿ⚾ⓗ࡞ሙ ᡤࡣఱ㸽 ሙᡤࡢᒓ≀ࡣ㸪ሙᡤேࢆ⧅ࡂࡵࡿ≀࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪ࡑࡇ࠶ࡿసᴗ㐣ཤࡑࡢ୰࠶ࡿసᴗྍ ⬟ᛶࡢ▱ぬᇶ࡙࠸࡚㸪ሙᡤࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾࢆឤࡌࡿ 㸦Altman & Low, 1992㸧㸬ࠕ㸬㸬㸬ሙᡤࡣಶேⓗ࡞㔜せᛶ ࢆᣢࡕ㸪㔜せᛶࡣ㸪㛫ࢆሙᡤࡢ୰࡛㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣሙᡤ ඹ㈝ࡸࡍࡇࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡋࡓ㸬㸬㸬ಶேⓗ࡞⤒㦂㸪 ┤᥋࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௦⌮ࡢࡕࡽ࡛㸪ពࡀຍࢃࡿࡼ࠺ே ࢆᑟࡁ㸬㸬㸬㔜せ࡞ே⏕ࡢฟ᮶㸪㘽࡞ࡿⓎ㐩ࢸ࣮࣐㸪 ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≉᭷ࡢ⎔ቃࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ ࢆࡘ࡞ࡄ㸬㸬 㸬ሙᡤࡢᒓ≀ࡣ㸪㟼ⓗ≧ែ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪 ⏕ᾭࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㐃⥆ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ 㸦Rubenstein & Parmalee, 1992, pp. 142-143㸧㸬ࠕሙᡤࡗ࡚ࡢᒓ≀ ࢆᙧᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵ㛫ࡀࡿ୍᪉㸪༢࡞ࡿᣢ⥆ᮇ㛫 ௨ୖ㸪⤒㦂ࡢ㉁ᙉᗘࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Tuan, 1988, p. 198㸧㸬 Rowles㸦1991㸧ࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝࡽ㸪ᑠࡉ࡞⏫ࡢ㧗㱋⪅ ࡢ◊✲ࡢ୰࡛ሙᡤࡢ㉁㸪ᙉᗘ㸪⥅⥆㛫ࡢ㔜せᛶࡀㄝ ᫂ࡉࢀ㸪ሙᡤࡣ⮬ᕫࡢᵓᡂせ⣲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬 ྠᆅᇦ࡛ࡢ㛗ᖺࡢ⏕άࡢ୰࡛㸪✵㛫ⓗ࡞⎔ቃࡣ㸪ព ࡢ࠶ࡿே⏕⤒㦂ࡢ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࢆకࡗ࡚㸪ពࡢṔྐⓗ 㛫ࡢ῝ࡉࢆⓎ㐩ࡉࡏࡓ㸬ᙼࡽࡢಶேྐࢆ⤖ࡧࡘࡅ㸪⮬ ᕫࢹࣥࢸࢸࡢ୍㒊࡞ࡗࡓ㸬⚾ࡀ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆ ࠕ⡿ᅜே㸪࢘ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥࡽ୰ᖺࡢ⛣ఫࡋࡓ࢝ ࣝࣇ࢛ࣝࢽேࠖ⾲⌧ࡍࡿ㸪⚾ࡢ㛫ⓗ࡞Ṕྐࡸ ✵㛫ⓗ࡞ᆅ⌮ࢆヲࡋࡃㄒࡽ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⚾⮬㌟ࡘ࠸࡚ఱ ࢆゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ሙᡤࢆసࡿࡇࡣ㸪ሙᡤࢆ㐀ࡋ㸪⥔ᣢࡍࡿ⾜ື࡛ ࠶ࡿ㸦㸪ᐙ㸧㸬ே㛫సᴗࡣ㸪ࡋࡤࡋࡤ⪅ࡢඹྠ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬Hasselkus㸦1999㸧ࡣ㸪⒪ⓗ࡞సᴗሙᡤࢆస ࡾ㸪సᴗࢆࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡓࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺ ࢡ࢚ࣛࣥࢺ㛫ࡢぶ㛵ಀࡢ⤒㦂࠸࠺Ⅼ࠾࠸࡚㸪 ሙᡤసࡾ࠸࠺సᴗ⒪ἲኈ⊂≉ࡢ⾜ືࢆᐃ⩏ࡋࡓ㸬 㛫ࢆ㈝ࡸࡍ⒪ⓗ࡞ሙᡤࢆసࡾ⥔ᣢࡍࡿ⾜ືࡣ㸪᭱ึ ಙ㢗㛵ಀ≧ἣࢆ⌮ゎࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ㸪ࡑࢀࡽ⒪ⓗ సᴗ⤖ࡧࡘࡃࡇࢆ⾜࠸㸪᭱⤊ⓗࢭࣛࣆ࣮ࡼࡗ ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀࡓఱࡽࡢࡼ࠸≧ែ฿㐩ࡍࡿ㸬 㛫✵㛫㸪㛫ᛶሙᡤ ࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣືࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛㸪✵㛫࠸࠺ឤぬ ࢆࡶࡕ㸪⏕≀ᏛⓗᏑᅾࡋ࡚⥭ᙇ⦆ࡢ≧ែࢆ⧞ࡾ ㏉ࡍࡢ࡛㛫ࡢឤぬࢆࡶࡘ㸬㸬㸬ᡭ㊊ࢆఙࡤࡍ㸪✵㛫 ࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿྠ㛫ࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿ㸬≀⌮ⓗᣊ᮰≧ែ ࡽ⮬⏤࡞ࡿ⠊ᅖࡋ࡚ࡢ✵㛫㸪⦆≧ែࡽḟ ᮶ࡿ⥭ᙇࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫㝸ࡋ࡚ࡢ㛫㸦Tuan, 1977, p. 118㸧㸬㸬㸬Ṍㄪ㸦pace㸧ࡣ㸪ྑ㊊ࡽᕥ㊊ࡲ࡛ࡢ㛫㝸 ࡋ࡚ぢࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪➽࠾࠸࡚ࡶឤࡌ ࡿࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬Ṍㄪ㸦୍Ṍ㸧ࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ㸬㸬 㸬 㛫ࡢ㛵㐃ࡣ㸽Ṍㄪࡣ㛫ࡢ༢࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ດຊ⦆ 㸪⥭ᙇࣜࣛࢵࢡࢫࡢ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࣮ࢡࡋ࡚ឤࡌࡽ ࢀࡿ㸬100 Ṍࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀࡼࡃ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⏕≀Ꮫⓗࣜ ࢬ࣒ࡢ 100 ༢࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦pp. 129-130㸧㸬ࠖ Hall㸦1983㸧ࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫ࡢ◊✲ࡀࠕே㢮ࢆᏱᐂ 㐃ࢀฟࡋ㸪ཎᏊࡢ୰ᚰⴠࡋ㎸ࡳ㸪≀⌮ୡ⏺ࡢᮏ ㉁ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ⌮ ㄽ ࡢ ᇶ ♏ ࡀ ࡇ ࡇ ࠶ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ᑟ࠸ ࡓ −- 34 34 − 㸦Hall, 1983, p. 203㸧ࠖ᭩࠸ࡓ㸬✵㛫㛫ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓ ࡕࡀᩥࡪࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏࡢ㔜せ࡞せ⣲ࢆ ᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㛫ࡣㄒࡾ㸪✵㛫ࡣヰࡍ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢỿ 㯲ࡢᩥⓗ࣎ࢹࣛࣥࢤ࣮ࢪࡢ୍㒊ࡢࡼ࠺㸦Hall, 1959/1981 㸧㸬 ✵ 㛫 㛫 ࡣ 㸪 ⪅ ࡢ ὀ ព ࢆ ᘬ ࡃ 㸦Bachelder, 1964㸧㸬⪅ࡣᩥࡢ୰࡛ಶேࡼࡿ㛫 ✵㛫ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪㛫✵㛫ࡢᛶ㉁ࢆᐃ⩏ࡍࡿ㸬 Rowles㸦2003㸧ࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫ࡢࠕ⤒㦂ࠖࡣ㸪✵ 㛫ࡸ㛫ࡸࡑࡢ୧᪉ࡢ㞳ࢀࡓ⎔ቃ࠾ࡅࡿ௦⌮ⓗཧຍ ࠸ࡗࡓሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࢆ⚾ࡓࡕẼࡏࡓ㸬ࡓ ࠼ࡤ㸪ྂ࠸┿ࣝࣂ࣒ࡢ࣮࣌ࢪࢆࡵࡃࡗࡓࡾ㸪㐣ཤ ࡢᐙ᪘┿ࡸ࣮࣒࣍ࣅࢹ࢜ࢆぢࡓࡾࡋ࡚㸪ᛮ࠸ฟࡍ 㸪㛫ⓗ㸪✵㛫ⓗ࡞⛣ືࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬 㸦☜⚾ࡣ㸪Royeen ඛ⏕ࡀ⚾ࡓࡕ♧ࡋࡓ⚾ࡢࢫࣛ ࢻࢆぢࡓ㸪୍▐ࡑࡇ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓ㸟㸧ᩥ⊩ ࢆㄞࢇࡔࡾ㸪ᫎ⏬ࢆぢࡓࡾ㸪ࣅࢹ࢜ࢤ࣮࣒ࢆࡋࡓࡾ㸪 ࣥࢱ࣮ࢿࢵࢺࢧ࣮ࣇࣥࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㛫㸪⌧ᅾࡢሙᡤ ࡽᆅ⌮ⓗูࡢሙᡤ㣕ࢇ࡛࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ⤒㦂ࢆࡍࡿ㸬 㛫✵㛫ࡣ㸪సᴗࢆไ㝈ࡋࡓࡾ㸪ྍ⬟ࡋࡓࡾࡍ ࡿ㸬⌧ᐇࡢୡ⏺࡛ࡣ㸪㛫㸫✵㛫ࣉࣜࢬ࣒㸦Dear, 1996㸧 ࡣ㸪ࡇ࡛㸪࠸ࡘ㸪ࢇ࡞ࡩ࠺㸪ࡢసᴗࢆ⚾ࡓࡕ ࡀ⾜࠺ࢆỴᐃࡍࡿ㸬సᴗࡢ㛫ࢆ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ⾜ࡗࡓࡾ᮶ ࡓࡾࡍࡿ㸪㊥㞳ࢆไ㝈ࡍࡿ✵㛫ࢆᕠࡗ࡚⚾ࡓࡕࡀ ືࡃ㸪㛫ࡀࡿ㸬≉ᐃࡢάືࡀ㸪≉ᐃࡢ㛫 ሙᡤ࠾࠸࡚㸪సᴗࢆไ⣙ࡋࡓࡾ㸪ྍ⬟ࡋࡓࡾࡍ ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣసᴗ㛵ࢃࡿ㛫ሙᡤࡀࡢ⛬ᗘ ࠸࠺ࡇ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀ⮬ศࡢస ᴗࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⮬ศ࡛ࠕ࠶ࡿࡇࠖ㸪⮬ศࡢࡇࢆࠕࡍ ࡿࡇࠖࡀチࡉࢀࡿ㛫✵㛫౫Ꮡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢάືࡢࡓࡵࡢ㛫ⓗ࠾ ࡼࡧ✵㛫ⓗసᴗࣇ࢛࣮ࢲࣥࢫࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸ ࠺ࡇ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡿ࡛⾲㠃ࡸ㐨ලࡢ≀⌮ⓗࣇ࢛࣮ ࢲࣥࢫྠࡌࡼ࠺㸬ሙᡤࡣࠕ⾜ືࡢタᐃࠖ࡞ࡾ 㸦Barker, 1968㸧㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ಶேࡸ࿘ᅖࡀ㸪≉ᐃࡢ⾜ືࡢ ≧ែ㸪ሙᡤࡢᏳᐃᛶࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆඹ㐀ࡍ ࡿ㸬ሙᡤࡣ㸪⾜ືࡢࢱࣉ㸪㢖ᗘ㸪ᣢ⥆㛫㸪ࢫࢱ ࣝᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼㸪సᴗ⾜ືࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࣛࣇࢫࢱࣝࡸ Ᏻᑀᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿ㸦Hamilton, 2004㸧㸬Ⓨ㐩ⓗ㛫 ࠾ࡅࡿ⨨ࡣ㸪సᴗࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࡀไ⣙ࡶࡍࡿ㸬ࡢ ᖺ௦࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠕᖺ㱋┦ᛂࠖ࠸࠺ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬ࡛ไ⣙ ࡀຍ࠼ࡽࢀࡿሙྜ㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢᗣࡼࡾࡶ⪅ࡢ┈ ࡢࡓࡵ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 ே⏕ࡣసᴗⓗᆅᖹ⥺㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ✵ឤୡ⏺ࡢ⚾ࡓࡕ ࡢど㔝ࡢቃ⏺ࡢ⥅⥆ⓗⓎ㐩࡛࠶ࡿ㸬Blanche Parham 㸦2001㸧ࡣࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡓ࠼ࡤ㸪ஙඣࡢసᴗࡢ ⤌⧊ࡢጞࡲࡾࡣ㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࠕ⌧ᅾࡢ㌟య✵㛫㸦Body Space in the Presentࠖࠖࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛㉳ࡇࡿ㸦p.191㸧ஙඣ ࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ⠊ᅖෆ࡛ࡢඹసᴗ㸦co-occupations㸧ࡣ㸪 ࠾ࡗࡥ࠸ࢆ㣧ࢇࡔࡾ㸪ୡヰࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿேᢪࡁࡘ࠸ ࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᡂேࡣྠࡌ⠊ᅖෆ࡛㸪▂ࡋࡓ ࡾ㸪࣐ࢵࢧ࣮ࢪࢆཷࡅࡓࡾ࠸ࡗࡓసᴗࢆࡍࡿࡶࡋ ࢀ࡞࠸㸬ูࡢ✵ឤⓗ⠊ᅖࡢసᴗࡣ㸪㌟㏆࡞㛫࡛ ࡢ࣮ࣜࢳ✵㛫ࡢሙྜࡸ㸪Hall㸦1966, 1983㸧ࡀࣃ࣮ࢯࢼ ࣝ✵㛫ࡪࡶࡢࡢ୰࡛ࡢ┦ὶࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ᩘศࡽ ᩘ㛫ࡢ㛫ᯟ࡛⏕ࡌࡿ㸬⋵ලࢆᡭ࡛࠸ࡌࡗࡓࡾཱྀ ࡃࢃ࠼ࡓࡾ࠸࠺ஙඣࡢసᴗ㸦Pierce, 1997㸧㸪ࢥࣥ ࣆ࣮ࣗࢱࡢ࣮࣮࢟࣎ࢻࢆ྇ࡃ࠸࠺ᡂேࡢసᴗࡀ㸪ࡇ ࢀ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡿ 㸬 ㌟ ㏆ ࡞ ✵ 㛫 㛫ࢆ ㏻ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ⛣ ື 㸦Moving Through Proximal Space and Time㸧ࡤࢀࡿ ✵ឤⓗ⠊ᅖ࡛ࡣ㸪ࢲࣥࢫࢆࡍࡿ㸪ࢧࢵ࣮࢝ࢆࡍࡿ㸪 ΰ㞧ࡋࡓබඹࡢሙ࡛㛫ࢆࡠࡗ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿ࡞ࡢసᴗࡢ ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬⠊ᅖࡀࡉࡽᗈࡀࢀࡤ㸪ᘏ㛗ࡉࢀࡓ㛫 ࠾ࡅࡿㄆ▱ⓗ✵㛫ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢ⛣ືࡀ࠾ࡇࡾ㸪 ࠕάືࢆ᪥ ᖖࡢ୰సᴗࡢὶࢀࡋ࡚ࡲࡵ࠶ࡆ࡚࠸ࡃ㸦Blanche & Parham, 2001, p. 193㸧ࠖࡼ࠺㸪ேࡣ㛫✵㛫ࢆ⤌ ⧊ࡍࡿ㸬Blanche ࡽࡀᥦࡍࡿసᴗࡢ㛫ⓗ✵㛫ⓗ ⤌⧊ࡢ᭦࡞ࡿ⠊ᅖࡣ㸪㞳ࢀࡓ㛫࡛ࡢ⾜ືࡢ࣓࣮ ࢪࣥࢢࡔ㸦p. 193㸧㸬Blanche ࡽࡣ㸪⾜Ⅽࡣࠕ⤌⧊ࡢ ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⾜ືࡢ⥲ྜⓗ⤌⧊ྠᵝ㐠ືࢥ ࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ࠾࠸࡚᫂☜♧ࡉࢀࡿࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦p.183㸧㸬 ࠕࡇࡢᇶᮏⓗ࡞✵ឤⓗ⤌⧊ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ ࡢ㞀ᐖ㸦Ⓨ㐩ⓗ⾜Ⅽ㞀ᐖࡸᡂேࡢኻ⾜࡞㸧ࡣ㸪⏕ᾭ ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚♧ࡉࢀࡿ㸦p.183㸧ࠖ㸬సᴗ⒪ἲኈࡢᙺࡣ㸪㌟ ㏆࡞✵㛫ࡸ㛫࠾ࡅࡿ༢⣧࡞㐠ື⾜ືࡢ⤌⧊ࢆᙉ ㄪࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࢡ࢚ࣛࣥࢺࡀࠕࡼࡾᢳ㇟ⓗ࡛」 㞧࡞✵ឤⓗ⠊ᅖ㸦p.198㸧ࠖΏࡾ㸪సᴗ࡛ࡢ✵㛫 㛫ࢆ⤌⧊ࡍࡿࡢࢆຓࡅࡿ⒪ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 Rowles㸦1993, 2003㸧ࡢ◊✲ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢࡼࡃ㥆ᰁ ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㐨ἢࡗ࡚㸪᪥ᖖ⏕άࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿࡢ ẖ᪥ࡢάື࠾ࡅࡿసᴗࡢ✵㛫ⓗ⠊ᅖࢆᫎࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ㸬Rowles ࡢ◊✲࡛ࢃࡗࡓࣜࢬ࣒ࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫 ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡶࡕࢁࢇ࣮ࣝࢳࣥࡢసᴗࡢ୰࠶ࡿ㸬࠶ࡿࣃࢱ ࣮ࣥࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢᐙࡑࡇ࠶ࡿ≀ᑐࡍࡿ㌟యࡢẼ ࡙ࡁࡢⓎ㐩࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿሙᡤ࡛㸪㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ ࡿ≀ࢆఱᖺ㛫ࡶ࠺୰࡛సᴗࡀ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉࢀࡿ㸪ᖺ⪁ ࠸࡚ࡽࡣ↓ព㆑ࡢ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ✵㛫ࢆ᧯స࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡾ㸪ຍ㱋ࡼࡿឤぬኚࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡶ㐺ᛂࡋ⥆ࡅࡿ ࡇࢆຓࡅࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ㸬ᐙࡼࡾᗈ࠸⎔ቃ࡛㌟యࡢẼ ࡙ࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࡇࡣ㸪័ࢀࡓࢲࣥࢫࢆࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪㛫 −- 35 35 − ⓗࡶ✵㛫ⓗࡶ♫ⓗࡶ࠺ࡲࡃㄪࡋࡓ≧ែ࡛㸪 ேࡸሙᡤඹᆅᇦཧຍࡢ⩦័ⓗసᴗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡢ୍㒊 ࡞ࡿ㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫ࢆ⼥ྜࡉࡏ㸪㛫ࢆࠕ㛗ࡉࠖ㸪 ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㔞ࡉ࠼⪃࠼ࡿ㸦ᖜࡣࡳฟࡋࡓ㸧㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ ✵㛫ࡣ㛫࡛ ᐃࡉࢀࡿ㸬⌧௦⏕ά࡛ࡣ㸪㥔㌴ࢫ࣮࣌ ࢫࢆ᥈ࡍࡢࡎ࠸ࡪࢇ⾜ࡗࡓ㸦㛫ࢆ⾲ࡍ✵㛫ࡢゝⴥ㸧㸪 ḟࡢண⣙ࡣࡎࡗྥࡇ࠺ࡔ㸦㛫ࢆ⾲ࡍ✵㛫ࡢゝⴥ㸧 ゝ࠺㸬Tuan㸦1998㸧ࡣ㸪ࠕ㊥㞳ࢆゝ࠺ࡢ㛫ࢆ ࡗ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㸪㛫ࡢ༢ࡀດຊࡢឤぬࢆ ᫂☜♧ࡍ࠸࠺ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㊥㞳ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㉁ၥ ࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ㸪┠ᶆࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵࢀࡢດຊࡀᚲ せࡔࡗࡓ㸦ᚲせ࡞࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮※ࡣఱ㸧ࢆㄒࡿࡇ ࡀᙺ❧ࡘࠖㄝ᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Tuan, p. 128㸧㸬 సᴗࡢ⤖ࡧࡁࡣὀពࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ➽ ࡢ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡸసᴗࡢ㑅ᢥࡀ㸪㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓὀពࡼࡗ ࡚ไ㝈ࡉࢀࡿࡢྠᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡓὀពࡢ࢚ࢿ ࣝࢠ࣮ࡣ㸪ே⏕ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࡢసᴗࡢ᭱ၿࡢ㑅ᢥࢆࡋ㸪Ⓨ 㐩ࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡍࡿୖ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Csikszentmihalyi, 1974, 1990; Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988; Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984㸧㸬 Csikszentmihalyiࡣ㸪✵㛫ࡢㄪࡢឤぬࢆࡶࡓࡽ ࡋ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ேࡢከᵝ࡞άືࡀ୍⥴⼥ྜࡉࢀ࡚ࣇ ࣮ࣟ⤒㦂㸪ࡘࡲࡾពࡢ࠶ࡿ⏕άࢆ⏘ฟࡍࡿ≧ែ ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍࡼ࠺࡞㸪┠ⓗⓗ࡛ືᅉ࡞ࡿసᴗⓗ⏕ άࢆ᥎ዡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⏕ά࡛㸪ࡇࡢពࡢࣞ ࣋ࣝ㐩ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡋ㸪㟷ᖺᮇࡣ≉㸪⮬ศࡢⓎ 㐩ࡢࡓࡵࡢ⌮ⓗ࡞సᴗࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡇࡀᅔ㞴࡞ᮇ ࡢࡼ࠺ࡔ㸬㟷ᖺᮇࡣࣇ࣮ࣟࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇࡀࡋࡤࡋ ࡤ࠶ࡾ㸪సᴗࡢᢏ⬟ᣮᡓឤࡀᖹᆒ௨ୖ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪 ࠺ࡲࡃྜࢃ࡞࠸ࡢࡔ㸬ࡑࡢ௦ࢃࡾ㸪㟷ᖺᮇࡣప࠸ᢏ ⬟ᣮᡓឤࡢ୰࡛ࡢ↓Ẽຊ㸦apathy㸧ࡸ㏥ᒅࢆ⤒㦂ࡍ ࡿ㸦Farnworth, 2000㸧㸬ࡇࡢࡣ⚾ࡢ᭱㏆ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡶ ぢࡽࢀࡿ㸦Zemke, 2000㸧㸬Qu㸦2003㸧ࡀ㸪࣑ࢿ࣏ ࣜࢫ࡛ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝సᴗ⒪ἲ༠㸦AOTA㸧Ꮫ࡛Ⓨ⾲ ࡋࡓⱝ࠸㟷ᖺࡢႚ↮ࡢసᴗ⤒㦂ࡢ㉁ࢆㄪࡓ◊✲࡛࠶ ࡿ㸦Qu, Zemke, Chu, & Sun, 2004㸧㸬 ࣟࢧࣥࢪ࢙ࣝࢫᆅᇦࡢ100ྡࡢ⏕ᚐESM࠸࠺◊ ✲ἲࢆࡗ࡚ㄪࡓ㸬12ṓࡢ୰Ꮫ⏕㸪ࠕࣅ࣮ࠖ㡢 ࢆฟࡍᑠᆺᶵჾࢆ3000௨ୖࡗ࡚సᴗ⤒㦂ࢆሗ࿌ࡋ ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓ㸬ᑐ㇟⪅ࡢ43㸣ࡀႚ↮⪅ࡲࡓࡣႚ↮⤒㦂⪅ ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪㏻ᖖ10௦ࡢ50㹼60㸣ࡣႚ↮ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ሗ ࿌ࡼࡾᑡࡋపࡗࡓ㸬୍᪥ࡢ࠸ࡘႚ↮ࡍࡿࡘ࠸࡚ ࡣ㸪Ꮫᰯࡢఇࡳ㛫㸪ᨺㄢᚋ㸪༗ᚋࡢ㐜࠸㛫㸪ኤ᪉ ࡢ᪩࠸㛫ࡀከࡃ㸪ႚ↮ሙᡤࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡶグ᠈ࡢ࠶ࡿᏛ ᰯࡢᗞࡢゅ㸪㑹እࡢ㐨㸪ᐷᐊ୍࡛ே࡛㸪ࡀከࡗࡓ㸬 ႚ↮ຍࢃࡿసᴗࡣ㸪ཷࡅ㌟ⓗࠕࡓࡔ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸪 ࢸࣞࣅ㸪㡢ᴦࢆ⫈ࡃ㸪ࡔࡗࡓ㸬ᙼࡽࡢႚ↮୰ࡢ⤒㦂ࡣ㸪 CsikszentmihalyiLarson㸦1984㸧ࡀ࢚ࣥࢺࣟࣆ࣮ ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ↓⛛ᗎࡢㄆ▱≧ែࢇࡔ↓Ẽຊࡢ㢮࡛࠶ࡾ㸪 ᖹᆒⓗឤࣞ࣋ࣝࡀపࡃ㸪άືᛶࡶప࠸࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪ㄆ ▱ⓗຠ⋡ᛶࡸࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡸ⮬ᕫࡢឤぬࡶప࠸㸬ࡶ ࡗ⯆῝ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸪ႚ↮ࡢ๓㸪᭱୰㸪ᚋࡢ⤒㦂ࡢ ࣃࢱ࣮࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿ㸬ႚ↮ࡢ๓ࠕࣅ࣮ࠖ㬆ࡗࡓ㸦 ᐃ㸧㸪⤒㦂ࡢࢇࡢ ᐃ㡯┠ࡢᛂࡣᖹᆒ ௨ୗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬28㡯┠୰22㡯┠㸪ࡑࡢഴྥࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪 Ẽศࡣపࡃỿࡳ㸪ႚ↮୰ࡼࡾࡶపࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪ႚ ↮ᚋࠕࣅ࣮ࠖ㬆ࡗࡓࡣ㧗ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ⱝ ࠸ேࡓࡕࡀ⏕ά⤒㦂ࢆᨵၿࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵႚ↮ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ ࠸ࡿ࠸࠺㐺ᛂᡓ␎࡞ࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬௨๓ࡣࡼࡃ࡞ ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡔࢇࡔࢇᝏࡃࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࡶࢃࡽࡎ㸬ႚ↮ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸⏕ᚐࡶ㸪ከᵝ࡞స ᴗࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᚋᨵၿࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓඹ㸪ᢡ↓Ẽຊ ࠸࠺ႚ↮⪅㢮ఝࡢࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡀࡳࡽࢀࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡀ ♧၀ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪ⱝᖺᒙࡢࣛࣇࢫࢱࣝᵓ⠏ࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡽ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢ᪥ᖖ⤒㦂ࢆᨵၿࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ ᗣⓗ࡞సᴗᡓ␎ࢆぢࡘࡅ㑅ࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࡇࢆ㸪ᨭࡍࡿ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 㛫㸪✵㛫㸪సᴗ㸸ᐙ ࠕேࡀ⬟ືⓗィ⏬ࡍࡿ㝿㛫✵㛫ࡀ᪉ྥ࡙ࡅ ࡽࢀࡿ㸬ィ⏬ࡣ┠ᶆࢆࡶࡘ㸬┠ᶆࡣ✵㛫ⓗ࡞ゝⴥ࡛࠶ ࡾ㸪㛫ⓗゝⴥ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ㸬㸬 㸬┠ⓗⓗάື࠾࠸࡚✵㛫 㛫ࡣ⬟ືⓗ⮬ᕫྥࡗ࡚⾜ࡃ㸬㸬㸬ࠖ 㸦Tuan, 1977, p. 128㸧㸬 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞┠ⓗάືࡢࢆ㸪࠸ࡃࡘ⡆༢ࡳ࡚࠸ ࡇ࠺㸬ᐙ⫋ሙ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡿసᴗࢆ㸪㛫✵㛫ࡢ㍈࡛ ࡳ࡚࠸ࡃ㸬ᡂேࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡗ࡚㸪ࡣ⮬ศࢆ ♧ࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡢᶵࡀࢃࡎࡋ࡞࠸㸪 ࡃ࡞࠸࣓ࣜ࢝ே࡛ࡉ࠼ࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡾ㸪↓⫋࡛࠶ࢀࡤ⮬ ศ ࡢ ౯ ್ ࢆ ప ࡃ ឤ ࡌ ࡚ ࡋ ࡲ ࠺ 㸦 Wilson, 1998 㸧㸬 Ehrenriech㸦2001㸧ࡣ㸪ప㈤㔠ࡢປാ⪅࠸࠺ᙺࢆࠕ⛎ ࠖ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ㸪ࢇࡢྠࡀ㦄ࡉࢀ࡞ ࡗࡓᛮࡗࡓ㸬ࡋࡋࡑࡢᚋ㸪ࡳࢇ࡞ࡣᙼዪࡀ࢙࢘ ࢺࣞࢫ㸪Ύᤲဨ㸪⪁ேタࡢຓᡭ㸪ᑠᗑࡢົࢆ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࢆ㸪ᐇࡣ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓẼ࡙࠸ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢᡭ ࡢேࡢࡼ࠺ᙼዪࡀ⯙ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᙼዪ ࡀࡑ࠺࠸࠺ேࡔࡗࡓࡽ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᑡ࡞ࡃࡶࡑࡢ ࡑࡢሙᡤ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸬Bamberger Davidson㸦1998㸧 −- 36 36 − ࡣ㸪༡㒊ࡢᐙලᕤሙ࡛࠶ࡿ࣍࣡ࢺᐙල♫ࡢ㛢㙐ࡀ㸪 ✵㛫ⓗάື㸫ࢆኻࡗࡓປാ⪅࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࢆሗ ࿌ࡋࡓ㸬㛢㙐ࡲ࡛㛗ᖺᕤሙ࠸ࡓ⫗యປാ⪅ࡓࡕࡣ␃ ࡲࡿࡇࢆ㑅ࢇࡔ㸬ࡑࢀࡣᙼࡽࡗ࡚ࡑࢀࡀ࢟ࣕࣜ ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ே⏕࡛࠶ࡾ㸪༢࡞ࡿ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡽ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓேࠎࡣࡼࡃṚࡢẚ႘ࢆࡗ࡚㸪⫋ሙ ࡢ㛫ࡢ႙ኻࢆ⾲⌧ࡍࡿ㸬࣍࣡ࢺᐙල♫ࡢ㛢 㙐࡛㸪⮬ศࡓࡕࡣṚࢇࡔࡶྠ↛ࡔឤࡌࡓࡢࡔ㸬 ẖᮅฟࡅ࡚㸪ኪᐙᡠࡿ᪥ㄢࢆ⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡼ ࠺㸬ࡇࢀࡣ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ⩦័࡛ࡣ㸪ࢇ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ ࡃ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㛫✵㛫ࡢ୰ࡢ⛣ື࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪 ࡇࡢ࠶ࡗࡕ⾜ࡗࡓࡾࡇࡗࡕ᮶ࡓࡾࢆᘧࡀྲྀࡾᕳ ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ᪥ࡀ᪂ࡋ࠸୍᪥࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᮅࡣ ⫋ሙࡣ๓᪉࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢேࡢᮍ᮶࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ⛣ື ࡍࡿࡇࡣ๓᪉ࡢ⛣ື࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡣከࡃࡢ㛫ࡣ ࣮ࣝࢳ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪⛥࡞ࡇࡀ㉳ࡇࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣᖖ࠶ ࡿ㸬ண࡛ࡁ࡞࠸⾜ືࢆࡿぢ▱ࡽࡠே࠺㸪 እ࡛ఱࡀ㉳ࡇࡿண ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ☜ᐇᛶ㦫ࡁࡢ₯ᅾᛶࡣ㸪ᮍ᮶ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᮍ᮶ࡢ ឤぬࢆసࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬୍᪥ࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ㸪ປാ⪅ࡣᐙ ᡠࡿ‽ഛࢆࡍࡿ㸬 ࠕᖐࡿ㸪✵㛫࠶ࡿ㊊㊧ࢆᡠࡗ࡚࠸ ࡃ㸪㛫ࡢ୰࡛ᖐࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ㸪㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿ⣲ᬕࡽࡋ࠸ ᡃࡀᐙࠖ㸦Tuan, 1977, p. 127㸧㸬ᐙࡣࡑࡇࡽࢫࢱ࣮ ࢺ ࡍ ࡿ ሙ ᡤ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ 㸪 ୍ ᪥ ࡢ ᪑ ࡽᡠ ࡿ ሙ ᡤ ࡛࠶ ࡿ 㸦Casey, 1993㸧㸬ᐙࡣ㸪ẖ᪥ࡼࡃ࠺⮬ศ࡛㑅ࡧࡼࡃ▱ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿ≀ࡀࡂࡗࡋࡾワࡲࡗࡓሙᡤ࡛࠶ ࡿ㸬 ࠕᐙࡣ㌟㏆࡞ሙᡤ㸬㸬㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣẖ᪥ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀ௨๓ࡢ ࡚ࡢ᪥ࠎ㔜࡞ࡾ࠶ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠖ 㸦Stark㸪Tuan, 1977, p. 145 ࡼࡾᘬ⏝㸧㸬ࠕᐙࡢሙᡤ࠶ࡾࡩࢀࡓ⏕άࡣ⌧ᐇࢆ ឤࡌࡉࡏࡿ㸬㸬 㸬⌧ᐇࡣ㥆ᰁࡳࡢ࠶ࡿ᪥ᖖ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᜥࢆ ࡍࡿࡼ࠺┠❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦Tuan, 1977, pp. 145-146㸧㸬 Larson Zemke 㸦 2003 㸧 ࡢ స ᴗ 㛫 ᛶ 㸦occupatiotemporality㸧ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ㸪⫋ሙᐙࡢ୧᪉ࡢ ሙᡤ࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࠾ࡅࡿ㸪ே⤌ࡸ㞟ᅋ࡛ࡢ᪥ᖖάື ࡢ⤫ྜྠᮇࡢせᅉࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗࡲࡵࡢ୰㞟⣙ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢከࡃࡗ࡚㸪సᴗⓗቃ⏺࠸ ࠼ࡿᐙ⫋ሙࡢ㛫ࡢቃ⏺⥺ࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫ࡢ༊ษࡾ ࡋ࡚ᥥࢀࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡘࡢసᴗሙ㠃ࡢ㛫 ㌟యⓗ㸪⢭⚄ⓗ㸪⾜ືⓗ࡞➃ࡸቃ⏺ࡸࡅᶫࢆ࠾ࡃ㸬 Nippert-Eng㸦1995㸧ࡣ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࠕࢸࣜࢺ࣮ࣜࠖࡘ ࠸࡚㏙㸪⢭⚄ᵓ㐀ࡋ࡚ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪✵㛫㛫ࡢ ⨨ࡋ࡚ࡢ⮬ศࢆ♧ࡋ㸪యࡢ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢ⾜ືࢆ᫂ ☜ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔᙇࡋࡓ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪ࡇࡢ⮬ศ⮬㌟ ࢆᐙࡸ⫋ሙ࠸ࡗࡓ㛵㐃άືࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ≉ᐃࡢ⎔ቃ ࡢ㛵㐃࡛⨨࡙ࡅࡿ㸬⊂≉࡞ࠕ⾜࠺ࡇ doingsࠖࡔ ࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪⊂≉࡞ࠕᏑᅾࡢ᪉ ways of beingࠖࡀ⫋ሙ ࡸᐙࡸࡑࡢ㛫ࡢ⛣⾜ࡢ㛫ⓗ✵㛫ⓗቃ⏺ࡢ୰࡛㸪⚾ࡓ ࡕࡀ⤖ࡧࡃࡇకࡗ࡚⌧ࢀࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬⫋ሙ ᐙࡢẚ㍑ࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢഃ㠃ࡀ✵㛫ⓗసᴗሙ㠃ࢆ㏻ ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ୰࡛⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ㸪ඹ᭷ࡉࢀࡿࡸࡾ᪉ࢆᫎ ࡍࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡀ㛫ࡸሙᡤࢆኚ࠼ࡿ㸪⫋ሙᐙࢆ ⾜ࡁ᮶ࡍࡿ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢసᴗࡣ⮬ᕫ⤫ྜࡉࢀ㸪ඹ㏻ ࡍࡿ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡋࡓࡾ㸪⮬ศࢆ༊ูࡋࡓࡾ㸪 ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢูࡢഃ㠃ࢆศࡅ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞ ࠸㸬ࡓ࠼ࡤ㸪 ࠕබඹࡢࠖ㛫ࡸ✵㛫࡛ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣᬑ ㏻㸪⪅ࡽࢡࢭࢫྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾㄝ᫂㈐௵ࢆࡶࡘ㸬୍ ᪉ࠕࣉ࣮ࣛ࣋ࢺ࡞ࠖ㛫✵㛫࡛ࡣࢡࢭࢫࡋࡃ ࡃ㸪ㄝ᫂㈐௵ࡶ࡞࠸㸦Zerubavel, 1985㸧㸬࡛ࡣ㸪 㛫ሙᡤࡢᩥⓗṔྐⓗ㛵㐃ࡀ㸪ᐙẚ࡚ከ࠸㸬 ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪㛫✵㛫࡛⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࠺ࡋࡓάືࡢቃࢆ㸪 ≀⌮ⓗศࡅࡓࡾ༊ูࡍࡿࡇࢆఏ⤫ⓗ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ ࡅࢀ㸪Nippert-Eng㸦1995㸧ࡣ㸪ࡼࡾỴᐃⓗ࡞⢭⚄ⓗ ༊ูࡸ⛣⾜࡛ࡉ࠼㸪≀⌮ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢక࠺ࡇࢆᣦࡋ ࡓ㸬㛫✵㛫㸪ࡑࢀࡑࡢ㛫ࡢ᪑ࡣ㸪సᴗࡢ㛫ࡢቃ ⏺ࡸ⛣⾜ᚲ㡲࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡴࡋࢁ⪃࠼ࡿࡇ 㸦thinking㸧㸪Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ㸦being㸧㸪⾜࠺ࡇ㸦doing㸧 ࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡢ㛫ࡢࠕ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ࢠࢩࣇࢺࢆຓࡅࡿ₶Ἔࠖ ࡞ࡿ㸬Zerubavel㸦1991㸧ࡣ㸪ᐙࡢୡ⏺ࡣ⛣⾜ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡢ ⢭ ⚄ ⓗ ㊴ ㌍ ࢆ ᚲ せ ࡍ ࡿ ゝ ࠺ ࡀ 㸪୍ ᪉ Nippert-Eng ࡣ㸪ࡶࡋࡑࢀࡀࡼࡾ⤫ྜࡉࢀࢀࡤ㸪⢭⚄ⓗ ᩓ Ṍ ࡢ ࡳ ࢆ ᚲ せ ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ゝ ࠺ 㸬 Dickie 㸦1996㸧ࡣ㸪 ࠕ⏕⏘ࡍࡿ㸦productive㸧ࠖ㸪⮬ศࡓ ࡕࡢᐙ࡛ࡍࡿேࠎࡢ⩏ົ࡛࠶ࡿࠕᰤ࠼ࡿ 㸦reproductive㸧ࠖᐙ᪘ࡢ㛫ࡢ࡞ࡔࡽ࡞✵㛫ⓗቃ⏺ ࡘ࠸࡚ሗ࿌ࡋࡓ㸬ࡋࡋ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢ༊⏬ࡉࢀࡓ⌧ ௦࣓ࣜ࢝♫࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⚾ࡓࡕከࡃࡗ࡚㢖⦾ ࡞⛣⾜ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿ㸬 ቃ⏺ᇦ㸦liminality㸧㸦Turner, 1967, 1974; Van Gennep, 1960㸧ࡣ㸪ᩥⓗኚᐜࡢࡇ࡛㸪ࡑࡇ࡛ேࡣ࠶ࡿ♫ ⓗᆅࢆ㞳ࢀ㸪ูࡢ♫ⓗᆅධࡿ㸬㏻ᖖࡣ᪥ᖖ ⓗࡉࢀࡿ⛣ືࡸ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࡇࡣ㐺⏝ࡉࢀ࡞ ࠸ࡶࡢࡔࡀ㸪ࡇࡢᴫᛕࡣ᪥ᖖࡢ⛣ືࡶࡼࡃᙜ࡚ࡣࡲ ࡿ㸬 ᐙ⫋ሙࢆ ࡍࡿ᪑ࡣ✵㛫ⓗ࡛㸪㛫ⓗ࡛㸪♫ ⓗ࡞ࠕᵓ㐀㛫 interstructuralࠖ⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡿ㸬ࡇࡢ ⌮⏤ࡽ㸪ࡇࡢ㛫ࡢ⢭⚄ⓗ⛣⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢ࡞ᶵࡀ ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿ㸬᪑ࡣ≀⌮ⓗ㞳ࢀᡠࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿྠ 㸪⢭⚄ⓗࡶ࠶ࡿࡇࢁࡽษࡾ㞳ࡉࢀ㸪ࡧᡠࡾ㸪 ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡶูࡢഃ࠾ࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿ㸦Nippert-Eng, −- 37 37 − 1995, p. 119㸧㸬 25 ᖺ㛫ࣟࢧࣥࢪ࢙ࣝࢫ࡛㏻ࡋࡓ⚾ࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢ㛫 ࢆ㛗࠸⪃࠼ࡓࡇࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ቃ⏺ᇦ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚㧗 ㏿㐨㊰ࢆ⊃࠸㥔㌴ሙࡧ㸪⮬ศࡢ≧ែ⮬ศ⮬㌟ࢆ ᪥ࠎᐙᗞேࡽ⫋ᴗேኚ࠼㸪ࡑࡋ࡚ᡠࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬 ⚾ࡢ㛫㸪✵㛫㸪⮬ศ⮬㌟ࡢࡁ࡞༊ูࡁ࡞⤫ྜ ࡣ㸪㈇ᢸࢆ⦆ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺㸬 ᩥࡢ⳹㙾ࡢ୰ࡢసᴗ㸪㛫㸪✵㛫 సᴗ⛉Ꮫ⪅ࡋ࡚㸪⚾ࡣᩥࢆ⯆῝ࡃࡳ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬 ࡢసᴗࡀ㔜せ࡛㸪࡞ࡐ㸪࠸ࡘ㸪ࡇ࡛㸪ࡢࡼ࠺ ⾜ ࠺ ࢆ 㞟 ᅋ ࡢ ど Ⅼ ࡋ ࡚ ࡳ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ 㸬 Bonder, Martin, Miracle㸦2004㸧ࡣ㸪ᩥⓗどⅬࢲࢼ࣑ࢵࢡ ࡞↔Ⅼࢆ㐍ࡵ㸪 ࠕ㸬㸬㸬᪥ᖖࡢಶே㛫ࡢὶࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚⏕ ࡌࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࠖ 㸦Bonder 㸪2004㸪p.162㸧ࡳ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㸪㛫ሙᡤࡣ୧᪉ࡶᩥࡢ⾲⌧ᙳ㡪 ࢆ࠼ࡿ㸬ᩥࡣᏛ⩦ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛㸪ࡑࡢ౯್ࡣᆅᇦ ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦≉ᐃࡢᆅᇦ࡛≉ᐃࡢ㛫┦స⏝ ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚Ⓨ㐩ࡍࡿ㸧㸬ࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸⪃࠼ࢆ⤫ྜࡍࡿ㸪ࡢᩥ ࡽࡾࡿ㸪᪂ࡓ࡞ሗࢆྠࡍࡿᩥࡢ⬟ຊࡣ㸪 ᙉࡉ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᩥࢆᏑ⥆ࡉࡏࡿࠖ 㸦p.164㸧㸬ᩥⓗ㞟ᅋ ࡋ࡚㸪⚾ࡓࡕすὒࡢసᴗ⒪ἲኈࡣ㸪㛫㸪✵㛫㸪స ᴗࡢ⪃࠼ࡀ㸪ࡢࡼ࠺ୡ⏺࡛ඹ᭷ࡍࡿࢆὀព῝ࡃ ホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 Blanche Henny-Kohler㸦2000㸧ࡣ㸪␗࡞ࡿᆅ⌮ⓗ ᆅᇦ㛫࡛▱㆑ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿ 3 ࡘࡢ᪉ἲࢆᥦࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 ྜ⾗ᅜࡸࡢᅜࠎ࡛ࡢసᴗ⒪ἲࡢ₯ᅾⓗࢫࢱࣝࢆ ᫎࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᭱ึࡢࢫࢱࣝࡣ㸪౫Ꮡ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ ᳜Ẹᆅ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡓࡪࢇከࡃࡢேࡢ᪥ࡢࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜ ࢬ࣒ࡢぢ᪉࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ⪃࠼ࡸᢏ⾡ࢆ࠶ࡿᆅᇦู ࡢᆅᇦࡽ㸪ᆅᇦࡢࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡸᐇ㊶ࡢ㐺ྜᛶࢆ ホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ㍺ධࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡘ┠ࡣ㸪 ⮬❧࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᅜ⢋⩏࡛㸪㍺ධࡉࢀࡿ⪃࠼ࡸᢏ⾡ࢆᣄ ⤯ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚㸪ࡑࡢᆅᇦࡢఏ⤫ࢆᏲࡿࡶࡢࡔࡀ㸪 ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ㥆ᰁࢇࡔ⪃࠼ࡸᐇ㊶௨እࡢእࡽࡢሗࡢ Ḟⴠࢆᣍࡃ㸬୕␒┠ࡣ㸪┦౫Ꮡࡢࢫࢱ࡛ࣝ㸪ᅜ㝿 ⓗ࡞ὶࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪ᆅᇦࡸᆅඖࡢ◊✲ࡸᩍ⫱ࢆዲࡲࡋ ࠸≧ែࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢసᴗ⒪ἲ సᴗ⛉Ꮫࡣ◊✲ᐇ㊶ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡣୡ⏺ ࡛ඹ᭷ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࡋࡶࡗࡶຠᯝⓗࡍࡿࡓࡵ ࡣ㸪ᆅᇦࡢᩥࡸࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡢ㛵㐃ࡘ࠸࡚ホ ౯ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬 ࠕࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᩥࡣ㸪࡚ࡢᩥࡀࡶࡘ✵㛫㛫 ࡀ㸪ࡑࡇ࡛⏕άࡍࡿᐇ㝿ࡢ✵㛫ࡸ㛫ࡢ㏆ఝ࡛࠶ࡾ᭤ ゎ࡛࠶ࡿಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ 㸦Mumford, 1963, p. 18㸧㸬 ࠕ㛫 ⓗࣃࢱ࣮ࣥࡣᗈ࡞ᩥⓗᛶ㉁ࡢ⥙┠ࡢᕪࡍࡿ㒊ศ ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࢀࡀሙᡤࡢࣃ࣮ࢯࢼࣜࢸᾐ㏱ࡍࡿࠖ 㸦Levine, 1997, p. 188㸧ࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪ᩥྡࡅࡽࢀ ࡓࡇࡢࡶࡢẼ࡙ࡃࡼ࠺࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⮬ศࡢୡ⏺ ࡽฟ࡚㸪㐪࠸ࡘࡲࡾ㸪⏕άࡢ㏻ᖖࡢࡸࡾ᪉ࡢᮏ㉁ⓗ㐪 ࠸ࡸ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞㐪࠸┤㠃ࡍࡿ㸬ఱࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡢ㸪ఱࡀ ၥ㢟࡛࡞࠸ࡢ㸪࠸࠺㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸬㸬ࠖ 㸦Dickie, 2004, p. 170㸧㸬 1998 ᖺࡽ 2002 ᖺࡢ㛫㸪୍ᖺࡢ࠺ࡕࡢᩘ᭶ ࡽ༙ᖺ㸪⚾ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛㐣ࡈࡋࡓ㸬Ꮫ㝔ࡢᩍ⫱ࣉࣟࢢࣛ ࣒ࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢ┦ㄯࡸᣦᑟࢆࡋࡓ㸬⮬ศࡢᐙࡸ ⫋ሙ㢮ఝࡢࡇࡶከࡗࡓࡀ㸪㐪࠺ࡇࡶከࡗࡓ㸬 ᪥ᮏྜ⾗ᅜ࠾ࡅࡿࠕࠖ࠸࠺సᴗ࢝ࢸࢦ࣮ࣜ ࡢ㛫ࡸሙᡤࡢ㉁ࡣ㸪ᩥⓗᙧែ㸦form㸧⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡓ㸦Trice, 1993㸧㸬ᙧែࡣ⾲㠃ⓗࡶᩥࢆᫎࡋฟࡋ㸪 ᩥⓗࢹ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡢᇶ┙ࡶᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪 ᐙ᪘ࡢࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ Dickie ࡢ⪃ᐹ࠾ࡅࡿ࡛࠶ࡿ 㸦2004, p. 172㸧㸬ࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ㸪ᙧែࡣ⛣Ẹᐙ᪘ࡢᩥኚ ᐜࡋ࡚ኚࡍࡿࡀ㸪ᐙ᪘ࢆ౯್ࡅࡿᇶᮏⓗ࡞ࢹ ࢜ࣟࢠ࣮ࡣ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿ㸬 Hall㸦1966, 1983㸧 Levine㸦1997㸧ࡣ㸪ࡢᩥࢆ ㄪ᪥ᮏࡢ㛫ሙᡤࡢぢ᪉࡛ࡣ㸪ሙ㸦BA㸧ࡀูࡢ㔜 せ࡞ᇶᮏⓗᩥⓗᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿ㛫㸦MA㸧ࢆྵࡴᣦ ࡋࡓ㸬すὒேࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࢀࡣ 2 ࡘࡢ≀ࡢ㛫ࡀ✵㛫࡛ ࠶ࡾ㸪2 ࡘࡢฟ᮶ࡢ㛫㝸ࡀ㛫࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㛫ࡣ ఱࡶ࡞࠸㸬᪥ᮏேࡗ࡚ࡣ㸪㛫㸦ࡲ㸧ࡢ࠶ࡿ㠃ࡣᶫ ࡛࠶ࡾ㛫✵㛫୧᪉ࡢᯫࡅᶫ࡞ࡿ㸬సᴗሙ㠃㛫ࡢ ➃㸪ቃ⏺㸪✵㛫ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪୧⪅ࡢ ᯫࡅᶫㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ㸦Hall, 1983, p. 210㸧㸬㛫㸦ࡲ㸧࡛ ࡣ㸪ᮘ᳔Ꮚࡢ㛫ࡢ✵㛫ఱࡶ࡞࠸ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪 ࠕ࡞ ࠸ࡇࡀ‶ࡕ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࡢ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㛫ᶫࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ ࠺⾜ືࡍࡿ㸬㛫㸦ࡲ㸧ࡣ㸪᪥ᖖ⏕άࡢከࡃࡢഃ㠃 ࡀᫎࡉࢀࡿ㸬ヰࡸᑐヰࡢ㛫ⓗ࡞ཷࡅ⟅࠼ࡀ㐪ࡗ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㸪ከࡃࡢࢪࡢᅜࠎࡀࡑ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ ࡼ࠺㸪ヰࡍ๓ᚅࡘࡇࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⮬ศࡢࢥ࣓ ࣥࢺධࡿ๓༑ศ⪅ࡀゝࡗࡓࡇࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࠸ ࠺㛫ࢆࡶࡘࡇࢆ♧ࡍࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ỿ㯲ࡢពࡣ᪥ᮏ ேࡼࡗ࡚ᩥⓗㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ᐇ㝿ఱࡶゝࢃࡎㄒ ࡿ࠸࠺᪉ἲࡀ㸪࢚ࢫ࠸࠺๓ࡢ༑ศ࡞୰᩿࡛࠶ࡿ ࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬ࡋࡋ㸪ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ୰᩿ࡣᩥ࠾ࡅ ࡿ⪅ᑐࡍࡿព࡞ࡽࡤ㸪すὒேࡢ⪺ࡁᡭᑐࡋ࡚ ࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸬ࠕࢇࡢすὒேࡗ࡚㸪 ᫂ⓑ࡞άືࡢḞዴࡣ㸪ఱࡶ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇࢆ♧ ࡍ㸬ࠖࡋࡋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ㸪ࠕఱࡶάືࡀ࡞࠸ᮇ㛫ࡣ㸪ព ࡢ࠶ࡿ⾜ືࡢࡓࡵᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢ⌮ゎࡉࢀࡿࡢࡔࠖ −- 38 38 − 㸦Levine, 1997, p. 197㸧㸬Iwama ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺㸪 ࠕ࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ㸦becoming㸧㸪Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ㸦being㸧㸪ࡑ ࡋ࡚⾜࠺ࡇ㸦doing㸧ࡀ㸪᪥ᮏேࡢ⤒㦂ࡗ࡚ࡣࡼ ࡾ⌮ゎྍ⬟࡞ࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ㸬Wilcock㸦1998㸧ࡣࠕ⾜ ࠺ࡇ㸪Ꮡᅾࡍࡿࡇ㸪࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࠖ㸦p. 249㸧 ゝࡗࡓࡀ㸬 ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡣಶே↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪Ꮚࡶ ࡣ⮬ศࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࢆ⾲⌧ࡋ㸪⮬ศࡢࢽ࣮ࢬẼࢆ㓄ࡾ㸪 ࢽ࣮ࢬࢆ㊊ࡍࡿࡇࢆồࡵ㸪ࡑࡢࡓࡵᚲせ࡞ࡇ ࢆࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ࠺ࡇࢆᏛࡪ㸬ࡇࢀࡣᑐ↷ⓗ᪥ᮏ ࡢᏊࡶࡣ㸪㞟ᅋ࡛༠ㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࢆᏛࡧ㸪⮬ศ࡛ Ỵ ࡵ ࡚ ⾜ ࠺ ࡼ ࡾ 㸪 ᡤ ᒓ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀࡼ ࡾ 㔜 せ ࡛࠶ ࡿ 㸦Iwama㸧㸬ᙼࡽࡀᮇᚅࡍࡿࡢࡣ㸪ேࡀࡸࡉࡋࡃᛮ៖῝ ࡃὶࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ఱࢆ㐺ษ౫㢗ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ ࡣ࡞࠸㸬࠶࡞ࡓࡀᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢࡣ㞟ᅋࡀ࠶࡞ࡓ࠼ࡿ ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ᪥ᮏࡢ⫋ሙࡢ㛫ሙᡤࡣ㸪⩏ົ㸦GIMU㸧࠸࠺ 㞟ᅋᚿྥࡢཎ๎ࢆ᰿ᖿࡍࡿ㸦Benedict, 1946/1989, Kondo, 2004㸧㸬ࡇࢀࡣ⪅ࡢ⩏ົ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࠕ௬ⓗ ࡚ࡢ♫ⓗ㛵ಀࡣ᫂☜♧ࡉࢀࡓ⩏ົࡘ࠸࡚ᵓ㐀 ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸬㸬ࠖ㸦Levine, 1997, p. 179㸧㸬୰ᚰ࡞ࡿ ⩏ົࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢᐙ㸦ᐙ᪘㸧⫋ሙ㸦♫㸧ᑐࡍࡿࡶ ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᖾ⚟Ᏻᑀࡢ᭱ࡢ※ࡣ㸪 ࠕ᪥ᮏேࡀ࠺ࡲࡃ ࠾㏉ࡋ࡛ࡁࡓឤࡌࡿࣉࣛࢻ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸬㸬ࠖ㸦Levine, 1997, p. 179㸧㸬ᜠࡸࡾࢆ㏉ࡍࡇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸦Benedict, 1946/1989㸧㸪㞟ᅋᑐࡋ࡚ࡢࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㞟ᅋ ᑐࡍࡿ⩏ົࡢឤぬ㈐௵ࡣ㸪 ࠕࡋࡻ࠺ࡀ࡞࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ឤ ぬ㸪ࡑࡢ≧ែࢆཷࡅධࢀ㸪ࡑࡢ⨨␃ࡲࡾ㸪࠸ࡘ࡛ ࡶ㞟ᅋෆ࡛ࡢᒃሙᡤࢆ▱ࡿࡇᙉࡃ⤖ࡧ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦Kondo, 2004㸧㸬ࡇࡢሙᡤࡣࠕࡀࡲࢇࡍࡿࠖࡇ㸪㞟 ᅋෆ࡛ࡢୗࡗ➃࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣึᚰ⪅ࡢሙᡤ㛫ࡢ㎞ࡉ ⪏࠼ࡿࡇࢆྵࡴ㸬 Levine㸦1997㸧ࡼࢀࡤ㸪᪥ᮏேࡣ࡚ࡶ㞟ᅋᚿྥ ᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ㸪ࣉ࣮ࣛ࣋ࢺ࡞㛫㸦ᐙ࡛ࡢ㛫ࡸࣞࢪࣕ ࣮ࡢ㛫㸧ᑐࡍࡿせồࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡼࡾᑡ࡞࠸㸬බ ඹࡢ⫋ሙ࡛࠶ࡿ㞟ᅋෆࡼࡾከࡃ␃ࡲࡾ㸪㛫ࢆ 㐣ࡈࡋ⫋ሙ࡛ࡢ㛵ಀࢆᙉࡵ㸪୍⥴㣗ࡓࡾ㣧ࢇࡔࡾ ࡋฟࡅࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪᪥ᮏࡢປാຊࡢ ࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ࡞ࡿ㸦WA㸧ࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿ㸬⫋ሙ ♫⏕άࡢቃ⏺ࡢ᭕ࡉࡣ㸪࡛࡞࠸㛫ࡢ ᛶ㉁ᑐࡍࡿᇶᮏⓗែᗘࢆᫎࡍࡿ㸦Levine, 1997, p. 179㸧㸬㢮ఝࡍࡿ♫ⓗ㛵ಀࡣ㸪⫋ሙ㛫 Ⓨᒎࡍࡿࡇࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ㸬♫ⓗ࡞ࠕఇ᠁㛫㸬㸬㸬 ࡣࡢࡓࡵᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࡣ୍⯡ྠࡸ᪥ᮏ♫ ࡛ࡣ㸬㸬㸬㧗࠸౯್ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ㸦p. 180㸧㸬࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀ ⫋ሙ࡛ࡢࠕ㛫ࡢ↓㥏ࠖࡳࡿࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ㸪 ࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࡚࡚ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⫋ሙ㛗 㛫࠸ࡿࡇࡣ㸪⫋ሙᑐࡍࡿ⩏ົ࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪㛫 ࡀ㛗ࡃ࡞ࡿᖺ㛗⪅ࡀ〔⨾ࢆฟࡍ㸬 ࠕඛ៧ᚋᴦ㸦ࡏࢇࡺ ࠺ࡇ࠺ࡽࡃ㸧 ࠖゝࡗ࡚㸪ඛⱞࡋࡴࡇ࡛ᚋᴦࡋࡃ ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢃࡊࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇ࠺ࡋࡓಙᛕࡣ㸪ᙼࡽࡢ ࡍࡿࡇࡀ㞟ᅋࡢດຊࡢ୍㒊࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࢫࢺࣞࢫᑐᢠ ࡍࡿཎ๎ⓗ࡞⦆⾪࡞ࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬 ࠕᆅᇦᩥᑐࡍࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⾪ᧁ ࢆ㸬㸬㸬⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸㸬సᴗ⒪ἲ⌮ㄽࡢⓎᒎࡣ㸪 ࢇ࡞ᩥ࡛࠶ࡿᩄឤ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡼࡾᩥⓗឤཷ ᛶࡢ㧗࠸ᐇ㊶ࢆᑟࡁࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿ㸬㸬㸬ࡢᆅᇦࡢᩥ ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱Ⰻࡢᐇ㊶࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪⪃࠼ධࢀࡿࡁసᴗ ࡢᩥⓗ≉᭷࡞ഃ㠃ྠᵝ㸪ୡ⏺ඹ㏻ᛶࡶ⪃࠼࡞ ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ 㸦Kondo, 2004, p. 182㸧㸬సᴗࡘ࠸࡚ ࡢᆅᇦ≉᭷ࡢ⌮ㄽྠᵝୡ⏺ඹ㏻ࡢ⌮ㄽ㸪⪃࠼㸪స ᴗ⒪ἲ⌮ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Clark, Sato, & Iwama, 2000; Hocking & Whiteford, 1997; Kondo, 2004㸧㸬 㛫ሙᡤ㸸ࡇࡇ࡛ 㛫✵㛫ࡢ⳹㙾ࡢ㙾ࣞࣥࢬࡣ㸪సᴗࡢ」㞧࡞ ከࡃࡢ㠃ࡀぢ࠼ࡿ㸬ࡶࡋ⚾ࡓࡕࡀࡇࡇ࡛㸦Here and Now㸧ࡢࣞࣥࢬࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ぢࢀࡤ㸪Friedland Boden 㸦1994㸧ࡀࠕࡇࡇ࡛ࠖࢇࡔ࣓࣮ࢪࢆぢࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬సᴗ⒪ἲኈ࠸࠺ᙺࡋ࡚㸪సᴗ↔Ⅼ ࢆᙜ࡚ࡿ㸪ఱࡀぢ࠼ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ AOTA 㛗࡛࠶ࡿ Carolyn Baum ࡣ㸪ࠕ♫ࡗ࡚ࡢၥ㢟ࢆぢ ᐃࡵ㸪㔜せ࡞ㄽⅬࡘ࠸࡚ࡢኌ᫂᭩ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࣉࣟࢭ ࢫࢆ㐀ࡍࡿࠖࡇࢆዡບࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦LaGrossa, 2004, p. 15㸧㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡣ㸪⮬ศࡓࡕࡢಙᛕ㸪๓ᥦ㸪సᴗ㛵㐃ࡍ ࡿ⌧௦ࡢ࢚ࣅࢹࣥࢫࢆぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡼࡗ࡚㸪㐺ษ࡞ ၥ㢟Ⅼࢆぢᐃࡵጞࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡎၥ࠸ࡓ࠸ࡢࡣ㸪 ࠕసᴗ ࡣᗣࡢࡼ࠺㛵㐃ࡍࡿࡢࠖ࠸࠺ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 Yerxa㸦2000㸧᭱㏆ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡼࢀࡤ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣᗣ ࢆ㸪⮬ศࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸཧຍࡍࡿពࡢ࠶ࡿసᴗࣃ ࢱ࣮ࣥࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚౯್࠶ࡿ┠ᶆ฿㐩ࡍࡿࡇࢆྍ⬟ ࡍࡿேࡢ㈨※⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ಶேࡢసᴗⓗᗣ♫ ࡢసᴗⓗᗣࡣ㸪ࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬⤒῭ⓗ⾶㏥࠸࠺ ၥ㢟ࡣኻᴗࢆᗈࡆࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡾ㸪♫ⓗᗣၥ㢟࡞ ࡿ㸬ಶேᑐࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ಶேⓗసᴗᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼㸪సᴗ ㊊ࡸసᴗዣ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆᣍࡃ㸬ࡇࡢ㛵㐃ᛶࢆㄆࡵ㸪 ♫ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ㄽⅬࢆ᥈ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ ࠸ࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿ㸪 ࠕᗣⓗ♫ࡣఱࠖ㸬⟅࠼ࡣࡇ࠺ࡔ㸬 ᗣⓗ♫ࡣ㸪࡚ࡢேࡀពࡢ࠶ࡿసᴗࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ ♫࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Westhorp, 1995, Wilcock, 2003㸧㸬࡚ࡢே −- 39 39 − ࡀసᴗࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ♫ࡣ㸪ಖ་⒪ࡢኚࢆᚲせࡍࡿ ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ᨻⓗ㸪⤒῭ⓗ㸪ࡑࡢࡢ♫ⓗኚࢆ ᚲせࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺㸬ኚࡢࡼ࠺⾜ࡁࡘࡃࡘ ࠸࡚ࡢᥦࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬ୡ⏺ಖᶵ㛵ࡢ࣊ ࣝࢫࣉ࣮ࣟࣔࢩࣙࣥࡢࡓࡵࡢ࢜ࢱ࣡᠇❶ 㸦1986㸧࡛ࡣ㸪 5 ࡘࡢ࡞⾜ືࡀᚲせࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬㸦1㸧ᗣⓗබඹ ᨻ⟇సࡾ㸪㸦2㸧ᗣࢆᨭࡍࡿ⎔ቃసࡾ㸪㸦3㸧ᆅᇦά ືࡢᙉ㸪㸦4㸧ಶேᢏ⬟ࡢ㛤Ⓨ㸪㸦5㸧⮫ᗋⓗ⒪ࢆ㉸ ࠼࡚ᗣࡢᐇ⌧ྥ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ᗣ㛵㐃ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࡢ᪉ ྥ㌿㸪࡛࠶ࡿ㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࡚ࡢேࠎࡢᗣࡢࡓࡵࡢ సᴗࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿᗣⓗ♫ࡢⓎᒎ࠸࠺㔜せ࡞ㄽⅬ ᑐࡋ࡚㸪⮬ศࡓࡕࡢ❧ሙ❧ࡕ㸪ၥ㢟ࢆぢᐃࡵ࡚࠸ ࡃࡓࡵཷࡅධࢀ㸪⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⌮ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 ಟ㐨ዪࡸࢭࣛࣆࢫࢺࡗ࡚㸪⣽ࡸࡉࡸㅬ㐯ࡣࡩ ࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡔࡀ㸪ࣅࢪࢿࢫ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ኌࢆୖࡆ㸪 ୡ⏺ᑐࡋ࡚࠶࡞ࡓ᪉ࡀ༑ศ㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࡇ ࢆ▱ࡽࡏࡿ᪉ἲࢆᏛࡪࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺㸬ࡇࢁࡀࡇࢀࢆ ㄡࡶࡇࢀࢆࡋࡼ࠺ࡣࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸦Trump, 2004, p. 2㸧㸬 ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㏙࡚࠸ࡿ Trump ࡉࢇゝ࠸ࡓ࠸㸬సᴗ⒪ ἲኈࡓࡕࡣ‽ഛࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࡇࡢሙᡤ࡛㸪 ࡇࡇ࡛㸪❧ࡕୖࡀࡾ㸪ୡ⏺⚾ࡓࡕࡀఱࢆ㐩ᡂࡍࡿ ࢆゝ࠺ࡢࡔ㸬 ࠕసᴗ⒪ἲࣉ࣮ࣟࣔࢩࣙࣥᇶ㔠㸦Fund To Promote Awareness of Occupational Therapy㸧ࠖࢆ࠸㸪 ⚾ࡓࡕ୍ேࡦࡾࡢኌ࡛㸪ᙇࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㸬 ୡ⏺ྥࡗ࡚ኌࢆୖࡆࡼ࠺㸬⚾ࡓࡕࡢศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿస ᴗ⒪ἲࡢࡓࡵ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡢᏛၥ࡛࠶ࡿసᴗ⛉Ꮫࡢࡓࡵ 㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡀᩍ࠼㸪ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿேࡓࡕࡢࡓࡵ 㸬࡚ࡢேࡓࡕࡀᗣⓗ࡞సᴗࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚㸪⮬ศࡓࡕ ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ㸦⮬ศࡗ࡚ពࡢ࠶ࡿሙᡤ㸧࡛㸪 ᆅ⌫ࡢࡇ࡛ࡶ㸦᪥ࡶ᫂᪥ࡶ㸧㸪ே⏕ࡢ୍᪥୍᪥࠾ ࠸࡚㸪ཧຍࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣാࡃࡢࡔ㸬ㄡ ࡶࡀ㸪ࡇ࡛ࡶ㸪ẖ᪥㸪ᗣⓗ࡞సᴗཧຍࡍࡿࡓࡵ 㸪⚾ࡓࡕࡣࢆࡍࡿ㸬 ᩥ⊩ Altman, I., & Low, S. 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