ࠔ⌟⤊ῥᏕࡡ᪁ἪㄵⓏᙫ㡢̺ᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡡᒈ㛜̺ࠕ ྞཿᒁኬᏕኬᏕ㝌⤊ῥᏕ◂✪⛁༡ኃᚃㄚ⛤ こᮇぜ 㸦㸣ࡢࡋࡴ࡞ ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ rational choice theory ࡢ㸡 ெ㛣ࡢ⮤ࡼࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅྙ⌦Ⓩ࡞㐽ᢝࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹௫ᏽࢅ㸡 ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥࡡฦ㔕࡞ᚺ⏕ࡊࡒ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡡ⥪⛘࡚㸡(1)㐽ᢝࡢ┘Ⓩྙ⌦Ⓩ࡞⾔ࢂࡿࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡾࡆ࡛㸡 (2)᪁ἪㄵⓏெ⩇ࡡ❟ሔࢅࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦ㄵⓏᰍ࡛ࡊ࡙㸡≁࡞ྙ⾏ᅗࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙ 1950 ᖳ௧㜾♣ఌᏕࡷெ㢦Ꮥ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᗀ⠂ᅑࡡ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥฦ㔕࡚ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ㸣ࡆࡡྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ ࡢ㸡⤊ῥᏕⓏࣈ࣭ࣞࢲࢅᨳᏕ࡞ཱིࡽථࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡≁࡞ᨳᏕ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢපභ㐽 ᢝㄵ࡛ࡵࡣࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡐࡊ࡙⌟ᅹ㟸ᖏ࡞ᗀ⠂ᅑ࡞ཀྵࡩ◂✪ࢅᑏ⛤࡞ྱࢆࡓᏕ㝷Ⓩฦ㔕ࢅ ᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡ᨳᏕ࡚⌟ᅹ࡞⮫ࡾࡱ࡚㔔さన⨠ࢅ༥ࡴ⤾ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 G. J. ࣐࣭ࣚࡢ㸡ᡋᚃ௧㜾ࡡࡆࡡᏕ㝷Ⓩິྡྷࡢ㸡⤊ῥᏕ࡛ᨳᏕࡡ◂✪ࣈࣞࢡ්࣑ࣚ ࡦභ㏳ࡡ᪁Ἢࢅᣚࡗ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ᑻ㟻ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛㏑ࡾ㸣࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡵ㸡1890 ᖳ㡥 ࡱ࡚⤾ࡂ࠷ࢂࡹࡾ㝀⏲㠁௧㜾㸡࣒ࣤࢪࢹ࣭࣑ࣛࡡ⤊ῥᏕ࡛ᨳᏕ␏ࡖࡒ◂✪ゝ⏤ ࡛ᡥἪࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙࠾ࡼࡢ㸡୦⩽ࡡ㊝㞫ࡢ㞫ࡿ㸡⤊ῥᏕ࡚ࡵᨳᏕ࡚ࡵ࣎ࣛࢷ ࢙࢜ࣜ࣬ࢤࢿ࣐࣭ࡢ୯ᚨⓏ࡞ࢂࡿࡂࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ㸣ࡊ࠾ࡊ 1960 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ࡆࡡ≟Ἓࡢን ࡊࡒ㸣ࡷ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ᨳᏕࡡ㢗࡞⤊ῥᏕࡡ᪁Ἢࢅᙔ࡙ࡢࡴ࡙◂✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㸡༟࡞ ◂✪ࡡᑊ㇗ᨳ࡛⤊ῥ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ㸡ᩐᏕࡡ⏕ࢅྱࢆࡓ⤊ῥᏕࡡᇱᮇⓏ ◂✪᪁Ἢཫ᪁࡚භ᭯࣬ᚺ⏕ࡈࡿጙࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ(Miller 1997, 1173)㸣 ࡐࡆ࡚ᮇ✇ࡢ㸡ᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒ࠾ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㸡⤊ ῥᏕࡡฦᯊ᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵ㸡ᨳᏕ࡞࠻ࡒᙫ㡢ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾ㸣௧ୖ࡚ࡢ㸡ḗࡡࡆ࡛ ࢅㄕ᪺ࡌࡾ㸣ิྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ⩽࡛న⨠ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾ࣭ࣞ㸡ࣇ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡼ⤊ῥᏕ⩽㸡ᨳ Ꮥ࡞ኬࡀࣤࣂࢠࢹࢅ࠻ࡒ㸣ࡐࡊ࡙ᨳᏕ࡚ࡢ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡢཚᐠࠔ⛁ᏕⓏࠕ◂✪᪁ Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 㸧㸣ิ࡞࠽ࡄࡾྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ࡛⤊ῥᏕࡡᙲ ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵᨳᏕ࡚ᗀࡱࡖࡒࡡ࡞ࡢ㸡ิ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡡᙲኬࡀ࠷࡛ゕࢂ ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ1㸣50̺60 ᖳࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㸡K. J.࣭ࣞࡷ J. M.ࣇ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡢᨳᏕࡡฦᯊ᪁Ἢ࡞ኬ ࡀࡂᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻㸡ྜྷࡋࡂࣇ࢞ࣔࢻ࡛ࣤ G. ࢰࣞࢴࢠ࡞ࡻࡾපභ㐽ᢝฦ㔕ࡡ㛜ᢽࡵ㸡ᨳࢨ ࢪࢷ࣑ࡡຝ⋙ࢅ┘ᣞࡊࡒ 60 ᖳࡡ⤊ῥᏕⓏฦᯊࢅ❻⥬࡛ࡊ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒ㸣ⴥష࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ㸡 97 1951 ᖳ࡞᭡࠾ࡿࡒ࣭ࣞࡡࠖ♣ఌⓏ㐽ᢝ࡛ெⓏフ౮ࠗྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡᄊ▦࡛ࡈࡿ㸡ࡐ ࡡᚃ 1957 ᖳ A. ࢱࣤࢫࡡࠖẰ⩇ࡡ⤊ῥ⌦ㄵࠗ 㸡1962 ᖳࣇ࢞ࣔࢻࣤ㸡ࢰࣞࢴࢠࡡࠖප භ㐽ᢝࡡ⌦ㄵ㸯ྙណࡡ⤊ῥㄵ⌦ࠗ㸡1962 ᖳ W. H. ࣭ࣚ࢜ࡡࠖᨳ㏻ྙࡡ⌦ㄵࠗ2㸡1965 ᖳ M. ࢛ࣜࢮࣤࡡࠖ㞗ྙⓏ⾔Ⅵㄵ㸯පභ㈀࡛㞗ᅆ⌦ㄵ࡛ࠗ㸡⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙㔔さ ⴥషḗࠍ࡛Ⓠ⾪ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡱࡒ㸡ࣇ࢞ࣔࢻࣤࡢࢰࣞࢴࢠ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ᨳࡡሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㟸 ᕰሔⓏណᛦỬᏽ non-market decision making ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ◂✪ఌࢅ❟ࡔ୕ࡅ㸡1965 ᖳ࡞පභ㐽ᢝ Ꮥఌࢅ⤎ᠺࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡60 ᖳࡡᚃ༖࡞ࡢࡌ࡚࡞⤊ῥᏕⓏࣈ࣭ࣞࢲ࡚ᨳฦᯊࢅࡌࡾሔ ᩒ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ3)㸣70 ᖳ࠾ࡼࡢ㸡ࡌ࡚࡞ࢣ࣭࣑ࡡ⌦ㄵࡡࡻ࠹࡞⌟ᅹࡡ࣐ࢠࣞ⤊ῥᏕࢅ≄ ᘤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⌦ㄵᨳᏕࡡฦᯊࡡᑊ㇗࡞⏕࠷ࡼࡿ࡙㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙ࡵ࠷ࡒ㸣 ྎࡡᅒࡢ㸡㞟ヽ American 40 Political Science Review ࡞࠽ࡄ ࡾྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ㛭౿ࡡㄵᩝࡡ ቌຊࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸡60̺70 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ኬࡀఘࡦࢅぜ ࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢂ࠾ࡾ㸣ࡆࡿ ࡢ㸡୕࡚ᣪࡅࡒ⤊ῥᏕ⩽ࡒࡔ ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㸡ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ࡞㛭 ධ మ ࡞ ༥ ࡴ ࡾ ࣂ 䤢 ࢬ ࣤ ࢷ 䤢 ࢩ 30 20 10 ࡌࡾࢷ࢞ࢪࢹฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࡆ 0 ࡛ࡷ㸡Ꮥఌス❟ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 ࡚㸡㛭ᚨ㧏ࡱࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡛⩻ ࠻ࡼࡿࡾ㸣ࡐࡊ࡙ 80 ᖳ௧㜾 ᅒ㸦㸣American Political Science Review ࡡྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ࡞ ࡵ㸡ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ࡞㛭ࢂࡾㄵ 㛭ࡌࡾㄵᩝ㸝ฝ D. Green and I. Shapiro[1994]㸞 ᩝቌ࠻࡙࠽ࡽ㸡90 ᖳࡱ࡚ ࡞ࡢ㸡30̺40㸚ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝ⣌ࡡㄵᩝ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢷ࣭ࢩࡡቌຊ࡞ᚉࡖ࡙㸡ྙ ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ࡚ฦᯊࡈࡿࡾ㢗ࡵ⛸㢦ቌ࠻㸡ᢖ⚂⾔ິ㸡ᨳඨࡡฺ─ᅆమࡡ㸡ࣞࢡ࣬ ࣭ࣞࣛࣤࢡᖕᗀࡂฺ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 ᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡞≁ᚡⓏࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡⤊ῥ࡛ᨳ࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾ㢗ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽ㸡ฦ ᯊ᪁ἪἸ┘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࡓ㸣ࡌ࡚࡞ᣪࡅࡒ࣐࣭ࣚ㏑ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㸡ࡆࡿࡢ㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵ ࢅࡊ࡙⤊ῥᏕ࡛ᨳᏕ᪁Ἢࢅභ᭯ࡌࡾ᩺ࡊ࠷ᑻ㟻ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ᮇ࡚Ẓ㍉Ⓩ᪡࠷ ࡞ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࢅ⣺ࡊࡒᏩୌ㑳ࡵ㸡⤊ῥᏕࡢ㸡㈀ࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡ⏍⏐ࡷฦ㒼ࢅ࠹࡛ 98 ࡆࢀ࡞ᨳᏕ࡛㐢࠷࠵ࡾ㸡ᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡞࠽࠷࡙㸡ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࢅࠔ⤊ῥᏕⓏࠕ࡛ࡩ ࡛ࡀ㸡⤊ῥᏕ࡛㢗ࢅྜྷࡋࡂࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ណ࡚ࡢࡂ㸡ࡐࡡ᪁Ἢࢅභ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾⅤ࡞ Ἰ┘ࡌࡾ㸡࡛ᙁㄢࡌࡾ(Ꮹ 1981, 2)㸣ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡚ኬࡀࡂࢂ ࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵ⤊ῥᏕࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ㸡ᨳᏕ࡞ࡵᚺ⏕ྊ⬗ᡥἪࢅ࠻ࡒࡆ࡛ ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 㸨㸣ࠔ⛁ᏕⓏࠕࣈ࣭ࣞࢲ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ ᨳᏕ࡚ࡢ㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡡࣈ࣭ࣞࢲቌኬࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡ᨳᏕࡡฦᯊᡥἪ࡞ኬࡀᙫ㡢 ࢅ࠻ࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ᨳᏕ⩽ G. ࣭࣓ࣤࢺࡢ㸡60 ᖳ௧㜾ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡࣈࣞ ࣭ࢲࢅࡖࡒᨳᏕ⩽ࡢࡻࡽ⤊ῥᏕ࡞㎾ࡘ࠷࡙ࡹࡀ㸡 ࠔࢠ࣭ࣤࡡ⛁Ꮥ㠁࡞జࡒ࣑࣭࣒ࣥࣤ ࢹࠕࢅ⏍ࡲฝࡌࡆ࡛࡛ࡖࡒ࡛⾪⌟ࡊ࡙㸡ᨳᏕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡࣤࣂࢠࢹࢅ ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ(Almond 1990, 123)㸣࣭࣓ࣤࢺࡢ㸡⛁Ꮥ㠁࡞ౚ࠻ࡾྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵኬࡀ ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙㸡 ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ௫ㄕ̺ⁿ⧚Ⓩ᪁ἪࢅᨳᏕ࡞ᑙථࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡚㸡 ࡐࡿࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡᨳᏕࡡฦᯊ᪁Ἢ࡛ࡢධࡂ␏ࡾ᪁ἪࢅᨳᏕ࡞ࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒⅤࢅᣪࡅ࡙ ࠷ࡾ(Almond 1990, 123)㸣ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡢ㸡ኣࡂࡡ⌟⤊ῥ⌦ㄵࡐ࠹࡚࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㸡ኣ ࡂࡡ⤊㥺Ⓩᐁࢅᑛᩐࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ๑ᥞ࠾ࡼ㸡ཚᐠㄵ⌦Ⓩ᥆ㄵ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᑙࡂᡥἪࢅࡖ࡙࠷ ࡾ࡛ࡆࢀ࡞ 1 ࡗࡡኬࡀ≁ᚡ࠵ࡾ㸣ࡆࡡ௫ㄕ̺ⁿ⧚Ⓩ᪁Ἢࢅᣚࡖࡒྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵ㸡ᑙ ࡀࡓࡈࡿࡒ⤎ᯕḿࡊࡄࡿࡣ௫ㄕ㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡㏣࡞ㄏࡽ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ௫ㄕ㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ࠷࠹ࡻ࠹ࠔ⛁ᏕⓏࠕฦᯊᡥἪࢅᨳᏕ࡞࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚㸡ᨳᏕ࡚᩺ࡊ࠷ࣂࣚࢱ࣑ࢅ⏍ ࡲฝࡌࡡࣤࣂࢠࢹࢅ࠻ࡒ࡛࠷࠹ᣞᦤ࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ྜྷᵕ࡞㸡ࣀࣜࢨ࣭ࣔࢼࡢ㸡ᨳᏕ࡞ ࠽ࡄࡾྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡ᪁Ἢࢅ㸡♣ఌᏕ⩽ T. ࣂ࣭ࢮࣤࢫ࡞⾪ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹ᶭ⬗⩇࣓ࢸ ࣜ࡞ᑊẒࡈࡎ㸡ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡ௫ㄕ̺ⁿ⧚Ⓩ᪁Ἢࢅࠔ⛁ᏕⓏࠕ࡛≁ᚡࡘࡄ࡙࠷ࡾ(Harsanyi 1969, 536)㸣 ࣭࣓ࣤࢺࡡ⾪⌟ጂᙔ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡢื࡞ࡊ࡙ࡵ㸡ᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡞࠽࠷࡙ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵུ ࡄථࡿࡼࡿࡒ⫴ᬊ࡞ࡢ㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࠔ⛁ᏕⓏࠕࣈ࣭ࣞࢲ࡛ࡊ࡙ᤂ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࡆ࡛ኬࡀ ណࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣20 ୠ⣎ྙ⾏ᅗᨳᏕࡢ㸡ୌ㟻࡚⤊㥺⛁Ꮥ࡛ࡊ࡙ᨳᏕ❟⬦ࡌࡾࡒࡴ ࡡ᪁Ἢࢅ㏛ịࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡒࡴࡓ㸣୯ㆺ⩇ࡢ㸡 ࠔ⛁Ꮥࠕࢅ࣭࣭࢞࣠ࢺ࡞ࡊ࡙ྙ⾏ᅗᨳᏕࡡ Ṍྍࢅ(Ϩ)ⲙ(1880 ᖳࡱ࡚)㸡(ϩ)ᙟᠺ(1880 ᖳ-1910 ᖳ)㸡(Ϫ)ᒈ㛜(1910 ᖳ -1945 ᖳ)㸡(ϫ)ᡋᚃ(1945 ᖳ௧㜾)࡞ฦࡄ࡙ᩒ⌦ࡊ㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࢅᨳᏕࡡṌྍࡡ୯࡞ᇔ ࡴ㎲ࢆ࡚࠷ࡾ㸣୯ㆺ࡞ࡻࡿࡣ㸡༇ฦࡡ(Ϩ)࠾ࡼ(ϩ)ࡢ㸡ᨳᏕࠔゕㄕ discourseࠕ 99 ࠾ࡼࠔᏕၡ disciplineࠕࢨࣆࢹࡌࡾንᐖ࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ࡐࡿࡱ࡚ࡡఎ⤣ⓏṌྍᏕᆵᨳᏕ࠾ ࡼ⌟ᐁᨳࡡ⤊㥺⩇Ⓩㄕ᪺࡞ᇱࡘࡂᨳᏕ࡛⛛⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㸡⛁ᏕⓏᨳᏕࢅ┘ᣞࡌ ലྡྷᙁࡱࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ḗ࡞(Ϫ)ࡢ㸡ᡋ㛣࡞ࠔ࣒ࣛ࢜ࠕࡊࡒᨳᏕᠺ⇅ࡌ ࡾ㐛⛤࡚㸡ኣඔ⩇Ⓩ⮤⏜ẰᨳㄵⓇሔࡊ㸡ᚨ⌦Ꮥࡷ⤣ゝᏕࢅ㥉ࡊࡒ⛁ᏕⓏᨳ⌦ㄵ ࡡ⏍ᠺࡱࡌࡱࡌ⇍ࢅᣚࡖ࡙㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸣ࡐࡊ࡙ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡᗀࡽࡢ ᡋᚃࡡ(ϫ)࡞ᙔࡒࡾ㸡ᚉᮮࡡᨳᏕ࡛ධࡂ㐢࠹᭨Ⓩ⛁ᏕⓏࣈ࣭ࣞࢲࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ ࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵぜࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ(୯ㆺ 2005, 3)㸣 ᡋᚃᨳᏕ㸡ᨳᏕහ㒂ࡡ⌦ㄵⓆᒈࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ㸡⤊ῥᏕ⌦ㄵࢅᚺ⏕ࡊጙࡴࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡 ᨳᏕ≺⮤࡛࠷࠹ࡻࡽ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥධమࡡ㉽ເ࡛ࡊ࡙ゕ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸣ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵᒈ㛜 ࡊጙࡴࡾ๑࠾ࡼࡌ࡚࡞㸡♣ఌ⛁Ꮥධమ࡚⤊ῥᏕࡡ⌦ㄵࡷ᪁Ἢࡢ┞ᑊⓏ࡞ᙁ࠷ᙫ㡢ງࢅᣚࡖ ࡙࠷ࡒ㸣⾪㸦ࡢ K. ࢺࢴࢲࣖࡼ(1971)࡞ࡻࡾ 1990̺65 ᖳࡡ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥࡡฦ㔕ืࡡ㈁⊡࡞ࡗ ࠷࡙ࡡㄢᰕ࡚࠵ࡾ㸣 ゝ さ㈁⊡ ⌦ㄵࡡ㛭ᚨ ᪁Ἢࡡ㛭ᚨ ᠺᯕࡡ㛭ᚨ ฦ㔕 1900-65 1900-29 1930-65 1900-29 1930-65 1900-29 1930-65 1900-29 1930-65 ᚨ⌦Ꮥ 13 7 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 ⤊ῥᏕ 12 5 7 4 5 4 6 5 7 ᨳᏕ 11 7 4 7 2 2 4 4 4 ᩐ⌦ 11 4 7 2 5 4 7 4 6 ♣ఌᏕ 7 6 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 ူᏕ 5 3 2 3 2 2 2 0 1 ெ㢦Ꮥ 3 1 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 ゝ 62 33 29 27 20 23 28 26 27 ⤣ゝᏕ ⾪㸦㸣1900̺65 ᖳ࡞࠽ࡄࡾฦ㔕࡛㛭ᚨࡡ㧏ࡈ࠾ࡼࡲࡒさ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥࡡ㈁⊡ 㸝ฝ㸞K. W. Deutsch, J. Platt and D. Senghass[1971] ㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡿࡣ㸡♣ఌ⛁Ꮥ࡞ᐞࡊࡒ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ 62 ࡡ◂✪ࡡ࠹ࡔ㸡⤊ῥᏕ⩽࡞ࡻࡾࡵ ࡡࡢᚨ⌦Ꮥ࡞ḗ࠷࡚ኣࡂ㸡ධ⯙Ⓩ࡞⤊ῥᏕࡡᙫ㡢ງẒ㍉Ⓩኬࡀ࠷㸣ࡈࡼ࡞ࣛࢪࢹࡡහゼ ࢅࡲࡾ࡛㸡⥪ࡋ࡙ᚨ⌦ᏕࡷᨳᏕࡢ㸡1900̺29 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞⤊ῥᏕࡻࡽࡵࣛࢪࢹ࡞ᣪࡅࡼࡿ࡙ ࠷ࡾ◂✪ኣ࠷㸡1930̺65 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࡢ㸡ᚨ⌦Ꮥ㸡ᨳᏕ㸡♣ఌᏕ࡞Ẓ࡙㸡⤊ῥ 100 Ꮥ࡛ᩐ⌦⤣ゝᏕ┞ᑊⓏ࡞♣ఌ⛁Ꮥ࡚ᙫ㡢ງࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡱࡒᩐ⌦⤣ゝᏕࡡ㈁⊡ࡢ⤊ῥ Ꮥࡻࡽࡵ࠷న⨠࡞࠵ࡾ㸡ᩐᏕࡷ⤣ゝᏕࡡᚺ⏕ࡢ⤊ῥᏕࢅྱࡴ࡙♣ఌ⛁Ꮥฦ㔕࡞ࢂࡒ ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽ㸡♣ఌ⛁Ꮥධమ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻࡙࠷ࡒ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ㸣ࡆࡡㄢᰕ࡚ฦ࠾ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡➠ 1 ࡞ 1930̺65 ᖳ࡞ലྡྷ࡛ࡊ࡙♣ఌ⛁Ꮥධమ࡚ᩐᏕ࡛⤊ῥᏕࡡᙫ㡢ງቌࡊࡒࡆ࡛㸡➠ 2 ࡞ྜྷ࡞┞ᑊⓏ࡞ᙫ㡢ງࢅࡖࡒᨳᏕ࡛㸡㏣࡞ᙫ㡢ງࢅቌࡊࡒ⤊ῥᏕࡡ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ㸣 ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵᗀࡾ 50̺60 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞㸡ᨳᏕ࡛⤊ῥᏕ࡞ࡆࡡࡻ࠹┞ᑊⓏ㛭౿࠵ࡖ ࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡡᗀࡽࡡさᅄࡡࡥ࡛ࡗ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ㸣 㸩㸣࠽ࢂࡽ࡞ ᮇሒ࿈࡚ࡢ㸡50̺60 ᖳࢅ୯ᚨ࡞㸡ྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡᒈ㛜ࢅᴣふࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㸡ᡋᚃᨳᏕ ࡚⤊ῥᏕࡡ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵኬࡀᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࡒ㸣࣐࣭ࣚ㏑ࡾࡻ࠹࡞㸡 1960 ᖳ௧㜾㸡⤊ῥᏕ࡛ᨳᏕࡢ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࢅ㏳ࡋ්࡙ࡦභ㏳ࡡ᪁Ἢ࡚⤎ࡦࡗ࠷࡙࠷ࡾ㸣㐽ᢝ⌦ ㄵᨳᏕ࡚ᗀࡽࢅぜࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡞ࡢ㸡ⁿ⧚Ⓩ࣬ᩐᏕⓏ᪁Ἢ࡛⤊ῥ࣓ࢸࣜ࡞౪ᣈࡊࡒྙ ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝࡡࣈ࣭ࣞࢲ㸡ᨳᏕ࡚ࠔ⛁ᏕⓏࠕ◂✪ࣈ࣭ࣞࢲ࡛ࡊ࡙ぜࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ ኬࡀ࠷㸣ࡊ࠾ࡊྜྷ࡞㸡ᩐᏕࡡ⏕ࡷ⤊ῥᏕᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ㸡ᨳᏕࡡࡲࡼࡍ㸡 ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥධమࡡ㉽ເ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒ㸣ࡆࡡࡻ࠹Ⅴࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡾ࡛㸡ᡋᚃᨳᏕ࡚ࡡ㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡡ ᗀࡽࡢ㸡♣ఌ⛁Ꮥධమࡡലྡྷ࡛Ṅㄢࢅྙࢂࡎࡼ㸡ᨳᏕහ㒂ࡡᏕၡⓏ≟Ἓ࡞ᙫ㡢ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣 ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ലྡྷࡢ㸡ᮇ✇࡚ࢂ࠾ࡖࡒ 80 ᖳ௧㜾ࡡྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡡᒈ㛜࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵ ゕ࠻ࡾ㸣ᅒ 1 ࡞ࡻࡿࡣ㸡50 ᖳ࡞ጙࡱࡽ㸡60̺70 ᖳ࡞ᗀࡽࢅぜࡎࡒྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡢ㸡 80 ᖳ௧㜾࡞ࡵ්ࡦኬࡀఘࡦࢅぜࡎ࡙࠷ࡾ㸣ࡊ࠾ࡊ 80 ᖳ௧㜾ࡡྙ⌦Ⓩ㐽ᢝㄵࡢ㸡ን ᐖࡊࡒ࡛ᨳᏕහ㒂࡚ࡊࡣࡊࡣᣞᦤࡈࡿࡾ㸣ࡐࡆ࡚ࡢ㸡70 ᖳࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ࡊࡒᅗᐓㄵࡡᚗᶊ ࠷ࡊᅗᐓㄵࡡᅂᖉ࡛ࡣࡿࡾᨳᏕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾโᗐ⩇ࡡᚗ⮾ࡡᨳᏕහ㒂ࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ ᒈ㛜㸡㐽ᢝ⌦ㄵࡡ᪁Ἢ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ(㤷Ὺ 1987; ᐋᮇ 2001)㸣 1 D. 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