᭩ࠉホ BOOK REVIEW Affirmative Action: Situating Its Contemporary Significance to African Americans in the Context of U.S. History and Society ࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேᑐࡍࡿᕪูࢆ⌧௦ ࣓ࣜ࢝♫⨨࡙ࡅࡿពḧⓗ࡞ヨࡳ Reviewed by Okiyoshi Takeda* BOOK REVIEWED ᕝᓥṇᶞⴭࠗࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡ ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⾜᪉̿̿㐣ཤᮍ᮶ྥࡁྜ࠺࣓ࣜ࢝࠘ྡྂᒇ Ꮫฟ∧ࠊ2014 ᖺࠋ Kawashima Masaki. A History of Affirmative Action in the USA. Nagoya: Univesity of Nagoya Press, 2014. ࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖ 㸦᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊᮏ᭩ 1 㡫࡛㏙ࡽࢀ ࡿࡼ࠺ࠕ✚ᴟⓗᕪูṇᥐ⨨ࠖヂࡉࢀࡿࡇࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢࡲࡲ ࢝ࢱ࢝ࢼ⾲グ࡛ࢃࢀࡿࡇࡶከ࠸㸧ࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜ㸦௨ୗࠕ࣓ ࣜ࢝ࠖ␎ࡍ㸧࡛⌧ᅾࡶࡁ࡞ᨻ⟇ㄽதࡢⓗ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᨻ⟇ ࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒⦋࡛సࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢࠊࡲࡓ⌧ᅾࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝♫࡛ ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⨨ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢆ▱ࡿࡇࡣࠊ⊃࠸ព࡛ࡢ࣓ࣜ ࢝ྐ◊✲⪅ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ࣓࣭ࣜ࢝࢝ࢼࢲ◊✲⪅୍⯡ࡗ࡚㔜せ࡞ ࡇ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ * 武 田 ⯆ Ḡ Associate Professor, School of International Politics, Economics, and Communication, Aoyama Gakuin University, Tokyo, Japan. 73 BOOK REVIEW ஜỉϋܾỉᙲኖ ᮏ᭩ࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேྐࢆᑓ㛛ࡍࡿᕝᓥẶ㸦௨ୗࠕⴭ⪅ࠖ㸧 ࡀࠊያ㞔ไࡢ㉳※ࡲ࡛㐳ࡗ࡚ࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࡢ యീࢆᥥ࠸ࡓពḧస࡛࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕ➨ I 㒊ࠉṔྐⓗ๓ᥦࠖ㢟ࡋࡓ๓༙ࠊ ࠕ➨ II 㒊ࠉᮍ᮶ࡢヨࡳࠖ㢟ࡋࡓᚋ༙ࡢ㒊࡛ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ ➨ I 㒊࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ 1 ❶࡛ࠊࣄࢺࢤࣀ࣒ゎㄞࡢ⤖ᯝࢆ⏝ࡋࠊࠕே✀ࠖ ࡀ㏆௦௨㝆ࡢ♫ⓗᵓ⠏≀࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᚑࡗ࡚ᮏ᭩ࡣࠕே✀ࠖࢆࠕࠖࡁ ࡛࠺㸧ࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋḟ࠸࡛ⴭ⪅ࡣ 2 ❶࡛ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢያ㞔ไ ࡀࠊⓑே୍⯡ࡢ༢࡞ࡿே✀೫ぢࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᨭ㓄⪅ࡼࡿୖࡽࡢᨻ ⟇ࡋ࡚☜❧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡇࢆᣦࡍࡿࠋ3 ❶࡛ࡣࠊ༡㒊ࠕᘓᮇࠖ 㸦1865–77 ᖺ㸧ࡣ༡ᡓத௨๓ࡽࡢࠕ᩿⤯࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡑࢀ๓ᚋ ࡍࡿ௦ࡢ㐃⥆ᛶࡀ㧗࠸࠸࠺ุ᩿ࢆୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ4 ❶࡛ࡣࠊ1950 㹼 60 ᖺ௦ࡢබẸᶒ㐠ື㸦ⴭ⪅ࡣࠕᕷẸᶒ㐠ືࠖ࠸࠺ㄒࢆ࠺㸧ࡢ ⤖ᐇࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝ࡢ᪂⯆ᅜࡽࡸࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ㠀ⓑே⣔እᐁࡓ ࡕࡀࠊᙜ༡㒊ศ㢮ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥ DC ࡛㝸㞳ᒃఫ༊ఫࡴ ࡇࢆవ࡞ࡃࡉࢀࠊ෭ᡓୗࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀᑐᛂ㏕ࡽࢀࡓ ࠸࠺ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀ⤂ࡉࢀࡿ㸦82–83 㡫㸧 ࠋ ➨ II 㒊࡛ࡣࠊࡲࡎ 5 ❶࡛ࠊࢪࣙࣥࢯࣥ⤫㡿ࡢࡶ࡛ࠕࡼࡾ ࡞ᆒ➼࡞ᶵࡢಖ㞀ࠖ㸦101 㡫㸧ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡶࡢࡋ࡚⟇ᐃࡉࢀࡓࠕ ࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࢆࠊࢽࢡࢯࣥ⤫㡿ࡀࠕ㞠⏝ࢆ୰ᚰ ࡋࡓ⤒῭ࠖ 㸦116 㡫㸧ၥ㢟㝈ᐃࡋ࡚ᐇ⾜ࡋࠊᩍ⫱⤫ྜࡢ㠃࡛ࡣ㦵ᢤ ࡁࡋࡓㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ6 ❶࡛ࡣ 1965 ᖺ⛣Ẹἲࡢ⾜ࡼࡾࠊࣄࢫ ࣃࢽࢵࢡ / ࣛࢸ࣮ࣀ⣔࣭ࢪ⣔⛣Ẹࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡶࠊࠕࣇ ࣜ࢝⣔ࠖࡢ୰࡛ࡶすࣥࢻ⣔࣭すࣇࣜ࢝⣔ࡢ⛣Ẹࡀᮾ㒊ࡢ㒔ᕷ࡛ ቑຍࡋࡓࡇࢆグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ7 ❶࡛ࡣࠊࣂࢵุ࢟Ỵ㸦1978 ᖺ㸧௨㝆㏆ ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢせ࡞ࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖ㛵ࡍࡿ᭱㧗ุ Ỵࢆ㏣࠺୍᪉࡛ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦ࡽࠕ࣮࢝ࣛࣈࣛࣥࢻࢿࢫࠖ࠸࠺᪂ ࡓ࡞ᙧࡢᕪูṇᙜㄽࡀ⏕ࡲࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ╔┠ࡍࡿࠋ᭱⤊❶㸦8 ❶㸧 ࠕ࢚ࣆ࣮ࣟࢢ࡛ࠖࡣࠊያ㞔ไᦆᐖ㈺ൾㄳồ㐠ືࡸࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ ࣜ࢝ே⮬ຓດຊࢆᣢࡓࡏࡿࡓࡵࡢࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࠊࡑࡢ㝈⏺࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿ⤒῭ⓗ᱁ᕪࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 74 ᭩ࠉホ ஜƷᚸ̖Ჴμ˳ႎƳᙻໜƔǒ ⴭ⪅ࡣࠕ࠶ࡀࡁ࡛ࠖࠊࠕᴫㄝྐࡢ༢ⴭᇳ➹ࡣ࡞ࡾ㔜࠸㈇ᢸ༴ 㝤ࢆぬᝅࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸୍ࠖ᪉ࠊ ࠕྠᴗ⪅ࡢホ౯ࡣపࡃࠊࡋࡶ ྛ௦ࡸࢸ࣮࣐ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢཝࡋ࠸ᢈุࡉࢀࡿࠖ㸦195 㡫㸧㏙ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே◊✲࠸࠺ࠊ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ⭾࡞ඛ⾜ ᴗ⦼ࡀ࠶ࡿࢸ࣮࣐ᣮࡳࠊࠕ㔜࠸㈇ᢸ༴㝤ࢆぬᝅࠖࡋࡓⴭ⪅ᩗព ࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࡶࠊホ⪅ࡣ௨ୗࡢホ౯ࢆ⾜࠸ࡓ࠸ࠋ ⴭ⪅ࡣࠊ௨๓⦅㞟ࡋࡓูࡢᮏ㸦ᕝᓥ⦅ 2005, i 㡫㸧ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࠕ ࠗ⮬⏤࠘ ࡸࠗẸ⩏࠘࠸ࡗࡓࠗᬑ㐢ⓗ౯್࠘ࢆ㏣ồࡋᐇ⌧ࡍࡿࢩࢫࢸ࣒ ࡋ࡚ࡢ࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࠘ࠖࡀࠊ ࣐ࣀࣜࢸࡢ⤒῭ⓗ᱁ᕪࡣࠕ⮬ᕫ㈐௵ࠖ ࡔ࠸࠺ㄽㄪࢆᬑ㐢ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺ࠕ௬ㄝࠖࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ ࡣࠊ ࠕᴫㄝྐࠖࡢࡓࡵࠊ◊✲ࡢࠕၥ࠸ࠖࡣ௬ㄝࡢᙧ࡛ᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊᮏ᭩ࢆ㈏ࡃᙇࡣࠊ㒔ᕷࡢࢤࢵࢺ࣮ఫࡴࣇࣜ࢝⣔ ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢࠕ⮬ຓດຊࠖࡣ㝈⏺ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ࠕእ㒊ࡢ᭷ຠ࡞ാࡁࡅࠖ ࡸࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿ㸦8–9, 190–94 㡫㸧ࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ㤳㒔࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥࡢࣇࣜ࢝⣔ᡂᖺ⏨Ꮚ ࡣࠊ4 ேࡢ࠺ࡕ 3 ேࡀ⏕ᾭ୍ᗘࡣฮົᡤ➼┘ࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺⤯ᮃ ⓗ࡞⎔ቃ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦9, 22, 179 㡫㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࡢ ୰࡛ࠊᨻᗓࡣࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࢆᗫṆࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࡃࠊ ࠕࡼࡾຠᯝⓗ࡞⤖ᯝࢆ⏕ࡴࡼ࠺ᨵၿࡍࡁࡔࠖ 㸦9 㡫㸧࠸࠺ࡢ ࡀⴭ⪅ࡽㄞ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚Ⓨࡏࡽࢀࡓ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ᪉ࠊⴭ⪅ࡢࡇࡢ࣓ࢵࢭ࣮ࢪࡘ࠸࡚ࠊホ⪅ࡀẼ࡞ࡗࡓⅬࡀ 2 Ⅼ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ➨୍ࠊⴭ⪅ࡣࠊࠕ⮬ᕫ㈐௵ࠖࢆ㉸࠼ࡓඛኳⓗ࣭࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ ᚋኳⓗ᱁ᕪࢆゎᾘࡍࡿࡇࡣࠕ༙ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀ⣡ᚓࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ ࠺ࠖ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ㸦192 㡫㸧ࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇࡢศᯒࡣࠊࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣࠗබ ṇࡉ࠘ッ࠼ࢀࡤᚲࡎዲពⓗ࡞♫ⓗᛂࡀࡢࡢᅜࡼࡾࡶᗈ⠊ ᮇᚅࡋ࠺ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࠊⴭ⪅ࡶㄆࡵࡿࠕ࠸ࡉࡉ⌮⩏ࠖ㸦194 㡫㸧 㐣ࡂࡿほࡼࡗ࡚ṍࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ➨ࠊᮏ᭩ࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲ࠊࡃ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢඛ⾜ᴗ⦼ẚ࡚ ࢀࡔࡅࡢ⊂ᛶ㸦࢜ࣜࢪࢼࣜࢸ㸧ࢆᥦ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊࣇࣜ ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேྐ◊✲⪅࡛࡞࠸ホ⪅ࡣุ᩿ࡋ࡙ࡽࡗࡓࠋ୍⯡ࡢ◊ ✲᭩ࡔඛ⾜ᴗ⦼ࡢ㝈⏺⮬ࡽࡢ◊✲ࡢ᪂ወᛶࢆᮏࡢ᭱ึ࡛㏙ࡿࡢ ࡀ㏻ᖖ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࠕᴫㄝྐࠖࡔࡽ࡞ࡢࠊࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞グ㏙ࡣ࠶ࡲࡾ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋⴭ⪅ࡣ㛗ᖺࡢ⌧ᆅᅾㄪᰝ㸦194 㡫㸧ࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ2002 ᖺᙜ ࡲࡔ↓ྡࡔࡗࡓࣜࣀᕞ࣭ᕞ㆟ୖ㝔㆟ဨࣂࣛࢡ࣭࢜ࣂ࣐Ặࣥ 75 BOOK REVIEW ࢱࣅ࣮ࣗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦173 㡫㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࣥࢱࣅ࣮ࣗ༠ຊ⪅ ࡽࠕࡑࢀࡲ࡛࣓ࣜ࢝ே◊✲⪅ࡸ௰㛫ෆࡉ࠼ㄒࡽ࡞ࡗࡓᐇࠖ 㸦196 㡫㸧ࢆᚓࡓⴭ⪅ࡀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢඛ⾜◊✲␗࡞ࡿⅬࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚ ࡃࢀࢀࡤࠊᮏ᭩ࡢ౯್ࡀࡼࡾ୍ᒙ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ஜƷᚸ̖Ჴ̾КƷᛯໜ ᮏ᭩ࡣయⓗࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ࣐ ࣀࣜࢸࡢ⨨ࢀࡓ❧ሙᩄឤὀពࢆᡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1 ࡑࢀࡣ⏝ㄒࡢ 㑅ᢥࡶ⾲ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ᭩ࡣୖグせ⣙࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠕே✀ࠖࢆࠕࠖ ࡁ࡛࠺௨እࡶࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡋࡤࡋࡤぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ㠀ṇつ⛣Ẹࢆ ࠕἲ⛣Ẹࠖࡧᤞ࡚ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡃࠊ ࠕࠖࡁ࡛ࠕἲᅾ⪅ࠖ㸦125 㡫㸧ࠊ ࠕἲᅾእᅜேࠖ㸦164 㡫㸧⾲グࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ ࠕ㞀ᐖ⪅㸦㞀☀ ⪅㸧ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㞀ࡀ࠸ࢆᣢࡗࡓேࡀᐖᝏ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⾲⌧ࢆ㑊ࡅࠊ ࠕ㞀ࡀ࠸ ⪅ ࠖ㸦2, 7, 118, 148, 150, 192 㡫ࠊᕳᮎ 30 㡫㸧グࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽࠊ1960 ᖺ௦୰㡭ࡢࠕ㒔ᕷᭀືࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ ࠕᭀືࠖ࠸࠺⾲ ⌧ࡣ㦁ᨐ⾜Ⅽࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ⪅ࢆ≢⨥どࡍࡿどⅬࡽࢃࢀࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ ࡇࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࠖࡁ࡛⏝࠸ࡿ㸦5, 96, 104 㡫ࠊࡶࡗࡶ 103 㡫 ࡢ࣡ࢵࢶᆅ༊ࠕᭀືࠖࠊ124 㡫ࡢࠕᭀືࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠕࠖ࡞ࡋ㸧ࠋ2 ᪉ࠊᮏ᭩ࡣࠊᐇ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࠸ࡃࡘၥࡢ࠶ࡿ⟠ᡤࡀ ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࠕࢪ⣔⛣Ẹ୍ୡᖐࡀチࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣᮅ㩭ᡓத୰ࡢ ୍ᖺ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ 㸦4 㡫ࠊྠᵝࡢグ㏙ࡀ 74 㡫ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸧 ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣ࣑ࢫ࣮ࣜࢹࣥࢢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡐ࡞ࡽࡤࠊ☜᪥⣔ ୍ୡࡢᖐࡣ 1952 ᖺࡢ࣐ࢵ࢝ࣛࣥ㸻࢛࢘ࣝࢱ࣮ἲࡲ࡛ᚅࡓࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୰ᅜ⣔ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡀ୰ᅜࢆ᪉ࡘࡅᑐ᪥ᡓத࡛ ᭷❧ࡘࡓࡵࠊ1943 ᖺ⳹⛣Ẹἲ㸦୰ᅜே᩺ἲ㸧ࢆᗫṆࡋࠊ ᖐᶒࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠᵝࠊࣇࣜࣆࣥ⣔ࠊࣥࢻ⣔ ࡶ 1946 ᖺᖐᶒࡀ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Chan 1991, 122㸧 㸦㡑ᅜ⣔ࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣ᪥⣔ྠࡌ 1952 ᖺ㸧ࠋ ➨ࠊ1980 ᖺ௦ࡢከᩥ⩏ࡣࠊ ࠕ୍භࠐᖺ௦ᚋ༙㧗ᥭࡋ ࡓࠗࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣃ࣮࣡࠘ࡢྉࡧゐⓎࡉࢀࡓࠖ 㸦38 㡫㸧࠸࠺グ㏙ࡀ ࠶ࡿࠋࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣃ࣮࣡ࡣࠊⴭ⪅ࡶᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠕ㯮ேࡢᅋ⤖ࠖࢆ ඃඛࡋ࡚ᙉㄪࡍࡿ㐠ື࡛࠶ࡿ㸦97 㡫㸧ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ ࠕ᰾࡞ࡿᩥ࠸ ࠺ࡶࡢࢆㄆࡵࡎࠊࡴࡋࢁࡍ࡚ࡢᩥࢆ┦ᑐࡋࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࠖከᩥ ⩏㸦ᡝ 1999, 49㸧ࡣ᪉ྥᛶࢆ␗ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠸࠺ࡢࡀホ⪅ࡢ 76 ᭩ࠉホ ⌮ゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏ᭩࡛ࡣࠊࠕከᩥ⩏ࡢ⯆㝯ࠖ㸦132–34 㡫㸧࠸࠺㡯 ┠ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣭ࣃ࣮࣡ࡢே✀ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆㄽࡌࡓᚋࠊከᩥ ⩏グ㏙ࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲ⛣⾜ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࠋ୧⪅ࡀ௬㐃⥆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞ ࡽࠊ࠺㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ࠺ᑡࡋㄝ᫂ࡀࡋࡗࡓࡇࢁ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ3 ኳǘǓƴ ᮏ᭩ࡣࠊᚋࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖㄽதࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ 㝿ࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ྐࡢᑓ㛛ᐙࡢࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠊᗈࡃ࣓࣭ࣜ࢝ ࢝ࢼࢲ◊✲⪅୍⯡ࡶཧ↷ࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲ㡲࡞ᮏ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞ ࠸ࠋⴭ⪅࠾ࢀ࡚ࡣࠊୖグ࡛ᣦࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡞Ⅼࡶど㔝ධࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ⴭ⪅⮬㌟ࡀ┠ᶆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᮏ᭩ࡢⱥㄒ∧㸦197–98 㡫㸧ࢆห⾜ࡉࢀ ࡿࡇࢆ㢪ࡗ࡚ࡸࡲ࡞࠸ࠋ Notes ホ⪅ࡣࠊᰝㄞ⪅ࡢ᪉ࠎࡢ᭷┈࡞ࢥ࣓ࣥࢺឤㅰࡍࡿࠋ 1. ᪉ࠊホ⪅ࡀᠱᛕࢆぬ࠼ࡓࡢࡣࠊⴭ⪅ࡀᮏయ࡛ࠕΰ⾑ࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆࠕࠖ࡞ࡋࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᪥ᮏࡢṔྐ࡛ࡇࡢゝⴥࡣࠊ ࠕΰ⾑ඣࠖ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ⾲ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊ 㸦≉Ἀ⦖࠾࠸࡚㸧 ᕪูⓗࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ mixed race, multiracial ࡢᐃヂࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࡽࠊⴭ⪅ࡢ㈐௵ࢆ㉸ ࠼ࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᕪูࢆᢅ࠺ᮏ᭩ࡢࢸ࣮࣐↷ࡽࡋ࡚ࠊࡼࡾ῝࠸㓄៖ࡀ࠶ࢀ ࡤࡼࡗࡓࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2. ⱥㄒ࡛ࡣࠊ࠼ࡤ 1992 ᖺࡢࣟࢫࣥࢮࣝࢫࠕᭀືࠖࢆ “riot” ࡪࠊࡼࡾ୰❧ⓗ࡞ “civil disturbance” ࡸ “unrest” ࡪࠊࡑࢀࡶࠊ ࠕ⻏㉳ࠖࡋࡓ❧ሙ❧ࡗ࡚ “uprising” ࡸ “rebellion” ࡪ࠸ࡗࡓㄽதࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Aoki and Takeda 2008, 121㸧ࠋ 3. ࡑࡢࠊᐇ㛵ಀࡢㄗࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ ࠕṔྐ◊✲ࡢᇶ♏ࡣ୍ࠗḟ㈨ᩱᙜࡓࢀ㸟࡛࠘࠶ࡿࠖ㸦ᕳ ᮎ 22 㡫㸧ㅍࡍⴭ⪅ࡀࠊࢹ࣮ࢱࡢᘬ⏝ඖࡋ࡚࢘࢟࣌ࢹ㸦ⱥㄒ∧㸧ࢆ⛥ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀẼ࡞ࡿ㸦࠼ࡤࠊ12 㡫ࡢࠕࣇ࣮࣐ࢸࣦ࣭ࢡࢩࣙࣥࠖࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀࡓᕞࢆิグࡋࡓ ⟠ᡤࡸࠊᕳᮎ 10 㡫┠ࡢ⾲ 1–1 ࡢࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ྜ⾗ᅜࡢࠗே✀ู࠘ேཱྀẚ⋡ࠖࢹ࣮ࢱ࡞㸧 ࠋ ཧ↷ᩥ⊩ Aoki, Andrew L. and Okiyoshi Takeda. Asian American Politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2008. Chan, Sucheng. Asian Americans: An Interpretative History. New York: Twayne, 1991. ᕝᓥṇᶞ⦅࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠕே✀ࠖ ࠘ྡྂᒇᏛฟ∧ࠊ2005 ᖺࠋ ᡝ࢚࢝ࠗከᩥ⩏ࢹࢫ࣏ࣛ࠘᫂▼᭩ᗑࠊ1999 ᖺ。 77
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