Phonology 26 (2009). Supplementary materials doi: 10.1017/S0952675709990212 Japanese mimetic palatalisation revisited: implications for conflicting directionality John Alderete Simon Fraser University Alexei Kochetov University of Toronto Supplementary materials Appendix The information in these materials is also available on the authors’ websites (http://www.sfu.ca/~alderete/; http://individual.utoronto.ca/kochetov/), as a spreadsheet file. The file can support further investigation using a spreadsheet program. Any corrections to the spreadsheet file will appear as addenda in a separate tab. 1 Dictionary evidence: a list of all CVC-based palatalised mimetic words with and without palatalisation, based on the sources below H Hamano (1998: App. D) K Kakehi et al. (1996) A Asano (1978) T Tsuji (2003) Forms are organised by consonant-type combination (coronal–coronal, noncoronal–coronal, etc.), vowel-type combination (back, back–front, etc.), consonants (C1 and C2), vowels (V1 and V2) and sources (see above). Glosses are given for most paired palatalised and non-palatalised forms, based on Kakehi et al. (1996), unless noted otherwise (S=sound-symbolic; M=mannersymbolic). 24 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 2 Search evidence: CVC-based palatalised mimetic words with two coronals or two non-coronals, elicited from six native speakers of Japanese Forms are organised by consonant-type combination (coronal–coronal, noncoronal–coronal, etc.), vowel-type combination (back, back–front, etc.), consonants (C1 and C2), vowels (V1 and V2,) number of responses and speaker. Meanings and examples are given as reported by the speakers. Original Japanese examples have been translated into English. Supplementary materials 37 3 Tables summarising the co-occurrence of consonants in CVCV mimetic words, on the basis of published sources C2 C1 lab cor lab p b cor m t 13 13 7 p b m d 2 s 5 6 8 t d s z n 2 8 6 3 10 6 3 1 dors k g 1 13 2 14 2 10 1 9 lar h 1 11 5 4 7 3 2 3 1 1 3 3 5 6 44 12 83 dors z n 7 1 g 2 1 4 2 13 1 11 1 10 h 42 42 44 5 8 10 3 6 5 9 9 8 4 5 1 1 4 7 51 14 k 11 13 13 10 10 5 3 1 r lar 2 3 3 33 19 42 29 25 2 5 1 2 1 51 55 9 2 1 40 6 97 82 13 7 422 Table VIII Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with nonpalatalised consonants in all vowel contexts. C2 C1 lab cor dors lar lab p b m t 2 2 p b m t d s z n cor 2 d s 3 2 3 dors z 2 n r k lar g h 1 6 4 8 3 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 11 1 6 5 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 8 14 9 3 2 1 2 2 k g 4 4 h 1 2 6 0 13 2 4 0 15 3 5 9 14 5 0 0 72 Table IX Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with at least one palatalised consonant in back vowel contexts. 1 Cor&Cor 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor bk d-s o-a dosa-dosa bk bk-fr bk bk bk bk bk-fr fr-bk bk fr fr-bk d-s d-s d-t n-d n-s n-s n-s n-s n-t n-t n-t o-u o-i o-a o-o o-a o-o o-i e-o o-a e-i e-a dosu-dosu dosi-dosi dota-dota nodo-nodo nosa-nosa noso-noso nosi-nosi neso-neso nota-nota neti-neti neta-neta 13 Cor&Cor 14 Cor&Cor fr-bk n-t fr-bk n-t e-o neto-neto i-a nita-nita 15 Cor&Cor bk s-n a-a 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 bk fr-bk bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk-fr bk-fr s-n s-n s-t s-t s-t s-z t-d t-z z-s/d-s u-a i-a u-a i-a i-o i-u a-o a-i u-i Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor H K A T S: loud dull sounds made when relatively large objects, or large numbers of objects, are tossed and strike something one after another K A H K A T H K A T T T H K A T K T T K T H K A T H H K A T H K A T M: the manner of grinning continuously in selfish delight or triumph doSa-doSa n/a neCa-neCa niCa-niCa Sana-Sana suna-suna sina-sina suta-suta sita-sita sito-sito sizu-sizu tado-tado tazi-tazi zusi-zusi T H K A T H K A T T H K A H K T K A T H K A T Gloss Sources Palatalised form Gloss Sources Nonpalatalised form V–V C-C VContext Consonant combination 2 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov H K A T S: the sound of heavy rain or falling water H K A T M: the state of being sticky and unpleasant; the manner of chewing something extendedly to show dislike for it H K A T M: the state of being moist and very sticky; the manner of chewing away on something T idée de démarche souple et déhanchée; démarche aguichante (T) Supplementary materials 3 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&Cor Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk fr bk bk z-t z-t z-t/d-t d-r d-r d-r n-r n-r i-a i-o u-a a-a o-o e-e o-a o-o 33 Cor&r bk n-r u-a nura-nura T T T T T T T H K A T M: the manner of moving slowly; the state of being slow H K A T M: the state of being slimy or slippery 34 Cor&r bk n-r u-u nuru-nuru H K A T M: the state of being slimy or slippery 35 Cor&r bk s-r a-a sara-sara 36 Cor&r 37 Cor&r 38 Cor&r bk bk bk s-r s-r s-r o-o soro-soro u-a sura-sura u-u suru-suru 39 Cor&r bk-fr s-r a-i Sara-Sara H K A T S: the soft, murmuring sound of gently flowing water; the rustling sound made by leaves, cloth, etc. bruising against something; the sound made with rhythmically eating o-chazuke [rice with hot green tea]; M1: the state of being fresh and often loose or dry; M2: the manner of writing fluently or with facility, often accompanied by a spoken explanation H K A T H K A T H K A T S: the sound of slurping up food quickly; the manner Suru-Suru of which something moves or progresses smoothly Sari-Sari 40 Cor&r bk-fr s-r u-e sure-sure zita-zita zito-zito zuta-zuta dara-dara doro-doro dere-dere nora-nora noro-noro H H H H H K K K K K A A A A A K A T n/a ¿oro-¿oro ¿ura-¿ura ¿uru-¿uru H K A T M: the manner in which a long, slender animal or object wriggles T idée de ce qui est visqueux et qui se tortille (T) H K A T M: the manner in which something slippery moves in a wriggling or undulating fashion; the state of being slippery to the touch H T se dit de bruit de frottement; idée de ce qui frotte (en parlant du vêtement à la mode d’Edo) (T) H K A S: the hissing sound made by a fuse burning, or a small rocket shooting H K A T upwards S: the swishing sound produced when light particles, such as pieces of crushed ice or grains of uncooked rice, are stirred; the sound made when scraping or shaving ice; M: the state of being partly frozen 4 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 41 Cor&r bk t-r a-a tara-tara H K A T M1: the manner in which a large quantity of liquid drips repeatedly or flows in a continuous stream; M2: the manner of complaining, flattering or boasting ceaselessly 42 Cor&r bk t-r o-o toro-toro 43 Cor&r 44 Cor&r bk bk t-r t-r u-a tura-tura u-u turu-turu 45 Cor&r bk-fr t-r a-i Coro-Coro H K A T M1: the manner of becoming soft or glutinous in consistency; the state of being soft or glutinous; the manner in which flames burn slowly; the manner of dozing o‰; the state of being drowsy; M4: the manner of a vehicle moving too slowly H T H K A T S: a repeated loud slurping sound made when eating Curu-Curu wet food noisily; M: the manner of slipping repeatedly; the state in which the surface of something is smooth and slippery Cari-Cari 46 47 48 49 50 Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk t-r t-r t-r t-r z-r i-i e-a i-a i-o a-a 51 52 53 54 Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r bk bk bk bk-fr z-r z-r z-r z-r o-o zoro-zoro u-a zura-zura u-u zuru-zuru a-i H K A T H K A T H K A T 55 56 57 58 59 60 Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Cor&r Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr fr fr-bk fr fr-bk bk z-r z-r z-r z-r/d-r z-r/d-r d-b/d-p o-i i-e e-o i-i i-o a-a H K A T S: the sound of shaving with a razor (not electric) T T H K T H K A T H tiri-tiri tera-tera tira-tira tiro-tiro zara-zara zori-zori zire-zire zero-zero ziri-ziri ziro-ziro daba-daba H H H H H K K K K K A A A A A Cara-Cara n/a T T T T T S: a sound made by many small particles falling onto Jara-Jara a surface; M: the state of being rough to the touch Jari-Jari Jori-Jori n/a n/a H K A T S: a jingling sound made by a few small objects such as coins or keys coming into contact; M: the manner of trying to win favour or attract attention, especially by flattery H K A T S: the trickling sound made by a thin stream of running water; M1: the manner of burning with a small flame; M2: the manner in which a small object makes short, rapid movements H H K S: a repeated jingling or clinking sound, as of coins in a pocket H K A T S: a jingling sound made by objects such as icons or keys coming in contact; M: the manner of dressing oneself up gaudily; the state of being coquettish H K A T S: the harsh scraping sound produced when sand or rough material rubs against something H K T S: the sound of shaving with a razor Supplementary materials 5 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 bk bk bk bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk-fr fr-bk fr-bk bk bk-fr fr-bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr d-b/d-p d-b/d-p d-b/d-p d-b/d-p d-b/d-p d-k d-k d-k d-k d-k d-k n-b n-b n-b n-k n-k n-k n-k n-k a-o a-u o-o o-u e-u a-u o-a o-u o-i e-a e-o o-u o-i e-a o-o u-u o-e u-e o-i 80 81 82 83 84 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 fr-bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr bk n-k n-m n-m n-m s-b i-o a-i o-e u-e o-o 85 86 87 88 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 bk bk bk bk s-b s-b s-b s-b 89 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr s-b 90 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr s-b dabo-dabo dabu-dabu dobo-dobo dobu-dobu debu-debu daku-daku doka-doka doku-doku doki-doki deka-deka deko-deko nobu-nobu nobi-nobi neba-neba noko-noko nuku-nuku noke-noke nuke-nuke H H H H H H H H H H H K K K K K K K K K K K H H K H K H K H K T A T T T A T A T A T A T A T A T A T T T A T A T A T T A T niko-niko H K A T nami-nami H K A nome-nome T nume-nume H K A T sobo-sobo T idée de la pluie qui tombe; idée de ce qui est rabougri, pitoyable (T) o-u sobu-sobu T u-a suba-suba T u-u subu-subu T a-u o-e sobe-sobe u-e sube-sube T H K A T ¿oki-¿oki H K A T M: the manner in which long, slender objects grow or appear successfully and/or conspicuously Sobo-Sobo H Sabu-Sabu H K A T idée d’humidité, de la pluie en particulier; idée de clignement des yeux (T) T S: a splashing sound, as of swishing something back and forth in water; current usage is limited to the noun shabushabu ‘thin-sliced beef swished in boiling water and dipped in sauce’ 6 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk fr bk bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk bk bk-fr s-b s-b s-b s-b/s-p s-g s-g s-g s-h s-h s-h s-k s-k s-k s-k s-k s-k i-a i-o i-u a-a u-a u-o i-e a-a u-a e-a a-a a-u o-o u-a u-u a-i siba-siba sibo-sibo sibu-sibu saba-saba suga-suga sugo-sugo sige-sige saha-saha suha-suha seha-seha T T H T H K A T T H K A T H K T T T T saku-saku soko-soko suka-suka suku-suku H K A T T H K A T H K A T 107 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr s-k o-i 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 s-k s-k s-k s-k s-k s-m s-m s-m s-p s-p s-p t-b i-e e-a i-a i-o i-u a-e a-i i-e u-a u-o i-a a-u t-b o-a toba-toba Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk-fr bk-fr fr bk bk fr-bk bk 120 Noncor&Cor C1 bk n/a Saka-Saka H Saki-Saki H K A T M: the state of food, especially fruit and vegetables, being crispy H K M2: the manner in which rain falls in a drizzle; M2: the manner of blinking or squinting unintentionally; M3: the manner of doing something without enthusiasm Soki-Soki sike-sike seka-seka sika-sika siko-siko siku-siku same-same sami-sami sime-sime supa-supa supo-supo sipa-sipa tabu-tabu T H K A T T H K A T H K A T T T T H K A T H K T H T idée de grande quantité; grande quantité de liquide (T) T n/a n/a Cabu-Cabu K T S: a light splashing sound made when a liquid strikes a surface repeatedly Supplementary materials 7 121 Noncor&Cor C1 bk H K A T M: the manner of walking wearily Cobo-Cobo H K A T M1: the state of existing sparsely or being few in number; M2: the manner of making two dots; M3: the state of being little di‰erent from or improved over something preceding (this meaning probably derives from the use of two dots to represent ‘same as before’, or ‘ditto’) Cobe-Cobe Cobi-Cobi T idée de loquacité (Edo) (T) H K A T M: the manner of doing something in small amounts or by degrees t-b o-o tobo-tobo t-b 122 Noncor&Cor C1 bk 123 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-b 124 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-b u-u tubu-tubu o-e o-i 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 t-b t-b t-b t-b/t-p t-g t-g t-k u-e e-a i-o i-i o-e i-a a-a 132 Noncor&Cor C1 bk t-k o-o toko-toko H K A T M1: the manner of walking, trotting, etc. with quick, Coko-Coko short steps; the manner in which a slow-moving vehicle travels at its maximum speed 133 Noncor&Cor C1 bk t-k o-u toku-toku 134 Noncor&Cor C1 bk 135 Noncor&Cor C1 bk t-k t-k u-a tuka-tuka u-u tuku-tuku H K A T S: a light gurgling sound made when liquid flows rhythmically from a narrow aperture H K A T H Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr fr-bk fr-bk fr bk-fr fr-bk bk tube-tube teba-teba tibo-tibo tibi-tibi toge-toge tiga-tiga taka-taka T T T T H K A T H K A T H n/a Coku-Coku H K A T S: a rhythmical non-resonant clicking sound; M1: the manner in which a small object moves at high speed; M2: the manner in which someone talks or acts restlessly, giving an impression of foolishness or frivolity H K A T M1: the manner of moving about with short, rapid movements; this form sometimes connotes restlessness or nervousness; M2: the manner of doing or finishing something quickly and/or without much care; M3: the manner of doing something often H K A T M: the manner of doing something often Cuku-Cuku H Caka-Caka 8 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 136 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-k a-i Caki-Caki 137 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr t-k o-i Coki-Coki 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 t-k t-k t-k t-k t-k t-m t-p u-e e-a e-u i-a i-u i-a a-o t-p a-u tapu-tapu Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk 145 Noncor&Cor C1 bk tuke-tuke teka-teka teku-teku tika-tika tiku-tiku tima-tima tapo-tapo o-e zobe-zobe 146 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr z-b z-b/z-p a-a zaba-zaba 147 Noncor&Cor C1 bk z-b/z-p a-u zabu-zabu 148 Noncor&Cor C1 bk 149 150 151 152 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 bk bk bk bk z-b/z-p z-b/z-p z-b/z-p z-b/z-p u-a zuba-zuba u-o zubo-zubo u-u zubu-zubu a-o 153 Noncor&Cor C1 bk z-k a-a 154 Noncor&Cor C1 bk 155 Noncor&Cor C1 bk 156 Noncor&Cor C1 bk z-k z-k z-k a-u zaku-zaku o-u zoku-zoku u-u zuku-zuku H H H H H K K K K K K A A A A A A H K A T S: the clicking or snapping sound made by scissors or ticket punches; M: the state of being a typical representative of one’s birthplace; this word typically refers to Edo’ko (those born and raised in Tokyo) H K A T M: the sound made when cutting with scissors, shears, etc. in quick, short strokes T T T T T T H Capo-Capo K S: a repeating light splashing sound made when a liquid washes gently against something T H H K A T S: a stirring or splashing sound made by large amounts of water moving repeatedly H K A T H K H K A T H K A T H K A T T H K A T Capu-Capu Jabu-Jabu S: a repeated light splashing sound made when liquid washes gently against something H K A T S: a splashing sound, as of treading through or stirring a relatively large quantity of water Jabo-Jabo K Jaka-Jaka H K A S: a splashing or sloshing sound, as of treading through a relatively large quantity of water S: the sound of a band playing loudly, or of drumming; M: the manner in which something takes place quickly, progressively or frequently Supplementary materials 9 157 Noncor&Cor C1 bk u-u Juku-Juku H K 158 Noncor&Cor C1 bk-fr z-k a-i Jaki-Jaki K 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 z-k z-k z-k z-k/d-k z-k/d-k z-k/d-k z-m z-m b-s o-i i-e i-u u-a u-e u-i i-e i-i a-a Joki-Joki n/a H K 168 Noncor&Cor C2 bk b-s o-a bosa-bosa H K A 169 170 171 172 173 174 b-s b-s b-s b-s b-s b-s o-o u-u a-i i-i e-a i-a H H H H Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C1 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr fr fr-bk bk bk-fr bk-fr fr fr bk bk bk bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk z-k 175 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-s i-a zike-zike ziku-ziku zuka-zuka zuke-zuke zuki-zuki zime-zime zimi-zimi basa-basa boso-boso busu-busu basi-basi bisi-bisi H H H H H K K K K K A A A A H K A K K K K A A A A T T T T T T T T S: a flapping or rustling sound made when thin, dry materials fall or brush together; M1: the state of being dry, lacking moisture or oil; M2: the state of something which was originally ordered or which is maintained a regular shape having become disordered, disarrayed, in shreds T M: the state of hair or fine brush hairs, etc., being untidy, disordered or flu‰y; M2: the manner of being idle or waiting one’s time; the state of being inattentive or absent-minded T T T T n/a n/a baSa-baSa boSa-boSa n/a beSa-beSa biSa-biSa biSa-biSa M: the manner in which liquid or moisture oozes out onto a surface of something; the state of being oozy or soggy S: the sound of scissors repeatedly snipping as they cut something S: the sound of scissors snipping H K A T S: a repeated splashing sound involving much spray H K S: the sound made by water splashing repeatedly H T idée d’écrasement, de mouillure (T) H K A S: loud smacking or slapping made when something strikes a surface repeatedly with force over a large contact area; M: the state of being thoroughly wet H K T S: loud smacking or slapping made when something strikes a surface repeatedly with force over a large contact area; M: the state of being thoroughly wet 10 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 176 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-s i-o 177 Noncor&Cor C2 bk b-t a-a bata-bata 178 Noncor&Cor C2 bk b-t o-a bota-bota 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 b-t b-t b-t b-t b-t b-t b-t b-t b-t o-o o-u u-u a-i o-e o-i u-i i-i e-a Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk biSo-biSo boto-boto botu-botu butu-butu bati-bati bote-bote boti-boti buti-buti biti-biti beta-beta 188 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-t e-o beto-beto 189 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-t i-a 190 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk b-t i-a 191 Noncor&Cor C2 bk o-a guda-guda g-d bita-bita H K A T S: a loud flapping sound, such as that made by cloth blown by the wind, or by wings beating; pattering sound of quick footsteps; M1: the manner of objects falling down in succession the manner of events occurring in succession; M2: the manner of doing something busily, or hurriedly, and in confusion, the state of being busy, or in a hurry, and confused H K A T S: the sound made when drops of a liquid, semiliquid, or relatively soft substance repeatedly fall and strike a relatively hard surface H K A T H K A T H K A T H K H K A T H K A T T H H K A T M1: the state of being or feeling sticky; M2: the state of being painted or plastered all over something to an excessive degree; the manner of sticking something onto a surface (often: mindlessly stamping a seal on papers) H K A T M: the state of being sticky; the manner of sticking to something; it has a more negative or unpleasant connotation than beta-beta baCa-baCa H K A biCa-biCa S: a light sound made when two flat surfaces strike together repeatedly; M: the manner of repeatedly sticking to something boCa-boCa n/a beCa-beCa beCo-beCo biCo-biCo H K H K A T S: the sound of rain falling constantly for a considerable length of time; M: the state of being thoroughly wet H K A T S: a repeated large splashing sound H K A T S: the sound made by water splashing repeatedly H K A T S: the sound of noisy chatter; M: the state of being sticky; the state of being sloppy or soggy due to excessive moisture; it always connotes unpleasant sensation H K K T an uncommon variant of becha-becha and beto-beto; use of this form is extremely limited; it typically refers to the stickiness of steamed rice S: continuous or repeated sounds made by relatively small amounts of liquid splashing; M: the state of being saturated K A T with S: theliquid sound of rain falling constantly for a considerable length of time Supplementary materials 11 192 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 193 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-n g-n o-o u-a 194 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr g-n g-s 195 Noncor&Cor C2 bk u-e gune-gune a-a gasa-gasa 196 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-s o-a 197 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 198 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-s g-s o-o goso-goso u-a gusa-gusa 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 g-s g-s g-s g-s g-s g-s g-s g-t u-o u-u a-i o-i u-i i-i i-u a-a g-t g-t a-u gatu-gatu o-a gota-gota Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk bk 207 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 208 Noncor&Cor C2 bk gusu-gusu gasi-gasi gosi-gosi gusi-gusi gisi-gisi gisu-gisu gata-gata T H K A T S: a loud rustling sound made by the continuous stirring movement of light, thin, dry objects; M1: the state of having a rough and/or finely cracked surface caused by lack of moisture H K T H K A T M1: the state of being loose or coming apart due to being poorly wrapped or bound; M2: the manner of stabbing deeply and repeatedly H K H K A H K A H K A H K A H K A H K A go¿o-go¿o gu¿a-gu¿a H K A S: the sound of mumbling H K A T M: the manner of twisting and turning in a supple way; the state of lacking firmness or rigidity; the state of being bent gaSa-gaSa H goSa-goSa H K A T M: the state of being confused, or disorganised and complicated guSa-guSa H K A T S: a repeated crushing sound; the sound of scribbling with a pen, pencil, etc.; M: the state of something having lost its original shape; the state of being soaked H K A T wet M: the state of being soaking wet guSo-guSo T T T T n/a T T gaCa-gaCa T S: a clattering or rattling sound, as of hard objects knocking together repeatedly; M1: [of machines or motors] the manner of shaking or shuddering in rapid, short movements, due to some malfunction; [of persons] the manner of trembling or shaking from fear, cold, nervousness, etc. T goCa-goCa T M: the state in which there is a mixture of many di‰erent things, giving an impression of disorder or untidiness; M2: the manner in which someone complains about many things in succession; M3: the manner of arguing confusedly; the state of being in confusion T se dit du bruit de ce qui se frotte avec force, idée d’entrechoquement d’objets compacts (T) H K A T S: the cluttering or rattling sound made by relatively thin metallic or ceramic objects knocking together repeatedly; the sound of an adding machine or similar mechanical device H K A T M: the state in which there is a mixture of many di‰erent things, giving an impression of disorder or untidiness; the state of being confused, or disorganised and complicated 12 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 209 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-t o-o goto-goto 210 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 211 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-t g-t o-u gotu-gotu u-a guta-guta 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 g-t g-t g-t g-t g-t g-t g-t g-t g-z u-u a-i o-e o-i i-i e-a i-o i-u o-a 221 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-z u-a guza-guza 222 Noncor&Cor C2 bk g-z u-o 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 g-z g-z g-z/g-d h-n h-n h-s h-s h-s h-s h-s u-i i-a u-u u-a e-a u-a u-u o-i i-i i-o Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk-fr fr-bk bk bk fr-bk bk bk bk-fr fr fr-bk gutu-gutu gati-gati gote-gote goti-goti giti-giti geta-geta gito-gito gitu-gitu H K T S: a repeated or continuous rattling or rumbling sound; the sound of something boiling in a pot H K A T K T M: the state of being totally exhausted H H H H H H H K K K K K K K T T T T T A T A T T goCo-goCo H K guCa-guCa H K M: the manner of speaking of trivial things (usually not openly) T S: the sound of chewing noisily; the sound made when stirring something heavy and sticky; M1: the state in which something loses its original form; M2: the manner of complaining bitterly and without good reason A A A A n/a goJa-goJa T idée de bougonnement (T) guJa-guJa guJo-guJo guzi-guzi giza-giza guzu-guzu K H K A T H K A T hena-hena husa-husa husu-husu hosi-hosi hisi-hisi hiso-hiso H K A T H K A T H T H K A T H K A T hu¿a-hu¿a n/a H T se dit de bruit confus et discordant; idée de confusion, de désordre, de fourmillement (T) T idée d’une mélange des choses humides écrasées; idée de ce qui est confus et désordonné, idée de fourmillement de choses dérisoires (T) T idée d’un mélange de choses humides, écrasées; idée de ce qui est confus et désordonnée (T) H K A T M: the state of being soft or yielding Supplementary materials 13 233 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 234 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 235 Noncor&Cor C2 bk h-t h-t h-t a-a hata-hata a-u hatu-hatu o-a hota-hota 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 h-t h-t h-t h-t h-t h-t h-t h-t k-d k-d k-n o-u u-a u-u o-i i-i e-a e-o i-a u-a u-o u-a Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk bk bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk hotu-hotu huta-huta hutu-hutu hoti-hoti hiti-hiti heta-heta heto-heto hita-hita kuda-kuda kudo-kudo H K A T T T se dit du bruit d’objets mous qui tombent (fleur, gouttes); idée de ce qui est chaleureux (Edo) (T) H T T H K A T T T H K A T K A T H K A T H A T H A T u-e kune-kune i-a kina-kina a-a kasa-kasa H 250 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 251 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 252 Noncor&Cor C2 bk k-s k-s k-s a-u kasu-kasu o-o koso-koso u-a kusa-kusa H K A H K A T H K A T M: the psychological state of being gloomy or depressed 253 254 255 256 257 258 k-s k-s k-s k-s k-s k-s u-u a-i o-e u-e i-i e-o H K A T T H K A T T H K T T Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk n/a ku¿a-ku¿a 247 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr k-n 248 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk k-n k-s 249 Noncor&Cor C2 bk kusu-kusu kasi-kasi kose-kose kuse-kuse kisi-kisi keso-keso T idée de ce qui est chaleureux, du visage aimable, souriant (T) hoCa-hoCa A T T kaSa-kaSa H K A T S: a soft rustling sound made by thin, light, dry objects such as leaves, pieces of paper, etc. brushing together; M1: the state of a surface being rough, dry and often brittle; M2: the state of a person’s character or behaviour being inconsiderate and lacking in warmth; [of things] the state of being dull and tasteless kuSa-kuSa n/a H A T idée de ce qui est mou, flasque, flexible, inconsistant (T) H K A T S: the repeated clicking sound of a camera shutter, etc. H K A T M1: the state of being crumpled, in disorder, or distorted; M2: the psychological state of being gloomy or depressed; M3 the manner of mumbling something 14 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 259 Noncor&Cor C2 bk k-t a-a kata-kata H K A T S: a repeated light clicking or tapping sound 260 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 261 Noncor&Cor C2 bk k-t k-t a-u katu-katu o-o koto-koto 262 Noncor&Cor C2 bk k-t o-o koto-koto 263 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 264 Noncor&Cor C2 bk k-t k-t o-u kotu-kotu u-a kuta-kuta H K A T H K A T S1: the sound of light, merry laughter; S2: a light rattling sound made by relatively hard objects knocking together repeatedly; S3: the sound made when boiling or cooking something in a deep saucepan or pot H K A T S1: the sound of light, merry laughter; S2: a light rattling sound made by relatively hard objects knocking together repeatedly; S3: the sound made when boiling or cooking something in a deep saucepan or pot H K A T A T se dit du bouillonnement, de cuisson prolongée (T) 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 k-t k-t k-t k-t k-t k-t k-t k-t k-z m-d m-d m-n m-s u-u a-i o-e o-i e-i i-i e-a i-o i-a a-a o-a o-a o-a m-n m-s o-o mo¿o-mo¿o o-o moso-moso H K A T M1: the manner of eating something dry; the manner moSo-moSo of speaking indistinctly; M2: the manner of doing something sluggishly, hesitantly, or uncomfortably Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk 278 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 279 Noncor&Cor C2 bk kutu-kutu kati-kati kote-kote koti-koti keti-keti kiti-kiti keta-keta kito-kito kiza-kiza mada-mada moda-moda mosa-mosa H H H H H H H K T K A T K A T K A T T K A T K A T T T T T K A T M: the state in which hair grows very thickly or is untidy kaCa-kaCa kjoto-kjoto H K A T S: a light clattering or rattling sound made by relatively thin metallic or other very hard objects knocking together repeatedly H K A T M: the manner of looking around, nervously or anxiously koCo-koCo H K A T M1: the manner of making quick, brief movements; the manner of tickling someone; M2: the manner of speaking of trivial things (usually not openly) kuCa-kuCa H T se dit du bruit de mâchonnement; idée de malaxage, idée de ce qui est broyé, écrasé (T) n/a n/a mo¿a-mo¿a moSa-moSa T idée de marmonnement (T) H K A T M: [out of date except in children’s books] the state in which hair grows very thickly or is untidy H A T H A Supplementary materials 15 280 Noncor&Cor C2 bk m-n u-a 281 Noncor&Cor C2 bk m-s u-a musa-musa 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 m-s m-s m-s m-s m-s m-t m-t m-t m-t m-t m-t m-t Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr-bk mu¿a-mu¿a T idée de ce qui est étroit, exigu, indigent, sale, pauvre; muSa-muSa idée de ce qui est tou‰u, désordonnée, peu soignée; idée de quelqu’un qui manque de réflexion, de discernement (T) u-i musi-musi T i-i misi-misi n/a H K A T e-o meso-meso H K A T i-a misa-misa T i-o miso-miso T o-a mota-mota H K A T o-u motu-motu T u-u mutu-mutu T a-i mati-mati K o-i moti-moti T u-i muti-muti H K A T e-a meta-meta meCa-meCa K A T M: [informal] the state of being totally destroyed, decimated, or killed (most often used figuratively) 294 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 295 Noncor&Cor C2 bk m-z m-z a-a maza-maza o-a 296 Noncor&Cor C2 bk m-z 297 298 299 300 301 302 m-z m-z m-z m-z m-z p-s o-o mozo-mozo H K A T M1: the manner of speaking indistinctly; M2 the manner of doing something sluggishly, hesitantly or uncomfortably u-a muza-muza T u-u muzu-muzu H K A T a-i mazi-mazi H K A T o-i mozi-mozi H K A T u-i muzi-muzi T a-a pasa-pasa paSa-paSa H K A T S: a light rustling sound made by gentle stirring of thin, light objects such as leaves; M: the state in which something has lost its moisture or taste o-a poSa-poSa o-o poso-poso H K A T Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr bk 303 Noncor&Cor C2 bk 304 Noncor&Cor C2 bk p-s p-s H K A T M: the manner of mumbling or muttering unintelligibly, often to oneself H K A T S: the sound of eating noisily and/or vigorously K A T M: [informal] a state of being greatly disordered, distorted or damaged; the state of being ludicrous or absurd H K A T moJa-moJa H K A T M: [emphatic form of mosha-mosha] the state in which hair grows very thickly or is very untidy moJo-moJo H A H K A T S: light splashing sounds made when striking the surface of water H T idée de gouttelettes fines (T) 16 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 305 Noncor&Cor C2 bk p-s u-u pusu-pusu 306 307 308 309 p-s p-s p-s p-s a-i pasi-pasi i-i pisi-pisi e-a i-a 310 Noncor&Cor C2 bk p-t a-a pata-pata 311 Noncor&Cor C2 bk p-t o-a pota-pota 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 p-t p-t p-t p-t p-t p-t p-t p-t p-t o-o o-u u-u a-i o-e o-i u-i i-i e-a Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 Noncor&Cor C2 bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk poto-poto potu-potu putu-putu pati-pati pote-pote poti-poti puti-puti piti-piti peta-peta 321 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk p-t 322 Noncor&Cor C2 fr-bk p-t e-o peto-peto i-a pita-pita 323 324 325 326 327 328 a-a o-a o-o u-a u-u a-i Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor bk bk bk bk bk bk-fr b-k b-k b-k b-k b-k b-k baka-baka boka-boka boko-boko buka-buka buku-buku baki-baki puSu-puSu H K A T M: the manner of stabbing something repeatedly with a pointed object; the state of being full of small puncture holes H n/a H K A T peSa-peSa piSa-piSa H K A T S: a flapping sound made by a thin, flat object moving or striking a flat surface; the sound of rain falling H K A T S: light soft sounds made when drops of liquid or semi-liquid substance repeatedly fall onto a flat nonabsorbent surface H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K T H K A T H K H K A T H K A T S: a light pattering, often wet sound made when two flat surfaces come in contact; M1: the manner of repeatedly sticking to something; M2: the manner of sticking or stamping something onto a surface many times, or all over the surface H H K A T S: a repeated light sound made when two flat surfaces strike together gently; M: the manner of repeatedly sticking to something H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A paCa-paCa poCa-poCa n/a peCa-peCa piCa-piCa H H H K T idée d’a‰aisement, d’avachissement (T) T S: a splashing or slapping sound made when a flat object or large drops of water strike a surface repeatedly and with force H K A T S: the sound made by splashing about in water H K A T S: the sound made by a body of water splashing against something; M: the state of being cutely plump H K A T S1: a smacking sound made with the mouth, as when drinking, licking, or lapping up something; S2: the sound of continual chatter H K A T S: a repeated soft splashing (or uncommonly, slapping) sound Supplementary materials 17 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor bk-fr bk-fr fr-bk fr-bk bk-fr bk bk bk bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk-fr bk-fr bk bk bk bk bk b-k b-k b-k b-k g-b g-b/g-p g-b/g-p g-b/g-p g-b/g-p g-b/g-p g-b/g-p g-k g-h g-k g-k g-k g-k g-m g-m h-g h-g h-h h-k h-k o-e o-i e-o i-u u-i a-a a-o a-u o-o e-o e-u a-u o-o o-u e-u i-o i-u a-i o-i o-a u-a u-a o-a o-o boke-boke boki-boki beko-beko biku-biku gubi-gubi gaba-gaba gabo-gabo gabu-gabu gobo-gobo gebo-gebo gebu-gebu gaku-gaku goho-goho goku-goku geku-geku giko-giko giku-giku gami-gami gomi-gomi hoga-hoga huga-huga huha-huha hoka-hoka hoko-hoko 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor bk bk bk bk bk-fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk h-k h-k h-k h-m h-k h-k h-k h-k k-b o-u u-a u-u u-u a-i e-o i-a i-u a-o hoku-hoku huka-huka huku-huku humu-humu haki-haki heko-heko hika-hika hiku-hiku kabo-kabo H K A H K H K A K H K A H K A H K A H K A H K H H K A H H K A H H K A H K A H K A T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T H K A T T H K A T T idée d’une douce chaleur agréable (T) H K A H K A K K H K A T T T H K A T H hjoko-hjoko H K A M1: the manner of doing something in short and irregular or unsteady movements, often implying a sense of precariousness or danger; M2: the manner of appearing unexpectedly 18 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor bk fr fr-bk bk bk bk bk-fr fr-bk bk-fr bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk fr bk bk bk bk k-b k-b k-b k-g k-h k-h k-k k-k k-p m-g m-g m-g m-g m-g m-k m-k m-k m-k m-k p-k p-k p-k p-k o-o i-i e-a o-a a-a o-o u-i i-o o-e a-o o-a o-o o-u u-u o-o o-u u-a u-u e-i a-a a-u o-a o-o kobo-kobo kibi-kibi keba-keba koga-koga kaha-kaha koho-koho kuki-kuki kiko-kiko kope-kope mago-mago moga-moga mogo-mogo mogu-mogu mugu-mugu moko-moko moku-moku muka-muka muku-muku meki-meki paka-paka paku-paku poka-poka poko-poko 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor Noncor&Noncor bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk p-k p-k p-k p-k p-k p-k p-k p-k p-k o-u u-a u-u a-i o-i e-a e-o i-a i-u poku-poku puka-puka puku-puku paki-paki poki-poki peka-peka peko-peko pika-pika piku-piku T n/a H K A T H K A T T T T T K T H K A T T H K A T H K A T T H T H K A T H K A T H K A T n/a H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T S1: the sound of repeatedly beating a drum or pjoko-pjoko similar object; S2: the sound of bubbles rising to the surface of a liquid; M1: the manner or state of something being dented; the state of something having lumps and pits; M2: the manner of things appearing unexpectedly one after another H K T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T M: the manner of jumping or hopping along in small leaps, or walking with a waddling gait; the manner of nodding one’s head in a gesture of token compliance Supplementary materials 19 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r b-r g-r g-r a-a o-o u-a u-u a-i o-i u-i e-i i-e i-i e-a e-o i-a a-a o-o bara-bara boro-boro bura-bura buru-buru bari-bari bori-bori buri-buri beri-beri bire-bire biri-biri bera-bera bero-bero bira-bira gara-gara goro-goro H H H H H H H H K K K K K K K K A A A A A A A A H H H H H H K K K K K K A A A A A A 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk g-r g-r g-r g-r g-r g-r g-r g-r g-r h-r h-r h-r u-a u-u a-i o-i u-i i-i e-a e-o i-a a-a o-a o-o gura-gura guru-guru gari-gari gori-gori guri-guri giri-giri gera-gera gero-gero gira-gira hara-hara hora-hora horo-horo H H H H H H H H H H K K K K K K K K K K A A A A A A A A A A bk h-r u-a hura-hura 421 Noncor&r H K A T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T S1: the purring sound made by a cat; S: a continuous deep rumbling sound; M1: the manner of a round or cylindrical object or objects rolling along; M2: the state in which a foreign body or lump causes a feeling or discomfort; M3: the state in which things exist or lie about in abundance; M4: the state of being idle T T T T T T T T T T T T S: the cry of a turtle-dove; M: the manner in which small, light objects fall or drop silently in succession H K A T n/a n/a n/a gjoro-gjoro H K A M: the manner of looking around, often nervously or fearfully; [of eyes] the state of being large and round, but not attractively so n/a hjoro-hjoro H K A T M1: the manner of swaying unsteadily from side to side as one walks with faltering steps; M2: the state of being tall and thin 20 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 422 Noncor&r bk h-r u-u 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk h-r h-r h-r h-r h-r h-r k-r a-i a-i i-i e-a e-o i-a a-a 430 Noncor&r bk k-r o-o koro-koro H K A 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr fr fr k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r k-r m-r m-r m-r m-r m-r m-r m-r u-a u-u a-i o-i u-e u-i i-i e-a e-o i-a i-o a-u o-o u-a o-i u-i e-i i-i H A H A H K A H K A Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r hjuru-hjuru hari-hari huri-huri hiri-hiri hera-hera hero-hero hira-hira kara-kara kura-kura kuru-kuru kari-kari kori-kori kure-kure kuri-kuri kiri-kiri kera-kera kero-kero kira-kira kiro-kiro maru-maru moro-moro mura-mura mori-mori muri-muri meri-meri miri-miri H K A H K A H K A H K A H H K K H K H K A A A A A T T T T T T T S: a light sound made by thin, dry or metallic objects coming into contact; M1: the state of being completely dry; M2: the state of being completely empty T S: the sound of a cricket; the merry laughter of a child or young girl; M1: the manner of a round or cylindrical object rolling; M2: the state of being round and fat; M3: the manner of occurring easily and successfully T T T T T T T T T T T S: the repeated or extended whistling sound of relatively slow projectiles, such as those launched by a trench mortar; M: the manner of a relatively long object extending to greater length n/a kjara-kjara kjoro-kjoro n/a K T H K A T H K A T T H K A T H T H K A n/a n/a T se dit d’un rire vulgaire (T) H K A T M: the manner of looking around restlessly or busily Supplementary materials 21 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Noncor&r Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr fr fr-bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk fr-bk fr-bk bk bk bk bk bk bk fr-bk bk fr-bk bk bk fr-bk m-r m-r m-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r p-r b-w b-y b-y d-y g-w g-y h-w h-y h-y h-y h-y k-w k-y k-y k-y m-y m-y n-w n-y n-y p-w p-y p-y e-a e-o i-o a-a o-o u-a u-u a-i o-i u-i i-i e-a e-o i-a u-a o-a u-o o-a o-a a-a u-a o-a u-a i-a i-o a-a a-a u-a u-o o-a u-a i-a a-o i-a u-a u-o i-o mera-mera mero-mero miro-miro para-para poro-poro pura-pura puru-puru pari-pari pori-pori puri-puri piri-piri pera-pera pero-pero pira-pira buwa-buwa boya-boya buyo-buyo doya-doya gowa-gowa gaya-gaya huwa-huwa hoya-hoya huya-huya hiya-hiya hiyo-hiyo kawa-kawa kaya-kaya kuya-kuya kuyo-kuyo moya-moya muya-muya niwa-niwa nayo-nayo niya-niya puwa-puwa puyo-puyo piyo-piyo H K A T K A T T H K A T H K A T H K T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T H K A T T H K A T H K A T T T T H K A T H K A T T T H K A T H K A T H T T H K A T n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 22 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other Other bk-fr fr-bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk bk bk bk bk-fr bk-fr bk-fr bk bk bk-fr bk bk-fr r-r r-r s-w s-w s-w s-y s-y s-y t-w t-y t-y w-d w-k w-k w-n w-r w-s w-y w-z w-z y-b y-b y-h y-h y-k y-k y-r y-r y-r y-r y-r y-r y-s y-t y-t y-w y-z o-i e-o a-a o-a u-a a-a o-o u-a a-a a-o u-a a-a a-o a-u a-a a-a a-a a-a a-a a-i o-o u-u a-a u-u a-i u-u o-o u-a u-u a-e o-e u-i u-a o-a o-i a-a o-i rori-rori rero-rero sawa-sawa sowa-sowa suwa-suwa saya-saya soyo-soyo suya-suya tawa-tawa tayo-tayo tuya-tuya wada-wada wako-wako waku-waku wana-wana wara-wara wasa-wasa waya-waya waza-waza wazi-wazi yobo-yobo yubu-yubu yaha-yaha yuhu-yuhu yaki-yaki yuku-yuku yoro-yoro yura-yura yuru-yuru yare-yare yore-yore yuri-yuri yusa-yusa yota-yota yoti-yoti yawa-yawa yozi-yozi T K A T H K T H K A T T H K A T H K A T H K A T T T H K A T T H K A T H K A T T H K A T H T T T H K A T T T T T T H K A T H K A T K T T K A T T H K A T H K A T H K A T T T n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Supplementary materials 23 523 524 525 526 Other Other Other Other bk bk fr-bk bk z-w z-w z-w z-y a-a u-a i-a o-o zawa-zawa zuwa-zuwa ziwa-ziwa zoyo-zoyo H K A T T H K A T T n/a 24 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 2 Search evidence: CVC-based palatalised mimetic words with two coronals or two non-coronals, elicited from six native speakers of Japanese Forms are organised by consonant-type combination (coronal–coronal, noncoronal–coronal, etc.), vowel-type combination (back, back–front, etc.), consonants (C1 and C2), vowels (V1 and V2,) number of responses and speaker. Meanings and examples are given as reported by the speakers. Original Japanese examples have been translated into English. Phonemic Speaker Form Katakana # of responses V–V C-C VContext Consonant combination Supplementary materials 25 1 cor-cor 2 cor-cor bk d-s bk d-s o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa 1 S1 1 S3 3 cor-cor bk d-s o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa 1 S6 Meaning Japanese Example English Japanese English 雨がドシャドシャ降っている It rains heavily. something heavy falling in 雨がドシャドシャと降っ It is raining heavily. a large amount ている ドシャドシャ雨が降っている It’s raining heavily (coming from deluge (pouring). ドシャ降り) 4 cor-cor bk d-s o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa 1 S5 a sound of many small objects falling down 5 cor-cor bk d-s o-a ドシャドシャ doSa-doSa 1 S4 雨がたくさん降ってい heavy rain る様子 袋を逆さにするとドシャドシ I turned a bag bottom up ャと中身が落ちた and things fell down out 今日はドシャドシャ降りだ of it. It’s raining heavily today. ニョソニョソ歩く I walk slowly. はちみつをさわったので手が ヌチャヌチャしている ハチミツが手についてヌチャ ヌチャする Because I touched honey, my hands are sticky. 5 6 cor-cor bk d/z-s u-a ズシャズシャ zuSa-zuSa 1 S3 no comments 1 7 cor-cor bk n-s o-o ニョソニョソ ¿oso-¿oso 1 S1 1 8 cor-cor bk n-t u-a ヌチャヌチャ nuCa-nuCa 1 S3 sticky 9 cor-cor bk n-t u-a ヌチャヌチャ nuCa-nuCa 1 S5 a sound for sticky/oily liquid 10 cor-cor bk n-t u-o ヌチョヌチョ nuCo-nuCo 2 1 S3 sticky I got honey on my hands and they are sticky. あめがとけてヌチョヌチョし A candy melted and now ている it is sticky. Comments 26 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 11 cor-cor bk n-t u-o ヌチョヌチョ nuCo-nuCo 1 S4 ぬめり気のあるものに touching something sticky 触れている様子ネチョ (stickier than beto-beto) ネチョよりもベトベト している感じがする 2 12 cor-cor bk n-t u-u ヌチュヌチュ nuCu-nuCu 13 cor-cor bk s-n a-a シャナシャナ Sana-Sana 1 S5 sound for sticky/oily liquid 油のついた部分をさわってみ I touched an oily object たらヌチュヌチュと音がした and heard a sticky sound. 1 1 S1 an elegant way of walking 着物を着てシャナシャナ歩く I walk elegantly in kimono. 1 14 cor-cor bk s-s a-a サシャサシャ saSa-saSa 15 cor-cor bk s-t u-a スチャスチャ suCa-suCa 1 S3 dry or light objects (cloth or garments) rubbing each other. 1 1 S5 a sound of metallic percussion / describing someone moving quickly スチャスチャとシンバルを鳴 I strike cymbals. / らす/ 彼はスチャスチャと何でもや He is capable of doing ってしまう everything. a sound for running or jumping swiftly and lightly/ a sound for throwing ‘shuriken’ (a ninja weapon) 身軽にシュタシュタと飛 び回る/ シュタシュタと手裏剣を 投げる 1 16 cor-cor bk s-t u-a シュタシュタ Suta-Suta 1 S5 I run and jump swiftly. / I throw ‘shuriken’. Supplementary materials 27 17 cor-cor bk s-t 18 cor-cor bk z/d-t u-u ズチュズチュ zuCu-zuCu u-a シュタシュタ Suta-Suta 1 S4 すばやく足早にすぎ去 running o‰ at a fast pace, る様子軽快に走る様子 swinging trot 2 1 S3 ズチュズチュと沼をか stepping on a marsh きわけた 1 19 cor-cor bk z-n u-u ズニュズニュ zunju-zunju 1 S3 stepping into a marsh 1 20 cor-cor bk z-s a-u ザシュザシュ zaSu-zaSu 1 S5 a sound for cutting or stub- 彼はかぼちゃにザシュザシュ He carved a pumpkin. bing someone/something とナイフをつきたてた 1 21 cor-cor bk z-t o-a ジョタジョタ zjota-zjota 道路がジョタジョタしている The road is swampy. 1 S6 1 22 cor-cor bk z-t u-a ズチャズチャ zuCa-zuCa 1 S5 23 cor-cor bk z-t u-a ズチャズチャ zuCa-zuCa 1 S4 beat of the drums, instruments ズチャズチャと音楽が鳴り始 Music started playing. めた にぎやかな演奏 lively music 鼻水でブヒョブヒョ a runny and stu‰y nose 2 24 ncor-ncor bk b-h u-a ブヒャブヒャ buhja-buhja 25 ncor-ncor bk b-h u-o ブヒョブヒョ buhjo-buhjo 1 S5 a sound of pigs laughing (buhi-buhi is ‘pigs snorting’ and hya-hya-hya is a ‘laughing sound’) 1 1 S6 1 limited usage 28 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 26 ncor-ncor bk b-k a-a バキャバキャ bakja-bakja 1 S3 sounds of breaking things repetitively; same as bakibaki 板をバキャバキャとこわした Someone has broken wooden boards. 1 27 ncor-ncor bk b-k 28 ncor-ncor bk b-k a-u バキュバキュ bakju-bakju a-u バキュバキュ bakju-bakju 29 ncor-ncor bk b-k a-u ビャクビャク bjaku-bjaku 1 S6 1 S5 銃をバキュバキュ撃つ the banging sound ピストルをバキュバキュ と撃つ to shoot in succession I shoot a gun. 2 1 S5 the sound of the vein, pulse 血管がビャクビャクと音を or streaming blood 立てる Blood flows through the vein. 1 30 ncor-ncor bk b-m u-u ブミュブミュ bumju-bumju 1 S3 squeezing or stepping on a jelly-like thing in a bag 1 31 ncor-ncor bk g-b a-u ギャブギャブ gjabu-gjabu 1 S6 ギャブギャブ言いながらおぼ drowning and keeping opening a mouth by flipれている flopping hands 1 32 ncor-ncor bk g-g o-u ゴギュゴギュ gogju-gogju 1 S5 a sound for drinking something with a big gulp 牛乳をゴギュゴギュと飲 み干す I’ve almost emptied a glass of milk with a big gulp. 33 ncor-ncor bk g-g o-u ゴギュゴギュ gogju-gogju 1 S3 a sound of gulping 牛乳をゴギュゴギュと飲んだ I gulped some milk. 2 34 ncor-ncor bk g-h a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha 1 S1 35 ncor-ncor bk g-h 36 ncor-ncor bk g-h a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha 1 S2 大きく笑う様 1 S3 laughing loud laughing out loud 女子高生たちがギャハギャハ High-school girls are laughing so loud. 笑っている ギャハギャハ笑う (She) laughs so loud. こどもたちがギャハギャハ笑 Children are laughing っている aloud. Supplementary materials 29 37 ncor-ncor bk g-h a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha 38 ncor-ncor bk g-h a-a ギャハギャハ gjaha-gjaha 39 ncor-ncor bk g-h a-o ギャホギャホ gjaho-gjaho 1 S5 sound of laughing out loud 女子高生がギャハギャハ (a little vulgarly) と笑う High-school girls are laughing out loud. 1 S4 大声で笑っている様子 the way of laughing loudly 電車内でギャハギャハうるさ They are laughing so loud く笑っている in a train. 5 1 S6 ギャホギャホ咳をする Somebody is coughing badly (with a hacking cough). ギャフギャフわめく/ ギャフギャフ泣く Somebody is roaring / crying in a loud voice. 1 40 ncor-ncor bk g-h a-u ギャフギャフ gjahua-gjahu 1 S6 1 41 ncor-ncor bk g-h u-a グヒャグヒャ guhja-guhja 1 S5 42 ncor-ncor bk g-h u-o グヒョグヒョ guhjo-guhjo 1 S3 43 ncor-ncor bk g-h u-o グヒョグヒョ guhjo-guhjo 1 S5 a sound of laughing in a weird way あの人はグヒャグヒャと笑う That man laughs weirdly. 1 laughing in a very perverted way a sound of laughing strangely その男はグヒョグヒョと気味 That man laughed 悪く笑った strangely. 2 44 ncor-ncor bk g-k a-u ガキュガキュ gakju-gakju 1 S5 the sound of something breaking/crashing 車を止めようとしたらガキュ I tried to park my car and ガキュと音がしてこすってし I scratched it. まった 1 45 ncor-ncor bk g-k o-u ゴキュゴキュ gokju-gokju 1 S3 46 ncor-ncor bk g-k o-u ゴキュゴキュ gokju-gokju 1 S6 used instead of goku-goku; sound of gulping liquid 「ゴキュゴキュ」ミルクを飲 A baby drinks milk (baby limited usage talk for goku-goku). む←「ゴクゴク」ミルク を飲む 30 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 47 ncor-ncor bk g-k o-u ゴキュゴキュ gokju-gokju 1 S5 a sound of drinking something with big gulp 牛乳をゴキュゴキュと飲む I gulp a glass of milk. ゴミャゴミャした場所 a place crowded with people (although we usually say ‘gomi-gomi’, in casual speech we may say ‘gomya-gomya’) ゴミョゴミョと耳打ちする (She) whispered. 老人がヒョボヒョボと歩い ている An old man is walking weakly. 3 48 ncor-ncor bk g-m o-a ゴミャゴミャ gomja-gomja 1 S6 1 49 ncor-ncor bk g-m o-o ゴミョゴミョ gomjo-gomjo 1 S5 a murmuring/whispering sound 1 50 ncor-ncor bk h-b o-o ヒョボヒョボ hjobo-hjobo 1 S1 1 51 ncor-ncor bk h-g a-u ハギュハギュ hagju-hagju 1 S5 to hug and squeeze someone/something くまのぬいぐるみをハギュハ I squeeze my teddy-bear. ギュと抱っこする 1 52 ncor-ncor bk h-g o-a ホギャホギャ hogja-hogja 1 S5 53 ncor-ncor bk h-g u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja 1 S3 54 ncor-ncor bk h-g u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja 1 S6 55 ncor-ncor bk h-g u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja 1 S5 the sound of a baby crying 生まれたての赤ちゃんがホギ A newborn baby is crying. ャホギャと泣く 1 sound of a baby crying, sobbing 赤ん坊がフギャフギャと泣い A baby is crying. ている 赤ちゃんがフギャフギャ言っ A baby is weeping ている a crying sound made by cats or babies 赤ちゃんがフギャフギャと泣 A baby is crying. いている Supplementary materials 31 56 ncor-ncor bk h-g u-a フギャフギャ hugja-hugja 1 S4 赤ちゃんの泣き声 baby cry 4 57 ncor-ncor bk h-g u-u フギュフギュ hugju-hugju 1 S5 snoring/purring sound of animals 猫がフギュフギュ言いながら A cat came closer to me 寄ってきた while she was purring. a laughing sound 彼をくすぐるとヒャハヒャハ I tickled him and he と笑った laughed. 1 58 ncor-ncor bk h-h a-a ヒャハヒャハ hjaha-hjaha 1 S5 1 59 ncor-ncor bk h-h a-u ハヒュハヒュ hahju-hahju 1 S3 similar to hahu-hahu, describing some airflow from mouth, perhaps by eating something very hot 60 ncor-ncor bk h-h a-u ハヒュハヒュ hahju-hahju 1 S5 when you eat something hot and try to let it cool in your mouth 豆腐を口に入れたら熱くてハ I let air in and out of my mouth since I was eating ヒュハヒュなった hot tofu. 2 61 ncor-ncor bk h-h u-o フヒョフヒョ huhjo-huhjo laughing lightly with some 学生たちがフヒョフヒョと笑 Students are laughing っている silly attitude silly. 1 S3 1 62 ncor-ncor bk h-k o-o ホキョホキョ hokjo-hokjo 1 S5 a chirping sound of ‘Japanese bush warblers’ (uguisu) 1 63 ncor-ncor bk h-k 64 ncor-ncor bk h-k o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko 1 S1 trotting 1 S2 うさぎが飛び跳ねない a rabbit is walking not で歩いている感じ軽い jumping, trotting が少しおどけたような 歩き方 小走りに歩く I trot along. ヒョコヒョコ歩く I walk (like a rabbit). 32 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 65 ncor-ncor bk h-k o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko 1 S3 indicates someone who has ヒョコヒョコと歩いた an injured leg walking or a baby-walking (both human and animals like dogs or cats) 66 ncor-ncor bk h-k o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko 1 S6 67 ncor-ncor bk h-k o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko 1 S5 68 ncor-ncor bk h-k o-o ヒョコヒョコ hjoko-hjoko 1 S4 ヒヨコのようにチョコ the way a chick is walking ヒョコヒョコっと現れる to walk lightly (both for humans and animals) I walked (limping). showing up all of a sudden うさぎがヒョコヒョコと近寄 A rabbit came close to me. ‘extremely ってきた common’ チョコ歩く様子 6 69 ncor-ncor bk h-m u-a フミャフミャ humja-humja 1 S5 talking weakly / a sound of 体調が悪くてフミャフミャと I started whining because 泣き言を言う a cat I was sick. 1 70 ncor-ncor bk h-m u-u フミュフミュ humju-humju 1 S3 stepping on something softly, like humi-humi 猫がフミュフミュと毛布をも A cat is stepping on a んでいる blanket, as though she is doing a massage. 1 71 ncor-ncor bk k-b a-a キヤバキャバ kjaba-kjaba 1 S6 話し方がキャバキャバしい A way of talking that indicates that she wants to get more money (only for ladies or girls) ‘キャバ’ comes from ‘cabaret’ and ‘キャバキャバしい’ represents way of talking by ladies working there. 1 72 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha 1 S1 女子高生たちがキャハキャハ High-school girls are laughing. 笑っている Supplementary materials 33 laughing of a young girl キャハキャハと笑っている Somone is laughing. キャハキャハ笑っている Young girls are laughing at a high pitch. 73 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha 1 S3 74 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha 1 S6 75 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha 1 S5 76 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-a キャハキャハ kjaha-kjaha 1 S4 こどもや若い女性が明 used when children or るく元気よく笑う時に young girls are laughing 使う cheerfuly and energeticaly 77 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-o キャホキャホ kjaho-kjaho 1 S3 誰かがキャホキャホさわいで Someone’s making noise いた happily. 78 ncor-ncor bk k-h a-o キャホキャホ kjaho-kjaho 1 S6 いつもキャホキャホしている She’s always pretending a high voice of girls’ laughing 女子高生が数人キャハキャハ High-school girls were と楽しそうに笑いながら話し enjoying talking. ていた ‘quite common’ 5 to be cute (only girls). 2 79 ncor-ncor bk k-h o-o コヒョコヒョ kohjo-kohjo 1 S6 足をコヒョコヒョする to titillate a foot 関節をコキュコキュならす I crack my joints. 1 80 ncor-ncor bk k-k o-u コキュコキュ kokju-kokju 1 S5 the cracking sound of bones 1 81 ncor-ncor bk k-k u-o キュコキュコ kjuko-kjuko 1 S1 82 ncor-ncor bk k-k u-o キュコキュコ kjuko-kjuko 1 S3 ワインのコルクをキュコキュ I uncork a bottle of wine. コ抜く used just like kiko-kiko when riding a bicycle or when gears make some noise limited usage 34 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 83 ncor-ncor bk k-k u-o キュコキュコ kjuko-kjuko 1 S4 車輪の付いたもの(自 pedalling something with 転車など)をこいでい wheels such as a bicycle る時に使う 3 84 ncor-ncor bk k-p u-o キュポキュポ kjupo-kjupo 1 S5 a squeaking sound when you put in and take out a cork of a bottle ワインのコルク栓をキュポキ I twist a cork in and out of ‘quite ュポと出し入れする the wine bottle. common’ a meowing sound of a cat 猫をなでたらミャゴミャゴと I stroke a cat, and she 鳴いた meowed. to mumble, murmur 彼が何かモギャモギャ言って He was murmuring. いた being squished ぬいぐるみをムギュムギュと I pressed a stu‰y toy. 押した 1 85 ncor-ncor bk m-g a-o ミャゴミャゴ mjago-mjago 1 S5 1 86 ncor-ncor bk m-g o-a モギャモギャ mogja-mogja 1 S5 1 87 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S3 88 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S6 89 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S5 to squeeze/hug/squash something ムギュムギュ握る/ ムギュムギュマスコット ふとんを押入れにムギュムギ ュと押し込む to grip a flu‰y object / a flu‰y doll limited usage I put my futon away in the closet. ‘extremely common’ 90 ncor-ncor bk m-g u-u ムギュムギュ mugju-mugju 1 S4 やわらかいものを握っ holding something soft ている様子 4 91 ncor-ncor bk m-h u-a ムヒャムヒャ muhja-muhja 1 S5 1 a sound of eating or munching / a sound of laughing (giggling, chuckling) ムヒャムヒャとおいしそうに (She’s) enjoying eating. / 食べる/ 赤ちゃんがうれしそうにムヒ A baby is giggling. ャムヒャ笑う Supplementary materials 35 92 ncor-ncor bk m-h u-o ムヒョムヒョ muhjo-muhjo 1 S3 laughing pervertedly 男はムヒョムヒョと笑っ ている A man is laughing pervertedly. 1 93 ncor-ncor bk m-k u-a ムキャムキャ mukja-mukja 1 S3 crying of a monkey or someone acting like a monkey 1 ネコの肉球がムキュムキュし A cat’s paw is elastic ている (when we touch it). 94 ncor-ncor bk m-k u-u ムキュムキュ mukju-mukju 1 S6 1 95 ncor-ncor bk p-g u-a プギャプギャ pugja-pugja 1 S5 a squeaking sound of animals ブタがプギャプギャと鳴いて A pig is squeaking and running wild. 暴れた repetitive breaking of something dry or light 竹をパキャパキャと割った 1 96 ncor-ncor bk p-k a-a パキャパキャ pakja-pakja 1 S3 Someone broke bamboos. 1 97 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko 1 S1 the way a little animal such ひよこがピョコピョコ歩く as a chick walks A chick is hopping. 98 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko 1 S2 うさぎの歩き方 the way of rabbit’s walk うさぎがピョコピョコ歩い ていた A rabbit is hopping. 99 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko 1 S3 hopping ピョコピョコと動いたピョコ It hopped. ピョコと歩いた 100 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko 1 S6 101 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko 1 S5 102 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-o ピョコピョコ pjoko-pjoko 1 S4 小さく跳びながら進 a bobbing/hopping sound む様子 6 moving forward with little jumps カエルがピョコピョコ跳ん でいる Frogs are jumping. かえるがピョコピョコと はねる A frog is jumping. ‘extremely common’ 36 John Alderete and Alexei Kochetov 103 ncor-ncor bk p-k o-u ポキュポキュ pokju-pokju 1 S3 I cracked my finger joints. similar to poki-poki, but comes in a diminutive sense. 指をポキュポキュならした a sound of liquid shooting out 水鉄砲からピュクピュクと水 Someone squirts a water がとびだす pistol. 1 104 ncor-ncor bk p-k u-u ピュクピュク pjuku-pjuku 1 S5 1 105 ncor-ncor bk p-p a-u パピュパピュ papju-papju 1 S3 1 a sound of an old computer game Supplementary materials 37 3 Tables summarising the co-occurrence of consonants in CVCV mimetic words, on the basis of published sources C2 C1 lab cor lab p b cor m t 13 13 7 p b m d 2 s 5 6 8 t d s z n 2 8 6 3 10 6 3 1 dors k g 1 13 2 14 2 10 1 9 lar h 1 11 5 4 7 3 2 3 1 1 3 3 5 6 44 12 83 dors z n 7 1 g 2 1 4 2 13 1 11 1 10 h 42 42 44 5 8 10 3 6 5 9 9 8 4 5 1 1 4 7 51 14 k 11 13 13 10 10 5 3 1 r lar 2 3 3 33 19 42 29 25 2 5 1 2 1 51 55 9 2 1 40 6 97 82 13 7 422 Table VIII Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with nonpalatalised consonants in all vowel contexts. C2 C1 lab cor dors lar lab p b m t 2 2 p b m t d s z n cor 2 d s 3 2 3 dors z 2 n r k lar g h 1 6 4 8 3 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 11 1 6 5 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 8 14 9 3 2 1 2 2 k g 4 4 h 1 2 6 0 13 2 4 0 15 3 5 9 14 5 0 0 72 Table IX Combinations of C1 and C2 in CVCV mimetic words with at least one palatalised consonant in back vowel contexts.
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