Nat .H i st .Res. , Vo . l8N o .1 :1 ー 11 , March2 0 0 4 P a l y n o l o g i c a lI n v e s t i g a t i o nandI m p l i c a t i o n sont h e R e l a t i o n s h i pbetweenModernS u r f a c eP o l l e nand VegetationjClimate( E s p e c i a l l yP r e c i p i t a t i o n ) i nt h eR i e s c oI s l a n d( I s l aRiesco) , S u b a n t a r c t i cPatagonia , C h i l e MasaakiOkuda ll , HarufumiNishida 2), KazuhikoUemura 3l , AtsushiYabe 4l , ToshihiroYamada5)andMiguelRancusiH.6) 1 )N a t u r a lH i s t o r yMuseumandInstitute , Chiba 955-2Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku , C h i b a260-8682 , Japan E m a i l :okuda@chiba-mus巴 .0 r.JP 2 )F a c u l t yo fS c i e n c eandEngineering , ChuoUniversity , Tokyo112-8551 , Japan 31D巴 partment o fGeologyandPaleontology , TheN a t i o n a lS c i e n c eMuseum , Tokyo169-0073, J apan 4 1 F u k u iPr巴 fectural D i n o s a u rMuseum , Katsuyama , Fukui911-8601 , Japan 5 1Departmento fB i o l o g i c a lSciences , F a c u l t yo fScience, TheU n i v e r s i t yo fTokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan 6 1C o l e g i oCompaniad eMaria-Seminario , A v .Seminario , 31-Provincia , Santiago, C h i l e A b s t r a c t E i g h ts u r f a c e( s o i lo rm o s s p o l s t e r )s a m p l e sfrom al o n g i t u d i n a lt r a n s e c ti nt h e R i e s c oIsland , C h i l ea r ep a l y n o l o g i c a l l ya n a l y s e dt od e p i c tt h er e l a t i o n s h i pbetweenmodern p o l l e n and v e g e t a t i o n / c l i m a t ef o rs u b a n t a r c t i cP a t a g o n i a . Thet r a n s e c tt r a v e r s e sas t e e p m o i s t u r eg r a d i e n tandv e g e t a t i o nz o n e sf r o me v e r g r e e nr a i nf o r e s tt od r yt u s s o c kg r a s s l a n d s .A humidc l i m a t ew i t h600ー1, 000 mm/yo fprecipitation , c o r r e s p o n d i n gt oe v e r g r e e nb e e c hf o r e s t i nt h eP a c i f i cside, i sp a l y n o l o g i c a l l ye x p r e s s e dbydominantN o t h o j a g u s (fusca-typ巴) w i t h abundantDrimysw i n t e r i .P a l y n o f l o r a ld i v e r s i t yi sn o th i g hi nt h i sp r e c i p i t a t i o nlevel , w i t ha fewa r b o r e a lt a x a(Podocaゆ usjDacrydium , Maytenus , e t c . )a s s o c i a t i n gt h i sr a i nf o r e st . As e m i a r i dc l i m a t ew i t h400-450mm/yo fprecipitation , c o r r e s p o n d i n gt ot h ee c o t o n eo fd e c i d u o u s b e e c hf o r e s tands h r u b / g r a s ssteppes, showst h ec o e x i s t e n c eo fNothojagus , T u b u l i f l o r a eand/or P o a c e a ew i t hv e r ychang巴 able v a l u e s . Not r e ep o l l e ne x c e p tN o t h o j a g u so c c u r si nt h i sp r e c i p i ュ t a t i o nl e v e. l Ana r i dc l i m a t ew i t h<300mm/yo fprecipitation , c o r r e s p o n d i n gt og r a s ss t e p p e i nt h eA t l a n t i cregion , i sc h a r a c t e r i s e dbyt h edominanceo fP o a c e a ew i t hp e r s i s t e n tN o t h o j a g u s poll 巴 n f romw e s t e r nf o r e s t e da r e a s . Keyw o r d s : palynology , Patagonia , Chile , Nothojagus , vegetation , precipitation , s u r f a c ep o l l e n . SubantarcticPatagonia , comprisingsouthュ ernmostSouthAmerica , i stheonlymassive landmasst h a tl i e sbetween50-550 S i nl a t i ュ tude( F i g . 1) , receivingi n t e n s i v ebiogeograュ p h i c a l and palaeoclimatological s t u d i e st o ュ getherwith the northern parts o fthec o n ュ t i n e nt . Leadsorlagsofclimatechangesbeュ tweenthebothhemispherese s p e c i a l l ya tt h e b巴 ginning o fthepresenti n t e r g l a c i a t i o na r e beingfocused , whichl a r g e l ycontributest o understandingo fthe Earth climatesystem f o rthep r e d i c t i o n so ffutureclimatechanges (e.g. , Blunier e t al. , 1998; Thompson e t al. , 1 9 9 8 ;Markgrafe tal. , 2000;Thompson , 2000; Baker , 2002;S e l t z e re tal. , 2002;Nakagawae t al. , 2 0 0 3 ) .I nh i g h l a t i t u d eareaso ftheSouthュ ern Hemisphere , the Chilean Patagonia r e ュ c e i v e sthesu日 cient amounto fr a i n sf o rthe developmento fnativef o r e s tandpeatb o g s . Al a r g e amount o ff o s s i lp o l l e n data from Late-Quaternaryboreholecoresa r ebeinga c ュ cumulatedf o rsubantarcticPatagonia( H e u s - i s u c n a .R .H dM n .Yamadaa .Yabe , T .Uemura , A .Nishida , K .Okuda, H M f e hard o r n Patagonia a a e l i h nC r e h t u o s ュ i b a nandArgentinah a e 1 i h .ThemostC s s e c c a e h ot nshadowst i a er h ot dt e t i m i e1 r sa n o i t a t e h emassiveAndeanchain , andt h ft to s a e ュ a t i p i c e r fp e with >600mm/y o d i cs i f i c a P . s d a o rr a ypopu1atedwithfewc 1 e s r a p ss ni o i t a r e l l i d r o f Andean C The mountain range o ywith n i a sveryr sAndes)i 0 e1 (Cordill巴 ra d ュ e er r u t a sn da e t c e t o r r caps , being p e i c a l g . s e v r e s ュ y 1 a tp n e s e r ep h st e s i n a g r tauthoro s r i Thef ュ a t a nP a e 1 i h eC h rt o nf o i t a g i t s e v n 1i a c i g 0 1 o n s a e s r e v ro a e y 1 a c s i e2002f h ft soneo goniaa yMuseum r o t s i 1H a r u t a eN h ft so n o i t i d e p x e s ni o i t a g i t s e v n . This i a b i h and Institute , C t by c e j o r hp c r a e s e rr a e y r u o ef h ft to r a p e h tt c u r t s n o c e or yaimingt t i s r e v i n Chuo U y r o t s i nh o i t a t e g e cv i o z o n e C c i o z o s e tM s e t a l o .2002t c e nD nsouthernSouthAmerica. I i e h ft to s a o nc r e t s a e h t u o es h . 2003 , t n a J d e t a g i t s e v n )wasi o c s e i aR 1 Is d( n a 1 s oI c s e i R yamountain 1 r a 1 i m i .S ct e s n a r et r u t s i o sam a e h rt a e fLakeDeseadon ho t r o en h sont s a p 'W , 200一 9 4 'S, 680 9 401 5 Argentineborder( ; 5 9 9 ;Heusser, 1989 , 1 7 8 9 randRabassa , 1 e s n r e h t r o sn la l e sw t al. , 2000a) a Heusser e tα l. , 1996; nPatagonia(e.g. , Heussere a e l i h C t ;Heussere 9 9 9 tα l. , 1 ;Heussere 7 9 9 Moreno , 1 a t a .Thesed ) 0 0 0 tal. , 2 al. , 2000b;McCulloche e proxy t a m i l c o e a 1 a op can be converted t s e c n e r e f e r otemperaturep gt n i r r e f e abyr t a d o n y 1 a swerep e c n e s e r swhosep t n a 1 ep h ft o . This t rpas a e en h nt di e s i n g o c e yr l l a c i g 0 1 g n i y 1 e ebyr 1 b a i 1 e approachbecomesmorer r o l( a n o i g e aa10ngr t a nd e l l o ep c a f r u upons ; 2 8 9 s(McG10ne , 1 t c e s n a r et t a m i l )c 1 a n i d u t i t 1 a t al. , te t i u r ;D 8 8 9 e and Riollet , 1 l l i f e n n o B t ei s u a c e ;HorrocksandOgden , 2000) , b 0 9 9 1 s n o i t a 1 e er t a m i l c n e l l o tp c e r i ed d i v o r can p . s n o i t a v r e s b 1o a c i g o l o r o e t e tm n e c e usingr r o sf t e s a t a nd e l l o ep c a f r u rs e d r o t s r i Thef d e d i v o r cPatagoniahavebeenp i t c r a t n a b u s ュ d u t gs n i r e e n o i sp i .H ) 5 9 9 byHeusser(1 989 , 1 o 1t a r t n e ec h ot dt e t c i r t s e swere , however, r e i fsouthernPatagonia , so a e r )a 1 a t s a o c n( r e t s a e ュ m e tt n e s e r rp o tcoveragef n e i c i f f u s n withani n .I ) .1 g i eF e s s( n o i t a i r a ev r u t s i o m / e r u t a r e p e h nt si n o i g e genera1 , westernmountainousr ' 0 1 ARGENTINA 。。 10。 20 。 30 。 40。 ' 0 5 S 0 3 5 COCEAN I T N A L T A S 0 4 5 。 Samplesite ) y d u t ss i h T ( e t i es l p m a • S ) 5 9 9 (Heusser, 1 S I 回 Nature rese問 0 5 5 日 Glacier y r a d n u o .Nat旧 n b . y t i nc i a o M 5 60 5 W 60 7 COCEAN I F I C A P W 40 7 W 00 7 0 72 W W S0 6 6W 0 d n )a I l VI sI e i R y( d u t ss i h rt o sf e i t i l a c o gl n i l p m a hs t i aw i n o g a t a cP i t c r a t n a b u fs . Map o .1 g i F . ) 5 9 9 r(1 989 , 1 e s s u e H - 2 ー P a l y n o l o g i c a lI n v e s t i g a t i o ni nR i e s c oI s l a n d .C h i l e t a r c t i cP a t a g o n i ai su n d e r s t o o di nt h ec o a s t ュ a ll o w l a n d s . TheP a c if i . candp o l a rc o a s t s g e n e r a l l ye n j o ym i l dw i n t e r sundero c e a n i c environments , with 2-4C o fmeanc o l d e s t montht e m p e r a t u r e s( F i g .2 b ) . Bycontrast, t h e i rsummert e m p e r a t u r e sdon o te x c e e d910Ti nt h ewarmestmonths( F i g .2c) , r e s u l t ュ i n gi nc o o landl o n gp l a n t g r o w i n gs e a s o n si n t h eP a c if i . cr e g i o n( F i g .2 d ) . Thep r e v a i l i n g windsr e d u c et h e i ri n f l u e n c e st ot h ee a s to f t h e Andean chain , a l t h o u g ht h ec o l d e s t montht e m p e r a t u r e sa l o n gt h eS t r a i to fMaュ g e l l a n( E s t r e c h o de M a g a l l a n e s )a r es t i l l t . The warmest above t h ef r e e z i n gp o i n montht e m p e r a t u r ei nt h eA t l a n t i cs i d ei n ュ c r e a s et oc a .1 2Ca tR i oG a l l e g o s( A r g e n t i n a ) . Concerning precipitation, t h eP a c i f i . c and p o l a rs i d e sr e c e i v ea tl e a s t1,000-2 ,000 mm/y h epre司 underhumidw e s t e r l y winds, andt c i p i t a t i o namountst o4 ,000-5 ,000 mm/yi n someg l a c i a t e da r e a s( F i g .2 e ) .Ont h ec o n t r a ュ ry , ar e g i o n a lr a i nshadowe x i s t st ot h ee a s t o ft h eAndeanCordillera, withr a i n f a l l so f l e s st h a n500mm/y.P r e c i p i t a t i o nr e d u c e st o 200-300mm/yaroundt h ee a s t e r nmoutho f S t r a i to fM a g e l l a n . I ns o u t h e r nP a t a g o n i a t h em e t e o r o l o g i c a ls t a t i o n swithc o n s i d e r a ュ b l eo b s e r v a t i o np e r i o d sa r er e s t r i c t e dt o c o a s t a l areas , u n f o r t u n a t e l y s o r e l i a b l e c l i m a t ed a t af o ri n n e rr e g i o n sa r el a c k i n g . slowa s -2t o -4C o ft h e Nevertheless, a c o l d e s t month t e m p e r a t u r e sa r es u g g e s t e d f o rt h ei n t e r i o rp a r t so fI s l aGrandeandt h e P a t a g o n i a nmainlandbyi n t e g r a t i n gknowlュ a c r o c l i m a t eand e d g e so fgeomorphology , m tal. , 1 9 9 0 ) . v e g e t a t i o n(Tuhkanene From t h es t e e pp r e c i p i t a t i o n gradients, f o u rr e g i o n a lv e g e t a t i o nz o n e sa r er e s u l t e d f o rs o u t h e r nP a t a g o n i a :( 1 )t h eM a g e l l a n i c 2 )e v e r g r e e nr a i nforest , ( 3 )d e c i d ュ moorland , ( uousf o r e s tand( 4 )Fuego-Patagoniansteppe, fromsouthwestt on o r t h e a s t( F i g .2 f ) . The M a g e l l a n i c moorland ( o r Tundra M a g a l l a ュ n i c a )e x t e n d sa l o n gt h eP a c i fc c o a s twith f i . e r c ew e s t e r l yg a l e sandpoord r a i n a g ea sa consequence o fvery high r a i n f a l l s(2 ,0005,000 mm/y). T h i sc o m p r i s e samosaic o f b l a n k e tbogsdominatedbydense, lowc u s h ュ o l a x .Caltha , e t c .a sw e l l i o np l a n t so fAstelia , B a sr a t h e rg r a s s l i k e( g r a m i n o i d )bogso fC y p e ュ r a c e a eandJ u n c a g i n a c e a e .I nmanys h e l t e r e d r e ecommunitieso c c u r areas , fragmentaryt 800maふ1.) wasi n v e s t i g a t e da sat e m p e r a ュ .I naddition , wec o l l e c t e dtwo t u r et r a n s e ct b o r e h o l ec o r e s( R e s 1 and V i c 1 )o f5 6m l e n g t h sn e a rt h ei n v e s t i g a t e da r e a s .I n2002 -2003t h eR i e s c oI s l a n dwasc o n n e c t e dw i t h e i n goneo ft h e t h emainlandbyac a rferry , b a r e a so fP a c if i . cP a t a g o n i a nr e g i o n st h a twere b a r e l yi n h a b i t e da l l o w i n gs c i e n t i f i .cs u r v e y s w i t hs h o r t t e r ms t a y s . TheR i e s c os u r f a c e ュ p o l l e ns e r i e si st h ethemeo ft h i spaper, w h i l e o t h e rc o l l e c t e dsamplesw i l la p p e a ri ns e p a ュ r a t ea r t i c l e s . 0 Geomorphology , ClimateandV e g e t a t i o n f o rSouthernPatagonia SouthernP a t a g o n i ac o n s i s t so ftwomajor g e o l o g i c a lu n i t s :t h eAndeanC o r d i l l e r amounュ t a i nr a n g eandt h eMagallaness e d i m e n t a r y b a s i n( s e eF i g .1 ) . TheAndeanC o r d i l l e r a formst h eP a c i f i . candp o l a rs i d e so fs o u t h e r n Patagonia, witht h ea l t i t u d e so f1,000-2 ,500 .G e n e r a l l ya c i d i ci g n e o u s m aboves e al e v e1 ( a n dmetamorphosed)r o c k so fP a l a e o z o i ct o C r e t a c e o u sa g e sc o n s t i t u t et h i s mountain c h a i n( F i g .2 a ) . TheMagallaness e d i m e n t a r y b a s i ni sanu n d u l a t i n gp l a i ne x t e n d i n gi nt h e A t l a n t i cr e g i o nc o n s i s t i n go fT e r t i a r yt oQuaュ l a c i a l t e r n a r ys e d i m e n t s(silt, sand, loess , till, g debris, etcふ These a r ef r e q u e n t l yo v e r l a i n withbrownp r a i r i es o i la k i nt ochernozem , whereast h es o i l so fC o r d i l l e r am a s s i f sa r e morel e a c h e dwiths i g n i f i . c a n tp o d z o l i s a t i o n andp e a tf o r m a t i o n . Theh i g h e s tmountains o ft h ec e n t r a l j c o a s t a lC o r d i l l e r ahaveg l a c i e r c a p st h a tp r o b a b l ygrewt oani c es h e e ta d ュ vancingt ot h eA t l a n t i cc o a s td u r i n gP l e i s t o ュ c e n eg l a c i a t i o n s . TheP a c i f i . cc o a s ti sv e r y brokenwithinnumerablenumbero ffjords , c a n a l sandislands , hiddeni nt h ep e r s i s t i n g tal. , 1 9 9 0 ) . m i s tandr a i n(Tuhkanene Thec l i m a t eo fs u b a n t a r c t i cP a t a g o n i ai s c h a r a c t e r i s e dbyt h eextremeo c e a n i t yw i t ha SW-NE g r a d i e n tr e s u l t i n gfrom i t sunique g e o g r a p h i c a lconf i .g u r a t i o n s . Thelandmass i n t r u d i n gi n t ot h es o u t h e r noceani sexposed t op r e v a i l i n gw e s t e r l y winds through t h e year, which a r eg e n e r a t e d by t h ec i r c u m ュ A t l a n t i cl o w p r e s s u r es y s t e m . TheNW-SE o r i e n t e dAndeanC o r d i l l e r ac h a i nstemst h e r o v i d i n gc o n t i n e n t a lc l i ュ w e s t e r l y winds, p matet ot h eMagallaness e d i m e n t a r yb a s i n . More d e t a i l e dc l i m a t ef e a t u r e sf o rs u b a n - 0 0 3 一 i s u c n a .R .H dM n Yamadaa .Ya be, T. Nishida, K.Uemura , A .Okuda , H. M ,___!笠旦~ ) a ( ) c ( π7百 ChUiotrichum kよえJ shrubs!eppe 目 。.ecIdIl'OO S ..oct、IofeSl 冨 M刑 囚""、他rest 言 EV8f阿 国副 IOf851 ) f ( ) e ( tal. , 1990) ne mTuhkane o r df e is r summa a( i gon a t a cP i t c r a t n a b u fs so ie t r pe o r lp a c i h p a r g o e . G 2 . g i F e r u t a r e p m e ant )Me c ;( ) t s u g u -A ly Ju rth 巴 co ld est months( o ref u t a r mpe e ant )Me b ;( p a )G 巴 o l ogical m a ( f so i s a heb dont te a t i m i l de ngs巴 aso n ( d)Th 巴 rm a l growi ;( ) y r ua r eb F y r nua Ja hewarmestmonths( rt o f es yp ont ti a t e g e alv n o i g e )R f nmm;( ni o ti a t i p i c e r lp ;(巴) Annua r5C e v ymeanso l i a d 0 s betuloides , Drimys u g a j o h t o fN go n i t s i s n o c e h . Totheeast , t c t ne o r d n e d o r e g l i winteri , P ュ a t i p i c e r fp .800-2 ,000 m m/yo a swithc a e r a ュ r e v fe to s e r o edominatedbydensef r na o i t . ) s e d i o l u t e greensouthernbeech(Nothofi暗us b s a e r ala t s a o nc simportanti Drimys ω interi i s y m i r D s e d i o l u t e .b fN forming a mosaic o e r .Mαytenus andEmbothriuma st e r o lf a t s a o c n o r d n e d o r e g l i rimportantcomponents.P e h t o e h . Ont y lbecomesbogg i o es h swhent r u c c o nlevel , o i t a t i p i c e r fp f800-850m m/yo to s a e oand i l i m u .p N deciduoussouthernbeeches( . s e d i o l u t e .b e with N d i c n i o )c a c i t c r a t n .a N s e v i tg s e r o en-deciduousmixedf re g Thisever o i l i m u .p fN to s e r o opuredeciduousf wayt . .N o400-600m m/y sreducet l l a f n i a wherer sdeciduous i h ft oanelemento s l antarcticαis a n yexceeds6m i l e r a tr beechforest , thoughi o i l i m u .p sN e t i s a r a Misodendrum p height 目 tmargins , s e r o sandf e c a p nopens branches.I s e b i a and R i s h c u Chiliotrichum , Berberis , F e l i n r with juve e h t e g o st r e y a form shrub l ュ a t f4majorvege to as southernbeeches.Thel ) e p p e t e Fuego-Patagonian s h t s( e p y nt o i t 4- P a l y n o l o g i c a ll n v e s t i g a t i o ni nR i e s c oIsland , C h i l e . Latitudinal , l o n g i t u d i n a la n da l t i t u . T a b l el d i n a lv a l u e sf o rt h es a m p l es i t e s( R i e sI-VII I), R i e s c oIsland , s u b a n t a r c t i cPatagonia, C h i l e . c o n s i s t so ft u s s o c kg r a s s l a n d sc o v e r i n gt h e r a i nshadowsi nArgentinaandp a r to fChil・ eanP a t a g o n i a(<c a .350mmjyi np r e c i p i t a ュ e s t u c a t i o n ) .Theg r a s s l a n di sdominatedbyF g r a c i l l i m aandv a r i o u sg r a s ss p e c i e sa s s o c i ュ a t e dwithAcaen仏 Armeri,α , Erigeron , Senecio , Silene, Y,αraxacum , Valeriana , e t c .1 nt r a n s i . t i o n a lz o n e swith350-400mmjyi np r e c i p i ュ tation , abundantC h i l i o t r i c h u mformsshrub 9 8 3 ;Tuhkanenet α l. , 1 9 9 0 ) . s t a n d s(Moore , 1 S a m p l e L o n g i t u d e A l t i t u d e a t i t u d e L ( S ) (W) ( a . s .l . ) L o c .( R i e s ) 5 24 5 ' 5 25 0 ' 5 25 1 ' 5 25 4 ' 5 25 6 ' 9 ' 5 25 2 ' 5 20 5 20 8 ' 0 I I I I I V V V I V I I V I I I StudyArea E i g h tsamplings i t e s( R i e s1 V I I I )weres e t ュ t l e da l o n gt h es o u t h e a s t e r nc o a s to ft h e R i e s c o1 s l a n d( F i g .3 ) .T h e i rlatitudinal , longit u d i n a landa l t i t u d i n a lv a l u e sa r esummarュ .R i e s1 I I Ia r eunderdryc o n d i ュ i s e di nTable1 t i o n s(<450mmjyo fp r e c i p i t a t i o n )l o c a t e d w i t h i nt h eg r a s s j s h r u bs t e p p ez o n e sbyTuhュ ta. l( 19 9 0 )( s e eF i g .2 e f ) . 1 nt h e kanene p r e s e n tsurveyweobservedopenl a n d s c a p e s with abundant t u s s o c kg r a s s e s (Festuca , Stipa , e t c . )a s s o c i a t e dwiths m a l lshrubs t a n d s o fC h i l i o t r i c h u mandB e r b e r i s . Theo n l yt r e e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 12 6 ' 7 12 4 ' 7 13 1 ' 7 13 7 ' 7 14 3 ' 7 15 1 ' 7 15 6 ' 7 10 2 ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <5m <5m <10m く 5m <5m 2 0m <5m <5m taxonaroundR i e s1 I I Iwasdwarft r e e so f N o t h o f a g u sa n t a r c t i c al e s s than 1 2m t a l. l R i e s1V-Vr e c e i v e500-600mmjyo fr a i n f a l l s b e l o n g i n gt odeciduousjmixedbeechf o r e s t byTuhkanene ta l .( 19 9 0 ) . Weobservedt a l l o t h o f a g u sp u m i l i op o p u l a t i o n s but s p a r s eN around R i e s 1V, forming open ‘ park-fores t' withdwarfN a n t a r c t i c aandg r a s s e si nu n ュ d e r s t o r i e s .R i e sVa d j o i n e das c a ro fw i l df i r e andt h el a n d s c a p ewasr e l a t i v e l yo p e n .R i e s fp r e c i p i t a ュ V 1 V I I Ir e c e i v e600-1 ,000 mmjyo t i o nb e l o n g i n gt o evergreenjmixed beech f o r e s tbyTuhkanene ta l .( 1 9 9 0 ) . Wefound t h ef i r s tN o t h o f a g u sb e t u l o i d e st r e ei nt h i s r o u t ebetweenR i e sV andVI . Tot h ewest R i e sV 1 V I I IweresurroundedbydenseN b e t u l o i d e sf o r e s t with noN ρ umilio o rN a n t a r c t i c a . D吋mys winteri, Dacrydiumfonckii , Maytenus , Pilgerodendron , e t c . o c c u r r e d around R i e sV I I V I II . Emρetrum Pernettya , B e r b e r i s andF u c h s i a were mainshrubsi n t . There were no c a r t h i se v e r g r e e nf o r e s r o a d sbeyondR i e sV I Is oarubberb o a twas c h a r t e r e dt or e a c hR i e sV I II . Tot h ewesto f R i e sVIII , t i d a lc u r r e n t sweret o ov i o l e n tt o gof u r t h e rwithourt r a n s p o r t a t i o n . 72 0 ∞ 'W 00 的・ 。何回 O t w a y B a y M a t e r i a l sandMethods F i e l dsurveyandsamplingf o rt h eR i e s c o s u r f a c e p o l l e ns e r i e swereperformedi n] a n . 2 0 0 3 . Thes u r f a c esamplesg e n e r a l l yc o n s i s t u b ュ o f moss p o l s t e r s from open spaces, s s t i t u t e dbyd a r k c o l o u r e ds u r f a c es o i l swhen mossc o l o n i e sweren o tcommonduet ol o c a l c o n d i t i o n s .1 nt h i ssurveywea l s oc o l l e c t e d n a t i v ew i l df l o w e r st h a twerei nblooming s e a s o n si no r d e rt oproducemodernp o l l e n F i g .3 . Map o ft h ee a s t e r nR i e s c oI s l a n d ( I s l aR i e s c o )w i t hs a m p l i n gl o c a l i t i e s( R i e s1 V I I I ) . F i l l e dc i r c l e s( n o s .2 1a n d2 5 2 8 ) i n d i c a t ep r e v i o u ss i t e sbyH e u s s e r( 1 9 9 5 ) .A d a s h e dl i n ed e n o t e st h el o c u so fo u rr u b b e r b o a t . D o t t e dl i n e sd e n o t em a i nr o a d s( u n . p a v e dd i r tt r a c k s ) . - 5 一 i s u c n a dM.H.R n .Yamadaa .Yab巴, T .Uemura , A M.Okuda , H.Nishida, K 3 2 5 6 4 7 10 8 12 1 1 ュ o h t o N s beluLoides , ( u g a j o h t o .N n typ巴 s (sca l 巴 30μm) . 1 ole f major p so h p a r g o r c i m o t o h . P 4 . g i F el'i(Winteraceae) , 5.Podoca l'pusj Dacl'ydium , l n i .Dl'imys w . anla l'cLica , 4 .N ) 2. 爪 pumiLio , 3 e a e c a g a f . Tubuliflorae) , 8 m a ubf es a e c a r e t s A ichum ( ' l t o i l i h .C .Empell'um (Emp巴 traceae) , 7 (Podoca rpa cea巴), 6 ium ' l . Embolh . Fuchsia (Onagraceae) , 11 0 . Gunnem (G unneraceae) , 1 s (Berberidaceae) , 9 el'i b ' l Be d l i mw o r nf ngpole lvi fi to s i s n o 2c 1 3and6 f1 so h p a r g o t o h ).P e a e c a s o R .Acaena( 2 (Proteaceae) , 1 s e cesampl a f r u ms o r nr巴 ma in s f ole fp to s i s n o 5c f4 eo s o h st a e r flowers , whe s e z i es . Sampl n o i t c e l l o ec c n e r e f e sar sa de i l s emateriealswere10-50grams c a f r u rthes o f s e .Aftersterilizationthesampl ndryweight i n e l l o ep h tt o]apan , analyseda werebroughtt n the Natural History Museum laboratory i andInstitute , Chiba nanalysesfollowed e l l o rp o Pretr巴 atment f smethod(Moore estandardKOH-acetolysi h t - 6- P a l y n o l o g i c a lI n v e s t i g a t i o ni nR i e s c oIsland , C h i l e wasc o n s u l t e da sasupplement .Themodern p o l l e ns l i d e swerenumberedmo-204t omo・ 221 , p r e s e r v e d i n t h e N a t u r a l H i s t o r y MuseumandInstitute , C h i b a . e tal. , 1 9 9 1 ) . Themossandjors o i lsamples wereb o i l e di n10%KOHs o l u t i o nands i e v e d oremoveremainingmoss by250μm meshest t i s s u e sandm a c r o s c o p i cc h a r r e df r a g m e n t s . F o s s i lp o l l e nwase x t r a c t e dfromh e a v i e rp a r ュ t i c l e sbyheavyl i q u i df t o t a t i o nu s i n gs a t u r a t ュ edZnChs o l u t i o n . HotHFt r e a t m e n t swere performed t o remove s i l i c e o u si m p u r i t i e s . F i n a l l yt h e samples were a c e t o l y s e d and mountedwithg l y c e r o lg e l a t i n . Over 1 0 0 200 g r a i n so fa r b o r e a l and major n o n ュ a r b o r e a l p o l l e n were counted f o re a c h st h ep o l l e nsumf o rp e r c e n t ュ sample, useda agec a l c u l a t i o n . Gunnerap o l l e na l o n ewas e x c l u d e dfromt h esumb e c a u s ei twasp r o b a ュ b l yane l e m e n to fl o c a lswampc o m m u n i t i e s . Toa c c o m p l i s hr e l i a b l ef o s s i lp o l l e ni d e n t i ュ fication , t h ec o l l e c t e dw i l df t o w e r sweres i m i ュ x t r a c t e dl i v i n gp o l l e n l a r l ypretreated , withe g r a i n smountedandphotographed( F i g .4 ) . .a n t ュ N o t h o f a g u sbetuloides , N. ρ umilio andN a r c t i c awerev e r ys i m i l a ri np o l l e nm o r p h o l o ュ gy, summarisedi n t oN o t h o f a g u ss p .i nt h i s p a p e r .T h i sp o l l e nt y p ei st h esamea sN o t h o ュ f a g u sf u s c a t y p e( o rF u s c o s p o r a )whichh a s beentermedi nn o r t h e r nSouthAmerica( a n d NewZ e a l a n d )withmores p e c i f i cd i v e r s i t i e s i n c l u d i n gs e v e r a lN o t h o f a g u sp o l l e nt y p e s sucha sN .m e n z i e s i iandN . brassii・type ( o r 9 7 6 ; B r a s s o s p o r a )(HanksandFairbrothers, 1 AsakawaandSetoguchi, 2 0 0 1 ;Okudae tal. , 2 0 0 2 ) . Drimys winteri , Podocaゆus/Dacη dium , Empetrum , Tubuliftorae , Berberis , Gunュ n e r a andAcaena were o t h e r major p o l l e n t y p e s .Poaceaep o l l e nwasn o tphotographed , b e c a u s et h i si sac o s m o p o l i t a ngroupw i t hno m e a n i n g f u ld i f f e r e n c e si np o l l e nmorphology even between ] a p a n e s e and P a t a g o n i a n g r a s s e s . Thep o l l e na t l a sbyH e u s s e r( 1 9 7 1 ) R e s u l t sandd i s c u s s i o n R e s u l t so fp o l l e na n a l y s i sf o rR i e sI V I I I a r eshowni nF i g u r e5 . Thediagrami sd o m i ュ n a t e dbytwol e a d i n gcomponents( N o t h o f a ュ gus and P o a c e a e ) with as i g n i f i c a n t l y low p a l y n o f t o r a ld i v e r s i t y . R i e sI I I Ia r ed o m i ュ n a t e dbyPoaceaea s s o c i a t e dbyT u b u l i f t o r a e andA c a e n a . N o t h o f a g u sshowst h el o w e s t 15 . 6 % )buti ti ss t i 1 la b u n ュ v a l u ea tR i e sI I( d a n ti nt h i st u s s o c k g r a s s j s h r u bs t e p p e s . R i e sIV-V , witho p e n f o r e s tl a n d s c a p eo fd e ュ h ec o e x i s t ュ c i d u o u ss o u t h e r nbeeches, showt e n c eo fN o t h o f a g u sandPoaceaea s s o c i a t e d w i t hshrubt a x asucha sEmpetrum , B e r b e r i s andT u b u l i f t o r a e( p r o b a b l yC h i l i o t r i c h u m ) .A fewa r b o r e a lg r a i n so fDrimysw i n t e r io rMayュ t e n u so c c u ra tR i e sI V V .R i e sV I V I I Id i f f e r fromt h ee a s t e r ns i t e sbyt h eh i g hp e r c e n t ュ a g e so fN o t h o f a g u s (>70%) andt h ea b u n ュ danceo fDrimysw i n t e r i . Poaceaeshowt h e l o w e s tv a l u e sa tR i e sV I I( 3 . 9 % ) . Minort r e e s (Podocaゆ us/Dacrydium , Maytenus , e t c . ) and u b u l i ュ s h r u b s(Emρetrum , Berberis , Fuchsia , T florae , e t c . )a s s o c i a t et h i sd e n s ee v e r g r e e n t . Gunnera showsan i r r e g u l a r b e e c hf o r e s peaka tR i e sV I II . Toi 1 lu s t r a t ealarger-scale, mores i m p l i f i e d p o l l e n distribution , t h et h r e e major tree, shrubandh e r bt a x a(Nothofagus , T u b u l i f l o ュ r a eandPoaceae, r e s p e c t i v e l y )a r ee x t r a c t e d w i t ht h e i rr e c a l c u l a t e dr a t i o scombinedwith a v a i l a b l ed a t a by Heusser ( 1 9 9 5 )( F i g .6 ) . T h i sf i g u r ed e p i c t st h el o n g i t u d i n a lp a l y n o ュ f t o r a ls h i f tt h a ta l m o s tt r a v e r s e ss u b a n t a r c - Tree Herb 、~ ~ ~ i i i i s c j~圭 一、[一一- ffFfJに: 50 60 出国由 U咽oa iミ霊 5 2 2 555 答茎 25 3 i i mi 量 ~~~ー~~~~~~ 70 幅 10 1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 百 10 20私 F i g .5 .R e s u l t so fp oI le na n a l y s i sf o rs u r f a c e( s o i lo rm o s s p o l s t e r )s a m p l e s( R i e sI V I II )f r o mt h e u b a n t a r c t i cPatagonia , C h i l e . G u n n e r aa l o n ei se x t r a c t e df r o mt h ep oI le nsumf o r R i e s c oIsland , s p e r c e n t a g ec a l c u l a t i o n . - 7 ー M.O k u d a .H .N i s h i d a .K.U e m u r a .A.Y a b e .T .Y a m a d aa n dM.H .R a n c u s i ! !J 100 ,斤 J JJ VVV JV J J J25・ 27・29 打一門打判寸可円了-r-rr門門市「一 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 34 J s J aR i e s c oP a t a g o n i a nm a i n J a n d 5 0 oJ Il一一・ー 圃 Nofho血'gus 回 TubulifJorae 口 Poaceae 1 0 0 k m 。 3 45 02 122・ 24 1 % 12・ 1415 1 6 1 71 8 1 9 2 1 0 0 67 8 9 1 01 8 r u n s w i c kP e n i n s u J a - N .J s J aG r a n d e 5 0 。 「ーーーーーーーー- 1 0 0 k m F i g .6 . S i m p l i f i e ds u r f a c ep o l l e nd i a g r a mc o n s i s t i n go ft h r e el e a d i n gc o m p o n e n t sf o rf o r e s t ( N o t h o f a g u s ) .s h r u b l a n d( T u b u l i t l o r a e )a n dh e r b f i e l d( P o a c e a e ) .I V I I Id e n o t et h ep r e s e n td a t af r o m t h eR i e s c oI s l a n d .w h e r e a s1 3 4d e n o t ep r e v i o u sd a t af r o me a s t e r np l a i n sb yH e u s s e r( 1 9 9 5 ) . The v e r t i c a la x i sm e a n sp o l l e np e r c e n t a g e s .w h i l et h eh o r i z o n t a la x i sm e a n sg e o g r a p h i c a ld i s t a n c ei nt h e l o n g i t u d i n a ld i r e c t i o n . 0 t i cP a t a g o n i aa l o n gt h ee a s t w e s tm o i s t u r e / o t h o f a g u s v e g e t a t i o ng r a d i e n t s . 50-99%o fN p o l l e ni sr e s u l t e dfromt h ee v e r g r e e nb e e c h f o r e s to ft h eP a c i f i cregion , whereas70-90% o fP o a c e a ep o l l e ni s shown i nt h eg r a s s s t e p p eo ft h eA t l a n t i cr e g i o n .Approximately o t h o f a g u sp o l l e np e r s i s t si ne v e r y 5-15%o fN samples i t eapparently, eveni fi ti si nt h e m i d s to fh e r b f i e l dwithnot r e ecommunities i nt h ev i c i n i t y .T h i sh e r b a c e o u sp a l y n o f l o r a i ss os p a r s ei nt h ep o l l e nd e n s i t yt h a ti ti s o t h o f a g u sp o l l e nt r a n s ュ i n f l u e n c e dbye x o t i cN p o r t e dfromw e s t e r nf o r e s t e da r e a s .TheC h i ュ l i o t r i c h u m s h r u bz o n ei sn o tr e c o g n i s e di n ourd a t ap r o b a b l yb e c a u s eo ft h es t r o n gi n ュ f l u e n c eo fa d j a c e n tv e g e t a t i o nz o n e s .1 nt h e e a s t e r nplains, nevertheless , t h eshrubs t e p p e i sr e p r e s e n t e d by 30一70% o fT u b u l i f l o r a e p o l l e n(Heusser, 1 9 9 5 ) . I ti sn o td i r e c t l yp o s s i b l et od i s c r i m i n a t e e v e r g r e e nb e e c hf o r e s tfromd e c i d u o u sf o r e s t e c a u s eN o t h o f a g u sb e t u l o i ュ palynologically, b sv e r ys i m i l a rt oN ρumilio andN a n t a r c ュ d e si nt h e i rp o l l e nmorphology.Thed i s c r i m ュ t i c ai i n a t i o n becomes p o s s i b l e by r e l y i n g upon Drimysp o l l e n . Drimysw i n t e r ii sani m p o r ュ t a n ta s s o c i a t eo fN b e t u l o i d e sf o r e s twhose p o l l e ni suniqueundert h es u b a n t a r c t i cP a t a ュ gonianf l o r a . Thev a l u e so ft h i sp o l l e nt y p e -8 h e a r e0 1% i nt h emixedb e e c hforest , andt r e g u l a ro c c u r r e n c eo fDrimys w i n t e r i(>35%)canbeane v i d e n c ef o rt h ee x i s t e n c eo f e v e r g r e e nb e e c hf o r e s t .1 naddition, N o t h o ュ p p e a r st oshowh i g h e rp o l l e nv a l u e si n f a g u sa e v e r g r e e nb e e c hf o r e s tt h a ni nm i x e d / d e ュ c i d u o u sf o r e s t s .T h i si sc o n s i s t e n twitht h e open ‘ park f o r e st 'c h a r a c t e ro fd e c i d u o u s b e e c hf o r e s tt h a td i f f e r s from e v e r g r e e n f o r e s tbyt h e i rp o p u l a t i o nd e n s i t i e s . o t h o f a g u sv a l u e s Therei sad i f f e r e n c ei nN between t h ep r e s e n t and H e u s s e r ' s( 1 9 9 5 ) data, e s p e c i a l l yi n deciduous/mixed f o r e s t o t h o f a g u sshows70-80%i nR i e sI I I ュ z o n e s .N u tt h ev a l u e se x c e e d95%i ns i t e sn o .1 2 Vb 20i nt h eBrunswickP e n i n s u l a .T h i sc o u l dbe duet ot h ed i f f e r e n c ei nl a n d s c a p eopenness, a st h ec o a s t a la r e a so fR i e s c oI s 1 a n da r e undert r e ec u t t i n gands h e e pg r a z i n gw h i l e t h ei n l a n da r e a so f Brunswick P e n i n s u l a haven a t u r er e s e r v e st h a tcanproducen a t i v e p o l l e nr a i nw i t hh i g h e rd e n s i t i e s .N e v e r t h e ュ ti sa l s op o s s i b l et h a tt h eBrunswick less, i o t h o ュ d a t amightb et a k e nfromt h ei n s i d eo fN a t h e rt h a nfromopens p a c e s f a g u sforest , r aimingt or e f l e c tt h ea v e r a g er e g i o n a lv e g e t a ュ t i o ns u r r o u n d i n gt h esamples i t e s .Somes u p ュ p l e m e n t a r yr e s e a r c h e s may be r e q u i r e d b e f o r et h ewholee x i s t i n gd a t aa r er e c o n c i l e d . 一 e l i h oIsland , C c s e i nR ni o i t a g i t s e v n lI a c i g o l o n y l a P cPatagonian i t c r a t n a b u es h rt o df e t l u s e sr i s si e i r e os c s e i . The R n o i t a n o nz o i t a t e g e v e h nt four materials , andi to r a merely a p l(i.e. , temperュ a n i d u t i t l nana o i t i d e p x 2002-3e e r sa e r o ec l o h e r o sandb e i r e ts c e s n a r )t e r u t a foursubsequent so l a i r e t a sm ocollected , a s l a r Late-Quaternary o l works f a c i g o l o n y l a p c i t c r a t n a b u .S s n o i t c u r t s n o c e er t a m i l c o e a l a p ュ e g e esouthernmostv h ft soneo Patagoniai y being r o t s i eh t a m i l ec h s with t a e r da e t a t e d u t i t a l h g i eh h o understand t tt n a c i f i n g i s csystem , which i t a m i l SouthernHemispherec ュ i l lc a b o l rg o sf r e g g i r et h ft wouldbeoneo enext h nt si e s i lr e v e al e matechangesands . s e i r u t n e c nassemblages e l l o sbetweenp n o i t a l e Ther s ea r )a n o i t a t i p i c e r yp l l a i c e p s e e( t a m i l andc ュ e r ep h ft ecombinationo h follows , basedont . A humid a t a )d 5 9 19 s( ' r e s s u e t and H n e s ュ a t i p i c e r fp e with 600-1 ,000 mm/y o t a m i l c s fN betuloides , i egrowtho h gt n i w o l l tion , a n e l l o othofagus p fN expressed by 80-95% o i r e t n i fDrimysw roccurrenceo a l u g e er h andt s e t a i c o s s ea e r . Othert s e u l a nv with>3-5%i l A . e v e nl o i t a t i p i c e r sp i h l rar巴 in t l i t es r a ュ e r fp ewith400-450mm/yo t a m i l dc i r a i m e s f e ecotoneo h ot cipitation , corresponding t t and shrub/grass s e r o deciduous beech f fNothofagus , eo c n e t s i x e o ec h steppes , showst e h f which t o , Poaceae r o / d n a e a r o l f i l u b u T e very changeable between r sa o i t a nr e l l o p othofagus nexceptN e l l o 10-90%. Arborealp d i r l Ana . e v e nl o i t a t i p i c e r sp i h nt sabsenti i f precipitation , e with <300mm/y o t a m i l c eAt・ h ssteppeneart s a r og correspondingt e domiュ h d by t e s i r e t c a r a h sc c coast , i i t n a l n e l l o np f Poaceae with 70-90% i nance o e h ft seveni r u c c no e l l o othofagusp .N s e u l a v f e growth o h rt o tf n e i c i f f u s n ei r sa l l a f n i a r s t s a o cc i f i c a . Extra-humidP h c e e southernb n o i t a t i p i c e r f p with 1,000-3 ,000 mm/y o n o r d n e d o r e g l i dP l e i yy l l a c i t s i r e t c a r a h wouldc s can a e r ta a h r Embothrium grains, but t o ュ r o p s n a r ft ko c a el h ot hardlybereachedduet ュ u t r o f n rboat , u e t r a h ec t a v i r nexceptap o i t a t . y l e t a n Acknowledgments fUniversidadde eHinojosao p i l e uisF .L Dr ュ x ewholee h gt n i s i n a g r no dusi e t s i s s ea l i h C . y acknowledge Mr l l u f e t a r . We g n o i t i d e p r o of c s e i aR l s fI so e l p o e rKuc巴 wicz andp e t e P sduringour 白 eld work. p l e renormoush i e h t r o df i A n i t n a r ThisworkwasfundedbyG y r t s i n i eM h cSurveyfromt i f i t n e i c OverseasS f eo r u t l u fEducation , Science , Sports , andC o . ) 7 0 0 5 5 2 4 .1 o N .( .N oH ]apant References y r a n o i t u l o v .E 01 0 .2 i h c u g o t e .S dH n .a Asakawa , T d e r r e f n )i e a e c a g a f o h t o N s( u g a f o h t o fN yo r o t s i h ュ n o i t a l e cr i t e n e g o l y h dp n sa d r o c e lr i s s o mf o r f ュ a p a nJ i .( 8 2 3 :1 6 .1 x a lT . .P c o .S n p .J c o r .P p i h s ) ct a r t s b ha s i l g n hE t i ew s e n econnec・ t a m i l cc i t n a l t A s n a r .T 2 0 0 .2 .A Baker, P . 8 6 7 :6 6 9 e2 c n e i c .S s n o i t ュ n e l 舁 .D .Schwand巴 r, A .Chappellaz , ] Bl unier , T. , ] . .Raynaud , ] .Stocker, D .F .Stauffer, T bach , B .J dS n . Hammer a .U . Clausen , C .B Jouzel , H d n ca i t c r a t n fA . Asynchronyo 8 9 9 .1 n e s n h o J l a i c a l tg s a el h gt n i r u ed g n a h ec t a m i l dc n a l n e e r G 3 4 7 9 3 . Natur巴 394: 7 d o i r e p u r i h s a . TheK 8 8 9 .1 et l l o i .R dG n .a Bonnefille , R ュ i l p m ci i t a m i l c o e a l a )p i d n u r u B e( c n e u q e ns e l l o p l a c i p o r nt .i P . rB t 40 ,000 y s a el h rt o sf n o i t a c . 5 3 9 :1 0 .3 s e tR . Qua. a c i Afr . Aト 0 9 9 .1 n e d g .O tandJ h g i r n .E .J .G. , N Druitt, D . fMt so t s e r o nth 巴 mountain f ni o i t a n o lz a n i d u t i t . . J d n a l a e h Island , NewZ t r o Hauhungatahi , N 0 2 2 5 0 :2 7 .1 r g o e g o i B ュ o t y h .P 6 7 9 .1 s r e h t o r b r i a .F .E dD n .a .L Hanks, S ュ o h t o ndN .a sL u g a fF no o i t a g i t s e v n ci i m o n o x a t n o r t c e l ge n i n n a c t microscopy , s h g i :l . s Bl u g a f ュ y e nH . I s e s y l a n ra e t u p m o dc n microscopy , a a c c nO lSystematics, a a c i n a t o .(ed.), B .H woodV Conclusions samong n o i t a l e er h st e t a r t s u l l Thispaperi nand o i t a t e g e nassemblages , v e l l o modernp t c e s n a r lt a n o i g e tr s e w t s a ealongane t a m i l c ュ a n na e l l o rsouthernPatagonia , basedonp o f ュ l o sc r e t s l o sormossp l i o es c a f r u rs o sf e s y l . e l i h oIsland , C c s e i nR r e t s a e h t u o dfroms e t c e l ュ n o pl e e t es h ft schosenbecauseo ai e r Thisa .450a c n( o i t a t i p i c e r fp so t n e i d a r lg a n i d u t i g n zones from o i t a t e g e 1,000 mm/y) and v . A s d n a l s s a r odryg tt s e r o nf i a evergreenr c i t s i r e t c a r a h ec h st tconsequencei n a c i f i n g i s n e l l o othofagusandDrimysp fN occurrenceo ュ e nb o i t a n i m i r c s i ld a c i g o l o n y l a rp o sakeyf a ュ u d i c e )andd s e d i o l u t e tweenevergreen(N b ュ r o )beechf a c i t c r a t n ous(N ρumilio andN a f dsteppe(<300-400mm/yo i r . Thea s t s e ュ p u ss ti s a o cc i t n a l t eA h )neart n o i t a t i p i c e r p e data by Heusser l b a l i a v plemented with a tcoverage n e i c i f f u ys l r a e (1989 , 1995), andan - 9 一 M.Okuda, H .Nishida, K .Uemura, A .Yabe, T .Yamadaa n dM .H .R a n c u s i . A c a ュ s i o n a lS e r i e so fMonographs, pp.I-141 demicPress, London. Heusser, C .J .1 9 71 .P o l l e nandS p o r e so fC h i l e .1 6 7 p p . TheU n i v e r s i t yo fA r i z o n aPress, T u c s o n . Heusser, C .J .1 9 8 9 . L a t eQ u a t e r n a r yv e g e t a t i o n andc l i m a t eo fs o u t h e r nT i e r r ad e lF u e g o . Quat . R e s .3 1 :3 9 6 4 0 6 . .J .1 9 9 5 . ThreeL a t eQ u a t e r n a r yp o l l e n Heusser, C diagrams from s o u t h e r nP a t a g o n i a and t h e i r p a l a e o e c o l o g i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s . Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., P a l a e o e c ol .1 1 8 :1 2 4 . .J .andJ .R a b a s s a .1 9 8 7 .C o l dc l i m a t i c Heusser, C e p i s o d eo f Younger Dryas a g ei nT i e r r ad e l F u e g o .N a t u r e3 2 8 :6 0 9 6 11 . Heusser, C .J. , T .V .Lowell, L .E .Heusser, A .Hauser, B .G .Andersen andG .H .D e n t o n .1 9 9 6 . F u l l ュ g l a c i a l l a t e g l a c i a lp a l a e o c l i m a t eo fth巴 southern A n d e s :e v i d e n c efrompollen , b e e t l eandg l a c i a l .S c i .1 1 :1 7 3 1 8 4 . r e c o r d s .J .Quat .J. , L .E .Heuss巴 r, T .V .Lowell , A .M.Moュ Heusser, C r e i r aandS .M.M o r e i r a .2 0 0 0 a .D e g l a c i a lp a l a e o ュ c l i m a t ea tP u e r t od e l Hambre, s u b a n t a r c t i c h i l e .J .Quat .Sci .1 5 :1 0 1 1 1 4 . Patagonia, C Heusser, C .J. , T .V .Lowell , L .E .Heusser, A .M.Moュ r e i r aandS .M.M o r e i r a .2 0 0 0 b .P o l l e ns e q u e n c e fromt h eC h i l e a nLakeD is t r i c td u r i n gt h eL la n ュ q u i h u eg l a c i a t i o ni n marine Oxygen I s o t o p e S t a g e s4 2 .J .Quat .Sc . i1 5 :1 1 5 1 2 5 . .E., C .J .Heusser, A .K l e c z k o w s k iandS . Heusser, L .1 9 9 9 .A50 , 000・yr p o l l e nr e c o r dfrom Crowhurst C h i l eo fSouthAmericanm i l l e n n i a l s c a l ec l i m a t e i n s t a b i l i t yd u r i n gt h el a s tg l a c i a t i o n . Quat .R e s . 52・ 154-158. Horrocks, M.andJ .O g d e n .2 0 0 0 . E v i d e n c ef o r L a t e g l a c i a landH o l o c e n et r e e l i n ef t u c t u a t i o n s fromp o l l e ndiagramsfromt h es u b a l p i n ez o n eon Mt Hauhungatahi , T o n g a r i r oN a t i o n a l Park, NewZ e a l a n d . Holocen巴 10: 6 1 7 3 . .R .Baumgartner, J .P .Bradbury, H . Markgraf, V., T F .Diaz, R .B .Dunbar, B .H .Luckman, G .O .S e l ュ .W.SwetnamandR .V i l l a l b a .2 0 0 0 .P a l e o ュ tzer, T c l i m a t er e c o n s t r u c t i o na l o n gt h eP o l e E q u a t o r ュ .S c . i P o l et r a n s e c to ft h eAmericas(PEP1 ) . Quat R e v .1 9 :125-140 .D., M.J .Bentley, R .S .Purves, N _R .J . McCulloch , R Hulton , D .E .SugdenandC .M.C l a p p e r t o n .2 0 0 0 . C l i m a t i ci n f e r e n c e sfromg l a c i a landp a l a e o e c o l o ュ g i c a le v i d e n c ea tt h el a s tg l a c i a l termination , s o u t h e r nSouthA m e r i c a .J .Quat .S c i .1 5 :4094 1 7 . .1 9 8 2 . Modernp o l l e nrain , Egmont McGlone, M.S N a t i o n a lPark, NewZ e a l a n d .N .Z .J .Bot .2 0 :2532 6 2 . .M.1 9 8 3 .F l o r ao fT i e r r ad e lF u e g o .3 9 6 Moore, D s w e s t r y . p p .AnthonyNelson, O .D., J .A .WebbandM.E .C o l l i n s o n .1 9 91 . Moore, P - P o l l e nA n a l y s i s .216p p .Blackwell , London. Moreno, P .I .1 9 9 7 .V e g e t a t i o nandc l i m a t en e a r LagoL la nquihuei nt h eC h i l e a nLakeD i s t r i c t between20200and95001 4 Cy rB P .J .Quat .Sc . i 1 2 :4 8 5 5 0 0 . .Kitagawa , Y .Yasuda, P .E .T a r a ュ Nakagawa, T. , H sov , K .Nishida, K .Gotanda, Y .SawaiandYangュ t z eR i v e rC i v i l i z a t i o nProgramMembers.2 0 0 3 . Asynchronousc l i m a t echangesbetweent h eN . A t l a n t i candS e ao fJapand u r i n gt h eL a s tT e r m i ュ n a t i o n .S c i e n c e2 9 9 :688-691 . Okuda, M., J .S h u l m e i s t e randJ .R .F l e n l e y .2 0 0 2 . V e g e t a t i o nc h a n g e sandt h e i rc l i m a t i ci m p l i c a ュ t i o nf o rt h el a t eP l e i s t o c e n ea tLakePoukawa, Hawkes Bay, New Z e a l a n d . G l o b a lP l a n et . Change3 3 :2 6 9 2 8 2 . .T .Rodbell , P .A .Baker, S .C .Fritz, Seltzer, G.O., D P .M.Tapia, H .D .RoweandR .B .D u n b a r .2 0 0 2 . E a r l ywarmingo ft r o p i c a lSouthAmericaa tt h e l a s tg l a c i a l i n t e r g l a c i a lt r a n s i t i o n .S c i e n c e2 9 6 : 1 6 8 5 1 6 8 6 . Thompson, L .G .2 0 0 0 .I cec o r ee v i d e n c ef o rc l i ュ matechangei nt h eT r o p i c s :i m p l i c a t i o n sf o ro u r f u t u r e . Quat .Sc . iR e v .1 9 :1 9 3 5 . .G., M.E .Davis, E .Mosley-Thompson, Thompson , L T .A .Sowers, K .A .Henderson, V .S .Zagorodnov , P . N .Lin , V .N .Mikhalenko, R .K .Campen, J .F . Bolzan, J .C o l e D a i and B .F r a n c o u .1 9 9 8 . A r o p i c a lc l i m a t eh i s t o r yfromB o l i ュ 25,OOO-year t v i a ni c ec o r e s .S c i e n c e2 8 2 :1 8 5 8 1 8 6 4 . Tuhkanen , S., 1 .Kuokka, J .Hyvönen , S .S t e n r o o s andJ .N i e m e l 1 9 9 0 . T i e r r ad e lFuegoa sa t a r g e tf o rb i o g e o g r a p h i c a lr e s e a r c hi nt h ep a s t andp r e s e n. tA n s .I n s. tPa. tS e r .C s .Na. t1 9 :5 1 0 7 . ( A c c e p t e d1 7February2 0 0 4 ) チリ共和国パタゴニア南部リエスコ島 における表層花粉調査 一特にパタゴニアの植生・気候(降水量) と表層花粉群集の相関について一 奥田昌明 1) ・西国治文2) ・植村和彦3) 矢部 淳4) ・山田敏弘5) ・ Miguel R a n c u s iH .6) 1) 千葉県立中央博物館 干 260-8682 千葉市中央区青葉町 955-2 E m a i l :o k u d a @ c h i b a m u s e . o r . j p 2) 中央大学理工学部 干 112-8551 東京都文京区春日 1-13-27 3) 国立科学博物館新宿分館地学研究部 干 169-0073 東京都新宿区百人町 3-23-1 4) 福井県立恐竜博物館 干 911-8601 福井県勝山市村岡町寺尾 51-11 10 一 e l i h oIsland , C c s e i nR ni o i t a g i t s e v n lI a c i g o l o n y l a P 5) 東京大学理学部生物科学科 dium ( マキ科), Maytenus ( ニシキギ科)をわずかに 干 113-0033 東京都文京区本郷 7-3-1 産する程度で,樹木花粉群集の多様性はこの降水量域 6) マリア・セミナリオ高等学校 ではまだ低かった.その東側,ナンキョクブナ属の落 チリ共和国サンチアゴ新市街 31 セミナリオ通 葉種 (N. チリ共和国最南部フェゴ島西方のリエスコ島を中心 に植生調査と土境調査を行うと同時に,採取した表層 試料(土壌あるいはセンタイ類群落)を花粉分析し, バタゴニア南部における植生・気候と表層花粉群集の 相聞について検討した. これは千葉県立中央博物館の 平成 14 年度海外出張成果であり,中央大学の海外学 術研究「南米南部における白亜紀以降の植生変遷の解 明 J (科研番号 14255007) に研究分担者として加わっ た結果である.ナンキョクブナ属の常緑種目ótho sbetuloides) u g a j による大森林が成立しているノ f タゴ ニア南部の太平洋側は,年降水量 600ー 1 , 000 mm の 湿潤域に相当し,表層花粉群集では Nothojagus (fusca-type) と Drimys i (ν キミモドキ干ヰ)の r e t n i w αntarctica) がキク科濯木 (Chilio trichum) ・イネ科草本 (Festuca , 5t伊a など)と疎林を 形成する地域は,年降水量 400-450 mm の半乾燥域 にあたり,表層花粉は Nothojagus , Tubuliftorae, Poaceae の混合群集で、特徴づけられた.その混合比は 大きなばらつきを示し,木本花粉は Nothojagus を除 き完全に消滅していた. これに対し,年降水量が 300 mm に満たずイネ科による大草原(乾燥ステップ)が 成立する大西洋側では,ナンキョクブナ属が全く生育 していないにもかかわらず Nothojagus 花粉がイネ科 花粉群集に一定の割合で随伴した.大西洋側の乾燥ス テップは植皮率が低い上,偏西風の風下にあたるため 太平洋(tlIJ の森林域からくる遠距離飛来花粉の影響を強 く受けていると考えられる. 多産が特徴的だった.それ以外は Podocaゆ us/Dacry- - pumilio , N. 11 ー
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