Englishness

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What is Englishness?
Eng′lish·ness n.
Word History: English is derived from England, one would think. But in fact the language name is
found long before the country name. The latter first appears as Englaland around the year 1000 and
means "the land of the Engle," that is, the Angles. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were the three
Germanic tribes that emigrated from what is now Denmark and northern Germany and settled in
England around the fourth century AD. Early on, the Angles enjoyed a rise to power that must have
made them seem more important than the other two tribes, for all three tribes are indiscriminately
referred to in early documents as Angles. The speech of the three tribes was conflated in the same
way: they all spoke what would have been called *Anglisc, or "Anglish," as it were. By the earliest
recorded Old English, this had changed to Englisc. In Middle English, the first vowel, originally
pronounced (ĕ) in Old English, changed further and became the familiar (ĭ) of today, as reflected in
the occasional spellings Ingland and Inglish. The same change in the pronunciation of the short vowel
(ĕ) to (ĭ) before the sound (ng) also occurred in other Middle English words, such as streng and weng.
In Modern English, these words are now always spelled string and wing with an i, but the old spelling
with e, reflecting the vowel's earlier pronunciation, has been kept in the case of England and English.
Historical maps of Europe http://homepages.wmich.edu/~hega/PSCI340/ps340map.html
“Jerusalem” from Proms
Afternoon tea
https://uk.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrSbjYuoBFXBS4AB1hLBQx.;_ylu=X3o
DMTByNWU4cGh1BGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=Afternoon+Tea
&fr=yfp-t-423-s
History of High Tea http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/HighTeaHistory.htm
h´igh t´ea ━n. 《英》ハイティー《夕方の 5-6 時ごろの, 肉料理･サラダ･ケーキなどの付く
お茶; 夕食の代わりになる; [1831]（『研究社英和大辞典』）
na･tion･al･ism ━n.
1a 国家主義, 国粋主義, 国民主義, 民族主義, ナショナリズム (cf. internationalism).
b 狂信的愛国主義 (chauvinism).
c 愛国心, 愛国運動.
2 民族自決主義; (もとのアイルランドの)民族独立[自治]主義.
3 (社会主義的政策としての)産業国有主義. [1836]
19 世紀ドイツ地図
http://www.age-of-the-sage.org/history/map_german_unification.gif
from “Define Britishness” (BBC) http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-17218635
Who calls themselves British? ⇒
20% of UK population prefer to be described as British
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63% of people in England describe themselves as English rather than British
That's a rise of 23% - the figure in 2008 was 41%
**************
「イギリス」＝England = Britain = the United Kingdom?
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain.html
The British Isles
① Rail map http://www.edinphoto.org.uk/0_MAPS/0_map_britain_1987_enlarged.jpg
② Mountains and plains https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Uk_topo_en.jpg
③ Emblems
http://www.clg-dolto.ac-aix-marseille.fr/Anglais/The%20United%20Kingdom/british-isles-embl
ems-copie-2.jpg
The story of the United Kingdom and the Union Flag
http://projectbritain.com/geography/unionjack.html#jack
The population of Britain
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/population.html
1) Wales
Official Site http://www.wales.com/
2) The UK
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108078.html
3) Wales http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777807.html
4) Scotland http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0777806.html
5) Welsh language http://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm
6) Wales
http://www.google.co.jp/images?hl=ja&q=wales+uk&lr=&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&ei=x
5nNS7bREM2GkAWDq_3wDw&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4&ved=0CC
8QsAQwAw
7)
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/celts.htm
イングリッシュネス＝ケルト＋ローマン・ブリテン＋アングロ・ノルマン
②
ケルト
The Timeline of British History
http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/history.html#Stuart
トピック
ケルトを誰もが知っているが、誰も知らない。
《ケルトとは何か》http://resourcesforhistory.com/
①〔今でもケルトという言葉は使われている〕Celtic Football Club is a Scottish football Managed
by Gordon Strachan and is based in Glasgow, who currently play in the Scottish Premier League.
②ケルト諸国 Celtic nations are areas of modern Europe inhabited by members of Celtic cultures,
specifically speakers of Celtic languages. These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the
“Celtic fringe” http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0603/feature3/map.html because of their
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location generally on the north-western edges of the continent, and of the nations they inhabit. (e.g.
Brittany http://www.brittanytourism.com/is in the northwest of France, the Gaelic-speaking parts of
Ireland and Scotland are in the northwest and west, respectively). Until the expansions of the Roman
Republic and Germanic tribes, the British Isles and much of continental Europe was predominantly
Celtic. ローマ帝国とゲルマン民族が侵入するまで、ブリテン島とその周辺の島々もヨーロッ
パ大陸もケルト人が優勢だった。
Celtic culture.com http://www.celtic-culture.com/
Celtic Mythology and Harry Potter
http://www.cosforums.com/cosarchive/printthread.php?t=25723&page=1&pp=30
Kings Cross Station http://mappery.com/map-of/British-Rail-Map
言語地図
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/general/IE.html
ゲール語天気予報
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lktt_DlpsJA
《日本ケルト協会》
http://www.celtic.or.jp/
Who are/were the Celts? http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/celts/factfile/
“The early Celts didn’t leave books behind because they didn’t read and write—word of mouth and
memory were the Celts' way of recording events. But luckily, the Greeks and Romans did write about
the Iron Age Celts. They tell us that the Celts lived in tribes, they wore gold and loved to fight and
drink wine. They also wrote about the power of the Celts’ priests, who were called druids.”
“history”の定義 [a1393] histori(e), histoire
(O)F histoire
L historia
gained by inquiry, historical narrative ← h st r knowing, wise ← IE
Gk histor a knowledge
weid- to see (⇒vision): cf.
story （研究社『英和大辞典』）
Are there Celts left? Tá! (Yes)
Gaelic (Gael-tech / Celtic) culture still survives strongly in
Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, Brittany, and other places. In Ireland, for example: Most Irish
consider themselves Celtic in heritage. Up to 100,000 speak Gaelic as a first language. Half a million
speak it as a second language. Gaelic language is on street signs, storefronts, phone books, etc. In the
west, some areas are posted in Gaelic on
At the start of the first millennium BC the Celts possessed great skill in metal work, especially
wrought iron（錬鉄、鍛鉄⇔cast iron 鋳鉄）, and by the 6th century BC they had a formidable
armament of spears, swords, axes as well as agricultural implements. By 450 BC new centres of
Celtic civilisation emerged and increasing mastery of iron work led to specialization—wagon makers,
shipbuilders, wheelwright etc.
Celtic designs
① Celtic knot http://ancient-symbols.com/celtic-knots.html
②Celtic cross
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“it stands for eternal life.”
https://uk.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0SO81yYcIlTKGwABDFLBQx.;_ylu=X3o
DMTB1NjJ1bGF2BHNlYwNzYwRjb2xvA2dxMQR2dGlkA01TWVVLMDJfMQ--?_adv_prop=ima
ge&fr=yfp-t-402-s&va=celtic+cross
A Celtic cross is a symbol that combines the cross with a ring surrounding the intersection.十字と交
差したものを取り巻く輪からなるシンボル It is the characteristic symbol of Celtic Christianity,
though the symbol has older, pre-Christian origins. Such crosses formed a major part of Celtic art.
This design is also referred to as the high cross, Irish Cross or the Cross of Iona.ケルト人の信仰し
たキリスト教に特徴的なシンボルでケルト芸術の主要部分。
③High cross http://www.megalithicireland.com/High%20Cross%20Home.htm
The Holy Island http://www.lindisfarne.org.uk/
https://www.google.co.jp/maps/@55.6720523,-1.7775897,13.46z
④ Animal symbolism
The Uffington White Horse,“a horse goddess (in Gaul and Britain) called Epona,”
http://www.freevetadvice.co.uk/whitehorse.htm
Whiltshire White Horses http://wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk/
Hill figure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_figure
Roman Britain
The timeline of the Roman Empire
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/romans.html
http://www.roman-empire.net/founding/found-index.html
Some important figures: Romulus and Remus, Julius Caesar (100 BC-44 BC)
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caesar_julius.shtml
①
What have the Romans ever done for Britain?
http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year7links/doneforuse.shtml
British Places with Latin Names (Manchester, Dorchester, Colchester)
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/List_of_British_places_with_Latin_names
《Roman Road》
http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/map_romans_roads_in_britain.htm
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Romans/romans_roads.htm
There is no doubt that one of the greatest achievements the Romans brought to Britain was the
construction of the network of roads that rang throughout the whole country.ローマ人がイギリスに
もたらした最大の功績は道路網で全国に張り巡らされている The new roads enable troops and
equipment to be moved great distance in a fraction of the time it would normally take. これらの道路
のお蔭で軍隊は素早く移動できた。
《Hadrian Wall》
http://hadrianswallcountry.co.uk/
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《Roman Bath》
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_England
Anglo-Saxon Britain
トピック
①
Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
“The Anglo-Saxons” is the general name given to the Germanic peoples who inhabited Britain
between the fifth and the eleventh centuries, between the Romans and the Normans.
“Old English” is the name modern scholars give to the language of the Anglo-Saxons.
http://www.google.com/#q=what+were+anglo-saxon%3F&hl=en&prmd=vb&source=univ&tbs=vid:1
&tbo=u&ei=5ILyS87IE9CTkAXCibG6DQ&sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=title&resnum=11&ve
d=0CFIQqwQwCg&fp=c78e48b898b2787e
(You Tube)
②Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=g&p=p&a=i&ID=192
Heptarchy (Greek: ἑπτά + ἀρχή seven + realm) is a collective name applied to the supposed seven
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of south, east, and central Great Britain during late antiquity and the early
Middle Ages which eventually unified into the Kingdom of England.
②
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle http://www.webmesh.co.uk/a-s-chronicles2.htm
Originally compiled on the orders of King Alfred the Great, approximately A.D. 890,
and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until
the middle of the 12th Century. The original language is Anglo-Saxon (Old English),
but later entries are essentially Middle English in tone.
Beowulf 『ベオウルフ』
英文学最古の作品のひとつで、英雄ベオウルフ（ベーオウルフ）の冒険を語る叙事詩(epic)
Gilgamesh, Mahabharata, Ramayana, The Iliad, Odyssey, Beowulf
Epic literature http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/literat3/qt/EpicPoetry.htm
http://www.lone-star.net/literature/beowulf/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3hjjaUQiVA
① “King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table”
King Arthur is a legendary British leader who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the
defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the early 6th century.
http://www.arthurian-legend.com/
“King Arthur and the Holy Grail”
The Holy Grail was a vessel used by Christ at the Last Supper. Given to his grand-uncle, St. Joseph of
Arimathea, it was used by him to collect Christ's blood and sweat while Joseph tended him on the
Cross. After Christ's death, Joseph travelled to Britain with his family and several followers. He
settled at Ynys Witrin (Glastonbury).
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http://arthurianadventure.com/arthurian_places_&_peoples.htm
http://www.britannia.com/history/arthur/grail.html
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