Louisiana State University
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LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses
Graduate School
1983
Social and Demographic Factors Influencing Job
Mobility Aspirations in an Industrializing Rural
Community.
James Augustine Butler Jr
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Recommended Citation
Butler, James Augustine Jr, "Social and Demographic Factors Influencing Job Mobility Aspirations in an Industrializing Rural
Community." (1983). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3877.
http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3877
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Uni
International
300 N. Zeeb Road
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
8400109
B u tle r, James Augustine, J r.
SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS INFLUENCING JOB MOBILITY
ASPIRATIONS IN AN INDUSTRIALIZING RURAL COMMUNITY
T he Louisiana State University a n d Agricultural and Mechanical Col.
University
Microfilms
International
300 N. Z e e b R o a d , Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
Ph.D.
1983
S O C I A L A N D D E M O G R A P H I C F AC T OR S
I N F L U E N C I N G JO B M O B I L I T Y A S P I R A T I O N S
IN A N I N D U S T R I A L I Z I N G R U R A L C O M M U N I T Y
A Dissertation
S u b m i tt e d to the G r a d ua t e F ac u l t y o f the
L o u i s i a n a S tate U n i v e r s i t y and
A g r i c u l t u r a l and M e c h a n i c a l C o ll eg e
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the
r e q u i r e m e n t s for t he d e g r e e of
D o c t o r of P h i l o s o p h y
in
The D e p a r t m e n t of S o c i o l o g y
by
J a me s A. Butler, Jr.
B.A. , U n i v e r s i t y of S o u t h w e s t e r n L o u i s i a n a ,
M.A. , T e x a s A. S M. U n i v e r s i t y , 1976
A ug u s t , 198 3
1973
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The a u t h o r w o u l d like to t h a n k Drs.
Durantj
Jr.,
Q u e n t i n A.
J ones
G e or g e W.
L. Je nk i ns ,
O hl en do rf ,
T h o m a s J.
A l v i n L. B er t ra n d,
V i r g i n i a S. Purtle,
for t h e ir a s s i s t a n c e and support
my g r a d u a t e t r ai ni ng .
F ur t h e r th an ks
A l ma L. T h o r n t o n Page,
Joy ce
Smith,
and J. H.
given throughout
are g i v e n to Drs.
Ca thy H a n d y for their
sinc er e f r i e n d s h i p and e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h r o u g h
tim es ."
A l so Dr.
t h e ir e x c e l le n t
D a v i d B l o u i n and C h ar le s K i r by for
s t a t i s t i c a l assi st anc e.
A p p r e c i a t i o n is g i v e n to Mr.
the e n ti r e L.S.U.
for t y p i n g p a r ts
"r ou g h
Ro be rt H a r r is on ,
A t h l e t i c D e p a r t me n t,
of this m an u sc r i p t .
and Ms.
L o r a Ruiz
P a r t i c u l a r t ha nk s
to St at e R e p r e s e n t a t i v e D on a l d Ray K e n n a r d for p r o v i d i n g
a s s i s t a n c e a bo v e an d b e y o n d my e xp e ct a ti on s .
A spec ia l t ha n k s to Mrs.
L o r r a i n e J a m es
Judy B u r c h for t y p i n g the m a n y r o u g h drafts.
Ro be rt W i l l i a m s
and Mrs.
To Dr.
for g i v i n g the o p p o r t u n i t y to t e a c h at
Southern University,
B a t o n R oug e campus.
S p e c i a l g r a t i t u d e is f o r e v e r owed to m y
Grandfather,
Al b er t
Stewart,
for
" e n fo rc in g " the v a l ue
of educa ti on .
I would
like to t h a n k Ms. V. M. H e c k for
t y p i n g the f in a l c op y of this m a nu s cr i pt .
DEDICATION
Th is d i s s e r t a t i o n is d e d i c a t e d to m y wife
L i n d a M a r i e But le r;
to my p ar en t s,
sons James,
Corey,
and Aaron;
H a z e l Lee and Jame s B ut le r,
Sr.
and
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
1.
2.
Page
I N T R O D U C T I O N ......................
THE P R O B L E M ...............................
3
N E E D FOR T HE S T U D Y ........................
7
O B J E C T I V E O F THE S T U D Y ...................
8
R E V I E W OF L I T E R A T U R E
.........................
ASPIRATION AND MOBILITY
3.
9
.................
9
T Y P E OF E M P L O Y M E N T ........................
12
A G E .........................................
14
S E X .........................................
15
E D U C A T I O N ..........................
16
I N C O M E .......................................
17
R A C E .........................................
18
......................
21
......................
21
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
ASPIRATION FRAMEWORK
GOAL
ORIENTATION
22
. . . . .
24
ASPIRATION, MOBILITY, AND
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
D I S C U S S I O N OF H Y P O T H E S E S
4.
1
25
.................
28
M E T H O D A N D P R O C E D U R E S ......................
35
........................
35
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
iv
V
Chapter
Page
O P E R A T I O N A L I Z A T I O N OF V A R I A B L E S
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
. . .
36
.................
40
5.
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F T HE S A M P L E .....
41
6.
A N A L Y S I S .............................
51
7.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
..........
C O N C L U S I O N S .......................
72
IMPLICATIONS
77
SUGGESTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF THE S T U D Y ......
FOR F UT U RE R E S E A R C H
. . .
72
79
.........................................
A P P E N D I C E S ............................................ 100
8
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.
Page
M e a n s and S t a nd a rd D e v i a t i o n s for Items
M e a s u r i n g J ob M o b i l i t y A s p i r a t i o n . . .
39
2.
A g e C o m p o s i t i o n of R e s p o n d e n t s ............. 42
3.
Sex C o m p o s i t i o n of R e s p o n d e n t s ............. 43
4.
Race
5.
Education
6.
I nc o me D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e s p o n d e n t s
7.
O c c u p a t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Pres en t
Job for Plant and N o n p l a n t Em pl oy ee s.
C o m p o s i t i o n o f R e s p o n d e n t s ............. 44
D i s t r i b u t i o n of R e s p o n d e n t s
.
.
. . .
45
47
.
48
8.
R e s i d e n c y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
R e s p o n d e n t s .................................. 50
9.
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e of Type of
E m p l o y m e n t and J ob M o b i l i t y
A s p i r a t i o n s .................................. 53
10.
11.
12.
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f Ra ce and J ob
Mobility Aspirations
...................
55
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e of S ex and Job
Mobility Aspirations
...................
57
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e o f Age and Job
Mobility Aspirations
...................
60
13.
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e of I nc o me Le ve l
and Job M o b i l i t y A s p i r a t i o n s ............. 62
14.
A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e o f E d u c a t i o n
and Job M o b i l i t y A s p i r a t i o n s .............64
15.
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e for Plant
E m p l o y e e s and Job M o b i l i t y
A s p i r a t i o n s .................................. 68
vi
vii
Table
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Page
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e for N o n p la n t
E m p l o y e e s and Job M o b i l i t y
A s p i r a t i o n s ..............
69
T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n and P o p u l a t i o n
D i s t r i b u t i o n for L aS a l l e P a r i s h
in 1950 , 1960 , and 1970 ..................
104
Racial Composition of Population
for L a S a l l e P a r i s h in 1970,
1960 and 1950 ..............................
105
P o p u l a t i o n P r o j e c t i o n for LaS al le
P ar i s h f or 1975, 1980, 1985,
1990 , a nd 1995
107
P o p u l a t i o n M i g r a t i o n for LaSalle
P a r i s h in 1970 and 1960 ..................
108
E d u c a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t of A du lt s
2 5 and O v e r for L aS a l l e P ari sh
in 1950 , 1960 and 1970
109
S el e c t e d I n c o m e and P o v e r t y
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of F a mi l y for
L a Sa ll e P a r i s h in 1959 and 1969
. . . .
Ill
E m p l o y m e n t S ta t us of M al e s and
F ema le s, 16 Yea rs and O ld er for
L aS al le P a r i s h in 1960 and 1970
. . . .
113
N u m b e r of E m p l o y e d P e rs on s 16 Years
and O v e r for L aS a ll e P a r i s h in
1950 , 1960 a nd 1970 ......................
114
N u m b e r of P er son s 16 Ye ar s and Ov er
by S e l e c t e d I n d u s t r y for L a Sa ll e
P a r i s h i n 1950 , 1960 and 1970 ..........
115
APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
1.
St udy A r e a D e s c r i p t i o n ....................
101
2.
O bl i q u e R o t a t i o n f r o m P r i n c i p a l Axes
S o l u t i o n for I t em s M e a s u r i n g Job
M o b i l i t y A s p i r a t i o n s ...................
118
C o r r e l a t i o n M a t r i x for Items M e a s u r i n g
Job M o b i l i t y A s p i r a t i o n s ..............
120
M e a n s and S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n s for
O v e r a l l It ems M e a s u r i n g J o b M o b i l i t y
A s p i r a t i o n s .............................
122
C o r r e l a t i o n M a t r i x for O v e r a l l Items
M e a s u r i n g J ob M o b i l i t y A s p i r a t i o n s
124
3.
4.
5.
6.
. .
Q u e s t i o n n a i r e ..............................
viii
127
ABSTRACT
The r a p i d
industrialization of nonmetropolitan
areas and s mall t o w n s has b e e n a r e l a t i v e l y re c en t
p heno me no n.
The e c o n o m i c impact o f such d e v e l o p m e n t
has b ee n w el l d o cu me nt ed .
about the
H ow e v e r , not m u c h is k n o wn
so c ia l e f f e c t s of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t in
rural communities
-- p a r t i c u l a r l y as r e l a t e d to a t t i ­
tu de s of the i n d i g e n o u s p opu la ti o n.
The o b j e c t i v e of this
s tu d y was to d e t e r m i n e
the a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n s e ve r al i n d e p e n d e n t
(type of e m p l o y m e n t ,
income)
age,
sex, r ac e ,
v a r i ab l es
education,
and job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s of adu lt
in i n d u s t r y and o th e r s
in the
in t hi s
c o m p r i s e d o f e ight
a t t e m p t e d to m e a s u r e t he r e s p o n d e n t ' s
o c c u p a t i o n a l m o b i li t y.
study w er e
i tems, w h i c h
a t t i t u d e to wa rd
It w as e x p e c t e d th at
development would produce
em pl oy e es
s u r r o u n d i n g areas.
Job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
d e f i n e d by a scale
and
s oc i al ch a ng e
i nd u st r i a l
in the ar ea
which would
i n f l u e n c e the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n s o c i o ­
demographic
characteristics
of e m p l o ye e s
in the
area.
and job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
It w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d that
job
m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s w o u l d be s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d
by the
s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a b l e s used.
ix
X
A sa m pl e of 15 2 r a n d o m l y s e l ec t ed e m p l o y e e s of
a w i r e and b ox p l a n t
and 147 n on p l a n t
employees
s u r r o u n d i n g a re a w a s
u t i l i z e d in this
s t u dy o f i n d u s t r i a l
development
a r u r a l c o m m u n i t y in L a Sa ll e
l o cat ed
in Jen a,
in e a s t - c e n t r a l
m o d e l for the
dependent
Louisia na .
in the
P ar i s h
A n a l y s i s o f t he ba sic
s t u dy i n d i c a t e d that no ne o f the i n ­
variables
significantly influenced
m o b i l i t y a s pi ra t i o n s .
job
A m o d i f i e d m o d e l r e v e a l e d that
o n l y age
(for p l a n t w o r k e r s )
w o r k er s )
s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d job m o b i l i t y as pi ra ti on s.
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s
and i nc o m e
s t ud y s u g g e s t e d th at the c o m m u n i t y
of study was r a t h e r h o m o g e n e o u s
at ti tu de s.
Fe ma le
(for n on p l a n t
in te rm s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l
e m p l o y e e s m a y ha ve b e e n the m a j o r
b e n e f i c i a r i e s of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
and t h e i r job
m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s m a y have b e c o m e m o r e
that of m a l e
e mp l oy ee s .
It is also p o s s i b l e th at the
d u r a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t was not
to p r o d u c e
significant
p o p u l a t i o n of th e
area.
s im i l a r to
lo ng e n o u g h
so ci al d i f f e r e n c e s in the r u r a l
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n is an e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o c e s s
s ocial ch a ng e i n v o l v i n g the d e v e l o p m e n t ,
fu s io n of t e c h n o l o g i c a l
1976).
M an y types
innovations
of p a t t e r n s
this p ro c e s s ha ve oc curred.
growth,
of
and d i f ­
(Summers et al.,
and tr ends r e p r e s e n t i n g
One t re nd w h i c h has a t t r a ct e d
the a t t e n t i o n of r u r a l s o c i o l o g i s t s
is the u r b a n - r u r a l
d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of i n d u s t r i a l m a n u f a c t u r i n g p la n t s and
the d e v e l o p m e n t
commun iti es .
of
This
"new" m a n u f a c t u r i n g p la nt s
so c ia l p ha s e ma y be v i ew e d as a
" f il t e r - d o w n " p r o c e s s
b u t i o n of e con o mi c
r u r a l areas.
i n v o l v i n g the
a ct iv i ty ,
s pa ti al r e d i s t r i ­
p a r t i c u l a r l y f r o m u r b a n to
W h e n t he p r o c e s s ta ke s the f or m of p la n n e d
and d i r e c t e d a c t i o n to p r o d u c e a d e s i r a b l e
effect,
it ma y be d e f i n e d
the S o u t h e r n r e g i o n of the
U ni t e d S ta te s was o r i m a r i l y a g r a r ia n,
with
less t h a n one out
m a n u f a c t u r i n g jobs
(Fuchs,
the S ou t h has e x p e r i e n c e d
c o n s e q u e n c e of the
s p e c i a l i z i n g in
of four jobs c l a s s i f i e d as
1962).
Sinc e then,
ho wever,
i n d u s t r i a l gr ow t h as a direct
establishment
small t owns and r u r a l
socioeconomic
as i n d u s t r i a l d ev e lo p me nt .
Pri or to W o r l d War II,
farming,
in a g r a r i a n
of "new i nd u st ry "
co mm uni ti es .
eve ry t h re e m a n u f a c t u r i n g jobs was
By 1958,
in
one out of
in the S o u t h or West
(Patrick,
h ave
1973).
1960s,
S in c e the late
facilitated decisions
in the r u r a l South:
to r e l o c a t e
(1) climate,
and
of ho st
communities
s pe ci al tax e x e m p t i o n s
unions;
(*1) state
which provided
c on dit io ns;
to gra nt
(2) the
lower tax r ates
for n e w plants ;
(3) the
lack of
s p o n s o r e d w o r k e r t r a i n i n g pr og r am s,
a significantly
(5) ac ce s s to ne w m a r k e t s
(6)
c e r t a i n i n du s tr ie s
which produced more
h o s p i t a b l e w o r k i n g and r e c r e a t i o n a l
willingness
s ev er al key factors
lower land c osts
la rg er
and e n e r g y
i n d u s t r i a l pool;
su pplies;
and
1979).
(Lons dal e and Seyler,
In­
dustrial development,
r e s u l t i n g f r o m such d e ci si o n s ,
a f f e c t e d al mo st
s t r a t u m of s o ci a l
every
has
l iv i n g for t h os e
communities which have experienced rapid industrial
growth.
Rural industrial development
ments
in the s o c i o e c o n o m i c
i.e.,
h i gh e r in co m es ,
m ob i l i t y ,
(Summers et al.,
and i n c r e a s e d e d u ­
1976).
has a l s o i n f l u e n c e d a t t i t u d e s
as w e l l as v a l u e s
With many rural
b eg u n to i n v e s t i g a t e
dustrial development.
t o wa r d w o r k and l i f e s t y l e s
communities
alternative,
s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s have
social benefits
H o w ev e r,
impact
of i n d u s t r i a l
1981).
choosing industrial
and costs of i n ­
m o st pa st
s tu di es have
b e en d i r e c t e d t o w a r d a s s e s s i n g the e c o n o m i c
g ra phi c
Industrial
t ow a r d job
1959; M au e r and Napi er ,
(B ertrand and Os bo rn e ,
e x p a n s i o n as a v i a b l e
led to i m p r o v e ­
of c o m m u n i t y r e s i d e nt s,
s oc i al m o b i l i t y ,
c at i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s
development
s tatus
has
and d e m o ­
e x p a n s i o n on the p o p u l a t i o n
o f a d e v e l o p i n g region.
T h e s e s tu di es have l a r g e l y
f o c u s e d on the fo llo wi ng :
c h an g e in the o c c u p a t i o n a l
s t r u c t ur e ,
f i s c a l g r ow th ,
and p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n
(Rathburn,
1972;
1973;
1974;
S um me rs
et al.,
et al. , 1958).
d u c t e d o n the
Summers,
1976;
Relatively
s o ci a l
1959;
D y n e s et al.,
s t ud i es
D u ra nt ,
1972;
1973;
Pe te r so n,
Christiansen
few stud ies h a v e b e e n c o n ­
im pa ct of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
( L on sd al e and S ey ler ,
Fliege l,
Beck,
1979;
B e r t r a n d and O sb or ne ,
B r u ce a nd Green,
1976;
1956; M a u e r and Napie r,
s ug ge st , h o w e v e r ,
to u n d e r g o t r e m e n d o u s
1959;
D u n k e l b e r g e r , 1965;
1981).
The above
that r u r a l ar ea s w i l l c o n t i n u e
so ci al c h an g es as a di r ec t
quence of industrialization.
Specifically,
conse­
t h e re
is a
d e a r t h of i n f o r m a t i o n o n the a t t i t u d e s o f r u r a l t o w n
residents
ment.
in a r ea s u n d e r g o i n g r a p i d i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p ­
The p u r p o s e o f this
association of several
sex, race,
with
education,
job m o b i l i t y
residents
independent
income,
aspirations
v a r i a b le s ,
i.e.,
age,
and t yp e of e m p l o y m e n t
( dependent v a ri ab le )
of
in a s e l e c t e d r u r a l c o m m u n i t y w h i c h was e x ­
periencing rapid
The
st ud y was to a s c e r t a i n t he
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e lo p me n t.
P ro b l e m
M a n y s m a l l c o m m u n i t i e s h a ve v i e w e d i n d u s t r y as
t h e i r n e w hope.
Lonsdale
and S ey l e r
(1979:xi) n o t e d th at
nonmetropolitan industrialization is a widespread mov e­
ment which has come to play a highly important role in
the lives of 63.8 million Americans living outside metro­
politan areas
(3*1.4 percent of the n a t i o n ’s total popu­
lation in 1970).
Further,
since 1969, nonmetropolitan
areas have accounted for well over one-half of all new
industrial jobs.
Researchers generally agree that new
industry is associated with an increase in the aggregate
income of small town residents
I960; Stevens and Wallace,
196 6 ; Jordan,
1964;
1967; Garrison,
et al., 1973).
(Bertrand and Osborne,
Sizer and Clifford,
1970; Beck,
1972; Beck
It was suggested that increased edu­
cational attainment is concomitant with an increase in
complexity of the occupational structure which may affect
status attainment.
It has also been pointed out that
increased differentiation of the occupational structure
during development creates vacancies in the higher status
occupations, thus encouraging occupational mobility
(Kuznets,
1963).
One result of this process is that more
and more residents of rural areas are securing nonfarm
employment, particularly in recently established in­
dustrial manufacturing plants.
Another possible impact
of industrial development is that it has raised the hopes
of rural residents for occupational mobility and thus,
economic improvement.
In other words,
life and work
values of people who live in rapidly industrializing
ar eas are of te n i n f l u e n c e d
major
c ha ng es
in the economy.
pational attitudes
In some
in st an ces ,
and v al u e s m a y be m o d i f i e d
d at e the n e w in du s tr y
s t r u c tu r e
(even a l t e r e d or mo di f ie d)
by
occu­
to a c c o m m o ­
or the c h a n g i n g o c c u p a t i o n a l
1 9 8 1 ).
(Mauer and Nap ie r,
One type
w h i c h m a y be c h an ge d or m o d i f i e d as a r e s u l t
of a t t it ud e
of i nd us t r i a l
d e v e l o p m e n t ma y be c o n c e p t u a l i z e d
as job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
ra tions.
a s p i r a t i o n by r e s i d e n t s
A p o s i t i v e job m o b i l i t y
of an i n d u s t r i a l i z i n g r u r a l a re a is a d e s i r e
force p a r t i c i p a n t s
p os it i on ,
to i m pr ov e t he i r
potentially
so c ia l and ec on om i c
t h r o u g h o c c u p a t i o n a l mobil it y.
Due to the u n e v e n n e s s
the di re c t
of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
or i nd ir e ct r e l a t i o n s h i p of i n d i v i d u a l s to the
n ew ind ust ry ,
and s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i a t i o n s ,
and a t t i t u d e s of c o m m u n i t y r e s i d e n t s
cha ng es
are
another.
likely to v a r y f r om one
Specifically,
aspirations
age,
sex,
of labor
differences
t o wa r d o c c u p a t i o n a l
i n d i v i d u a l or grou p to
in job m o b i l i t y
can be e x p e ct e d to v ar y by
value
socioeconomic
o ri e n t a t i o n s ,
status.
This
such f a c to r s as
life a s p i r a t i o n s ,
leads
to answer:
the r e l a t i v e i n f l u e n c e of s o ci o e c o n o m i c ,
on i n t e n s i t y
ra ce
and
to the ba sic q u e s t i o n
w hi ch this d i s s e r t a t i o n w i ll a t te mp t
c u l t ur a l f a ct or s
the va l ue s
What
demographic,
is
and
of job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
in an i n d u s t r i a l i z i n g r u r a l area?
Th is p r o b l e m is of p a r t i c u l a r
little a t t e n t i o n has b e en g i v en to the
i n t e r e s t b ec a u s e
level or in te n si t y
of job mobility aspirations of residents in rapidly
industrializing rural areas.
Although studies on occu­
pational aspirations are more abundant,
it is important to
note that occupational aspirations and job mobility
aspirations are two different
meanings.
concepts that have different
Although both concepts can be theoretically
classified as attitudes,
occupational aspiration has
reference to the type of job which one aspires to attain.
On the other hand, job mobility aspiration has reference
to the level of desire to improve one's occupational
position,
that is, job mobility.
However, due to the
dearth of research on job mobility aspirations of resi­
dents in industrializing rural areas,
some insights can be
gained from attitudinal studies that have been conducted
on occupational aspirations.
For example, numerous
studies have been conducted on educational and occu­
pational aspirations, particularly their relationship to
social mobility and their effects on job attainment
(Bordua,
al.,
I960; Alexander and Campbell,
1968; Dyer,
Portes,
1957; Ellis and Lane,
1973; Haller and Butterworth,
Kandel and Lesser,
1968;
1969; Kuvlesky,
Sewell et al.,
that education,
1 9 6 9 ).
1964; Duncan et
1963; Haller and
I960;
Kahl,
1953;
1970; Sewell and Shah,
These studies have reported
family status,
social class, race,
income,
and sex are all significantly associated with educational
and occupational aspirations.
Most of these studies
t end ed to c o n c e n t r a t e on the goal e le me nt
and t he i r r e l a t i v e r a n k order,
notable exceptions
are Dynes'
occupational aspirations
(1959)
hold head s
et al.
h i g h or low.
(1956)
of low in come
Pe w
st udy of
of f a rm fa mil y m e m b e r s ,
study of a s p i r a t i o n s
D u n k e l b e r g e r 's (1965)
i.e.,
of a s p i r a t i o n s
Pliegel's
fa rmers,
and
stu dy of job m o b i l i t y a m o n g h o u s e ­
in l o w - i n c o m e areas
of the r u r a l South.
Need for the Study
The r e l o c a t i o n an d/ or e s t a b l i s h m e n t
p l a n t s in small t o w ns and r u r al
about t r e m e n d o u s
has had a ve ry
economic
c o m p o s i t i o n of the people,
organizational
c o m m u n i t i e s ha ve b r oug ht
growth.
significant
of i n d u s t r i a l
Industrial development
e ffect on the s o c i o e c o n o m i c
and has al so a l t e r e d
s t r u c t u r e of t h es e areas.
the
H o w e ve r ,
little
r e s e a r c h e ffort has b e en d i r e c t e d t ow a r d a t t i t u d i n a l
consequences
of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y job
m o b i l i t y a sp ir a ti on s .
W i t h i n t he last
f i f t e e n years,
only one study has
o p e r a t i o n a l l y d e f i n e d job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n as the
dependent
v a r i a b l e in an att em pt
aspirations
a m o ng r u r a l people.
two othe r a u th o rs
(Dynes
et al.,
to a s c e r t a i n o c c u p a t i o n a l
P r io r to that time,
1956; F l ie g el ,
studi ed a s p i r a t i o n s r e l a t i v e to a s p ec i fi c
a m o n g r u r a l people.
as sp ec if ic
Th ese
attributes
studi es
only
1959) have
occupation
f o cu s ed on a s p i r a t i o n s
of occup at io n.
The o r i g i n a l
source
o f the
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n c on c e p t
as c o u ld be d e t e r m i n e d )
was an a t t i t u d i n a l sc ale o r i g i ­
n a l l y d e s i g n e d by L e o n a r d R e i s s m a n
(1953) to m e a s u r e
i n t e n s i t y of o c c u p a t i o n a l a s p i r a t i o n s
H o w ev e r,
(at le ast as far
for job m o bi li ty .
no s t ud ie s h a v e b ee n c o n d u c t e d w h i c h c o n s i d e r
t he i n t e n s i t y o f job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
a m o n g adults
in r u r a l areas e x p e r i e n c i n g i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t .
Mo st
s t ud ie s on a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d
have
c o n c e n t r a t e d o n a r ea s s u c h as
c o m m u n i t y p ride,
and
O b j e c t i v e s o f the
Th is
The
s oc ia l m o b i l i t y ,
so c ia l p a r t i c i p a t i o n .
Stu dy
study represents
mobility aspirations
people
industrial development
an e ff o r t to a s c e r t a i n job
for an adu lt p o p u l a t i o n o f r u r a l
in an a r e a e x p e r i e n c i n g i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t .
s p e c i f i c a i m is to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e r e
differences
in job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
so ci al c a t e g o r i e s
and
are
for v ar i o u s
s u b c l a s s e s o f i nd i vi du al s.
The
s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s of t he s t u d y are as follows:
1.
To d e t e r m i n e the a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n the
n at u r e of the w o r k e x p e r i e n c e and job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
rations ;
2.
To d e t e r m i n e t he a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n s e l e c t e d
sociodemographic characteristics
catio n,
income)
(age,
sex, r ace,
and job m o b i l i t y a sp i ra ti on s .
edu­
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
In this chapter, a review of the literature is
provided which explores the various studies on aspiration
and mobility,
social demographic characteristics,
and
community satisfaction of residents who reside in
industrializing rural or nonmetropolitan areas.
Aspiration and Mobility
Over the years, there has been a paucity of
studies related specifically to occupational aspirations
of adults.
Moreover,
only one study has specifically
dealt with the intensity of job mobility aspirations.
Fliegel's
(1959)
study of aspirations of low-income
farmers found an indirect relationship between the desire
for higher income and the desire to remain in farming.
Those farmers who had high occupational aspirations
tended to look to nonfarm employment for their oppor­
tunities.
Dyne's et al.
(1956)
study considered the
influence of family interaction experiences on the desire
for occupation in terms of additional income.
Findings
indicated that unsatisfactory family interaction was
directly related to the intensity of occupational aspi­
rations.
More recently, Dun kel be rg er 's (1965)
study of
10
r u r a l h o u s e h o l d h ea d s
in l o w - i n c o m e are as of the So uth
in vo l ve d the i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the i n t e n s i t y of o c c u ­
pational aspirations
a mo n g adults.
He found that tho se
w i t h the m o s t to g a i n f r om job m o b i l i t y g e n e r a l l y h el d
the most
i n t e n s e a s p ir a ti o ns .
social and
de s ir e
e co n o m i c
the
less i nt e ns e was the
s t ud i es d e a l i n g w i t h a s p i r a t i o n h av e focus ed
on the g oa l e l em e nt
and the r e l a t i v e r a n k f ro m low to hi gh
for r u r a l youth.
and S ew e l l
the
a d j us tm e nt ,
for job m ob il it y.
Mo st
goals
The b e t t e r the level of
(1964)
Burchinal
sug ge st that the s ma ll e r the
lower the a s p i r a t i o n s
up there.
H al l e r
lower e d u c a t i o n a l
n o n f a r m boys.
(1962), E l d er
et al.
and a t t a i n m e n t s
H ow ev er ,
co mm un it y,
of y o u t h g ro w i n g
(1957) a nd B u r c h i n a l
aspirations
(1963),
(1961) found
a m o n g f a rm boys th an a mo n g
a n u m b e r of othe r s i g n i f ic a nt
f ac t or s h av e b ee n r e p o r t e d to a ff ec t a sp i ra ti on s.
S l o c u m ’s (1969)
st udy of h i g h sc h oo l
found a s p i r a t i o n s
n o n f a r m boys.
A c ha ng e
to be the p o s s i b l e
al.
(1967)
s li gh t ly h i g h e r
income areas.
levels h i g h e r
in W a s h i n g t o n
for f ar m b oy s t h a n for
in r e f e r e n c e grou p v a l u e s
e x p l a n a t i o n for the change.
f ound that a s p i r a t i o n s
area c o m p a r e d
senio rs
of boys
f a v o r a b l y w i t h t h os e of boys
a p p ea r ed
B e nd e r
et
in a l o w - i nc om e
in h i g h e r -
L o w - i n c o m e y o u t h t en d e d to h a v e a s p i r a t i o n
t h a n t heir cap ab il it y.
1970), H a l l e r and P or t es
fou nd e d u c a t i o n a l
(1973), and H a l l e r et al.
attainment
(1969,
S e w e l l et al.
to be a m a j o r
(1974)
fa c to r in
11
determining occupational attainment.
classes,
Among social
lower class rural adult residents were found to
have aspirations more in line with job security rather
than with the attainment of middle-class values
(Rushing,
1970).
Research involving the social mobility of people
who remain in rural areas is limited.
Edwards'
(1939)
study of rural poverty found that only a small proportion
of the people living at a subsistence level ever experi­
enced vertical social mobility.
Olson's
(I960)
study of
the impact of a stable job situation on the mobility of
rural residents found that changes of employment were
most pronounced among persons having achieved the poorest
socioeconomic adjustment.
Several studies have focused on
the spatial aspect of mobility.
(1944)
Beers and Heflin's
study of social class and income of rural migrants
in Kentucky found that migrants from rural areas were
represented in all urban classes.
Windham's
(1964)
study
of rural migrants in Pennsylvania found that the success
of the migrants was directly related to the level of
educational attainment and not to differences in rural/
urban socialization patterns.
Those rural people with low income and low social
status were the most mobile occupationally.
and Ruttan
Gerschwind
(1 9 6 1 ), reporting on another aspect of the same
12
study, found that occupationally mobile persons were more
knowledgeable of available job opportunities.
The differentiation in aspiration levels between
farm and nonfarm seems to result from the self-conception
of farm people.
People who perceive themselves as farmers
may do those things consistent with this perspective,
particularly if they are economically sufficient in the
farm enterprise.
But farm oriented people are increasing­
ly abandoning full-time farming as it becomes much more
difficult economically to maintain small full-time farms.
Secondly, the advent of industrial development in rural
areas has contributed to the decline from full-time to
part-time farming.
It has been pointed out that increased
differentiation of the occupational structure during
development creates vacancies in the higher status occu­
pations, thus encouraging occupational mobility
(Kuznets,
1963).
Type of Employment
The immediate impact of industrial growth on the
rural community is a decline in out-migration and the
differentiation of employment
(Summers,
1976).
Bennett
(1967) found that the proximity between industry and farm
acted as a "push-pull" factor in determining the number
of full-time to part-time farmers.
It was reported that
areas with relatively high numbers of nonfarm jobs have
relatively high rates of part-time farming.
In deter­
mining those who are more likely to have nonfarm employ­
ment, Jenkins
(1965:11) noted that individuals with higher
formal education were more likely to have qualifications
for nonfarm work, although those with less than eight
years of education can and often do secure nonfarm
employment as unskilled workers.
Christiansen et al.
(1959:10) found that except for unskilled work, younger
men were more likely than older men to be qualified for
nonfarm jobs.
Bennett
(1967) found a statistically sig­
nificant correlation between subsequent mobility from
full-time farming to part-time farming.
Deaton and Landes
(1978:50)
More recently,
found that family incomes
were influenced principally by the abrupt change associ­
ated with female workers taking jobs in new industry.
Further, a combination of factors,
plant and community,
education,
increases for women.
Summers
including type of
and age,
impede wage
(1976) found that plant
workers tended to have larger households than nonplant
and nonfarm workers.
On the other hand, the average
plant employee had higher educational attainment.
How ­
ever, raised educational levels were the manifestation of
a younger, more educated work force.
B e n d e r ’s et al.
(1971) analysis of immigration
characteristics for several counties in the Ozarks and
Southwest, revealed that for each of the counties a large
number of recent immigrants were returnees.
That is, for
the vast majority of recent immigrants, a large number
were former inhabitants who had left to find work outside
the community,
only to return as a result of recent
industrial development.
Other researchers have reported
findings which indicated a significant number of plant
employees were not return immigrants, but inhabitants
from other communities commuting back and forth to work.
Clemente and Summer's
(1973) analysis of commuting
patterns of rural employees in a recently industrialized
area revealed that plant employees lived in as many as
sixty-eight different communities and traveled an average
of nineteen miles with a radius upward of fifty-seven
miles.
Younger, newly hired workers were slightly more
likely to commute further than older, better educated
workers of higher income levels and with a longer work
history
(Lonsdale,
1966; Summers,
1973).
Age
Summers et al.
(1976) reported findings for twelve
studies which showed that a large proportion of the work
force in recently industrialized communities were in the
younger age group.
Further, the reason given or implied
for the lack of older workers was the e m p l o ye rs ’ desire
for workers able to handle the physically hard work.
Merrill and Ryther
(1961) found that the age composition
of the work force may vary with the degree of skill
required, but that overall, the work force was predomi­
nantly young people.
Schneiderman
(1971) reported that
it was the policy of plant managers to hire younger
workers.
Several other studies have shown that plant
workers tended to be younger than local nonplant workers
because of the recruiting of younger workers and the
creating of jobs which curtailed out-migration
1973; Bertrand and Osborne,
(Summer,
1958; Maitland and Wilber,
1958).
Maitland and Wilber
(1958) and Brady
(197*0
characterized industrial workers by sex as well as age.
The median ages of female workers were greater than that
for male workers.
They suggested that this was due to
the unavailability of employment for women while their
children were young, and a lack of jobs for young women.
Sex
Historically, rural/urban differences in the sex
ratio
(usually defined as the number of males per one
hundred females) have been caused in part by greater
migration of females to the cities
1976:41).
(Summers et al.,
Many studies have reported that in areas
experiencing industrial development, job preference of
males or females was dependent on the type of work, with
males predominating in "heavy” industries
(Bertrand and
1959; L o n s d al e ,
Osborne,
and f e ma le s in "li ght "
1966; H e l g e s o n and Zink,
i n du s tr ie s ,
a pp a r e l and a p p l i a n c e p l a n t s
1971)-
Brady,
such as t e xti le s,
(Howard,
is changing.
they are m o r e m o b i l e t h a n r u r a l m e n
1976; Fulton,
1973; Uhr ic h,
The r o le of r u r a l w o m e n in ar eas
encing industrial development
1975).
Clarenbach
1973),
197^;
experi­
Generally
(Summers et al.,
(1977) found that more
rural women are enrolling in institutions of higher
learning preparing themselves to become professionals in
fields traditionally held by men in rural communities.
Brown and O'Leary
(1977) found, as of 1970, that two-
thirds of rural women worked full-time and accounted for
eighty percent of all new jobs in nonmetropolitan
counties between I960 and 1970.
Education
Several
studi es
on n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n i n d u s t r i a l
d e v e l o p m e n t r e p o r t e d that pl ant w o r k e r s
m o re e d u c a t e d t ha n n o n p l a n t w or kers.
(1973),
S um me rs
(1973),
and D ietz
on the w h o l e we re
H e l g e s o n and
(1971)
m a j or r e a s o n for t hi s has b e e n m ig r at i on ;
the m o v i n g in of y o u n g p e o p l e w ho we re
pl ant
(1959)
r e p o r t e d that the
s pe c if i ca ll y ,
l ikely to have
c o m p l et e d m o r e ye ar s of f or m al educat ion .
et al.
Zink
Christiansen
f ound that the d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p o l i c y
o wn er s to hi re y ou ng er , m o r e e d u c a t e d w o r k e r s
determined
educational
levels
in the host
communi ty .
of
In a dd iti on .
invasion actually
Walker
(1973)
foun d that
i m p r o v e d e d u c a t i o n l evels of b la ck s and
white s, m a l e s and females.
K er n et a l . (1970)
that i n c r e a s e d e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t
an i n c r ea s e in c o m p l e x i t y
w h i c h m ay a ff ect
industrial
is c o n c o m i t a n t w i t h
of the o c c u p a t i o n a l
st at us a t t a i n m e n t
s ug g es te d
st ru ct u re
aspira ti on .
Income
Researchers
g e n e r a l l y agr ee that n ew i n d u st r y
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h an i n c r ea s e
small t ow n r e s i d e n t s
and W a l la c e,
1967;
1964;
G ar r is on ,
Several
(Bertrand and O sb orne,
S i zer and Cli ff or d,
1970;
Beck,
s t udi es h i g h l i g h t
development
in the a g g r e g a t e
1972;
( 1 9 7 3 ) 3 and D u r a n t
(1958),
(1979)
Garrison
fou nd that
led to a d ir e c t h i r i n g of w or k e r s
labor force.
Brinkman
that the i mpact
(1973)
e ffect
Stevens
Jordan,
1973)*
of i n d u s t r i a l
and
income.
(1972),
S u mm er s
industrial
location
f ro m the i n d i g e no us
and U h r i c h
(1974)
found
of i n d u s t r i a l e x p a n s i o n into r u r a l areas
m ay have a di r ec t
or i nd ir e ct
ot her s e c ti o ns of the
effect
local economy.
on the i n d i g e n o u s w o r k fo rce
income.
I960;
1966;
in r u r a l a re a s on e m p l o y m e n t
B e r t r a n d and O s bo r ne
income of
B e c k et al.,
a two-fold
is
B e r t r a n d and O s b o r n e
level of i ncome
in r u r a l
of n e w i nd u s t r y
in the area.
on e m p l o y m e n t
T he i n i t i a l effect
is a p o t e n t i a l
(1958)
communities
S ha f f e r
in
i n c r e a s e in
fou n d pl an t
e m p l o ye e s
i m p r o v e d as a r e s u l t
(1972)
found that
18
m e d i a n fa mi ly i nc o m e i m p r o v e d as a di r ec t
c o n s e q u e n c e of
i n d u s t r i a l e x p a n s i o n into r ur a l areas.
Crosswhite
(1963), in a study of farm operators
throughout the country, found that the most frequently
stated reason for having changed from full-time to parttime farming was to increase income.
(1961),
(1961)
W i r t h and L o o m i s
foun d that
(1962),
for farme rs
Northeast Texas respectively,
Wayt et al.
and M a r t i n e and S o ut h er n
in Ohio, M ic h ig an ,
and
a c o m b i n a t i o n of f a rm and
o f f - f a r m e m p l o y m e n t was m o r e p r o f i t a b l e t h a n f u l l -t i me
f a r m i n g for the m a j o r i t y of the o p e r a to rs b e c a u s e
significance
of the
of a d d e d income.
Race
One of the m a j o r impacts
into r u r a l c o m m u n i t i e s
the i n a b i l i t y
line.
by h i r i n g m i n o r i t i e s
so mewhat,
on
and t hose
S ev e ra l stu di es h av e d o c u m e n t e d
of i nd u s t r y to a ch ie ve this goal.
i m m e d ia t e e c o n o m i c
raised
expansion
is its p o t e n t i a l e f fec ts
h e l p i n g e r a d i c a t e p ov er ty ,
b e l o w the p ov e r t y
of i n d u s t r i a l
s tatus of the p lant
e m p l o ye e s
The
is
but t h os e jobs g ai n ed u s u a l l y r e m a i n in
the a r ea of s em i - s k i l l e d ,
u n s k i l l e d or b l u e - c o l l a r jobs.
In are as h a v i n g a h i st o ry of r a c i a l
in eq ua li ty ,
o f t e n tim es b la c k s w e re not p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y r e p r e s e n t e d
in the
labor force.
W h e n bl ac k s w e r e e m pl oye d,
(1972)
foun d that they we re
"last h ir e d, "
Till
s h a r i n g least
19
in the e c o n o m i c g r o w t h o f the c om m un i ty ,
and " first
f ired ,"
o f f - s e t t i n g any f l u c t u a t i o n in the e m p l o y m e n t
cycle.
K ue hn et al.
newly
(1972)
l oc at ed p la n t s
f o und t h a t for t w e n t y - s i x
in the r u r a l
South,
gi ve n to t h os e b e l o w th e p o v e r t y level,
t e n d e d to be c o n f i n e d
o c cu p a t i o n s .
and e m p l o y m e n t
l a r g e l y to l o w - w a g e , b l u e - c o l l a r
M i n o r i t i e s t e n d e d to share
e c o n o m i c g r o w t h o f the c om mu ni ty .
reported
few jobs were
Walker
least in the
(197 3:170)
f i n d in gs w h i c h s ho we d that:
Bl ac ks did not share e q u i t a b l y in the e c o n o m i c
g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t of the D e e p South.
Even
t h o u g h t h e y r e p r e s e n t e d a lm o st f o r ty p e r c e n t of
t h e p o p u l a t i o n in 1960, b l a c k s c a p t u r e d o n l y
s i x t e e n p e r c e n t of t he n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t
g r o w t h b e t w e e n 1960 a nd 1970, or o n l y 68,000
out of 4 2 9, 0 00 n e w jobs.
W i t h t he c o n t i n u i n g
la rg e d ec l i n e s in b l a c k a g r i c u l t u r a l e m p l o y m e n t ,
t he r e s u l t w as a net loss of o v e r 97,000 jobs.
W h i l e w h i t e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y g a i n e d 2 8 7,00 0 jobs.
In summary,
t h e r e h as b e en a p a u c i t y of e m p i r i c a l
s tu d ie s o n o c c u p a t i o n a l a s p i r a t i o n s of a d ul t s in r u r a l
areas.
Moreover,
t h e r e ex i st s
a l im i t e d n u m b e r o f
e m p i r i c a l s t ud ie s o n job m o b i l i t y a sp i ra t i o n s .
the research has concentrated
s t r u ct u ra l ,
dustrial
economic
impact.
M u c h of
c h i e f l y on a s s e s s i n g
and d e m o g r a p h i c d i m e n s i o n s of i n ­
Numerous
s t udi es h a v e r e p o r t e d that
n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t has b r o u g h t
to a lm o s t e v e ry a r ea of s oc i a l living,
c hange
yet t h e r e has
b e e n o n l y a l im i t e d a mo unt of e m p i r i c a l
investigation
a s s e s s i n g a t t i t u d i n a l v a r i a b l e s w i t h r e g a r d s to r u r a l
i n d u s t r i a l d e v el o pm en t .
Chapter 3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, a comprehensive, theoretical
framework is set forth,
outlining the conceptualization
of the model for this study.
Aspiration Framework
The major theoretical concept outlining the
conceptualization of the model for this study is "aspi­
ration."
Haller and Miller
(1963:7) defined aspiration
as referring to "a p e r s o n ’s or grouping of persons'
orientation toward a goal."
Kuvlesky and Bealer
(1966:269) posited that aspiration was a special form of
the concept "attitude," which is commonly defined as "a
predisposition to behave towards a social object in a
particular way:
an orientation toward a social object."
Further, the distinction between the two concepts is
that the object involved in an aspiration is a goal and,
therefore,
is more or less desired by individuals;
whereas, an attitude may be positively or negatively
directed.
A person may have either a positive or negative
attitude toward an object and the nature of this attitude
regulates the pattern of his behavior toward the object.
21
22
Rokeach
(1968:19-4) defined attitude as "a rel a­
tively enduring organization of beliefs around an object
or situation predisposing one to respond in some prefer­
ential manner."
Aspiration involves only a positive,
subjective commitment with a particular object valued by
the individual.
Because the object is valued, the desire
for it motivates behavior designed to bring about its
attainment.
The valued object represents a goal to be
achieved by the aspiring individual
(Haller and Miller,
1963).
The three analytical elements or components of
the concept aspiration include:
orientation
(desire),
and
(l) the person,
(3) the goal
(2) the
(valued object).
Persons differ biologically, psychologically, and
socially;
goals.
these differences affect the orientations and
The nature and extent of these influences are
central concerns of this study.
Both goal and orientation are a unitary aspect of
attitude.
For the purpose of discussion,
each element
will be discussed separately.
Goal
Kuvlesky and Bealer
(1966) posited that,
in a
sociological sense, goals have reference to a particular
status-attribute such as occupation,
and residence.
income, education,
These goals may or may not be perceived
23
as d i r e c t l y
i n t e r r e l a t e d by the
status-attribute,
p e r s o n m ay
W i t h i n each
t h e r e are m a n y a l t e r n a t i v e g oal s that a
select.
m o r e i mp o rt an t
individual.
I n d i v i d u a l s m ay d e c i d e w h i c h go als are
and f o r m a h i e r a r c h y
of a l t e r n a t i v e goals
r a n k i n g t h e m as h i g h or low, d e p e n d i n g on the p e r c e i v e d
difficulty
of a t t a i n i n g the v a r i o u s goals.
G e ne r al l y,
a m o n g in di v id u al s,
t he re is a clear
p e r c e p t i o n of the p o s s i b l e h i e r a r c h y of goa ls for any of
the s t a t u s - a t t r i b u t e s .
viduals develop
sequences
To adapt to this re al it y,
g oa l stages w h i c h r e p r e s e n t
of goal b e h a v i o r ,
u p on w h e r e the d e s i r e d
tential achievement
i.e.,
ch oi ce
indi­
time
h i gh or low, d e p e n d i n g
falls on a r a nge
( Kuvlesky and Bealer,
of p o ­
1966:271).
Goal s m a y or ma y not be p e r c e i v e d as d ir e c t l y
i n t e r r e l a t e d by the
are not
al wa ys
indi vid ua l.
logically
Thus,
c on sistent.
goal s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
Status-attributes
seem to be r a n k e d by society;
th er ef o re ,
visualizes
st at us es a lo n g w i t h a s p i ­
rations
for h i m s e l f fu tu re
for ea ch g oa l area.
C h o o s i n g one s t a t u s - a t t r i b u t e
over a n o t h e r s i mp l y s p e c i f i e s
goal/attainment,
the i n d i v i d u a l
i n d i v i d u a l i n t e n s i t y t oward
and not n e c e s s a r i l y the loss of other
status-attributes.
Furthermore,
Rokeach
(1972) p os i t e d
that the i n d i v i d u a l m ay d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n a t t i t u d e toward-object
and a t t i t u d e - t o w a r d - s i t u a t i o n .
of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
t owa rd
industry
(object)
In the case
an i n d i v i d u a l m a y be f a v o ra b le
co m in g in to a r u r a l area,
but
24
may change his or her attitude if the situation of the
ind us try ’s operation has unfavorable characteristics.
Orientation
The c o n c e p t u a l i z e d m e a n i n g of the o r i e n t a t i o n
eleme nt
in a s p i r a t i o n s
f oc u se s
on the i n t e n s i t y of
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n or the m a g n i t u d e
of d es i r e
for a goal.
Thus, the individual can have a strong or weak aspiration,
depending on the intensity of desire to achieve regardless
of whether the goal-specification is ranked high or low
(Kuvlesky and Bealer,
1966:271).
Some goals may represent
strong aspirational orientations;
weaker orientations.
other goals represent
The difference need not necessarily
reflect the actual status level of the goals, but merely
the person's perceived difficulty of attainment.
Of
utmost importance then, is the individual's intensity to
attain particular goals.
The
o r i e n t a t i o n e l eme nt
is an i m p o rt a nt
consider­
a ti o n in s t u d y i n g a sp i ra ti on s .
K n o w i n g the i n t e n s i t y
t o wa r ds g oals giv es
indications
about m o t i v a t i o n and the
placement
on goals.
of view,
of v a l u e s
the r e s e a r c h e r
P r o m an a n a l y t i c a l point
is able to p la ce v a l u e s on
d i f f e r e n t goa ls w h i c h m ay a l l ow for t he i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of
motivators
of fu t ur e beha vi or .
(1966:272)
p o s i t e d that:
K u v l e s k y and B e al e r
It is not e n o u g h to k n ow w h e t h e r the goal is high
or low in ter ms of an e v a l u a t i o n of d i f f i c u l t y of
25
a tt a in m e n t ; it mu st a ls o be k n o w n h ow s t r o n g l y the
go al is d e s i r e d r e l a t i v e to others, if a t h o r o u g h
e x p l a n a t i o n and a h i g h level of p r e d i c t i o n is to
be obtained.
This
c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n of the o r i e n t a t i o n element
leads to the n o t i o n that
if t wo i n d i v i d u a l s h a v i n g i d e n t i ­
cal goal s but d i f f e r i n g in the i n t e n s i t y
i n d i v i d u a l w i t h the s t r o n g e r d e s i r e
of d es ir e,
is m o r e
the
li kely to
a t t a i n the goal.
M a ny
primarily
(high or
s t ud i es d e a l i n g w i t h a s p i r a t i o n h av e f o cus ed
on the g o al e le m e n t
low)
and the r e l a t i v e r a n k order
of g oals w i t h i n a s t a t u s - a t t r i b u t e
I960;
E d l e f s e n and
Crowe,
I960;
I960;
H a l l e r and B u t t e r w o r t h ,
G r i g g and M i d d l e t o n ,
i 9 6 0 ).
Relatively
s t ud ie s h a v e deal t w i t h the o r i e n t a t i o n e le m en t
ration
1965;
(Dynes et al.,
R u s hi n g,
1956;
(Cowhig,
Fl ie ge l ,
1959;
few
of a s p i ­
Dunkelberger,
1970).
A s p i r a t i o n , M o b i l i t y , and
Industrial Development
Ro b er t
K. M e r t o n
m ost d o m i n a n t v a l u e s
American
s oc i et y
that p e r m e a t e all
is the
occupational attainment
are m a j o r d e t e r m i n a n t s
status.
(19^8),
F o r e xa mp le ,
(1957) w r o t e that
s oci al
c la sse s in
s t r u g g l e to be s u cc ess fu l.
and the a mo un t
of a c h i e v e m e n t
emphasis
The
of i nc o m e d e r i v e d
and s o c i o e c o n o m i c
in Ma x W e b e r ’s P r o t e s t a n t
the i de a of "work"
v a l ue w h i c h p la c e s
one of the
Eth ic
is v i e w e d as a ' p o s i t i v e m o r a l
on the n e ed to be s uc cessful.
26
Hence, w i t h i n c o m m u n i t i e s th er e exist g e n e r a l c u l t u r a l
fac to rs w h i c h i n f l u e n c e the l e ve l o f a s p i r a t i o n s for
all thos e
s o c ie t al
l i v i n g there.
T h e se c o n si st o f w i d e l y h e l d
i deas, b e l i e f s ,
differentiated
cu sto ms ,
a m o n g the m e m b e r s
s i m i l a r i t y o f a tt it ud es .
f ac to rs ,
i.e.,
age,
and va lu es w h i c h are
and r e s u l t
T h ere al so exi st
sex, race,
in c o n c e r t w i t h the
cultural variants,
attempts to achieve
goals.
development,
communities
situational
e d u c a t i o n , w h i c h af fe ct
e a c h i n d i v i d u a l in an i n d e p e n d e n t m an ner .
In r u r a l
in d e g r e e of
T h e s e fa ct or s,
d i r e c t l y a ffect
affected by industrial
p a r t - t i m e and f u l l - t i m e n o n f a r m e m p l o y m e n t
and the i n c o m e d e r i v e d r e p r e s e n t
for a c h i e v i n g s o c i a l mobi li ty .
s u g g e s t e d th at
v e r y r e a l i s t i c m e an s
M u c h o f the l i t e r at ur e
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t h as b r o u g h t about
s o c i a l c h a n g e a f f e c t i n g al m os t e v e r y s ph er e o f s oc i al
l i v i n g in a g r a r i a n c o mm un iti es .
250-52)
have
S um m e r s et al.
(1976:
s u m m a r i z e d t ha t e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s of
industrial development
are m or e l i k e l y to b e n e f i t y o u n g e r
p e r s o n s t h a n o l d e r p e r s on s, m a l e s m o r e t h a n fe males,
p er s o n s w i t h mo re
education,
e d u c a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t ho s e w i t h less
p e r s o n s in h i g h e r le vels o f the o c c u p a t i o n a l
h i e r a r c h y m o r e t h a n t h o s e in l o w e r levels,
a n d l abor
fo rce p a r t i c i p a n t s m o r e t h an n o n p a r t i c i p a n t s .
F ur ther,
S um me rs et a l . (1976)
(1959)
and B e r tr a nd and O s b o r n e
27
r e p o r t e d that
i n d i v i d u a l s w h o b e n e f i t e d w e re mo re
favorable toward
industrialization.
H o u g h and C la r k
(1969) r e p o r t e d that the id ea of p e r c e i v e d b en e fi t was an
intervening variable between socio-demographic
and a t t i t u d e s
toward
industrialization.
G r a n t e d that p e r c e i v e d b e n e f i t
to wa rd
a favorable attitude
to the m o d e l
va l ue s
of this
along with
and a t t i t u d e ,
aspirations
of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n .
socio-demographic
t ow a r d t he object
shift or a grou p
a higher
a lower
facto rs ,
Bas ic
c u l t ur al
occupation
d i f f e r e n t i a l l y f a c i l i t a t e d i s p o s i t i o n s of
(job), w h i c h can be u n d e r ­
aspi rat io n.
S o c i a l m o b i l i t y m e a ns
another.
is one element
study is the n o t i o n that
stood in t e rm s of m o b i l i t y
a no th er ,
fac to rs
shift —
a shift —
an i n d i v i d u a l
f r o m one s oc i al p o s i t i o n to
or f r om one c a t e g o r y of so ci al p o s i t i o n s
So c ia l m o b i l i t y ma y be "upwa rd"
s oc ia l p o s i t i o n —
s oc i al posi ti on .
or "d ow nw a rd "
to
—
movement
to
—
movement
to
S im i la r ly , m o b i l i t y ma y have
r e f e r e n c e to an i n d i v i d u a l ' s
own i n i t i a l so ci al p o s i t i o n
( i n t r a g e n e r a t i o n a l m o b i li t y)
or to his parents'
position
(intergenerational mobility)
F or a du l ts
in a g r a r i a n
(Matras,
c o m mu ni t ie s,
a ve n ue t h r o u g h w h i c h m o b i l i t y ma y occ ur
in o c c u p a t i o n ,
particularly,
industrial development.
job c ha ng e s
s oc ia l
1975:11).
the p ri m a r y
is t h r o u g h ch ange
if the c o m m u n i t i e s
experience
H o r i z o n t a l m o b i l i t y ma y r e p r e s e n t
involving movement
b e t w e e n jobs
of v i r t u a l l y
the same type,
i.e.,
Vertical mobility
f ar m to farm,
and
level of prestige.
( movement u p wa r d or d o w n w a r d ) ,
c han ge s w i t h i n e i t h e r of t wo o c c u p a t i o n a l
r el a t i o n s h i p s .
H a tt
(1950)
"situs"
r e f e r s to o c c u p a t i o n a l
m o b i l i t y w i t h i n a situ s as i n t r a s i t u s m o b i l i t y
i nv o l v e s
status
occ up at io n.
advancements
S e c o nd l y,
between different
occupational
and
or d e m o t i o n s w i t h i n the
same
o c c u p a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y m a y occur
s i tu s es w h i c h in vo l ve s
situs
in vo lv e s
to a no ther.
Fu rt h er ,
s hifts
fro m one
the l at te r f orm
of o c c u p a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y u s u a l l y i nv ol ve s the g i v i n g up
of an e x i s t i n g job
(farm)
in e x c h a n g e for a n ew and
u n t r i e d e m p l o y me n t
situation
(nonfarm),
p o s s i b i l i t y of p a r t - t i m e
empl oy me nt .
I mpl ic it
this
throughout
study
including a
is the n o t i o n of
s oc ia l change,
w h i c h may be d e f i n e d as " i n d u s t r i a l
development."
Social
ch an ge
c o n n ot e s a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n
f r o m one stag e of so c ia l l i v i n g to an other,
c u l t u r a l and so c ia l
cha ng es
nology
c h a n g e s w h i c h ma y be m a n i f e s t e d by
in job m o b i l it y .
The i n t r o d u c t i o n of n e w t e c h ­
into n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a reas has b e en sh ow n to be
a c c o m p a n i e d by c o n s i d e r a b l e r e a d j u s t m e n t s ,
al mo st
including
ev ery
s t r a t u m of s oc ia l
affecting
living.
D i s c u s s i o n of H y p o t h e s e s
Ov erall,
aspirations
t h e r e has b e en a lack of r e s e a r c h on
for ad ult p o pu l a t i o n s .
This d e a r t h of
29
attitudinal information
is s i g n i f i c a n t l y m or e p r o n o u n c e d
for i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
studies.
B e cau se o f the
lack
of p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h o n j ob m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n d u r i n g
industrial development,
very t en t at i ve .
the h y p o t h e s e s
Each hypothesis
s ta te d h er e are
is p r e s e n t e d as a
st at em e nt of the e x p e c t e d a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n s o c i o ­
c u l t u r a l fa ctors,
employment
characteristics,
a t ti tu de,
and job m o b i l i t y a s pi ra ti on .
Ho^:
There
is a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n
b e t w e e n t y pe of e m p l o y m e n t
as p ir at io n.
in th e
and job m o b i l i t y
It is e x p e c t e d that e m p l o y m e n t
i n d u s t r i a l p la nt o f the
positively influence
study wi ll
job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
rations .
(1961),
W i r t h and
L oomis
(1962), M a r t i n e
and W a y t e
et al.
(1961),
farm e m p l o y m e n t was mo re
ing b e c a u s e o f the
(1959)
s i g n i f i c a n c e of adde d income.
for t h o s e who a sp i r e d
fa rm e m p l o y m e n t
p o i n t e d out that off-
p r o f i t a b l e t h an f u l l - t i m e f a r m ­
found that o c c u p a t i o n a l
It f ol lo ws ,
and S o u t h e r n
F li eg el
a s p i r a t i o n s w ere h ig h e s t
for n o n f a r m empl oy me nt .
then,
that t h o se w ho as pi re
for n o n ­
l o o k to i m pr o ve t h e i r s o c i o e c o n o m i c
status, w h i c h m a y b e an i n d i c a t i o n o f job m o b i l i t y
aspiration.
30
Hc^:
T h e r e is a s i g n i f i ca n t
association between
age
It is e x p e c t e d that
and job m ob il it y.
w i t h i n c r e a s i n g age job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n
w i l l decrease.
S u mm er s et al.
(1973) r e p o r t e d t ha t n o n m e t r o ­
politan
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t was a c c o m p a n i e d by a
greater
in cr e as e
mo re
educated workers
D ura nt
(1973)
and o lder)
ment
in p o p u l a t i o n c o m p r i s e d m a i n l y of y ou ng er ,
less t h a n t w e n t y - f i v e y ears o f age.
also r e p o r t e d t ha t o f t e n w o r k e r s
in c o m m u n i t i e s a f f e c t e d by i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p ­
t e n d e d to be o c c u p a t i o n a l l y
pe rsons.
(fifty- on e
He nc e,
less m o b i l e t h a n y o u n g e r
age m a y be a f ac t o r in d e t e r m i n i n g the
i n t e n s i t y o f job m o b i l i t y a sp iration.
HOgi
There
is a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n
sex and job m o b i l i t y asp ir at io n.
It is
e x p e c t e d that d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l be
found
b e t w e e n m e n and women.
Many
tunities
bach
s tu d ie s h a v e sho wn that o c c u p a t i o n a l o p p o r ­
for w o m e n
in r u r a l a r eas are changing.
C la re n-
(1977) r e p o r t e d t ha t an i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of r u r a l
w o m e n h a v e e n r o l l e d in l a n d - g r a n t u n i v e r s i t i e s p r e p a r i n g
t h e m s e l v e s to b e c o m e p r o f e s s i o n a l s
veterinary medicine,
management.
d a i r y sc ience,
B r ow n and O ' L e a r y
w o m e n are f i n d i n g a m o r e
in fields
such as
and l i v e s t o c k
(1977:8)
f o und t ha t r u r al
s a t i s f y i n g pl ac e
for t h e m s e l v e s
31
in e m p l o y m e n t
the more
status.
F ul t on
(1975:45-54)
f ou nd th at
" i n t e l l i g e n t " w o m e n m o v e d to u r b a n a re a s and
m a r r i e d m e n wh o o c c u p i e d h i g h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l s tat us es
t h a n the r u r al w o m e n ' s
opportunities
a ff ec t
fathers.
Thus, the o c c u p a t i o n a l
c r e a t e d by i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t m a y
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s for women.
Ho^:
There
r a ce
is a s i g n i f i c a n t
association between
and job m o b i l i t y a sp ira ti on .
It is
e x p e c t e d that d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l be fou nd
b e t w e e n b l a c k and w h i t e re sp on d en t s.
Walker
shar e l east
(197 3) r e p o r t e d t hat bl ac ks t e n d e d to
in the
e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t y c r e a t e d by
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t b e c a u s e of the
m a n y r u r a l S o u t h e r n c om m un it ie s.
s oc ial h i s t o r y o f
Moreover,
jobs g ai n ed
by b la c k s t e n d e d to be l o w - w a g e , b l u e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s
w i t h li tt le r o o m for ad va nc em en t.
l i m it e d p o s s i b i l i t i e s
s k i l l e d l ab o r
fessional
or
It fo ll o ws , then,
for bl a ck s to leave
se rv ic e,
that
un­
o r f a r m wo rk , or to en te r s a l a r i e d p r o ­
s kil le d, m a n u a l w o r k m a y af fe ct t h e i r job
m o b i l i t y as pi r at io n s.
Ho,.:
There
is a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n
e d u c a t i o n and job m o b i l i t y a sp ir at io n.
It is e x p e c t e d th at the g r e a t e r th e e d u ­
c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t the h i g h e r job m o b i l i t y
aspiration.
32
Christiansen
(1958)
that m o r e e d u c a t e d w o r k e r s
out n o n f a r m e mp lo ym en t.
and J e n k i n s
(1965) p o s i t e d
are m o re t h a n l i ke l y to
Fliegel
(1959)
seek
f ou n d no su ch
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e du c a t i o n and a s p i r a t i o n for lowincome
farmers.
On the o t h er hand,
S um me rs et al.
(1973)
r e p o r t e d that n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
is a c c o m p a n i e d
Ho_:
D
by a g r e a t e r i n c re a se
There
in po pu la t io n.
is a s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n
i nc o m e and
job m o b i l i t y asp ir at io n.
is e x p e c t e d t hat
It
as i nc o m e l ev el ris es
d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l be foun d in job m o b i l i t y
aspirations.
M a n y s t ud i es
a g g r eg a te
ha ve sh ow n th at an i n c r e a s e in the
i nc om e o f s ma ll t o w n r e s i d e n t s to be an i m ­
m e d i a t e b e ne fi t o f i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
Os bo r ne ,
1960;
W al l a c e ,
196*4).
most often
S i z e r and Cl if fo r d,
Crosswhite
(1963)
found a s p i r a t i o n
farme rs w ho
not.
r e p o r t e d t h at the
income.
F ur th er ,
Fliegel
levels to v a ry a m o n g low i nc o m e
s ec u r e d n o n f a r m e m p l o y m e n t
It f ol lo w s,
influence
S te v en s and
st at ed r e a s o n for t a k i n g n o n f a r m e m p l o y m e n t
by fa rm w o r k e r s w a s a d d i t i o n a l
(1959)
1966;
( B ertr an d and
then, that
and t h o s e w h o did
in c om e m a y d i f f e r e n t i a l l y
job m o b i l i t y aspira ti on .
In es se nc e ,
hypotheses
s e ve n and e i g h t r e p r e s e n t
the t e s t i n g of an a l t e r n a t i v e m o d e l w h i c h c o n t r o l s
for
33
the i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e t yp e of e m p l o y m e n t
n on pl an t) .
(plant
This a p p r o a c h w as d e c i d e d in o r d e r to
f u r t h e r e l a b o r a t e o n the s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t hi s
t e r ms of job m o b i l i t y
a sp i ra ti on s.
m u c h of the l i t e r a t u r e has
differences
workers
i sti cs
stud y in­
Theoretically,
s u g g e s t e d t h at t a n g i b l e
e x i s t e d b e t w e e n p l a n t w o r k e r s and n o n pl an t
i n te r ms o f v a ri o us
so c ia l and e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r ­
associated with industrial devleopment which may
i n f l u e n c e job m o b i l i t y
bas is
and
aspirations,
t hu s j u s t i f y i n g the
for t h i s approach.
Ho^:
For n o n p l a n t e m p l o y e e s ,
significant
t h e r e is a
a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n job
m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s and e a c h r e m a i n i n g
v a r i a b l e -- age,
and
plan t w o r k e r s
(1959)
r e p o r t e d that pla nt
favorably inclined toward industry
t h a n n o n pl a nt wo rk e rs .
that
S u mm e rs et al.
(1976) r e p o r t e d
t e n d e d to h a v e h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a l
a t t a i n m e n t s t ha t n o n p l a n t w o r k e r s in the
ar ea o f i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,
mobile,
ed u ca t io n,
income.
B e r t r a n d and O s b o r n e
w o r k e r s w e r e m or e
sex, r a ce ,
surrounding
to be m o re o c c u p a t i o n a l l y
and to h a ve a h i g h e r m e d i a n f a m i l y income.
It
f ol lo ws , t hen, t ha t the b e n f i t s o f i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
m a y h av e an e ffe ct on the o r i e n t a t i o n a sp e c t o f a s ­
piration .
34
Ho0:
For p la nt e mp l oy e es ,
ther e
is a si gn i fi -
O
cant
a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n job m o b i l i t y
a s p i r a t i o n s and e a c h r e m a i n i n g v a r i a b l e —
age,
F l ie g el
did not
sex, race,
e du ca t io n ,
and income.
(1959) r e p o r t e d th at t h o s e f a rm er s who
lo ok to i m p r o v e t h e i r e c o n o m i c
status t h r o u g h
n o n f a r m e m p l o y m e n t had lo wer a s p i r a t i o n s t h a n t h o s e who
did l o ok to n o n f a r m e mp lo y me n t.
literature
fa ct or s,
s ug g e s t e d that
p lant w o r k e r s
M o r e o v e r , m u c h o f the
i nt er m s of s o c i o e c o n o m i c
d i f f e r e d f r o m n o np la n t w or kers.
T hus,
it is e x p e c t e d that d i f f e r e n c e s
found
in job m o b i l i t y a sp iration.
In summary,
this
the m a j o r t h e o r e t i c a l c on c e p t
s tu d y is a t t i t ud e ,
p o s i t i o n to b e h a v e
s i t u a ti o n"
also w i l l be
d e f i n e d h ere
in
as "a p r e d i s ­
in ways w i t h r e g a r d to an ob j ec t or
( Ku vl es ky and Bealer,
1965;
Ro ke ac h,
1968).
Attitudes
lie at t he core o f h u m a n behavior.
represent
the n o n v e r b a l or s u b j e c t i v e a n t e c e d e n t s of
o v e r t b ehavior.
In th is
im pa ct o f e m p l o y m e n t
T h ey
study, the focus is on the
s i t u a t i o n s and s o c i a l - c u l t u r a l
f a ct or s o n job m o b i l i t y a s pi rat ion s.
Chapter 4
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
The p r o c e d u r e s u se d to c ol lec t the d a t a for this
study are set f o r th in this
in cl ud es
chapter.
This
s e c t i o n also
the o p e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n of v a r i a b l e s
analytical procedure utilized
and the
in the study.
Sampling Procedure
The d a t a u t i l i z e d
f ro m p e r s o n a l
in this
a n a ly s is w e r e
i n t e r v i e w s w i th pla nt and n o n pl a nt e m p l o y e e s
in a r u r a l area of e a s t - c e n t r a l
on i n t e r v i e w schedules.
L o u i s i a n a and r e c o r d e d
Supplementary
d a ta of the la rg er a r ea w e re s e cur ed
s ources,
sociodemographic
f ro m s e c o n d a r y
i n c l u d i n g state, p a r i s h and local censuses.
d a t a w e r e o bt a i n e d by six t ra i n e d
i n t e r v i e w s w er e c o n d u c t e d in the
A to tal of 152 e m p l oy e es
was
in ter vi e we rs .
of thre e h u n d r e d em pl oy ee s.
in the pl an t
The
cafete ri a.
The
The
su mmer and fall of 1977.
of the
i n d u s t r i a l p lant
se le c te d by a s y s t e m a t i c r a n d o m p r o c e d u r e
viewed
o b ta i ne d
su bj ec ts w er e
f r o m a list
inter­
R a n d o m r e p l a c e m e n t was
m a de w h en n ec ess ar y.
A community
se le c te d by the same
plant
employees.
s amp le of 147 n o n p l a n t
e m p l o y e e s was
s ys t em a t i c p r o c e d u r e u se d to select
In this case,
35
how ev er ,
s e l e c t i o n s w er e
36
m a d e f r om a list of r e g i s t e r e d v o t e r s who
t w e n t y - m i l e r a di u s
lived w i t h i n a
of the i n d u s t r i a l plant.
a r ea c o n s i s t e d of t h r e e wards,
T he target
w i t h the p r o p o r t i o n of
s ub je c ts d r a w n f r o m e a c h w a rd d e t e r m i n e d by the r e l a t i v e
size of the w a r d to the t o t a l c o m bi ne d p o p u l a t i o n of the
wards.
the ho me
Only thos e p e r s o n s who we re
or o ut s i d e the ho me w e r e
Operationalization
in te rvi ew ed .
of V a r i a b l e s
The v a r i a b l e s u t i l i z e d
ationalized
c u r r e n t l y e m p l o y e d in
in the
in this
following manner
study w e re o p e r ­
(see c om pl et e
q u e s t i o n n a i r e in ap pe nd ix ):
P lant E m p l o y e e s
the
—
W a ge and s al ar ie d
employees
of
i n d u s t r i a l plant.
Nonplant Employees —
oth er jobs
T ho s e wh o w e re
o ut s id e the plan t
in the
employed
in
surrounding
t ar ge t area.
Education —
Y ea r s of sc h oo l c o m p l e t e d were
d e f i n e d by t h ree c at egor ie s:
years,
n i n e to t we l ve years,
less than n i ne
and over tw e lv e
years.
I ncome —
A nn u a l
in co me r e c e i v e d
s ala ry was d e f i n e d by t hree
than
$5,000;
and over.
f r om w a ge and
cate go ri es :
$5 ,0 00 to $12,999;
and
less
$ 13,000
37
A ge -- E x a c t
as:
age at last b i r t h d a y was e v a l u a t e d
less t h a n t h i r t y - f i v e ,
fifty,
t h i r t y - f i v e to
a nd f i f t y - o n e and older.
Sex -- S ex was d ef i n e d by t wo c a teg or ie s:
m al e
and female.
R a ce -- R a c e was d ef i n e d by two c at egories:
b l a c k and w h i t e .
J ob m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by the
f o l l o w i n g ques ti on :
S up po se y o u w e r e o f f e r e d an o p p o r t u n i t y to m a ke a
s u b s t a n t i a l a d v a n c e in a job or o c cu pa t i o n .
In­
d i c a t e w h e t h e r the f o l l o w i n g things:
(1) w o u l d
stop y o u f r o m m a k i n g the change; (2) w o u l d be
s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d but w o u l d not stop you; (3)
w o u l d not m a t t e r at all.
(Write d o n 't k n o w or
u n c e r t a i n if a p p r o p r i a t e . )
J ob m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s w e re m e a s u r e d by a
s e v e n t e e n - i t e m sc ale o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d by L e on ar d
Reissman
(1953) to m e a s u r e
aspirations
w h i c h o f the
the
f or job m ob i li ty .
first, o n l y t h o se
(1979:7)
two c r i t e r i a w e r e e mployed:
items that d id not d e v i a t e
(too low or too h igh)
in the
f ro m the o v e r - a l l
scale, w e re r e ta in ed .
s u g g e s t e d th at this m e t h o d
for d e t e r m i n i n g w h i c h items
ingly,
In o r d e r to d e t e r m i n e
s e v e n t e e n items we re d i s c r i m i n a t i n g for
job m o b i l i t y s cale,
items
i n t e n s i t y of o c c u p a t i o n a l
eight o f the
greatly
sc ore for all
S t e e l m a n et al.
is a u s e f u l c r i t e r i o n
s hould be r et a in e d.
Accord­
s e v e n t e e n items were r e tai ne d.
These
38
ei gh t
po n en t
items we re f a c t o r a n a l y z e d u s i n g p r i n c i p a l c o m ­
a n a l y s i s w i t h v a r i m a x r o t a t i o n to a s c e r t a i n the
u n i d i m e n s i o n a l i t y o f the
fa c to r l e a di n gs o f
(1969:17)
items.
A ll eig h t items had
0.6 9 or higher.
R o b i n s o n et al.
p o i n t e d out th at w h e n all fa ct o r w e i g h t i n g s
are b e t w e e n
.15 and
i n d et e rm in a nt .
.45, the
f ac t o r s t r u c tu r e
I te m s w h i c h load at
p er c e n t o f t h e i r v a r i a n c e e x p l a i n e d
m i n i m u m a v e ra g e l o a d i n g o f
seems
.4000 h a v e s i x te en
in a factor.
A
.5000 or some o t h e r w ei g h t
m i g h t also be u s e d as a c r i t e r i o n for e v a l u a t i n g an index.
ITEM S
FA CT OR L O AD IN G S
1.
Leaving your community
0.71445
2.
G i v i n g up y o u r
0.75946
3.
K e e p i n g q uiet
a bo ut p o l i t i c a l vi ews
0.70713
4.
K e e p i n g q uiet
ab out r e l i g i o u s
0.70370
5.
T r a v e l i n g f i f t y m i l e s to w o r k
0.77085
6.
T a k i n g a job f a r m i n g
0.69199
7.
Joining a labor union
0.73125
8.
Changing your political party
0.71403
s pare ti me
views
39
TABLE 1
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR ITEMS
MEASURING JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATION
Items
Mean
Standard Deviation
1.
Leaving your community
2.11+1+78
1.25037
2.
Giving up your spare
time
2.03367
1.23253
Keeping quiet about
political views
2.2791+6
1.2991+3
Keeping quiet about
religious views
2 .11+11+1
1.31270
Traveling 50 miles
to work
2.0131+7
1.21+925
6.
Taking a job farming
2.93939
1.32659
7.
Joining a labor union
2.17172
1.27901+
8.
Changing your political
party
2.12795
1.1+3689
3.
1+.
5.
S t a t i s t i c a l A na l y s i s
The s t a t i s t i c a l p r o c e d u r e u se d to test h y p o t h e s e s
was A na l y s i s
a llows
of V a r i a n c e
(ANOV).
A na l y s i s
of V a r i a n c e
for the t e s t i n g of t o ta l v a r i a bi li t y.
for d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g m e a n s
It tests
of m o re t h an two samples.
A N O V can g e n e r a l l y be us ed w h e n t e s t i n g for a r e l a t i o n ­
ship b e t w e e n a n o m i n a l
i n t e rv a l scale.
(or h i g h e r order)
The a s s u m p t i o n s
a ss um es n or m al i ty ,
scale and an
for a n a ly si s
i n d e p e n d e n t r a n d o m samples,
p o p u l a t i o n s ta n d a r d de vi at i on s.
w ill be that p o p u l a t i o n me an s
of v a r i a n c e
and equal
The n u ll h y p o t h e s i s
are equal.
The test
i nvo lv es w o r k i n g d i r e c t l y w i t h v a r i a n c e s r a t h e r than
me an s
and s ta nd ar d
e rr or s
(Blalock,
1972).
Ch a p t e r
5
C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S OF T HE S AM P L E
In this c h a p te r,
demographic
an a n a l y s i s o f the
characteristics of respondents
is pro vi de d.
T h e se
include:
sex,
in the
r ace, age,
i ncome, o c c u p a t i o n c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,
The age d i s t r i b u t i o n
socio­
sample
e du cat i on ,
and r es id en ce .
is p r e s e n t e d
in T a b le
2.
F o r t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f the r e s p o n d e n t s w e re y o u n g w o r ke r s,
less t ha n t h i r t y - f i v e y ea rs old.
Approximately,
30.4
p e r c e n t o f t he r e s p o n d e n t s w e re t h i r t y - f i v e to fifty
yea rs old.
O n ly t w e n t y - o n e p e r c e n t o f t he r e s p o n d e n t s
w e re f i f t y - o n e y ea r s o l d or older.
As seen in T a b l e
3, f em al es
p e r c e n t o f the sa mp le w h i l e m a l e s
That
fact that
female has
comprised
50.5
48.5 percent.
a large p e r c e n t a g e of w o r k for ce was
far r e a c h i n g i m p l i c a t i o n s
of the commun it y.
r ural
comprised
Traditionally,
for th e e co n o m y
f e ma l e e m p l o y m e n t
in
i n d u s t r i a l a r ea s has b e e n m a r k e d by l o w e r w age s
in u n s k i l l e d or s e m i s k i l l e d o cc u p a t i o n s .
As se en in Ta bl e
4, b la c k s r e p r e s e n t e d o n l y 17.4
p e r c e n t of
th e r e s p o n d e n t s
in the
study.
percent of
the r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e white.
Eighty-two
The e d u c a t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n is p r e s e n t e d in
T a b le
ment
5.
M o s t o f the w o r k e r s had an e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n ­
of at least t w e l v e years.
41
A p p r o x i m a t e l y 49.5 p e rce nt
42
TABLE
2
AGE COMPOSITION OF RESPONDENTS
Age
Number of Respondents
Less than 35
138
46.2
35-50
91
30.14
51 and older
614
21.4
6
2.0
299
100.0
No response
Total
Percent
TABLE 3
SEX COMPOSITION OF RESPONDENTS
Sex
Number of Respondents
Percent
Male
1^5
1+8.5
Female
151
50.5
3
1.0
299
100.0
No response
Total
44
TABLE 4
RACE COMPOSITION OF RESPONDENTS
Race
Number of Respondents
Percent
Black
52
17.4
White
246
82.3
1
0.3
299
100.0
No response
Total
45
TABLE 5
EDUCATION DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
Level of
Education
Number of Respondents
Percent
Elementary
8 yrs. or less
24
8.0
High School
1 to 3 yrs.
53
17.7
148
49.5
College
1 to 3 yrs.
38
12.7
4 yrs.
20
6.7
No response
16
5.4
299
100.0
4 yrs.
Total
46
o f the r e s p o n d e n t s h ad four ye ars o f h i g h school.
A
l it tl e o v e r t w e l v e p e r ce nt had one to t h r e e y e a r s of
college.
d en ts ,
A s i g n i f i c a n t l y small p e r c e n t a g e o f r e s p o n ­
8.0 p e r c e n t , h ad an e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t of
eight y e ar s or less.
As can be
seen in T ab le
p e r c e n t o f the r e s p o n d e n t s
t h a n f iv e t h o u s a n d
6, a p p r o x i m a t e l y
22.7
had an an nu al in c om e less
dollars.
T h i r t y p e r ce n t h ad an
a nn u a l i nc om e g r e a t e r t h a n five t h o u s a n d d o ll a rs ,
not g r e a t e r t h a n e ig h t t h o u s a n d dollars.
hand,
2 9.1 p e r c e n t
but
On th e o t h e r
of the r e s p o n d e n t s h ad an a nn u a l i n ­
come o f t en t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s or more.
Pla nt
employees
o c c u p a t i o n a l gr ou pi ngs .
fell l ar g e l y into three
As
s hown in Ta ble
w o r k e r s w e r e l a r g e l y e m p l o y e d as lab ore rs ,
o r c l e r i c a l wo rk er s.
7, plant
o pe r at o rs ,
T h e s e t hr e e c a t e g o r i e s r e p r e s e n t e d
o v er e i g h t y p e r c e n t o f the
i n d u s t r i a l emp lo ye es .
Non­
pla nt w o r k e r s t e n d e d to be m or e e ve n l y r e p r e s e n t e d a m o n g
the v a r i o u s po s it i on s.
For e xa mp l e,
professional, technical
and k in d r e d o cc u pa t i o n s .
w or k e r s w e r e the
15.6 p e r c e n t
li st ed
Service
se c on d h i g h e s t o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p in g,
and c l e r i c a l and k i n d r e d w o r k e r s we re the t h i r d
lar ge st
c a t e g o r y a m o n g the r e s p o n s e s g i v e n b y n o n p l a n t wor ke rs ;
43.6 p e r c e n t o f t he n o n p l a n t
f es s io n a l , m a n a g e r i a l ,
em p lo y ee s w o r k e d in p r o ­
c l e r i c a l and sales positi on s.
47
TABLE
6
INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
Income
Number of Respondents
Percent
Less than 5,000
68
22.7
5,000-7,999
91
30.4
8,000-9,999
37
12.4
Greater than 10,000
87
29.1
No response
16
5.4
299
100.0
Total
48
TABLE 7
OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF PRESENT JOB
FOR PLANT AND NONPLANT EMPLOYEES
Occupational
Classification
Professional, technical and
kindred workers
Managers, administration,
except farm
Sales workers
Clerical and kindred workers
Craftsmen and kindred workers
Operators (machine)
Laborers, except farm
Farmers and farm managers
Farm laborers and farm foremen
Service workers, except
private households
Private households
Homemakers only
Miscellaneous
Not applicable
No response
Total
(Plant)
Present Job
Number
Percent
(Nonplant)
Present Job
Number
Percent
2
1.3
23
15.6
4
2.6
16
16.0
18
8.0
39.2
25.0
12
13
13
3
6
11.0
4.7
12.2
. 8.1
8.8
8.8
2.0
4.0
13.0
1.3
0.0
4.7
2.0
3.4
100.0
7
24
12
60
38
11
7.2
1
0.7
19
2
0
7
3
5
152
100.0
147
49
The vast m a j o r i t y of the r e s p o n d e n t s r e s i d e d
w i t h i n L aSalle
Parish
(90.6 percent).
Approximately
eig h t y p e r c e n t o f the r e s p o n d e n t s ha d b e e n l i v i n g at
t h e i r p re s e n t r e s i d e n c e s
sev en yea rs or more.
f o r t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t of the r e s p o n d e n t s
selves c o u n t r y r e s i d e n t s , w h i l e
t h e m s e l v e s to be
the
st u d y r e f l e c t s
considered them­
51.9 p e r c e n t c o n s i d e r e d
s ma l l t own d w e l l e r s
In summary,
A bo u t
(Table
8).
a p r o f i l e of all r e s p o n d e n t s
that the m a j o r i t y w e re young,
wi th at least a h i g h
sch ool deg ree,
over five t h o u s a n d dollars.
Plant
in
white,
and a m e d i a n inco me
employees worked
la r g e l y in n o n p r o f e s s i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n s , w h i l e n o n p l a n t
wo r k e r s t e n d e d to
occupations.
(64 p er c e n t ) w o r k in more
diversified
50
TABLE 8
RESIDENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Characteristics
Number of
Respondents
Percent
Residency classification
Parish resident
271
90.6
26
8.7
2
0.7
299
100.0
33
11.0
107
35.8
1*9
16 .U
106
. 35-5
Town (11,000-50,000)
2
0.7
No response
2
0.7
299
100.0
One or less
23
7.7
2 to 6
hi
13.7
233
77.9
2
0.7
299
100.0
Non-parish resident
No response
Total
Location of residence
Open country/farm
Open country/nonfarm
Small town (2,500)
Small town (2,500-10,000)
Total
Years at residence
T or more
No response
Total
Chapter
6
ANALYSIS
The p u r p o s e of this
se c t i o n is to test the h y ­
p o t hes es w h i c h w e r e d e v e l o p e d for this
essence,
of the
study.
In
the tests of the h y p o t h e s e s r e p r e s e n t the test
st udy model.
The
study m o d e l cal l e d for the
d e t e r m i n a t i o n of th e a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n e a c h of the
independent variables
sex, race,
(type of e m p l o y m e n t ,
and ed u c a t i o n )
income,
age,
and t he d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e
(job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s ) .
The o b j e c t i v e was to d e t e r ­
m i n e w h e t h e r or not the i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s were
s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to job m o b i l i t y as p i r a t i o n ,
d i r e c t i o n of the rel at i o n s h i p s .
m i n e the ex ten t to w h i c h the
and the
The a im was to d e t e r ­
i n d e p e n d e n t va r i a b l e s
con­
t r i b u t e d to e x p l a i n i n g job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s of
i n d i v i d u a l s who r e s i d e d
Theoretically,
in an i n d u s t r i a l i z i n g r u r a l area.
it was a ss ume d that
job m o b i l i t y
a s p i r a t i o n s w o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by the
so ci a l e n v i r o n m e n t of the
of r u r a l d e v e lop me nt.
type of e m p l o y m e n t ,
s t u dy area, w h i c h was the
In o t h e r wo rd s ,
income,
age,
sex,
f act or s
race,
site
such as
and e d u c a ­
t i o n w i t h i n an a r ea e x p e r i e n c i n g r a pi d i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p ­
men t, w o ul d d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e o c c u p a t i o n a l a t t i ­
tudes
(job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s )
s u r r o u n d i n g area.
51
of the p o p u l a t i o n in the
It was h y p o t h e s i z e d that t h er e w o u l d be a
si gni f i c a n t
a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n t y p e o f em p l o y m e n t
job m o b i l i t y a s p ir ati ons .
and
In o t h e r w or d s , w h e t h e r or
not one was e m p l o y e d in the n e w l y d e v e l o p e d manu factoring industry would
m o b i l i t y asp ira tio ns .
i n f l u e n c e on e's
In this reg ard ,
level of job
p lant
employees
w ere e x p e c t e d to h a v e h i g h e r job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
t ha n n o n p l a n t
employees.
H ow eve r,
t hi s
st udy f ou n d no
s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n type of e m p l o y m e n t and
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
a s p i r a t i o n s were
of em ployment.
(p = 0.28).
Job m o b i l i t y
not i n f l u e n c e d d i f f e r e n t i a l l y by type
Thus the a s s u m p t i o n that
job m o b i l i t y
aspirations would
be d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by type
of e m p l o y m e n t was
not s u p p o r t e d by t h e data.
The
d i r e c t i o n of the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the two va r i a b l e s
can be d e t e r m i n e d
by e x a m i n i n g th e a d j u s t e d m e a n s of
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
p l a nt employees.
aspirations
As sh own in Tabl e
scores
em p l o y e e s w ere
for p l a n t e m p l o y e e s
9, m e a n job m o b i l i t y
for plant e m p l o y e e s
ver y similar,
1.98 and
and n o n pla nt
2.08, r e s p e c t i v e l y
A l t h o u g h s tudies m e a s u r i n g d i f f e r e n t
d i f f e r fr om n o n p l a n t w or k e r s
Summers et a l . , 1976,
1973;
fo und no such evidence.
f i n d i n g is that
and n o n ­
att itu de s
( Be rtrand and O sb o r n e ,
Fliegel,
195 9
1959), t h i s st udy
A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n for this
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t m a y not h ave
53
TABLE 9
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT
AND' JOB MOBILITY, ASPIRATIONS
Type of Employment
Least Square Means
Number
Percent
Plant
1.986
151
51.2
Nonplant
2.086
Ikk
1*8.8
295
100.0
Total
Sourcei F value 1.1T5 pr> f 0.280, df = 1, R-Square 0.003.
Probability not significant at .05 level.
54
p r o d u c e d e n o u g h ch ang es
o f the
sociodemographic character
stu dy a re a to p r o d u c e a s i g n i f ic ant d i f f e r e n c e
occupational
pl ant
in the
attitudes.
and n o n p l a n t
in
It should be n o ted that b ot h
e m p lo yee s w er e p r e d o m i n a n t l y b l ue -
co ll a r wor k e r s , w h o a p p a r e n t l y p o s s e s s e d s i m i l a r a s p i r a ­
tio ns t owa r d
job m obility.
A n a n aly si s of race and job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
is p r e s e n t e d
significant
in T a b l e
10.
It w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d that
a s s o c i a t i o n w o u l d be found
m o b i l i t y as pir a t i o n s .
a
for race and job
It was e x p e c t e d that b l a c k w o r k e r s
w o u l d have h i g h e r job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s t h a n w h i te
workers.
This
stud y found no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
between black workers
o t h e r wo rds ,
mining
that
r ace was not
a si g n i f i c a n t
job m o b i l i t y aspirations.
job m o b i l i t y
influenced
workers
and w h i t e w o r k e r s
(p = 0.764).
fac to r d e t e r ­
Thus, th e h y p o t h e s i s
a s p i r a t i o n s w o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i a l l y
by r ac e was not
su p p o r t e d by the data.
and wh i t e w o r k e r s had e q u i v a l e n t
aspiration
levels,
Black
job m o b i l i t y
2.064 and 2.031 r esp ec t i v e l y .
A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n for this
the u n d e r - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of blacks
f i n d i n g is that
in the
"labor pool"
has p o s s i b l y and s e l e c t i v e l y a c c o u n t e d for the
difference
lack of
found in job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s b e t w e e n
b l a c k w o r k e r s and w h i t e workers.
a s p i r a t i o n s we re
In
W h i l e job m o b i l i t y
a p p a r e n t l y i n f l u e n c e d by social
TABLE 10
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF RACE
AND JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Race
Least Square Means
Number
Percent
Black
2.0 6 k
52
17.7
White
2.031
2b 2
82.3
29b
100.0
Total
Source: F value 0.27» pr^ f O.76U, df = 2, R-Square 0.001.
Probability not significant at .05 level.
56
e n v i r o n m e n t a l f act or s
as o p p o s e d to race,
true that blac ks in the So u t h have
it has been
shared least
in the
e c o n o m i c gro w t h o f c o m m u n i t i e s w h i c h have u n d e r g o n e
rapid industrialization
Wa lker,
1973).
position
(Till,
1972;
Kuehn,
It sh oul d be n o t e d that o c c u p a t i o n a l
is a s t r u c t u r a l fa ct o r r e l a t e d to so cia l
s t r a t i f i c a t i o n w h i c h has not p r o d u c e d
differences
and w h i t e s
viously,
Mo re
in jo b m o b i l i t y
in c l u d e d
bl ac k s
employees
in the
comprised
specifically,
plant
1972 and
a s p i r at ion s b e t w e e n blacks
study.
As i n d i c a t e d p r e ­
17.7 per c e n t o f the
b la c k s
and o n l y
s ig nif ica nt
comprised
sample.
26.7 p er c e n t of the
8.1 p er c e n t of the nonpl an t
employees.
It w a s h y p o t h e s i z e d that a s ign if i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
w o u l d be found b e t w e e n
sex and job m o b i l i t y aspirations.
I n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t was t ho u g h t to create o p p o r ­
tunities
wo uld
for wom en,
p a r t i c u l a r l y in e m p l o y m e n t w h i c h
be m a n i f e s t e d by the d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
to wa r d
job m o b i l i t y a s p ira tio ns .
opportunities,
in att it ude s
Bec au se of the s e
it was ex p e c t e d that w o r k i n g w o m e n wo uld
have h i g h e r job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s t ha n w o r k i n g men.
Howev er ,
this
s t udy found no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n sex and job m o b i l i t y aspi ra tio ns.
mean
scores
Adjusted
i n d i c a t e d that me n and w o m e n had s im i l a r job
mobility aspirations,
2.02
and 2.04 r e s p e c t i v e l y
(Table 11).
57
TABLE 11
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF SEX AND
JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Sex
Least Square Means
Male
2.02
1^5
1+9-2
Female
2.0U
150
50.8
295
100.0
Total
Number
Source: F value 0.09, pr> f O.76, df = 1, R-Square 0.000.
Probability not significant at .05 level.
Percent
58
It should be p o i n t e d out that
were m a i n l y plant
fe mal e w o r k e r s
e m p l o y e e s , w o r k i n g in low o c c u p a t i o n a l ,
b l u e - c o l l a r jobs, w h i l e m a l e s t e n d e d to be n o n p l a n t
blue-collar workers
p a t i o n a l fields.
women,
e m p l o y e d in m o r e d i v e r s i f i e d o c c u ­
T h e s e f i nd ing s
in spite of l o w - l e v e l o c c u p a t i o n s ,
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
the
s ug gest that w o r k i n g
as men.
This
had s im i l a r
is r a t h e r new
in
sense that r u r a l w o m e n h a v e b ee n s h ow n to r e m a i n
s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o r e t r a d i t i o n a l in at t i t u d e s t h a n u r ba n
women
(Stokes and W i l l i t s ,
Brown and O ' L e a r y
(1977:8)
1974).
On th e o t h e r hand,
p o s i t e d that m o r e and m ore
rur al w o m e n are f i n d i n g a m o r e s a t i s f y i n g pl a c e
themselves
in e m p l o y m e n t
ne a r l y t w o - t h i r d s
in r u r a l areas.
of r u r a l w o m e n w o r k e d
for
As of 1970,
full-time.
W o m e n a c c o u n t e d for e i g h t y - n i n e p e r c e n t o f all new jobs
in n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n c o u n t i e s b e t w e e n 1960 and 1970.
the
s i m i l a r i t y of a t t i t u d e tow a r d
Thus,
job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
ra tio ns m a y be a r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t p h e n o m e n o n
in f l u e n c e d
by i n d u s t r i a l d ev elo p m e n t .
It was h y p o t h e s i z e d that t h e r e w o u l d be a p o s i t i v e
association between
age and job m o b i l i t y asp ir ations.
Industrial development
in r u r a l areas
has be en sh own to a tt r a c t
were,
on the
average,
p a t i o n a l l y mobile.
small t o wn s
and r e t a i n y o u n g p e o p l e who
m o re ed u c a t e d ,
It was
and
y o u n g e r and o c c u ­
e x p e c t e d that
young workers
59
w o u l d r a n k h i g h e r on the
In o t h e r words,
have h i g h e r
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n scale.
y o u n g r e s p o n d e n t s w ere m o re
l ike l y to
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s t ha n o l d e r workers.
There was v i r t u a l l y no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
bet w e e n age and job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
The d i r e c t i o n of the r e l a t i o n s h i p s
mobility aspirations
for the t h r ee
level d e c r e a s e d
b e t w e e n age and job
can be d e t e r m i n e d by e x a m i n a t i o n o f
the a dj u s t e d m e a n scores.
scores
age
As
seen in T a b le
lev el s
12, m e a n
i n di cat e that as the age
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
sl i g h t l y but yet not
(p = 0.123).
s ign ifi ca ntl y.
i n c rea sed
Thus the r e l a t i o n s h i p
b e t w e e n age and job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s was p o s i t i v e or
in t he p r e d i c t e d d i r e c t i o n ,
significant
(2.12,
1.97,
but the d i f f e r e n c e was not
and 1.90 r es pe c t i v e l y ) .
A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n for not
f i n d i n g any s i g ­
ni f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n age and job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
ra t i o n s
is that m os t of the r e s p o n d e n t s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y
y o u n g people.
In this study,
plant e m p l o y m e n t
for the
m a j o r i t y of w o m e n r e p r e s e n t e d t h e i r first r e a l w o r k
e x p e r i e n c e o u t s i d e the home.
M or e
importantly, however,
m i n i n g f ac t o r for e m p l o y m e n t
possible
age was not a d e t e r ­
in the plant.
fa ct o r was m i g r a t i o n p a t t e r n s
i n d u s t r i a l dev elo p m e n t .
that there
Su mme rs et al.
Another
c r e a t e d by
(1976) n oted
is the p o s s i b i l i t y of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
60
TABLE 12
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF AGE AND
JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Age
Least Square Means
Number
Percent
Less than 35
2.12
138
1+7-3
35 to 50
1.97
90
30.8
51 and over
1.90
61+
21.9
292
100.0
Total
Source: F value 2.10 p > f 0.123, R-Square 0.011+3, df = 2.
Probability not significant at .05 level.
61
curtailing out-migration,
w h i c h w o u l d h el p m a i n t a i n a
high d eg r e e o f h o m o g e n e i t y
in the a r ea in t e r ms of a t t i ­
t u d es or job m o b i l i t y asp ir ati ons .
The a s s o c i a t i o n of income w i t h job m o b i l i t y
aspirations
is s hown in T a b l e
13.
It was h y p o t h e s i z e d
that t h e r e w o u l d be a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
i nco m e and
mediate
job m o b i l i t y asp ira tio ns .
One of the i m ­
benefits of industrial development
metropolitan
aggregate
communities
has b e e n the
in n o n ­
inc r e a s e
in the
inc o m e of r u r a l p e o p l e w h o sec u r e d n o n f a r m
em plo ym ent .
Furth er, the
adv e n t of a d d i t i o n a l income
from n o n f a r m e m p l o y m e n t has been a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i n ­
fluencing occupational
it was
e x p e c t e d that
as in co m e
m o b i l i t y asp ir a t i o n s .
e x p e c t e d to be more
that would
aspi ra tio ns.
Thus,
In t hi s reg ard,
i n c r eas ed,
so w o u l d job
t h o s e w i t h h i g h inc om e w e re
d i s p o s e d to w a r d d o i n g t h o s e thi ngs
enhance their economic
s t a t u s , thereby
i n f l u e n c i n g job m o b i l i t y a s p ira tio ns .
However,
s t u dy found no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
and
that
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
(p = 0.150).
The
this
income
assumption
job m o b i l i t y w o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d
in c o m e was
not
su p p o r t e d by the data.
H o w e v e r , m e a n scores
less t h a n
by
5,000;
for the t h re e
5 .0 00- 1 2 , 9 9 9 ;
in the p r e d i c t e d directio n.
and 13,000
inc om e
levels,
and o v e r were
As inco me i n c r e a s e d ,
job
62
TABLE 13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF INCOME LEVEL
AND JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Income Level
Least Square Means
Number
Percent
Less than 5,000
2.150
115
1+0.9
5,000-12,000
2.006
118
1+2.0
13,000 and over
1.901
1+8
17-1
281
100.0
Total
Source: F value 1.91, pr> f 0.150, df = 2, R-Square 0.013.
Probability not significant at .05 level.
63
mobility aspirations decreased
1.90 res pe c t i v e l y ) .
the
sl i g h t l y
(2.15,
2.00 and
A n o t h e r w a y o f p u t t i n g it is that
lo wer the i nc o m e level, the h i g h e r the job m o b i l i t y
asp ir ations.
mobility
The
slight d i r e c t i o n a l increa se in job
a s p i r a t i o n s t e nd s to support
Ol sen's
(1960)
st udy w h i c h foun d that r u r a l peo p l e wi th low in co me and
social
status e x p e r i e n c e d h i g h o c c u p a t i o n a l mobility.
A tentative
e x p l a n a t i o n for this fin d i n g is that
i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of the a r e a has not pr o d u c e d eno ugh
change
about
among residents
in the
significant difference
asp ira tio ns .
Al so,
s u r r o u n d i n g areas to b r i n g
in income and job m o b i l i t y
it is v er y p o s s i b l e that the c o m ­
m u n i t y as a w h o l e was r a t h e r homoge ne ous .
negative directional pattern
mo b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
In this
case,
of f a cto rs
found
is i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h
in most r u r a l communities.
i nco m e is p o s s i b l y o n l y one of a series
i n f l u e n c i n g o c c u p a t i o n a l attitudes.
The
a n a l y s i s of e d u c a t i o n and job m o b i l i t y
aspirations
sized that
slight
found b e t w e e n income and job
for in com e
attitudinal variations
The
is p r e s e n t e d
in Tab le
14.
It was h y p o t h e ­
a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p w ou l d be found
between education
e x p e c t e d that
and job m o b i l i t y asp ir ations.
b e c a u s e of h i g h e d u c a t i o n a l a tt ain me nt,
h a v i n g been e x p o s e d to m ore
environment,
It was
sti mul i w i t h i n the
and t h e r e b y m o re
social
a c q u a i n t e d w i t h life in an
64
TABLE 14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF EDUCATION
AND JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Education Level
Least Square Means
Number
Percent
Less than 9 years
1.96
37
12.6
9-12 years
2.06
199
67.7
Over 12 years
1.98
58
19.7
29b
100.0
Total
Source: F value O.kO, p r > f 0.671, df = 2, R-Square 0.002.
Probability not significant at .05 level.
i n d u s t r i a l i z i n g society,
In o t he r w or d s ,
d i f f e r e n c e s w o uld be found.
it w a s e x p e c t e d that
job m o b i l i t y a s ­
p i r a t i o n s w o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by
e d u c a t i o n a l attain me nt.
fe rence was
How e v e r no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f ­
found b e t w e e n e d u c a t i o n and
aspirations.
In o t h e r words,
job m o b i l i t y
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
w e r e not d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by e d u c a t i o n
(p = 0.671).
T h e r e f o r e , the a s s u m p t i o n that
job
m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s w o u l d be d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i nfl ue n c e d
by e d u c a t i o n was not
s u p p o r t e d by the data.
As shown in T a b l e
ra tio n
scores
14, m e a n job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
for th e t hr e e e d u c a t i o n a l
di f f e r g r e a t l y -- less t h a n
(2.06),
and 12 years
ed u c a t i o n in cr ea s e d ,
9 years
and o v e r
levels di d not
(1.96),
(1.98).
9-12 years
Thus,
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
as
increased
sl i g h t l y up to t w e l v e ye ars of sch ool and t h e r e a f t e r
d e c l i n e d slightly.
S eve ral s tudies h ave
shown that
in d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t has r a i s e d the e d u c a t i o n a l
a t t a inm ent of n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n c o m m u n i t i e s
towns
1979).
(Summers et a l . , 1976,
Kern et al.
(1970)
e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t w as
in the
1973;
and small
L ons dal e and Seyer,
sug ges te d that
i n c r ea sed
c o n c o m i t a n t w i t h an i n c r e a s e
c o m p l e x i t y of the o c c u p a t i o n a l st r u c t u r e w h i c h
may affect a s pi rat ion s.
This stu dy found no such
evi d e n c e of a t t i t u d i n a l change,
e ve n t h o u g h a g r e a t e r
66
p e r c e n t a g e of the r e s p o n d e n t s had e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n ­
me nts o f at least h i g h school.
less t h a n nine yea rs,
O n l y 12.6 p e r c e n t had
and 19.2 p erc ent ha d t w e l v e
ye ars o r more.
It is p o s s i b l e that e n o u g h time m a y not h a ve
el a p s e d to b r i n g about
significant
a t t i t u d i n a l chang es,
in te rms of job m o b i l i t y asp ir ations.
the a r e a of i n v e s t i g a t i o n was rur al,
may h a ve cre a t e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s
T h e n too,
since
industrialization
and services w h i c h
o f f e r e d p o s s i b l y a b e t t e r q u a l i t y of life in the
co mmu ni ty,
t h e r e b y l i m i t i n g the n u m b e r of i n d i v i d u a l s
w ho w ere w i l l i n g to ve n t u r e o u t s i d e the
growth.
In this
f act o r whi ch,
case,
are a of e c o n o m i c
e d u c a t i o n m a y be a s e c o n d a r y
in time, m a y lead to d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
terms of job m o b i l i t y a spi rations,
educational attainment
for new o p p o r t u n i t i e s
in
as t ho s e w i t h h i g h e r
look o u t s i d e the i m m e d i a t e area
and
services.
The test of the m o d i f i e d m o d e l c o n s i s t e d of
c o n t r o l l i n g for the
employment"
independent variable,
(plant and nonplant).
se ven and eight,
the
"type of
To test h y p o t h e s e s
in itial m o d e l found no s i g n i f i c a n t
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n any of the i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s
and job m o b i l i t y a s pi rat ion s.
The an a l y s i s r e v e a l e d
that of the r e m a i n i n g five i n d e p e n d e n t
age was
v a r i a b l e s o n ly
found to be s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h job
mobility aspirations
a m o n g plant w o r k e r s
(p = 0.01).
The d i r e c t i o n of the r e l a t i o n s h i p in t e rms o f the
adjusted mean
increased,
scores
i n d i c a t e d that as the age level
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n d e c r e a s e d
In o t h e r word s,
y o u n g e r p lant w o r k e r s had h i g h e r
m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s t h a n o l d e r wo r k e r s ,
and 1.8*4 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
the
(Table
This
2.02,
15).
job
1.85,
f i n d i n g is s u p p o r t i v e o f
l i t e r a t u r e w h i c h r e p o r t e d that y o u n g w o r k e r s were
mo re o c c u p a t i o n a l l y m o b i l e
rienced
in c o m m u n i t i e s that
industrial development
expe­
(Summers et a l . , 1976),
and that o l d e r w o r k e r s w er e m o r e
sa t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i r
jobs and less o c c u p a t i o n a l l y m o b i l e
(Durant,
1979).
A m o n g n o n p l a n t w o r k e r s o n l y inc o m e was
found to
be s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s
(p = 0.05).
in c o m e
r at i o n s
Mean
level the
--
2.42,
This f i n d i n g
aspiration
sc ore s
i n d i c a t e d that the
s l i g h t l y h i g h e r the
2.11,
supports
lower the
job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
and 1.84 r e s p e c t i v e l y
F l i eg el 's
(1959)
(Table 16).
study w h i c h found
level to be h i g h e r a m o n g low i nco m e farmers.
T h e r e was no such e v i d e n c e foun d b e t w e e n inc om e and job
mobility aspirations
A plausible
for pl ant workers.
e x p l a n a t i o n for the d i f f e r e n c e found
b e t w e e n n o n p l a n t w o r k e r s m a y ce n t e r o n the
fact that the
m a j o r i t y of n o n p l a n t w o r k e r s w e r e male , w o r k i n g in m o r e
diversified occupational
fields,
and, on the average,
68
TABLE 15
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR PLANT EMPLOYEES
AND JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Variables
Income
Categories
Less than 5,000
' 5,000 to 12,999
13,000 and over
Means
Sums of
Squares
N=
F Value
P> F
2.02
1.92
2.22
0.79
78
66 (151)
7
1.93
0.11+
93
37 (150)
20
1+.09
0.01*
1*0
0.68
0.50
Age
0-3^
35-50
51 and older
2.0 6
1.85
1.81*
1.62
Race
White
Black
1.97
2.00
0.28
Sex
Male
Female
2.05
1.95
0 . 3k
51
100 (151)
1.66
1.66
Education
Less than 9 yr.
9-12 yr.
Over 12 yr.
2. Oi*
1.97
2.0U
O.lU
12
117 (151)
22
0.35
0.70
High
Higher
1.97
1.99
0.00
0.03
0.87
Community
Satis­
faction
*P = .0 5
**p = .0 1
110 (150)
1+0
111 (151)
69
TABLE 16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR NONPLANT EMPLOYEES
AND JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Categories
Variables
Means
Sums of
Squares
N=
F Value
P> F
Income
Less than 5»000
5.000 to 12,999
13.000 and over
2.U2
2.11
1.8U
6 .k6
37
52 (130)
1+1
2.92
0.05*
Age
0-3k
35-50
51 and older
2.26
2 .k2
^5
53 (1U2)
l.lU
0.32
2.05
1.93
Race
Black
White
2.07
2.21
0.23
0.22
o.6it
Sex
Male
Female
2.00
2 .2k
1.85
1.77
0.18
Less than 9 yr.
9-12 yr.
Over 12 yr.
1.92
2.19
2.33
1.10
0.33
High
Higher
2.32
2.05
0.9^
0.33
Education
Community
Satis­
faction
*P = .05
**p = .01
kk
12
132 (lU)
9k
50 (lUlt)
25
82 (lk3)
1.9k
36
0.98
16
128 (Ikk)
70
h a v i n g an a nn u a l inc ome h i g h e r t ha n plant workers.
haps
low inco me no n p l a n t w o r k e r s
e c o n o m i c status
tunities
Per­
sought to imp r o v e t h e i r
in o c c u p a t i o n a l areas o f g r e a t e r o p p o r ­
and w er e
d i s p o s e d to d o i n g t h o s e t h i n g s that
m a y e n h a n c e t h e i r status.
In summary,
the i ni t i a l m o d e l for this
c o n s i s t e d of six i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s
(type of e m p l o y ­
m ent,
se v e r a l s o c i o d e m o g r a p h i c v a r i abl es
race,
education,
and income)
job m o b i l i t y asp ir ati ons .
-- age,
and one d e p e n d e n t
Secondly,
study
sex,
v ariable,
a modified model
was e m p l o y e d w h i c h c o n t r o l l e d for type of e mpl oy m e n t
test h y p o t h e s e s
seven and eight to a s c e r t a i n p o s s i b l e
d i f f e r e n c e s that the
The
aim o f this
i ni t i a l m o d e l failed to provide.
a n a l y s i s was to test the r e l a t i o n s h i p s
b e t w e e n t h e s e i n d e p e n d e n t va r i a b l e s
a s p i r a t i o n s of r e s i d e n t s
ex p e r i e n c e d rapid
the h y p o t h e s e s
vealed that
for the
and job m o b i l i t y
in a r u r a l c o m m u n i t y w h i c h had
i n d u s t r i a l deve lo pme nt.
for the i ni tia l mode l,
U pon t e s t i n g
the a n a l y s i s r e ­
there were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
ef fec t of any of the i n d e p e n d e n t
job m o b i l i t y asp ir ati ons .
co n clu ded that,
to
found
v a r i a b l e s on
T h u s , it can be t e n t a t i v e l y
w i t h the p os s i b l e e x c e p t i o n for w o m e n
(even t h o u g h no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u nd b e t w e e n
m e n and w om e n ) ,
i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f the
s t u d y area m a y
71
not h ave had a s i g n i f i c a n t e n o u g h impact yet to bring
about
a t t i t u d i n a l chan ge
in t erms o f d i f f e r e n t i a l l y
i n f l u e n c i n g job m o b i l i t y aspirations.
The a n a l y s i s
tes te d h y p o t h e s e s
for the
alternative model which
seven and eight
found s i g n i f i c a n c e
for o n l y two v a r i a b l e s ,
age
plant).
su g g e s t e d that
T h ese
fi n d i n g s
(plant)
and income
(non­
job m o b i l i t y
as p i r a t i o n s were d i f f e r e n t i a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by age and
income,
but not for any of the o t h e r i nd epe nde nt
variables.
Ho w e v e r , t h e s e
f in d i n g s w e r e
in th e p r e ­
dic ted direction.
T h e i r s i g n f i c a n c e m a y be simply
re f l e c t i o n s
g e n e r a l b e h a v i o r pat t e r n s
of the
found in
i n d u s t r i a l i z i n g r u r a l communities.
It is v e r y p o s s i b l e that the r es u l t s of this
study,
in terms o f the d i r e c t i o n o f the r e l a t i o n s h i p s
found,
m a y have b e e n i n f l u e n c e d by the
scores w er e used t hus
e xtr eme cases.
this study,
a l l o w i n g for the i n f l u e n c e of
Moreoever,
a fter
a t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n of
fin d i n g no s i g n i f i c a n t
for the o r i g i n a l m o d e l
for o n l y two of the
model,
fact that m e a n
and m i m i n a l
independent
ass oc i a t i o n s
st a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e
variables
in the m o d i f i e d
is that h i g h job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n p er son s m a y
have e m m i g r a t e d to o t he r areas l e a v i n g a r e l a t i v e l y
h o m o g e n e o u s g r oup of
i n d i v i d u a l s beh i n d
job m o b i l i t y asp irations.
interms of
Chapter 7
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Conclusions
The r e l o c a t i o n of n e w i n d u s t r i e s
towns
in the S o u t h and W e s t has b e e n a r e l a t i v e l y recent
trend.
The e c o n o m i c impa ct
of i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t
t h ese areas has b e e n w e l l documen ted .
k n o w n about
the s o c i a l impa ct
r u r a l areas.
recently
This
H ow e v e r ,
established
in
little is
of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n in
study i n v e s t i g a t e d the impact
of a
i n d u s t r y on the a t t i t u d i n a l aspects
of o c c u p a t i o n a l mob ility.
mine
in or n e ar small
The s p e c i f i c
aim was to d e t e r ­
the r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n s e v e r a l i n d e p e n d e n t
variables
and job m o b i l i t y
aspirations
of in div i d u a l s
e m p l o y e d at the i n d u st ry,
and o t her w o r k e r s
s u r r o u n d i n g ta rge t
A s y s t e m a t i c r a n d o m sample of
area.
f r o m the
299 i n d i v i d u a l s wa s u s e d in the study.
Plant w o r k e r s
t e n d e n c y t ow ard s
"sameness".
nificant
differences
mobility
a s p ir ati on s.
pl a n t w o r k e r s
attitudes.
and n o n p l a n t w o r k e r s
sh ow ed a
That is, there w er e no s i g ­
fo und for type of e m p l o y m e n t
S e v e r a l st udies h a ve
differed from nonplant workers
However,
this
d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n pl ant
and job
sho wn that
in terms of
study f ound no s i g n i f i c a n t
and n o n p l a n t w o r k e r s
72
in terms
of
73
at t i t u d e s t o w a r d job mobi lit y.
this
study is that
A t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n of
i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has not
job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s of plan t
Th e r e w er e
and n o n p l a n t employees.
no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
we en b l a ck and w h i t e
rations.
employees
and job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
study.
n u m b e r of b l a c k r e s p o n d e n t s m a y be,
for th e s e findings.
The r e l a t i v e l y low
in part,
a l i z ati on
cr eat ed by i n d u s t r i ­
in the area.
Sex was
c o n s i d e r e d to be a n o t h e r v a r i a b l e
f l u e n c i n g job m o b i l i t y aspir ati ons .
shown that
fem al es
areas have
Ot he rs h a ve
no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was
mobility aspirations
as men.
study were p r i m a r i l y p lant
on the a v er age ,
la r g e r area.
geographically
s hown that w o m e n in r u r a l
largely remained traditional
and job m o b i l i t y as pi ra t i o n s .
in­
Some studies h ave
in r u r a l areas are more
m o b i l e t han males.
of the
responsible
Blacks m a y not h a v e p a r t i c i p a t e d
g r e a t l y in the e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s
were,
found b e t ­
N o n w h i t e s m a d e up a v ery small p e r c e n t a g e of
the sa mpl ed w o r k forc e of the
H o w eve r,
influenced
in t h e i r attitudes.
found b e t w e e n sex
W o m e n had s i m i l a r job
Moreoever,
employees.
fem ale s
in this
T h e i r salaries
lowe r t h a n t he w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n
F i n d i n g no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e
in job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s b e t w e e n m e n and women,
suggests that
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t m a y h a v e cre a t e d
more positive attitudes toward
job m o b i l i t y
for w o r k i n g
74
women,
and b r o u g h t t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n a l a s p i r a t i o n s more
in line w i t h the
l a r g e r w o r k i n g p opulation.
Numerous
s t ud ies have p o i n t e d out that one of
the i mm e d i a t e b e n e f i t s of i n d u s t r i a l i n v a s i o n in n o n m e t r o ­
p o l i t a n ar eas was
an i n cr eas e
in the a g g r e g a t e
income of
sm all t o w n r e s i d ent s.
Income as a p r i m e r e a s o n
n o n f a r m e m p l o y m e n t was
cited by v a r i o u s
(1959) r e p o r t e d t h at
authors.
The n o t i o n was
in co me d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n w o u l d r e s u l t
levels of j o b m o b i l i t y as pir ations.
Howev er,
in va r y i n g
this
foun d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n income
this
a mong
as i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n cre ate d o c c u p a t i o n a l o p p o r ­
tunities,
and
F liegel
a s p i r a t i o n lev e l s w er e h ig h e s t
f armers w h o soug ht n o n f a r m emp loyment.
that
for t a k i n g
job m o b i l i t y asp irations.
study that
i c a n t l y affe ct
respondents
job m o b i l i t y aspi ra tio ns.
in e a c h of the th ree
income
The
rations
in
not s i g n i f ­
Apparently,
levels were
s i m i l a r in a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s d o i n g t h o s e t h i n g s
w i t h job m o b i l i t y
levels
It can be c o n c l u d e d
income d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n does
study
as s o c i a t e d
a spi rations.
a n a l y s i s of e d u c a t i o n and job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
show ed that
a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of the
had a t t a i n e d tw el v e or m o re year s of educati on .
f i n d i n g is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h m a n y past
s tudies o n e d u c a t i o n a l at tainment.
sample
This
industrializational
75
Industrial
change
in v a s i o n has b een a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
in levels of education.
m o v i n g into
For e x a mpl e,
i n d u s t r i a l i z i n g are as w er e
l i k e l y t o have
c o m p l e t e d m o r e y e a r s of f orm a l lea rn ing ,
the o v e r a l l
l evel of education.
educational
levels
aspirations,
inc re a s e d ,
y o u n g peo p l e
thereby raising
It was e x p e c t e d that
so w o u l d
as
job m o b i l i t y
since h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t was
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e x p o s u r e to m o r e
st imuli w i t h i n the
social
environment.
T h e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t
differences
found
b e t w e e n e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t and job m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
rations.
One can co n c l u d e that w o r k e r s w i t h e d u c a t i o n a l
a t t a i n m e n t o f t w e l v e yea rs of m o r e , are l i k e l y to have
h i g h e r job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s t h a n w o r k e r s w i t h
less
e d u c a ti on.
In all p r o b a b i l i t y ,
m o d e s t d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g factor.
e d u c a t i o n was
a
It is v e r y p o s s i b l e that
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t m a y h a v e r a i s e d the e d u c a t i o n
le vel o f the
c omm un i t y ,
w h ile at the
li t t l e i n f l u e n c e on a tt i t u d e s
same time,
having
in the community.
Age was c o n s i d e r e d to be yet a n o t h e r va r i a b l e
p o s s i b l y i n f l u e n c i n g job m o b i l i t y
studies h a v e
s h o wn that y o u n g e r w o r k e r s d i f f e r e d
o l d e r worke rs.
tionship
How e v e r , this
for the v a r i o u s
aspirations.
a s p ira ti ons .
age
Se ve ral
from
s tudy found no s uc h r e l a ­
levels and job m o b i l i t y
76
Tentatively,
it m a y be that
age d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
is an important d e t e r m i n a n t of p o p u l a t i o n c o m p o s i t i o n in
areas of r u ra l
industrialization,
but m u c h
less a s i g n i f ­
icant fac to r w h e n a s c e r t a i n i n g a s p i r a t i o n s toward
m o b i l i t y for an adult p opu lat io n.
It is also very
p o s s i b l e that the w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n in th is
a rather homogeneous
job
study was
gro up in terms of a t t itu de s t o w a r d
o c c u p a t i o n a l m obility.
Ru ral i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has b e e n show n to b r ing
about ch ang es
in all areas of s oc i a l li v i n g
et al. , 1976 ).
(Summers
Yet r e l a t i v e l y li t t l e r e s e a r c h has b ee n
d i r e c t e d to wa rds the a t t i t u d i n a l c o n s e q u e n c e s of i n ­
d u s t r i a l dev elo pm ent .
This
s t ud y has
s hown that,
t h o u g h i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t has b r o u g h t about
in m a n y areas,
i.e.
inc r e a s e in the a g g r e g a t e
of c o m m u n i t y r e s i d e n t s ,
al­
c hanges
income
h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a l a tt ain m e n t s ,
and the e m p l o y m e n t o f women,
i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t has
had a m i n i m a l eff e c t on the o c c u p a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y a s p i ­
rat i o n s
of residents
mentioned previously,
l ivi n g in the
s t u dy area.
As
it is e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e that
ind iv i d u a l s w i t h v e r y high job m o b i l i t y a s p i r a t i o n s m a y
have
emigrated
to p er h a p s u r ba n areas o f the
in spi te of the i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of t he area,
a r a t h e r h o m o g e n e o u s p o p u l a t i o n behind.
state,
l ea v i n g
77
Implications of the Study
Social impact studies of rural industrialization
have opened a whole new arena of research.
The "filter
down" of industry and the subsequent development of non­
metropolitan areas and rural communities have brought
about profound social change to many agrarian communities
undergoing relatively recent and rapid industrialization.
Many rural communities have chosen industrial expansion
as a viable alternative for growth.
Since 1960, non­
metropolitan areas have accounted for well over one-half
of all new industrial jobs.
With significant population
shifts from the northern and eastern states, areas in
the
South undergoing tremendous increases in population
density may now have new types of problems brought on by
industrial expansion.
Industrial development is not a panacea for all
communities.
Many local communities have been unable to
provide for the needs of the industry and the needs of a
rapidly changing population.
Studies which attempt to ascertain the nature and
extent to which rural communities react to concerns and
problems accompanying industrialization will help to
determine the overall consequences of these communities.
Already much has been done in terms of the investigation
of the economic impact of industrialization, but there
78
remains a need to address issues which have important
cultural and social implications.
This study implies that the relocation of industry
in LaSalle Parish was not a random occurrence.
Finding
no significant difference for the independent variables -type of employment, age, sex, race, education, and income
on the dependent variable
(job mobility aspirations) may
have far reaching implications.
Apparently social and
demographic characteristics are only secondary factors
in terms of employment criteria.
This may account in
part for the lack of significant differences found.
One
can assume that a degree of homogeneity exists in terms
of expressed attitudes toward job mobility aspirations.
This study has implications for the very large
numbers of women in the work force.
Many rural communities
have remained somewhat immune to the violatile social
changes taking place in the much larger urban community.
With the advent of industrial development into some of
these areas, not only will the problems generally attri­
buted to urban communities begin to manifest themselves,
i.e., increasing crime rate, pollution, and drug related
p r o b l e m s , but women will find that the work p l a c e , regard­
less of work status, fosters a sense of independence which
may conflict with the normative structure of the community.
In a more positive sense, however, her new status as a
79
working wife or spouse in the family will enhance the
possibility of social mobility for the family.
Over the years rural southern communities have
deteriorated as a result of the emigration of young
people to urban centers.
In general, many rural
communities have become increasingly poorer, older, and
impoverished.
The rapid industrialization of agrarian
communities offers new hope.
munities,
In many of these com­
industrial development offers immediate
benefits in terms of job and income.
In addition, a
long term benefit may be in the area of migration which
offers the possibilit of curtailing the emigration of
community residents to urban centers, thereby helping
to return both economic and social stability to these
communities.
Moreover, there are other possible benefits.
For example, fiscal management in terms of higher taxes
which may lead to improvements of schools and highways.
Although industrial development may not be a panacea,
in many ways it offers to many communities a new chance
for survival in an ever changing industrialized society.
Suggestions for Future Research
There remains much to do in terms of providing
more indepth research on the nature of recent industriali­
zation in rural areas, particularly in the Southern region.
80
A number of questions to this phenomenon have risen.
For e x a m p l e , management must decide what type of labor
pool is available in the prospective community;
can its
needs be fulfilled without completely disrupting the local
community?
On the other hand, local boards and community
leaders must become more involved in determining the
type of industries that will locate in their communities.
More analysis is needed to answer questions on crime,
pollution, taxation, the possible effects that the in­
dustry will have on the organizational structure of the
community,
and how it will affect values and attitudes
of the community subgroups.
Federal agencies may provide sources of funding
and state governments may offer programs of community
assistance, but in the final analysis, the critical
actions necessary to meet problems of community develop­
ment originate with creative leadership at the local
level.
Industrial firms seeking nonmetropolitan locations
are becoming more demanding in what they expect from a
community.
They want assurances concerning local housing
availability,
utilities, and water supply.
With tighter labor markets, they want more
accurate estimates of labor quantity and qualities.
Because of environmental and zoning issues, they may only
consider those communities with already approved indus­
81
trial sites or functional industrial parks.
Because of a
desire to start operations in a short time, firms may only
consider those communities with buildings ready to occupy.
T h u s , it is incumbent upon local communities interested
in attracting industry to provide for their needs in
many different and varied ways.
Much research has been done already on the eco­
nomic impact of industrialization in nonmetropolitan areas;
much more is needed to assess its social impact in rural
areas.
With industrialization comes a greater demand for
new and greater public services.
Little research efforts
have been directed toward assessing the demand for public
services which are directly influenced by population in­
creases and economic conditions.
Future research needs to focus
on a broader spec­
trum of the organizational structure of the community.
How is power allocated?
by it?
Who has it?
Who will be affected
What implications does it have for race relations?
These questions warrant sincere consideration.
Finally, the growing concern over unionization has
direct implications for the composition and structure of
rural labor markets.
The absence of labor unions is con­
sidered a contributing factor to productivity.
The possi­
bility of avoiding labor unions remains a highly attractive
consideration to management.
Unionization of employees,
82
particularly manufacturing workers, has not yet occurred
in many areas of the South.
Much of the recent m a n u ­
facturing growth in nonmetropolitan areas has occurred
in "right to work"
states, and despite organized labor's
attempts to convince the federal government to eliminate
or modify "right to work" laws, state legislatures have
considered their establishment.
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84
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
This chapter provides a description of the study
area which includes:
lation composition,
population characteristics, popu­
educational,
Income, and occupational
characteristics of LaSalle Parish, the sample study area.
General Description
of the Study A r e a
LaSalle Parish is located in the North-Central
section of Louisiana, approximately fifty miles west of
Natchez, Mississippi and seventy miles south of Monroe,
Louisiana.
Major population centers in the parish are:
Jena, the parish seat, with a population of 2,012; 011a,
population 1,387;
of Census,
and Urbania, population 1,200
1970).
(Bureau
Ninety percent of LaSalle's sprawling
643 square miles are owned and forested by commercial
timber companies.
Slightly over five percent of the
acreage is used for farming purposes
(Rosera,
1976).
LaSalle Parish's 666,780 acres of light, sandy soil, with
a red clay subsoil,
loblolly,
is ideal for the growth of longleaf,
slash and shortleaf pine.
Because of the
fertility of the soil and diversity of soil types, pine
hills, alluvial and wooded lowlands, hundreds of acres of
cut-over lands are now cultivated.
102
Natural gas is also
103
produced in large quantities from LaSalle's two fields at
Tullos and Urania.
Population
The 1970 population of LaSalle Parish was 13,295.
The general rural composition of the parish is illustrated
in Table 17.
In recent years, industrial development has
had a more permanent role in determining the economic and
social direction of the parish.
Since 1950, the rural
farm population has declined (eighty percent between
1950 and 1970) and the rural nonfarm population has
increased
(thirty percent between 1950 and 1970).
the early fifties,
Prom
LaSalle Parish has been a rural non­
farm parish.
The year of greatest agricultural land usage was
in 1919 when,
according to the U. S.
Census, 14.5 percent
of the land usage was for agricultural purposes.
Further, this history of nonfarming is perhaps reflective
of the small, non-white element within the over-all
population
(Table 18).
Jena, the county seat, had a population of 2,389
in 1970, the largest of the incorporated areas of the
parish.
According to the census, a corporate town or
community with a population of less than 2,500 is rural.
However, being the county seat, Jena serves the govern­
mental functions for the rest of the parish.
104
TABLE 17
TOTAL POPULATION AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION FOR LASALLE
PARISH IN 1950, I960 AND 1970
Number
Parish total
1950
Percent
Number
I960
Percent
Number
1970
Percent
100.0
13,295
100.0
—
—
—
—
100.0
13,011
100.0
13,295
100.0
2,720
21.4
799
6.0
301
2.3
9,997
78.6
12,212
94.0
12,994
97.7
12,717
100.0
Urban
—
—
Rural
12,717
Farm
Non-Farm
13,011
Source: United States Bureau of Census. General Social and Economic
Characteristics, 1950, i960, 1970, Louisiana.
105
TABLE 18
RACIAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR LASALLE
PARISH IN 1970, I960, AND 1950
Year
White
Number
Percent
Non-White
Number
Percent
1970
11,783
88.6
1,512
11 .k
I960
11,355
87.3
1,656
12.7
1950
11,292
88.8
l,i*25
11.2
Source: United States Bureau of Census, General Bureau of Census,
General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1970, i960, 1950.
106
The population forecast for 1975 was 1*1,389 or
an increase of 8.2 percent.
The 1980 prediction has a
higher projection of population increase of 8.6 percent.
LaSalle Parish, with its expanding industrial enterprises,
has a forecast of increasing population, with the greatest
amount of this growth occurring within the ten year span
of 1975 through 1985
(Table 19).
An 11.6 percent population increase is forecast
for the State.
LaSalle P a r i s h ’s population is increasing
at an annual rate of approximately 3-1 percent.
growth,
The
as in the past, will continue to concentrate on
U. S. Highway 165 between Olla and Tullos.
There was a minimal amount of out-migration in
LaSalle Parish from I960 to 1970.
During this time,
some *1,076 persons in LaSalle Parish did indeed change
residence,
but 2,500 of these remained within the parish
boundary and another 9*42 stayed within the state boundary.
There was an over-all population gain during this period
of 23*1 persons.
As shown in Table 20, there was a
decrease in the out-migration rate between i960 and 1970,
reflecting the influence of industrial development in
the parish,
i.e., more jobs, higher incomes.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
of the Target Area
In 1970, LaSalle Parish had a median educational
level of 10.2
(Table 21).
The number of adults having no
107
TABLE 1 9
POPULATION PROJECTION FOR LASALLE PARISH
FOR 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990 AND 1995
Year
Population Projection
1975
lit, 389
8.2
1980
15,621
8.6
1985
16,1+73
5-5
1990
17,367
5.!+
1995
17,856
2.8
Percent Increase
Source: The Comprehensive Plan of LaSalle Parish, 1976.
108
TABLE
20
POPULATION MIGRATION FOR LASALLE PARISH IN 1970 AND i 960
Residence in 1965
1970
I960
12,157
11,61*7
Same house
7,503
6,955
Different house in U. S.
M
76
1*,597
Same parish
2,500
3 ,06l
Different parish
1,576
1,536
Persons 5 years and over
Same state
Abroad
Moved, residence not reported
Source: U. S. Bureau of Census.
Characteristics.
9h2
1*1*1*
78
8
500
87
General Social and Economic
TABLE 21
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF ADULTS 25 AND OVER FOR LASALLE
PARISH IN 1950, I960 AND 1970
Years School
Completed
1950
I960
6,795
100.0
7,061t
100.0
7,512
100.0
3.8
6.3
350
5.1
lit9
2.1
111
1.5
-57.it
-25.5
Elementary
1-4 years
5-8 years
1,130
2,605
16.6
38.it
1,113
2 ,lt00
16.0
3it.O
717
2,230
9-5
29.7
0.2
7.9
-36.7
-7.1
High School
1-3 years
it years
1,395
595
20.5
8.8
1,318
l,it5i+
18.7
20.6
1.73U
1,9^0
23.1
25.8
5.5
litit.lt
31.6
33.lt
College
1-3 years
it years
335
190
it.9
2.8
3itl
269
it.8
3.8
3U8
3Ul
5.9
U.5
2.3
ltl.8
28.lt
26.8
Not reported
195
2.9
—
—
—
—
No school years
completed
Source: U. S. Bureau of Census.
Louisiana.
Percent
Number
Percent
Percent Change
1950-1960
1960-1970
Percent
Total number
adults 25 &
over
Number
1970
Number
—
—
General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1950, I960, 1970, 1980,
110
formal education steadily decreased during the period
between 1950 and I960.
During this time, the number of
residents with no education decreased 57.4 percent.
Also,
the n um b e r
years
of s c h o o l i n g
1970 —
of adult r e s i d e n t s
c ha nged fro m 595 in 1950 to 1,940 in
a 226.1 p er c e n t
co n s i d e r a b l y
increase.
th e r e
c oll ege
This
indicates
r e s i d e n t s w er e
Also,
is a
(28.4 p er c e n t
26.8 percent, r e s p e c t i v e l y for the pe r i o d s
1970).
ment
Furth er,
large p r o p o r t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l s r e p o r t i n g
some co ll ege or h a v i n g c om p l e t e d
and
c o m p l e t i n g twe lv e
that m a n y of L a S a lle 's
I960 and
adult
s e e k i n g and o b t a i n i n g h igh e r education.
it p o s s i b l y r e f l e c t s
the h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n ­
of n e w r e s i d e n t s m i g r a t i n g to L a S a l l e P a r i s h as a
di rec t
effect
of i n d u s t r i a l d e vel op men t.
Distribution of family income in LaSalle Parish
is represented in Table 22.
As indicated for 1959,
43.7
percent of the population had incomes less than $3,000,
while in 1969,
22.2 percent of the inhabitants had such
low levels of income.
Further,
in 1969,
24.3 percent of
the families were below the poverty level.
This repre­
sents a significant proportion of all families in the
parish with low earnings.
Even though there were
increases in income evidenced during the 1959 to 1969
period,
it is likely that much of this increase has been
offset by the spiraling increase in inflation.
The
greatest change was in the proportion of families falling
Ill
TABLE 2 2
SELECTED INCOME AND POVERTY CHARACTERISTICS OF
FAMILIES FOR LASALLE PARISH IN 1959 AND 1969
Family Income
All families
1969
1959
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
3,1:08
100.0
3,629
100.0
1 ,1:88
1+3.7
807
22.2
$3,000-$U,999
880
25.8
727
20.1
$5 ,000-$6,999
617
18.1
635
18.0
$7,000-$9,999
293
8.6
755
20.8
130
3.8
687
18.9
Under $3,000
$10,000 and over
Median parish income
$3,1:33
$5,799
$7,530
Median state income
Below poverty level
NA*
833
*Poverty level statistics for LaSalle Parish in 1959 not
available.
Source: U. S. Bureau of Census.
Characteristics.
General Social Economic
2k.3
112
within the $10,000 and over income bracket
(3.8 percent
in 1959 and 18.9 percent in 1969).
A summary of employment status of males and
females sixteen years and older in LaSalle Parish for the
years I960 and 1970 is presented in Table 23.
Unemploy­
ment rates were lower for males in 1970 than in I960.
However, this was the opposite for females.
Here un­
employment rates increased from 5.1 percent in I960 to
7-3 percent in 1970.
Also, it is important to note that
in 1970 -the number of females in the labor force rose
from 837 to 1,171,
an increase of 39-9 percent.
Perhaps
1970 was the beginning of the new trend of increasing
entrance of women into the labor force.
Today, the
number of females in the labor force in LaSalle Parish
should be significantly higher with several major indus­
tries in the area employing mostly females.
It is
obvious that the parish development board or chamber of
commerce was very much aware of a viable labor market
available in the female segment of the population.
The m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p i n g s
in L aS all e P a r i s h are p r e s e n t e d
The
largest
at ive
single
and i n d u s tri es
in Tab le s 24
and 25.
c a t e g o r y of e mp l o y e e s was the o p e r ­
(i ncl ud ing t r a n s p o r t ) ,
which represented
1 ,2 5 6 ;
1 ,12 5 ; and 1,101 w o r k e r s in 1 9 5 0 , I 9 6 0 , and 1 9 7 0 , r e ­
spectively.
This
i n d i c a t e s that p e r h a p s m a n y of the
wor k e r s d u r i n g this p e r i o d p o s s i b l y w ere
eng ag ed
in wo od
113
TABLE
23
EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF MALES AND FEMALES, 1 6 YEARS
AND OLDER FOR LASALLE PARISH IN I960 AND 1970
Males, 16 years old and over
Labor force
I960
1970
U ,1+6U
1*,382
3,078
2,909
Percent of total
69.0
Civilian labor force
3,078
2,909
2,81*7
2,727
231
182
Employed
Unemployed
Percent of civilian labor
force unemployed
Females, 16 years old and over
Labor force
Percent of total
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Percent of civilian labor
force unemployed
Source: U. S. Bureau of Census, i960, 1970.
Economic Characteristics.
66.1*
7-5
6.3
1*,607
1*5885
837
1,171
18.2
21+.0
837
1,171
791*
1,083
1*3
88
5.1
General Social and
7.3
TABLE 2 4
NUMBER OF EMPLOYED PERSONS 16 YEARS AND OVER FOR LASALLE PARISH
IN 1950, I960 AND 1970
Occupations
Total employed 16 years and over
Professional, technical and
kindred workers
Managers and administration,
except farm
Sales workers
Clerical and kindred workers
Craftsmen, foremen and kindred
workers
Operatives, except transport
Transport, equipment operators
Laborers, except farm
Farmers and farm managers
Farm laborers and farm foremen
Service workers, except private
households
Private household workers
Source: U. S. Bureau of Census.
Louisiana.
1950
i960
1970
Percent Change
1950-1960
1960-1970
3,508
3,641
3,819
3.8
4.6
260
290
329
11.5
13.4
253
185
156
352
177
227
381
165
377
39.1
4.3
45.5
8.2
-6.8
66.6
1*33
1,068
188
391
303
58
589
1,024
101
381
45
24
515
900
201
397
25
10
36.0
-4.1
-14.4
-2.6
-85.1
-58.6
-12.6
-12.1
99.0
4.2
-44.4
-58.3
195
88
275
156
383
127
4i.O
77.3
39.3
-18.6
General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1950, I960, and 1970,
TABLE 2 5
NUMBER OF PERSONS l6 YEARS AND OVER BY SELECTED
INDUSTRY FOR LASALLE PARISH IN
1950, I960 AND 1970
Industry
Number
Total employed
Agriculture, forestry
and fisheries
Oil field, other
mining
Construction
Lumber/wood
Other manufacturing
Transportation,
communications and
utilities
Retail/wholesale trade
Services
Education/public
administration
Other
1950
Percent
Number
i960
Percent
Number
1970
Percent
Percent Change
1950-1960
1960-1970
3,508
100.0
3,61+1
100.0
3,810
100.0
3.8
1+.6
1+73
13.5
150
1+.2
81+
2.2
-68.2
-1+1+.0
607
235
639
1+7
17.3
6.5
18.2
1.3
637
207
703
98
17.5
5.7
19.3
2.7
606
253
61+1+
263
16.9
6.7
16.9
6.9
1+.9
-11.9
10.0
108.0
-1+.8
22.2
-8 .1+
168.1+
200
501
1+03
5.7
11+.3
11.5
251
630
561+
6.9
17.3
15.5
279
1+85
505
7.3
12.7
13.3
-25.5
25.7
1+0.0
11.2
-23.0
-10.5
257
11+6
7.3
1+.2
310
89
31+6
31+5
9.1
9-1
20.6
-39.0
11.6
287.6
Source: U. S. Bureau of Census.
Louisiana.
8.5
2 .1+
General Social and Economic Characteristics, 1950, i960, 1970,
116
production and mining industries.
Mining,
lumber and
wood production were major economic activities in this
area which was the likely reason that the larger numbers
of employees worked as operatives
Of fur t h e r
import
(Table
24) •
is the fact that
less emphas is
was p l a c e d on f a r m i n g in the p a r i s h b e t w e e n 1950 and
1970.
The p r o p o r t i o n
fifty-eight
(Table
of f arm laborers d e c r e a s e d
to f i fty p e r c e n t b e t w e e n
from
1950 and 1970
2 4).
Between 1969 and 1973, the parish experienced
what might be called large-scale,
industrial expansion
with the addition of five new industrial plants.
The
first of these to arrive in the area was Georgia Pacific
Paper Company in October,
1968, with the purchase of a
thirty million dollar sawmill operation.
Georgia Pacific
constructed two facilities in Urania and began production
in 1969.
Also in 1969, the Jena Wire and Cable Company,
a subsidiary of Beldon Corporation,
came to town enticed
by abundant and cheap labor in the Jena area.
Beldon
also constructed a second plant within the Jena area,
called LaSalle Wire and Cable, which began operation in
1973.
The 011a area,
factory constructed.
in 1973,
saw its own Garan garment
These five plants created 1,2*16 new
and permanent jobs for LaSalle Parish with a combined
payroll of 9.5 million dollars in 197*1-
Summary
LaSalle is primarily a nonfarm parish due to the
large-scale commercial timber industry.
It is projected
to continue the nonfarm trend because of the decision by
industrial companies
Beldon Corporation —
facturing companies)
(Georgia Pacific Paper Company,
wire and cable and textile manu­
to relocate in the parish, beginning
in 1968.
LaSalle Parish had experienced population
increases over the years as a direct result of industrial
development.
This trend is expected to continue into
the 1990's.
Socio-demographic characteristics of LaSalle
Parish revealed that the median educational level of' the
population had risen between 1950 and I960, followed by a
steady decline in those having no education.
Although
many families were below the poverty level in 1969
(24.3
percent), there was a significant increase in over-all
family income because of new employment opportunities
created in the community.
parish was largely white
The racial composition of the
(88.6 percent).
Nonwhites
comprised only 11.4 percent of the population.
Generally,
LaSalle Parish,
central section of Louisiana,
located in the north
is a rural area experiencing
relatively recent and rapid industrial development.
APPENDIX 2
O B L I Q U E R O T A T I O N F R O M P R I N C I P A L AXES S O L U T I O N
F O R I TEMS M E A S U R I N G J OB M O B I L I T Y A S P I R A T I O N S
119
OBLIQUE ROTATION FROM PRINCIPAL AXES SOLUTION
FOR ITEMS MEASURING JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
____________ Factor Loadings____________
Factor I
Factor II
6
0.68512
0.67308
0.72570
0.71825
0.72735
0 .6601+5
7
0.61+997
8
0.82255
0.70768
0 .7^931
1
2
3
k
5
9
10
n
12
13
lit
15
16
17
0.75001+
0.73763
0.73763
0.73961
0.65077
O .68369
0.6U958
0.21012
0.17076
0.0lt837
0 .01111+
0.07312
0.5071+1
0.57367
-0.20225
-0.30309
-0.23600
-0.08869
-0.07250
- 0.22061
-0.03190
-0.22670
-0.16731
0.09575
APPENDIX 3
C O R R E L A T I O N M A T R I X F O R I TEMS M E A S U R I N G
JOB M O B I L I T Y A S P I R A T I O N S
121
CORRELATION MATRIX FOR ITEMS MEASURING
JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Items
It
5
6
7
11
15
16
H
5
0.50797 ------
6
0.1+0335 0.1(5395 ------
T
0.38885 0.1+7313 0.68778------
11
0.53729 0.51(823 O.H0766 0 .1+2731+ ------
15
0.1+01+51 O.I+2689 0.31+1+99 0.331+71+ 0.57537 ------
16
0 .1+6601+ 0.52136 0.38976 0.36377 0 .1+71+27 0 .1+9596------
17
0.1+2778 0.1*3821 0.1+3132 0.1*2203 0.1+6579 0.1+1+185 0.51925 -
17
APPENDIX A
M E ANS A N D S T A N D A R D D E V I A T I O N S F O R O V E R A L L ITEMS
M E A S U R I N G JOB M O B I L I T Y A S P I R A T I O N S
123
MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR OVERALL ITEMS
MEASURING JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATION
Items
Means
Standard
Deviations
1
i.¥ao8
1.1U375
2
1.71717
1.3U3U6
3
1.7^7
1 .281UU
1+
2.1^1+78
1.25037
5
2.03367
1.23253
6
2.279^6
1.299^3
7
2.lltlla
1.31270
8
2.7609^
0.95512
9
2.55219
1.19039
10
2.63973
1.01750
11
2.013^7
1.2U925
12
2.77^1
1.05888
13
2.66667
1.087^0
Ik
1.68013
1.19771
15
1.93939
1.32659
16
2.17172
1.2790U
17
2.12795
1.U3689
APPENDIX 5
C O R R E L A T I O N M A T R I X F O R O V E R A L L ITEMS
MEASURING JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
CORRELATION MATRIX FOR OVERALL ITEMS
MEASURING JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
Indanger
Indanger
Leavfam
Movfam
Leaveomm
Spare
Views
Relviews
New Trade
Harder
Morresp
Travel50
Mored
Chan job
Debt
Jobfam
Joinunon
Chanpart
0.60693
O.I+658O
0.1+6073
0.1+6633
0.1+1+187
0.1+1+885
0.52053
0.1+281+1+
0.1+7085
0.1+1906
0.1+11+39
0.1+2556
0.51766
0.39175
0.1+2378
0.39723
Leavfam
—
Movfam
Leavcoimn
Spare
Views
Relviews
New Trade
Harder
-----------
0 .1+9999
0.50915
0 .1+6891
0 .371+1+2
0 .1+0011+
0 .1+526!+
0.1+01+30
0.1+711+0
0.56188
0.38010
0.1+5789
0.1+9788
0.36379
0.28395
0.1+11+33
----
--
0.66387
0.52518
0.1+1581+
0.1+2900
0.55777
0.1+5272
0.1+6115
0.55083
0.1+1+338
0.1+5580
0.52831
0.1+01+33
0.1+6ll+6
0 .1+2126
-----0.50979
0.1+0335
0.38885
0.56373
0.1+2276
0.1+5538
0.53729
0.1+531+3
0.1+8038
0.50025
0.1+01+51
0 .1+6601+
0.1+2778
-----0.1+5395
0.1+7313
0.551+99
0.1+51+72
0.50268
0 .51+823
0.1+5366
0.1+6213
0.50622
0 .1+2689
0.52136
0.1+3821
-----0.68778
0 .1+6501+
0.39131
0 .1+1+179
0 .1+0766
0 .51+191+
0.1+1+391
0.1+01+91+
0.31+1+99
0.38976
0.1+3132
-----0.1+7971+
0.351+15
0.39997
0.1+2731+
0.1+3621
0.39525
0.1+7581
0.331+71+
0.36377
0.1+2203
-----0.62163
0.66891
0 .5771+8
0.681+73
0.61+515
0.52063
0.50580
0.57298
0.1+5315
-----0.61386
0 .1+9932
0.50655
0.51590
0.52713
0 .1+1+058
0 .1+7226
0.39901
125
CORRELATION MATRIX FOR OVERALL ITEMS
MEASURING JOB MOBILITY ASPIRATIONS
(Continued)
Morresp
Morresp
Travel50
Mored
Chanj oh
Debt
Jobfarm
Joinunon
Chanpart
0.50881
0.55771
0.68193
O.I+817I*
0.1*3178
0.1*1112
0.1*2215
Travel50
0.1*821*1*
0.1*7335
0.51995
0.57537
0.1*71*27
0.1*6579
Mored
Chanj ob
Debt
Jobfarm
Joinunon
0.51+183
0.1+7302
0.1*3276
0.50015
0.1*71+22
0.61305
0.1*1922
0.1*1*937
0.37983
0.1*7680
0.1+591+0
0.1+01+69
0.1*9596
0.1*1*185
0.51925
Chanpart
126
APPENDIX
6
QUESTIONNAIRE
128
Schedule No.
Signature of Interviewer
Date
Time Completed
Time Began
LAES Project #1793
Department of Rural Sociology Research
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ON SELECTED RURAL AREAS IN LOUISIANA
Each year many new industries located in rural
areas of Louisiana.
The purpose of this study is to
determine how industry is affecting the lives of people
living in this area.
We are interviewing a selected number of persons
in this area in order to obtain information needed for
this study.
Your cooperation in answering the questions
included in this questionnaire will be greatly appreci­
ated.
This research is not connected with the management
of industry, the labor union, or to any government
agency.
The interview is entirely confidential.
We
shall write a report of the findings in general terms but
individuals will, of course, not be identified or quoted.
Name of
Respondent
Address
(Street No./
Rural R t . N o . )
(Town or City)
(P a r i s h)
Telephone No.
1.
2.
Interviewee Status:
Head of Household:
)
Plant Employee
)
Nonplant Employee
)
Yes
)
No
(State)
129
P E R S O N A L DATA
1.
Race
(
(
(
2.
3*
Religion
) W h it e
) B lack
) Other (specify)
None
Ca tho li c
Ba pti st
Methodist
Jewish
Other (specify)
Sex
(
(
)
)
Ma le
Female
C urrent W o r k Status
1. Not employed
outside home
2. Employed full time
3. Employed part time
4. Unemployed, looking
for work
5. Unemployed, not
looking for work
6. No response
4.
Age
(last bi rthday)
Education
Degree
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(highest grade of
school completed)
& Training Re c e i v e d :
) None
) H i g h S ch o o l Di p l o m a
) B u s ine ss, t e c h n i c a l .or
v o c a t i o n a l school;
as s o c i a t e degree;
nur s e s
) B a c h e l o r ' s de g r e e
) M a s t e r ' s d eg r e e
) Ph.D. (Lawyer, M.D.,
e t c .)
) No r e s p o n s e
What is y o u r to tal a n n u a l i nco m e fr om w a ge s and s a l a r y ?
(Show In c o m e Card):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
None
$0 - $999
$1,000 - $1,999
$2,000 - $2,999
$3,000 - $3,999
$4,000 - $4,999
$5,000 - $5,999
$6,000 - $6,999
$7,000 - $7,999
$8,000 - $8,999
$9,000 - $9,999
$10,000 -$10,999
13.
14.
1516.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
88.
99.
$11,000 - $11,999
$12,000 - $12,999
$13,000 - $13,999
$14,000 - $14,999
$15,000 - $15,999
$16,000 - $16,999
$17,000 - $17,999
$18,000 - $18,999
Over $19,000
Don't Know
No Response
130
Progressiveness was determined by the following questions:
Below are listed a number of statements.
It has
been found that some persons agree and some disagree with
these statements.
I will read each statement to you and
you will tell me it you:
Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A),
Uncertain (U), Disagree (D), or Strongly Disagree (SD).
(If no response, indicate NR).
SA
1. The schools should stick to the 3
R's and forget about most of the
other courses being offered today.
2. Most communities are good enough as
they are without starting any new
community improvement programs.
3. We have too many organizations for
doing good in the community.
4. The responsibility for older people
should be confined to themselves
and their families instead of the
co mmunity.
5. Schools are good enough as they are
in most communities.
6. Adult education should be an
essential part of the local school
program.
7. Mental illness is not a responsi­
bility for the whole community.
8. In order to grow, a community must
provide additional recreational
f aci lit ie s.
9. The social needs of the citizens
are the responsibility of them­
selves and their families and not
of the community.
10. More industry in town lowers the
living standards.
11. A strong Chamber of Commerce is
beneficial to any community.
12. A community would get along better
if each one would mind his own
business and others take care of
theirs.
A
U
D DS NR
131
SA
13.
A
U
D DS NR
Members of any community organi­
zation should be expected to
attend only those meetings that
affect them personally.
14. A citizen should join'only those
organizations that will promote
his own interests.
15.
Community improvements are fine if
they don't increase taxes.
16. The younger elements have too much
to say about our community
af f a ir s.
17. Community improvement should be
the concern of only a few leaders
in the community.
18. Only those who have the most time
should assume the responsibility
for civic programs.
19. Improving slum areas is a waste of
money.
20.
The sewage system of a community
must be expanded as it grows even
though it is necessary to increase
taxes.
JOB M O B I L I T Y A S P I R A T I O N S
1.
Sup po se you w e r e o ff ere d an o p p o r t u n i t y to m a ke a
su b s t a n t i a l a d v a n c e in a job or occupation.
I n dic at e
wh e t h e r the f o l l o w i n g things:
(1) w o u l d stop you
f r o m m a k i n g the change; (2) w o u l d be se r i o u s l y c o n ­
sidered but w o u l d not stop you; (3) w o u ld not ma t t e r
at all (write don't k n o w or u n c e r t a i n if a p p r o p r i ­
ate) .
Wo ul d
stop
me
a. E n d a n g e r i n g you r health.
b.
L e a v i n g your
some time.
family for
c . M o v i n g around the
country a lot w i t h your
family.
S e r i ous ly
c o ns id er
but not
stop me
W o u l d not
mat t e r
at all
132
Would
stop
me
d. Leaving your community.
e. Giving up your spare
time.
f. Keeping quiet about
political views.
g. Keeping quiet about
religious views.
h. Learning a new trade.
i. Working harder than you
are now.
j . Taking on more responsi­
bility in decision­
making than you have now.
k. Traveling 50 miles to
work.
1. To get more education
and training.
m.
Changing to a different
type of job.
n. Tak ing on a substantial
debt.
o. Taking a job farming.
p. Joining a labor union.
q. Changing your political
party.
Seriously
consider
but not
stop me
Would not
matter
at all
VITA
James A. Butler, Jr. was born November *}, 19*16
to James and Hazel L. Butler of Houma, Louisiana.
was their first child.
James
The author now has two younger
sisters and two brothers.
He attended elementary and
high school at St. Lucy's Catholic School in Houma.
He
was graduated from high school May 23, 1965 and in
September of the same year entered St. Mary of the
Plains College, Dodge City, Kansas on an Athletic
Sch ol ar sh i p.
The author entered military service June 10,
1968 and honorably discharged May 25, 1971.
He entered
the University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette in
June of 1971 and graduated with the Bachelor of Arts
degree in History May 24, 1973.
The author began
graduate studies at Texas A. & M. the following year.
After receiving the Masters of Art degree
(Sociology)
in 1976, he worked in the oil fields of South Louisiana
preparing to enter the doctoral program at Louisiana
State University,
Baton Rouge.
The author entered the
doctoral program in the spring of 1977.
133
EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPORT
Candidate:
James A. Butler, Jr.
Major Field:
Sociology
T itle of Thesis:
"Social and Demographic Factors Influencing Job Mobility
Aspirations in an Industrializing Rural Community"
Approved:
%
, Y-t 'J
M ajor Professor and .Chairman
Dean of the Graduate2 Scjfool
EXAM INING COMMITTEE:
Date of Examination:
May 18, 1983

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