CLOSING THE NET: Letter Collections and Quantitative Network Analysis ! Ruth Ahnert (QMUL) NETWORKS SURROUND US NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks • Transport networks NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks • Transport networks • Power grids NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks • Transport networks • Power grids • Online social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks • Transport networks • Power grids • Online social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) • Gene regulatory networks NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks • Transport networks • Power grids • Online social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) • Gene regulatory networks • Protein interaction networks NETWORKS SURROUND US An abundance of network data now surrounds us: • Mobile phone networks • Transport networks • Power grids • Online social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) • Gene regulatory networks • Protein interaction networks • Neural networks NETWORKS SURROUND US Heinz Zellweger body syndrome anemia Bethlem myopathy Trichothiodystrophy a Human Disease Network An abundance of network data now surrounds us: Node size Cataract Myopathy Epidermolysis bullosa Muscular dystrophy Deafness Retinitis pigmentosa Cardiomyopathy 34 Leigh syndrome Stroke Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Mental retardation Gastric cancer Prostate cancer Fanconi anemia Ataxiatelangiectasia Obesity Hypertension Pseudohypoaldosteronism Parkinson disease Spinocereballar ataxia 21 15 Asthma Lymphoma Colon cancer Leukemia Thyroid carcinoma 25 Alzheimer disease Atheroscierosis Breast cancer 30 Myocardial infarction Diabetes mellitus Epilepsy 41 Hirschprung disease 10 5 1 Blood group Spherocytosis Hemolytic anemia Complement_component deficiency b Disease Gene Network Diseases LRP5 SCN4A Goh, K.-I. et al. The human disease network. FBN1 P Natl Acad Sci Usa 104, 8685–8690 (2007). PAX6 Disorder Class NETWORKS SURROUND US RESEARCH ARTICLES A node color (Leamer Classification) 4 3 5 6 10 8 7 Capital Intensive Labor Intensive Cereals Animal Agriculture Tropical Agriculture Forest Products Raw Materials Petroleum Proximity 9 Chemicals 2 Machinery 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 node size (world trade [thousands of US$]) link color (proximity) An abundance of network data now surrounds us: 0 1 2 3 4 1.9x10 3.7x10 7.5x10 1.5x10 3.0x10 8 7 6 6 5 fruits fishing vegetables coffee and cocoa products y Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on May 14, 2009 B garments metallurgy Products Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabasi, A.-L. & Hausmann, R. The product space conditions the development of nations. Science 317, 482–487 (2007). NETWORKS NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges. NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges. ki = 6 i The number of connections a node has is its degree k . NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges. j ki = 6 i kj = 4 The number of connections a node has is its degree k . NETWORKS Network analysis is a highly interdisciplinary research field in its own right. Networks consist of nodes and edges. j ki = 6 i kj = 4 The number of connections a node has is its degree k . This abstract framework allows us to examine a wide range of networks with the same tools. NETWORK ANALYSIS NETWORK ANALYSIS Many real-world networks have similar properties, such as a scale-free degree distribution. dent of the system and the identity of its constituents, the probability P(k) that a vertex in the network interacts with k other vertices decays as a power law, following P(k) ! k "# . This result indicates that large networks self-organize into a scale-free state, a feature unpredicted by all existing random network models. To explain the origin of this scale invariance, we show that existing network models fail to incorporate growth and preferential attachment, two key features of real networks. Using a model incorporating tors, transformers, and substations and the edges being to the high-voltage transmission lines between them (10). Because of the relatively modest size of the network, containing only 4941 vertices, the scaling region is less prominent but is nevertheless approximated by a power law with an exponent #power ! 4 (Fig. 1C). Finally, a rather large complex network is formed by the citation patterns of the scientific publications, the vertices being papers published in refereed journals and the edges being links to the articles NETWORK ANALYSIS z), where z is the the lattice; where peaks around z, b common feature o is that the probab connected vertex es exponentially w large connectivity contrast, the pow P(k) for the netwo highly connected large chance of o connectivity. There are two works that are not els. First, both mo with a fixed numb then randomly con connected (WS m N. In contrast, mo open and they for tion of new vertic number of vertice the lifetime of the actor network gro actors to the system nentially over tim Web pages (8), a constantly grows papers. Consequen Many real-world networks have similar properties, such as a scale-free degree distribution. Fig. 1. The distribution function of connectivities for various large networks. (A) Actor collaboration graph with N $ 212,250 vertices and average connectivity *k+ $ 28.78. (B) WWW, N $ 325,729, *k+ $ 5.46 (6). (C) Power grid data, N $ 4941, *k+ $ 2.67. The dashed lines have slopes (A) #actor $ 2.3, (B) #www $ 2.1 and (C) #power $ 4. P (k) = k 510 15 OCTOBER 1999 VOL 286 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Barabasi, A. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509–512 (1999). dent of the system and the identity of its constituents, the probability P(k) that a vertex in the network interacts with k other vertices decays as a power law, following P(k) ! k "# . This result indicates that large networks self-organize into a scale-free state, a feature unpredicted by all existing random network models. To explain the origin of this scale invariance, we show that existing network models fail to incorporate growth and preferential attachment, two key features of real networks. Using a model incorporating tors, transformers, and substations and the edges being to the high-voltage transmission lines between them (10). Because of the relatively modest size of the network, containing only 4941 vertices, the scaling region is less prominent but is nevertheless approximated by a power law with an exponent #power ! 4 (Fig. 1C). Finally, a rather large complex network is formed by the citation patterns of the scientific publications, the vertices being papers published in refereed journals and the edges being links to the articles NETWORK ANALYSIS z), where z is the the lattice; where peaks around z, b common feature o is that the probab connected vertex es exponentially w large connectivity contrast, the pow P(k) for the netwo highly connected large chance of o connectivity. There are two works that are not els. First, both mo with a fixed numb then randomly con connected (WS m N. In contrast, mo open and they for tion of new vertic number of vertice the lifetime of the actor network gro actors to the system nentially over tim Web pages (8), a constantly grows papers. Consequen Many real-world networks have similar properties, such as a scale-free degree distribution. Actors WWW Power grid Fig. 1. The distribution function of connectivities for various large networks. (A) Actor collaboration graph with N $ 212,250 vertices and average connectivity *k+ $ 28.78. (B) WWW, N $ 325,729, *k+ $ 5.46 (6). (C) Power grid data, N $ 4941, *k+ $ 2.67. The dashed lines have slopes (A) #actor $ 2.3, (B) #www $ 2.1 and (C) #power $ 4. P (k) = k 510 15 OCTOBER 1999 VOL 286 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Barabasi, A. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509–512 (1999). OUR DATA SETS Our work focuses on two datasets: OUR DATA SETS Our work focuses on two datasets: 1) A network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). OUR DATA SETS Our work focuses on two datasets: 1) A network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). 2) Correspondence in EXTRACTING THE NETWORK Starting from manuscripts we can extract what might be called the metadata of the letters: • sender • recipient • time • place ! But from the letter content we can also extract: • commendations • mentioned links • familial relationships • letter carriers PROTESTANT NETWORK PROTESTANT NETWORK We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). PROTESTANT NETWORK We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). These letters reflect the persecution and martyrdom of Protestants during this period. PROTESTANT NETWORK We applied this approach to a network of letters written by Protestants during the Catholic reign of Mary I (1553-58). These letters reflect the persecution and martyrdom of Protestants during this period. From 289 letters we put together a network of 377 individuals and 795 edges. An edge denotes a social interaction, such as a letter being written, or a commendation. PROTESTANT NETWORK John Hooper Heinrich Bullinger Anne Warcup John Bradford Joan Wilkinson Laurence Saunders Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher Lucy Harrington Robert Harrington Joyce Hales John Philpot Margery Cooke John Careless William Tyms R. Ahnert, S. E. Ahnert, Protestant letter networks in the reign of Mary I: A quantitative approach, English Literary History, 82.1 (2015) PROTESTANT NETWORK John Hooper Heinrich Bullinger Anne Warcup John Bradford Joan Wilkinson Laurence Saunders Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher Lucy Harrington Robert Harrington Joyce Hales John Philpot Margery Cooke John Careless William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK High-degree nodes are marked in red. John Hooper Heinrich Bullinger Anne Warcup John Bradford Joan Wilkinson Laurence Saunders Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher Lucy Harrington Robert Harrington Joyce Hales John Philpot Margery Cooke John Careless William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK High-degree nodes are marked in red. John Hooper ! Heinrich Bullinger Anne Warcup These turn out to be the Protestant leaders. John Bradford Joan Wilkinson Laurence Saunders Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher Lucy Harrington Robert Harrington Joyce Hales John Philpot Margery Cooke John Careless William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK High-betweenness nodes are marked in green. John Hooper Heinrich Bullinger Anne Warcup John Bradford Joan Wilkinson Laurence Saunders Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher Lucy Harrington Robert Harrington Joyce Hales John Philpot Margery Cooke John Careless William Tyms PROTESTANT NETWORK High-betweenness nodes are marked in green. John Hooper Heinrich Bullinger Anne Warcup John Bradford Joan Wilkinson Laurence Saunders Nicholas Ridley Augustine Bernher Lucy Harrington Robert Harrington Joyce Hales John Philpot Margery Cooke John Careless William Tyms These turn out to be sustainers of the network who provided support in the form of shelter, money, and by passing messages. ROBUSTNESS ROBUSTNESS John Cotton During the reign of Mary I almost 300 Protestants were executed. Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton During the reign of Mary I almost 300 Protestants were executed. Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne This campaign focused on the leaders of the movement, which were the hubs in the network. Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton During the reign of Mary I almost 300 Protestants were executed. Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne This campaign focused on the leaders of the movement, which were the hubs in the network. Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton But despite a large number of executions, the network does not fragment. Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton But despite a large number of executions, the network does not fragment. Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer This is because the sustainers keep it connected. Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex ROBUSTNESS John Cotton One of the best ways of fragmenting a network is in fact not to remove hubs, but to remove nodes or edges with high betweenness. Steven Cotton John Flood Thomas Whittle's wife Hugh Fox John Devenish Female prisoners in the Counter Mistress Lounford All the true professor and lovers of God's holy gospel John Hullier Cambridge congregation John Hullier's Cambridge congregation London Filles William Cooper John Denley Robert Samuel Robert Samuel's congregation at Barholt? Christian congregation (at Barholt, Suffolk?) Cutbert Simon Jen John Spenser John Harman Mrs Roberts Nicholas Hopkins Katherine Phineas Mistress Wod Amos Tyms Richard Nicholl Tyms - all Gods faithfull seruantes Ms Colfoxe congregation of Freewillers scattered through Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex and Kent Master Chester Henry Burgess a female sustainer Anon_189 godly women from William Tyms's parish of Hockley, Essex Christopher Lister William Tyms's congregation in Hockley, Essex M. William Brasburge William Tyms's friends in Hockley, Essex William Mowrant Cornelius Stevenson Master Pierpoint Walter Sheterden Thomas Simpson John Careless's co-religionist AC John Careless's co-religionists in London Nicholas Sheterden's mother John Careless's co-religionist EH Agnes Glascocke Stephen Gratwick Margery Cooke's husband Anon_234_female_E.K. Watts Thomas Whittle John Ardeley John Cavell Margaret Careless Richard Spurge Clement Throgmorton George Ambrose the flock in London Nicholas Margery Cooke's mother John Simpson Anon_289_female_E.K. Robert Drake Thomas Spurge Sister Chyllerde John Tudson Alexander Thomas Harland Thyme/Thynne William Aylesbury John Trew's sister-in-law Dirick Carver Isabel Foster Chyttenden Nicholas Sheterden's wife Thomas Upcher Henry Hart Thomas Hawkes' wife Joan Warren Father Herault Harry Adlington Mistress Cotton Richard Gibson John Went John Launder Nicholas Sheterden Thomas Avington Richard Brice William Tyms Mistress Pierpoint Thomas Iveson John Oswald William Lawrence Mary Honeywood Roger Newman citizens of London John Manning town of Walden Thomas Hawkes's son William Kempe William Flower Laurence Bradshaw Henry Jones Roger Bradford John Jackson Humphrey Middleton Richard Proude Margery Cooke Elizabeth Careless Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins's wife Joyce Hales Thomas Hawkes Anne Knevet John Careless William Andrew Master Royden Anne Smith John Gibson Sir Laurence Hall Town and University of Cambridge Richard Porrege Marmaduke Glover Elizabeth Bernher Richard Woodman Robert Skelthorpe Master Newport John Trew unnamed Freewiller Robert Smith Anne Glover John Bradford's brothers and sisters Katherine Smith Master Osbourne John Barry Master Nowell Humphrey Hales W Charelton William Porrege Hugh Burrows' wife Master Royden's wife Richard Hopkins's wife Anne Smith's parents Cornelyus John Ledley John Traves Hugh Glover Thomas Hawkes's congregation in (Coggeshall?) Essex Elsing's wife Parson of Mottram Lancashire and Cheshire, Manchester Robert Smith's brother Hugh Burrows Robert Cole John Bradford's mother Christopher Goodman Robert Glover Mother Pike Roger Shalcross's wife Master Heath Thomas Sorrocold's wife George Tankerfield's wife Master Marshall's wife Mary Marlar Coker Elizabeth Clarke Anon_247_Anne Augustine Bernher Lord Francis Russell Master Marshall Robert Smith's children John Bradford Cuthbert Simpson Elizabeth Bradford Elsing John Clements M. Vicar Thomas Witton Richard Hopkins Master Fokes Robert Smith's female friend and her husband R. Bolton Gerard The Frenchman Roger Shalcross Master Crooch Justice Sir James Hales Mary Glover John Glover Elizabeth Fane Thomas Hall Dr Albun Hill Master Mering Margaret Bradford Hancock Richard Bleacher Anon_170_B Bartlett Green Dr Albun Hill's wife Father John Traves Cuthbert Simpson's wife John Philpot Alice Seddon Thomas Sorrocold Richard Wright I. Wild Cuthbert Warcup John Searchfield William Punt Morley Anon_170_C Robert Bracher Good Wife Cooper William Fitzwilliam Thomas Riddleston Boyer Robert Ferrar Rowland Taylor Robert Harrington Richard Bleacher's wife Elizabeth Longsho Rosewel Elizabeth Browne Barthram Calthorpe James Bradshaw Margaret Taylor Wittrance George Shipside Edward 'Erkenwald' Rawlins Catherine Hall William Fletewode Lucy Harrington John Philpot's godly brethren Ms Coningham Rowland Taylor's wife, children and friends Joan Wilkinson Anne Warcup John Philpot's sister William Downton Goring Thomas Lever Laurence Saunders Alice Alexander Edward Saunders Farneham Hugh Latimer Mistress Martipole Thomas Cranmer George Heton Anne Lock John Knox Rose Hickman Sir William Lock co-religionists in London, Newcastle, and Berwick Anthony Hickman John Hall Mistress Heath Henrye Aprice Anon_218 Nicholas Ridley Anon_202 Sister B.S. Hussey Thomas Bentham Richardson Samuel Saunders Thomas Philpot Bockingham Cole Bell Lancelot Anon2_218_S Laurence Saunders's wife and friends Hobbes John Hooper Carre professors of the gospel in Lichfield Joanna Saunders Homes Palmer Lother Elice Fogge Mr Hurland Peter Martyr Anne Hooper Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke Elizabeth Warren George Marsh brethren and sisters Northumbrians Alice Shipside James Lever Jane Grey Edmund Grindal Katherine Grey the Christian congregation, prob. London Conrad Pellican Rafe Whitfield John Grove Bow churchyard congregation Edward Crome William Turner Heinrich Bullinger John Ridley John Hooper's co-religionists in London Rice Aprice James Haddon Ellis Crompton John Hooper's brethren, relievers and helpers Master Chambers Traiford Richard Cox Nicholas Ridley II John Utenhovius widow of Hugh Ridley female co-religionist, A. B., widow Sir John Cheke Richard Chambers Anon_99 Thomas Sampson John Hooper's wife Rachel Hooper unnamed London merchant Master Monger John a Lasco Robert Langley Theodor Bibliander's wife John Alcock John Alcock's co-religionists in Hadleigh, Suffolk Conrad Pellican's wife Elizabeth Ridley Daniel Hooper Chamber Dorothy Punt Christopher Froschover Anna Bullinger Rodolph Gualter's wife Mr Martin Mr Lavatar Monger Oporinus Margaret Butler Theodor Bibliander John Crompton John Warren Thomas Edward Frensham Randolph Rodolph Gualter Mr Shorte John Butler Rafe Bradshaw Rose Allin Alice Smith Alice Mount Robert Allen Ellen Ewring Richard Roth John Johnson William Mount Ralph Allerton George Marsh's friends in Manchester William Hunter William Hunter's mother George Marsh's congregation at Church Langton John Bland John Schmutz Richard Bradshaw John Bland's sister John Bland's father Robert Purcas William Bongeor Elizabeth Folkes Thomas Reynold Agnes Smith/Silverside former parishioners in Much Bentley, Essex STATE PAPERS ONLINE STATE PAPERS ONLINE Our next project is a much larger data set: STATE PAPERS ONLINE Our next project is a much larger data set: • The State Papers for the entire 16th century in England. STATE PAPERS ONLINE Our next project is a much larger data set: • The State Papers for the entire 16th century in England. • These are the official government records. STATE PAPERS ONLINE Our next project is a much larger data set: • The State Papers for the entire 16th century in England. • These are the official government records. • 130,000 items of correspondence connecting ~30,000 individuals. STATE PAPERS ONLINE Our next project is a much larger data set: • The State Papers for the entire 16th century in England. • These are the official government records. • 130,000 items of correspondence connecting ~30,000 individuals. • Many of these items connect people across Europe too. DISAMBIGUATION DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: • a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: • a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document • a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: • a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document • a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document Examples: DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: • a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document • a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document Examples: • de la Motte and de la Mote might be the same individual or not. DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: • a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document • a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document Examples: • de la Motte and de la Mote might be the same individual or not. • Archbishop of Canterbury can refer to several different people, depending on the date of the letter. DISAMBIGUATION To create a network of individuals we need to first make sure whether: • a given named individual is referred to by any other name or title in another document • a given name or title can refer to another individual in another document Examples: • de la Motte and de la Mote might be the same individual or not. • Archbishop of Canterbury can refer to several different people, depending on the date of the letter. 80% of Data Science is Data Cleaning! DISAMBIGUATION DISAMBIGUATION The disambiguation process also offers opportunities: DISAMBIGUATION The disambiguation process also offers opportunities: The creation of unique identifiers is a prerequisite for linked data. Efforts like this one can serve as nuclei for linked data projects. DISAMBIGUATION The disambiguation process also offers opportunities: The creation of unique identifiers is a prerequisite for linked data. Efforts like this one can serve as nuclei for linked data projects. We can use the disambiguation name lists and mappings to search letter content and extract mentions of individuals and further social links. TEST CASE: WEB INTERFACE TEST CASE: WEB INTERFACE TEST CASE: WEB INTERFACE EIGENVECTOR CENTRALITY A node that has a high eigenvector centrality score is one that is adjacent to nodes that are themselves high scorers: ‘the idea is that even if a node influences just one other node, who subsequently influences many other nodes (who themselves influence still more others), then the first node in that chain is highly influential’. BETWEENNESS RANKING: EDWARD VI 1. Lord Protector, Edward Seymour 11. Nicholas Ridley 2. Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley 12. Richard Rich 3. King Edward VI 13. Lady Jane Grey 4. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 14. William Parr, Marquess of Northampton 5. Sir Thomas Smith 15. John Russell, Earl of Bedford 6. Cardinal Reginald Pole 16. Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk 7. William Paget 17. Sir William Petre 8. William Cecil 18. William May 9. Princess Mary 19. Dr William Turner, Dean of Wells 10. William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 20. Sir Edward North EIGENVECTOR CENTRALITY: ELIZABETH I 1. Elizabeth I 2. Sir Francis Walsingham 3. William Cecil, Lord Burghley 4. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester 5. Sir Francis Knollys 6. Richard Cox, Bishop of Ely 7. Daniel Hechstetter 8. William Herle 9. John Johnson 10. William Paulet, Marquess of Winchester 11. Sir Henry Sydney, Lord President of Wales 12. Gilbert Berkeley Bishop of Bath & Wells 13. Sir John Hawkins 14. Lord Henry Howard 15. Thomas Thurland 16. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk 17. Sir Nicholas Bacon 18. Henry Parker, Baron Morley 19. Cornelius de Alneto 20. James Blount, Baron Mountjoy EDWARD COURTENAY Postscript: I perceive by a letter from Master [Anthony] Kempe answering one of myne which I sent [?] hym in a packet for England and the same was oppened in Flaunders whereof I somewhat mervaill. I pray you yf the packet were opened by the master of the post you will do me the pleasure to fynd the means that those inclosed lettres may be conveied as they are directed for oon of them being to my mother and others to certain of the counsell and other my other frendes about the queen the delivery of them now sholde do me pleasure. (TNA SP 11/9 f.30) Your lettres were thankfully accepted of the kinges and quenes highness and thei lyked, it was good advyse both to wryt unto them and also to sende your letres to Master Secretary Petre to deliver them … whensoever you wryte to their majesties you shold evermore sende your letters to him to be delivered for yt is the ordinarie way and wylbe best taken[.] James Bassett to Courtenay, May 27 1555, SP 11/5 f.86 And therefore you I will in your journayes, companyes, and choyce of places, use thatt forsyght thatt no occasion may be given to the ill men to speak ill, whereof might follow any impayrment of the good opinion the queenes mate hath conceyved of you. Petre to Courtenay, 23 November 1555, SP 11/6 f.104 Of my lord's mother [Lady Exeter] - £100. Of Thomas Smith - £10. More of my lady March 9-£4. Of Blunt the baker - 26s. 8d. Of [John] Walker at Rushton - £10. Of my I. at Kew - £9 16s. 2d. Of [James] Bassett by the hands of Jermyn Cyoll - £250. Of Mr Comptroller May 2 - £150. Of the gain of 34li. Spanish money - 55s. Of my lord May 17-20s. 3 1/2d. Of Lamken May 17-42s. 6d. Of my lord May 22 - 52s. Of my lord May 25 - 52s. Of my lord May 29-£10. Of my lord May 29 - £10 [sic]. Of my lord June 24 - 29s. 9d. Of [Thomas] Gresham in bills £243 12s. 5d.; in money but - £423 Os. 11d. Of Bassett by the hands of [Antonio] Bonvisi September 29 - £100. Of Thomas, Italian, October 21 - £21 10s. 2d. Of [John] Haydon - £13 6s. 8d. Of Jermyn Cyoll February 22 - £40. Sum - £1,165 12s. 1 1/2d. Prune to Courtenay, 23 February 1556, TNA SP 11/7 f.17 ! LETTER TO HOBY THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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