H I ST O R Y
E N G L I SH
I N CO N T E M PO R A RY PO E T RY
No
.
T HE TU D O R
III
.
M O NA RC H Y
PU BL I CA T I O N S O F
HI STO RI CA L A SSO C I A TI O N
THE
n g li s hh i s t or y i n
E
Con t e m p or a r y p oet r y
O U RTEEN TH CENT U RY
THE F
MA
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A ND L
A
P S A
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THE
r fe r H B
o
sso
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R U CE
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Y ORK
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By P
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M
By
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L
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MO NA R CHY
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A
1 4 8 9 — 1 5 88
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N
By
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O UR T A ND PAR LI AMEN T A D 1 5 8 8 — 1 6 88
P r o fe o r H
W M A
LL D
By M i
C
THE E I G HTEE N TH C E N T U R Y
F R Hi t S
T OM O
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E ARN SHA
ss
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LON D ON
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LL
S ON S
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THE DEVE LO PMEN T OF THE CA S TL E
By P
A ND WA L E S (wi t h Pl
)
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A
E
I N N GL N D
F
r o fe sso r
M
ans
S T R N TON , M A
L
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.
BE
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By
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S
RD ,
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C
H
O
K I N G SF
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TU DOR
F RA Z
ANCA S TE R
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.
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S OME I NFL U E N C E S OF THE G E O GRA PHY OF NOR TH
U MBERLAND U PO N I T S H I S T OR Y (wi t h M p
d
a
s an
T OM O M S PH D
A B IBLI O GR APHY OF THE H I S T ORY OF E U RO PE
F RO M 1 8 1 5 AND OF THE U N I TE D S T AT E S F RO M
By G
Pla n s )
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H
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1 7 83
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E SS AY
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la r g e
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N GL I
0N
Gr oun d Pla n s )
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J
OF
H C L A PH A M M A
.
.
,
A NN UAL BU LL ET I N
No
1911
.
No
.
a
M
r ee
RA HA
SE
-
A BIBL I O GRAPHY
.
ONA S TE R I E S (wi t h t h
By R O
G
M
E CO N O MI C HI S T ORY B y
SH
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.
.
H I S T OR I CA L LI TERAT UR E
01
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1 912
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ta
m
t or a
are
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t he His
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T he b o ve m a y b e ha d fr o
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b e rs
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2 5 9 d t he se t a n d I S e ch
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be r s
6, 7 9 I I
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be r s , a n d 1 5 6 d
N os 8
9d
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a n d 10
b e r s, a n d 6 d
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are
to m m
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at to m m
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to
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a to m m
to
mm
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mm
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E N G L I SH H I ST O R Y I N
CO N T E M PO R A R Y PO E T R Y
PJ O
T HE
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III
TUD OR
M O N A R C HY
1 48 5 T O
1
8
8
5
BY
N
.
L
.
F R AZ E
R MA
,
.
.
L O N DO N
U BLI SH E D
P
FO R T HE
G
.
H I ST O RI CA L ASSO C IATI O N BY
BE L L A N D SO N S, LT D
1914
.
E N G L I S H H I S T O RY
IN
C O N T E M PO R A R Y PO E T RY
THE
T
U D O R MO N A R C H Y
access i on O f th e h ouse O f Tu d or i s ce l e b rate d w i th som e
fe l i c i t y by S teph e n H awes th e S pe n se r b efo r e S pe n se r wh o
was on e O f th e G r ooms O f the C ham b e r of H e n r y V I I H i s
z
E x a mple of Vi r tn e was w ri tt en a b out 1 50 3 an d t o i t i s att ache d
an ep i l ogue o r d e d i cat i on t o t h e K i n g L a d y M a r ga r et th e
K i ng s moth e r was on e O f th e g r eate st pat r on s O f l ea r n i ng O f
h e r t i m e an d th e poet g i ves u s a p l easan t p i ctu re O f h er i nte r est
i n he r son s career
T HE
1
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T h is fl ower was kep t righ t lo n g i n c l o s e
Am on g the leaves wholesom e a n d soot
A n d regally sp ra n g a n d aros e
O u t O f the nobl e sto c k and ro ot
O f t h e Red Rose t ree t o b e o u r boot
A ft e r our bal e sent by g r e at gra ce
O n u s t o re i g n by righ t lo n g spa c e
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O Lord G o d ! wh at j oy was t h is
U nt o h i s m oth e r s o goo d a n d gra c io u s
W h e n th a t sh e s a w h e r s o n i w i s
Of h is e n emies t o b e so vic t oriou s !
I t c aus ed h e r t o be most j oyous !
A n d y e t thereof n o wo nd er wh y ;
F or h e wa s rig ht l on g from h e r t ruly
,
.
l
><
nalysi s Of b a lla d s b ear i n g o n the accessi on Of H enry V I I of
Professor F i rth s B a lla d H i s tory of the R ei g n s of I I e m y VI I a n d H e n ry VI I I
r e pr i nte d from T rans R H i st
3 r d S er v o l ii
2
A r b er D u n ba r A n thology p 2 1 7
F or
a
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2 1 3 5 04
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6
N G L I S H H I ST O R Y I N C ON T E M P O R A R Y P O E T R Y
T h us G od by gra c e did w e ll c ombi ne
T he R e d Rose and t he W h it e i n marria ge
B e i n g o n e d right c lear do th s h in e
I n all c l e ar ne ss an d vir t u ous c o urage ;
O f whos e rig ht an d l oyal l i ne ag e
Pri nce H e n ry is spru n g o ur Ki n g to b e
Afte r h is fath e r by righ t go od eq ui t y
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A l most at t he same mome n t as H awes was wr i t i ng th i s l o y a l
d e d i cat i on a nother poet W il l i am D un b ar was ce l e b rat i ng the
,
,
,
marr i age b etwee n th e Pri n cess M argaret an d J ames I V of
S cot l an d wh i ch was eventua l l y to make th e S tuarts K i ngs of
1
G reat B r i ta i n
D u n b ar has b ee n d escr i b e d as
on th e who l e
t h e most co ns i d e r a bl e poet of our la n d b etwee n C haucer a n d
S pe nser an d h i s mar ri age son g wh i ch he ca l l e d The Thi stle
a n d Th
e R ose as
pe r haps t h e h app i est po l i t i ca l a l l egor y i n ou r
l an g uage
so we ma y we l l q uote e n ough to S how the n at i on a l
e nt hus i asm wh i ch t he e vent ev i d en t l y i n sp i re d i n a S cott i sh
2
po l i t i c i an of some e x p er i e n ce
Th e poet i s a wak en e d b y
“
fresh M a y a n d b i d d e n w ri te someth i ng i n he r hon our ; sh e
“
l ea d s h i m i nto a l ust y ga r d e n gen t wh e r e D ame N ature
b r i ngs b efore t h em eve ry b i r d an d b east a n d fl ower t o d o
“
r eve r e n ce to M a y
the i r m aker
T he b easts an d b i r d s pass
i n rev i ew
h era l d ry has n eve r b ee n mo r e sk i l fu l l y han d l e d
an d
T hen c all e d s he al l flow e rs th a t gr o w o n fi e ld
D is cern i n g all t h e ir fas h i on s and e ffe irs [ b e ari ngs ]
U p on th e awf ul This t l e s he b ehe ld
A n d s a w h im kept wit h a b u s h O f sp e ars :
Co n sid e ri n g h i m s o abl e f o r t h e wars
A r a d i a n t c row n of rubi e s s he hi m g av e
A n d s aid I n fi e ld go fo r t h a n d fen d th e la ve !
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A n d s e n t h ou a rt a k ing th o u b e di sc re et !
H e rb w i th ou t vir t ue thou h o ld n ot of such p ri ce
A s h e rb of v irtue a n d of odour sweet
A n d le t n o net tle vil e a n d full of v ic e
H er fe llow to the goo dl y Fleur d e L i s !
N o r le t n o w i ld weed full O f ch urlish ne s s
C o mpar e h e r t il l t h e L i ly s n obl ene ss !
,
,
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,
,
’
i chol i n W d E g li h P l
L on d on has b een q uote d
Part f D un b ar s poem
l
l
rece
d
i
n
e
f
et
i
n
t
he
present
ser
i
es
g
p
1
2
N
a r
’
O
a
’
s
n
s
oo s
.
on
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at
the
e n d of
t he
T H E T U D O R M O N A RC H Y
7
ho ld n o ne o ther flo w er i n s u c h d a i nt y
As th e fr e s h Ro s e of c olour r e d a n d w h i te !
For i f thou d ost hur t i s t h i n e h o ne sty !
C o n s i d r i n g t h a t n o flow e r is s o p e r fi t e
8 0 full o f v i r t u e pl e asa n c e a n d d e lig ht !
S o full o f blis s ful a n g e li c b e au t y
I mp e rial bi r t h h o n our a n d dig n ity
T hen to t h e Ros e s he t ur ne d h er vi sa ge
A n d sai d O l usty Daughter ! mos t b en ig n
Abov e th e Lil y illus t rious of li ne ag e
From t h e sto ck royal risin g fresh and yi n g
B ut [wi thou t] a n y spo t or macul e doi n g spri n g :
C o m e B loom of J oy ! with g e m s t o b e crow ne d ;
F o r o er the la ve t h y b e auty i s re nowne d
N or
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64
X
-
96
Thereupo n M a y crown s t h e R ose who i s acc l a i m e d b y a l l t he
fl owers ; th e b i r d s too jo i n i n th e ch orus :
O bles s ed b e the h o u r
Tha t th o u was t c hos e n t o b e our Pri n cipal
C u r i ous l y l i tt l e O f the po l i t i cs of H en r y V I I S re i g n stan d s
reco rd e d i n th e ve r se of h i s t i me ; b ut J oh n S ke l ton the tutor
O f Pr i nce H en ry a n d afte rwa r d s L au r eate has l eft u s an i n ter
est i ng poem on the d eath of the E ar l O f N o r t hu m b e r la n d who
l ost h i s l i fe i n a pop u l ar ri s i ng i n Yo r ksh i re aga i n st th e ta x at i on
l ev i e d b y th e G overn men t for car ry i ng on th e war i n B r i ttan y
(A pr i l
Th e com mo n s refu s ed t h eir t ax e s t o p a y
O f th e m demand e d a n d ask e d by th e Ki ng ;
W i th on e voi ce im portun e th e y pl a i n ly said n ay ;
T h ey h ied the m o n a b u s h m e nt t hems e lv es i n ba i l e [t r ou bl e]
t o bri n g
A g ai n st t h e Ki n g s pleasure t o wrestl e or to wr i ng ;
B lu n tly as b e a st s wi t h b oas t a n d w i t h c ry
T h ey said th e y r e gard e d n ot n or c ar e d n o t to di e
“
T h e n obl en ess o f the no r t h th is v alia nt lord a n d kn ig ht
A s m an tha t w a s i nn o c e n t of t r e ach er y or t rai n
P re ssed for t h boldly t o w i th sta n d t h e m ig h t
A n d l ik e martial H ec tor he fough t th e m aga i n
V igor o usly upon t h e m with migh t a n d wi th mai n
Trustin g i n n obl e m e n th a t w e r e wi t h h i m t h e r e ;
But all th ey fl e d from h im for fals e h o o d or fea r 1
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D yce s S k elto
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n
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i 9
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X
also Per cy
R e li qu es
(W heat ley )
,
i
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1 17
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8
E
N G L I S H H I ST O R Y
IN
C O N T E M P O R AR Y P O E T RY
The h i gh hopes of th e n at i o n at t he access i on of H e n r y V I I I
an d i t s d i ssat i sfact i on w i th th e l ate r e i g n fou n d an apt an d
pe r haps m ore th an conve n t i ona l e x press i on i n S k e lt o n s L a n d
or ou r S over e i n L or d th
a n d P r a i se
e
K i ng
f
g
“
I n w h om do t h well ac c o r d
Al e xis yo u n g o f age
Adras t us W is e a n d sage
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Jr
As t ra e a J ust ic e h ig ht
Th at from t h e starry sky
Shall n ow com e an d d o right
T h is h u n dred y e ar sca n tly
A ma n c ould not aspy
T h a t R i gh t dwelt u s among
A n d th at was t h e mor e wro n g
Rig ht shall the fox e s ch ase
T he wolv e s t he bears also
T h a t wr oug h t hav e mu ch c are
A n d brough t Englan d i n wo e
T he y s h all worry n o mor e
N o r roo t up t h e Rosary [r o se b us h ]
By e x t or t t re a c h e ry
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Th e r e for e n o m o r e t he y s ha ll
Th e c ommon s o v e r b a ce
Th at wo nt w e r e over all
B ot h lor d a n d knig h t t o face [out face]
F o r n ow t he ye a rs of gra ce
An d wealt h are c om e ag ai n
Tha t mak et h E n gla n d fai n 1
,
-
,
”
.
A s a com pan i on p i cture t o t h e we l l k n ow n d escr i pt i on of t h e
y ou n g K i n g pen n e d b y th e V e n et i an A m b assa d or th e fo l l ow i ng
poem O f H en ry o n h i mse l f h as m ore t han usu a l i n terest :
-
,
Pas t im e w i t h good c ompa n y
I lo ve a n d shall un t i l I d i e !
G rudge wh o lu s t bu t n one d en y
S o G o d be pleas e d t hus li v e W ill I
F o r my pasta nc e
H u nt sin g and d anc e !
M y h e art is s e t
All good s por t
For my c omfort
W h o shall m e l et ?
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1
D y c e s Sk elt
’
on ,
i ix
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TU D OR M O N ARCHY
TH E
9
Y o u t h mus t ha v e som e d alli ance !
Of good or ill som e pas t a nce
C o mpa n y m eth i nk s th en b est
All t h ough ts a n d fa n ci es to di gest
For idl ene ss
I s ch i e f mi st r ess
Of vi ce s all
T hen wh o ca n s a y
B ut mirth a n d p l a y
I s b e s t fo r a ll !
Compa n y w i t h hon e s t y
I s vir tue vic e t o fl ee !
C o mpany is go o d an d ill ;
B u t e v e ry m an hat h h i s free w il l !
The b e s t ens u e
Th e wor s t e sch ew
M y min d S h al l b e
V ir t u e t o u s e
V i ce to refu s e
T hu s sha ll I u s e m e
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2
Ear l y i n t he n ew re i gn came th e war w i t h S cot l a n d an d h e re
th e Poet L aureat e foun d a congen i a l su bject for h i s v i ru l en t
pen H e has severa l poems on th e S cott i sh d efeats a n d h i s
i nvect i ve revo l t e d even some of h i s ow n cou n tr y men W e
3
q uot e h e r e from h i s B a lla d of the S cotti sh K i n g wh i ch was
ev i d ent l y wr i tte n b efo r e authe n t i c d eta i l s such as th e d eat h of
J a m es I V came to han d an d ha d to b e a l te r e d i n a l ater poem
Ki n g J amy Jom y yo u r j oy i s a ll go ;
Ye s u m mo n ed o ur Ki n g
W h y di d y e s o ?
To y o u not h i n g i t did acc o rd
T o summo n o u r Ki n g y o ur s ov e r e ig n l or d
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For to the c a s t l e of N orham
I u n d e rsta n d t o o s o o n y e cam e
For a pr i son e r th e re n ow y e b e
E it he r t o t h e d e vil o r t h e Tri n i t y
.
l
25
l
><
~
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><
O f the Ki n g o f N a varr e y e may t a ke hee d
H o w un fo rt un a te ly h e do t h now sp ee d
I n d o uble wall s now h e d ot h dr e m e
1
Ar b er S u r r ey a n d Wy a tt A n lhology p 1 0 8
2
Vi d e zbi d
F or the b alla d h i stor y o f F lo dd en cf F i rth op ci t p 2 7
f or d i scus si on o n the b a lla d o f A n d r ew B a r ton an d i ts value as a n i llu stra
t i on of naval tact i cs an d the u s e of a rcher y
3
P u b li she d i n fac s i m i le b y J A shton 1 882
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III
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E
I O
N G L I S H H I ST O R Y
IN
C O N TE M P O RA RY P O E T RY
T hat is a Ki n g w ith ou t a re alm
O f h i m e x ampl e ye wo ul d n on e t ake
E xp e ri en c e ha t h broug h t y o u i n th e sam e b r a ke
.
.
I t i s not fi tt i n g i n t o w e r nor t ow n
A su mm one r t o w e ar a k i ng s c ro wn
1
T h a t n obl e e ar ! t h e Whi te Lio n
Y o u r pom p a n d pr i d e h a t h laid ado wn
H i s s on t h e l or d admiral is full g o od
H is sw ord h a th bathed i n the S co t t e s bl o od
G o d s av e Ki n g H en ry a n d h is l ord e s all
A n d sen d the F re n ch Ki n g s uch a n o ther fall
,
’
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A s was to b e e x pecte d b y far the g r eater part of the con
,
temporar y poetr y O f th i s t i m e — s o far as i t i s po l i t i ca l at a l l
i s concern e d wi th t he R eformat i on m ovem e n t Th e stage e s
n
ota
bl
y
t
h
rough
th
e
mora
l
i
t
y
p
l
a
y
gave
h
t
e R eformers
i
l
e
c
a
l
p
y
a sp len d i d opport un i t y for sprea d i ng the i r v i ews among the
popu l ace a l though th e sch oo l p l a y s t he n so fre q ue n t a n d
wr i tte n u sua l l y i n L at i n wou l d n ot at fi r st b e on the s i de of
the n ew i d eas A t th e e n d of H e n r y V I I I s re i gn th e G overn
m e n t for b a d refe r e nce t o ecc l es i ast i ca l controvers y o n t h e
stage ; b ut th e resp i te was b r i ef for u n d er E d war d VI t he
E l iz a b eth
Pr ot estan t pa r t y ma d e th e most of th e i r su premac y
O llo w e d h er father s e x a m p l e of p roh i b i t i ng stage referen ce t o
2
ecc l es i ast i ca l or po l i t i ca l cont rove r s y
A part f r om th e d ram a we have a g r eat b o d y of contemporar y
poet r y b ea ri ng upon t he eve nts an d personages of th e R eforma
3
t io n
I n the O pen i n g y ears W o l se y i s th e ce ntra l figure an d
i t i s aston i sh i ng to rea d the scarce l y ve il e d att ac ks ma d e upon
4
him
The b a l l i s ope n e d b y t he L a u reate h i mse l f i n h i s C oli n
A fte r some t h ree h u n d re d l i n es O f d e n u nc i at i on of the
C lout
ev il s r i fe among th e c l e r g y th e poet p rocee d s
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,
T homas H owar d E ar l of S urrey
2
F o r the b ear i n g o f the d rama upon the R eformat i on movement
cf C a m br i dg e H i s to r y of E n g li sh L i te r a tu r e v 58 59
3
F o r the connect i on b etween the b a lla d s i ng e rs a n d the R eformers
p 37
cf F i r th op ci t
4 H o w ever towar d s the en d o f Coli n Cl u t S ke lt on refers t o O b stac les
p ut
i n the w a y o f pub li sh i ng t he poe m an d the C ar d i nal b o ug ht up a ll the
cop i e s of R ed e Me a n d be n ot Wr othe th a t he could fi n d F or references t o
W o lsey b y the b a ll a d m a k e r s a s O ppose d to the professi on a l sat i r i sts
p 35
cf F i rth op ci t
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TH E TU D OR M O N A RC H Y
“
1 1
Th us I Coli n Clou t
A s I go abo ut
A n d wan d e r i n g a s I wal k
I he ar the peopl e t al k
M en s a y fo r silv e r and gold
M itres ar e bough t and sold ;
Th er e shall n o l e arn i n g pr oc u r e
A m itr e n or a c rosi e r
B u t a full purs e
A s t r a w for G o d s c urs e !
What ar e t h ey t h e wors e ?
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A n d n o mor e y e ma ke
O f simo n y m en s a y
B ut a ch i l d s play
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’
.
Th e peop l e sa y too th at th e Pop e m a y make a B i shop of an
an ch o ri t e wh o i m me d i at e ly bl osso m s out i n to eve ry k i n d of
lu x u ry an d e x t ravag a n ce :
,
,
,
“
Their mul e s gol d d o e a t
Their n eighbours die for meat
What c are th ey th ough G ill s w eat
O r J ack of th e N oo k ?
Th e poor p e opl e t hey yok e
With sermon s and C i ta t io n s
A n d e x c ommu n ication s
A bou t ch urch es an d m ar ke t
T h e bish op o n hi s carp et
”
A t h om e full s o ft doth s i t
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’
.
T h e i n ev i ta bl e r esu l t s of th i s are to l d at some length ; he r es y
fo r e x a m p l e fl our i sh es :
,
An d som e h av e a sm ack
Of Lu t her s sack
An d a burn i ng spark
O f Luth er s work
And ar e som e wha t s u sp e c t
I n Luther s sect
And som e of th e m bar k
Cl atter an d c arp
Of that h er e sy ar t
C all e d W i c le v i s t a
Th e d ev ilish do g m atista ;
An d som e b e H u s s i a n s
A n d some be Ar i an s
”
An d some be P e le g i a n s
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12
E N G L I S H H I ST O R Y
IN
C O N T E M P O RA R Y
P O ET R Y
A n d as a conse q ue nce th e poet can o n l y e x c l a i m ev i d en t l y
w i t h W o l se y i n m i n d
,
w he r e the p r e la te s be
C om e of low d e gre e
A n d s e t in maj e sty
A n d s p i r i t u a ll dig n i t y
Far e w e ll simpli c i ty
Far ew ell h umil i t y
Fa rewe l l g o od c hari t y
,
,
,
T he pe r so n a l app l i cat i on i s st i l l more st ron g l y m arke d i n
w h at fo ll ows :
“
Y e are s o p u fl e d w it h prid e
Tha t n o ma n may abid e
Yo u r h ig h a n d lordly loo ks :
Y e th ro w u p t h en your bo oks
A n d v irt u e i s forgot t e n ;
Fo r t h en y e will b e wro ken
Of eve ry l i g ht q uarr e l
A n d c al l a lord a j avel
A kn igh t a k n av e y e m ake ;
A n d u p on you y e t ak e
TO rul e b ot h Ki n g a n d K ai ser
A n d if y e may h av e leis u r e
Y e w ill bri n g al l to n ough t
A n d t ha t is a ll your t h o u ght
F o r th e lords te mporal
Th e ir r u l e is v e ry s mall
Al m o s t not h i n g a t all
M en s a y ho w y e appall [ m ake pale ]
T he n ob l e blood royal :
I n e ar n est a n d i n gam e
Y e are t h e le s s t o blam e ;
Fo r l o rds of no ble blo o d
I f th e y w e ll u n d e rst o od
H o w kn ow ledg e mig ht the m a d v a nce
Th e y wo u l d pipe you a not h e r d ance ;
B ut n obl e me n bor n
To l e ar n th e y hav e s co r n
B ut h u nt and blo w a n h or n
L e ap ov e r lak e s a n d dykes
S ett i n g not hi n g by poli t i c s
T h er e for e y e k ee p t hem bas e
A n d mo ck th e m to t h eir fa ce
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wh e n me n see great l or d s sc r ap i ng i n th i s wa y th e y
rem em b e r th at fortun e i s a fick l e ja d e after a ll an d that so m e
t i m es hon ou r b a t h a great fa l l
Bu t
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”
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,
THE T
U D O R M O N A R C HY
13
S ke l t on th e n i n d u l ges i n som e bi t i n g sarcasms o n th e f ri a r s
an d t he i r ca d g i n g wa y s ; b ut towa r d s the en d O f h i s poem he
r eturn s to W o l se y an d th e fi ck le n e ss of fortun e :
I t is a busy thi n g
F o r one ma n t o r ul e a Ki n g
Alo ne a nd mak e r eck on i n g
T o govern ov e r all
A n d r u l e a real m royal
B y one ma n s v e ry w i t ;
For t u ne may chanc e t o flit
A n d wh e n h e t h ink eth t o s i t
Y et may h e m i ss th e c us h i on
'
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1
Bu t
t he d en un c i at i on of Coli n C lou t i s m i l d comp a re d w i th
th e scath i ng sat i re of Why C om e Ye N ot to C our t w ri tte n by
S ke l ton a b out th e e n d O f 1 52 2 b ut n ot p u bl i sh e d t il l aft er the
d eath s O f b ot h S ke l ton an d W o l se y A fter a h u n d r e d l i nes of
l ament at i on over th e gen era l sho r tcom i n gs of th e t i me an d
espec i a l l y th e d i sregar d of th ri ft
For t ruly t o expr ess
T he r e h at h b een muc h e x cess
With ban q u et i n g br a i n l e ss
Wit h r i ot in g r e ckl e ss
Trea t in g O f tr u ce res t l e ss
Pra t i ng for p e a ce p e a ce l e s s ;
Th e c o un teri n g at Cal a is
Wra n g u s on t he m a les [wa ll et ]
th e poet procee d s to po i nt out t hat
“
T he re i s n o m an bu t o ne
T h a t h ath t he strok e s alo ne ;
B e i t bla ck or w h it e
All th at h e clo t h i s rig ht
A s rig h t a s a c r ook ed stick
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95
X
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Twi t A n dr e w t wi t S c o t
G o h ome go scou r th y po t ;
F or we h av e spe n t our sh o t
W e sh all have a tot quot
F rom th e Pope o f R om e ;
To weave all i n o ne loom
A we bb O f li n sey woolsey
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Opus
D y ce
m a le
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s
du loe
Stee l/o n ,
i
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311
cl s eq
.
1
4
E N G L I S H H I STO RY
C ON T E M P O R A RY P O E T R Y
IN
O u r a rmy wax eth d u ll
Wi th Tur n all h ome a g ai n
A n d n ever a Scot s la i n
Y et th e good Earl of S u rr e y
Th e Fren ch men h e dot h fray
A n d v e x e t h t he m d a y by day
Wi th all th e pow e r h e may 1
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at
4(
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er
B u t y e t the y o ver sh oo t u s
W i t h crow ns or w i t h s c u t is [! cus ] ;
Wit h sc uti s a n d c rown s o f gol d
I dr e ad we are bough t a n d s old ;
T he y sh oo t all at o n e ma rk
A t t h e C a r din a l s h a t ;
T he y sh oo t all a t t h a t ;
O u t of t h e ir s t ron g t ow n s
Th e y sh oo t at h im with c r owns
Wi t h c rown s of gol d e mblaz e d
Th e y ma ke h i m s o amaz e d
A n d h is e y e s s o daz e d
T h a t h e n e s ee c a n
T o kn ow G od n or ma n
H e i s s e t so h i g h
Th at i n th e C h am b er o f S ta r s
All ma t t e rs t h er e h e mars ;
Clappin g h is rod o n the b oa rd
N o m a n dar e spea k a word
For h e h a th a ll th e sayi n g
W it h ou t any renayi n g ;
H e roll e t h i n h is r ec ords
H e saith H o w s a y ye my l ords
I s n ot m y reason g oo d
G ood eve n good R obi n H o o d
S om e s a y ye s an d som e
Si t still as th ey w ere d umb
Th us t h wart i n g o ver t hem
H e rulet h al l th e roos t
”
Wi t h bragg i n g a n d wi t h b oa s t
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M eanwh i l e
cou ntr y i s go i n g f r om b a d to wo r se an d i s
e x pose d to fo r e i gn attack
,
Wh a t he ar y e of Lan c as h i r e ?
T he y w e re n o t pa i d the ir h ir e ;
Tho m as H owar d th i r d D uke o f N orfolk comman d e d the E ng li sh
A rm y i n F rance i n 1 52 2
2
Prover b f o r c i v fli ty ex t orte d b y fear
(D y ce )
1
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TH E T U D O R M O N A R C H Y
1
5
The y are fi e r ce a s a n y fir e
W h at hea r y e of C heshir e ?
Th e y h ave laid all i n the mir e ;
Th e y grudged an d sa i d
Th e i r wages wer e n o t paid ;
S om e sa i d th ey were afr a id
O f th e Sco t tish host
For all th e ir crack and b oas t
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i
Wha t h e ar y e of t he S cots ?
Th e y ma k e us all sots
Bla b b i ng fool i s h d aws ;
T hey mak e us to feel s t raw s ;
T he y play us t he ir ol d prank s
A fte r H u n tly ba n ks
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,
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W h a t hear y e O f the Lord D a cre s ? 1
H e maketh u s J ack Ra k er s ;
F or t h e Scots and h e
Too w e ll th e y do agree
W i th D O thou for me
And I sh all d o for th e e
W h ile t he R ed H at do t h en d ure
”
H e ma k eth h i mself co c ksure
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:
>1
mak e h i s po i nt S ke l ton goes on to s l an d e r L or d R OO S
afterwar d s E ar l O f R ut l an d W a r d e n of th e E ast M a r ch es an d
th e Ear l of N ort hu m b er l an d who was for a t i m e W a rd en of t he
W ho l e M arches I t i s a l l Wo ls e y s fau l t for h e ra i l s at a ll
c l asses :
T hu s royally he do th d e al
U n der t h e Ki n g s broad s e al ;
A n d i n t h e C heck e r he t h en checks ;
I n t h e Star C h a mber he no d s an d b eck s
A n d bear e t h h i m ther e s o stout
T h a t n o ma n dare rou t
D u ke earl baro n n or lord
B u t t o h i s s ent e nc e m u s t a cco rd
A b r oa d i t i s the same ta l e : B urgun d y S pa i n an d F ran ce a l l
S how the sam e fee b l e po l i c y as that pu r sue d towa rd s S cot l an d
So
O n c e yet agai n
O f you I woul d frayn e [ as k ]
Why c ome ye n ot t o C o ur t ?
To w h ic h C ourt
To t h e Kin g s C o ur t
War d en o f the W est Marches
TO
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E N G L I S H H I S T O R Y I N C O N TE M P O RA R Y P O ET RY
16
O r t o H amp t o n C o urt
N ay to th e Ki n g s C our t
Th e Ki n g s Court
Should hav e th e e xc e l le nce ;
B u t H am pt o n Cour t
H ath t he pre em i n e n c e
A n d York s Place [ Wh i te h al l ]
Wit h my l o rd s gra ce 1
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H i s l ow l y b i rt h
wou l d matt er l ess i f h e remem b ere d i t for h e
ha d n oth i n g to r eco m m e n d h i m i n th e wa y of l earn i ng b e i n g
m e r e l y a poore ma i ste r of art e
i t i s t h e o ld prover b of set
a b eggar on h o r se b ack
A fte r an ot he r s ix h u n d re d l i n es of
i n vect i ve pu bl i c an d pr i vate S ke l to n goes o n to d e n ou n ce
Wo lse y s v i o l at i on of san ctuar y an d h i s se l f appo i n t m e n t as
A bb ot O f S t A l b an s — a l l of wh i ch h i gh h an d e d t y ran n y h e
car ri es th rough b y h i s l egat i n e aut ho ri t y
I t ma y serve to p ut ou r q uotat i on s from S ke l to n i n the i r
p r oper perspect i ve i f we q uot e f r om the est i mat e g i ve n b y
Al l
Dr
K Ob li n g i n th e C a m br i dg e H i story of L i ter a tur e
S k e lt o n s poem s aga i n st W o l se y are fu l l O f e x agge r at i on s an d
u n just i mputat i on s W o ls e y s stat esman sh i p h i s l earn i ng th e
se r v i ce s h e r en d ere d t o h i s cou nt ry are grossly u n d errate d ;
b ut h e r e aga i n S ke l ton e x p r esses n ot o n l y h i s persona l O p i n i o n
b ut t hat of a l a r ge port i o n of t h e n at i o n wh i ch h at e d t h e
o m n i pote nt m i n i ste r an d h e l d h i m respon s ib l e for man y th i ngs
2
n ot a l l of wh i ch cou l d b e l a i d to h i s charge
A n d i f ou r
q uot at i on s h e r e from oth er wr i ters seem to emph as i se q u i t e
d i sp r oport i on ate l y th e Prot estant s i d e of t h e R eformat i on i t i s
b ecause th e C ath o l i cs afte r S k e lt o n s d eath were represen te d
b y wr i t ers of l ess d i st i n ct i on — a t an y rate i n t h i s poet i ca l
d i r ect i o n
E ve n Ba r c l a y i n h i s S hip of F ools has sor r ow f u ll y t o
3
ad mit
w i th wet ch eek s b y t ea r s th i ck as h a il
that th e ev i l
l i ves of th e c l erg y we r e l a r ge l y t o bl ame fo r t h e d eca y O f h i s
4
b e l ove d fa i th
I f S k e lt o n s poe m was an attack o n W o l se y from th e secu l ar
s i d e as Professor A rb er po i nts out R ede Me a n d be n ot Wr othe
was an attac k o n h i m f r om t h e r e l i g i ous s i d e an d i s at t h e
L oc ci t i i i 77
D yce s S k elton i 1 59 et seq
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ii 93
the
F
b alla d s
references there g i ven t
3
4
S hip of F ools
or
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on
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i
i
i
C athol c s d e , cf F rth ,
F ur n i va ll s B a lla d s f r om
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p ci t
MSS
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3 8,
an d the
18
E N G LI S H H I STO RY I N C O N TE M P O R ARY P O ET RY
L et all t h i s pass ! I pray th ee h e a rt ily ;
A n d sh ew m e some w hat s e riousl y
O f h i s S piritual magnifi c enc e
J E FF RE Y First h e b a t h a t i tl e of Saint Cecil e ;
A n d is a Legate a e la ter e
A dig n i t y of h i g h pre emi n e n c e
H e hath B i shopr i cs t wo or t h re e
With t h e Pope s ful l authority
I n ca s e s of dispen sat i o n
VVA T K I N
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WA TK I N H ath h e so large facul ty
O f the Pop e s be n i gn i t y
As is spoken abroa d
J E F FR E Y H e standeth in t he Pop e s room ;
H av i n g of h i s B u lls a great s u m
I t row a wh ol e car t load
Wher e w i th me n s purs e s t o d i sch a r ge
H e ex tendet h h is power more large
Th a n t he power O f Alm i ghty God
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H e turn eth all t h i n gs t ops y turvy ;
N o t spar i n g for a n y S i mony
To sell Sp i ritual gifts
I n grants of consanguini t y
T O marr y withi n n ear [ er] degree
H e getteth away m e n s t hr i fts
Of S ecular folk h e ca n make Reg u l ar ;
A nd again of Regular Secular
M aki ng as he l i st b lack O f wh i te !
O p e n wh oredom a n d a d voutr y
H e alloweth to be ma t r i mo n y
Th o u g h it be n e ver so unr i gh t
Lawful wedlock t o divorce
H e g i veth very l i ttle force ;
K n owi n g n o cause wherefore
H e playe t h th e D evil an d h i s D am e
A ll peopl e reportin g th e same
C urse th e t i me tha t ever he was b or e
WA TK I N I t cann ot sink in my m i n d
Th at t h e Cardinal is so blin d
To make any such divorcemen t
J E FF RE Y Th ough it be n o t in th y bel i ef
I tell thee (to put i t in p r e e f )
H e doth a ll that h e can i n ven t
WA TKI N B etwi x t whom dost thou ween
J E FF RE Y B etw i xt th e K i ng a n d th e Q uee n
Which h av e b een lo n g of one ass ent
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TH E T U D O R M ONA RC HY
I
WA TKI N Som e c aus e t h e n h e h a t h e spied
Which asun d er t hem to d i v i d e
I S nec e ssary an d urgen t
J E FF RE Y N oth i ng but th e B utch er dot h fe ig n
That t he goo d La d y i s barr e n
L i k e t o be past ch i l d b e ar i ng
WA TKI N H a d th e K i ng n ever ch il d by h e r ?
J E FF RE Y N o ma n e v e r s a w goo d l i er
Than t hos e which s he forth did bri n g
WA TKI N I s there an y O f t h em alive
J E FF RE Y Yea ! a Pr i ncess ! wh om t o d e s c riv e
I t were har d for a n Ora t or !
Sh e is but a ch i l d of age ;
An d y e t i s sh e bot h W i s e a n d sa g e
O f very beaut i ful favour
Perfectl y sh e d oth re p rese n t
The s i ngular gra ce s excellen t
Both O f father an d moth er
H ow b e i t all th i s n ot regar d i n g
The Carter O f York i s m e d dl in g
For t o d i vorc e t he m asunder !
WA TKI N Ar e n ot th e N obles h erewith o ffen d e d ?
J E FF RE Y Ye s bu t it ca n no t be am end ed
As l on g as h e i s the r u ler !
WA TKI N I th in k th e Q uee n is not fault y ;
B ut had d on e e noug h O f h er party
I f i t ha d p leased G o d s b e n e fi ce n ce
J E FF RE Y N on e is fau lty but th e B utch er !
W h om Alm i gh t y G o d d oth su ff e r
To scourge t he p e ople s O ffen c e
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WA TKI N I n t he se p ar t s i t is verified
Th at h e hat h a Coll eg e e di fi e d
Of marvellous foun d ation
J E F FR E Y Th o u ma y st p e rceive b y reason
Th a t virt u e shal l be very geason [sc a r ce]
A mon g a sort O f i d l e l osels
Wh i c h hav e riches infin ite !
I n w ealth and worl d ly deligh t
G i ven to pl e asure an d n othing e lse !
WA TKI N They r ea d th ere both G re e k a nd H ebr e w
J E FF RE Y I w i ll n o t say but i t is true
Tha t there be m e n of great sci e nc e
H owbe i t wh er e pr i de i s t he beg i n n ing
Th e D evil i s com mo n l y th e en d i ng !
A s w e s e e by exper i enc e
And if thou con si d er well
Eve n as t he Tower of B abel
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20
E N G L I S H H I STO RY I N C O N TE M P O RA R Y P O E T R Y
B e g an of a pr es ump t i on
S o t h i s College I dar e un d e r t a ke !
Which t h e Cardi n al doth mak e
S h all con fou n d t he r e g i o n
Wha t i s i t to s e e d ogs an d c a t s
Gar g oyl e h e ads an d Cardi nals hats
P ai nt ed o n w all s w ith m uc h cos t ;
W h i ch o ugh t of du t y to b e sp ent
U po n poor p e ople i n dig en t
Fo r lack of foo d u t terly l o st
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Th e d i a l ogue goes on t o state p l a i n l y th at W o l se y i nve n ts
wars to get r i d of th e poor peop l e ; b es i d es h e makes a fo r tu n e
out of wa r fi rst by b r i b es to secu re the E ng l i sh a l l i an ce an d
t h e n by b r i b es to secu re peace I n fact h e i s a prov e d t ra i tor
“
I f i t we re not th at d ev i l s w i t h cu rses are i n ure d th e y wou l d
b e g l a d to le t h i m ou t O f h e l l A n d t h en h i s pomp i s i n t o le r
a bl e ; t h e accou n t rea d s l i ke a ve r s i fie d form of C aven d i sh s
we l l k n ow n d escr i pt i on
J E F F R E Y B e fore h im r i d e t wo Pri est s s t ro n g
A n d t h e y b e ar t wo C ro sse s ri gh t lo n g
G apin g i n e v e ry ma n s face
A n d t he n foll ow tw o Lay m en se cular ;
A n d e ach of th em h o lding a Pilla r
I n th e ir h a n ds stead of a mace
T hen fol lowe t h my Lord o n hi s m ul e
Trapp e d wit h gold un der he r c u l e
I n e very poin t mos t c uriously
O n each side a Poleaxe is bor ne
W h ic h i n n on e other u s e i s w or n ;
P re t en di n g some h id my s t e ry
Th en h ath h e serv an ts five or s i x s core
S om e b e h i n d a n d s ome b e for e
A marvellous g re at c ompany !
O f w h i c h ar e Lo rds a n d G e n tleme n
With man y gro o ms a n d y e o rn e n
A n d also k n av e s am on g
T h us da i ly h e p roc e e deth forth
A n d men m us t t a ke i t a t wor th
W het h e r he d o righ t o r w r on g
A great car ! h e is and a fa t
W e ari n g o n h is head a R e d H at
Pro c ur e d w it h a n g e l s s ubs i dy
A n d (as t h e y s ay ) i n t im e of rain
Four of h i s G ent lem en are fai n
T o h o l d o ve r i t a ca no p y
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TH E TU D O R M O N A RC H Y
2 1
B esides th is to tell t h ee m o r e n e w s
H e b a t h a pair o f c ostly shoes ;
Whic h seldom t ouch an y groun d
The y ar e s o goodly a n d cu rious
All of gold a n d s tone s pr e cious
Costi n g ma n y a tho usa n d pound
A n d who did for th es e sho e s pay ?
Truly many a ri c h A bbey
To b e e as e d of h i s V i s itation
D o t h h e in h is o w n p erso n visi t ?
N o ! A n ot h er for h i m do t h i t
Tha t c a n skill O f th e occupati on
A fello w ne i t h e r w is e n or sa d
B ut h e was ne v er ye t ful l mad
Th ough he be fra nt i c an d m ore
D octor A llen he is n amed :
O ne t h at to l i e i s n ot a s hamed
I f h e spy adva n tag e th er e for
Ar e suc h with h im i n a n y pric e ?
Y e a ! fo r t hey d o all h i s advice
W hethe r it b e wrong or righ t
H a t h t h e Cardi n al an y gay mans i on ?
G r e a t Palac e s without c ompariso n
M os t glorious of outward s i gh t
A n d w i th i n decked poi n t devi ce
M o r e l ike un to a Parad i se
Tha n a n eart h ly h ab i tati on
H e c om e t h t he n of som e n obl e stock
H is fath e r co u l d s n atch a bulloc k
A B u t c h er by h i s o c cupat i o n
H ow c a m e h e u n to h i s glory
Pl a i n ly by th e D evil s policy !
As i s e v e ry whe re said
A r e the S tat e s h ere w ith al con t ent
I f they sp e a k a ugh t th e y ar e S he nt ! [ pu t to sh a m e]
Wher e fore I tell t he e th e y are afraid
Wha t abs t i n e nce u s e th h e to t ak e
I n L ent all fi sh h e doth forsak e ;
F e d w i th partr i d g es an d plovers 1
,
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W AT K I N
J E F FRE Y
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WA TK I N
J E F FRE Y
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WA TKI N
J E F F RE Y
WA TKI N
J E F F RE Y
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WA TKI N
J E F F RE Y
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WA T KI N
J E F F RE Y
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W AT KI N
J E F FRE Y
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W AT K I N
J E F F RE Y
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1:
S uch a ri s i n g as th e Pi l gr i mage o f G race wou l d b e su r e to
st ri ke th e popu l a r i m a g i n at i on an d wou l d n atu r a ll y fi n d e x
p r ess i on i n th e popu l ar b a l l a d S uch a b a l l a d h as b ee n p r e
,
.
The q uotat i ons i n the text are tak e n from A r b er Su r r ey a n d Wy a tt
A n thology p 2 52
T he poem i s g i ven i n fu ll i n the Har ley Mi sce lla n y i x 1
an d A r b er s E n g li sh R epr i n ts N O 2 8 (I 87 I )
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2 2
N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N C O N TE M PO RA R Y P O E T R Y
se r ve d i n th e Tr ea sury of
1
st a n z as :
G o d t hat r i g ht s all
Redress n ow S h all
A n d t hat is t h rall
Agai n make free
B y thi s viage
A n d p i lgrimag e
Of y oung and sag e
I n t his c ou n try
an d we q uote h e r e th e l ast fou r
R eceipt,
C h urch m en for eve r
S o y o u rem e m b e r
B oth first and lat e r
I n your m e m ent o
Thes e p i lg rim s p o or
That t ak e such cu r e
To s t ablish sur e
Which did u n do
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Wh om G od gran t gra ce
A n d for thi s spac e
O f th i s the i r trac e
S en d t hem good sp e ed
With w ealth h e alth a n d
s p ee d
Of s i n s release
An d jo y en d less
Wh en t hey b e dead
C rim cram a n d ri ch 2
3
With t hr ee e ll an d the
l i c he
As some me n teach
G od th e m am en d !
An d tha t ask m ay
Without delay
H er e ma k e a stay
An d w e ll to en d
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O f G r ac e i s a lso th e s u bject of A n E xhor ta ti on
4
o
bl
a
d
t
N
es
n
C om m on s of the N or h
O faith ful people of th e boreal r e gio n
C h ief bell icos e ch am pions b y d ivi n e pr o v i de nce
Of G o d th e elec t to mak e Reform a t i on
Of great m i schiefs an d h orrible O ffenc e
G 0 y e forward val i a n tly i n you r peregri n a t io n
I t is C h rist s pl e asure an d to y o ur sal vation
The
to the
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Pi l g ri m a ge
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l
l
><
><
For us i t is better in bat t l e for t o di e
An d of our mortal l i fe t o mak e a co nc l usion
T h a n heresies extremely to r e ign with tyra n ny
T h e n c b i li t y of th e real m brough t t o co n fusio n ;
Chr i st s Church very l i ke i s spo i led to be
An d all abbeys suppressed : i t i s mor e pity
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>l<
<
>l
l
=<
T he auth ors of all il l t o reh ears e by n am e
M e th i nks t h ere s n o n ee d ; m any d oth t he m kn o w
For t h eir curs ed coun sel G od s e n d them much S ham e
C om m un i cate d t o the E n g li sh H i s tor i ca l R e vi ew 1 89 0 p 344 b y Mi ss Bat e
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I
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so n
2
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V I I I , vo l x
G a ir d n e r s note n C alen d ar S t a te Papers ,
"
w e ll, C ranmer , an d R ch
3
G a i r d n e r sug gests L eg h , L e g hton , an d L at m er
4
F urn vall, B a lla d s f r om M SS ,
30 1 , w ho th nks that t was
N ortherner t o N ortherners i n the a ut u mn o f 1 536 , just b efore
C omm ss oners t o take over the suppres s e d monaster es
’
i
i i
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H
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i
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i
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i
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is
C ro m
wr i tten b y a
H enry n a m e d
T U D O R M ONARC HY
T HE
2
B o th h augh t y C r omw e ll a n d the ch an c e llors t wo 1
Th e here t i ca l bish op s c ause t h our desol atio n
C hris t s cu rs e on t h e m l i g ht s mal l h aving d e vo t io n
3
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>l<
“
This curs e d C r o m we ll by h is gr e a t policy
I n t hi s realm h ath caus e d great exa c t i o n
T he m h ighly pr o moting t hat set ou t h eresy ;
By t h e ai d of t he c ha n cellors usin g exhortatio n
Aga i n s t t h e m all for t o fight I t hi n k it co n v en i en t
And n ot to ce as e t ill their l i v e s b e sp e n t
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The wr i ter i s carefu l to protest t hat th e p i l g ri mage i s u nta i nte d
by d i s l o y a l t y an d con c l u d es by i n s i st i ng :
,
I n all our distr e ss le t u s n o t r e fra i n
D il i gently for t o pray ou r King for to save
A n d h i s u nd oubte d w ife Q ue en Lady J a ne
An d w e d o o ff end pardon w e do c rave
G od se n d hi m lo n g t i m e t o reig n wi t h eq u i t y
Tha t v i r t u e m ay abou n d with gracious ple n ty
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I t i s amon g th e b a l l a d s too that we fi n d other conte m porar y
,
,
H e r e i s a r athe r savage song of
re fere nces to C romwe l l
t ri u mph compose d b etwee n h i s a r rest an d e x ecut i on wh i ch
resu l te d i n an i n terest i ng b a l l a d con t r overs y :
2
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,
B ot h ma n a n d child are glad to hear t ell
O f that f a l se traitor Th omas C rom w ell
N o w t ha t h e is s et to l ear n to spell
S i ng t roll o n away
Wh en For t u ne loo ke d t h ee i n th y fa ce
Th ou hadst fair time but t ho u la c k d s t gra ce ;
T h y co ffers wi th gold tho u fi lle ds t apace
Both pla t e a nd chal i c e ca m e t o thy fis t
Thou lo ck d s t th em u p where n o ma n w i s t
Till i n th e Ki n g s t reasure such t hings w e re mi s s e d
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>l<
l
l
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><
T h ou didst not reme mber false h er et ic
O n e G od o ne F aith an d one K i ng C atholic
For t ho u h as t bee n s o long a s ch ismatic
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l
1
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l
>:
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L or d C hance llor A ud ley a n d S i r R i char d R i ch C hance llor o f t he A ug
ment a t i ons
2
where also there are q uotat i ons from b allad s
Cf F i rth op ci t p 39 e t
o f E li z a b eth s re i g n g i v i n g the d i fferent popu lar V i ews o n the d estruct i on o f
the monaster i es
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2
E N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N C O N T E M P O R A RY P O E T R Y
4
Al l th e y that w e re of t h e ne w t rick
Agai n st the Ch ur ch t hou had s t t h e m s t ic k ;
Wh e r e for e n o w th ou h ast t o uch e d t h e q ui c k
,
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l
><
O f wh a t g en eratio n th ou wer t n o ton g u e c a n te ll
Whe t h e r of Cai n or I sh ma e l
O r e lse s ent u s fr o m t h e d e v il of he l l
,
,
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2+
~
Whoso e v e r did wi n t h o u wo u ld st not l os e ;
Wh e r e fo r e a ll E n gla n d dot h h ate t hee a s I s u ppo se
B ec au s e t ho u w ast fal s e t o t h e redol ent rose
Th ou migh te s t hav e l ear n ed t h y c l oth t o fl ock
U po n t h y gr e asy fuller s s t o ck ;
Wh e r e for e lay d o w n t hy head up on t his blo ck 1
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d i d S i r Thom as M ore escap e th e sat i ri st s l ash Th e
aut hor of th e I m a g e of H ypocr i sy d evot es th e th i r d sect i on of
h i s poem to h i m an d hi s d e fe n ce of t h e c l e rg y
B ut th is dawcoc k doc t or
A n d purga t ory pro ct or
Waket h no w for w ag e s
And a s a man t hat rag e s
O r ov e rc o me wi th ag e is
Nor
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D i s p u t e t hper
a
m ba g es ,
To h e l p th e s e parasi te s
A n d n aug h ty hyp oc ri tes
Wi th le g end s of li es
,
" 2
.
of cou rse i t was n ot p r o b a bl e th at M ore s fa l l wou l d
m ake t h e sam e so r t of popu l a r i m p r ess i o n as C romwe l l s
H owever we h ave two most ch a r acte ri st i c b a l l a d s wr i tten by
M ore h i mse l f wh i l e a p ri son e r i n th e Tower O n e of th e m
ca ll e d D a vi d the D i cer we q uot e here :
“
L on g wa s I Lady Luc k ! your S e rvi n g M an ;
An d n o w hav e l os t again all th at I go t
W h er e fore w h e n I th ink o n y o u n ow a n d then
A nd i n my m i nd rem e mber thi s or t h a t ;
Y e m a y n ot blam e me tho ugh I b e shr e w yo u r c all
B u t in fai th I bless you agai n a t housa n d t im e s !
For l en di ng m e n o w some l e i sure t o ma ke rhy m e s 3
’
Bu t ,
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.
ercy : R eli ques (W heatley) ii 7 1 T he s even controvers i al b road
s i d es wh i c h th i s poe m occasi one d are pr i nte d i n H ug hs F ug i ti ve Tr a cts
F i rst S er i es
2 D y ce s S k e lton ii
D y ce po i nts to thi s passag e as b e i ng c onc lus ive
436
proof t ha t S kelto n w a s n o t the a u thor
3 A r b er : S u r r e
y a n d Wy a tt A n thology p 1 2 5
1
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26
E
N G L I S H H I STO RY I N C O N TE M PO RA RY P O ET R Y
m a n keep h i s fa m il y an d pa y h i s r e n t on twope n ce a d a y ?
A n d n ow p ri ces h ave ri se n fou r fo l d a n d l an d l o rd s d e m an d
fou r fo l d r en ts an d fi n es so t hat t h e f a r m e r h as to ra i se h i s
p ri ces i n p r opo r t i on B eef an d mutton a r e so d ea r t hat a poor
m an can n ot a ffor d a morse l
T h e s m al l est bi t of b eef or
mutton n ow cost fou rpe nce
E ng l i sh m en re q u i r e an i ma l
foo d :
O ur Englis h n at ure c an n o t liv e by roo t s
B y water herbs or such beggarl y baggag e
That may well ser ve for v i le outlan d i sh coas t s ;
G iv e E n gl i s h me n meat after the i r ol d usag e
B eef m ut t on veal t o c h eer their courage
An d then I dare t o this b i ll s e t my h an d
Th ey S hall d e fe n d thi s our n obl e E n gla n d
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W oo l i s t h e ch i ef support of E ng l i sh m e n ; i t S hou l d n ot b e
a ll owe d t o b e e x porte d r aw b ut wo r ke d up i n E ng l an d
,
“
:
Weavin g fulli n g w ith dyei n g (if they l i st )
An d W hat sort e lse to c loth ing dot h belong :
B y s u ch true han d l ing that n oth ing he m i sse d
Which might challeng e t h e i r work i ng t o be wr ong ;
Tha t wheresoever th e y shall c ome a m on g
Th ro Christendom or heathen groun d
N o fault th e re be in th e workma n sh i p fou n d
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a:
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N o t own in England villag e or borough
B u t thus with clothin g to be occ u pie d
T ho n o t i n each place c loth ing clean th rough
B ut as th e town is their part s o appl i e d ;
H ere s p i nn ers h ere weavers there cl othes t o b e dyed
With fu ll ers a n d sh earer s as be thought best
A s t h e clothi er may have his cloth d ressed
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The c l oth t h us m a d e i s to b e so l d to E n g l i sh d ea l ers w i th
a fa i r d ut y o n e x po r ts ; b ut r en ts m ust b e l owe r e d an d fi x e d at
what t h e y we r e fo r t y y ea r s b efo r e C o m m i ss i on ers shou l d b e
appo i nt e d t o va l ue a l l f a r m s a n d fix r ents ; espec i a l l y th e
E ng l i sh y eo m an ry m ust b e suppo r t e d as b e i ng th e coun tr y s
ch i ef sta y E x act i on s of fi n es fo r l e a ses m ust b e stoppe d
O pp r ess i ve l an d l o rd s w i l l al l go to t h e d ev i l b ecause for l uc r e s
sake th e y fo r ce th e poor f a r m er to go b egg i ng an d take from
h i m h i s l i tt l e p l o t of g r ou n d W h il e t h e ri ch h o l d fa r m s an d
a b b e y l an d s wor t h thousan d s of poun d s t h e poor m an has n ot
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T U D O R M ON A RC H Y
THE
2
7
even a p l ot o n wh i ch to gra z e a ho r se W h at th e l an dl o rd
on ce gets i n to h i s c l utches
“
Th e poor man th ereof n o piec e s h all c ome b y
Cow lease horse grass or one loa d of ha y
H i s ch arges h e saith are s o pass i ng h i g h
That for h i mself all i s l i ttle en ough
Yet o n hi s wh ole groun d h e k eepeth n ot o n e pl ough
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Th e l a b ou r e r i s wo r th y of a d ecen t m i n i m um ot h e r w i se he
w i l l b eco m e a l a zy wastr e l
R at he r i l l o g i ca ll y afte r h i s
rema r ks on woo l l en m anufact ure F o r r est i n s i sts t hat sheep
farms sh ou l d b e a b o l i she d an d b u i l t on ; t h en t h e r e wou l d b e
en ough fo r a l l
An d to w n s let dow n to gra z e sheep upo n
W i th d welli n g h ous e s as farms an d abbey s
R e d uced aga i n to hab i tat i on
Thousan d s th ere be that r i gh t gl a d l y would wed
I f th ey ha d hol d i ngs t o cover the i r h ea d
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R e for m at i o n
F o l l ow i n g th e cou r se of th e
as r e fl ecte d i n
conte m po ra ry poe t r y we have a W i tt y l i tt l e S k i t i n b a l l a d fo r m
ca l l e d L i tt le j ohn N obody w ri tte n a b out 1 550 F un i s poke d
at C r a n m e r s o r d er fo r t h e serv i ce t o b e sa i d i n ou r s e i g n o u r s
ton gue an d i t i s s l il y h i n t e d th at t h e r e i s as m uch S i n i n th e
wo rl d as th e r e eve r was
th e fash i on of th ese n ew fe l l ows i t
i s so v i l e an d fe l l
I n D e cember w h en t h e dayes d raw t o be sh ort
After N ovember wh e n t he n i gh ts wax n oi om e an d lo n g
A S I past by a plac e pri v i ly at a port
I s a w on e S i t b y h i mself mak i n g a song
H i s last 1 ta lk o f t r i fl e s who tol d w i th his tongue
Th at few wer e fast i n t h fa i th I fr e y n e d that frea k 2
Whether h e wan ted w i t or som e ha d d one h i m wrong
H e said h e was li ttle J oh n N obo d y t hat durst n ot speak
J ohn N obo d y q uoth I what n ew s th ou soo n n ote a nd t e ll
Wh at m ann er m en th ou mean th ou art s o m a d
H e sa i d Th ese g a y gallants th at W i ll construe th e G ospel
A s S olomon th e sage w ith semblan ce full s a d ;
To d iscuss d iv i n i t y t h ey n ough t a d rea d
3
f
t
k
e
fl
e
k
M ore meet i t were o r th em o m i lk y at a y e
T h ou l i est q uot h I th ou l ose l l i ke a lew d la d
”
H e sai d h e was l i ttle J ohn N obo d y th at d urst n o t sp e ak
3
C ows at a h r d le
H e left t a lk
P erhaps
Perc y
R e li q es (W h e at ley ) II 1 3 3
aske d th a t man
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2
8 E
To
N G L I S H H I STO RY I N C O N TE M PO RA R Y P O ET RY
th e re i gn of E d war d
also m ust b e referre d A B a lla d
of L u th
er
the P ope a C a r di n a l a n d a H usba n dm a n wh i ch ha s
ce r ta i n l y t h e m e ri t of l ett i ng each part y sa y what i t can fo r
i tse l f
T H E H U S B AN D MAN
,
VI
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Le t us lif t up our h e ar t s all
And pra i se th e Lord s mag n ific enc e
W ho h ath given t he wol v e s a fall
A n d is become our stro n g defe nce :
For t h ey through a fals e pr e te n c e
From C h—rist s blood di d all u s l e ad 1
G ett i ng from every m a n h i s p en c e
A s s a t i s fa c t or s for t h e dead
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For wha t we with our fl a i ls c ould g et
To k eep our h ouse s a n d serva nt s
Th at d i d th e Fr i ars from u s fe t
An d with ou r soul s pla y ed th e m er ch a nts :
An d t h us t h e y with th e ir fals e w arra n t s
O f our sweat have easily lived
That for fatness thei r b elly pant s
”
S o greatly hav e th ey u s dec e ived
,
,
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D OCT
O R MA RT I N L U T H E R
.
Th ou ant i Christ with t h y thre e cr o wn s
H as t u s urped k ing s powers
As h avin g power over realms an d t owns
Whom thou oughte st t o serve all h ou r s ;
Th ou th i nkest by thy j u ggl i n g colours
T h ou may st l i k ewise Go d s word O ppress ;
A s d o d ece i tful fowlers
”
Wh en t h e y thei r net s c raftily dr e ss
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T HE
P O PE
.
As for scr i pture I am above i t ;
Am n ot I G o d s h igh v i car ?
S h ould I b e b o un d to foll ow i t
A s t h e carp e nt e r his rule ?
N ay n a y h eret ic s y e ar e
Th at w ill n o t obe y m y auth ority
W it h t h i s swor d I wi ll d eclare
T h a t y e shall a ll accursed b e
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1
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T he y d en i e d us the
C up
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,
TH E T U D O R M O N A RC H Y
2
9
CA R D I NA L
I a m a Car d i n al of Rome
S en t from C hrist s h i g h vic a ry
To gra n t par d o n to mor e an d some
Wh o W i ll L uther res i st strongly :
H ere is a great he retic truly
And regard eth too much the scr i ptur e
For h e th inketh o n ly thereby
To subdu e th e Pope s hig h h o n our
T HE
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1
.
I n i ts m o r e soc i al aspect s th e R efor m at i on i n S cot l an d ha d
uch t he sa m e a b uses to p i l l o r y as th e R eformat i on i n E ng l an d
A pecu l i ar l y g i fte d sat i ri st was fo r th com i ng i n th e e x pe ri en ce d
states m a n S i r D av i d L y n d sa y (1 49 0
whose S a ty r e of the
Thr i e E s ta tes i s a we l l susta i n e d i nvect i ve aga i n st t h e fo l l i es an d
H i s d escr i pt i o n of t he Pa r d on e r r eca l l s a
v i ces of t he t i m e
few of C haucer s fam o us d eta i l s
m
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’
M y pat ent par d on s y e may see
C ome from th e Kh an of Tartar y
Wel l s e al ed with o y ster s h ells
T h ough y e h ave n o co n trition
Y e sh all h av e full remissio n
W i t h help of books a n d bell s
H ere is a rel ic lon g a n d broa d
Of F i nn M accoll the righ t j aw bo ne
With teeth and all t oge ther :
Of C oll i ng s cow here i s a horn
For eat i n g of M a c k o n n a l s cor n
Was sl a i n i n to B a q u hi d de r
H ere i s a cord both great an d l on g
Which h an ged J oh n th e A r m i s t r o n g
O f goo d h em p soft an d sou n d :
G oo d holy people I s t an d for it
Wh o ever i s han g e d with th i s cor d
N ee d s n ever to be d row n e d
The ta i l of Sa i n t B r i de s cow
Th e snout of Sa i n t An t hon y s sow
Wh i ch bor e h i s h ol y b ell ;
Who e ver he b e h e ars thi s b ell c li n k
G i v e m e a d ucat for to d r i nk
2
H e sh all n ev e r ga n g to hell
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Th e con fi scat i on of th e abb e y l a n d s h ad th e m ost i m po r tan t
e ffects upon E n g l i sh soc i a l l i fe as we sha l l see l ate r ; b ut i t
2
W r d s E n g li sh Poe ts p 1 99
2
P er cy
R eli q es (W heat ley ) i i 1 5
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a
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E N G L I S H H I S TO R Y I N C O N T E M P O RA RY PO ET RY
3o
wo ul d be d i ffi cu l t t o fi n d a mo r e succ i n ct o r i m pa r t i a l ju d gmen t
upon i t s re l a t i on t o th e R e fo r m at i on t h a n that e x presse d b y the
ox D e i pu bl i she d a b out 1 550
a ut ho r o f th e b a l l a d Vox P o u li
V
p
We have banished supers t i tio n
B ut s t ill w e k e e p am b it i on ;
We h ave sh ut away all C lo i sters
B ut st i l l we keep e x t ort i oners ;
W e h ave taken their la nd s for t h eir abus e
B ut we h av e co n ver t ed th em t o a wors e u s e
,
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”
.
B ut i t i s t i m e to pass on to oth e r m ovem ent s an d eve nt s wh i ch
fou n d an e x press i o n i n cont e m po ra ry poet ry W e pass to the
r e i g n of M a ry an d q uote t h e ve r ses co m pose d by h er s i ste r
“
E l iz a b eth w i t h C ha r coa l o n a S hutte r wh i l e a pr i soner at
W o o d stock :
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Oh Fortu ne ! h ow t h y res t l e ss waverin g state
H at h fraugh t with cares my troubl e d wit
Wi t ne ss th i s presen t pr i son wh ither fa t e
C ould he a r me an d th e j oys I q ui t
Th ou ca u s e d s t th e gu i lt y to be loos e d
Fr om ban d s where i n are i n n ocen t s i nc l osed :
C a u s m g th e g u i l tl ess to be strait reserved
An d free i n g those th at d eath have well des e rv e d
B ut b y her en vy c an be n oth i ng wrought
1
S o G od send to my foes al l th ey h ave t hough t
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i s cu ri ous t h a t th e l oss of C a l a i s wh i ch m ust have great l y
h u r t th e n at i on a l p ri d e see m s to have l eft n o poet i c al memo ri a l ;
“
i n d ee d
a b a l l a d i n d efen ce of L o r d W e n tworth th e E ng l i sh
C omm an d e r wh o was put o n h i s t ri a l fo r the l oss of th e F r en ch
t own i s t he so l e poet i c recor d i n E ng l i sh of th e d i saster an d
2
t h at u n iq ue d ec l ara t i on i s n o l on ge r e x tant
W e pass on to E l iz a b eth s re ig n an d fi n d an i n ter est i ng s i d e
l i ght on th e e v e r b u r n i n g m a rri age q uest i on i n so m e verses
3
w ri tt e n by th e Q ueen h e r se l f :
Wh en I was fai r and young an d favour gra c ed m e
O f man y was I so ught t heir M i str e ss for to be :
It
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ercy R e li qu es (W he a tley ) ii 1 37
2
S i r S L e e The F r e n ch R e a i ssa n ce i n E n g la n d p 35 T he b alla d w a s
calle d The P u rg a ci on of L o r d We ! w or t/
3
I t m a y fi r s t b e a s we ll t o q u ote here Professor P o llar d s o i n i on o n the
p
N 0 per i o d
g ener a l re lat i ons o f li ter a t u re a n d po li t i cs i n E li z a b eth s re i g n
o f E n g li sh L i terat u re ha s less t o d o wi th po li t i cs than that d ur i n
g wh i ch
E n g li s h lett ers reach e d the i r z e n i th (P oli ti ca l H i story of E n g la n d vi
1
P
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TH E T U D O R M O N A R C H Y
31
B u t I did scorn them all and an swered t h e m t he refore
G o go go seek some otherw her e !
I mpor t u n e m e n o more !
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H ow ma n y w e e p m g eyes I mad e to pin e wit h wo e
H ow many s i gh ing hearts I have n o s k i ll t o S how :
Yet I th e prou d er gre w an d an swere d th e m t her e fore
G o go go seek som e otherwh e re !
I mportun e me n o mor e !
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T h e n spa k e fair Ven us s o n th at proud vic t or i ous B oy
An d said Fin e Dame since that y o u be s o c oy
I will s o pluck y o ur pl umes that you s h all s a y n o mor e
G o go go se e k some oth er wher e
I mportu n e me n o m ore I
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W hen h e h ad spoke t hes e words such c h a ng e gr e w in my
b reas t
Th at n ei t h er nigh t n or d a y since tha t I coul d t ake an y r e st
T hen 10 ! I did repen t that I h a d sa i d befor e
G o go go s e ek some oth erwhere !
1
I mportun e m e n o mor e !
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A n oth er poe m from th e Q ueen s
’
pe n
”
has usua l l y b een thought
to r efer t o A njou s woo i n g :
I gr i e v e an d dar e n ot s h ow my discon t en t !
I love ; an d yet am forced to see m t o h at e !
I d o ; yet d are no t s a y I ever mean t !
I seem star k mu t e bu t inwar d l y do pra te
I am a n d n ot I free z e and yet am bu r ne d ;
S i n c e from myself my other s e lf I t urn e d
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M y care is l ik e m y sh a d ow in th e sun ;
Foll ows m e fl y i n g ! fl i es whe n I pursue i t
S t a n ds an d lies b y me ! do th wh at I have do ne !
This too fam i l ar C are doth mak e me rue it
N or mea n s I fin d to r i d h i m from my br ea s t
Till by th e e n d of th i ngs i t be s u p p r e s t
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S ome gen tler Pass i on s slide into m y m i nd ;
For I am soft an d ma d e of melt i ng sn ow
Or be more cruel Love an d so be k i nd
L e t me or float or s i nk ! be h i gh or low !
O r l et me l ive with some more sweet co nt en t ;
O r die ! an d so forg et wh at Love e er m e an t 2
“
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Ar b er Spe n s er A n tholog y, p 1 56
2
6 8 F urn vall refers
I bi d , p 1 57 , a n d n F u r n i va ll s B a lla d s f r om M SS ,
’
the poe m to A n jo u s v s t i n 1 58 1 , b ut note s th a t t i s a ls o foun am on g he
Tanner MSS , where t i s state to have b een wr tten b y the Q ueen on E ssex
1
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32
E
N G L I S H H I STO RY I N C O N TE M PO RA RY P O ET RY
T h e po l i t i ca l s i d e of E l iz a b eth s l ove affa i rs i s t reate d i n
p r et t y p l a i n l an guage b y S ackv i ll e i n A ct V o f G or boduc
1
w h e r e as h as b ee n po i nte d out th e r e i s an o b v i ous r eference
to th e po l i t i ca l s i tuat i on of t h e d a y :
S u ch on e (m y l or d s ) l et be your ch os en ki ng
S uch o ne s o born w i thi n y our n ative la n d
S uch on e prefer a n d i n n o wis e ad mi t
The heav y yok e of foreig n govern an c e :
L et fore i g n t itles yi e l d t o publ i c w e al
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Th e conc l u d i ng speech i s st il l mo r e po i nte d :
This t h is e nsues wh e n n obl e m e n d o fail
I n loyal t ruth and s ubj e cts will be k i n gs
An d this d oth grow whe n 10 unto t he pri nce
Wh om dea t h or s udden h ap of l ife ber ea v e s
N O certain h eir rema i n s such certai n he ir
As n o t all onl y i s th e r i g h tful heir
B ut to th e real m is s o made k n ow n t o b e
A n d tru t h th ereb y vested i n su bj ec t s he ar ts
To owe fa i th t h e re wher e righ t is k n o w n to r e s t
Al as in Parliamen t what hop e ca n be
When i s of Parl i ame nt n o h op e at all ?
W h ich th ough i t be assem bled by c o n s ent
Yet i s n o t l i k e ly with conse n t to en d
Whi le each o n e for h imself or for h i s frie n d
A gain s t his foe s h al l trava i l what h e may
Whil e n o w t h e state l e ft open to t h e ma n
Th at shall with grea t es t force i n vade th e sam e
Sh all fill am b i tious m i nds w i th gapin g h op e ;
Whe n wil l th ey once wi t h y i e ld i ng h e arts agr ee ?
O r in t he while h ow sh all t he real m be us ed ?
N o n o : the n Parliament should h ave b e e n ho ld en
An d cer t ai n h e i rs a p po i n t e d to th e c r o w n
To stay th e t itle of established r i ght
And i n th e peopl e plant obed i en ce
\V hi le ye t the princ e d i d l i ve wh os e n am e an d pow e r
B y lawful s u mmons an d author i t y
M i gh t mak e a Parl i ame n t to be of for c e
An d m i ght h av e se t th e state in q uiet s t ay
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The p r ece d en ce d u e to th e Q uee n s poe m s an d court sh i ps has
r ath e r upset ch r on o l og i ca l o r d e r T o g o ba c k t o th e ea rl y
y ea r s of h e r r e i gn we h ave a goo d d e al of i l l ust r at i on of t he
ever t r ou b l eso m e affa i rs w i th S cot l a n d A t th e S i ege o f L e i th
1
Ca m br i dg e H i s tor y of L i ter a tu r e v 6 7
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34
E
C O N T E M P O R A R Y P O ET R Y
N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
b a ll a d o n The Mur der of the K i n g of S cots w r i t t e n s o o n aft e r
Mary s e scap e i n t o E n gla n d i n 1 56 8 R i z z i o
L o r d D av i d
h a d b eg u n t o p res u m e u p o n t h e favou r sh ow n h i m b y t h e
Q u ee n w h e re u p o n
Some lords i n Scotlan d wa x e d w r oth
An d q uarrell e d w i th h i m for t he nonc e
I sh all you t e ll h ow i t befe ll
Twelve daggers were i n h i m at once
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Wh en the Q ue e n saw he r C hamberla i n was sla i n
For h i m h er fa i r che e ks s he d i d wet
An d mad e a vow for a year an d a d a y
Th e K i ng and sh e w o uld not com e i n one sheet
,
Th e n some of the lords they wax ed wrot h
An d mad e t h e i r vow all v e he mently
For th e death of t he Q u e en s C hamb e rlai n
The K i ng h i ms e lf h ow h e shall di e
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W i th gun powd e r they str e w e d h i s room
An d la i d green rush e s i n h i s way
For t he tra i tors though t that very n i gh t
Th i s w orthy K i ng for to betray
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,
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To bed th e K i ng h e made h i m bowne
To tak e h i s rest was h i s d e s i r e ;
H e was n o soon e r cast on sl e ep
B ut h i s c h amber was on a bla zi ng fire
1
,
,
U p he lope and the W i ndow brake
An d h e h ad th i rty foot to fall ;
L o r d B o dw e ll k e pt a pr i vy watch
U n d e rneath h i s castl e wall
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Who hav e w e here ? Lord B odwell sa i d :
N o w answer m e that I may kn ow
K i ng H enry t he E i ghth my uncl e was ;
F o r h i s swe e t sake some p i ty show
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Who h av e w e h e re ? Lord B o d w e ll sa i d
N ow answer m e wh e n I do speak
Ah Lord Bodw e ll I know thee well
Som e p i ty on m e I pray th ee take
I l l p i ty thee as much he sa i d
A n d as m uch fav or show t o thee
As th o u d i dst to t he Q ue e n s C hamberl a i n
That day t hou doo m e d s t h i m to d i e
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Re a d y
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T U D O R MO N A R CH Y
THE
35
Through halls an d towers the k i ng they led
Through tow e rs an d castles that were n i gh
Thr o ugh an arbor i nto an orchard
There on a pear tree hanged h i m h i gh
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When th e G overnor of S cotland h e ard
H ow th at the worthy K i ng was sla i n ;
H e pu rsue d t he Q u e e n so b i tt e rly
That i n Scotland sh e dare n ot r e ma i n
,
.
B ut s he i s fl e d i nto m e rry Englan d ,
A n d h e re h er res i dence h ath ta e n
’
An d th rough the Q u e e n of Englan d s gra c e
1
h
I n Englan d now s e doth r e ma i n
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T h e d i ffi c u l t i e s w h i c h Mary s p re se n c e i n E n gl an d b r o ugh t
t o t h e G ove rn m e n t a re t reat e d ve ry can d i d l y b y E l i z a b et h h e r
se l f i n a d i t t i e m o s t s w e e t a n d se n t e n t i o u s w r i t t e n a b o u t
2
1 5 84 t h e t i m e o f t h e d i sc ov e ry o f T hr o g m o r t o n s p l ot
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The doubt o f futur e fo e s e x i l e s my pres e nt jo y
An d w i t m e wa r n s to sh un such sn ares as threat e n m i n e an n oy
.
,
For fals e h o o d n ow doth fl o w an d subject s fa i th doth e b b
Wh i ch would n o t be i f reason r u l d or w i s d o m wov e th e web
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,
B ut clouds of jo ys untr i e d do cloak asp i r i ng m i nds
Wh i ch t urn t o r ai n of l ate r e pen t by cours e o f chang e d w i nds
,
T h e top o f hop e suppos e d t he root o f ruth w i ll b e 3
And fru i tless all th e i r graffed gu i l e s as s h ortly al l shall
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se e
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Then da zz le d e yes w i th pr i d e wh i ch gr e at amb i t i on bl i nds
S hall be u n s e a ld by wort h y w i ghts wh ose fores i g h t falseh ood finds
,
,
,
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The daughter of d e bat e 3 t hat d i scord a y e doth sow
Shal l reap n o ga i n wher e former rul e h a th taught st i ll peace
to grow
,
.
N o fore i gn ban i sh ed W i gh t shall anchor i n th i s port
O ur real m i t brook s n o strang e rs fo rc e ; l et them elsewhere resort
’
O ur rusty sw o rd w i th rest shall fi rst hi s e dg e e mploy
T o poll t he top s that s e e k such chang e or gape fo r such l i ke jo y
.
,
,
1
2
3
4
,
P r y R li q (W h tl y) i i
P r y bd p 8
M ry Q
f S
t
P r cy R li q (W h t l y) ii
e
e
c
e c
,
a
z
z
u es
.
,
2
.
ue e n o
e
e
S p e n se r s S hephe r d s
’
S hephr r d
’
s
Ca le n d a
2
r
e
,
2 13
.
.
.
.
co s
u es
’
ea
”4
.
ea
e
,
.
2 18
r p ii
.
F or
if
e la
an
Ca le n d a a o l t c a l m ot , cf
t u R e la tzon 10 C on te m por a ry Afi a
.
b or t e tt e m p t to g i v
H i g g i s o s Sp s r s
N e w Yo r k 1 9 2
s
a
a
e
n
zr
.
n
’
en
,
e
1
.
36
E N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
C O N TE M P O R A R
Y
PO E
TRY
T h e R i s i n g o f t h e N o rt h w h i c h b ro k e o u t i n 1 56 9 i s rec al l e d
1
b y a l o n g b al l a d p re se rve d b y P e rc y b u t i t h a s l i t t l e p ol i t i c al
i n t e rest e x c ep t t h e at t e m p t o f t h e b al l a d s i n g e r t o rec o n c i l e
2
h i s o w n l o yal t y w i t h sy m p at hy fo r a n o b l e fa m i l y
,
,
,
,
'
Earl P e rcy i s i nto h i s gard e n g o ne
And aft e r h i m walks h i s fa i r la d y ;
I h e ard a b i rd s i n g i n m i n e e a r
That I must e i t h e r fig h t o r fl e e
,
.
N ow heaven forf e n d my d e ar e st l o r d
T h at ever such harm s h o uld hap to th e e
B ut go t o London to t he c ourt
An d fa i r f al l truth and h o n e sty
,
,
,
’
.
N ow
n ay n ow n ay my la d y gay
Alas t h y c o uns e l su i ts n ot m e
M i n e e ne m i e s pr e va i l s o fast
That at t he c o urt I may n ot b e
‘
,
,
,
,
’
.
‘
t o t he c o urt y e t goo d my lord
A n d take thy gallant m e n w i th th e e
I f any dar e to d o you wrong
Then your warran t th e y may b e
0 go
,
,
:
’
.
nay n ow n a y thou lady fa i r
court i s full of s u b t i lt i e ;
An d i f I go to t he court lady
N e ver m ore I may th e e see
N ow
T he
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
Ye t go to t he court m y lo r d
,
’
,
s
he
says
A n d I m ys e l f w i ll r i de w i th e e :
At c ourt th e n for my d e ar e st lord
H i s fa i th ful borrow 3 I w i ll be 4
,
’
,
,
’
,
’
.
E l i z a b e t h s fo re i g n p o l i cy i s n o t l e ft u n rec o r d e d i n c o n t e m
G e o rge G asc o i g n e s ol d i e r o f fo rt u n e a n d p o e t
p o r a r y ve rs e
h as l e ft a l o n g ac c o u n t of h i s a d ve n t u re s i n t h e L o w C o u n t r i e s
I n h i s D ulce B ellu m I n expe r ti s w e h av e s o m e ve r y fran k v i e w s
e x p re sse d a b o u t t h e r e l at i o n s e x i st i n g b e t w ee n t h e E n g l i s h a n d
’
.
,
,
.
1
p
R elzqu es
2
3
Tr a
3
4
Q
(W h e a t le y )
,
pri ts t w o
cts F ir st S e ri e s
S r ty
br oa d s i d e s a
Fo
ut
h
n
,
u e
2 66
F or
.
b e tra y
me
t ri ca l br oa d s i d e s
d
b
.
r
n
H u t h s F ug zti ve Tr a cts ,
.
.
a l of
a ga
No
i n st
r t h u m b e r lan d
t he
r e b e ls i n
,
f
c
.
F ug i ti ve
.
’
pf
i
F r iv
u n
a ll,
10 c
.
et t
.
,
a lla d
F ir t S ri
s
e
i t e r at ur e
pir
a cy , cf
Ba b i n g to n s c o n s
of C a m
on ,
a n d o n t he l e a n d d e a t
es
ty a g e s of a lla d s o n the latte
e are t
whe re t he r
l
hir
on
p
’
if
b
h
pi
.
r
.
T U D O R M O N A RC H Y
THE
37
t h e i r al l i e s
H i s re m ar k s o n t h e E n gl i sh at o n e o f t h e s i ege s
are l arge l y t r u e o f t h e w h ol e e x p e d i t i o n :
Yet surely th i s w i thout e n b r a g or boast
O ur E ngl i s h bloo d s d i d t h e r e f ull m an y a d e e d
Wh i ch may b e ch r o n i cl e d i n e v e r y c o ast
For bol d att e mpts ; a n d w e ll i t was ag r e e d
T h at had th e i r h e ads b e e n rul e d by w a ry h e e d
S om e oth e r fe at ha d be e n att e m pt e d th e n
To sh ow th e i r fo rc e l i k e wort h y E ngl i sh m e n
1
.
,
,
,
,
.
l
><
And by my tr o th t o sp e ak e v e n as i t i s
S uch p ranks w e r e pl a yed by s o ld i e rs dai ly th er e
An d t h ough mysel f di d n o t th e r e i n am i ss
e kno w s a n d m e n can w i t n e ss b e ar
As
G
od
H
(
)
Yet s i nce I ha d a charg e I am n o t cl e ar
For sel d om cl i mbs that C apta i n t o r e n o wn
”
Wh ose sold i e rs faults s o pl uck h i s hon o u r down
A ft e r va r i e d s e rv i c e s a n d a d ve n t u re s G asc o i g n e t h re w u p
h i s c o m m i ss i o n i n d i sg u st a n d aft e r se rv i n g fo r a w h i l e as a
p r i vat e sol d i e r w e n t t o D el f t o ask p e r m i ss i o n fro m t h e P r i n c e
o f O ra n ge t o re t u r n t o E n gl a n d
H e st aye d at D e l f fo r t h e
w i n t e r a n d t h e n jo i n e d t h e P r i n c e i n t h e S i eg e o f Mi d d l e b u rgh
A f t e rwa rd s h e w as o r d e re d t o V a lk e n b u r g h w h e re t h e garr i so n
was su rp r i s e d b y t h e S p an i ar d s b efo re i t w as i n a p os i t i o n t o
d e fe n d i t se lf
“
Ye a R oby n H oode our foes came down apace
An d first th e y c ha r g d an ot h e r F o rt l i kew i s e
A lp ha” I m e an wh i ch was a stronger plac e
And yet too w e ak t o k e e p i n w a rl i ke w i s e
F i ve other bands of Engl i sh F m ater res}
W e re th e re i n s e t fo r t o d e fe n d t he sam e
An d th e m t h e y c ha r g d for to b e g i n t he gam e
“
Th i s fort fro m ours was d i s tant ten g o o d m i l e s
I m ean such m i l e s as Engl i sh m easure m a k e s
B e tw e en us both stoo d L ey dm town t h e r e wh i l e s
W h i ch every day w i th fa i r words un d ertak e s
To feed us fat an d c r am us u p w i th cak e s :
I t mad e us h o pe i t woul d supply our n e e d
F or we (to i t) t wo B ulwa r ks w e r e i n d e e d
“
B ut when i t came unt o t he v e r y p i n c h
L ey dm far e well we m i ght for L ey dea st a rv e
1
W a r n e r too d e vo t e s t he la s t c h a p t e r o f b o o k x o f hi s A lbi on s
E n g la n d t o E liz a b e t h s s h a r e i n t he N e t h e r la n d r e v o lt
F o o tme n
,
,
,
’
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
/
,
’
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
,
.
,
’
.
2
.
213501
4
38
E N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
C ON T E M P O R A R Y P O ET R Y
I l i k e h i m w e ll that p r o m i s e t h an i nch
A n d p a ys an e ll but wh at may he d e s e rve
T h a t Ha tters m uch an d can n o fa i t h o bs e r ve P
[ An ] o ld sa i d s a w t h at f a i r wor d s mak e fo o ls fa i n
W h i ch pr o v e rb tru e w e prov e d t o our p a i n
A confe renc e a mon g ou r sel v e s w e call e d
Of O ffic e rs an d C apta i n s all a fe ar d
Fo r truth (to t e l l) t he S ol d i ers w e re appall e d
A n d w h e n w e aske d n o w mat e s wh a t m e rry ch eer ?
T h e i r answ e r was i t i s n o bi lli n g her e
S o that p e r fo rc e w e m ust fr o m t h enc e b e gone
U nl e ss w e m e an t o ke e p th e pl ac e alon e
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
x
l
=<
Wh i l e th us w e talk a m e ss e nger behold
Fr o m A lp hen cam e a n d t ol d u s h e avy n e ws
C apta i n s (q uot h he ) h e r e of you may b e bold
N o t o n e p o o r soul of all your fe llows crews
C a n scap e al i v e th e y hav e no cho i c e to ch oos e :
Th e y s e nt m e t h us t o b i d y o u sh i ft i n t i me
”
E lse lo o k (l i k e them ) t o st i ck i n S pan i sh l i m e
\Vi t h g re at d i ffi c ul t y t h e l e a d e rs g ot t h e i r m e n t o L ey d e n
Th us cam e w e lat e a t last to L ey den walls
Too lat e t o o s o on an d s o may w e w e ll s a y
For notw i thstan d i n g all our cr i e s a n d calls
Th ey sh ut t h e i r gat e s a n d turn e d t he i r ears away :
I n fi ne they d i d forsake us e very way
An d bade us sh i ft to sav e ours e lve s apac e
”
F o r unto them wer e fon d to trust for grace
“
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
’
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
t hi s pl i g h t t h e E n gl i s h w e re s o o n s u rr o u n d e d b y t he
S p a n i s h an d ha d t o y i el d o n h o n o u ra b l e t e r m s G as c o i g n e
“
a n d s o m e o t h e rs w e re i n p r y s o n p e n t fo r fo u r m o n t h s w hi l e
G a sc o i g n e c o n fe s s e s t hat
t he re st w e re s e n t h o m e at o n c e
t he p r i so n e rs t re at m e n t w as al l t h at c o u l d b e d e s i re d an d
g i ve s a n i n t e re st i n g r eas o n f o r i t
All th i s an d mor e I m ust confess we h ad
G od save (s a y 1) our nobl e Q u e e n therefore
H i n c i lla Za chr i nm th e r e lay th e pad
Wh i ch made the straw susp e ct e d be t he m ore
For trust me t rue th e y covet e d full sore
To k e e p our Q ue e n an d country fast t he i r fr i ends
T i ll all th e i r wars m i gh t grow to l ucky en ds
But wer e that once to happy e n d y b r ou g ht
An d all stray sh e ep come hom e aga i n to fold
In
.
,
,
.
’
,
,
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
T H E T U D O R MO N A RC H Y
39
Th en look t o door a n d th i nk t he cat i s n ough t
Alth ou g h s he le t t he mous e fr o m o u t he r h old
B e l i e ve m e n ow m e t h i nk s I d a r e be b o ld
T o th i nk that i f t h e y once w e re f r i en ds aga i n
We m i ght s o on s e ll all f r i e nds h i p found i n S pa i n
,
,
,
,
”
.
1
><
ge t l at e r a n o t h e r i n t e re st i n g s i d e l i gh t u p o n t h e at t i t u d e
of the D utch
B ut wh a t I sa i d I sa y and swear aga i n
F o r fi r st w e w e re i n H o llan d sor e susp e ct
Th e S tat e s di d th i nk th at w i th som e filthy ga i n
T he S pan i sh p e e rs u s C apta i ns ha d i n f e ct
T h e y t h oug h t w e m e an t o u r e ns i gn s t o e rect
I n K i ng s b e half : an d e k e t he comm on sort
”
Thought pr i vy pay had made us leave our fort
\Ve
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
.
i
z
><
=<
I t i s o n l y fa i r t o a dd t h a t t h i s t o o w as t h e E n g l i s h s ol d i e r s
o w n o p i n i o n a b o u t t h e i r o ffi c e rs
T o c o m p l e t e t h e p i c t u re w e
h ave G a sc o i g n e s fra n k O p i n i o n o f t h e m e n
’
,
,
.
’
An d G od he knows the Engl i sh sol d i er s gut
M ust h av e h i s fill of v i ct ual s onc e a day
”1
O r else he w i ll but h om e ly earn hi s pay
’
,
,
,
.
o f S i r P h i l i p S i d n e y at Z u t p h e n i s l a m e n t e d i n a
ge n e ro u s el e gy b y S i r W al t e r R al e i g h :
To pra i se t hy l i fe or wa i l thy w o rthy d e ath
An d want thy w i t (thy w i t h i gh pur e d i v i ne )
I s far b e y o n d t he p o w e r of mo r tal l i n e ;
N or anyon e h ath worth t hat draweth breath
T he d e at h
,
,
,
,
,
.
D rawn was th y race ar i gh t from P r i n cely l i n e
N or less than such by g i fts that N at ur e gav e
(T he c o mmon moth e r that al l cr e atures have ),
D oth v i rtu e show and P r i nc e ly l i neage sh i n e
,
.
A K i ng gav e th e e thy nam e A k i ngly m i nd
That G 0 th e e gave
Wh o f oun d i t now t o o dear
For th i s bas e worl d ; an d b a t h resum e d i t near
To s i t i n sk i e s and sort w i th P owers d i v i n e
K e nt th y b i rth d ays an d O x fo rd h e l d thy y o ut h
T he h e av e n s m ad e h ast e ; a n d stay e d n o r y e ars nor t i me
T he f r u i t s of a g e grew r i pe i n t h y fi r st p r i m e
Th y w i ll th y words thy w o rds t he s e al s of trut h
.
,
0
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
1
r
.
,
i
G e o g e G a sc o g n e
’
s
wor ks
,
ed
it
ed
by
J W
.
.
C un l
i ff i
e,
.
1 6 0 e t s eq
.
I
E
+0
N G L I S H H I S TO R Y
I N C ON TE
MP O R A R Y
POETRY
Gr e at g i f ts an d w i sd o m r ar e e mploy e d th e e th e n c e
To t r e at fr om K i ngs w i th th os e mor e gr e at th an K i ngs :
S uch h o p e m e n ha d t o lay t he h i gh e st t hi ng s
O n t hy w i s e youth t o be tran sport e d th e nce
,
,
,
.
,
t o sharp wars sw e e t H onour d i d the e cal l
Thy coun try s l o v e r e l i g i on and thy fr i e nd s 1
O f w o rthy m e n t he m a rks th e l i v e s and e nds
A n d he r d e fe nc e for wh om w e labour all
V he n ce
V
I
,
’
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
l
l
><
=<
Back t o t he C amp by t h e e t h at day were brought
F ir st t h i n e own d e ath ; and aft e r thy l o ng fam e
T e ars t o t he sold i ers ; t he pr o ud C a st i l i ans s h am e
V i r tu e e x pr e ss e d
an d H o n o ur truly t aug h t
,
,
.
,
,
,
’
.
hath he l o st that such gr e at grac e hath won
Y oun g years fo r e n dl e ss years ! a n d h o p e unsur e
O f Fortun e s g i fts for w e al t h that st i ll shall dure
h a ppy race 1 w i th s o great pra i s e s run
\V ha t
,
’
,
O,
ngl an d doth h o ld thy l i mbs that bred the sam e
F lan d e rs th y v alour where i t last was tr i e d ;
T he C amp t hy sorr o w w h e r e thy body d i ed ;
Thy fr i e nds t h y w a n t : t he World thy v i rt u e s fame
E
,
,
,
,
,
’
,
“
,
N at i on s thy w i t our m i n ds lay up th y l ov e
L e tters thy learn i ng ; th y l o ss years lon g t o co me
I n w o rth y h e a rt s sorrow h at h mad e thy tomb
Thy soul and sp r i t en r i ch th e H eav e n s above
,
,
,
.
,
’
.
That day th e i r H a n n i ba l d i e d our S cip io fell 1
S cip i o C i cer o an d P e tr a r ch of our T i m e
Whose v i rtu e s wo un d e d by my worth less rhy m e
” 1
Let Ang e ls sp e ak I an d H e aven t hy pra i s e s tell
,
,
,
,
,
.
I
ae
><
We h ave al re a d y se e n ra t h e r i n c i d e n t a ll y t o
t he
l
e
n
e
ra
g
R efo r m at i o n m o ve m e n t t h e s a d c o n d i t i o n o f h u s b an d ry at t he
re i g n of H en r y V I I I
S o m e fi ft y y e ars e arl i e r
e n d o f t he
n
a
b
o
u
t
0
an
e
x
t
re
m
el
y
i
t er e st i n g p o e m w a s w r i t t e n c al l e d
1
0
)
(
5
2
G od Speci e the P loug h w h i c h g i ve s a ve ry sy m p at h et i c a c c o u n t
o f t h e d i ffic u l t i e s of t h e fa r m e rs of t h at t i m e a n d i n s i s t s
t h at t h e l a n d i s t h e e c o n o m i c b as i s o f al l c l asse s i n t h e S t at e
sp e e d w e l l t h e p l o ug h
w ho s ho u l d p ray t o G o d t o
,
,
.
,
,
,
1
Ar b e r : Spe n ser A n tholog y
E d i t e d b y W W S ke a t
.
2
C
r
.
.
ed e
f or
1
86 7
.
a s
an
a
pp
en
d
ix
to
Pie
r ce
the
Pl
oug hm a n s
’
E N G L I S H H I S TO R Y I N
42
C O N TE M P O R A R Y P O ET R Y
An d s o he w i l l mak e us lose m uch m or e
Then comes t he g r e e n w a x 1 wh i ch g ri e ves us sore
W i th runn i n g i n arr e ars i t doth us sorr o w enough
An d aft e r w e know n e i t h e r why n or wh e re fore
I pray to G od sp e ed w e ll t he plough
.
'
.
,
,
,
,
“
.
Then com e pr i e sts that go to R om e
For to hav e s i lv e r t o s i ng at S ca la C ce li
Th en com e clerks o f O x fo rd an d mak e th e i r moan
F or t h e i r scho o l h i r e th e y must have money
Th e n com e t he t i pped stav e s for t he M arshalsea
And s a y th ey h av e pr i son ers m ore t h an enough ;
Th e n co m e t he m i nstr e ls t o mak e u s glee
I pray to God sp e e d wel l th e pl o ugh
,
,
.
-
,
,
“
.
At London also i f w e w i ll pl e ad
We shall n o t be spar e d good chep e n or dear ;
O ur man o f law may not be forgott e n
B ut h e must hav e m o ney every q uarter
An d som e come b e gg i ng w i th t he K i n g s charter
And say b i shops h ave granted th ereto pard o n enough ;
An d wom e n com e w e e p i n g i n th e same mann er
I pray to G o d sp e e d wel l th e pl ough
,
,
.
’
,
,
”
,
.
o re g e n e ral b e ar i n g u p o n s oc i al l i fe i s t he b al l a d c al l e d
3
N ow A D ay es w h i c h d at e s fro m a b ou t 1 52 0
A ft e r a la m e n t
f o r t h e g o o d o ld t i m e s w h e n
Th e K i ng s e t good pr i c e
B y noble men an d w i se
Of a
m
,
.
,
”
,
t h e a u t h o r re fe r s t o t h e p re s e n t s c a n d al s i n t he C hu r c h c au se d
b y g rasp i n g ec cl e s i ast i c s ; t h e t e m p o ral p e e rage t o o ha s
d e caye d ; b e s i d e s
T he great men n ow take no heed
H ow i ll s o e e r t he C o mm o n s speed ;
T he poor dar e n ot sp e ak for dr e ad
For n ough t t h ey can r e cov e r
Some grac i ous m an s e t h i s han d
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r e e wa x w a s u se d
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es
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i n g e en w a x
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e
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a e l of
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F or t he so c a l e ls e e e d t o , cf
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p ci t ,
a lla d ,
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e
S e e a ls o a n o e
on i n
F u r n i va ll s
y es
in
k elton ,
ce s
1 48, ca lle d The M a n n e r of the Wor ld N owa d a y s,
y
”
r e fa c i m e n t o
of a
a lla d o u n d i n t he
loa n e MS
n o
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TH E
T U D O R MO N A R C H Y
43
That good prov i s i on may be foun d !
O r e lse farewel l t he w e alth of th i s land
C lean undon e for ever !
,
”
z
z
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><
En vy wa x e t h won dro u s strong
T he r i ch m e n d o t he p o or wr o ng
God o f H i s mercy suffe reth l o ng
T he dev i l h i s w o r k s t o w o rk
T he towns go down t he lan d d e cays ;
O f c or n fi e lds pla i n l ays ;
Gr e at m e n mak e th n owaday s
A sh e ep cot i n th e chur c h
“
T he plac e s that w e r i gh t holy call
Orda i ned fo r C h r i st i an bur i al
Of th em t o mak e an o x stall
Th e se m e n b e won drous w i s e
C omm o ns to close and k e e p
P o o r fo lk for br e ad t o cry and w e e p
Towns pu ll e d d o wn to pasture sh eep :
Th i s i s t he new gu i se !
Al i e ns her e h a v e th e i r way
An d En gl i sh m e n cl ean d e cay ;
T he o n e h alf must n e e ds pl a y 5
Th i s i s a C o m monw e alth !
O th e r lands advan ce d b e
An d b u y and s e ll am on g us free ;
An d t h us o u r own comm od i ty
D oth cl e an un do ours e lf
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.
,
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.
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.
w hol e re al m s ee m s u p s i d e d o w n ; e s p ec i al l y t h e w r i t e r
re m a r k s o n t h e
1
Many gamers an d few ar c h e rs
G a y court i e rs an d i l l warr i ors
M an y cra ftsman a n d half b e ggars
Both i n t own s a n d c i ty :
Fr e nch ware h i th e r i s b rough t
An d E ngl i sh handcraft go e th t o nough t
H alf th i s realm i t i s un wrought
A las for p ur e p i ty l 2
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i la r i n t o n e b u t d at i n g fro m t h e t i m e o f P ro t e c t o r
3
i s a n o t he r b al l a d c all e d Vox P op uli Vox D ei
S o m e rs e t (I 547
I e g a m b le r s a n d n o t p la y e r s a t a t h le t i c g a m e s
F u r n i va ll Ba lla d s f r orn M S S i 93
F ur n i va ll : B a lla d s f r om MSS i 1 0 8 w ho g iv e s a s a n a pp e d i x to hi s
t r a n s c rip t i on a li s t of t he g ri e va ce s of the N o r f olk r e b e ls i n 1 549— 8 0 we ll a r e
t h e y i llustr a t e d i n the b a lla d
Sim
,
,
1
.
.
,
.
,
2
.
,
.
.
3
.
n
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44
EN G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
C O N T E M P O R A R Y P O ET R Y
As e v e ry on e u nderstan ds
B oth lordsh i ps a n d J a n ds
A re n ow i n fe w m e n s h an d s ;
B oth s ubstan ce and bands
Of a ll th e wh ole real m
A s most m e n esteem
Are n o w c o n sum e d clean
From the farmer and t he poor
To t he t o w n an d th e to w e r
Wh i ch maketh th e m t o l o w e r
To s e e that i n th e i r fl ow e r
I s n e i th e r malt n or meal
Bacon beef nor veal
C rock m i lk n or k e l e
B ut r e ady for t o steal
For very p ur e n e e d
Your comm ons say i n d e e d
They b e n ot abl e to fe e d
I n the i r stabl e scan t a st e e d
To br i ng up nor to br e e d ;
Ye a scan t abl e to br i ng
T o th e m a rk e t anyth i ng
T o wards th e i r h o useke e p i n g
An d scan t h a ve a co w
N or to ke e p a p oor sow
Th i s t he w o rld i s n ow
T h e p o o r m e n c o m p l a i n p i t e o u sl y
S ay i ng that such an d such
That of lat e a r e made r i ch
H av e too too t o o m u c h
By gra zi ng and r e g rat i n g
W i t h custom s and t a llyi n g s
F o r fe i t s an d forestall i ngs
F or gra zi e r s and regrat e rs
W i th too many s he e p m a s t e r s
That of arable land make pasture s
A r e th e y th at be th e s e wasters
That w i l l undo y o ur l an d
I f th ey cont i n u e to stan d
A n d y e t n ot long a g o
W er e pr e ach e rs o n e or t wo
Th at spake i t pla i n e now
To you to you a n d to you
That from p i ll ar unto p o st
Th e p oor m an was toss e d
I m e an the labour i ng m an
I m e an t he h usbandman
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,
T H E T U D O R MO N A R C H Y
45
I m e an t he pl o ug h man
I m e an t he pl a i n t r u e man
I m e an th e h a ndcra ft m an
I m e an t he v i ct uall i ng man
Als o t he good y e om a n
Th at som e t i m e i n t h i s realm
H a d pl e nty of kyn e an d cr e am
Bu t now ala c k ala c k
All th e se men g o to wrack
That a r e t he body a n d t he stay
O f your grac e s r e al m alway
Wh i ch i s a great en o rm i ty
U n to your grac e s c o mm on alty ;
For th e y that of lat e d i d s u p
O ut of an ash en c u p
A r e wond e rfully sp r un g u p
H e t h at n ough t was w o rt h of lat e
H ath n ow a cupboa r d of plate
H i s t abl e furn i sh e d t o o
W i th plat e b e set en o w
P e r s e ll g i lt an d sound
W e ll w ort h two th o usan d poun d
W i th cast i ng c o unters a n d the i r p e n
Th e s e a r e th e upstart g e ntl e m e n
,
,
-
,
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A ft e r an ap p eal t o t he K i n g t o c o rre c t t h e s e a b u s e s w e h av e
a n e n u m e ra t i o n o f t h e fe w i n w h o s e h an d s al l t h e w eal t h o f
t h e real m i s c o n c e n t rat e d an d w ast e d t h e l i st i n cl u d e s p u rvey o rs
an d o t h e r o ffi c i al s
,
W i th three or four gr e at C loth i ers
An d t he whol e l i bel of l awy e rs
O worth i e st P r o t e ct o r
B e h ere i n
,
.
R asc al l y law ye rs
g ra s p i n g l an d l o r d s ar e a ls o t h e b u rd e n
o f a b al l a d o f t h e fol l ow i n g re i g n
T h e fi rs t s i x st an z as ar e
d evot e d t o t h e l aw y e rs a n d t h e n t h e w r i t e r t u rn s u p o n t h e l an d
lo rd s :
Som e t ak e i n com mons th us all m en m ay s e e ;
An d som e br i n g i n b on dag e that ev e r h as b e e n fr ee ;
S o that all i s the l ord s ; h ow doth th i s agree
W i th G od s t e stam e n t
an
d
.
,
,
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p i
i
t
if
p ri
S
oci a l Cha n g es i n
F o r a s e c a l s u d y o f t he so c a l l e o f t he e o d , cf
E n g la n d i n the
x tee n th C en tu r y a s r efl ecte d i n C on te m po r a r y L i te r a tu r e , b y
o n s ), 1 89 5
u l ca
E
C e y n e y (U n e s y of e n n sy l a n a
1
.
P h
.
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iv r i t
P
v
i P b i ti
.
.
46
CO N TE MPO R ARY PO E T RY
E N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
Wh i ch d ot h n ot app o i n t such order for t o b e
And t h o ug h I say but l i t tl e le t al l m e n rep e nt
,
” 1
.
P ass i n g t o t h e re i g n o f E l i z a b et h w e h a ve t h e sa m e sy m
,
pat h y w i t h t h e h a rd w o r k i n g h u s b an d m a n s h o w n i n a q ua rt e r
fro m w h i c h w e s h o ul d h ar d l y e x p ec t i t — G e o rge G asc o i g n e t h e
s ol d i e r p o et fro m w h o m w e h av e al re a d y q u o t e d ; b u t as a
m at t e r o f fac t i t w as a m ar k e d c h a rac t e r i st i c o f G asc o i gn e s
1
w r i t i n g s T h e q u o t at i o n w h i c h fol l o w s i s fro m The S teel G la ss
,
-
’
'
.
B e hol d h i m p r i e sts a n d t h o ugh he st i nk of sw e at
D i s d a i n h i m n ot : for shall I t e ll y o u what P
S uch cl i mb to h e av e n b e fo r e t he s h av e n crown s :
B ut h ow ? fo r s o ot n w i th tru e h u m i l i ty
N ot th at t h e y h o a rd t h e i r gra i n w h e n i t i s cheap
N or t h at they k i ll t he cal f to hav e t he m i lk
N or that th e y set d e bate b e tw e e n th e i r lords
By e ar i n g up t he balks t h at p a rt t h e i r b o unds
N or f or b e caus e th e y c a n both crouch an d cr e ep
(T he g u i lfu l s t m e n t h a t e v e r G o d y e t m a d e )
Wh en as th e y m e an m o st m i sch i e f a n d d e c e i t
N or that th e y c an cry o ut on landlor d s lou d
An d say th e y rack th e i r r e nts an a ce t o o h i gh
Wh e n t h e y th e ms e lv e s do s e ll th e i r landl o r d s lamb
For great er pr i ce than e w e was won t b e worth
(I s e e yon P i e rs my glass was lat e ly scour e d )
B ut for th ey fe e d w i th f r u i ts o f t h e i r gr e at pa i ns
B oth K i ng and Kn i ght a n d P r i e sts i n clo i ster p e nt
Th e re fore I say th at so o n e r s o m e of th e m
S hall scal e t he walls wh i ch l e a d u s u p t o h e aven
Than cornfe d b e asts wh o s e b e lly i s th e i r G od
Alth ough th e y p r e ach of mor e p e rf e ct i o n
,
,
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‘
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,
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’
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’
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”
.
I t i s s o m e w h at re m ar k a b l e t h at t h e e a rl i e r g reat d i sc o ve r i e s
o f t h e fi ft e e n t h a n d s i x t e e n t h c e n t u ry e x p l o re rs h ave l eft h ard l y
3
a n y t rac e i n c o n t e m p o rary E n gl i s h p o et r y
W e fin d i n d e e d
o n e i n st an c e of p at r i o t i c re g ret at t h e s m al l s h are t a k e n i n t h e m
b y E ngl i sh m e n i n J o h n K as t el l s I n ter lu de of the N a tur e of the
F our E le m en ts
R a s t e ll w a s M o re s b r o t h e r i n la w a n d i t i s
i n t e rest i n g t o re c al l t h e fac t i n V i e w o f t he l i t e rary se t t i n g of
.
,
,
'
’
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.
,
d B a lla d s of Wi lli a m a n d M a ry E d t e d y T W g
u g
C lu , 1 86 0
2
Q uo t e d i n Wa r d s E n g li sh oe ts
3
T he la t e d sco v e e s o f VVillo u g hly a n d C a n c e llo a r e ce le
W a n e i n hi s A lbi on s E n g la n d , B oo k X L , a n d a l st o f E n g l s d
s g v e n i n B oo X I I
1
So
b r h
ng s a n
b
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i
r r
i
i
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r i
ri
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b
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r
ri h t f or
R ox
bra t e d b y
i h i s c ov e r e r s
THE
U top i a
T U D O R MO N A R C H Y
47
I n t h e I n ter lu de E x p e r i e n c e i s p o i n t i n g o u t o n a m ap
t h e p os i t i o n o f t h e d i ffe re n t c o u n t r i e s t o S t u d i o u s D e s i re :
Th i s s e a i s cal l e d t he Great O cean
S o gr e at i t i s t h at n e v e r man
C o uld t e ll i t s i nc e t h e w o r l d b e gan
T i ll n o w w i th i n th i s tw e n ty y e ars
W e s tward b e f oun d n e w lan d s
T h at w e n e v e r h e ard t e ll of b e fo re t h i s
B y wr i t i ng n o r ot h e r m e an s
Yet many n o w h ave b e e n ther e
A n d th a t country i s s o larg e o f room
M uch larg e r t han all C hr i sten d o m
W i thout fabl e o r gu i l e ;
F or d i v e r s mar i n e rs had i t t r i e d
And s a i l ed st r a i ght by t he coast s i de
A bout five t h ousand m i l e
B ut w h at c omm o d i t i es b e w i th i n
N o m an can t e ll n o r well i mag i n e
N o r y e t n o t l o ng ago
Some m e n of th i s c oun try went
B y t he K i ng s nobl e c o n se n t
I t fo r to s e a rch for t hat i n t ent
A nd coul d n ot b e br o ug h t th e r e to ;
Bu t t h ey th at w e r e t h adventurers
H ave caus e t o c urs e th e i r mar i ners
Fal se of pr o m i s e and d i ss e mbl e r s
That falsely t h e m b e tray e d
Wh i ch would tak e no pa i ns t o sa i l farth er
Th an th e i r o w n l i st a n d pl e asure ;
W h ere fo re th a t voyag e and d i v e rs oth e r
S uch ca i t i ffs h av e d e str o y e d
Oh wh at a th i ng h ad be e n th en
I f that t he y that b e Engl i s h men
M i ght h ave b e en t he first of all
That th ere s h o uld hav e t ak e n possess i on
A n d made fi r st bu i l d i n g an d hab i tat i on
O m e mory p e rp e t u al !
And al so w h at an h o n ourabl e t h i ng
B oth t o th e r e al m and to t he K i n g
T o hav e ha d h i s d o m i n i on e x t e nd i ng
Th e r e i nt o s o far a groun d
W h i ch t he n o b le K i ng o f lat e m e mory
T he most w i s e P r i n c e t he s e v e nt h H e n ry
C aus e d fi r st fo r t o b e fo und
A n d w hat a gr e a t m e r i t o ri o us d e e d
I t we r e to h a v e t he p e o pl e i n structed
To l i ve mo r e v i rt u o usly
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48
E
N G L I S H H I ST O R Y I N
CONTE
MP O R A R Y
And t o learn to kn o w of men t he manner
And al so t o know G o d the i r mak e r
Wh i ch as y e t l i ve a ll b e astly ;
For they ne i ther kn o w G o d n o r t he dev i l
N or never heard t e ll of h e av e n n o r hell
Wr i t i ng n or ot h e r scr i ptur e
P O ET R Y
,
,
,
,
”
.
A ft e r d e sca n t i n g o n t he ge n e ral i g n o ra n c e of t h e n at i v e s
R a s t e ll c o n t i n u e s :
Fi sh th e y hav e s o great pl e n ty
That i n haven s tak e n an d sla i n th ey be
W i th stav e s w i th out e n fa i l
N 0 w French men an d oth e r have found the trade
Th at yearl y o f fish th e r e th e y l ad e
A bov e a h undre d sa i l ;
,
,
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,
S p e n se r t o o i n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e s e c o n d b o o k o f t he
F a er i e Q uee n e p o i n t s a m o ral w h e n h e says t o t h e u n i m ag i n at i ve
m a n w ho d o e s n o t k n o w w h e re i s t h at h ap p y l an d o f F ae ry
“
B ut let that man w i th b e tter sense adv i se
That o f th e world l e ast part to us i s r e ad ;
And da i ly how th rou g h hardy enterpr i se
M any gr e at r e g i on s are d i scov e r e d
Wh i ch to lat e a g e w e r e n e v e r m e nt i oned
Wh o e ver h e ar d of t h I n d i an P er u ?
O r w ho i n ventu rous v e ss e l m e asured
The Ama z on h uge r i ver n ow foun d true ?
O r fru i tfull e st V i r g i n i a w ho d i d ever v i ew
,
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’
,
O f m o re p ol i t i cal i n t e re s t i s t h e p o e m e n t i t l e d N ep tun e to
E n g la n d w h e re t h e c o u n t ry i s u rge d al o n g t he p at h o f c o lo n i s a
t i o n T h e l ast o f t h e t h re e st an z a s r u n s
Go on great stat e and make i t kn own
Thou n e ver w i lt forsake th i n e own
N or from thy purpos e start
B ut that thou w i lt thy power d i l ate
S i nce narrow seas a r e found too stra i ght
For th y capac i ous heart
S o shall thy rule an d m i ne hav e large e x tent
Yet n ot s o large as just an d p e rman en t 2
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,
T h e sp i r i t o f t h e s e a d ogs b re at h e s i n t h e b a l l a d I n P r a i se of
S ea fa r i n g M e n i n H ope of G ood F or tun e wr i t t e n o n S i r R i c h ar d
G r e n vi lle s d e p ar t u re o n h i s v o yage o f I 585 z
1
D o d s le y O ld E n g lzsh P la y s E d i t e d by W C H a zli tt p 2 8 A lso e d i t e d
b y J O Ha lli w e ll f o r P e r c y S o c i e ty 1 848
2
Ha lli we ll s E a r ly N a va l Ba lla d s p 6 8
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5o
E N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
C O N TE
M P O R A R Y P O ET R Y
O F r ob i s he r thy bru i t and name
S h all be e n r o ll d i n bo o ks
That whoso e v e r aft e r comes
And o n thy lab o ur l o oks
Shall m use an d marv e l at t h i n e acts
An d greatn es s of thy m i nd
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.
1
as
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a se n s e t h e y o u t h o f H e n ry V I I I saw t h e b e l a t e d c lo s e o f
c h i val ry a n d i t i s n o t w i t h o u t i n t e re s t t o c at c h a g l i m p s e o f t h e
e d u c at i o n a n d p as t i m e s o f a c o m p an i o n o f H e n ry s s o n t he
Th e c o m p an i o n w as H e n ry H o wa r d a ft e r
D uk e o f R i c hm o n d
wa r d s E arl o f S u rre y a n d t he p oe m w e q u ot e was w r i t t e n i n
re m i n i sc e n t ve i n w he n i t s a u t h o r w a s l n p r i s o n at W i n d so r
t ow a r d s t h e e n d o f t h e K i n g s re i gn
In
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’
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,
’
S o cruel pr i s o n how could bet i d e alas
As proud W i n d so r ? Wh e r e I i n l ust and joy
W i th a K i ng s s o n my ch i ld i sh y e ars d i d pass
I n greater feast t h an Pr i am s sons of Tr o y
Where e ach sweet place return s a tast e full sour
The large gr e en cou r ts w h ere w e w e r e wont t o hover
W i th e yes cast up i nto t he M a i den s tower
And e asy s i ghs such as f ol k draw i n l o v e
Th e stately seats t he lad i e s br i ght of hu e
Th e danc e s sh o rt l o ng tal e s o f great d e l i gh t
W i t h words and lo o ks that t i g e rs could but rue ;
Wher e e ach of u s d i d pl e ad t he other s r i g h t
The pal me play 1 wh ere d e spo i l ed for t he game
W i th da zz l e d e yes o ft we by gleams of love
H ave m i s s d th e ball an d got s i ght of our dame
To ba i t he r e y e s wh i ch kept t he l e ads above
The g r a v e l d ground w i th sl e e v e s t i e d on t he helm
O n foam i ng h o r se w i th swords an d fr i e ndly hearts
W i th ch e e r as t hough on e sh o ul d an o ther whel m
Wh e re w e h a v e fought a n d chas e d oft w i th d arts
W i th s i lver dr o ps t he mead yet spread fo r ruth
I n act i ve gam e s of n i mbl e n e ss an d str e ngt h
Wh e r e w e d i d stra i n tra i n e d w i th swarms of youth
O ur t e nd e r l i m bs t hat yet shot up i n length
T he secret gr o ves wh i c h oft we m a de r e sound
O f pl e asant plai n t a n d of our lad i e s pra i se ;
R e cord i ng oft what g race each one ha d found
What hO p e of speed w h at d r e ad o f l ong d e lays
T he w i l d for e st the cloth e d b e lt s w i th green ;
W i th r e i ns ava i led an d sw i ft y breathed horse
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Ten n
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THE
TU D O R M O N A R C H Y
51
W i th cry of b ounds an d merry blasts b etwe e n
”1
Where w e d i d chase th e fearful hart o f f0 r ce
,
,
.
A n o t h e r a sp e c t o f E n gl i sh fash i o n a b l e s oc i e t y i n H e n r y V I I I s
re i g n i s g i ve n b y S i r T h o m as Mo re w h i c h w e ven t u re t o g i ve
1
n o t i n t he or i g i n al L at i n b u t i n Ma rs d e n s t ra n sl at i o n
T he
E n g li s h g a l l an t s ay s Mo re
Struts about
I n cloaks of fash i on Fren ch H i s g i rdl e p urse
An d sword are French H i s h at i s Fren ch
H i s n ether l i mbs are cased i n Fr e n ch costume
H i s shoes a r e Fren ch I n short fro m top to toe
H e stan ds the Frenchman
I f h e speak
Though bu t three l i ttle words i n French h e swells
An d plum e s h i mself on h i s pr o fic i ency
And h i s French fa i l i n g th e n h e utters words
C o i n ed by h i msel f w i t h w i d e ly gap i ng m on t h
And soun d acut e th i nk i ng to mak e at least
The accent F rench
W i th acc e n t Fr e nch he sp e ak s th e Lat i n tongue
W i t h accent Fr e nch th e ton gue of Lom b ardy
To Span i sh wor d s h e g i v e s an accent F ren ch
G e rman h e sp e ak s w i th th e same accen t French
I n truth he seem s t o speak w i t h accen t French
All but t he French i tself Th e French h e speak s
W i th accent B r i t i sh
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H ow t he fash i o n c han ge d b y t h e t i m e o f E l i z a b e t h i s s h ow n
fr o m t he wel l k n o w n refe re n c es t o t h e I t al i an at e E n g li s hm an
A l e x an d e r B arcl ay a c o n t e m p o ra r y o f M o re t o w ho m refe re n c e
h as al rea d y b e e n m ad e d e n o u n c e s fo re i g n t rave l a s a p ar t o f a
y o u ng E n gl i s h m a n s e d u c at i o n i n hi s S hip of F ools p u b li s he d i n
1 50 9
B arcl ay s E clog ues g i ve m an y i n t e re st i n g p i c t u re s o f t he
s oc i al l i fe o f t h e t i m e an d so m e m e m o ra b l e p e rs o n al t o u c h e s
We m ay c l o se t h i s b r i e f a n t h o log y w i t h a q u ot at i o n fro m
S k e lt o n s P hi lip Sp a r r ow w h e re w e h ave a li st o f t he b o o k s
w h i ch a w e l l e d u c at e d g i rl i n 1 50 9 w a s su p p o se d t o have re a d
R o m an c e i s re p re s e n t e d b y t h e A rt h u r i a n le ge n d an d o t h e r
m e d i eval t al e s ; R o m an an d J e w i s h an d an c i e n t hi st o ry h ave
t h e i r p l ac e ; t h e T ro ja n w a r i s re fe rre d t o a t le n gt h; l i t e ra t u re
i n c lu d e s t h e c l ass i c a l au t h o rs o f R o m e G re e c e a n d I t a l y
P oem s of H e n r y H ow a r d E a r l of S u r r ey ( Ald i n e E d i t i on ) p 1 9 Also
i n C o lli e r s r e pri n t o f T o tt e ll s Mi sce lla n y p 1 6
9
P hi lom or u s : N otes o n L a ti n P oe m s of Thom a s Mor e S e c on d E d i t i o n 1 878
2 2 3 q uo t e d i n L e e a t supr a
p
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C ON TE MP O R A R Y P O E T R Y
E N G L I S H H I STO R Y I N
52
“
al t h o ug h s h e c o n fe s s e s t ha t o f t h e s e l ast s h e ha s
sk il l
Th e se po e ts o f an c i enty
Th ey are too d i ff us e for m e
b ut li t t l e
,
T he
po e m
s ty l e
e n d s w i t h a re v i e w o f E n gl i s h
li t e r a t u r e
O ur natural t ongue 15 rud e
And hard to b e e n me w ed
W i th p o l i shed terms l usty
O ur languag e i s s o r usty
S o cank e r e d a n d s o full
O f frowar d s a n d s o dul l ;
T h a t i f I w o ul d apply
To wr i te ornat e ly
I w o t n o t w h er e t o find
T e rms to s e rv e my m i n d !
G ower s En gl i s h i s old
An d of n o val ue i s t ol d
H i s matt e r i s w o rth g o ld
And worthy t o be enroll ed
I n C ha ucer I am sp e d
H i s Ta les I have r e ad
H i s mat ter i s d electable
S olac i ous and comm en dable
H i s Engl i sh well allowe d
S o as i t i s e n p r o w e d
F o r as i t i s e mpl o y e d
Th er e i s n o Engl i sh vo i d
At th os e days m uch commended
An d now m e n woul d have amen de d
H i s E ngl i sh ; w h ereat th e y bark
An d mar all th ey work
C ha ucer t hat fam ous C l e rk
H i s t e rm s w e r e n ot dar k
B ut pl e asant easy a n d pla i n
N o word h e wrot e i n va i n
Also john Ly dg a te
Wr i t e th a f t e r a h i gh er rate
I t i s d i ff us e to fin d
T he s e nt e nce of h i s m i n d ;
N o man that can am e nd
Th o s e m att e rs t h at h e h ath penned
Yet some men fin d a faul t
1
And s a y H e wr i t e th t o o haut !
Spa r r ow Q uo te d b y A rb e r S u r r ey a n d
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NA P O LE O N I C ST U D I E S
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