A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ETHICAL APPEAL
IN SELECTED SPEECHES OF MARGARET CHASE SMITH
by
V i c k i Ann B e l l
A Thesis Submitted to the Fa c u lty o f the
DEPARTMENT OF SPEECH
In P a r t i a l
F u l f i l l m e n t o f the Requirements
For the Degree o f
MASTER OF ARTS
In the Graduate Co ll eg e
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
1961
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The w r i t e r wishes to thank Senator M a rg aret Chase
Smith f o r p r o v i d in g background m a t e r i a l used in t h i s study.
S in c e re a p p r e c i a t i o n
is extended to Dr. George Sparks,
Assoc ia te Profe ssor o f Speech, Dr.
Department o f Speech,
Klonda Lynn, Head o f th e
Dr. Jack Howe, Assoc ia te P rofe ss or o f
Speech, and Dr. A le th e a S. M a t t i n g l y ,
Profe ssor o f Speech,
f o r t h e i r p a t i e n c e and coo pe ratio n during the w r i t i n g o f
this thesis.
Further,
the author wishes t o express her
g r a t i t u d e to Dr. Gene England, A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r o f Speech,
f o r his guidance and encouragement.
STATEMENT.BY AUTHOR
Th is t h e s i s has been submitted in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l ­
ment o f requirements f o r an advanced degree a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y
o f Arizona and is deposited in t h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y to be
made a v a i l a b l e to borrowers under t h e r u le s o f the l i b r a r y .
B r i e f q u o t a t io n s from t h i s t h e s i s a re a l l o w a b l e
w ith o u t s pe cia l perm is sio n, prov id ed t h a t a c c u r a te acknowl­
edgment o f source is made.
Requests f o r permission f o r
extended q u o t a t io n from or r ep ro du cti o n o f t h i s manuscript
in whole or in p a r t may be granted by t h e head o f the major
department or th e Dean o f the Graduate C o lle g e when in t h e i r
judgment th e proposed use o f th e m a t e r i a l is in th e i n t e r e s t s
o f s c h o la r s h ip .
in a l l o t h er instanc es , however, permission
must be ob tain e d from the a u t h o r.
SIGNED:
APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR
T h is t h e s i s has been approved on the date shown below:
A s s o c ia te Professor o f Speech
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter .
Page
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D efinitions . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method o f Study . . . . . . . . . .
L i m i t a t i o n s o f the Study . . . . .
Review o f Previous L i t e r a t u r e . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I.
MARGARET CHASE SMITH--THE SPEAKER
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . .
B i o g ra p h ic a l Sketch . . . . . . .
Ethos o f Senator Smith
. . . . .
P u b l i c Response to the Speaker .
Si*nm ^3r. . . ... . . .
.. . .
I I.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
iv
. . .
. . .
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
..
.
ETHICAL APPEAL--THE CRITERIA FOR JUDGING . . . .
THE SPEECHES--ANALYSIS OF ETHICAL APPEAL
.. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES . . . . .
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
.
.. .
.
. . . .
.. .
. .
. . . .
.. . . .
. . .
.. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . .
. .
.
. . . .
.. .
1
9
14
1
18
18
28
30
31
Method o f A n a ly s is . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address Before N a t io n a l Federation o f
Business and P r o f e s s io n a l Women's Clubs. .
L in c oln Day Address
. , . . . .. . . . . .
. .
Speech a t the Drexel I n s t i t u t e o f
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONCLUSION . .
xi
1
Discussion o f E t h i c a l Appeal
. . . . . . . .
C r i t e r i a f o r Judging ... .
.. .
. . . . ..
.
Summary . . . .
. . . . .
.. . . . . .
..
.
III.
v
v
vi
ix
. .
32
33
42
50
58
59
63
63
69
76
84
INTRODUCTSON
Research in the area o f speech c r i t i c i s m has li s p e d
ethical
appeal as one o f th e most important de term in an ts of,
a s p e a ke r 's e f f e c t i v e n e s s .
A risto tle
in his R h e t o r ?c
s a id ,
"Me might almost a f f i r m t h a t the s p e ak e r 's ethos is the most
■, ,
1
•
i
potent o f a l l t h e means to p e r s u a s i o n . n
Ethos can be d e t e r ­
mined by t h e a u d i e n c e 's previous knowledge o f t h e speaker or
by the speech i t s e l f ,
ethical
although th e layman u s u a l l y considers
appeal only on the b a s is o f what
speaker b e f o r e he begins s pe ak in g.
believed that e th ic a l
is known about t h e
A risto tle ,
however,
appeal "should be c re a t e d by the speech
its e lf,
and not l e f t t o depend upon an antecedent impress ion
9
t h a t the speaker is t h i s or t h a t kind o f man."
E t h ic a l
appeal
c r e a t e d by the speech i t s e l f
c u l t to d is co ver than e t h i c a l
ence's
person.
is somewhat more d i f f i ­
appeal determined by the a u d i ­
impress ion o f the speaker as t h i s or t h a t type o f
But A r i s t o t l e b e l i e v e d t h a t the e t h i c a l
evinced by the speech i t s e l f
appeal
is the c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r
in
the persuasiveness and success o f the speaker.
H
(New York,
2.
Lane Cooper, The R h e t o r i c o f A r i s t o t l e , t r a n s .
1 9 32), p. 9.
Cooper, p. 8.
PURPOSE
In accord w i t h A r i s t o t l e ' s
theory t h a t e t h i c a l
should be c r e a t e d by the speech i t s e l f ,
appeal
th e purpose o f t h i s
study is t o a n a ly ze t h r e e s e l e c t e d speeches o f a contemporary
speaker
in order to dis co v e r t h e n a t u r e or the sources o f the
ethical
appeal as evidenced in h is or her speeches.
The speeches to be analyzed a re those o f Margaret
Chase S m i th -- S e n a to r from Maine.
Senator Smith has served
in the House o f R e p re s e n t a tiv e s and is the f i r s t woman in
h i s t o r y to serve in the Senate w i t h o u t f i r s t having been
ap p oin te d , suggesting t o t h e women o f America t h a t a woman
can be successful
?n the p o l i t i c a l w o r ld .
DEFINITIONS
Since the o b j e c t o f t h i s study is to make a r h e t o r i ­
cal a n a l y s i s o f t h r e e speeches o f Margaret Chase Smith in
order to d is co ver the n a t u r e o f her use o f e t h i c a l
it
is necessary to d e f i n e two t e r m s - - r h e t o r i c a l
and e t h i c a l
appeal.
app eal,
analysis
These d e f i n i t i o n s a re o f f e r e d as those
t o be employed in t h i s study.
When de te rm inin g a d e f i n i t i o n f o r the term r h e t o r i c a l
a n a l y s i s , both the word r h e t o r i c and the word anal vs i s must
be considered.
dis cour se.
“ R h e t o r i c is the science which t r e a t s o f
Discourse is any communication o f thought by
words, e i t h e r o r a l or w r i t t e n .
The term r h e t o r i c
is d e r iv e d
from the Greek r h e t o r i k e , th e a r t o f s p e a k i n g . T h e
term
anal vs i s can be d e f i n e d as " t h e s e p a r a ti n g or bre a k in g up o f
any whole i n t o i t s p a r t s
in o r de r to f i n d put t h e i r n a t u r e ,
p r o p o r t i o n , or f u n c t i o n , and a statement o f the r e s u l t s o f
this p r o c e s s . C o m b i n i n g
analysis
these two d e f i n i t i o n s ,
is t o be considered a study o f or a l
or der to d is c o ve r
rhetorical
d is c o u r s e ,
in
i t s n a t u r e or f u n c t i o n , and a statement o f
th e f i n d i n g s .
The second term r e q u i r i n g d e f i n i t i o n
A r i s t o t l e d e f in e d t h r e e kinds o f pe rsuasion.
firs t
kind
th e second
he a r e r;
res id es
co n s is ts
speaker;
in producing a c e r t a i n a t t i t u d e
in the
the t h i r d a p p e r t a i n s to th e argument p r o p e r ,
d
e m
o
n
o f persuasion a r e a l s o known as e t h i c a l
and l o g i c a l
appeal
cerned on ly w i t h the f i r s t
respectively.
appeal
He s a i d , “The
in th e c h a r a c t e r or ethos o f t h e
f a r as i t a c t u a l l y or seemingly
a pp eal,
is e t h i c a l
s t r a t e s .
app eal,
in so
These kinds
emotional
Th is study is con­
type o f p e r s u a s i o n - - e t h i c a l
appeal
or t h a t “method by which the speaker in f lu e n c e s th e thought
'
.
6
and conduct o f the audience through his own p e r s o n a l i t y . "
*"
''
3.
(New York,
Edwin Du Bo is
1 920), p. 1.
S h u r t e r , The R h e t o r i c o f
-
Oratory
4.
W e b s t e r's New World D i c t i o n a r y o f th e American
Language (New York, 1960)/. .p. 53..
5.
Cooper, p. 8.
6.
W i l l i a m P h i l l i p s Sandford and W i l l a r d Hayes Yeager
P r i n c i p l e s o f E f f e c t i v e Speaking (New York.,. 19 34), p. 8.
Since e t h i c a l
appeal
is p r i m a r i l y dependent upon the
ethos or c h a r a c t e r o f the speaker, a d e f i n i t i o n o f ethos and
i t s components must be consider ed.
ethos
In the speaking s i t u a t i o n ,
is “ the means o f persuasion by which the c h a r a c t e r o f
the speaker makes us b e l i e v e or d i s b e l i e v e th e speech."
7
There are c e r t a i n elements which prove to be an i n d i c a t i o n
o f ethos
in p u b l i c speaking.
A r i s t o t l e stated that “ there
a re t h r e e t h i n g s , a p a r t from de m on s tr ativ e p r o o f s , which
i n s p i r e b e l i e f , v i z . , s a g a c i t y , high c h a r a c t e r , and good
8
will."
A more r ec en t source says t h a t “ competence, i n t e g ­
rity,
and good motives a re t h e b a s ic elements in a s p ea k er1s
ethos.
In any given s i t u a t i o n
speaker is a t a l l
im portant, he is more l i k e l y t o accomplish
his purpose i f his
w or thy, and w e ll
l i s t e n e r s b e l i e v e him to be capable,
disposed toward t h e m . T h e s e
be d e f i n e d more tho roughly
will
in which con fid enc e in the
in Chapter
tru st­
elements w i l l
I I o f t h i s study and
be considered in the a n a l y s i s o f the e t h i c a l
appeal
employed by Margaret Chase Smith.
METHOD OF STUDY
As has been p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d ,
ethical
appeal
is
p r i m a r i l y d e r iv e d from th e c h a r a c t e r o f the speaker. Chapter
~
~T.
Cooper, p. 9.
8.
L e s t e r Thonssen and A. Craig B a i r d ,
C r i t i c i s m (New York, 1948), p. 384.
.
Speech
9.
James H. McBurney and Ernest J. Wrage, The A r t
o f Good Speech (New York, 1 953), pp. .488-489,.,
vii
I
o f t h i s study w i l l ,
therefore,
o f the sp e a k e r , which w i l l
p o litic a l
career,
p u blic's
p o litic a l
c o n ta in a b i o g r a p h ic a l
inclu de not on ly her e a r l y l i f e ,
ph ilosophy, and e thos , but the
response t o Senator Smith as an i n d i v i d u a l
By in c lu d in g t h i s d a t a ,
mine e t h i c a l
appeal w i l l
as w e l l .
c e r t a i n elements which he lp to d e t e r ­
be evidenced.
Chapter
concerned w i t h a dis cu ssio n o f e t h i c a l
Ii w i l l
be
appeal and the c r i t e r i a
used f o r ju d g in g t h i s means o f persuasion
speeches.
sketch
in the s e l e c t e d
A d e s c r i p t i o n o f the f a c t o r s de te rm in in g the s e l e c ­
t i o n o f t h r e e speeches to be analyzed in t h i s study w i l l
considered in Chapter
ill.
Chapter
111 w i l l
a p p l i c a t i o n o f the e s t a b l i s h e d c r i t e r i a
o f the t h r e e s e l e c t e d speeches.
be
a l s o contain t h e
in a c r i t i c a l
analysis
These addresses were taken
from th e Congressional Record durin g a ten year pe rio d e x t e n d ­
ing from 1945 to 1955.
The speeches t o be analyzed were s e l e c t e d according
t o the t h r e e speech types de s c rib e d by A r i s t o t l e :
tiv e ,
a speech o f counsel or a d v ic e ; j u d i c i a l ,
prosecution or defense; and e p i d e i c t i c ,
blam e.^
Chapter
III.
a speech o f
a speech o f p r a i s e or
One o f each type o f speech w i l l
method o f s e l e c t i n g t h e speeches w i l l
D elibera­
be analy ze d.
be discussed f u r t h e r
The concluding chapter w i l l
by Margaret Chase Smith in s e l e c t e d speeches:
Cooper, p.
17.
vii i
in
a tte m p t to answer
the f o l l o w i n g questions concerning the use o f e t h i c a l
Tol
The
appeal
1.
Was e t h i c a l appeal as a means o f persuasion
found in s e l e c t e d speeches o f Margaret Chase
Smith?
2.
I f e t h i c a l appeal was employed by Margaret
Chase Smith, what was i t s n a t u r e and i t s
sources?
3.
I f t h e r e was evidence o f e t h i c a l a p p e a l, how
e f f e c t i v e l y was i t employed by Senator Smith?
The primary sources o f data f o r t h i s study were books
and p e r i o d i c a l s .
In a d d i t i o n t o these m a t e r i a l s ,
a le tte r
c o n ta i n in g a q u e s t i o n n a i r e was composed and sent to Senator
Smith.
The q u e s t i o n n a i r e contain ed queries concerned w ith
th e speaking background, personal ph ilos oph y, and p o l i t i c a l
philosophy o f the s p e a k e r ; the answers r eceiv ed from Mrs.
Smith w i l l
be included in t h i s study.
This
in f o r m a t io n w i l l
pr o v id e a background f o r the speeches themse lv es.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Certain lim it a t io n s a r is e
in a study when the primary
sources o f data a r e books and p e r i o d i c a l s ;
th e main problem
is t o determ ine t h e accuracy o f th e speech t e x t s .
so a p t l y p o in t s o u t ,
“this
As Auer
is one o f the most d i f f i c u l t prob­
lems in r h e t o r i c a l
criticism .
genuine m a t e r i a l s ,
i f he is to a p p ra i s e o r a t o r y w it h o u t p r e j ­
udice and f o l l y . H e
C learly,
the c r i t i c needs
fu rth er states that
the t e x t may be d e l i b e r a t e l y d i s t o r t e d in orde r
t o p r e j u d i c e i t s readers, or i f the speaker p r o ­
v ides an advance copy o f h is speech f o r the press
11.
J. J e f f e r y Auer, An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o Research in
Speech (New York, 19 59), p. 127.
he may s t i l l r e v i s e h is read ing copy.
I f the
t e x t is based upon a v e r s io n o f a speech p r e ­
pared by the speaker a f t e r h is speech has been
d e l i v e r e d , i t may co n ta in what he wished he
had s a i d , or what he wants p o s t e r i t y to t h i n k
he s a i d , r a t h e r than what he d i d s a y . ' 2
it
is d i f f i c u l t to determine whether any o f these d i s t o r t i o n s
a r e pr esent
in th e speech t e x t s t o be a n aly zed ,
be assumed t h a t speech t e x t s
but i t can
in t h e Congressional Record a r e
r e l a t i v e l y complete, and t h i s must be used s in c e i t
is the
only a v a i l a b l e source.
Another l i m i t a t i o n
guis hing th e l i t e r a l
in t h i s ty pe o f study
is “ d i s t i n ­
and real meanings o f a document.
It
is
not always easy t o determine what a given state me nt r e a l l y
says.u
When a n a ly z i n g an o r a l l y d e l i v e r e d speech f o r e t h i ­
cal a p p e a l ,
it
is o f t e n d i f f i c u l t t o determine w i t h e x a c t ­
ness what the speaker wanted t o say.
hand, however,
it
With a w r i t t e n t e x t
is p o s s i b l e f o r th e r h e t o r i c a l
in
c r i t i c to
study each statement c a r e f u l l y .
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LITERATURE
B efore pursuing t h i s study,
a survey was made o f p r e ­
viou s s t u d ie s t h a t had been completed on Margaret Chase Smith.
In th e sources a v a i l a b l e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f A r iz o n a , only
two s t u d ie s could be found.
12.
Auer,
pp.
13.
Auer, p.
These were l i s t e d
128-129.
135.
x
in the Index
o f Graduate Theses compiled by F r a n k l i n H. Knower in Speech
Monographs dated June,
1953 and June,
1955.
The f i r s t study l i s t e d was done a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f
South Dakota in 1952, and was e n t i t l e d The E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
S e le c t e d Speeches o f Margaret Chase S m ith.
th is thesis,
The a utho r o f
Ruth M. Adkins, s e l e c t e d speeches o f Margaret
Chase Smith and analyzed them f o r c o n t e n t , types o f appeals,
and the e f f e c t o f the speech upon t h e audience.
Th is study,
which is p r e s e n t l y being done, does not d u p l i c a t e the study
made by Miss Adkins f o r she was p r i m a r i l y concerned w ith a
complete r h e t o r i c a l
whereas,
ethical
c r i t i c i s m o f the speeches o f Senator Smith,
t h i s study proposes t o a n a ly ze only the n a t u r e o f
appeal.
The second study, e n t i t l e d A Study o f Margaret Chase
Smith as an O ra t o r and o f Her S e n a t o r i a l Address o f June 1,
1950, was made by Agnes Doody in 1954 a t Pennsylvania S t a t e
U n ivers ity .
Since Miss Doody' s t h e s i s was concerned w it h a
complete r h e t o r i c a l
a n a l y s i s o f one address and encompassed a l 1
aspects o f e f f e c t i v e speaking,
her work w i l l
not be d u p l i c a t e d
in t h i s study.
SUMMARY
In b r i e f ,
t h i s c h a p te r ,
th e purpose o f t h i s study, as s t a t e d
in
is t o ana ly ze t h r e e o f the speeches o f Margaret
Chase Smith in or de r t o a s c e r t a i n t h e n a t u r e and sources o f
ethical
appeal employed by her as a means o f pe rsuasion.
The,
Senator's
l i f e and personal
characteristics w i l l
be s tu d ie d
in or de r to p r ov id e a background f o r t h e speeches.
cussion o f e t h i c a l
appeal w i l l
A d is­
be pursued in o r de r t o make
c l e a r what one must consider when a t te m p t i n g t o dis c o v e r e t h i
cal a p p e a l .
It
is hoped t h a t t h i s study w i l l
understanding o f e t h i c a l
pers uas iv e speaking.
p r o v id e a b e t t e
appeal as an important element in
’
CHAPTER 1
MARGARET CHASE SMITH"-THE SPEAKER
Our d e f i n i t i o n o f e t h i c a l
appeal
states th a t
it
is
the c h a r a c te r o f the speaker which determ ines,
to a la r g e
degree,
employ in a
th e type o f e t h i c a l
speaking s i t u a t i o n .
persuasion he w i l l
Therefore,
chapter to record c e r t a i n
it
is the purpose o f t h i s
i n f o r m a t i o n concerning the l i f e
and b e l i e f s o f Margaret Chase Smith in order to p r o v id e a
basis f o r observing
reflected
tain ing
in l a t e r chapter s how these elements a re
in c e r t a i n speeches.
Data is here assembled con­
in f o r m a t io n about Senator Sm ith's e a r l y
l i f e and
employment, her appearance, and her c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o the
House o f R e p re s e n t a tiv e s and the Senate.
Since t h i s study
is concerned p r i m a r i l y w i t h e t h i c a l
appeal Mrs.
p o litic a l
be considered in d e t a i l ,
philosophy and ethos w i l l
Sm ith 's
because both the philosophy and the ethos o f a speaker d e t e r ­
mine to what e x t e n t e t h i c a l
appeal
is employed in her speeches.
The op in io ns o f q u a l i f i e d observers f r e q u e n t l y h e lp to
d e s c r ib e the c h a r a c t e r o f a s p e a k e r ; t h e r e f o r e ,
remarks con­
cerning the p u b l i c ' s response to Senator Smith w i l l
a ls o be
included in t h i s c ha p te r .
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Marg aret Chase Smith was born Margaret Madeline
Chase in Skowhegan, Maine, on December 14,
1897.
She was
2
the daughter o f George and C a r r i e Chase and was the e l d e s t
of six children.
All
her schoolin g was completed in Skowhegan,
Maine where she a tte nde d Skowhegan High School
from 1912 to
1916 .
A f t e r f i n i s h i n g high school
w i n t e r as a te ac h er
in 1916, she spent a
in a one-room r u r a l
school
in Skowhegan.
Other employment c on sis te d o f p o s i t i o n s as o f f i c e e x e c u t iv e
f o r the
Maine,
independent R e p o r t e r , a weekly newspaper in Skowhegan,
from 1919 t o 1928, and t r e a s u r e r o f th e New England
Process Company, a woolen m i l l
,9 3 6 .'5
in Skowhegan,
from 1928 to
’
Wh ile working f o r the independent Repor ter she began
a fou r ye ar c o u r t s h ip w i t h the p a p e r ' s owner, Clyde H. Smith,
16
whom she m a r rie d on May 14, 1930.
A f t e r her marria ge she
became a c t i v e
t a s k s .
*^7
in p o l i t i c s doing "a thousand t h a n k le s s p a r t y
Mrs. Smith served on the Republican S t a t e Committee
o f Maine from 1930 t o 1936 and was a l s o p r e s i d e n t o f the Maine
1A
Federation o f Business and P r o f e s s io n a l Women's Clubs.
In 1936 Clyde H. Smith was e l e c t e d to t h e House o f
R e p re s e n t a tiv e s o f t h e United S t a t e s .
Margaret Chase Smith
became her husband's s e c r e t a r y , working f i f t e e n hours a day
1945),
i4 ;
Who1s Who in Amer ?ca
15.
Who1s Who in Amer i ca
16.
Who1s Who in Amer i ca
17.
Anne Rothe, E d i t o r ,
p. 559,
18.
Rothe,
p.
559.
2693.
Cu rre nt Biography (New York,
-
3
t a k i n g care o f a l l
th e Congressional
r o u t i n e o f f i c e work, p e r ­
s o n a l l y handling h is mail and doing research on the sub jects
o f v a rio u s b i l l s . ^
W h il e l i v i n g
in Washington, Mrs. Smith
served as t r e a s u r e r o f the Congressional
Club,
an o r g a n i z a t i o n
composed o f the wives o f Congressmen and Cabinet members.
On A p r i l 8,
onary thrombosis.
20
1940, R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Smith died o f a c o r ­
Before his death,
he issued a statement to
t h e press asking h is c o n s t i t u e n t s t o e l e c t h i s w i f e to Congress
to f i l l
hi s vacancy, and in a s p e c ia l e l e c t i o n on June 3,
Mrs. Smith was chosen to f i l l
1940
the unexpired term o f her hus­
band.
In September, 1940, she was r e - e l e c t e d as a member o f
)
21
the House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .
Margaret Chase Smith served in the House from 1940
u n til
1949.
A f t e r her e l e c t i o n she requested a seat on the
Labor Committee s in ce she was a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f an indus­
trial
d is tric t.
on Education,
Roads.
She was assigned,
however, t o the committees
I n v a l i d Pensions, and Post O f f i c e s and Post
In 1943 she was appointed to serve on t h e Committee
on Naval A f f a i r s ^
and was the author o f the b i l l
“ r a i s i n g the
maximum WAVE rank from l i e u t e n a n t commander to c a p t a i n ,
e n t i t l i n g WAVES t o dependents' allowan ce (except f o r husbands),
T"9l
Rot he,
p. 559.
20.
Rothe,
p. 559.
21.
Rothe,
p. 559.
22.
Rothe,
p. 559.
23.
Congressional
Record, LXXXIX, P a r t 1 ( 1 9 4 3 ) ,
355.
4
and a l l o w i n g the assignment o f WAVES to duty o v e r s e a s „
bill
was passed by the House w i t h o u t debate on June 8,
The
1943.
An ins pectio n o f the i n s t a l l a t i o n s o f Women's Naval
S e r v i c e was conducted by Senator Smith from September to
December, 1944.
Her recommendations a f t e r t h i s
insp ection
included plans f o r the d e m o b i l i z a t i o n o f the women,
improved
housing arrangements, and the c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e Women's
Naval S e r v ic e a f t e r the war.
She a l s o made a t o u r o f advanced
South P a c i f i c bases in December,
t h i s 2 5 ,0 0 0 mi l e
1944.
Upon r e t u r n i n g from
ins pectio n t r i p she asked t h a t the morale
and l i v i n g c o n d it io n s a t these bases be improved, and her
recommendations were put
in t o e f f e c t by S e c r e t a r y o f the Navy,
'
25
James F o r r e s t a l .
W h ile s e rv in g as a R e p r e s e n t a t i v e , Mrs.
a l l y voted along Republican l i n e s ,
f o r A d m i n i s t r a t i o n measures.
Smith gen er­
but cast an occasional v o t e
On farm a f f a i r s she opposed
i n c e n t i v e payments t o farm ers, increased a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r
;
'
'
’
' '
~
'
s o i l c o n s e rv a t io n , funds f o r crop insurance, and more money
on r u r a l
e le c trific a tio n .
( a f t e r taxes)
tax b i l l
'
She voted a g a in s t t h e $ 2 5 ,0 0 0 . 0 0
l i m i t on s a l a r i e s and in fa vo r o f the income
which broadened the t a x base to inclu de more people
w i t h small
incomes.
She favored increased payment to Federal
employees and opposed the red u c tio n o f Old Age Pensions.
accord w i t h t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,
241
Ro t h e , p7 560.
25.
Rothe,
p.
560.
In
she voted to pass the F u l b r i g h t
r e s o l u t i o n which pledged the country to j o i n
In a world peace
organ I z a t i o n .
A f t e r s e rv in g as a member o f the House o f R e p re s e n t a ti v e s
in the S e v e n t y - s i x t h ,
ninth,
Se v e n ty -se ve n th , S e v e n t y - e i g h t h ,
Seventy-
and E i g h t i e t h Congresses, Margaret Smith entered a cam­
paign to secure the nomination as Senator from Maine in 1948.
In t h i s Maine primary she opposed Governor Horace H i l d r e t h ,
former Governor Sumner Sewal1, and Reverend A lb io n P. Beverage.
She won th e primary e l e c t i o n r e c e i v i n g 63,941 votes over
H i l d r e t h ' s 31 ,2 2 8 ,
Sewal 1 1s 21,91.6, and Beverage's 6 , 6 8 4 . ^
About her v i c t o r y Mrs. Smith s a i d ,
"It
is a g r a ss ro ots v i c t o r y
t h a t springs from t h e people themselves.
It
a cause r a t h e r
is a v i c t o r y o f
oO
than o f a ca n d id a te or a p e r s o n a l i t y . "
She
went on t o win
th e 1948 general e l e c t i o n as Senator from
Maine
and was r e - e l e c t e d in 1954 and 1960.
. During
her 1954 campaign f o r Senator,
"Senator Smith
received th e endorsement o f Lab or 's League f o r P o l i t i c a l
Education
in Maine.
This
is the p o l i t i c a l
a d ju n c t o f the
S t a t e Fe dera tion o f Labor, which was holdin g
annual convention
in Augusta.
:
29
some 3 8 ,0 0 0 union w o r k e r s ."
2&~.
Rot he, p.
The f e d e r a t i o n
It
its
fiftieth
r epre sents
is i n t e r e s t i n g to note
560.
27.
"Mrs. Smith H a i l e d f o r Maine V i c t o r y , " New York
Times (June 23, 19 48), 4.
.
28.
New York (June 23,
1 948), 4.
29.
John H. Fenton, "Smith o f Maine Seen Easy V i c t o r , "
New York Times (June 20, 1954), 53.
-
6
t h a t Mrs. Smith r ec e iv e d t h i s support although she had voted
30
f o r the T a f t - H a r t 1y Act e a r l i e r .
W hile s e r v i n g in the Senate, Mrs. Smith has been q u i t e
a c t i v e on v a r io u s committees
in c lu d in g the N a t io n a l
Sesqu?centennial
1949, A p p r o p r ia t io n s Committee,
Commission,
1953, Armed Se rv ic es Committee,
Operations Committee,
1953 through 1958, Government
1953, M i n o r i t y P o lic y Committee,
Standing Committee on A e r o n a u t ic a l
Committee on A p p r o p r i a t i o n s ,
Services,
C a p it a l
1955,
and Space S c ie n c es , 1958,
1959, and Committee on Armed
1959.
The p o l i t i c a l
philosophy o f Senator Smith is r e f l e c t e d
by her work in both branches o f th e United S t a t e s Congress.
She describes h e r s e l f as a "Moderate R e p u b li c a n ," saying,
"1
conceive a Moderate t o be one who is somewhat more L i b e r a l ,
and somewhat less C o n s e rv a t iv e ,
of 'm id d le -o f-th e -ro a d .1
than one in t h e past category
But a p o l i c y o f moderation must avoid
the weakness o f p s e u d o - l i b e r a l s who attempt t o be ' a l l
to a l l
men a l l
'stra d d lin g '
o f the t i m e . '
that r ig h t f u lly
th in g s
I t must not be mistaken f o r
results
Concerning th e p o l i t i c a l
in p o l i t i c a l
suicide.
philosophy o f Margaret Chase
Smith, th e New York Times says, "She voted w i t h the Republicans
o f t e n enough not t o be termed a M averick,
but was an outspoken
30.
Doris Greenberg, "W ell-W ishers F i l l
Home," New York Times (September 1 4 , 1 9 4 8 ) , 21.
Mrs. S m ith 's
31.
L e t t e r to the author from Margaret Chase Smith,
dated March 31, 1961.
7
suppo rter o f much o f the Roosevelt A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s social
and la bo r l e g i s l a t i o n ,
and is now and has been a member o f
’
32
th e i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t wing o f her p a r t y . "
Although she does not f e e l
t h a t being a woman was one
o f t h e most important f a c t o r s a s s i s t i n g her
to the United S t a t e s Senate,
States w i l l
in being e l e c t e d
she does b e l i e v e t h a t the United
some day have a woman P r e s i d e n t . S h e
expressed b e l i e f t h a t women can have a g r e a t deal o f
in p o l i t i c s ,
has
i n f lu e n c e
stating
The o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r women in p o l i t i c s a re
expanding, but th e expansion w i l l be slow.
A
woman must have the same q u a l i t i e s f o r p o l i t i c a l
success as a man, but in g r e a t e r abundance.
The
q u a l i t i e s she most needs, as d i s t i n g u i s h e d frqm
those most e s s e n t i a l to a man, a r e u n l i m i t e d cou r­
age and p a t i e n t perseverance.
I t is t r u e o f any
work or p r o f e s s io n o u t s i d e the home, o f course,
t h a t a woman must be a t l e a s t t w ic e as good as a
man in ac tu a l performance to get anywhere.
I
r e a l i z e t h a t my p o s i t i o n in t h e Seriate is unique,
but I d o n ' t r e c a l l ever r e c e i v i n g any fa vo rs
because I am a woman. When 1 speak on t h e Senate
f l o o r , my words get j u s t as much a t t e n t i o n as
,,
those spoken by any o f my n i n e t y - f i v e colleagues.-^
In support o f her b e l i e f s concerning women in t h e p o l i t i c a l
w o r ld ,
she was one o f th e f i r s t members o f Congress to v o te
f o r the Equal Rights Amendment.
s t a t e s t h a t men and women s h a l l
S ta tes and a l l
1948),
32l
26.
33.
Chase Smith.
“Th is proposed amendment
have equal
rig hts
pl a ce s s u b je c t t o i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n .
in the U n it ed
The b i l l
“The Lady from M a i n e , ” New York T imes (June 23,
. . .
L e t t e r to th e author from Senator Margaret
-
34.
Margaret Frakes, “ One S e n a t o r ' s Conscience," The
C h r i s t i a n Century LXX (May 1 3 , - 19 5 3 ) , 571.
8
was d e fea te d because i t could be so construed as to i n v a l i ­
date e x i s t i n g h e a l t h l e g i s l a t i o n .
Although the data recorded above a r e important in
order to g i v e a background, Senator Margaret Chase Sm ith's
appearance and speaking c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s can be considered o f
even g r e a t e r
inform atio n
importance in a study o f her speeches.
is a v a i l a b l e ,
but popular magazines do de s c r ib e
her as being f i v e f e e t four
inches t a l l
f a c e , " and short wavy, gray ha i r . ^
is strea ke d w i t h w h i t e ,
Little
with a "clean-cut
"Her s h o r t ,
gray h a i r
perhaps the on ly dr a m a tic touch about
the q u ie t and unassuming R e p u b l i c a n . " ^
be " t h e best-groomed woman on C a p it o l
simple , dressmaker s u i t s
in pa s te l
She has been s a i d to
Hill.
Mrs.
Smith wears
shades o f green and b lu e
and in shocking p i n k , which always bear a 'Made in Maine'
l a b e l . " 38
Concerning her speaking i t has been remarked t h a t
Senator Smith is a woman who " i s spare w i t h words.
On the
l e c t u r e p l a t f o r m she d e l i v e r s a speech w it h d e l i b e r a t e ease,
her v o ic e moderate and lowered f o r emphasis, and her accent
DQ
sha rply Down E a s t . 16
35%
Rothe, p.
Senator Smith has had no speech
560.
36.
"The Lady fromM a in e ,"
(June 12, 1950), 24.
37.
Newsweek, XXXV, No. 24
Rothe, p. 561.
3 8 . L i l i a n R i x e y , "Mrs Smith R e a l l y Goes to Town,"
C o m e r s , CXXVI , No. 5 ( J u l y 29, 1950),_ 82.
39.
B e a t r i c e Blackman Gould, "Gentlewoman from Maine,
Margaret Chase S m i t h , " Ladie s' Home J o u r n a l , LXXVI I, No. 1
(J an u a r y , 1 9 6 1), 65. , .
.
- .....
9
train in g ,
but l i s t s experie nce as her way o f l e a r n i n g good
speaking te ch nique s.
She prepares her own speeches w ith
a s s is t a n c e from her Ex ec u ti v e A s s i s t a n t
in r e s e a r c h .
When
asked which groups she f e l t she was most successful b e f o r e ,
she answered "no one group. n
She considers b e l i e f
?n what
she is saying and her s i n c e r e approach as her g r e a t e s t assets
i .
40
in speaking.
ETHOS OF SENATOR SMITH
The philosophy and speaking c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f any
one speaker a r e in p a r t determined by t h a t s p e a k e r 's c h a r a c t e r .
For t h i s
reason, a discussion o f the ethos o f Senator Smith
must be considered.
When Mrs. Smith was asked what her personal philosophy
towards l i f e was, her answer was v e ry simply s t a t e d - - - " t h e
Golden R u l e . "
In o t h e r people she admires, more than any
*
'
A j|
o t h e r s , t h e two t r a i t s o f honesty and o f b e l i e f in o n e s e l f .
These two t r a i t s ,
rightness,
along wi t h courage,
sincerity,
and f o r t h ­
appear e v i d e n t in her famous " D e c l a r a t i o n o f
Cons cie nc e," a speech which Senator Smith prepared and signed
wi t h s i x o t h e r GOP c olleague s and d e l i v e r e d b e f o r e the Senate
on June 1,
1950.
Her courage appears e v id e n t when she a t t a c k s
the Democrats f o r " l a c k of e f f e c t i v e l e a d e r s h i p . . . . c o m p l a ­
cency t o the t h r e a t o f Communism here a t h o m e . . . . o v e r s e n s i t i v e ­
ness to r i g h t f u l
criticism ,
p etty b ittern e s s against its
40.
L e t t e r t o th e author from Margaret Chase Smith.
41.
L e t t e r to th e author from Margaret Chase Smith.
10
critics."
Another example o f her courage is th e accusation
d i r e c t e d a g a in s t her own p a r t y ,
the Republicans, when she
says they a re " m a t e r i a l l y adding t o t h i s confusion
hopes of. r i d i n g t o v i c t o r y through the s e l f i s h
e xplo itation of fe ar,
bigotry,
in the .
political
ignorance and i n t o l e r a n c e . "
43
Examples o f s i n c e r i t y and f o r t h r i g h t n e s s appear in the
next statements.
She appears t o be s i n c e r e in her s e rv ic e s t o
the American people, and her r e f e r e n c e to t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n and
freedom o f speech
she
seems t o
i n d i c a t e t h a t she has b e l i e f s which
is not a f r a i d t o express.
She s a ys :
1 t h i n k i t is high tim e f o r the United S t a t e s
Senate and i t s members t o do some soul s e a r c h i n g - f o r us to weigh our con sciences--on the manner in
which we a r e using or abusing our i n d i v i d u a l powers
and p r i v i l e g e s .
I t h i n k t h a t i t is high tim e t h a t we remembered
t h a t we have sworn to uphold and defend the
C onstitution.
I t h i n k t h a t i t is high tim e t h a t
we remembered t h a t the C o n s t i t u t i o n , as amended,
speaks not only o f the freedom o f speech but alsg,
o f t r i a l by j u r y instead o f t r i a l by a c c u s a t i o n .
Senator Sm ith 's high regard f o r human l i f e and an i n d i ­
v i d u a l ' s c h a r a c t e r appears t o be in d i c a te d by her s tate ment,
"Whether I t be a c r i m i n a l
p ros ecutio n
pr os ecutio n
in the Senate, t h e r e
in c ou rt or a c h a r a c te r
is l i t t l e
practical
d istinc-
L C
t i o n when the l i f e o f a person has been r u i n e d . "
%T. "The Lady from M a in e ," Newsweek, XXXV, No.
(June 12, 1950), 24.
...
........
43.
"The Lady from M a in e ," p.
24.
24
.
44. Speech t e x t r ec e iv e d from Senator Margaret Chase
Smith by the a u t h o r , "For Release Upon D e l i v e r y , Statement o f
Senator Margaret Chase .Smith, June 1, 1950."
45.
author.
Speech t e x t rece iv e d from Senator Smith by
the
11
In t h e next t h r e e paragraphs Mrs,
appears e v i d e n t .
Sm ith 's honesty
She con tin ue s:
As a Un ited S t a t e s S e n a t o r , I am not proud o f
the way m which the Senate h a s ,been made a p u b l i ­
c i t y p l a t f o r m f o r i r r e s p o n s i b l e s e n s a t io n a li s m .
I am not proud o f the r e c k le s s abandon in which
unproved charges have been h u rle d from t h i s s ide
o f the a i s l e .
I am not proud o f th e o b v io u s ly
staged, u n d i g n i f i e d countercharges t h a t have been
attempted in r e t a l i a t i o n from the o t h e r s id e o f
t he a i s l e .
I d o n ' t l i k e the way the Senate has been made
a rendezvous f o r v i l i f i c a t i o n , f or s e l f i s h p o l i t ­
i c a l gain a t the s a c r i f i c e o f i n d iv id u a l r e p u t a ­
t i o n s and n a t i o n a l u n i t y .
I am not proud o f the
way we smear o u t s i d e r s f r o m , t h e Floor o f th e
Senate and hid e behind the c l o a k o f Congressional
immunity and s t i l l p la ce o u rs elv es beyond c r i t i ­
cism on th e Floor o f the Senate.
As an American, I am shocked at the way
Republicans and Democrats a l i k e are p l a y i n g
d i r e c t l y in t o the Communist design o f 'c o n fu s e ,
d i v i d e and c o n q u e r . 1 As an American, 1 d o n ' t
want a Democratic A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ‘w h i t e wash1 or
' cover up' any more than I want a Republican
smear or w i t c h h u n t
These remarks a l s o seem t o show t h a t Senator Smith
has the courage to emphasize t h e id e als o f which she is proud
and to degrade those th in g s o f which she is ashamed.
S incerity
appears evinced in th e remarks concerning her p r i d e as an
American c i t i z e n and Un ited S t a t e s Senator.
Mrs.
Sm ith 's remarks were w e ll accepted by the mem­
bers o f the press.
The New York Post lauded her "memorable
remarks" and c a l l e d them "new p r o o f t h a t decency and t o l e r a n c e
a re b i p a r t i s a n q u a l i t i e s
—~
a u t h o r.
46.
in American l i f e . "
The Washington
Speech t e x t r ec e iv e d from Senator Smith by the
12
Star said,
"Not in a long t im e ,
in e i t h e r house o f Congress,
has t h e r e been a f i n e r or more p e r t i n e n t a d d r e s s . . . . A much
needed br e a th o f f r e s h a i r
in the f e t i d
a t m o s p h e r e . " ^
Another speech which was d e l i v e r e d
in A p r i l ,
1951, a t
the Hood C o lle g e Convocation seems a ls o to d e p i c t the c h a r ­
a c t e r o f Senator Smith.
This speech is concerned w it h some
o f the f a u l t s o f the American people and a p le a f o r people t o
b e t t e r themselves.
Again her courage appears e v i d e n t as she
speaks out a g a in s t t h e people in g e n e r a l .
She says:
One o f the b a s ic causes o f the t r o u b l e in the
world today is t h a t people t a l k too much and t h i n k
too l i t t l e .
I urge you to t h i n k well and deeply
b e f o r e you t a l k - - b u t once you have made up your
mind, d o n ' t h e s i t a t e to speak your mind.
As long
as you speak your mind, d i c t a t o r s and demagogues
w i l l never t a k e co n tr ol o f t h i s country.
One o f her s t r o n g e s t b e l i e f s seems to be t h a t on ly a person
who is a b l e to reason and t h i n k w e l l ,
beliefs,
and then express his
can save our country.
In a d d i t i o n t o the speeches o f a p o l i t i c a l
a d e s c r i p t i o n o f a campaign w i l l
the pe rs on 's c h a r a c t e r .
who b e l i e v e s
paigns.
o f t e n pr ov id e
speaker
insight
into
Senator Smith is t h e ty pe o f person
in co n s id e r in g people o f a l l
c lasses
In her campaign f o r Senator in 19^8, Mrs.
in her cam­
Smith
" c a r r i e d her campaign to places where a house is c a l l e d a
village.
"
~
Booted and bemittened, on days when the fog was so
4?
"The Lady from M a in e ," p 6 24.
48.
Margaret Chase Smith, "We Can F o r f e i t
The N a t i o n , CLXXI I I ( J u l y 7, 1951) , .13.
Freedom,"
13
t h i c k a man could h a r d ly s p i t ,
on days when the n a t i v e s
allowed ‘ i t wuz cold enough t o f r e e z e two dry rags t o g e t h e r 1
/iQ
she made the rounds o f the s t a t e . "
C o n s id e r a tio n f o r the "common-man66 is only one o f
Senator Sm ith 's
ideals.
Other i d e a ls can be shown in her
l i s t o f the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s
man who is p r e s i d e n t .
considers
important
she considers necessary f o r t h e
This l i s t shows the a t t r i b u t e s she
in i n d i v i d u a l s
in p o l i t i c s .
These qua1 i -
f i c a t ions a re :
1.
I n i t i a t i v e or t h e w i l l t o ac t now.
He
must possess c o n s t r u c t i v e i m a g i n a t iv e
powers.
2.
Courage in abundance.
He must possess
p o l i t i c a l courage to t a k e a stand t h a t
he knows is r i g h t even i f i t is unpopu­
lar.
3.
A le a d e r o f his people.
He must be the
type o f a man who can guide h is people
in forming o p in io n s .
4.
Physical courage.
He must keep a t h is
j o b even though he knows the wear and
t e a r b r in g him c l o s e r to death.
5.
He should be a person o f g r e a t s e l f d is c ip lin e .
6.
P a t ie n c e and kindness.
He must r e f u s e
to c a r r y grudges again st, those who do
not always do or v o t e as he would have
them.
7.
Warm h e a r t e d .
He should so g i v e o f him­
s e l f in h i s genuine f r i e n d l i n e s s to people
t h a t he i n s p i r e s them t o g r e a t e r accompli sh m en ts .
/
”
1948),
'49.
21.
■
"A Yard o f Pump W a t e r , " Tim e, LI I , No.
. ...
..
- ..
. . .
1 ( J u l y 5,
14
8„
He must Have a . r e a l
to the p e o p l e . 50
and personal meaning
We cannot assume t h a t these a r e the t r a i t s
t h a t Senator Smith
possesses, but her c h a r a c t e r can be de p icte d through her
a d m ira t io n f o r courage,
leadership,
s e lf-d is c ip lin e ,
patience,
kindness, and warm h e a r te d n e s s .
’
'
PUBLIC RESPONSE TO THE SPEAKER
Another way o f d i s c o v e rin g the n a t u r e o f Senator
Sm ith 's ethos is to assess her c h a r a c t e r through th e p u b l i c ' s
response to her as an i n d i v i d u a l .
Senator Smith was considered as "one o f the most a c t i v e
members o f t h e House o f R e p re s e n t a tiv e s ." ^ ^
When she moved
i n t o the Senate in 1949 i t was s a id t h a t " t h e freshman se nator
was as f u l l
o f sparks as a b l a c k s m it h ' s shop and the words she
spoke had the s o l i d a u t h o r i t y o f a sledge hammer on s t e e l .
Because o f her a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n
in p o l i t i c s ,
the public
f e l t t h a t Mrs. Smith was deserving o f her p o l i t i c a l
position.
I t was s a id t h a t she earned her promotion to t h e Senate by
"her hard work, her r e s o l u t e
independence o f o p i n i o n ,
her
i n t e r n a t i o n a l i s t r ec ord , and her s e r v i c e as th e only woman
member o f the House Armed Se rv ic es
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
.
"^3
50.
Margaret Chase Smith, "The Right Man f o r the B
J ob ." New York Tim es, XL I I ( A p r i l 3 , . 1 9 6 0 ) , 27.
51.
Greenberg, p. 21.
52.
(August 7, 1953)..
53.
(September 27,
"A Mighty Smith is Sh e," C o l l i e r s , CXXXII, No.
.
--
" B a l l o t Box Auto psy," Newsweek, X X X I I ,
19 48),. 20.
. ..
........
No.
1
15
P u b l i c op in io n o f Margaret Chase Smith can best be
summed up by the honors t h a t have been c o n fe r re d upon he r.
June 18,
1955,
she r eceiv ed an honorary degree o f Doctor o f
L e t t e r s from the Drexel
The c i t a t i o n p r i n t e d
lows:
On
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology a t P h i l a d e l p h i a .
in the Congressional
Record reads as f o l -
DOCTOR OF LETTERS, HONORIS CAUSA MARGARET CHASE SMITH,
SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSWOMAN, ABLE JOURNALIST, AND HONORED PUBLIC
SERVANT.
Ch
'
" '
:• 1 -
.
The a r t i c l e p r i n t e d
~ "
*
in th e Congressional
’
’ " '
Record f o l ­
lowing the c i t a t i o n t o l d o f the o u t stand ing c o n t r i b u t i o n s
Senator Smith has made t o p o l i t i c s .
Through her record in t h e Congress o f th e United
S t a t es as a R e p r e s e n t a t iv e and as a Senator from
the s t a t e o f Maine, she has become a d i s t i n g u i s h e d
p u b l i c f i g u r e , th e only woman t o have served in
both branches o f our h ig h e s t l e g i s l a t i v e body.
Her
l e g i s l a t i v e s e r v i c e s have stemmed from her d i l i ­
gence in committee work, now a po tent f o r c e in
N a t io n a l Government; and she has assumed r es p o n s i­
b i l i t i e s in t h i s connection a l t o g e t h e r worthy o f
the s t u r d i e s t among her s e n a t o r i a l c o l le a g u e s .
Her
independent and courageous i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f o r many
years o f p u b l i c issues and challenge s through a
sy nd ic ated newspaper column earned f o r her reco g n i­
t i o n as an informed and e f f e c t i v e commentator.55
The honorary degree bestowed upon Senator Smith by
Drexel
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology is not the only r e c o g n it i o n she
has r ec eiv e d from the p u b l i c .
Leading p o l i t i c a l
scientists o f
the U nite d S t a t e s have s e l e c t e d her as one o f t h e s i x best o f
th e Senators and she has r e p e a t e d l y been desig nated woman o f
PH
Congressional
Record, C l, P a r t 7 ( 1 9 5 5 ) ,
p., 8 7 18.
55o
Congressional Record, C l , P a r t 7 ( 1 9 5 5 ) , p. 8718.
16
th e year in the Un ited S t a t e s .
The Gallup P o l l
s e le c t e d her
as one o f t h e fo u r most admired women in the w orld
in 1955.
In 1951 when L i b e r t y magazine honored ten members o f Congress
w i t h awards, Senator Smith was among the t e n .
L i b e r t y maga­
z i n e s a id these Senators were “ not j u s t p o l i t i c i a n s who keep
out o f t r o u b l e and in o f f i c e ;
they were dynamic and outspoken.
These lawmakers were picked because L i b e r t y b e l i e v e d t h a t they
all
s i n c e r e l y t r y t o serve th e people.
The ten t h a t were picked
deserved resp ect because they have r is k e d t h e i r p o l i t i c a l
necks
f o r p r i n c i p l e s and have been a b l e t o win e l e c t i o n s w ith o u t
sellin g th e ir
s o u l
s
.
Follow in g
is the a r t i c l e t h a t f i r s t
appeared in L i b e r t y magazine and was l a t e r r e p r i n t e d
Congressional
in the
Record;
Senator Margaret Chase Smith o f Maine, but for
her enemies would merely be known as th e f i r s t
woman t o e n t e r the Senate s t r i c t l y oh her own
m erit.
Last year she issued a “ D e c l a r a t i o n o f
Co ns cienc e,15 a c l a r i o n c a l l for.Congress t o make
a stand f o r .d e c e n c y .
L e v e lin g f i r e on Senator
McCarthy, she denounced e f f o r t s to t u r n Congress
i n t o a forum o f ha te .
Those who hoped t o r i d e
t o a Republican v i c t o r y through the s e l f i s h p o l i t ­
ic a l e x p l o i t a t i o n o f f e a r , b i g o t r y , ignorance
. and i n t o l e r a n c e winced under her seething i n d i c t ­
ment.
The McCarthy blo c k is now sharpening knives
f o r vengeance a g a in s t Mrs. Smith.
With her New England conscience the Senator
combines a s i n c e r e human approach which, has given
Maine an e f f e c t i v e Washington advocate.
She
l i k e s t o have major issues tho roughly discussed
~
p .
567"
57.
A2427.
Congressional
Record, C l, P a r t 7 ( 1 9 5 5 ) , p. 8718.
Congressional Record, XCVIJ, P a r t 12 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ,
a t home b e f o r e v o t i n g on them.
ness is a p o l i t i c a l a s s e t . 5 o
In Maine,
frank­
These honors c o n fe r re d upon Senator Smith o f f e r p r o o f
t h a t she is respected by the people o f the U n it ed S t a t e s .
haps her e n t i r e l i f e
can be condensed in t o t h i s statement
which appeared in t h e Congressional Record:
nesswoman, s k i l l e d
Per­
in te rp re te r of v i t a l
t io u s p u b l i c s e r v a n t ,
her c a re er
"Successful
busi­
issues, and conscien­
is a b r i l l i a n t example o f t h e
achievements o f women in high a f f a i r s
of state,
and stands as
an i n s p i r a t i o n t o a l l who would devote t h e i r t a l e n t s t o t h e
w e l f a r e o f our co u ntry .
SUMMARY
From th e i n f o r m a t io n here assembled concerning the l i f e
and work o f Senator Margaret Chase Smith,
i t appears t h a t she
is a c o n s c i e n t i o u s , American woman who has c o n t r i b u t e d much t o
our Government.
Honors c o n fe r re d upon her support the idea
t h a t she is held in high esteem by the people o f the United
States.
In a d d i t i o n ,
this
in f o r m a t io n a ls o shows t h a t Senator
Smith is a woman o f r e p u t a b le c h a r a c t e r .
However, since i t
was p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d t h a t t h i s study was to a n a ly ze only the
speech t e x t s f o r e t h i c a l a p p e a l ,
t h i s i n f o r m a t io n has been
o f f e r e d as background to p r o v id e a b e t t e r understanding o f
speeches.
In the next chap ter e t h i c a l
o f discovering i t
5H7
p. A2428.
59.
in a speech w i l l
the
appeal and the methods
be con sidere d.
Congressional Record, XCV11, P a r t 12 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ,
.....
Congressional Record, C l , P a r t 7 ( 1 9 5 5 ) ,
p. 8718.
CHAPTER I I
ETHICAL APPEAL--THE CRITERIA FOR JUDGING
Ethical
appeal must be thoroughly understood b e fo r e
one can determ ine i t s sources
ethical
appeal w i l l
A risto tle ,
in a speech.
In t h i s chapter -
be e x p la in ed according t o th e opinions o f
the f i r s t a u t h o r it y , on th e s u b j e c t ,
and f i v e con­
temporary w r i t e f s - - W | i l l i a m P h i l l i p s Sandford, whose work
appeared in 1934, W i l l a r d Hayes Yeager,
and A. Craig B a ir d ,
t h i s d is c u s s io n ,
ethical
w ill
appeal
1940, L e s t e r ThOnssen
1948, and Wayne C. M in h ic k ,
1957.
A fter
c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a to be used f o r d is c o v e ri n g
in s e l e c t e d speeches o f Margaret Chase Smith
be e s t a b l i s h e d .
DISCUSSION OF ETHICAL APPEAL .
A r i s t o t l e discusses t h r e e means o f "persuasion s u p p l ie d
by the speech i t s e l f , the f i r s t r e s i d i n g in the c h a r a c te r o f
60
the s p e a k e r ."
I t is t h i s means o f persuasion w i t h which
'
t h i s study d e a ls .
Concerning e t h i c a l
appeal as a means o f
persuasion A r i s t o t l e says:
The c h a r a c t e r ( e th o s ) o f the speaker is a cause
o f persuasion when the speech is so u t t e r e d as to
make him worthy o f b e l i e f ; f o r as a r u l e we t r u s t
men o f p r o b i t y more, and more q u i c k ly about things
in g e n e r a l , w h i l e on p o i n t s o u t s id e th e realm o f
exact knowledge, where o p in io n is d i v i d e d , we t r u s t
them a b s o l u t e l y .
Th is t r u s t , however, should be
c re a t e d by the speech i t s e l f , and not l e f t to
60.
Cooper, p. 8.
18
1.9
depend upon an antecedent impress ion t h a t the
speaker is t h i s or t h a t kind o f man.
I t is not
t r u e , as some w r i t e r s on th e a r t m a i n t a i n , t h a t
the p r o b i t y o f the speaker c o n t r i b u t e s not hing
t o h is persuasiveness; on the c o n t r a r y , we might
almost a f f i r m t h a t his c h a r a c t e r ( e th o s ) i s >the
most po ten t o f a l l the means t o pe rsuasion. 1
A more recen t author d e f i n e s e t h i c a l
method by w h i c h , t h e speaker
appeal as l$the
in f lu e n c e s the thought and conduct
o f the audience through his own p e r s o n a l i t y . ” ^
t io n s show t h a t a speaker w i l l
b eliefs
These d e f i n i ­
increase the p o p u l a r i t y o f h is
i f he f i r s t wins acceptance o f h i m s e l f .
It
is p o s s i b l e f o r a speaker to win acceptance o f
h i m s e l f in two ways— by what he says and by t h e manner in which
he d e l i v e r s what he has to say.
Although t h i s study is con­
cerned only w i t h what the speaker says i t must be r e a l i z e d
t h a t ” in most cases th e a t t i t u d e o f the audience toward the
speakei— based upon previous knowledge o f the l a t t e r ' s
a c tiv ­
i t i e s and r e p u t a t i o n — cannot a c c u r a t e l y be s epa rated from the
r e a c t i o n th e speaker
induces through the medium o f the s p e e c h .”
However, A r i s t o t l e po in ted out t h a t “ t r u s t should be c re a te d
by the speech i t s e l f , ” ^
and a contemporary w r i t e r on the sub­
j e c t o f speech says, “ Some q u a l i t i e s o f speakers'
can be measured by c a r e f u l
they s a i d .
Speakers'
analysis of w ritte n
personalities
r e p orts o f what
e x pe rt knowledge o f t h e i r subjects and
61.
Cooper, pp. 8 - 9 .
62.
Sandford and Yeager, p. 8.
63.
fhonssen and B a i r d ,
64.
Cooper, p. 8.
p. 384.
63
20
th eir
I n t i m a t e knowledge o f t h e i r audiences a re rev eale d almost
e n t i r e l y through th e words they use.
In Chapter
I,
data were assembled concerning the c h a r ­
a c t e r o f Margaret Chase Smith.
Through such data i t was e s t a b ­
l i s h e d t h a t Senator Smith is considered a woman o f high r e p u t e
and good c h a r a c t e r , which should a i d her
as a speaker.
in her e f f e c t i v e n e s s
The problem in t h i s study, however,
ly z e only th e speeches to dis c o v e r
i f ethical
is to ana­
appeal
is pr e se nt
in t h e words o f the speeches themselves.
Since e t h i c a l
appeal
is th e means o f persuasion by
which the c h a r a c te r o f the speaker makes us b e l i e v e or d i s b e l i e v e t h e speech, and the r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r must come
from th e words o f the speech,
it
is necessary t o consider some
o f the elements which must be p re se nt i f the speaker intends
to employ e t h i c a l
appeal
e ffe c tiv e ly .
In regard to the c h a r ­
a c t e r i s t i c s which a i d a speaker in the use o f e t h i c a l
appeal
A r i s t o t l e s ay s :
As f o r t h e speakers themselves, the sources o f
our t r u s t in them a re t h r e e , f o r a p a r t from the
arguments t h e r e a re t h r e e th in g s t h a t gain our
b e l i e f , namely, i n t e l l i g e n c e , c h a r a c t e r , and good
w ill.
Speakers a re u n t ru s t w o r t h y in what they
say or advise from one or more o f the f o l l o w i n g
causes.
E i t h e r through want o f i n t e l l i g e n c e they
form wrong o p in io n s ; o r , w h i l e the y form c o r r e c t
o p in i o n s , t h e i r r a s c a l i t y leads them to say what
they do not t h i n k ; or, w h i l e i n t e l l i g e n t and honest
enough, they a r e not w e l l - d i s p o s e d and so perchance
w i l l f a i l to adv is e the best course, though they
see i t . o o
S31 W i l l a r d Hayes Y e a g e r , E f f e c t i v e Speaking f o r Every
Occas i o n . Second E d i t i o n (New York, 1951), p 339.
66.
C ooper, p. 92.
21
There must be an e x p l a n a t i o n about the t h r e e items o f
which A r i s t o t l e s p o k e - - i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
character,
and good w i l l .
N a t u r a l l y an audience p r e f e r s a speaker who is w e l l
informed
about h is s u b je c t and has the a b i l i t y to express his
ideas
c l e a r l y and in a manner which
A speaker
is e a s i l y understood.
must evince i n t e l l i g e n c e about his s u b j e c t ,
h is knowledge in g e n e r a l .
I f a speaker shows a thorough knowl­
edge o f h is s u b j e c t m a t t e r ,
audience, but
h is audience, and
confid ence w i l l
be in s p ir e d
i f h i s knowledge concerning h is s u b je c t
ing, d i s t r u s t w i l l
be e s t a b l i s h e d .
in his
is l a c k ­
A speaker must a ls o be
f a m i l i a r w it h h is aud ie n c e 's d e s i r e s ,
i t s l i k e s and d i s l i k e s .
A speaker should p o r t r a y sympathy, u n d e r s ta n d in g , and f r i e n d l i ­
ness towards h is audience through the words o f his speech.
audience w i l l
more r e a d i l y accept a speaker i f he has i t s
ests in mind.
intelligen ce
in te r­
The t h i r d way in which the speaker may evince
is by d i s p l a y i n g a general
in which we 1 iye.
knowledge o f the w o r ld
.
A r i s t o t l e ' s second element o f e t h i c a l
acter.
An
The audience w i l l
appeal
is c h a r ­
accept a speaker more r e a d i l y
have confid ence in h is honesty,
fairness,
i f they
courage, and wisdom.
Through the words o f h is speech t h e speaker should attempt to
convince the audience t h a t he possesses these t r a i t s .
Good w i l l
app eal.
is the f i n a l
important element o f e t h i c a l
F r i e n d l i n e s s towards h is audience is important to the
speaker who hopes t o e s t a b l i s h a f e e l i n g o f good w i l l .
a speaker w i l l
Often
p r a i s e his audience or some item i t holds dear
when beginning his speech.
In t h i s way he e s t a b l i s h e s good w i l l .
22
In a d d i t i o n to i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
c h a r a c t e r , and good w i l l ,
t h e r e are o t h e r t r a i t s which a speaker must possess
intends t o employ e t h i c a l
appeal e f f e c t i v e l y .
i f he
W illiam Albig,
in h is book P u b l i c O p in io n , r e p o r t s a survey o f t h e t r a i t s
a s c rib e d t o successful
leaders by recognized scholars
f i e l d s o f psychology and p u b l i c o p i n i o n .
in the
He r e p o r t s t h a t some
o f these t r a i t s a r e mentioned by so many w r i t e r s
could be said t o r ep re s e n t unanimous choices.
t h a t they
The t r a i t s
l i s t e d by A l b i g a r e as f o l l o w s :
1.
Confidence and po ise-~ an old aphorism s t a t e s
t h a t we do not f o l l o w f r i g h t e n e d l e a d e r s .
2.
Physical energy and t o n u s - - a good o r a t o r
speaks w i t h e l e c t r i c energy and t e n s i o n .
He must be e r e c t , a c t i v e and v i t a l .
3.
S i n c e r i t y and c o n v ic t i o n - - i f the o r a t o r can
make his hearers b e l i e v e t h a t he is not only
a s t r a n g e r to a l l u n f a i r a r t i f i c e , but even
d e s t i t u t e o f a l l pe r s u a s iv e s k i l l wha te ver,
he w i l l persuade them more e f f e c t i v e l y ; and
i f t h e r e ever could be an a b s o l u t e l y p e r f e c t
o r a t o r , no one would discover t h a t he was so.
4.
Mental a l e r t n e s s , i n t e l l igence, and knowl e d g e - - t h e s e th in g s suggest t h a t the speaker
w i l l make decisio ns on the basis o f p e r t i ­
nent f a c t s .
Q u i n t i l i a n s a i d , "What is o f
most w e ight in d e l i b e r a t i v e speeches is
a u t h o r i t y in th e s p e a k e r ."
5.
Fairness and j u s t i c e - - a speaker must f i g h t
fa ir.
6.
S e l f - d i s c i p l i n e , even temper, and r e s t r a i n t - a speaker who loses c on tr ol o f h is emotions,
who weeps or rages, off end s most o f hi s
audience.
7.
Sympathy and un de rstanding.
8.
■, ' ,
Dec i s i v e n e s s - "u nce rt a i n t y destroys c o n f i dence.
■•
:
23
9.
C o lo r, e c c e n t r i c i t y , and un iq u ien e ss --c o lo r­
f u l t r a i t s p rov id e a focus, an a t t e n t i o n
g e t t e r , a kind o f trademark which I d e n t i ­
f i e s the speaker and f i x e s H i s . D e r s o n a l i t y
in the minds o f h i s f o l l o w e r s . " /
Intelligen ce,
sympathy, and understanding have a l r e a d y been
mentioned and discussed p r e v i o u s l y
in t h i s study.
the speaker can employ many o t h e r t r a i t s
ethical
appeal as a means o f pers ua sio n.
However,
i f he is r e l y i n g on
A person must d i s p l a y
confidence in h i m s e l f and h is b e l i e f s through his choice o f
words.
, He must be f a i r and r e f r a i n
from such th in g s as name
c a l l i n g or the use o f f a l s e testimo ny and e vid e n c e.
The
speaker should a ls o t a k e a stand in his speech and have the
courage to discuss h is p o i n t o f vie w th o ro u g h ly.
ner he w i l l
In t h i s man­
show h i s audience t h a t he is d e c i s i v e and w i l l
t h e i r con fidence more r e a d i l y .
can increase his ethos
gain
Another way in which a speaker
is to add c o lo r or uniqueness to his
speech by using c o l o r f u l words, slogans, or o t h e r phrases which
the audience w i l l
remember.
There a re o t h e r methods f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g e t h i c a l
appeal
which must be discussed b e f o r e a y a r d s t i c k f o r measuring i t
can be e s t a b l i s h e d .
These methods a re those describe d by
L e ster Thonssen and A. Craig B a ird in t h e i r book, Speech
Criticism.
A speaker can focus a t t e n t i o n upon t h e p r o b i t y or hon­
e sty o f h is c h a r a c t e r by f i r s t a s s o c i a t in g h i m s e l f or his mes­
sage w i t h what is v i r t u o u s and by bestowing p r a i s e upon h i m s e l f
~~~
5T7
pp. 9 9 -1 02 .
W i l l i a m A l b i g , Publ ic Opinion (New York,
1939)»
.
24
or h is cause.
Conversely,
the speaker may l i n k his opponent
or his opponent's cause w i t h what
is bad.
persuasion is o f t e n found in p o l i t i c a l
Th is type o f e t h i c a l
speeches when the
speaker is a t t e m p t in g t o win acceptance o f his b e l i e f s or when
he is campaigning f o r a p o l i t i c a l
o f f i c e and wishes to make
his cause more a c c e p t a b le than t h a t o f h is opponent.
I f the
speaker knows t h a t the audience has an u n f a v o r a b l e impress ion
o f him due to some p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n ,
he
should attempt to reduce t h i s antagonism b e f o r e proceeding t o
the discussion o f his cause.
T h is can be done by r e l y i n g upon
a u t h o r i t y d e r iv e d from his personal
exper iences or by e s t a b ­
l i s h i n g confidence in his audience by quoting th e remarks o f
n o t a b le people who a re in agreement w i t h his b e l i e f s .
The
f i n a l way in which a speaker can e s t a b l i s h honesty is by p r o v ­
ing t h a t he is s i n c e r e ,
believes
showing the audience t h a t he c om ple tely
in h i s cause.
I f the speaker d e s ir e s to e s t a b l i s h t h e impress ion o f
wisdom he should f i r s t use what is c a l l e d common sense.
must be e v id e n t
in the words he chooses.
“ to say the r i g h t t h i n g ,
Ta ct
Tact
is the a b i l i t y
a t the r i g h t t im e , and in the r i g h t
way, or a d i s p l a y o f sympathy and understanding o f the o t h e r
68
man's p o in t o f v i e w . 11
The speaker must d i s p l a y t a c t f u l ness
in h is choice o f s u b je c t and in h is choice o f words.
Wisdom
can a l s o be rev e a le d by showing a f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the i n t e r ­
ests o f th e day.
68~
These items can be used in t h e speech t o
Sand f o r d and Y e a g e r, p. 44.
25
show t h a t the speaker not only possesses a knowledge o f his
s u b j e c t but t h a t he a l s o possesses
in fo r m a tio n concerning
areas o u t s i d e th e realm o f h is s u b j e c t .
One o f t h e most important elements in e t h i c a l
is good w i l l .
appeal
A speaker should o f f e r some p r a i s e o f his audi­
ence, but he must be c a r e f u l
not to overdo i t .
He should
attempt to i d e n t i f y h i m s e l f w i t h the members o f h i s audience
or t h e i r problems in o r de r t o gain t h e i r c o n fi d en ce .
speaker is
I f the
in disagreement w i t h h is audience he should proceed
w i t h t a c t and c o n s i d e r a t i o n , y e t he should be s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d
when p r e s e n t i n g his
the speaker
ideas.
is not d i r e c t ,
Good w i l l
cannot be e s t a b l i s h e d
honest, and f o r t h r i g h t because he
f e a r s h is audience is l i k e l y to d is a g re e w it h him.
he should atte m pt to s t a t e his b e l i e f s
audience can see he has i t s
interests
t h e speaker should reveal
in his speech.
in mind.
in tellig en ce,
and
his c h a r a c t e r somewhere
Th is can be accomplished e i t h e r by a d i r e c t or
i n d i r e c t method.
openly t e l l s
Instead,
in such a way t h a t the
in a d d i t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h i n g honesty,
good w i l l ,
if
in employing the d i r e c t method,
the speaker
the audience o f his good r e p u t a t i o n by e i t h e r
“ assuring the audience o f his good i n t e n t i o n s , o r
indicating
t h a t he possesses admired v i r t u e s by c i t i n g t h e testimony o f
o
t
h
e
r
s
.
“ 70
j
f
the speaker d e s ir e s to t e l l
good i n t e n t i o n s ,
69.
t h e audience o f h i s
he can e x p l a i n h is cause and i n d i c a t e why i t
Thonssen and B a i r d ,
p. 387.
70.
Wayne C. M in nick , The A r t o f Persuasion (Boston,
1957), p. 121,
26
is good and w o r t h w h ile .
it
I f he c i t e s the testimo ny o f o t h e r s ,
is e f f e c t i v e f o r him to c i t e
remarks made by a well-known
i n d i v i d u a l - - o n e who is q u a l i f i e d t o g iv e t h i s t e s t i m o n i a l .
The speaker may wish t o be u n o b tru siv e in the r e v e l a ­
tio n
of
h is
c h a r a c t e r and imply t h a t he is a man
o f good r e p u t
This
is
the
i n d i r e c t method o f e s t a b l i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r andcan
be accomplished in one o f two ways:
1.
2.
The speaker may r e f e r to experiences and
f a c t s which reveal i n c i d e n t a l 1y t h a t he
is we ll educated.
Often a speaker does
t h i s by s t a t i n g important p o s i t i o n s he
has h e l d , or a r t i c l e s he has w r i t t e n .
He
may show h i m s e l f to be acqu ainted w i t h .
some o f the g r e a t scho la rs and le ad ers o f
h is time by r e f e r r i n g to them in h i s speech,
or he may r e f l e c t a knowledge o f music, l i t ­
e r a t u r e , s cie nc e, or th e a r t s .
Personal experiences may be used to i n d i ­
r e c t l y show the c h a r a c t e r o f the speaker.
These experiences should be ones in which
the speaker took p a r t ; and they should
show t h a t his beh avior was e v i d e n t l y cou­
rageous, i n t e l l i g e n t , f a i r , s ym pathetic ,
or whatever e l s e he may wish to convey in
a p a r t i c u l a r s p e e c h . 71
Although e i t h e r o f these methods can be employed e f f e c t i v e l y ,
the i n d i r e c t method o f r e v e a l i n g c h a r a c t e r
is probably the
more t a c t f u l .
In a speaking s i t u a t i o n p r e s t i g e
to ethical
app eal.
is d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d
U s u a l l y , a speaker w i l l
atte m pt to e s t a b ­
l i s h h is p r e s t i g e a t th e be ginning o f the speech, because i f
he can gain the respect and a d m ir a t io n o f his audience e a r l y ,
71.
Hinnick,
p.
121.
27
it
is more l i k e l y he w i l l win b e l i e f .
P restige generally
a r i s e s from one o f t h r e e s o u r c e s - - “ the known r e p u t a t i o n o f
the speaker b e f o r e the d e l i v e r y o f the speech, the c h a r a c t e r
and p e r s o n a l i t y r e v e a le d by the speaker as he u t t e r s the speech,
or the coincidence o f t h e s p e a k e r 's proposals w i t h the r i g i d
b e l i e f s and a t t i t u d e s o f the a u d ie n c e ."
72
Th is study w i l l
concerned on ly w i t h the t h i r d source as t h i s
that
be
is the only one
is r eve ale d p r i m a r i l y w i t h i n the t e x t o f t h e speech i t s e l f .
There are f i v e methods, discussed by Wayne Minnick in
his book The A r t o f Pe r s u a s io n , which any speaker can employ
in o r de r to b u i l d esteem.
F irst,
th e speaker can attempt to
d is co v er something which he has in common w i t h h is audience
and suggest t h a t he and his audience agree on important m a t t e r s
such as pa renta ge,
sch o o lin g ,
or cla s s d i s t i n c t i o n .
relig iou s b e lie f s ,
e x p erie n c es ,
People have a tendency to t r u s t those
w i t h whom they agree and f o r t h i s
reason t h i s method o f e s t a b ­
l i s h i n g esteem i s known as the Common-Ground Method.
Another
method is to ask a s e r i e s o f questions which the audience w i l l
answer yes.
hearers,
A fte r establishing a p o s itiv e a t t it u d e
the speaker can proceed to his p r o p o s i t i o n .
known as the Yes-Yes Method.
in his
This
is
S i m i l a r to t h e Yes-Yes Method
is the Yes-But Method in which the speaker f i r s t agrees w i t h
the b e l i e f s o f his audience and l a t e r s t a t e s his p r o p o s i t i o n
according to his b e l i e f s and a t t i t u d e s .
which a speaker can e s t a b l i s h p r e s t i g e
72:
M in n ic k ,
p.
113.
The f o u r t h way in
is t o av oid discussing
28
his p r o p o s i t i o n
m aterial
immediately, but begin t a l k i n g about i r r e l e v a n t
such as the weather,
the occasion, or the audience.
This method is known as the Obliq ue Method because i t avoids
discussion o f the s p e ak e r 's cause u n t i l
favorable
impress ion o f him.
th e audience has a
The I m p l i c a t i v e Method is the
f i n a l way in which a speaker can b u i l d esteem.
When employing
t h i s method the speaker s t a t e s examples, one a f t e r the o t h e r ,
w it h the hope t h a t the l i s t e n e r s w i l l
c l u s io n the m se lv es.
be a b l e to draw the con­
Any one o f these methods may be employed
by the speaker in order to ga in th e respect and a t t e n t i o n o f
his audience.
A di scussion o f e t h i c a l
ethical
appeal and methods o f employing
appeal has been presented t o p rov id e background f o r t h e
f o l l o w i n g questions which w i l l
o f Margaret Chase Smith,
which may e x i s t
be a p p l i e d to s e l e c t e d speeches
in or de r to discover any e t h i c a l
in her speeches.
appeal
Sources f o r t h i s c r i t e r i a a r e
L e ster Thonssen and A. Craig B a i r d ' s Speech C r i t i c i s m and Wayne
M in n i c k ' s The A f t o f Pe r s u a s io n .
CRITERIA FOR JUDGING
1.
Does the speaker focus a t t e n t i o n upon the p r o b i t y or honesty
o f h is c h a r a c t e r by employing any one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
methods:
a.
A s s o c ia t i n g h i m s e l f or his message w i t h what is good?
b.
Bestowing tempered p r a i s e upon h i m s e l f or h is message?
c.
L in k in g th e opponent or the opponent's cause w ith what
?s not v i r t u o u s ?
Does the speaker e s t a b l i s h the impression o f s a g a c i t y ,
wisdom, or
a.
i n t e l l i g e n c e by any o f the f o l l o w i n g d e v i c e s :
C r e a t in g an a t t i t u d e o f f r i e n d l i n e s s towards his
audience?
b„
D is p la y i n g common sense and t a c t ?
c.
Revealing a broad f a m i l i a r i t y w ith the
interests of
the day?
d„
C r e a t in g the impress ion o f confidence in h is
Does the speaker show good w i l l
ideas?
in one or more o f these ways
a.
P r a i s i n g his audience w i t h moderation?
b„
I d e n t i f y i n g h i m s e l f w i t h the audience?
c.
Being s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d ?
d«
C r e a t in g the impress ion o f sympathy and understanding
towards h is audience?
Does the speaker reveal h is c h a r a c t e r d i r e c t l y by e i t h e r o f
th e f o l l o w i n g methods:
a.
Openly assuring the audience o f his good in t e n t io n s ?
bo
C i t i n g t e s t i m o n i e s o f others?
Does the speaker reveal
h is c h a r a c t e r I n d i r e c t l y
in any o f
th e f o l l o w i n g ways:
a.
R e f e r r i n g t o experiences and f a c t s which i n d i c a t e t h a t
he is w e ll
b„
educated?
I n d i c a t i n g his acquaintance w it h the works o f g r e a t
scho lars or leaders?
Co,
C i t i n g personal e x perie nc e which show him t o possess
intellig en ce,
courage?
fairness,
sympathy, understanding, or
30
6.
Does the speaker use any o f the v a rio u s methods o f b u i l d i n g
esteem f o r h i m s e l f b e f o r e launching
7.
i n t o h is main idea?
Does the speaker show c o l o r or uniqueness in his speeches?
Although t h e r e may be o t h er methods f o r d e te rm in in g e t h i c a l
a pp eal,
in t h i s study the above questions w i l l
be a p p lie d t o
t h r e e s e l e c t e d speeches o f Margaret Chase Smith.
SUMMARY
In t h i s chapter e t h i c a l
appeal has been d e fin e d as t h e
means o f persuasion by which the spe ak er's c h a r a c t e r makes us
b e l i e v e or d i s b e l i e v e the speech.
Methods o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h i s
ty pe o f appeal have been discussed, and the c r i t e r i a f o r d i s ­
covering the sources o f e t h i c a l
established.
appeal
in a speech have been
We can now proceed to discuss th e reasons f o r
s e l e c t i n g c e r t a i n speeches, and to apply th e e s t a b l i s h e d c r i ­
t e r i a t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f these speeches o f Senator Margaret
Chase Smith in o r de r t o determ ine the n a t u r e o f her e t h i c a l
appeal and some o f
i t s sources.
CHAPTER I I I
THE SPEECHES--ANALYSIS OF ETHICAL APPEAL
The t h r e e speeches to be analyzed were s e l e c t e d from
a ten year pe riod
from 1945 to 1955.
in Margaret Chase Sm ith 's c a r e e r extending
One speech dated July 8,
1946 was s e l e c t e d
from th e beginning o f t h i s p e r i o d , one dated February 10,
from the m i d - p a r t ,
and another dated June 18,
1955,
1950,
from the
la tt e r part.
The speeches s e le c t e d were d e l i v e r e d to t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
audiences.
This made i t p o s s ib le t o observe how e t h i c a l
was used in a v a r i e t y o f occasio ns.
appeal
The f i r s t audience was
composed e n t i r e l y o f women, the second o f members o f one p o l i t ­
ical
party,
and the t h i r d o f a v a r i e t y o f
i n d i v i d u a l s o f both ,
sexes and d i f f e r e n t ages.
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o n s id e r a t io n s j u s t mentioned, each
speech was chosen to rep re s en t one o f the t h r e e types de sc r ib e d
by A r i s t o t l e
in th e R h e t o r i c .
These a r e :
counsel or adv ice or d e l i b e r a t i v e speeches,
( 1 ) speeches o f
(2)
speeches used
in pr os ecutio n and defense or f o r e n s i c or j u d i c i a l
speeches,
and ( 3 ) speeches o f p r a i s e or blame or e p i d e i c t i c speeches.
The f i r s t speech is a d e l i b e r a t i v e address f o r
concerned w i t h the f u t u r e ,
73.
C ooper, p.
it
73
is p r i m a r i l y
and i t s purpose is t o o f f e r a d v ice
17.
31
32
f o r th in g s to come.
It
is the aim o f t h i s type o f address t o
recommend an advantageous course o f a c tio n which w i l l
in some
way b e t t e r th e audience or d e t e r the audience from something
which is meant t o hin d e r
t h e m .
74
The second speech. is a j u d i c i a l
th in g s t h a t have a l r e a d y happened, f o r
speech.
it
I t t a l k s about
is concerned w i t h
accusing one p a r t y and cause and defending a n o th e r .
o f speech is u s u a l l y one t h a t
This type
is concerned w i t h j u s t i c e and
i n j u s t i c e and s i m i l a r m a t t e r s .75
& good example o f a j u d i c i a l
speech is t h a t o f a lawyer in a co u rt o f law.
The t h i r d address is an e p i d e i c t i c one concerned p r i ­
m a r i l y w i t h honor and dishon or.
P r a i s e or blame is l e v e l e d
a t th in g s which a r e happening a t the present t im e .
It
is a l s o
p o s s i b le f o r a speaker to draw upon past experienc es in o r d e r
to stre ng the n his p o s i t i o n when he is d e l i v e r i n g a speech o f
p r a i s e or blame.7&
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
■*
The c r i t e r i a s e t up in t h e preceding chap ter w i l l
now
be a p p l i e d to the s e l e c t e d speeches o f Margaret Chase Smith.
A f t e r studying these speeches,
t h e author chose words, sen­
tenc es, or phrases which, according to the c r i t e r i a used in
t h i s study, appear to c on ta in evidence o f the use o f e t h i c a l
74.
Cooper,
pp.
17-18.
75.
Cooper,
pp.
17-18.
76.
Cooper,
pp.
17-18.
. 33
appeal.
A ll
Congressional
quoted m a t e r i a l
has been taken d i r e c t l y from th e
Record in which the speech appeared.
In the process o f a n a l y s i s the f i r s t
item noted was
whether the speaker focused a t t e n t i o n upon her honesty or pr o b ­
i t y by a s s o c i a t i n g her message w i t h what was good, bestowing
p r a i s e upon h e r s e l f or her cause, or l i n k i n g the opponent's
cause w i t h what was bad.
Next,
a study o f the e s ta b li sh m en t
o f i n t e l l i g e n c e or s a g a c i t y was made.
An atte m pt was made t o
d is co v er whether t h e speaker c re a t e d an a t t i t u d e o f f r i e n d l i ­
ness toward her audience, d i s p l a y e d common sense,
revealed a
broad f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the i n t e r e s t s o f the day, or cre ate d
the impression o f confidence in her
ideas.
Next,
t h e r e was an
atte m pt t o determ ine to what e x t e n t the speaker promoted good
w ill
toward the audience through p r a i s e ,
the audience,
s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d manner, or sympath etic and under­
standing a t t i t u d e .
to reveal
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n with
In a d d i t i o n , methods used by the speaker
her c h a r a c t e r , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y or
in d irectly,
methods o f b u i l d i n g esteem were discovered.
F in ally,
and
any c o l o r ­
f u l or unique statement used by Senator Smith was locate d and
a naly zed .
The procedure was fo llo w e d f o r a l l
t h r e e speeches.
ADDRESS BEFORE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF
BUS SNESS AND. PROFESSIONAL-WOMEN'S, CLUBS
The f i r s t speech was read into the Congressional Record,
Volume X C I I ,
Smith,
It
P a r t 12, Pages A4378-A4379, upon request o f Senator
is a speech t h a t was d e l i v e r e d b e f o r e the N a t i o n a l
34
Fe d era tion o f Business and P r o f e s s io n a l Women's Clubs in
Cle v ela nd ,
Ohio, on July 8,
1946.^7
The purpose o f the speech was to s t i m u l a t e the women
o f these o r g a n i z a t i o n s to become b e t t e r c i t i z e n s by t a k in g an
a c tiv e part
in governmenti
According to the t h r e e types o f
speeches discussed by A r i s t o t l e ,
d elib erative
America,
in n a t u r e f o r
t h i s address was p r i m a r i l y
i t o f f e r e d adv ic e to th e women o f
There were a l s o some elements o f e p i d e i c t i c speaking
f o r the speech did p r a i s e the accomplishments o f women in t h e
pa s t.
In at te m p t in g t o focus a t t e n t i o n upon t h e p r o b i t y o f
her c h a r a c t e r , Senator Smith s a i d ,
"But now t h e c h alle n g e t o
women is to match t h e i r amazing wartime record w i t h the b a t t l e s
f o r peace and the o r d e r l y reconversion to normal
livin g ."
Here,
she a s s o c ia ted her message w i t h peace--something the audience
was c e r t a i n t o f a v o r .
the wives and mothers
She then s a i d , "For l a s t i n g world peace,
in a l l
n a t i o n s must get t o g e t h e r f o r a
common u n d e r s t a n d i n g - - i n l i k e manner the business and p r o f e s ­
sional women. 16
Once again Senator Smith a s s o c ia t e d her message
w i t h what was good by i n d i c a t i n g t h a t
i t was th e women o f th e
world who could promote world peace.
In a d d i t i o n to a s s o c i ­
a t i n g her message w i t h what was good, Mrs. Smith bestowed p r a i s e
upon h e r s e l f by saying:
But in the past the women have p e r m i t t e d the
balance to swing too h e a v i l y to the Government's
77.
See A p p e n d ix A.
i n f l u e n c e over the home r a t h e r than having the
home e x e r c i s e i t s proper i n f l u e n c e over the
Government.
How can t h i s be remedied? By
t a k i n g a g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t in our g r e a t e s t i n v e s t ­
ment, our b i g g e s t b u s i h e s s - - o u r Government--in
seeking and acce ptin g p u b l i c o f f i c e .
Since Senator Smith was p r e s e n t l y a c t i v e
in government t h i s
i n d i c a t e d t h a t she was doing what was r i g h t and should be
emulated by o t h e r women.
esty,
in a t te m p t in g to focus upon her hon­
Senator Smith met a l l
f o r t h i s type o f e t h i c a l
th e c r i t e r i a p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d
appeal w i t h the e x c eption o f l i n k i n g
her opponent or her opponent's cause w i t h t h a t which was not
virtuous.
Since she did not have an opponent
in t h i s p a r t i c u l a r
address, t h i s c r i t e r i o n cannot be considered.
There was evidence in t h i s speech which appeared t o
show t h a t Senator Smith was a t te m p t i n g to e s t a b l i s h the impres­
sion o f s a g a c i t y .
She f i r s t s a i d ,
"C itizenship
is w i t h o u t sex.
I t makes no d i s t i n c t i o n between th e r i g h t s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
o f men and women."
Here, she appeared f r i e n d l y toward her
a u d i e n c e - - a l 1 o f whom were women--by showing them they had t h e
same r i g h t s as men.
She a l s o s a i d ,
women o f t h e w or ld w i l l
reach a r e a l
“ I am c o n f i d e n t t h a t the
and genuine un dersta n din g,
i f given the means o f communication and personal
exchange,
more s a t i s f a c t o r i l y than men have y e t been a b l e to d o . "
far
Again
she appeared f r i e n d l y toward her audience by d i s p l a y i n g her
confidence in women, and i n d i c a t i n g they could accomplish worthy
tasks more e f f e c t i v e l y than men.
There was an example o f the
use o f common sense when Senator Smith s a i d ,
"Some cla im t h a t
th e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f le a d e r s h i p t o women has been u n f a i r l y
36
lim ited.
i have no sympathy w i t h t h i s view because i t
those who 1make th e bre aks'
that
1get the breaks. 1£e
is o n ly
Mrs.
. Smith d is p la y ed her common sense when she r e f e r r e d t o the long
e s t a b l i s h e d b e l i e f t h a t people u s u a l l y get out o f something
t h a t which they put i n t o i t .
She d is p la y ed common sense and
t a c t when she remarked, "Women fought f o r the r i g h t to v o t e .
They won t h i s b a t t l e ,
but they h a v e n ' t fo ll o w e d through.
They
do not t a k e the proper advantage o f t h e i r v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s .
With o n e - h a l f o f the p o p u l a t io n , women could e a s i l y become t h e
most
powerful
s i n g l e group in th e e l e c t o r a t e . "
t a c t f u l way o f t e l l i n g
This
was a
the women t h a t they were not f u l f i l l i n g
t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s a d e q u a te ly .
Mrs. Smith continued to use t a c t
when she s a id :
I t is r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t so few women have been
chosen t o p a r t i c i p a t e in the UN, and t h a t none
s i t as members o f the S e c u r i t y C o un cil.
I t is
amazing when one r e a l i z e s t h a t women c o n s t i t u t e
a t l e a s t o n e - h a l f o f the w o r l d ' s p o p u l a t i o n .
But
t h i s can be a t t r i b u t e d to women themselves f o r
l a c k o f i n t e r e s t and a g g re ss iv enes s --a n d t h e w i l l
t o p u b l i c c a r e e r s — in t h i s and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .
We c & n 't become leaders o f t h e world u n t i l we
have become le a de rs w i t h i n our own N a t io n .
In these statements Senator Smith f i r s t e x p l a in e d th e r e was
•
- .
,
•
■
-
something wrong and then t a c t f u l l y
■
•
i n d ic a t e d t h a t
women o f the world who were a t f a u l t .
•
i t was the
She continued by say in g ,
"Our i n f l u e n c e upon ot h ers must come from w i t h i n ou rselves
in d i
/
vidu ally.
In as g r e a t a measure, our i n f l u e n c e ,
as a Nation
upon th e r e s t o f t h e world in c r e a t i n g and m a i n t a i n i n g perma­
nent peace, must f i r s t
flo w from w i t h i n t h i s c o u n t r y . "
This
statement r ev e ale d Senator S m ith 's confidence in the women whom
/
'
■
.
she was a dd re ssin g.
.
,
37
.
Another example o f the e s ta b li s hm en t o f
s a g a c i t y was, “ An American-educated woman o f China, Madame
Chiang Ka i-sh ek has led the p o l i t i c a l
o f China.
emancipation o f the women
Japanese women, under our occupation o f t h a t c o u n t r y ,
have been given the r i g h t to v o t e and hold o f f i c e and are emu­
l a t i n g American women by seeking and o b t a in in g p u b l i c o f f i c e
in Government places such as the Japanese D i e t . “
This r e f e r ­
ence i n d i c a t e d t h a t Margaret Chase Smith was not only aware o f
the work o f American women in government, but a l s o government
work being done by women in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .
dent t h a t th e speaker e s t a b l i s h e d ,
Senator Smith employed e t h i c a l
ence.
She began by saying,
democracy a t work.
It
it
is e v i ­
in the minds o f the 1 i s t e n e r s ,
t h a t she was a sagacious and i n t e l l i g e n t
t h i s speech by showing good w i l l
Thus,
in d ivid u al.
appeal
frequently
in
through the p r a i s e o f her a u d i ­
“Th is convention
is an example o f
is more p a r t i c u l a r l y a most impressive
example o f the acceptance by women o f t h e i r
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y as
c i t i z e n s - - t o t h i n k c o n s t r u c t i v e ! y and to make t h e i r t h i n k i n g
a r t i c u l a t e . 11
in another statement she s a i d ,
“ 1 do want to t a k e
t h i s occasion t o urge you and your o r g a n i z a t i o n t o continue
your sp len d id c o n t r i b u t i o n to women's l e a d e r s h ip and to urge
you t o extend your b e n e f i c i a l
in f l u e n c e as w i d e l y as p o s s i b l e . ' 1
Mrs. Smith was p r a i s i n g the women f o r the work they had been
doing and was a pp ea ling to them to continue t h i s work.
statement which showed e t h i c a l
audience was,
appeal
“Women, such as y ou,
Another
in i t s p r a i s e o f the
i n d i v i d u a l l y can pr ovide
38
le a d e r s h ip
in in d u s try and business.
your l e a d e r s h ip a b i l i t y
You have a l r e a d y proved
in th e f i e l d o f management. li
Senator
Smith was not only app ealing to her audience as a whole, but
a ls o t o each i n d i v i d u a l
member by i n d i c a t i n g t h a t each person
had c o n t r i b u t e d something to her s o c i e t y and could con tin ue t o
expand thes e c o n t r i b u t i o n s
into other f i e l d s .
o f p r a i s e f o r the audience was, "Much,
Another example
i f not most, o f the past
l e a d e r s h i p o f women in t h i s country has come through c i v i c
o r g a n i z a t i o n s and through o r g a n i z a t i o n s such as your own."
In
a d d i t i o n t o p r a i s i n g th e women f o r l e a d e r s h i p , Mrs. Smith s a i d ,
" I n the schools as educators women have and w i l l
in s till
in coming ge n era tio n s the v ery w i l l
v ery necessary guards to ins ure t h a t peace."
Senator Smith r e f e r r e d t o o t h e r areas
been i n f l u e n t i a l .
continue t o
t o peace and the
In t h i s remark.
in which the women had
in a d d i t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h i n g good w i l l
through
the p r a i s e o f her audience, Mrs. Smith a ls o attempted to id e n ­
tify
h e r s e l f w i t h her audience by the use o f t h e pronoun we.
" I f we a r e to c la im and win our r i g h t f u l
p l a c e in the sun on
an equal basis w i t h men, then we must not i n s i s t upon those
p r i v i l e g e s and p r e r o g a t i v e s
s iv e ly fem inine."
id en tified
In the past as e x c l u ­
Senator Smith demonstrated t h a t she was con­
s i d e r i n g h e r s e l f as one o f the women to whom t h i s address was
directed.
Another example o f good w i l l was Senator Smith's
s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d n e s s when she s a i d ,
" A ll o f thes e phases o f
a c t i v i t y a r e summed up in the o b se rv atio n t h a t women must g i v e
g r e a t e r meaning to t h e i r r o l e o f p u b l i c c i t i z e n s . "
Here,
39
Mrs. Smith b l u n t l y t o l d the women t h a t they were a t f a u l t and
must remedy the s i t u a t i o n themselves.
Although no one s t a t e ­
ment in d i c a t e d sympathy f o r the women, Mrs. Smith showed her
understanding o f t h e problems women face and o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n
in s o c i e t y
in a l l
o f her remarks.
A l l o f the c r i t e r i a f o r
e s t a b l i s h i n g good w i l l were disco vered in t h i s speech.
Senator Smith reve ale d Her c h a r a c te r d i r e c t l y by
stating:
'
Di r igo“ - H I l e a d 11- - i s the motto on the o f f i c i a l
emblem o f my.own S t a t e o f Maine.
Women o f t h i s
Republic could w e l l adopt i t as t h e i r motto.
The
question i s . Where can they e x e r t le a de rs hip? ,
The answer is.,. Everywhere:
( 1 ) in the home as
vyives and mothers, ( 2 ) in orga niz ed c i v i c , b u s i ­
ness, and p r o f e s s i o n a l groups such as your own,
( 3 ) in i n d u s t r y and business, both management and
la b o r , ( 4 ) in p u b l i c o f f i c e s , such as l e g i s l a t u r e s
and schools, ( 5 ) in p o l i t i c s , and ( 6 ) as p u b l i c
citizen s.
In t h i s paragraph Mrs. Smith rev e a le d t h a t she had the i n t e r ­
ests o f her audience in mind not only by t e l l i n g them what was
wrong, but a ls o by o f f e r i n g v a l i d suggestions f o r a l l e v i a t i n g
the s i t u a t i o n .
There was a ls o i n d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r
address when Senator Smith s a id :
Perhaps th e most lastincj and b asic i n f l u e n c e
o f women is in the home f o r behind a l l men, g r e a t
or s m a ll, a re women.
Th is might appear too o b v i ­
ous f o r mention.
But i t is too o f t e n t h a t we
o v e r lo o k the obvious.
Can the dynamic i n f l u e n c e
Of Eleanor Roosevelt be denied when you compare
the r e s p e c t f u l number o f women appointments in the
Roosevelt a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o t h e almost complete
absence o f such appointments in the Truman admin­
istration?
‘
in t h i s
40
These remarks showed t h a t Senator Smith was aware o f the accom­
plishments o f one o f the we11 - known women in th e w o r ld .
Smith f u r t h e r re v e a le d her c h a r a c t e r by saying,
women should become more p o l i t i c a l l y minded,
p arty."
Th is statement
ing.
" I n o t h e r words ,
re g a rd le s s o f
in d ic a te d t h a t Senator Smith wanted t h e
women to ta k e an a c t i v e
party a f f i l i a t i o n .
Mrs.
interest
in government r egard le ss o f
The remark showed f a i r n e s s and understan d­
She continued along these l i n e s when she s a i d , "They should
be workers and o f f i c i a l s
p la t fo rm s o f the p a r t i e s ,
in p o l i t i c a l
parties
in i n f l u e n c i n g t h e
in g e t t i n g out the maximum v o t e ,
in
demanding s t r i c t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n adherence to p l a t f o r m promises,
in s t i m u l a t i n g women to v o t e and be a c t i v e ,
and in demanding
only t h e proper r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f women based upon p o p u la tio n
and degree o f p u b l i c ,
both p o l i t i c a l
Senator Sm ith 's p o l i t i c a l
a c tiv e ly p articip ated
audience to t a k e p a r t ,
career
in a l l
and c i v i c ,
a c tiv ity ."
is evidence t h a t she has
the areas in which she asked her
and her statement showed her to possess
the a t t r i b u t e s which she asked th e women o f her audience t o
acquire.
These t r a i t s
included an i n t e r e s t
in government and
a d e s i r e to work d i l i g e n t l y t o remedy an u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s i t u a tio n.
At the beginning o f t h i s speech, Senator Smith b u i l t
esteem by employing th e I m p l i c a t i v e Method.
She f i r s t c i t e d
examples implying t h a t t h e r e was something wrong w i t h American
women and b u i l t up t o her p r o p o s i t i o n by asking the women t o
become more a c t i v e as c i t i z e n s .
41
One statement
ness.
in p a r t i c u l a r showed c o l o r and unique­
In t h i s s tatem e n t,
Senator Smith appealed to two common
loves t h a t Americans s h a r e - - t h e love f o r th e f a m i l y and the
love f o r America.
She s a i d ,
" I n one sense o f the word, the
United S t a t e s Government is r e a l l y one big f a m i 1y - - t h e a l l American f a m i l y . "
Examples i n d i c a t i v e o f e t h i c a l
from t h i s speech t o the N atio n al
P r o f e s s io n a l Women's Clubs.
appeal have been quoted
Fed eration o f Business and
There appeared to be evidence
t h a t Margaret Chase Smith focused a t t e n t i o n upon th e p r o b i t y
o f h e r c h a r a c t e r by a s s o c i a t i n g her message w i t h what was good,
bestowing p r a i s e upon h e r s e l f and c r e a t i n g the
s in c e rity .
impression o f
She did not l i n k t h e opponent o r t h e opponent's
cause w i t h what was not v i r t u o u s ,
in th is speechi
because she had no opponent
An impression o f s a g a c it y arose through the
c r e a t i o n o f a f r i e n d l y a t t i t u d e toward her aud ie nc e, the use
o f common sense and t a c t ,
an i n d i c a t i o n o f knowledge o f the
i n t e r e s t s o f her audience, and a c o n fi d e n t statemen t o f her
b e lie fs .
w ill
Ethical
appeal was employed through t h e use o f good
more o f t e n than any o t h e r method in t h i s speech.
The
speaker p r a is e d her audience q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y and i d e n t i f i e d
h e r s e l f w i t h them.
In a d d i t i o n ,
she was s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d and
showed understanding f o r the problems women f a c e in becoming
better citize n s .
There was evidence o f both a d i r e c t and an
i n d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r when Mrs. Smith assured t h e
audience o f her good i n t e n t i o n s and r e f e r r e d to experiences
42
which showed her t o be i n t e l l i g e n t ,
understanding.
fa ir,
sympathetic , and
At the beginning o f the speech, Senator Smith
b u i l t esteem through the use o f the
I m p l i c a t i v e Method.
was a ls o one statement which appeared to be c o l o r f u l
There
and unique.
LINCOLN DAY ADDRESS
This speech was read i n t o the Congressional Record,
Volume XCVI, P a r t 14, Pages A1591 •"Al 592, by t h e Honorable Owen
Brewster o f Maine.
The, speech was d e l i v e r e d b e f o r e the P o r t l a n d
L in c o ln Club in P o r t l a n d , Maine, on February 10,
address was p r i m a r i l y f o r e n s i c
in n a tu r e f o r
1950.
The
i t accused the
Democratic P a r t y o f incompetency and defended th e
ideals o f t h e
Republican Pa rty
The primary n a t u r e o f e t h i c a l
be determined by c i t i n g examples.
appeal
in t h i s speech can
Mrs. Smith attempted to focus
a t t e n t i o n upon the p r o b i t y o f her c h a r a c te r by a s s o c i a t in g her
message, her p a r t y ,
her opponents'
and h e r s e l f w i t h what was good and l i n k i n g
p a r t y w ith what was considered bad.
Senator
Smith f i r s t s t a t e d , "Monday in Washington we had the k i c k - o f f
Lin coln Day d i n n e r .
mon man's a f f a i r ,
I t was a dol l a r box-lunch a f f a i r - - a com­
not a $10 0 - a - p l a t e r ic h man's a f f a i r
lik e
the Democrats have in b u i l d i n g up t h e i r campaign war c h e s t . 11
She continued to employ t h i s type o f e t h i c a l
appeal when she
s a id :
My boiled-down v e rs io n o f the Republican
res ta tem ent o f p r i n c i p l e s is not only a mere 89
words o f Republican P a r ty p o s i t i o n , but a ls o an
indic tm ent o f the Democratic P a r ty on 10 counts
7.8.
See Appendix B.
43
f o r the Democratic P a r ty has not on ly f a i l e d mis­
e r a b l y bn each o f these p o in t s but has made i t
c l e a r t h a t i t opposed each o f these p o i n t s .
My
concept o f what t h e Repub 1?can Party stands f o r
and what the Democratic P a r ty is a g a i n s t i s :
( 1 ) Reducing t a x e s ; ( 2 ) b a l a n c in g the bu d g et;
( 3 ) f i g h t i n g d e f i c i t spending and government
waste; ( 4 ) f i g h t i n g communism here ins te a d o f
complacently condoning i t ; ( 5 ) making f o r e i g n
p o l i c y t r u l y b i - p a r t i s a n ins te ad o f merely rubberstamped; ( 6 ) f i g h t i n g arid exposing s o m e t h in g - f o r nothing d e c e p ti o n , whether i t be s o c i a l i z e d medi­
c i n e , s o c ia l ized farming, or hidden t a x e s ; ( 7 ) p r e ­
v e n t in g e i t h e r managemerit or labo r from g e t t i n g
too much power a t the expense o f the p u b l i c ;
( 8 ) m a i n t a i n i n g an adequate s o c i a l - s e c u r i t y system
t h a t does not l i m i t o p p o r t u n i t y nor discour age i n i ­
t i a t i v e and saving; ( 9 ) opposing any c u r t a i l m e n t
o f v e t e r a n s ' b e n e f i t s ; ( 1 0 ) smashing the f i l i b u s t e r
on c i v i l r i g h t s .
in t h i s paragraph Senator Smith attem pted to e l e v a t e
her message by a s s o c i a t in g her cause and h e r s e l f w i t h what was
virtuous,
n e ctin g
and to lower the cause o f the opposing p a r t y by con­
i t w i t h f a i l u r e to accomplish worthy g o a ls .
In a d d i ­
t i o n t o these remarks. Senator Smith s a id :
The Republican P a r ty c r e a t e d the Department o f
A g riculture.
I t is the o r i g i n a l t r u s t - b u s t i n g ,
anti-monopoly p a r t y t h a t gave:us the Sherman A n t i ­
t r u s t Act.
The Republican P a r ty is the p a r t y t h a t
gave women th e r i g h t to v o t e - - t h e p a r t y t h a t got
Alaska from Russia f o r on ly $ 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , t h e p a r t y
in power when we ac qu ired H a w a ii, Guam, Puerto
Rico, Midway, and the Panama Canal,
In these statements Senator Smith not only e l e v a t e d her mes­
sage but a ls o bestowed p r a i s e upon her cause and h e r s e l f .
Mrs,
Smith then began l i n k i n g her opponent w i t h what was not v i r t u ­
ous by s t a t i n g :
Now what has the Democratic P a r ty given the
American people? Time pe rmits me t o mention only
one t h i n g - - a n d I have chosen t h a t which you a re
most aware o f no w -- t a x e s .
The Democrats have
44
given you th e h ig h e s t -taxes in the h i s t o r y o f
t h e country and the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
has asked t h a t those heavy taxes be made even
hig he r and h e a v i e r .
!n these statem en ts , Senator Smith made the opposing p a r t y
appear bad by showing t h a t
o f the people in mind.
i t did not
have t h e best i n t e r e s t
She continued to show her cause as good
and her opponent's as bad when she d e c la r e d :
■ The Republican Party is the p a r t y t h a t stopped
a Democratic P r e s id e n t from packing the Supreme
Court and from d e s t ro y in g the independence o f our
j u d i c i a l branch.
I t is the p a r t y t h a t di scarded
the s p o i l s system and se t up th e c i v i l - s e r v i c e
system oh Government jobs by m e r i t and q u a l i f i c a ­
t i o n instead o f by
the p o l i t i c a l patronage s tan d ­
ard o f whether you
voted f o r t h e winning p a r t y .
These remarks made the Republican Party appear v i r t u o u s and t h e
Democratic P a r ty u n e t h i c a l
in i t s p r a c t i c e s .
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e , r e m a r k s , Senator Smith continued
to e l e v a t e her cause and connect her opponent's cause w i t h what
was bad by saying,
"Our Democratic P r e s id e n t campaigned suc­
c essfully
in 1948 on th e slogan o f
of l i f e . '
We Republicans can w e ll
t i o n and s t a r t
' T e l l i n g the people the f a c t s
ta k e a cue from the o p p o s i­
' T e l l i n g the people the t a x f a c t s o f l i f e . ' "
She then remarked, "The Republican P a rty now has the f i g h t i n g
s p i r i t o f the underdog.
fig h t fo r.
I t has the most a dm ira b le o f causes t o
I t has the ammunition t o f i g h t w i t h - - a past record
o f p o s i t i v e accomplishments--and th e stumbling,
fumbling e r r o r s
and d e l i b e r a t e deceptions o f th e Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s f o r
the past 18 y e a r s . "
In t h i s s tatem e n t,
Senator Smith used t h r e e
methods o f focusing a t t e n t i o n upon the p r o b i t y o f her c h a r a c t e r .
45
She as s o c ia t ed her cause w i t h what was good,
she bestowed
p r a i s e upon her cause by s t a t i n g th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f her
party,
and she connected the opponent w it h what was bad by
r e f e r r i n g to them as fumblers and d e c e iv e r s .
Even in th e con­
clud in g remarks o f t h i s address. Senator Smith employed e t h i c a l
appeal by connecting her cause w i t h what was good and l i n k i n g
the opponent's cause w i t h what was bad.
She s t a t e d ,
"We can
and we w i l l Win w i t h our undeniable cause and reco rd ,
j u s t keep f i g h t i n g t o t e l l
i f we
the people the f a c t s o f l i f e t h a t
the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
is t r y i n g to keep from them."
In a t te m p t in g to focus a t t e n t i o n upon the p r o b i t y o f her c h a r ­
a c t e r Senator Smith met a l l
the c r i t e r i a p r e v i o u s l y e s t a b l i s h e d
f o r d is c o v e rin g t h i s type o f e t h i c a l
appeal.
However,
foc us in g
a t t e n t i o n upon her honesty was not the on ly means o f e t h i c a l
appeal
in t h i s address.
Mrs. Smith e s t a b l i s h e d th e impression o f s a g a c it y
the examples a l r e a d y s t a t e d .
in
There appeared to be evidence
t h a t she was f r i e n d l y toward her audience f o r she c o n t i n u a l l y
pr a is e d t h e i r accomplishments and e le v a t e d them t o what was
virtuous.
She employed common sense and t a c t by r ec ogn izing
the n a t u r e o f her audience and r e f e r r i n g to items which i t
valu ed .
She als o rev ea le d a broad f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the accom­
plishments o f th e Republican P a r ty and e s t a b l i s h e d the impres­
sion t h a t she was c o n f i d e n t t h a t the Republicans could win the
next e l e c t i o n
i f they continued to f i g h t f o r what she b e l i e v e d
they r i g h t f u l l y deserved.
•
46
Senator Smith showed good w i l l
by f i r s t p r a i s i n g her
audience when she s a i d :
Monday in Washington we had the k i c k - o f f Lincoln
Day d i n n e r .
I t Was a dol l a r b o x - 1unch a f f a i i— a
common man's a f f a i r , hot a $ 10 0 - a - p l a t e r i c h man's
a f f a i r l i k e the Democrats have in b u i l d i n g up t h e i r
campaign war ches t.
There were those who s a id i t
would be a f l o p - - t h a t . i t was f a n t a s t i c t o t r y to
get a crowd o f any s i z e in the Democratic j o b h o ld e r
c i t y o f Washington.
But i t w a s n 't a f l o p .
A
record, r o a rin g crowd of; 12,000 cheering people
jammed the Ul ine Arena.
There was h a r d ly b r e a t h ­
ing space and t h e r e were 3 , 0 0 0 people o u t s i d e who
c o u l d n ' t get in because t h e r e j u s t w a s n ' t room f o r
them.
I have never seen so much enthusiasm in a
crowd,
By saying t h i s she showed the members o f her audience t h a t t h e i
p a r t y was e n t h u s i a s t i c and was w i l l i n g to f i g h t .
by s t a t i n g ,
"Yes,
She con tin ue d
I t h i n k the Republican P a r ty was r e s u r r e c t e d
t h i s past Monday n i g h t . "
She i d e n t i f i e d h e r s e l f w it h her a u d i ­
ence by remarking,
lift
"L et's
th e iron c u r t a i n set up here in
America by the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n between the people and
the Government.
In t h a t way, we can r e t u rn the American people
to the most b a s ic o f a l l
f r e e d o m s - - t h e freedom t o be l e t a l o n e .
In t h i s statement Senator Smith not only said t h a t
i t was neces
sary f o r the audience to a l l e v i a t e the present s i t u a t i o n which
th e Democrats had e s t a b l i s h e d ,
l e t us and we,
but a l s o , by using the words
r e f e r r e d to h e r s e l f as one o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s
who must begin e x p l a i n i n g t o the people what the Democrats had
been doing to them.
Throughout the speech Senator Smith was s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d
She brought the f a c t s ,
s t a t e d them in a c l e a r ,
as she saw them, to the audience and
under standable f a s h i o n .
There was
47
evidence t h a t Mrs. Smith was symp athetic and understanding o f
her audience when she s a i d ,
"L a s t y e a r . . . . . I addressed the
a t t e n d i n g Republicans as ' f e l l o w m o u r n e r s .1
I address, you as ' f e l l o w f i g h t e r s . ' "
Here,
.....T h is
year
Senator Smith i n d i ­
cated her sympathy f o r the Republicans when they were t h e
underdog p a r t y ,
and her understanding when th e Republicans
had begun to f i g h t f o r t h e i r cause.
It
Smith met a l l
f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g good w i l l .
the necessary c r i t e r i a
is e v i d e n t t h a t Senator
' There was no d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r
in t h i s
speech by e i t h e r an open assurance to the audience o f her good
i n t e n t i o n s or c i t e d t e s t im o n ie s o f o t h er person s.
did,
however,
Mrs.
Smith
imply t h a t her i n t e n t i o n s were good and in sym­
pathy w i t h the i n t e r e s t s o f her audience.
Senator Smith did reveal
she s a i d ,
her c h a r a c te r
i n d i r e c t l y when
" I was e l e c t e d to the Senate in 1948 On the slogan
o f ‘ Don't Trade a Record f o r a P r o m i s e . '
cable f o r 1950 and 1952."
That
is e q u a l l y a p p l i ­
The r e f e r e n c e to the f a c t t h a t she
was e l e c t e d showed t h a t the had been s u c c e s s f u l .
Her slogan
showed her as an i n t e l l i g e n t and f a i r person who, to win an
election,
r e l i e d on past accomplishments r a t h e r than on i n s i n ­
ce re promises.
In a d d i t i o n t o r e f e r r i n g to past success, Mrs.
Smith a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t she was acquainted w i t h the a t t r i b u t e s
o f a g r e a t man in high esteem by her audience.
She remarked,
"These are the f a c t s t h a t the p a r t y o f Abraham L i n c o l n - - t h e
most human, t h e g r e a t e s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e common man ever
to be p r e s i d e n t - - m u s t b r in g home t o the American people i f our
48
f r e e way o f l i f e
to remain loyal
a l s o appeared to
is to be re c ap tu re d and pr eserv ed,
t o the p r i n c i p l e s o f L i n c o l n . 16
i f we a r e
This statement
i n d i c a t e t h a t she was i n t e r e s t e d
in a l l
the
people and not o n ly in a s e l e c t e d few and t h a t she valued
freedom and l o y a l t y .
At the beginning o f th e speech Senator Smith b u i l t
esteem by employing the Common-Ground Method, t h a t
speaker t a l k s about
in which a
items he and h i s altdience have in common.
She began by saying:
Last year a t the L in c oln Day dinner in Washington,
I addressed t h e a t t e n d i n g Republicans as *rf e l l 6 w
m ourner s.“ That di n ner was more l i k e a wake a t which
we were making post mortems on why we had l o s t the
Presidency f o r the f i f t h s t r a i g h t tim e.
We t a l k e d
about the mistakes t h a t the Republican P a r t y had
made.
But t h i s year i t is d i f f e r e n t .
T h is year 1
address you as " f e l l o w f i g h t e r s " because something
happened in Washington t h i s week t h a t convinces me
t h a t the underdog Republican Pa rty has s t a r t e d on
th e comeback t r a i l and has s t a r t e d f i g h t i n g .
R e f e r r i n g to l a s t y e a r ' s di n ne r as a sad occasion and t h i s
y e a r ' s din ne r as a happy a f f a i r ,
Mrs. Smith b u i l t esteem in
the eyes o f her audience by e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t she and her a u d i ­
ence had something in common both times.
One c o l o r f u l
Smith s a i d ,
and unique statement appeared when Senator
"The Democratic P a r ty has turned what was once a
c o o p e r a t i v e two-way s t r e e t
in t o t h e i r own s e c r e t i v e , one-way
back a l l e y where only the Democrats make the d e cis io n s and then
t r y d i p l o m a t i c b l a c k m a il under the guise o f u n i t y to make
Republicans mere s p i n e l e s s ,
rubber stamps."
Here, Senator
49
Smith cl e v e r 1y e x e m p l i f i e d th e u n e t h ic a l
procedures o f the
Democratic P a r t y According t o the c r i t e r i a
appeal
f o r d i s c o v e r in g e t h i c a l
in speeches, t h i s speech contained a c o n s id e r a b le amount
o f ethical
a pp eal.
The speaker focused a t t e n t i o n upon the
p r o b i t y o f her c h a r a c t e r by a s s o c i a t i n g h e r s e l f and her cause
w i t h what was good, by bestowing p r a i s e upon her cause, and
by l i n k i n g the opponent and his cause w i t h what was not v i r t u ­
ous.
The impress,ion o f s a g a c it y was e s t a b l i s h e d by c r e a t i n g
an a t t i t u d e o f f r i e n d l i n e s s ,
using common sense and t a c t ,
c r e a t i n g the impress ion o f con fid e nce .
and
Although t h e r e was no
r e v e l a t i o n t h a t Mrs. Smith was f a m i l i a r w it h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f
th e day,
i t was c l e a r t h a t she was aware o f the p o l i t i c a l
ests o f her audience.
in te r­
Examples were not s p e c i f i c a l l y c i t e d to
i n d i c a t e these elements, but th e qu otatio ns used in the a n a l y ­
s i s showed t h a t these elements were p r e s e n t.
played good w i l l
The speaker d i s ­
by p r a i s i n g and i d e n t i f y i n g h e r s e l f w i t h the
audience and by being s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d .
Throughout the speech
she appeared to possess sympathy f o r and understanding o f t h e
problems o f her audience.
While t h e r e was no one example o f
a d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r , Senator Smith did reveal
it
i n d i r e c t l y by r e f e r r i n g to past accomplishments arid r e f e r r i n g
to a g r e a t man who was held in high esteem by t h e audience.
At the beginning o f her speech Mrs. Smith b u i 1t esteem by r e f e r ­
rin g to t h e common i n t e r e s t s she had w ith her audience.
was one statement which appeared to be c o l o r f u l
There
and unique.
50
The speech was we IT w r i t t e n amd demonstrated t h a t the n a t u r e
o f the audience was considered b e f o r e the speech was prepared.
SPEECH AT THE DREXEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
The f i n a l
speech was read i n t o the Congressional
Record, Volume C l ,
P a r t 7, Pages 8718-8719,
Senator M a r t in o f Pe nns ylv ania.
June 18,
upon request o f
The speech was d e l i v e r e d on
1955, b e f o r e an audience composed o f f a c u l t y members,
s tuden ts ,
and guests o f the Dfexel
Phi T a d e l p h i a . ^
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology a t
Ort t h i s same day. Senator Smith rec eiv ed the
honorary Doctor o f L e t t e r s degree mentioned e a r l i e r
in t h i s
study.
The speech was p r i m a r i l y e p i d e i c t i c s in c e i t s purpose
was to p r a i s e an i n t a n g i b l e o b j e c t dear to the h e a r ts o f a l l
Amer i cans --f reedom .
I t a ls o o f f e r e d advice on how to m a i n ta i n
t he freedom which Americans enjoyed.
In a t te m p t in g t o focus a t t e n t i o n upon th e p r o b i t y o f
her c h a r a c t e r Senator Smith s a i d ,
"Somewhere between the
extremes o f anarchy and the s o - c a l l e d
happy medium--an ideal
1s t a t i s m , 1 t h e r e is a
balance between freedom and s e c u r i t y
t h a t e s t a b l i s h e s o r d e r and e r a d i c a t e s
i n j u s t i c e and p o v e r t y . 16
Here she e le v a t e d her message t o what was good by speaking o f
th e "happy medium" which was to be her c a u s e - - t h e American
Government.
stated,
Continuing along these l i n e s ,
161 t h i n k ,
and I b e l i e v e achievement records o f h i s t o r y
show, t h a t the n e a r e s t to the p e r f e c t ,
7 9.
Senator Smith
See A p p e n d ix C.
happy medium has been
51
our Federal
Re public w i t h
i t s system o f checks and balances
through the s e p a r a t io n o f a u t h o r i t y
tiv e ,
and j u d i c i a l . ”
Again,
into the l e g i s l a t i v e ,
execu­
she as s o c ia ted her message, which
was concerned w i t h government and freedom, w i t h what was good
by r e f e r r i n g t o American government as the most impeccable
means o f c o n t r o l .
In her next remarks Senator Smith bestowed p r a is e upon
her cause:
Just as man has t i n k e r e d w i t h v a rio u s types o f
p o l i t i c a l government so has he experimented w i t h
v a r io u s types o f economic systems in the p u r s u i t
of prosperity.
He has run the gamut o f th e 'isms'
- - c a p i t a l i s m , s o c i a l i s m , communism, fasc is m , and
s t a t ism--and the g r e a t e s t o f these has been c a p i t a l i'sin--not u n r e s t r a i n e d and u n l i m i t e d c a p i t a l i s m , but
c a p i t a l i s m th e American way, l i m i t e d by laws r e s t r a i n ­
ing monopoly.
i t has given us the h ig h e s t standard
o f freedom man has ever enjoyed.
Under i t th e own­
e r s h i p o f Idnd and n a t u r a l w e a l t h , the p r o d u c t io n ,
d i s t r i b u t i o n , and exchange o f goods, and t h e op era­
t i o n o f the system i t s e l f , a r e e f f e c t e d by p r i v a t e
e n t e r p r i s e and c on tr ol under c o m p e t i t i v e c o n d i t i o n s .
In t h i s paragraph Mrs. Smith r e f e r r e d to our form o f government
as the be st form.
system,
She s t a t e d some o f the va lu e s o f the American
i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the American people were f o r t u n a t e to
l i v e under t h i s type o f government.
Since her address was p r i ­
m a r i l y concerned w i t h the American government and the idea o f
freedom,
this
remark pr a is e d her cause.
In the preceding q u o t a t i o n s , evidence has been o f f e r e d
which appears t o be i n d i c a t i v e o f e t h i c a l
appeal
through the
a s s o c i a t io n o f Senator Sm ith 's cause w it h what was good and
p r a i s e f o r t h i s cause.
There was no evidence t h a t Senator
52
Smith attempted to l i n k her opponent or opponent's cause w i t h
what was not v i r t u o u s ,
because in t h i s type o f speech she did
not have an opponent.
Senator Smith appears to have e s t a b l i s h e d the impres­
sion o f s a g a c it y when she t o l d her audience:
The f i r s t f o r m a l l y recorded guide o f freedom
was. r ela y e d to the world by Hoses when he brought
the Ten Commandments down from Mount S i n a i .
Their
common bas is was the or dain ed freedom o f everyone
from a r b i t r a r y and unlawful i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h his
l i f e and p r o p e r t y .
This freedom from which a l l
freedoms s pring was f o r m a l l y rev iv ed and recorded
by t h e Magna Carta in 1215.
I t was r e a s s e r t e d in
bur D e c l a r a t i o n o f Independence.
I t was r e f i n e d
and d e l i n e a t e d in our B i l l o f R ig h t s, t h e f i r s t
ten amendments t o our c o n s t i t u t i o n .
From t h e Ten
Commandments to the ten amendments freedom has.
been d e f i n e d .
Such awareness o f the documents o f American freedom showed t h a t
Mrs. Smith possessed a breadth o f i n f o r m a t i o n .
She continued:
The less you e x e r c i s e and j e a l o u s l y guard
t h a t freedom th e more y ou ,s u r re n d e r the a u t h o r ­
i t y and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r freedom to your
Government--and the more t h e Government con­
t r o l s and r e g u la t e s your d a i l y l i f e and your
d e s t i n y , t h e more the Government becomes a
disp enser o f promised s e c u r i t y and the less i t
remains a guardian o f freedom.
Here, Mrs. Smith c re a te d an a t t i t u d e o f f r i e n d l i n e s s toward
her audience by showing them t h a t she had t h e i r
mind.
interests
in
She employed common sense to e x p l a i n what could happen
i f the American people did not t a k e an i n t e r e s t
in t h i s f r e e ­
dom which they enjoyed, and she then t a c t f u l l y proceeded t o
blame t h e people f o r e x t e n s iv e governmental c o n t r o l .
Once
more she employed common sense and t a c t when she s t a t e d ,
"Freedom is everybody's r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
It's
something so
53
taken f o r granted
aware o f i t .
in our American way o f l i f e
t h a t we a re r a r e l y
Freedoms only come t o seem important to many o f
us when we have l o s t them."
By the use o f t h i s
statement she
t a c t f u l l y t o l d her l i s t e n e r s
i t was t h e i r duty t o m ain ta in
freedom and c r i t i c i z e d the a p a t h e t i c a t t i t u d e t h a t American
people have toward freedom.
the sta tem e n t,
that w i l l
Common sense was again e v id e n t
in
"No government can devise a system o f s e c u r i t y
com pletely e l i m i n a t e the s t r u g g l e in l i f e . "
Although
i t was d i f f i c u l t t o determine whether Senator Smith was c o n f i ­
dent t h a t her ideas were r i g h t ,
her s t r o n g l y worded statements
i n d i c a t e d t h a t she did possess confidence in them.
In e s t a b ­
l i s h i n g an impression o f s a g a c it y Mrs. Smith met a l l
t e r i a previously established.
friend liness,
She c re a te d an impress ion o f
used common sense and t a c t ,
and appeared c o n f i d e n t
the c r i ­
r e v e a le d i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
in what she was saying.
Margaret Chase Smith a l s o showed good w i l l
in t h i s
address when she r e f e r r e d to her column which one o f the papers
in P h i l a d e l p h i a p r i n t e d .
She s a i d ,
"And my column t h a t was
c a r r i e d by the B u l l e t i n here f o r f i v e years brought such a
k i n d l y response from P h i l a d e l p h i a readers t h a t
o f them as I would n e xt-d o o r n e i g h b o r s . "
stated,
L a t e r Senator Smith
"There are many o th er t h i n g s about my experie nc e w i t h
P h i l a d e l p h i a t h a t makes me f e e l
But t h e r e
Drexel
I came to t h i n k
as though I am one o f you.
is none t h a t makes me prouder than th e honor t h a t
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology g r a n ts me t o d a y . n
Smith not only
Here, Senator
i d e n t i f i e d h e r s e l f w i t h the audience by r e f e r ­
r in g to h e r s e l f as one o f them, but she a ls o expressed s i n c e r e
54
a p p r e c i a t i o n and p r i d e in th e honor c o n fe r re d upon her.
t i n u i n g her speech,
she s a i d ,
“ Drexel
Con­
she once again e s t a b l i s h e d good w i l l when
In stitu te
is t r u l y an i n t e g r a l
p a r t o f the
t r a d i t i o n s o f your g r e a t m e t r o p o lis t h a t c r a d le d the D e c l a r a t i o n
of
Independence.
Drexel has kept th e f a i t h o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n
in t h a t the o b j e c t o f Drexel
t r a i n i n g has been t o open f o r
students the Way o f happiness through u s e f u l n e s s . 11
its
She p r a i s e d
the audience by p r a i s i n g something they regarded h i g h l y - - D r e x e l
in stitu te.
In a d d i t i o n t o t h i s
t o p r a i s e Drexel by s t a t i n g ,
illu s trio u s
remark, Mrs. Smith continued
11In f a i t h f u l
adherence t o i t s
founder and t o i t s many dedic ated p h i l a n t h r o p i s t s ,
Drexel has always been s e n s i t i v e and ada p ta b le t o s o c ia l and
economic change.18
Drexel
The next few statements not on ly p ra ise d
I n s t i t u t e but a ls o r e f e r r e d d i r e c t l y t o a c e r t a i n p o r t i o n
o f her audience;
To those o f you who gr adu ate today t o go f o r t h
to make your p la c e in the sun, to stand on your
own f e e t , Drexel has given you e x c e l l e n t t o o l s w ith
which to pursue,and c a pture happiness.
St has c u l ­
t i v a t e d your v a l u e o f freedom.
I t has shown you
the way t o be f r e e and remain f r e e - - a n d how t o pr o­
t e c t not only your freedom but the freedom o f your
fellowman and o f those less f o r t u n a t e than you.
It
has t r a i n e d you in the ways o f a c h ie v in g s e c u r i t y - s e c u r i t y f o r yourselves and your f a m i l i e s , whether
they be present or f u t u r e .
By r efere n ce s to one p o r t i o n o f th e audience and i t s
Mrs. Smith confirmed
good w i l l .
Next, she i d e n t i f i e d
in s titu tio n ,
herself
w i t h her audience by saying, “You and I cannot escape the f a c t
t h a t the u l t i m a t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r freedom is p e r s o n a l .
freedoms today a r e not so much in danger because people a re
Our
55
con sciously t r y i n g to ta k e them away from us as they a re in
danger because we f o r g e t to use them ,66
This statement placed
the blame not on ly on her audience but on h e r s e l f as w e l l ,
thus
e s t a b l i s h i n g her as one o f the people to whom t h i s address was
directed.
Although Senator Smith appeared symp athetic and
unde rs tanding,
"Shirking o f
of
individual
she was a ls o s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d when she s a id ,
individual
resp on sibility
a u th o rity."
is o u t r i g h t surrender
Another example o f s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d *
ness was, "The t e s t - p r o v e n way o f s u c c e s s f u l l y meeting the
struggle of l i f e
is sel f -d e v e lo p m e n t .
The best t h i n g t h a t our
Government can g i v e to you and me is not a S t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d
s e c u r i t y or s pec ial
advantage but r a t h e r the o p p o r t u n i t y f o r
sel f -d e v e lo p m e n t . 66
In showing t h i s good w i l l .
p ra is e d her audience,
Senator Smith
i d e n t i f i e d h e r s e l f w i t h her audience,
and appeared to be s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d ,
sympathetic , and under­
sta n din g.
In t h i s address Margaret Chase Smith d id not d i r e c t l y
reveal
her c h a r a c t e r by openly s t a t i n g her good i n t e n t i o n s or
c i t i n g t e s t im o n ie s o f o t h e r s , but she did i n d i r e c t l y reveal
her c h a r a c t e r by remarking,
66I f
I am ever tempted to r e t u r n
t o t h e heavy chores o f w r i t i n g a column again
o f such i n s p i r a t i o n a l
be because
experiences as I r ec e iv e d from P h i l a d e l p h i a
on d a i l y p u b l i c a t i o n o f my v i e w s . "
the past
it w ill
Reference to work done in
in d i c a t e d t h a t the j o b was one which took s t re n g t h and
courage to perform.
This was a l s o an example o f e t h i c a l
through a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h her audience.
appeal
In a d d i t i o n to r e f e r r i n g
56
to her work in o r de r to reveal
her c h a r a c t e r , Mrs.
in d i c a t e d t h a t she was i n t e l l i g e n t
words o f g r e a t men.
Smith a ls o
in her references to the
She s a id :
Woodrow Wilson had something to say about
l i b e r t y t h a t I t h i n k is worth r e p e a ti n g when
we s t a r t t h i n k i n g about government and freedom.
He s a i d :
' L i b e r t y has never come from t h e
government.
L i b e r t y has always come from t h e
s u b je c ts o f i t .
The h i s t o r y o f l i b e r t y is a
h i s t o r y o f l i m i t a t i o n s o f governmental powers,
not the increase o f i t . 1
Her next q u o t a t io n was borrowed from Abraham L i n c o ln :
On the score o f the b a s i c freedom o f th e r i g h t
t o be l e t a lo n e , Abe L in c o ln superbly but simply
s t a t e d the thought w i t h :
11 b e l i e v e each i n d i ­
v id u a l is n a t u r a l l y e n t i t l e d to do as he pleases
w i t h h i m s e l f and the f r u i t s o f his l a b o r , so f a r
as i t in no wise i n t e r f e r e s w i t h any o t h e r man's
rIg h ts .1
Her t h i r d q u o t a t io n which showed her i n t e l l i g e n c e and judgment
stated,
"Perhaps Thomas J e f f e r s o n s t a t e d the proper balance
o f freedom and government most t e r s e l y when he s a i d :
government is best t h a t governs l e a s t . " 1
'T h at
I t appeared e v id e n t
t h a t Senator Smith i n d i r e c t l y rev e a le d her c h a r a c t e r by r e f e r ­
rin g to famous men and t h e i r words and by c i t i n g past e x p e r i ­
ences which took her courage and s t r e n g t h t o perfor m.
In the opening remarks o f her speech Senator Smith
used the Common-Ground Method o f b u i l d i n g esteem.
She s a i d :
I have looked forward to coming to Drexel f o r
some time now.
I have because o f the v e ry g r e a t
esteem t h a t is held f o r your i n s t i t u t i o n .
And I
always l i k e to r e t u r n t o Phi la d e ! p h i a - - t h e C i t y
o f B r o t h e r l y Love.
In a way, P h i l a d e l p h i a seems
l i k e ano ther home to.me.
For P h i l a d e l p h i a was the
v ery f i r s t p la ce I came and made my f i r s t speech
a f t e r winning the S e n a t o r i a l nomination f o r the
f i r s t tim e.
57
Since the members o f th e audience were a l l
c i t y and i n s t i t u t i o n ,
i t was n a t u r a l
interested
in t h e i r
t h a t they would agree
with her.
F in ally,
in t h i s
speech Senator Smith showed her a b i l i t y
to use uniqueness and c o lo r when she took the word freedom and
transformed i t
in t o something meaningful
and v i v i d .
She s a i d :
We c a n ' t see freedoms, we c a n ' t hear freedoms,
we c a n ' t grab freedoms in our hands.
Because we
c a n ' t , we a r e always in danger o f losin g th e
i n t a n g i b l e freedoms g r a d u a l l y and w i t h o u t r e a l ­
iz i n g i t - - t o put i t another way, w i t h o u t sensing
it.
;
V
'
The f i n a l
unique.
sentence in the speech was a ls o both c o l o r f u l
It
and
l e f t the audience w i t h a good impression o f the
speaker because o f her
i n t e l l i g e n t and c a r e f u l l y worded phrase.
She ended her speech by sa ying,
"Freedom unexercised may be
freedom f o r f e i t e d . "
Thus,
ethical
in t h i s the t h i r d and f i n a l
appeal appeared in v a r io u s forms.
speech analyzed,
According to the
c r i t e r i a established fo r discovering eth ic a l
a pp ea l, Margaret
Chase Smith focused a t t e n t i o n upon the p r o b i t y o f her c h a r a c t e r
by a s s o c i a t in g h e r s e l f and her message w i t h what was good and
by bestowing p r a i s e upon her cause.
Since she had no opponent
in t h i s speech, t h e r e was no o p p o r t u n i t y to connect her opponent
w i t h what was not v i r t u o u s .
S a g a c ity was e s t a b l i s h e d by c r e ­
a t i n g an a t t i t u d e o f f r i e n d l i n e s s toward her audience, d i s ­
p la y in g common sense and t a c t ,
and r e v e a l i n g a f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h
items o u t s i d e the realm o f her s u b j e c t .
what she had to say.
She was c o n f id e n t
Good w i l l was shown by p r a i s i n g the
in
58
audience, by i d e n t i f y i n g h e r s e l f w i t h the audience, and by
being understanding o f the problems o f her l i s t e n e r s .
Smith was a l s o s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d
evidence o f a d i r e c t
in her remarks.
rev elation o f character,
Mrs.
There was no
but t h e r e was
evidence o f an i n d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n through re f e re n c e s to g r e a t
men o f the past and to her own accomplishments.
The Common-
Ground Method o f b u i l d i n g esteem was used in a r e f e r e n c e to
the c i t y o f P h i l a d e l p h i a and Drexel
In s titu te .
Two statements
e x e m p l i f i e d c o l o r and uniqueness.
SUMMARY
Three speeches have been analyzed to d isc o v er the
n a t u r e and sources o f e t h i c a l
Chase Smith.
ethical
appeal as employed by Margaret
There is evidence o f the use o f v a r i o u s kinds o f
appeal
in a l l
t h r e e speeches.
In the conclusion o f
t h i s study th e questions which were e s t a b l i s h e d
ductio n w i l l
in the i n t r o ­
be answered in or de r to e v a l u a t e the n atu r e and
sources o f her e t h i c a l
appeal.
CONCLUSION
The purpose o f t h i s study was to a n a l y z e t h r e e speeches
o f Margaret Chase Smith In or der t o discover the n a t u r e and
the sources o f the e t h i c a l
appeal as evidenced in her speeches.
Data concerning the l i f e o f Senator Smith was assembled as
background f o r the study,
f o llo w e d by a dis cussion o f e t h i c a l
appeal according to the vie w p o in ts o f A r i s t o t l e ,
a u t h o r i t y on e t h i c a l
ics.
the f i r s t ,
a p p e a l , and f i v e contemporary speech c r i t ­
As a r e s u l t o f the study o f these a u t h o r i t i e s ,
a series
o f seven c r i t e r i a was e s t a b l i s h e d from which an a n a l y s i s o f
t h r e e s e l e c t e d speeches was made.
The purpose o f the a n a l y s i s
was t o answer t h r e e main qu estio ns:
( 1 ) Was e t h i c a l
appeal
as
a means o f persuasion found in s e l e c t e d speeches o f Margaret
Chase Smith? ( 2 )
I f ethical
appeal was employed by Margaret
Chase Smith, what was i t s n a t u r e and i t s sources? ( 3 )
was evidence o f e t h i c a l
I f there
a p p e a l , how e f f e c t i v e l y was i t employed
by Senator Smith?
The a n a l y s i s r eveale d t h a t a l l
seven c r i t e r i a - - f o c u s i n g
a t t e n t i o n upon the p r o b i t y o f her c h a r a c t e r ,
impress ion o f s a g a c i t y ,
showing good w i l l
r e v e a l i n g her c h a r a c t e r d i r e c t l y ,
in d ire c tly ,
e s t a b l i s h i n g the
toward the audience,
r e v e a l i n g her c h a r a c t e r
b u i l d i n g esteem, and using c o lo r or uniqueness in
her speeches--were pre sent
in th e t h r e e speeches analy zed.
59
It
60
can, t h e r e f o r e ,
be s a id t h a t Margaret Chase Smith employed
ethical
in these speeches.
appeal
Since e t h i c a l
appeal was employed, t h e next step was
t o determine the n a t u r e and sources o f
it.
This was done by
a p p ly in g each o f the seven c r i t e r i a to each address.
A t t e n t i o n was focused upon p r o b i t y
in a l l
three
addresses by means o f a s s o c i a t in g the message w i t h something
which was good and o f i n t e r e s t t o t h e audience.
Mrs. Smith
a l s o bestowed p r a i s e upon her cause by showing i t t o be a
worthy one.
She f u r t h e r e s t a b l i s h e d the impression o f her
own honesty in the " L in c o ln Day Address16 by a s s o c i a t in g the
opposing p a r t y w i t h a c ti o n s which were la ck in g
in v i r t u e .
The impression o f s a g a c i t y was evidenced
in Senator
S m ith 's f r i e n d l y words which were d i r e c t e d to her l i s t e n e r s
t o i n d i c a t e t h a t she had t h e i r
common sense and t a c t
fau lts.
interests
in mind.
She used
in informing her l i s t e n e r s o f t h e i r
W h il e seldom r e v e a l i n g a broad f a m i l i a r i t y w ith t h e
i n t e r e s t s o f the day, she demonstrated a thorough acquaintance
w i t h th e
i n t e r e s t s o f her audience.
ideas was in d i c a t e d by st ro ng,
Her c on fid enc e in her own
c a r e f u l l y worded sentences.
Good w i l l was e s t a b l i s h e d by p r a i s i n g t h e audience or
its
interests
in each speech.
She not only complimented her
l i s t e n e r s but a l s o i d e n t i f i e d h e r s e l f w ith them by using the
pronouns we and us.
audience.
This helped t o draw her c l o s e r t o her
Her s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d n e s s was evidenced in remarks
in which she stre s se d what she b e l i e v e d .
Many o f her remarks
61
made i t obvious t h a t Mrs. Smith understood the problems o f
her audience and sympathized w i t h these problems.
A d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r was apparent in the
“Speech to the Natio na l
Federa tion o f Business and P ro f e s s io n a l
Women's Clubs" when Senator Smith openly assured her audience
o f her good i n t e n t i o n s .
No one speech, however,
included t e s t i ­
monies o f oth e r s reg ard in g her adm ira ble t r a i t s .
An i n d i r e c t r e v e l a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r was evidenced by
remarks which i n d i c a t e d Mrs. S m i th 's knowledge o f the ideas and
works o f g r e a t scho la rs and o u t s t a n d in g le a d e r s .
personal
F r e q u e n t ly ,
experiences were c i t e d which d is c lo s e d her adm irable
character t r a i t s .
In t h e “ Speech a t the Drexel
In stitu te of
Technology" she r e f e r r e d to exper iences and f a c t s
indicating
her breadth o f knowledge.
Personal esteem was b u i l t by employing two dev ic es.
The I m p l i c a t i v e Method was used in the “ Speech t o the N a tio n a l
Fe d era tion o f Business and P r o f e s s io n a l Women's Clubs" by c i t i n g
examples which
women.
implied t h a t something was wrong w i t h American
In the two o t h e r addresses the Common Ground Method
was employed in t h a t b e f o r e commencing her speech she r e f e r r e d
to those i n t e r e s t s she held in common w i t h her audience.
Color and uniqueness were e x e m p l i f i e d in only a few
statements o f the addresses used in t h i s study.
These examples
showed t h a t w h i l e Senator Smith possessed the a b i l i t y t o s t a t e
her b e l i e f s c l e v e r l y ,
the speeches analyzed were not o u tsta n d in g
in th e use o f e x c e p t i o n a l l y w e l l - t u r n e d phrases.
62
The t h r e e speeches analyzed gave eviden ce o f the n a t u r e
and sources o f e t h i c a l appeal employed by Mrs. Smith.
step was t o answer how e f f e c t i v e l y
i t was employed.
The examples used in the a n a l y s i s reveal
appeal was an ou tsta n d in g means o f persuasion
speeches a n aly ze d .
p o litic a l
appeal
career,
that ethical
in the t h r e e
Since Mrs. Smith has been successful
in her
i t may be p o s t u l a t e d t h a t her use o f e t h i c a l
in her speeches has c o n t r i b u t e d to t h i s success.
From the a n a l y s i s ,
employ e t h i c a l
the f a c t t h a t Senator Smith did
appeal has been proven, the n a t u r e and the sources
o f i t des c r ib e d ,
fore,
The n e x t
and i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s e v a l u a t e d .
I t can, t h e r e ­
be assumed t h a t Senator Margaret Chase Smith employs e t h i ­
cal appeal
as a means o f persuasion in her speaking.
APPENDIX A
ADDRESS BEFORE NATIONAL FEDERATION OF
BUSINESS AND PROFESSjONAL.-WOMEN.'S CLUBS*
Th is convention
It
is an example o f democracy a t work.
is more p a r t i c u l a r l y a most impressive example o f the
acceptance by women o f t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y as c i t i z e n s - - t o
t h i n k c o n s t r u c t i v e l y and t o make t h e i r t h i n k i n g a r t i c u l a t e .
C itizenship
between
is
w ith o u t sex.
I t makes no d i s t i n c t i o n
t h e r i g h t s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f men and women.
Since the g r a n t i n g o f s u f f r a g e t o women th e on ly d i f f e r e n t i a l
between men and women as c i t i z e n s has been th e a v a i l a b i l i t y
and acceptance o f le a d e r s h i p .
Some cla im t h a t the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f l e a d e r s h ip t o
women has been u n f a i r l y
t h i s view because i t
lim ited.
I have no sympathy w ith
is only those who “make the breaks"
t h a t “ get the b r e a k s . "
In o t h e r words, to
incre ase the a v a i l ­
a b i l i t y o f l e a d e r s h i p , we must by, our own a c t i o n s c r e a t e and
force th a t
increased a v a i l a b i l i t y .
I f we a r e t o cla im and
win our
rig h tfu l
then we
must not i n s i s t upon those p r i v i l e g e s and pr ero ga­
tives
id en tified
p la c e in the sun on an equal
b asis w it h men
in the past as e x c l u s i v e l y f e m in in e .
To some e x t e n t , women have made th e "breaks" f o r
g r e a t e r le a d e r s h i p o p p o r t u n i t i e s .
^Congressional
A4378-A4379.
Especially
Record, XCI I , P ar t 12,
•
63
is t h i s the
1946,
64
case in t h e i r superb performance in many f i e l d s during the
war.
T h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the war was f a r beyond anything
t h a t anyone had even hoped f o r .
.
Even the h a rde s t cynics now
a cc la im t h e i r performance.
But now the c h a lle n g e to women is t o match t h e i r
amazing wartime record w i t h the b a t t l e s f o r peace and the
o r d e r l y reconversion t o normal
records w i l l
liv in g .
be d i f f i c u l t t o match,
W h il e t h e i r war
they a r e f a r b e t t e r
equipped f o r the t a s k o f winning the peace because they pos­
sess c e r t a i n a b i l i t i e s
and understanding o f m a t t e rs basic
t o peace t h a t men do not possess.
Di r i g o - - EEI 1ead11- -1 s th e motto on the o f f i c i a l
o f my own S t a t e o f Maine.
adopt
i t as t h e i r motto.
e x e r t le ade rs hip?
Women o f t h i s R e p ublic could w e l l
The question
The answer
home as wives and mothers,
(2)
is . Where can they
i s , Everywhere:
( 1 ) in the
in orga nized c i v i c , business,
and p r o f e s s i o n a l groups such as your own,
and business, both management and l a b o r ,
o ffices,
emblem
(3)
(4)
such as l e g i s l a t u r e s and schools,
in indus try
in p u b l i c
(5)
in p o l i t i c s ,
and ( 6 ) as p u b l i c c i t i z e n s .
Perhaps the most l a s t i n g and b asic i n f l u e n c e o f women
is in the home f o r behind a l l
men, g r e a t o r
This might appear too obvious
f o r mention.
o f t e n t h a t we o v e r lo o k th e obvious.
s m a l l , are women.
But
i t is too
Can th e dynamic i n f l u ­
ence o f Eleanor Roosevelt be denied when you compare the
respectful
number o f women appointments in t h e Roosevelt
65
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o the almost complete absence, o f such a p p o i n t ­
ments in th e Truman a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ?
For l a s t i n g world peace, t h e wives and mothers in a l l
na tion s must get t o g e t h e r f o r a common u n d e r s t a n d i n g - - i n l i k e
manner the business and p r o f e s s io n a l women.
t h a t the women o f th e wor ld w i l l
understanding,
exchange,
reach a real
1 am c o n fid e n t
and genuine
i f given th e means o f communication and personal
f a r more s a t i s f a c t o r i 1y than men have y e t been a b l e
to do.
The f i g h t f o r decent c o n d it io n s
improvements in food, housing,
fa c ilitie s ,
recreation,
for
and h e a l t h
must come from the women o f the home--the wives
and the mothers.
astrous
school,
in communities,
Yes, even the c r i t i c a l
in fla tio n ,
f ig h t against d i s ­
b la c k markets, and u n c o n t r o l l e d p r i c e r i s e s
must be led by the housewives.
I f necessary,
they should be
>■
the leade rs o f a buyers'
s t r i k e - ~ t h o s e who have t h e courage
t o r e f u s e to buy a t unreasonable and p r o f i t e e r i n g p r i c e s .
Much,
i f not most, o f th e past l e a d e r s h i p o f women in
t h i s country has come through c i v i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s and through
o r g a n i z a t i o n s such as your own.
I t would be unnecessary and
presumptuous f o r me t o e l a b o r a t e on t h i s type o f o p p o r t u n i t y
o f leadership.
Yet,
1 do want to t a ke t h i s occasion to urge
you and your o r g a n i z a t i o n t o con tin ue your s p le n d id c o n t r i ­
bu tio n to women's l e a d e r s h i p , and t o urge you t o extend your
beneficial
i n f l u e n c e as w id e ly as p o s s ib le .
Women, such as you,
i n d i v i d u a l l y can p r o v i d e l e a d e r ­
ship in in d u stry and business.
You have a l r e a d y proved your
66
l e a d e r s h ip a b i l i t y
in t h e f i e l d o f management.
a disco uragin g d e a r th o f women lea ders
and labor r e l a t i o n s .
labor f o r c e .
is
in t h e f i e l d o f la bo r
Women c o n s t i t u t e a g r e a t p a r t o f the
I f there
improve themselves,
But th e r e
is any one way t h a t la b o r unions can
and members b e n e f i t
women la bo r le a d e r s ,
it
is to have more
q u a l i f i e d f o r t h e i r jo b s .
The Government is no more important than the home,
j u s t as the home is no more important than t h e Government-both can c on tr ol
and in f l u e n c e t h e o t h e r ,
upon each o t h e r .
But
both a r e dependent
in the past the women have p e r m it t e d
the balance to swing too h e a v i l y t o the Government's i n f l u ­
ence over the home r a t h e r than having the home e x e r c i s e i t s
proper
in f l u e n c e over the Government.
How can t h i s be remedied?
est
in our g r e a t e s t
By t a k i n g a g r e a t e r
in te r­
investment, our big ge st b u s in e s s - - o u r Gov­
ern ment-- In seeking and a c ce pting p u b l i c o f f i c e .
In t h i s way
women can b r i n g the wholesome v ie w p o in t and i n f l u e n c e o f t h e
home more d i r e c t l y
in t o the f o r m u la t i o n and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f
Government p o l i c y .
In the schools as educators women have and w i l l
tin ue to i n s t i l l
in coming g e n e ra tio n s th e v ery w i l l
and the v ery necessary guards to
to peace
insure t h a t peace.
Women fought f o r the r i g h t to v o t e .
b a ttle ,
con­
but they h a v e n ' t fo llo w e d through.
They won t h i s
They do not t a k e
the proper advantage o f t h e i r v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e .
With o n e - h a l f
o f th e p o p u l a t i o n , women could e a s i l y become t h e most powerful
s i n g l e group in th e e l e c t o r a t e .
67
In o t h e r words, women should become more p o l i t i c a l l y
minded,
voters.
r eg ard le s s o f p a r t y .
They should be con s c ie ntio u s
They should develop t h e i n c e n t i v e and perseverance
to organize p o l i t i c a l l y
t h e i r view s, o p in io n s ,
into a r t i c u l a t e groups t h a t espouse
and d e s i r e s on v i t a l
issues, and ind e­
pendently o f p a r t y a f f i l i a t i o n .
They should be workers and o f f i c i a l s
parties
in i n f l u e n c i n g the p l a t f o r m s o f th e p a r t i e s ,
out the maximum v o t e ,
in s t i m u l a t i n g women t o vote and be
and in demanding only t h e proper r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f
women based upon p o p u la tio n and degree o f p u b l i c ,
ic a l
in g e t t i n g
in demanding s t r i c t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a d h e r ­
ence t o p l a t f o r m promises,
active,
in p o l i t i c a l
and c i v i c ,
a c tiv ity ,
both p o l i t ­
They should seek p u b l i c o f f i c e ,
and t h e i r appointments to high Government p o s i t i o n s should be
•, I
v i g o r o u s l y advocated, supported, and even forc ed by organ iz ed
groups whether p o l i t i c a l
All
or n o n p o l i t i c a l
Tike yours.
o f these phases o f a c t i v i t y a re summed up in the
ob s e rv ation t h a t women must g i v e g r e a t e r meaning to t h e i r
role of public c itiz e n s .
For the p r o t e c t i o n o f the f a m i l y ,
the b a s ic p r i n c i p l e s f o r governing a wholesome f a m i l y l i f e
should be emulated t o a g r e a t e r degree in th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
o f our Government.
The b a s ic p r i n c i p l e s o f our Government
should stem from th e home.
In one sense o f t h e word, the
United S t a t e s Government is r e a l l y one big f a m i 1y - - t h e a l l American f a m i l y .
American women have reason t o be proud o f what they
have done so f a r
in i n f l u e n c i n g g r e a t e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n by women
68
o f o t h e r nation s
In t h e i r governments.
An American-educated
woman o f China, Madame Chiang Ka i-sh e k , has led th e p o l i t i c a l
emancipation o f th e women o f China.
Japanese women, under our
occupation o f t h a t cou ntry , have been given t h e r i g h t to v o t e
and hold o f f i c e and a r e emulating American women by seeking
and o b t a i n i n g p u b l i c o f f i c e
Japanese D i e t .
This
in Government places such as t h e
in i t s e l f
f u t u r e Japanese war l o r d s .
It
is the g r e a t e s t promise a g a i n s t
Is a shining example o f how
women can make the most e f f e c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o th e e n f o r c e ­
ment o f a l a s t i n g peace by becoming leaders
in t h e i r own
n a t io n and then gra d u a ti n g to t h e r o le s o f le a d e r s o f th e .
w o r ld .
It
is r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t so few women have been chosen
to p a r t i c i p a t e
in th e UN, and t h a t none s i t as members o f t h e
S e c u r i t y C o u n cil.
It
is amazing when one r e a l i z e s t h a t women
c o n s titu te at least o n e -h a lf o f the w orld's population.
But t h i s can be a t t r i b u t e d to women themselves f o r
la c k o f
i n t e r e s t and a g g re s siv ene ss --a n d the w i l l
c a r e e r s - - i n t h i s and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s .
to p u b l i c
We c a n ' t become le a d e r s
o f the world u n t i l we have become leaders w i t h i n our own
N a t io n .
selves
Our i n f l u e n c e upon o t h e r s must come from w i t h i n o u r ­
ind ivid u ally.
In as g r e a t a measure, our i n f l u e n c e ,
as a Nation upon t h e r e s t o f the world in c r e a t i n g and main­
t a i n i n g permanent peace, must f i r s t
country.
flow from w i t h i n t h i s
APPENDIX B
LINCOLN DAY ADDRESS*
Last year 'at the L in coln Day din ner
in Washington,
I
addressed th e a t t e n d i n g Republicans as " f e l l o w mourners.n
That din ne r was more l i k e a wake a t which we were making
post morterns ori why we had l o s t th e Presidency f o r the f i f t h
s t r a i g h t tim e.
We t a l k e d about the mistakes t h a t the
Republican P a r ty had made.
But t h i s year is d i f f e r e n t .
t
■
This year
1 address you
as " f e l l o w f i g h t e r s " because something happened in Washington
■ . .
'
'
. ,
t h i s week t h a t convinces me t h a t t h e underdog Republican
P a r ty has s t a r t e d on the comeback t r a i l
and has s t a r t e d
fig h tin g .
Monday in Washington we had the k i c k - o f f Lincoln Day
dinner.
a ffa ir,
I t was a d o l l a r box-lunch a f f a i i — a common man’ s
not a $ 10 0 - a - p l a t e r i c h man’ s a f f a i r
l i k e the
Democrats have in b u i l d i n g up t h e i r campaign war chest.
There were those who said i t would be a f l o p - - t h a t
f a n t a s t i c t o t r y to get a crowd o f any s i z e
i t was
in th e Democratic
j o b h o l d e r c i t y o f Washington.
But i t wasn’ t a f l o p .
A record,
r o a r i n g crowd o f
12,000 cheering people jammed th e U l i n e Arena.
*Conqressional Record, XCVI, P ar t 14,
69
There was
1950, A1591~A1592.
70
h a r d l y b r e a t h i n g space and t h e r e were 3 ,0 0 0 people o u t s id e
who c o u l d n ' t get in because t h e r e j u s t w a s n ' t room f o r them.
1 have never seen so much enthusiasm in a crowd.
Yes,
I t h i n k the Republican Party was r e s u r r e c t e d
t h i s past Monday n i g h t .
Monday, the Repub1 icans
ment o f p r i n c i p l e s .
issued a 2 , 500-word r e s t a t e ­
Eloquent as i t might be,
could have been s t a t e d
I think that
it
in less than 100 words~-and in common,
everyday words o f the average man in the s t r e e t - - t h e man
whose v o t e we have to get t o win
in 1950 and 1952.
My b o i l e d -
down v e r s i o n o f the Republican restatem ent o f p r i n c i p l e s
is
not o n ly a mere 89 words o f Republican P a r ty p o s i t i o n but a l s o
an indic tm ent o f t h e Democratic P a r t y on 10 counts' f o r the
Democratic P a r ty has not only f a i l e d m is e r a b ly on each o f
these p o i n t s but a l s o has made i t c l e a r t h a t
o f these p o i n t s .
i t opposes each
My concept o f what the Repub 1 ican Party
stands f o r and what th e Democratic P a r ty
( 1 ) Reducing ta xe s ;
is a g a i n s t
( 2 ) ba la n cin g th e budget;
d e f i c i t spending and Government waste;
fighting
( 4 ) f i g h t i n g communism
here instead o f complacently condoning i t ;
policy t r u ly b i-p a r tis a n
(3)
is:
( 5 ) making f o r e i g n
instead o f merely rubber-stamped;
( 6 ) f i g h t i n g and exposing s o m e t h i n g - f o r - n o t h i n g de c ep tio n,
whether i t be s o c i a l i z e d medic ine,
hidden ta xes ;
s o c i a l i z e d farm ing, or
( 7 ) p r e v e n t in g e i t h e r management or labor from
g e t t i n g too much power a t th e expense o f t h e p u b l i c ;
( 8 ) main­
t a i n i n g an adequate s o c i a l - s e c u r i t y system t h a t does n o t ' l i m i t
71
o p p o r t u n i t y nor discourage i n i t i a t i v e and saving;
any c u r t a i l m e n t o f v e t e r a n s '
b u ste r on c i v i l
benefits;
( 9 ) opposing
(10) smashing the f i l i ­
rig h ts.
No o t h e r p o l i t i c a l
p a r t y can make t h a t s t a t e m e n t - -
much less the Democratic P a r t y .
Only 89 simple words to show
the b a s i c issues between the Republicans and th e Democrats-to t e l l
th e d i f f e r e n c e between th e two p a r t i e s .
I was e l e c t e d to th e Senate in 1948 on th e slogan o f
"D o n 't Trade a Record f o r a Prom is e."
That
is e q u a l l y a p p l i ­
cable f o r 1950 and 1952.
The Republicans promise changes i f
they are put
The v o t e r s can r i g h t f u l l y ask, “ Do
i n t o power.
you have a record t o back up your promises?"
And the Republican
P a r ty can c o n f i d e n t l y say, “ I'm g la d you asked t h a t qu e sti o n.
The answer is u n q u a l i f i e d l y
1.
'Yes.'
Here is the r e c o r d . "
The on ly t a x r ed u c tio n t h a t has been given to the
American people in a g e n e ra t io n was by the Republican E i g h t i e t h
Congress, the only Republican c o n t r o l l e d Congress in the l a s t
20 years;
2.
The only time t h a t the budget has been balanced
during the l a s t 20 years was in i 947 and 1948 by the R e p ublicanC o n t r o l le d E i g h t i e t h Congress;
3.
d e fic it
The o n ly
real
f i g h t t h a t has been made a gain s t
spending and Government waste is the f i g h t made by
the Repub 1 icans;
4.
The on ly
real
f i g h t to expose and purge Communists
and t h e i r f e l l o w t r a v e l e r s from key posts in our Government so
72
t h a t they could not send our v i t a l
made by the Republicans
5.
san.
s e c re t s to Russia has been
in Congress;
Republicans have made our f o r e i g n p o l i c y b i p a r t i ­
But the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
is now excluding
Republicans from a v o ic e on p o l i c y f o r m u l a t i o n .
The Democratic
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n has turned what was once a c o o p e r a t i v e two-way
street
i n t o t h e i r own s e c r e t i v e , one-way back a l l e y where
only t h e Democrats make the d e c i s io n s and then t r y d i p l o m a t i c
blackmail under t h e guise o f u n i t y to make Republicans mere
spineless,
6.
rubber stamps;
The only e f f e c t i v e e f f o r t s to expose the something-
f o r - n o t h i n g f ra u d and deception p r a c t i c e d upon t h e American
people by the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n under t h e p o l i c i e s o f
s o c i a l i z e d m ed ic ine, s o c i a l i z e d farming and hidden t a xe s,
have
been the e f f o r t s o f t h e Repub1 ican P arty to warn the people
t h a t they were in danger o f t r a d i n g away t h e i r
freedom w i t h o u t r e a l i z i n g
it
individual
f o r t h e mental o p i a t e o f a f a l s e
sense o f s e c u r i t y ;
7.
I t was the Republican E i g h t i e t h Congress t h a t
passed the T a f t - H a r t 1ey Act to prevent e i t h e r management or
labor from g e t t i n g too much power a t the expense o f the p u b l i c .
Republicans c r e a t e d the Department o f Labor.
One o f l a b o r ' s
g r e a t e s t champions, Senator George N o r r i s , was a Republican;
8.
As f a r as s o c ia l
security
is concerned,
i t was
Republicans t h a t f i r s t adopted a v a l i d o l d - a g e a s s is ta n c e
program in Montana 12 years b e f o r e the Federal
Act;
Soc ial S e c u r i t y
73
9.
As f a r as v e te ra n s a r e concerned,
the Republican
E i g h t i e t h Congress was the champion o f them a l l ,
favorable le g is la t io n
passing more
f o r v e te r a n s and r e s e r v i s t s than any
o t h er Congress in h i s t o r y ;
10.
cerned,
As f a r as the o p p o s i t i o n to c i v i l
everyone knows t h a t
it
b lo c k in g i t w i t h f i l i b u s t e r s .
father o f c i v i l
The Republicans a r e c o n s t a n t l y
And does anyone dare deny
greatest o f a l l
Republicans, was the
r ig h t s ?
I f any o f you are s t i l l
size.
unconvinced,
t r y th is for
The Republican Party c r e a t e d the Department o f
A griculture.
It
is the o r i g i n a l
tru st-bu stin g,
p a r t y t h a t gave us t h e Sherman A n t i - t r u s t Ac t.
P a r ty
is con­
is the Democrats who are
t r y i n g t o break those f i l i b u s t e r s .
t h a t Abraham L i n c o l n ,
rig hts
anti-monopoly
The Republican
is th e p a r t y t h a t gave women th e r i g h t to v o t e - - t h e
party
t h a t got Alaska from Russia f o r only $ 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,
the
party
in power when we acqu ire d H a w a ii, Guam, Pu erto Rico,
Midway, and the Panama Canal.
The Republican P a r ty
is th e p a r t y t h a t stopped a
Democratic P r e s id e n t from packing th e Supreme Court and from
d e s t ro y in g the independence o f our j u d i c i a l
branch.
It
is t h e
p a r t y t h a t disc arded the s p o i l s system and s e t up the c i v i l s e r v i c e system on Government jobs by m e r it and q u a l i f i c a t i o n
instead o f by th e p o l i t i c a l
patronage standard o f whether
you voted f o r the winning p a r t y .
74
Now what has the Democratic P a rty giv en the American
people?
Time perm it s me t o mention only one t h i n g - - a n d
chosen t h a t which you a r e most aware o f n o w - - t a x e s .
Democrats have given you the h ig h e s t taxes
I have
The
in th e h i s t o r y o f
the country and the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n has asked t h a t
those heavy taxes be made even hig h e r and h e a v i e r .
You r e a l i z e
t h a t now by merely looking a t your income-tax r e t u r n .
what most o f us d o n ' t r e a l i z e
the e y e - - i n hidden t a x e s .
But
is what we pay t h a t do e s n 't meet
Were i t not f o r hidden t a xe s,
the
quart o f m i l k you pay 21 cents f o r you could ge t f o r 14 cents
because now you pay 7 cents
quart o f m i l k - - w e r e
in hidden taxes on t h a t 21- c e n t
i t not f o r hidden t a xes ,
you could get
t h a t 4 7 - c e n t can o f baby powder f o r only 29 c e n t s ,
car f o r only $ 1 , 4 0 0 ,
that $2,100
t h a t $10,000 house f o r o n ly $ 7 ,0 0 0,
that
10 - c e n t candy bar f o r only 7 cents ( lo o k back in Republican
days, f u l l - s i z e candy bars were o n ly 5 c e n t s ) , t h a t 15- c e n t
l o a f o f bread f o r only 10 ce nts ,
f o r only
14 cents,
t h a t 25- c e n t g a l l o n o f gas
t h a t 5 0 -c en t movie f o r o n ly 30 c e n t s .
Our Democratic P r e s id e n t campaigned s u c c e s s f u l l y
in
1948 on th e slogan o f " T e l l i n g th e people the f a c t s o f l i f e . "
We Republicans can we ll
t ake a cue from th e o p p o s it io n and
s t a r t " T e l l i n g the people the t a x f a c t s o f l i f e . "
I could go
on f o r hours t a l k i n g about the t a x f a c t s o f l i f e ort examples
o f hidden taxes on s p e c i f i c products and s e r v ic e s t h a t most
o f us d o n ' t r e a l i z e ,
of a ll
a ir
but l e t me conclude w i t h one o f the best
examples on hidden t a x e s - - y o u even pay a t a x on the
in the t i r e s o f your c a r.
75
These are the f a c t s t h a t th e p a r t y o f Abraham L i n c o l n the most human, th e g r e a t e s t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e common man
ever to be Pres I de nt- -m u st b r in g home to the American people
i f our f r e e way o f l i f e
is to be recap tured and preserved,
i f we a re to remain lo y al
to t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f L in c o ln .
The Republican Pa rty now has the f i g h t i n g s p i r i t o f
the underdog.
for.
I t has the most adm ira ble o f causes to f i g h t
I t has the ammunition t o f i g h t w i t h - - a past record o f
p o s i t i v e accomplishments--and the stumbling,
fumbling e r r o r s
and d e l i b e r a t e deceptions o f the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s
f o r the past 18 ye a rs .
,
We can and we w i l l win w i t h our un de n ia ble cause and
record,
i f we j u s t keep f i g h t i n g t o t e l l
of l i f e
t h a t the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
from them.
Let's
lift
the people the f a c t s
is t r y i n g to keep
the iron c u r t a i n set up here in America
by the Democratic a d m i n i s t r a t i o n between the people and the
Government.
In t h a t way, we can r e t u r n the. American people
to the most b a s ic o f a l l
fre e d o m s - - th e freedom t o be l e t alon e
APPENDIX C
SPEECH AT THE DREXEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY*
P r e s id e n t Creese, t r u s t e e s and o f f i c e r s o f D r e x e l ,
members o f the f a c u l t y ,
d i s t i n g u i s h e d guests, men and women
o f D r e x e l , and f r i e n d s of. D r e x e l,
coming t o Drexel
I have looked forward to
f o r some time now.
very g r e a t esteem t h a t
I have because o f the
is held f o r your i n s t i t u t i o n .
And I
always l i k e t o r e t u r n to P h i l a d e l p h i a - - t h e C i t y o f B r o t h e r l y
Love.
In a way, P h i l a d e l p h i a seems l i k e ano ther home t o me.
For P h i l a d e l p h i a was the ve ry f i r s t p la ce I came and made my
firs t
speech a f t e r winning the S e n a t o r i a l
firs t
tim e.
nomination f o r t h e
That was back a t the 1948 R e p u b l i c a t i o n N a tio n a l
Convention.
And my column t h a t was c a r r i e d by the B u l l e t i n here
f o r 5 years brought such a k i n d l y response from P h i l a d e l p h i a
readers t h a t
neighbors.
I came t o t h i n k o f them as I would next-door
If
I am ever tempted to r e t u rn t o th e heavy chores
o f w r i t i n g a column again i t w i l l
tio nal
be because o f such i n s p i r a ­
experiences as I r eceiv ed from P h i l a d e l p h i a on d a i l y
publ i c a t ion o f my views.
There a r e many o t h e r th i n g s about my exper iences w i t h
P h i l a d e l p h i a t h a t make me f e el
as though I am one o f you.
^ Congressional Record, C l ,
'
' ' 76
P a r t 7,
.
But
1955, 8718-8719.
. ' , ;■ '
'
77
t h e r e is none t h a t makes me prouder than the honor t h a t Drexel
I n s t i t u t e o f Technology grants me today.
Drexel
In s titu te
is t r u l y an i n t e g r a l
p a r t o f the
t r a d i t i o n s o f your g r e a t m e t r o p o lis t h a t c r a d l e d the D e c l a r a t i o n
o f Independence.
That h i s t o r i c D e c l a r a t i o n emphasized t h a t
our C r e at o r had endowed in us the i n a l i e n a b l e r i g h t s o f l i f e ,
lib e rty ,
and the p u r s u i t o f happiness.
Drexel
has kept the f a i t h o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n
the o b j e c t o f Drexel
t r a i n i n g has been to open f o r
in t h a t
i t s stude nts
\
the way o f happiness through u s e f u ln e s s .
In f a i t h f u l
adherence to i t s
illu s trio u s
t o i t s many d e d ic a te d p h i l a n t h r o p i s t s ,
s e n s i t i v e and a d a p ta b le to s o c ia l
Drexel
founder and
has always been
and economic change.
In
keeping t h a t f a i t h w i t h the e m in e ntly successful men and women
who have made t h i s g r e a t
in s titu tio n ,
Drexel
has thus met the
needs o f thousands o f s tudents.
Two b a s ic i n g r e d ie n t s
security.
in happiness a r e freedom and
To those o f you who graduate today t o go f o r t h t o
make your p la ce
in th e sun, t o stand on your own two f e e t ,
Drexel has given you e x c e l l e n t t o o l s w ith which t o pursue and
c aptur e happiness.
I t has c u l t i v a t e d your v a l u e o f freedom.
I t has shown
you the way to be f r e e and remain f r e e - - a n d how t o p r o t e c t not
only your freedom but the freedom o f your f e l l o w man and o f
those less f o r t u n a t e than you.
78
I t has t r a i n e d you in th e ways o f a c h i e v i n g s e c u r l t y - s e c u r i t y f o r yourselv es and your f a m i l i e s , whether they be
pre sent or f u t u r e .
v a r io u s kinds.
I t has t r a i n e d you in p r o d u c t i v i t y o f
I t has shown you how you can use your t a l e n t s
to c o n t r i b u t e to the s e c u r i t y o f your f e l l o w men and the
s e c u r i t y o f your c ou ntry .
Freedom is everybody's r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .
It's
so taken f o r granted in our American way o f l i f e
r a r e l y aware o f i t .
e l u s i v e l y escape our normal
taste,
t h a t we a re
Freedoms only come to seem important to
many o f us when we have l o s t them.
sm ell,
something
They a r e i n t a n g i b l e s t h a t
f i v e senses o f s i g h t ,
hea r in g ,
and touch.
We c a n ' t see freedoms, we c a n ' t hear freedoms, we
c a n ' t smell
freedoms, we c a n ' t grab freedoms in our hands.
Because we c a n ' t , we a re always in danger o f l o s i n g the i n t a n ­
g i b l e freedoms g r a d u a l l y and w i t h o u t r e a l i z i n g
i t - - t o put
it
another way, w i t h o u t sensing i t .
In a w or ld o f
loss o f freedom is a l l
In c rea sin g m a t e r i a l i s m ,
the g r e a t e r .
t h i s danger o f
As we become more m a t e r i ­
a l i s t i c and p l a c e g r e a t e r emphasis upon the t a n g i b l e th in g s o f
1 i f e - - t h e th in g s we can see, hear,
s m e ll ,
taste,
and t o u c h - -
the g r e a t e r grows the c o n f l i c t between s e c u r i t y and freedom.
S e c u r i t y has a g r e a t advantage in t h a t
i t can be reduced t o
tangibles.
S e c u r i t y can be t r a n s l a t e d
in t o physic al
terms, w h i l e
freedom is measured more in terms o f the mind and the s p i r i t .
79
Important p a r t s o f s e c u r i t y a r e food and s h e l t e r .
m a t e r ia lis t ic tangibles,
s m e ll ,
taste,
necessities of l i f e .
and touch them.
You can see,
To use a g r a p h ic phrase,
is something you can s in k your t e e t h
in.
You and your Government c on tr ol
enjoyed in t h i s c ou ntry .
They a re
food
Freedom i s n ' t .
th e freedom t h a t
is
The less you e x e r c i s e and j e a l o u s l y
guard t h a t freedom t h e more you surrender the a u t h o r i t y and
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r freedom to your Government~-and the more
the Government c o n t r o l s and r e g u l a t e s your d a i l y
destiny,
l i f e and your
the more the Government becomes a dis pens er o f promised
s e c u r i t y and the less
Shirking o f
render o f i n d i v i d u a l
security.
it
remains a guardian o f freedom.
individual
authority.
resp on sibility
is o u t r i g h t s u r ­
Freedom is b a r t e r e d f o r
That does not mean t o say t h a t freedom and s e c u r i t y
can go hand in hand.
But when they get Out o f balance the
con flict starts.
Where should our Government stand on freedom and
security?
How have these concepts been developed?
do they spring?
What type o f s o cia l
best balance o f freedom and s e c u r i t y ?
From where
system has m aintain ed t h e
Answers a r e i n d i c a te d
in past h i s t o r y .
The f i r s t
f o r m a l l y recorded guide o f freedom was
r ela y e d t o the wor ld by Hoses when he brought t h e Teh
Commandments down from Mount S i n a i .
T h e i r common basis was
the ordained freedom o f everyone from a r b i t r a r y and unlawful
i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h his l i f e and h i s p r o p e r t y .
80
Th is freedom from which a l 1 freedoms sp r in g was f o r ­
mal Ty r ev ive d and recorded by the Magna Carta
was r e a s s e r te d
in our D e c l a r a t i o n o f
r e f i n e d and d e l i n e a t e d
in our B i l l
amendments t o our C o n s t i t u t i o n .
in 1215.
independence.
o f R ig h ts,
It
I t was
the f i r s t
10
From the Ten Commandments
to the 10 amendments freedom has been d e f in e d .
Yet t h e r e is a l i m i t a t i o n
the freedom t o be l e t a lo n e .
to man's b a s i c freedom--
That l i m i t a t i o n
is t h a t
in t h e
e x e r c i s e o f t h a t freedom we cannot so use our freedom as to
invade the r i g h t o f o th er s to be l e t alone.
One man's f r e e ­
dom stops where another man's freedom begins.
Because i n d i v i d u a l
s e l f i s h n e s s e i t h e r c a n ' t or w o n 't
recognize where t h a t l i n e o f s e p a r a tio n
what we c a l l
government.
i s , we have to have
That government op e ra te s on laws
t h a t draw the l i n e s o f i n d i v i d u a l
f r e e d o m - - t h a t punish the
crimes o f murder, robbery and o t h e r acts t h a t
dom o f the i n d i v i d u a l
invade the f r e e ­
t o be l e t a lo n e .
Where the l i n e o f freedom is drawn between the i n d i ­
v id u a l
and his government v a r i e s and determines the kind o f
government.
On the one extreme,
it
where t h e r e is no government a t a l l ,
That
is the s t a t e o f s o c i e t y
no law and no o r d e r .
is an a r c h y - -n o government c o n tr o l a t a l l .
On the o t h e r
extreme is the s t a t e o f s o c i e t y where the government c o n t r o l s
everything.
That has been c a l l e d " s t a t i s m . "
Somewhere between the extremes o f anarchy and the
s o - c a l l e d " s t a t i s m , " t h e r e is a happy mediurn--an ideal balance
81
between freedom and s e c u r i t y t h a t e s t a b l i s h e s o r d e r and
cates
e rad i­
i n j u s t i c e and p o v e rt y .
Man has t r i e d a myriad o f systems--monarchies, d i c ­
tato rsh ip s, o lig a rc h ie s ,
1 think,
a u t o c r a c i e s , democracies,
and I b e l i e v e achievement records o f h i s t o r y show,
t h a t the n e a r e s t to th e p e r f e c t ,
Federal
republics.
Republic w i t h
happy medium has been our
i t s system o f checks and balances through
the s e p a r a tio n o f a u t h o r i t y
into the l e g i s l a t i v e ,
executive,
and j u d i c i a l .
T h i s , t o g e t h e r w i t h the i n d i v i d u a l
by the B i l l
of Rights,
safeguard o f
individual
immunity provided
has e s t a b l i s h e d h i s t o r y ' s g r e a t e s t
freedom and o r d e r .
Government our
American way has been government t h e best way.
Just as man has t i n k e r e d w i t h v a rio u s
types o f p o l i t i ­
cal government so has he experimented w it h v a r i o u s types o f
economic systems in t h e p u r s u i t o f p r o s p e r i t y .
He has run
the gamut o f the ^ isms'1- - c a p i t a l ism, s o c i a l i s m ,
communism,
fascism, and s t a t isrh--and the g r e a t e s t o f these has been
c a p i t a l ism— not u n r e s t r a i n e d and u n l i m i t e d c a p i t a l i s m ,
but
c a p i t a l i s m t h e American way, l i m i t e d by laws r e s t r a i n i n g mono­
p o ly .
I t has given us the hig h e s t standard o f l i v i n g man
has ever known--and the hig he st standard o f freedom man has
ever enjoyed.
wealth,
Under i t the ownership o f land and n a t u r a l
the p r o d u c t io n ,
d is trib u tio n ,
and exchange o f goods,
and the o p e r a t i o n o f the system i t s e l f ,
e n t e r p r i s e and c o n tr o l
a re e f f e c t e d by p r i v a t e
under c o m p e t i t i v e c o n d i t i o n s .
82
Freedom the American way is t w o f o l d .
p o s i t i v e freedom to do something.
lib e rty .
There is the
Sometimes we c a l l
this
There is the n e g a t i v e freedom from something.
times we c a l l
this
Some­
immunity.
Woodrow Wilson had something to say about 1 i b e r t y t h a t
I t h i n k is worth r e p e a ti n g when we s t a r t t h i n k i n g about govern­
ment and freedom.
He s a id :
" L i b e r t y has never come from th e government.
has always come from t h e sub je cts o f
lib e rty
it.
Liberty
The h i s t o r y o f
is a h i s t o r y o f l i m i t a t i o n s o f governmental powers,
not the In c r e a s e o f
it."
On the score o f the b a s i c freedom
o f the r i g h t t o be l e t a lo n e , Abraham Lincoln superb ly but
simply s t a t e d th e thought w i t h :
,e 1 b e l i e v e each i n d i v i d u a l
is n a t u r a l 1y e n t i t l e d to do
as he pleases w i t h h i m s e l f and the f r u i t s o f h is l a b o r , so f a r
as i t
in no wise i n t e r f e r e s w i t h any o t h e r man's r i g h t s . "
Th is was the o b se rv a tio n o f
could never be accused o f p r e j u d i c e
a g r e a t humanita rian who
a g a in s t th e acceptance o f
w e l f a r e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y by the government.
Perhaps Thomas J e f f e r s o n s t a t e d the
freedom and government most t e r s e l y
government
prope r balance o f
when he s a i d :
"That
is best t h a t governs l e a s t . "
When we r e c a l l
t h i s statement o f his we may als o r e c a l l
t h a t he was our r e p r e s e n t a t i v e to France when t h a t country was
governed com plete ly by s t a t i s m .
I t cannot be s a id t h a t
J e f f e r s o n never saw s t a t i s m in a c t i o n .
83
The p r e s e r v a t i o n o f
reasonable minimum o f s o c i a l
can compare what
individual
freedom r e q u i r e s a
s e c u r i t y so t h a t the s h i r k e r s
is a t t a i n a b l e t o t h r i f t y workers w i t h what
a benevolent government provides f o r those who t a k e only the
advantages and s h i r k a l l
o f the disadvantages o f d a i l y e a rn in g
t h e i r way.
No government can de vise a system o f s e c u r i t y t h a t
w ill
completely e l i m i n a t e the s t r u g g l e
in l i f e .
The t e s t -
proven way o f s u c c e s s f u l l y meeting the s t r u g g l e o f l i f e
s e lf - d e v e lo p m e n t .
is
The best th i n g t h a t our Government can g i v e
to you and me is not a S t a t e - c o n t r o l l e d s e c u r i t y or special
advantage but r a t h e r the o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s e l f - d e v e l o p m e n t .
You and I cannot escape th e f a c t t h a t the u l t i m a t e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r freedom is p e r s o n a l .
Our freedoms today
a re not so much in danger because people are con sciously
t r y i n g to t a ke them away from us as they a re in danger because
we f o r g e t to use them.
Freedom may be an i n t a n g i b l e but l i k e most e v e r y t h in g
e l s e i t can d i e because o f la c k o f use.
may be freedom f o r f e i t e d .
Freedom unexercised
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26.
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I 960) , 20.
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i
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A4378-A4379.
Congressional Record, Vo l. XCVI, P a r t 4, 8 1 s t Congress,
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Adkins, Ruth M.
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Doody,
Agnes G.
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88
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„
— ™ — .
Smith, Senator Margaret Chase, L e t t e r t o th e Author, dated
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.

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