Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape

CHAPT ER 4
Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape
The central feature of this conservation landscape is Spring Mountain, which rises about 350
feet above the surrounding lands. The mountain is almost completely forested and supports an
exceptionally high diversity of species of birds and plants including several rare species.
Description
Location
The Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape is located in the north central part of Montgomery County. Containing approximately 3,338 acres, it includes parts of Upper Frederick, Lower
Frederick, Upper Salford, Marlborough,
and Perkiomen Townships (Figure 4.1).
The landscape is anchored on the southern end by Spring Mountain. Extending
northwest along the Perkiomen Creek
from Schwenksville to Perkiomenville,
it connects to the Mill Hill/Deep Creek
Conservation Landscape. At the southern end the landscape connects with the
Middle Perkiomen Creek Corridor. The
landscape includes 4.85 miles of the
Perkiomen Creek and 4.9 miles of the
Perkiomen Trail (Figure 4.1).
View from the top of Spring Mountain
Geology
The Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape lies on an arm of the Boyertown diabase sheet
that extends south-southeast from Perkiomenville to Schwenksville, making a swing to the west
at Spring Mountain (Figure 4.2). As in other diabase landscapes, forest cover remains high due
to difficulty of clearing the rocky land for farming. The rocky slopes of Spring Mountain were
identified as “unimproved woodland” on the 1893 Atlas of Montgomery County reflecting the
fact that the land remained forested at that time.
Not all of the landscape is underlain by diabase however; red shales of the Brunswick Formation
occupy an area along the Perkiomen from above Spring Mountain to the mouth of the Unami
Creek. Outcrops are visible on steep slopes along the west side of the trail above the Salford Station Road bridge. A narrow band of Lockatong Formation argillite to the east helps to create the
steep slopes in this area (Figure 4.2).
Forest Cover
The landscape is 51 percent forested (1,705 acres of forest), as compared to 20% forest cover for
Montgomery County as a whole. When a 50-meter (165 feet) buffer is applied along all forest
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edges, the Spring Mountain landscape is found to contain 703 acres that qualify as forest interior habitat (Figure 4.3). The single largest area of forest interior in the
landscape is located on Spring Mountain; however, not all
parts of this forested expanse are currently protected.
Hydrology
The National Wetlands Inventory lists 9.6 acres of wetlands within the landscape, most of which is within the
floodplain of the Perkiomen Creek.
Critical Features
Spring Mountain Woods, the highest priority site from the
1995 Natural Areas Inventory, lies within the landscape
Nodding trillium
(Figure 4.4). Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program-listed plants documented during 2006 field studies include ginseng, nodding trillium, and Wister’s
coralroot.
Protection Status and Other Designations
Spring Mountain is included in the Highlands Region and has been designated as a critical treasure by the Highlands Coalition.
Publicly owned lands include 234 acres at Spring Mountain owned by Montgomery County.
In addition, Schwenksville Borough owns approximately 31 acres of the former Spring Mountain House Resort; an additional 6.5 acres is owned by Perkiomen Township. The County also
owns the 17.6-acre former Camp Rainbow property along the Perkiomen Creek above Spring
Mountain. Upper Salford Township owns several parcels along the Perkiomen totaling 62.4
acres. Lower Frederick Township’s Foy Park occupies 6.17 acres along the creek at the Spring
Mount Road bridge.
Core Area
Spring Mountain
Reaching a height of just over 480 feet above mean sea level, Spring Mountain is a prominent
feature along the Central Perkiomen Valley. It lies along the east side of the Perkiomen Creek
opposite the mouth of Swamp Creek. The north side contains a ski area, which is leased to a
private operator. The Perkiomen Trail traverses the lower slope on the west side of the mountain.
Bounded by Perkiomen Creek, Spring Mount Road, and Schwenksville Road, Spring Mountain
covers 401 acres of which 335 are forested. Spring Mountain Woods was identified as the
highest priority site in the 1995 Montgomery County Natural Areas Inventory. Spring Mountain Meadows, which consists of two successional seepage areas on the lower south slope, were
listed as locally significant. A total of 243 acres is currently in public ownership.
Past Uses – Spring Mountain, with the Perkiomen Creek curving around its western edge, has
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long been a recreation area drawing people from near and far. Spring Mountain House, a resort
hotel, occupied a site on the south slope from 1883 until the late 1940s. Operated later as a
retirement home, the building was torn down in 1990 following vandalism. Foundations, access drives, and many non-native plants are reminders of this earlier use. A spring midway up
the slope behind the old hotel site may be the feature for which the mountain was named. The
Perkiomen Inn, located on the west slope, included a golf course. It ceased operation after a fire
in 1951; for a time the property was operated as a YMCA camp. Woodside Inn, located on the
east slope, continues in operation as a restaurant. In addition to the hotels, a railroad station and
adjacent amusement park were located at the west end of the mountain near the village of Spring
Mount. The amusement park, including an observatory on the west end of the mountain, ceased
operation in 1901.
The geology of Spring Mountain supported quarrying for paving stones known as Belgian blocks
that were shipped by rail to Philadelphia. In fact, an earlier name was Stone Hill. Although
quarrying ceased about 1920, split rocks and drill holes visible in the woods provide enduring
evidence of surface quarrying of the large diabase boulders.
Plant Diversity – Many local amateur and professional botanists have scrutinized the flora of Spring Mountain over the years
including Ann Newbold, Val Udell, Jack Holt, Janet Ebert, Peter
Small, Marcia Clouser, and the authors of this report. The result is
a checklist of 534 species of which 137 (26%) are non-native (Appendix 4.A). This represents exceptionally high diversity for an
area of only 400 acres. Three species classified by the Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory are known to be present: Wistar’s
coralroot, nodding trillium, and ginseng.
Plant Communities – Data were collected from three 100-meter
transects in order to quantify the species composition of the forest
(Appendix 4.B). Upper slope forests were dominated by tuliptree
and chestnut oak, with shagbark hickory, pignut hickory, white
oak, white ash, black oak, sugar maple, bitternut hickory, and red
maple in decreasing order of importance. The most abundant species in the understory were Norway maple, sugar maple, and white
ash. The only canopy species detected in the seedling layer was
Wistar’s coralroot
white ash. The prominence of tuliptree reflects the successional
nature of this forest. The abundance of Norway maple and sugar maple in the understory is an
indication of future changes in composition of the canopy unless steps are taken to control the
invasive species and reduce deer density.
Mid-slope forests on the north side of the mountain were dominated by red oak, chestnut oak,
and tuliptree. Associated species included sugar maple, American basswood, white ash, and
bitternut hickory. However, oak was missing from the understory and seedling layers where the
dominant species were white ash, red maple, and sugar maple.
The lower slope forest on the northeast side was dominated by sugar maple, tuliptree, and black
oak. Associated species included bitternut hickory, white ash, white oak, beech, chestnut oak, basswood, and red maple. Sugar maple and white ash dominated the understory and seedling layers.
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All three areas sampled fall into the sugar maple – basswood forest type; the composition of
the herbaceous layer was an important factor in this determination. Overall trends were consistent throughout; sugar maple is increasing in importance and oaks are declining. Although this
may be partly due to the greater shade tolerance of sugar maple, over browsing by deer is also
indicated. Shrub and ground layer plants have been browsed repeatedly leaving stunted stems
and stubby branches. In addition, many sapling trees have been killed or seriously damaged by
bucks rubbing the velvet from their antlers. Oaks, which are particularly vulnerable to deer damage, were missing from the lower levels of the forest.
Reptiles and Amphibians – Eleven species of reptiles and amphibians were documented on
Spring Mountain during 2006-07 (Table 4.1). The list includes redbelly turtle, a PNHP-listed
species, which was observed in the Perkiomen Creek at the base of Spring Mountain.
Table 4.1 — Reptiles and Amphibians of Spring Mountain
(from surveys by Marlin Corn)
Salamanders
Northern redback salamander
Northern red salamander
Northern two-lined salamander
Frogs and Toads
Green frog
American toad
Turltes
Eastern box turtle
Redbelly turtle
Snakes
Eastern garter snake
Northern water snake
Northern black racer
Northern ringneck snake
Birds – A bird list compiled between May 1988 and June 2007 by Marcia Clouser, resident of
Spring Mountain, includes 163 Species of which 82 were determined to be breeding locally
(Appendix 4.C). Seven forest interior species were recorded:
Acadian Flycatcher, Red-eyed Vireo, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher,
American Redstart, Black-and-white Warbler, Ovenbird, and
Scarlet Tanager. Black Vultures were listed as nesting among
rocks at the top of the mountain.
Butterflies – A survey of the butterflies of Spring Mountain
lists 51 species including 4 considered rare or uncommon in the
Philadelphia region (Appendix 4.D).
Deer Status – Like most areas of Montgomery County, Spring
Mountain is being overbrowsed by deer. Data from transects
Black and White Warbler, photo by
Howard Eskin
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indicates that oaks are missing from the sapling and seedling layers and that sugar maple, which
is less preferred by deer, is increasing. In addition, we observed that lower slopes on the west
side along the bicycle trail lack sapling, shrub, or herb layers due to heavy browsing by deer.
Similarly upper slopes on the south side have very thin or non-existent shrub and herb layers.
The wet meadow/seepage areas on south side in the area below the former hotel that are referred
to as “Spring Mountain Meadows” are also heavily browsed. Ironically, without the influence of
deer these areas would probably be a dense successional thicket. This should not be interpreted
as a reason not to reduce deer density. The significance of Spring Mountain Meadows as habitat
for butterflies or other flora or fauna should be evaluated and a management plan prepared. If
open habitat is required, mowing or burning can be used to retard succession.
Invasive Plants – Past uses of Spring Mountain created opportunities for the establishment of
non-native, invasive plants. The site of the former hotel is choked with invasives including trumpet creeper, Japanese honeysuckle, multiflora rose, tree-of-heaven, autumn olive, and forsythia.
Norway maple, winged euonymus, and Japanese barberry are abundant along the ridge top.
Floodplain areas along Perkiomen Creek contain abundant Morrow’s honeysuckle, multiflora
rose, obtuse-leaved privet, Japanese barberry, orange daylily, garlic mustard, star-of-Bethlehem,
Japanese honeysuckle, lesser celandine, and Japanese stiltgrass.
Other Protected Open Space
Other publicly owned open space in the Spring Mountain Landscape includes several tracts lying
along the Perkiomen Creek between Spring Mount and the mouth of Unami Creek (Figure 4.5).
Lower Frederick Township’s 6.17-acre Foy Park is located along the Perkiomen Creek at the
Spring Mount Road bridge; it includes the section of the Perkiomen Trail that is located on the
west side of the creek. On the east side just above the former railroad bridge that carries the trail
across the creek, the former Camp Rainbow property, now owned by Montgomery County, occupies 17.56 acres between the trail and the creek.
Upper Salford Township owns nearly 40 acres on the east side of the Perkiomen Creek that includes approximately 5,000 feet of creek
frontage along Salford Station Road.
Most of the land is floodplain, and is almost an island due to a back channel/old
millrace that parallels the road.
The lower one-third of this floodplain
area is mowed regularly except for a
narrow band of forest on the creek bank.
However, the upstream end contains
mature floodplain forest dominated by
river birch, sycamore, basswood, elm,
black walnut, bitternut hickory, and a
half dozen or more immense hackberry
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Scoured island in the Perkiomen Creek
trees up to 80 feet tall and 30 inches in diameter at breast height (dbh). A dense layer of spicebush is also present. As is true of floodplains throughout Montgomery County, the ground layer
is dominated by non-native species including lesser celandine, dame’s-rocket, ground ivy, and
Japanese stiltgrass.
The water-filled back channels provide habitat for birds, including Great Blue Heron, and are
also important breeding habitat for amphibians. The 70-acre Godshall property where the Philadelphia Folk Festival is held is adjacent to township lands in this area.
Additional Sites Requiring Protection
A steep forested slope along the west side of Perkiomen Creek provides a very scenic backdrop
for the Upper Salford Township open space. This land, which features numerous rock outcrops,
is an important buffer along the creek corridor; it is currently in private ownership.
Upstream most of the land adjacent to the creek is also privately owned with the exception of a
22.4-acre tract at the northwestern corner of Upper Salford Township.
Recommendations
Connectivity and Land Protection Priorities
•
Spring Mountain occupies an area of just over 400 acres, of which 158 acres of mostly
wooded land remain in private ownership. All unprotected parcels within the area bounded
by the Perkiomen Creek, Spring Mountain Road, and Schwenksville Road should be a high
priority for protection.
•
Fields on both sides of Heflin Road on the eastern slope of Spring Mountain, which are used
by grassland birds including Northern Harrier, Kestrel, and American Tree Sparrow, should
be targeted for protection.
•
Unprotected areas along Perkiomen Creek should be targeted for protection in order to secure
a continuous riparian corridor on both sides of the creek. Specific parcels include:
–
Floodplain areas lying between the trail corridor and the creek in the vicinity of Hendricks
–
Floodplain areas lying between the mouth of Swamp Creek and Foy Park
Land Management Priorities
•
Spring Mountain should be designated as a biodiversity preserve because of the exceptionally
high diversity of both plants and birds known to be present.
–
Reduction in deer density is desperately needed to protect the high diversity of plant species recorded at Spring Mountain and to allow forest regeneration to proceed normally.
Reduction of the deer population, does in particular, through any of the available options,
is critical to the health of this landscape.
–
Bicycle and equestrian access to the mountain should be limited to the Perkiomen Trail.
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Footpaths that go up the mountain are too narrow and erodible to withstand use by bicycles or horses.
•
–
Invasive species control efforts should focus on girdling Norway maples on the ridge top
in the Spring Mountain Woods area and removing winged euonymus in the same area.
Norway maple should also be targeted for control in other areas such as the lower slope
along the Perkiomen Creek. Tree-of-heaven should also be targeted for control.
–
Activities at the ski slope should be monitored to minimize intrusions into the adjacent
forest.
–
A management plan should be developed for Spring Mountain Meadows.
Reforestation should be initiated on floodplain areas owned by Upper Salford Township that
are currently being mowed regularly. This would be an excellent site for establishment of a
forested riparian buffer through a program such as TreeVitalize (www.treevitalize.net).
Bibliography
Anonymous. 2004. Shaping Our Future: Open Space, Natural Features, and Cultural Resources
Plan. Montgomery County Planning Commission. Norristown, PA.
Ciccarine, Jerry A. 2005. Along the Perkiomen. Arcadia Publishing, Charlestown, SC.
Crossley, Gary J. 1999. A Guide to Critical Bird Habitat in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Audubon
Society, Harrisburg, PA.
Fike, Jean. 1999. Terrestrial and Palustrine Forest Communities of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania
Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA.
Glassberg, Jeffrey 1993. Butterflies through Binoculars. A Field Guide to Butterflies in the
Boston-New York-Washington Region. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Glassburg, Jeffrey. 1999. Butterflies Through Binoculars: The East. A Field Guide to the
Butterflies of Eastern North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Historical Society of Montgomery County. 1998. Combined Atlases of Montgomery
County,Pennsylvania 1871, 1877, 1893. Windmill Publications, Inc., Mt. Vernon, IN.
Toll, Jean Barth and Michael J. Schwager. 1983. Montgomery County, The Second Hundred
Years. 2 vols. Montgomery County Federation of Historical Societies, Norristown, PA.
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A PPENDIX 4 .A
Plants of Spring Mountain
(Compiled from surveys over many years by Marcia Clouser, Timothy Block ,
Janet Ebert, Jack Holt, Ann Newbold, Ann Rhoads, Peter Small, and Val Udell)
Common Name
Scientific Name
Family
N/I
Status
Ferns and Other Sspore-Bearing Plants
Appalachian polypody
Polypodium appalachianum
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Blunt-lobed woodsia
Woodsia obtusa
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Broad beech fern
Phegopteris hexagonoptera
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Christmas fern
Polystichum acrostichoides
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Common oak fern
Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Ebony spleenwort
Asplenium platyneuron
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Evergreen wood-fern
Dryopteris intermedia
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Field horsetail
Equisetum arvense
Equisetaceae
N
N
Fragile fern
Cystopteris fragilis
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Hairy lip fern
Cheilanthes lanosa
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Hay-scented fern
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Lady fern
Athyrium filix-femina var. angustum
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Long beech fern
Phegopteris connectilis
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Maidenhair spleenwort
Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Marginal wood fern
Dryopteris marginalis
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Northern bracken fern
Pteridium aquilinum
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Northern maidenhair
Adiantum pedatum
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Protruding bladder fern
Cystopteris protrusa
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Purple cliffbrake
Pellaea atropurpurea
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Rattlesnake fern
Botrychium virginianum
Ophioglossaceae
N
N
Sensitive fern
Onoclea sensibilis
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Shining firmoss
Huperzia lucidula
Lycopodiaceae
N
N
Walking fern
Asplenium rhizophyllum
Polypodiaceae
N
N
Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes
Annual bluegrass
Poa annua
Poaceae
I
N
Autumn bent
Agrostis perennans
Poaceae
N
N
Bottlebrush-grass
Elymus hystrix
Poaceae
N
N
Brachyelytrum
Brachyelytrum erectum
Poaceae
N
N
Broad-leaf sedge
Carex platyphylla
Cyperaceae
N
N
Broomsedge
Carex scoparia
Cyperaceae
N
N
Broomsedge
Andropogon virginicus
Poaceae
N
N
Bulrush
Scirpus georgianus
Cyperaceae
N
N
Canada bluegrass
Poa compressa
Poaceae
I
N
Canada brome
Bromus pubescens
Poaceae
N
N
Carolina lovegrass
Eragrostis pectinacea
Poaceae
N
N
Club-rush
Trichophorum planifolium
Cyperaceae
N
N
Common reed
Phragmites australis ssp. australis
Poaceae
I
N
Deer-tongue grass
Dichanthelium clandestinum
Poaceae
N
N
Downy chess
Bromus tectorum
Poaceae
I
N
Dropseed
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Poaceae
N
N
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Fescue
Schedonorus arundinaceus
Poaceae
I
N
Field woodrush
Luzula multiflora
Juncaceae
N
N
Fowl mannagrass
Glyceria striata
Poaceae
N
N
Giant foxtail
Setaria faberi
Poaceae
I
N
Green foxtail
Setaria viridis var. viridis
Poaceae
I
N
Indian-grass
Sorghastrum nutans
Poaceae
N
N
Japanese stiltgrass
Microstegium vimineum
Poaceae
I
N
Kentucky bluegrass
Poa pratensis
Poaceae
I
N
Little bluestem
Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium
Poaceae
N
N
Nodding fescue
Festuca obtusa
Poaceae
N
N
Orchardgrass
Dactylis glomerata
Poaceae
I
N
Panic grass
Panicum philadelphicum
Poaceae
N
N
Panic grass
Dichanthelium acuminatum
Poaceae
N
N
Panic grass
Dichanthelium boscii
Poaceae
N
N
Panic grass
Dichanthelium dichotomum
Poaceae
N
N
Path rush
Juncus tenuis var. tenuis
Juncaceae
N
N
Purple lovegrass
Eragrostis spectabilis
Poaceae
N
N
Purpletop
Tridens flavus
Poaceae
N
N
Quackgrass
Elymus repens
Poaceae
I
N
Red fescue
Festuca rubra
Poaceae
I
N
Redtop
Agrostis gigantea
Poaceae
I
N
Rough bluegrass
Poa trivialis
Poaceae
I
N
Sedge
Carex amphibola
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex annectens
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex blanda
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex bushii
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex cephalophora
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex communis
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex conjuncta
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex davisii
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex digitalis
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex festucacea
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex gracillima
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex granularis var. granularis
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex grisea
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex hirsutella
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex hirtifolia
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex hitchcockiana
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex intumescens
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex laxiflora
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex lurida
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex normalis
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex pensylvanica
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex radiata
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex rosea
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex sparganioides
Cyperaceae
N
N
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Sedge
Carex squarrosa
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex stipata var. stipata
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex trichocarpa
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sedge
Carex virescens
Cyperaceae
N
N
Smooth crabgrass
Digitaria ischaemum
Poaceae
I
N
Soft chess
Bromus racemosus
Poaceae
I
N
Soft rush
Juncus effusus var. pylaei
Juncaceae
N
N
Spike-rush
Eleocharis tenuis var. tenuis
Cyperaceae
N
N
Sweet vernalgrass
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Poaceae
I
N
Tall oatgrass
Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius
Poaceae
I
N
Timothy
Phleum pratense
Poaceae
I
N
Velvetgrass
Holcus lanatus
Poaceae
I
N
Wood bluegrass
Poa nemoralis
Poaceae
I
N
Wool-grass
Scirpus cyperinus
Cyperaceae
N
N
Yellow foxtail
Setaria pumila
Poaceae
I
N
Yellow nutsedge
Cyperus esculentus
Cyperaceae
N
N
Wildflowers and Other Herbaceous Plants
Allegheny monkey-flower
Mimulus ringens
Phrymaceae
N
N
Allegheny-vine
Adlumia fungosa
Papaveraceae
N
N
Alsike clover
Trifolium hybridum
Fabaceae
I
N
Alum-root
Heuchera americana
Saxifragaceae
N
N
American dog violet
Viola labradorica
Violaceae
N
N
Anise root
Osmorhiza longistylis
Apiaceae
N
N
Asiatic dayflower
Commelina communis var. communis
Commelinaceae
I
N
Bedstraw
Galium aparine
Rubiaceae
N
N
Beggar’s-lice
Hackelia virginiana
Boraginaceae
N
N
Beggar ticks
Bidens frondosa
Asteraceae
N
N
Bellwort
Uvularia perfoliata
Colchicaceae
N
N
Bellwort
Uvularia sessilifolia
Colchicaceae
N
N
Bigleaf aster
Eurybia macrophylla
Asteraceae
N
N
Bird’s-eye
Sagina procumbens
Caryophyllaceae
N
N
Bird’s-foot trefoil
Lotus corniculatus
Fabaceae
I
N
Bishop’s-cap
Mitella diphylla
Saxifragaceae
N
N
Bitter dock
Rumex obtusifolius
Polygonaceae
I
N
Bittercress
Cardamine impatiens
Brassicaceae
I
N
Black bindweed
Fallopia convolvulus
Polygonaceae
I
N
Black medic
Medicago lupulina
Fabaceae
I
N
Black nightshade
Solanum nigrum
Solanaceae
I
N
Black snakeroot
Sanicula marilandica
Apiaceae
N
N
Black bugbane
Actaea racemosa
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Black-eyed-susan
Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta
Asteraceae
N
N
Bloodroot
Sanguinaria canadensis
Papaveraceae
N
N
Blue chicory
Cichorium intybus
Asteraceae
I
N
Blue cohosh
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Berberidaceae
N
N
Blue lettuce
Lactuca biennis
Asteraceae
N
N
Blue marsh violet
Viola cucullata
Violaceae
N
N
Blue vervain
Verbena hastata
Verbenaceae
N
N
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Blue waxweed
Cuphea viscosissima
Lythraceae
N
N
Blue wood aster
Symphyotrichum cordifolium
Asteraceae
N
N
Blue-eyed-grass
Sisyrinchium angustifolium
Iridaceae
N
N
Blue-eyed-grass
Sisyrinchium mucronatum
Iridaceae
N
N
Bluestem goldenrod
Solidago caesia
Asteraceae
N
N
Bluets
Houstonia caerulea
Rubiaceae
N
N
Bog chickweed
Stellaria alsine
Caryophyllaceae
I
N
Boneset
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Asteraceae
N
N
Bowman’s-root
Gillenia trifoliatus
Rosaceae
N
N
Brook-pimpernel
Veronica anagallis-aquatica
Plantaginaceae
I
N
Broom-rape
Orobanche uniflora
Orobanchaceae
N
N
Bulbous buttercup
Ranunculus bulbosus
Ranunculaceae
I
N
Bull-thistle
Cirsium vulgare
Asteraceae
I
N
Bunchflower
Veratrum latifolium
Melanthiaceae
N
N
Bur cucumber
Sicyos angulatus
Cucurbitaceae
N
N
Bush-clover
Lespedeza cuneata
Fabaceae
I
N
Butter-and-eggs
Linaria vulgaris
Plantaginaceae
I
N
Calico aster
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
Asteraceae
N
N
Canada goldenrod
Solidago canadensis var. canadensis
Asteraceae
N
N
Canada lily
Lilium canadense ssp. canadense
Liliaceae
N
N
Canada thistle
Cirsium arvense
Asteraceae
I
N
Carpet bugleweed
Ajuga reptans
Lamiaceae
I
N
Carrion-flower
Smilax herbacea
Smilacaceae
N
N
Carrion-flower
Smilax pulverulenta
Smilacaceae
N
N
Cinquefoil
Potentilla canadensis
Rosaceae
N
N
Clammy ground-cherry
Physalis heterophylla
Solanaceae
N
N
Clasping heart-leaved aster
Symphyotrichum undulatum
Asteraceae
N
N
Clearweed
Pilea pumila
Urticaceae
N
N
Climbing false-buckwheat
Fallopia scandens
Polygonaceae
N
N
Coltsfoot
Tussilago farfara
Asteraceae
I
N
Common blue violet
Viola sororia
Violaceae
N
N
Common burdock
Arctium minus
Asteraceae
I
N
Common cat-tail
Typha latifolia
Typhaceae
N
N
Common cocklebur
Xanthium strumarium
Asteraceae
N
N
Common dandelion
Taraxacum officinale
Asteraceae
I
N
Common dittany
Cunila origanoides
Lamiaceae
N
N
Common dodder
Cuscuta gronovii var. gronovii
Convolvulaceae
N
N
Common milkweed
Common mouse-ear chickweed
Common mugwort
Asclepias syriaca
Apocynaceae
N
N
Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale
Caryophyllaceae
I
N
Artemisia vulgaris
Asteraceae
I
N
Common mullein
Verbascum thapsus
Scrophulariaceae
I
N
Common periwinkle
Vinca minor
Apocynaceae
I
N
Common ragweed
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Asteraceae
N
N
Common sow-thistle
Sonchus oleraceus
Asteraceae
I
N
Common speedwell
Veronica officinalis
Plantaginaceae
N
N
Common vetch
Vicia sativa ssp. sativa
Fabaceae
I
N
Common yarrow
Achillea millefolium
Asteraceae
I
N
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Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
Common yellow wood-sorrel
Oxalis stricta
Oxalidaceae
N
N
Corn speedwell
Veronica arvensis
Plantaginaceae
I
N
Creeping bush-clover
Lespedeza repens
Fabaceae
N
N
Crown-vetch
Coronilla varia
Fabaceae
I
N
Culver’s-root
Veronicastrum virginicum
Plantaginaceae
N
N
Curly dock
Rumex crispus
Polygonaceae
I
N
Cutleaf coneflower
Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata
Asteraceae
N
N
Cypress spurge
Euphorbia cyparissias
Euphorbiaceae
I
N
Daisy fleabane
Erigeron annuus
Asteraceae
N
N
Daisy fleabane
Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus
Asteraceae
N
N
Daisy fleabane
Erigeron philadelphicus
Asteraceae
N
N
Dame’s-rocket
Hesperis matronalis
Brassicaceae
I
N
Deptford pink
Dianthus armeria
Caryophyllaceae
I
N
Devil’s-bit
Chamaelirium luteum
Melanthiaceae
N
N
Ditch stonecrop
Penthorum sedoides
Penthoraceae
N
N
Doll’s-eyes
Actaea pachypoda
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Downy agrimony
Agrimonia pubescens
Rosaceae
N
N
Downy rattlesnake-plantain
Goodyera pubescens
Orchidaceae
N
N
Downy yellow violet
Viola pubescens var. pubescens
Violaceae
N
N
Downy yellow violet
Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula
Violaceae
N
N
Duckweed
Lemna minor
Araceae
N
N
Dutchman’s-breeches
Dicentra cucullaria
Papaveraceae
N
N
Dwarf dandelion
Krigia biflora
Asteraceae
N
N
Early blue violet
Viola palmata
Violaceae
N
N
Early goldenrod
Solidago juncea
Asteraceae
N
N
Early meadow-rue
Thalictrum dioicum
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Early saxifrage
Saxifraga virginiensis
Saxifragaceae
N
N
Early wintercress
Barbarea verna
Brassicaceae
I
N
Eastern figwort
Scrophularia marilandica
Scrophulariaceae
N
N
Elm-leaved goldenrod
Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia
Asteraceae
N
N
Enchanter’s nightshade
Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis
Onagraceae
N
N
English plantain
Plantago lanceolata
Plantaginaceae
I
N
Evening-primrose
Oenothera biennis
Onagraceae
N
N
Eyebane
Euphorbia nutans
Euphorbiaceae
N
N
False loosestrife
Ludwigia alternifolia
Onagraceae
N
N
False nettle
Boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica
Urticaceae
N
N
False Solomon’s-seal
Maianthemum racemosum
Ruscaceae
N
N
False-mermaid
Floerkea proserpinacoides
Limnanthaceae
N
N
Field garlic
Allium vineale
Alliaceae
I
N
Field mustard
Brassica rapa
Brassicaceae
I
N
Field thistle
Cirsium discolor
Asteraceae
N
N
Fieldcress
Lepidium campestre
Brassicaceae
I
N
Fireweed
Erechtites hieraciifolius
Asteraceae
N
N
Fool’s parsley
Aethusa cynapium
Apiaceae
I
N
Forest goldenrod
Solidago arguta var. arguta
Asteraceae
N
N
Forked chickweed
Paronychia canadensis
Caryophyllaceae
N
N
Fragrant cudweed
Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium
Asteraceae
N
N
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
319
Fringed loosestrife
Lysimachia ciliata
Myrsinaceae
N
N
Garden orpine
Sedum x alboroseum
Crassulaceae
I
N
Garden orpine
Sedum telephium
Crassulaceae
I
N
Garlic-mustard
Alliaria petiolata
Brassicaceae
I
N
Gaura
Gaura biennis
Onagraceae
N
N
Giant ragweed
Ambrosia trifida
Asteraceae
N
N
Gill-over-the-ground
Glechoma hederacea
Lamiaceae
I
N
Ginseng
Panax quinquefolius
Araliaceae
N
PV
Golden ragwort
Packera aurea
Asteraceae
N
N
Golden-alexander
Zizia aurea
Apiaceae
N
N
Grass-leaved goldenrod
Euthamia graminifolia
Asteraceae
N
N
Gray goldenrod
Solidago nemoralis
Asteraceae
N
N
Great blue lobelia
Lobelia siphilitica
Campanulaceae
N
N
Great chickweed
Stellaria pubera
Caryophyllaceae
N
N
Greater celandine
Chelidonium majus
Papaveraceae
I
N
Green-dragon
Arisaema dracontium
Araceae
N
N
Hairy bittercress
Cardamine hirsuta
Brassicaceae
I
N
Hawkweed
Hieracium flagellare
Asteraceae
I
N
Heal-all
Prunella vulgaris ssp. vulgaris
Lamiaceae
I
N
Heath aster
Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum
Asteraceae
N
N
Hedge bindweed
Calystegia sepium
Convolvulaceae
N
N
Hoary tick-trefoil
Desmodium canescens
Fabaceae
N
N
Hog-peanut
Amphicarpaea bracteata
Fabaceae
N
N
Honewort
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Apiaceae
N
N
Hooked crowfoot
Ranunculus recurvatus
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Horse-balm
Collinsonia canadensis
Lamiaceae
N
N
Horseweed
Conyza canadensis var. canadensis
Asteraceae
N
N
Indian strawberry
Duchesnea indica
Rosaceae
I
N
Indian-hemp
Apocynum cannabinum
Apocynaceae
N
N
Indian-pipe
Monotropa uniflora
Ericaceae
N
N
Indian-tobacco
Lobelia inflata
Campanulaceae
N
N
Ivy-leaved morning-glory
Ipomoea hederacea
Convolvulaceae
I
N
Jack-in-the-pulpit
Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum
Araceae
N
N
Japanese clover
Kummerowia striata
Fabaceae
I
N
Japanese knotweed
Fallopia japonica
Polygonaceae
I
N
Japanese pachysandra
Pachysandra terminalis
Buxaceae
I
N
Jewelweed
Impatiens capensis
Balsaminaceae
N
N
Joe-pye-weed
Eutrochium fistulosum
Asteraceae
N
N
Joe-pye-weed
Eutrochium purpureum
Asteraceae
N
N
Jumpseed
Persicaria virginiana
Polygonaceae
N
N
King-devil
Hieracium caespitosum
Asteraceae
I
N
Knotweed
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonaceae
I
N
Korean-lespedeza
Kummerowia stipulacea
Fabaceae
I
N
Lady’s-thumb
Persicaria maculosa
Polygonaceae
I
N
Lance-leaved loosestrife
Lysimachia hybrida
Myrsinaceae
N
N
Large yellow hop-clover
Trifolium aureum
Fabaceae
I
N
LeConte’s violet
Viola affinis
Violaceae
N
N
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Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
Lesser celandine
Ranunculus ficaria
Ranunculaceae
I
N
Lily-leaved twayblade
Liparis liliifolia
Orchidaceae
N
N
Lily-of-the-valley
Convallaria majalis
Ruscaceae
I
N
Little hop-clover
Trifolium dubium
Fabaceae
I
N
Liverleaf
Anemone americana
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Longstalk tickseed
Coreopsis lanceolata
Asteraceae
I
N
Lopseed
Phryma leptostachya
Phrymaceae
N
N
Low hop-clover
Trifolium campestre
Fabaceae
I
N
Low smartweed
Persicaria longiseta
Polygonaceae
I
N
Man-of-the-earth
Ipomoea pandurata
Convolvulaceae
N
N
Mayapple
Podophyllum peltatum
Berberidaceae
N
N
Meadow-parsnip
Thaspium barbinode
Apiaceae
N
N
Meadow-parsnip
Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum
Apiaceae
N
N
Moth mullein
Verbascum blattaria
Scrophulariaceae
I
N
Mountain-mint
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium
Lamiaceae
N
N
Mountain-mint
Pycnanthemum virginianum
Lamiaceae
N
N
Mouse-ear chickweed
Cerastium glomeratum
Caryophyllaceae
I
N
Naked-flowered tick-trefoil
Desmodium nudiflorum
Fabaceae
N
N
New England aster
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Asteraceae
N
N
New York ironweed
Vernonia noveboracensis
Asteraceae
N
N
Night-flowering catchfly
Silene noctiflora
Caryophyllaceae
I
N
Nodding trillium
Trillium cernuum var. cernuum
Melanthiaceae
N
TU
Northeastern beard-tongue
Penstemon hirsutus
Plantaginaceae
N
N
Old-field cinquefoil
Potentilla simplex
N
Hemerocallis fulva
I
N
Orpine
Sedum sarmentosum
Rosaceae
Hemerocallidaceae
Crassulaceae
N
Orange day-lily
I
N
Overlooked pussytoe
Antennaria neglecta
Asteraceae
N
N
Ox-eye
Heliopsis helianthoides
Asteraceae
N
N
Ox-eye daisy
Leucanthemum vulgare
Asteraceae
I
N
Pale jewelweed
Impatiens pallida
Balsaminaceae
N
N
Panicled aster
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum
Asteraceae
N
N
Partridge-berry
Mitchella repens
Rubiaceae
N
N
Pasture thistle
Cirsium pumilum
Asteraceae
N
N
Pennywort
Obolaria virginica
Gentianaceae
N
N
Perennial sweetpea
Lathyrus latifolius
Fabaceae
I
N
Pineapple-weed
Matricaria discoidea
Asteraceae
I
N
Pipsissewa
Chimaphila maculata
Ericaceae
N
N
Plantain-leaved pussytoe
Antennaria plantaginifolia
Asteraceae
N
N
Pokeweed
Phytolacca americana
Phytolaccaceae
N
N
Poor-man’s-pepper
Lepidium virginicum
Brassicaceae
N
N
Prickly cucumber
Echinocystis lobata
Cucurbitaceae
N
N
Prickly lettuce
Lactuca serriola
Asteraceae
I
N
Purple clematis
Clematis occidentalis
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Purple loosestrife
Lythrum salicaria
Lythraceae
I
N
Purple trillium
Trillium erectum var. erectum
Melanthiaceae
N
N
Purple-leaved willow-herb
Epilobium coloratum
Onagraceae
N
N
Purple-stemmed aster
Symphyotrichum puniceum
Asteraceae
N
N
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
321
Queen Anne’s lace
Daucus carota
Apiaceae
I
N
Quickweed
Galinsoga quadriradiata
Asteraceae
I
N
Rabbit’s-foot clover
Trifolium arvense
Fabaceae
I
N
Ramp
Allium tricoccum
Alliaceae
N
N
Rattlesnake-root
Prenanthes altissima
Asteraceae
N
N
Rattlesnake-weed
Hieracium venosum
Asteraceae
N
N
Red baneberry
Actaea rubra
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Red clover
Trifolium pratense
Fabaceae
I
N
Robin’s-plantain
Erigeron pulchellus
Asteraceae
N
N
Rock harlequin
Corydalis sempervirens
Papaveraceae
N
N
Rough bedstraw
Galium asprellum
Rubiaceae
N
N
Rough sunflower
Helianthus divaricatus
Asteraceae
N
N
Rough-leaved sunflower
Helianthus strumosus
Asteraceae
N
N
Round-leaved violet
Viola rotundifolia
Violaceae
N
N
Rue anemone
Thalictrum thalictroides
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Rugel’s plantain
Plantago rugelii
Plantaginaceae
N
N
Scarlet pimpernel
Anagallis arvensis
Myrsinaceae
I
N
Schreber’s aster
Eurybia schreberi
Asteraceae
N
N
Shinleaf
Pyrola elliptica
Ericaceae
N
N
Sicklepod
Arabis canadensis
Brassicaceae
N
N
Skullcap
Scutellaria nervosa
Lamiaceae
N
N
Skunk-cabbage
Symplocarpus foetidus
Araceae
N
N
Slender vetch
Vicia tetrasperma
Fabaceae
I
N
Small-flowered crowfoot
Ranunculus abortivus
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Smartweed
Persicaria hydropiper
Polygonaceae
I
N
Smartweed
Persicaria pensylvanica
Polygonaceae
N
N
Smooth blue aster
Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve
Asteraceae
N
N
Smooth goldenrod
Solidago gigantea var. gigantea
Asteraceae
N
N
Smooth rockcress
Arabis laevigata var. laevigata
Brassicaceae
N
N
Solomon’s-seal
Polygonatum biflorum var. biflorum
Ruscaceae
N
N
Solomon’s-seal
Polygonatum pubescens
Ruscaceae
N
N
Southern agrimony
Agrimonia parviflora
Rosaceae
N
N
Southern wood violet
Viola hirsutula
Violaceae
N
N
Spiderwort
Tradescantia virginiana
Commelinaceae
N
N
Spikenard
Aralia racemosa
Araliaceae
N
N
Spotted spurge
Euphorbia maculata
Euphorbiaceae
N
N
Spotted St. John’s-wort
Hypericum punctatum
Hypericaceae
N
N
Spring-beauty
Claytonia virginica
Portulacaceae
N
N
Squaw-root
Conopholis americana
Orobanchaceae
N
N
St. John’s-wort
Hypericum perforatum
Hypericaceae
I
N
Star-of-Bethlehem
Ornithogalum umbellatum
Hyacinthaceae
I
N
Starry campion
Silene stellata
Caryophyllaceae
N
N
Sticky tick-clover
Desmodium glutinosum
Fabaceae
N
N
Striped violet
Viola striata
Violaceae
N
N
Sulfur cinquefoil
Potentilla recta
Rosaceae
I
N
Summer phlox
Phlox paniculata
Polemoniaceae
N
N
Sundrops
Oenothera fruticosa ssp. fruticosa
Onagraceae
N
N
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Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
Sundrops
Oenothera pilosella
Onagraceae
N
TU
Swamp milkweed
Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata
Apocynaceae
N
N
Sweet white violet
Viola blanda
Violaceae
N
N
Sweet wormwood
Artemisia annua
Asteraceae
I
N
Sweet-cicely
Osmorhiza claytonii
Apiaceae
N
N
Sweet-scented bedstraw
Galium triflorum
Rubiaceae
N
N
Tall anemone
Anemone virginiana
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Tall meadow-rue
Thalictrum pubescens
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Tall white beard-tongue
Penstemon digitalis
Plantaginaceae
N
N
Tartarian aster
Aster tataricus
Asteraceae
I
N
Tearthumb
Persicaria sagittata
Polygonaceae
N
N
Thin-leaved sunflower
Helianthus decapetalus
Asteraceae
N
N
Three-seeded mercury
Acalypha rhomboidea
Euphorbiaceae
N
N
Three-seeded mercury
Acalypha virginica
Euphorbiaceae
N
N
Tick-trefoil
Desmodium paniculatum
Fabaceae
N
N
Toothwort
Cardamine concatenata
Brassicaceae
N
N
Trailing bush-clover
Lespedeza procumbens
Fabaceae
N
N
Turtlehead
Chelone glabra
Plantaginaceae
N
N
Venus’s looking-glass
Triodanis perfoliata var. perfoliata
Campanulaceae
N
N
Violet wood-sorrel
Oxalis violacea
Oxalidaceae
N
N
Virginia bluebell
Mertensia virginica
Boraginaceae
N
N
Virginia waterleaf
Hydrophyllum virginianum
Boraginaceae
N
N
Virgin’s-bower
Clematis virginiana
Ranunculaceae
N
N
White avens
Geum canadense
Rosaceae
N
N
White campion
Silene latifolia
Caryophyllaceae
I
N
White clover
Trifolium repens
Fabaceae
I
N
White sweet-clover
Melilotus alba
Fabaceae
I
N
White vervain
Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia
Verbenaceae
N
N
White wood aster
Eurybia divaricata
Asteraceae
N
N
White-snakeroot
Ageratina altissima var. altissima
Asteraceae
N
N
Wild blue phlox
Phlox divaricata ssp. divaricata
Polemoniaceae
N
N
Wild columbine
Aquilegia canadensis
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Wild comfrey
Cynoglossum virginianum
Boraginaceae
N
N
Wild germander
Teucrium canadense var. virginicum
Lamiaceae
N
N
Wild indigo
Baptisia tinctoria
Fabaceae
N
N
Wild lettuce
Lactuca canadensis
Asteraceae
N
N
Wild licorice
Galium circaezans var. circaezans
Rubiaceae
N
N
Wild licorice
Galium lanceolatum
Rubiaceae
N
N
Wild onion
Allium canadense
Alliaceae
N
N
Wild sarsaparilla
Aralia nudicaulis
Araliaceae
N
N
Wild sensitive-plant
Chamaecrista nictitans
Fabaceae
N
N
Wild stonecrop
Sedum ternatum
Crassulaceae
N
N
Wild strawberry
Fragaria virginiana
Rosaceae
N
N
Wild yam
Dioscorea villosa
Dioscoreaceae
N
N
Wild-ginger
Asarum canadense
Aristolochiaceae
N
N
Wister’s coralroot
Corallorhiza wisteriana
Orchidaceae
N
TU
Wood anemone
Anemone quinquefolia
Ranunculaceae
N
N
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
323
Wood geranium
Geranium maculatum
Geraniaceae
N
N
Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod
Solidago rugosa ssp. rugosa var. rugosa
Asteraceae
N
N
Yellow fumewort
Corydalis flavula
Papaveraceae
N
N
Yellow star-grass
Hypoxis hirsuta
Hypoxidaceae
N
N
Yellow sweet-clover
Melilotus officinalis
Fabaceae
I
N
Yellow trout-lily
Erythronium americanum
Liliaceae
N
N
Yellow-flowered sanicle
Sanicula odorata
Apiaceae
N
N
Zigzag goldenrod
Solidago flexicaulis
Asteraceae
N
N
Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines
Alternate-leaved dogwood
Cornus alternifolia
Cornaceae
N
N
American beech
Fagus grandifolia
Fagaceae
N
N
American chestnut
Castanea dentata
Fagaceae
N
N
American elder
Sambucus canadensis
Adoxaceae
N
N
American elm
Ulmus americana
Ulmaceae
N
N
American filbert
Corylus americana
Betulaceae
N
N
American wisteria
Wisteria frutescens
Fabaceae
N
N
Amur honeysuckle
Lonicera maackii
Caprifoliaceae
I
N
Apple
Malus pumila
Rosaceae
I
N
Arbor-vitae
Thuja occidentalis
Cupressaceae
I
N
Autumn-olive
Elaeagnus umbellata
Elaeagnaceae
I
N
Basswood
Tilia americana var. americana
Malvaceae
N
N
Beaked hazelnut
Corylus cornuta
Betulaceae
N
N
Bigtooth aspen
Populus grandidentata
Salicaceae
N
N
Bitternut hickory
Carya cordiformis
Juglandaceae
N
N
Black birch
Betula lenta
Betulaceae
N
N
Black huckleberry
Gaylussacia baccata
Ericaceae
N
N
Black locust
Robinia pseudoacacia
Fabaceae
N
N
Black oak
Quercus velutina
Fagaceae
N
N
Black walnut
Juglans nigra
Juglandaceae
N
N
Black willow
Salix nigra
Salicaceae
N
N
Black-cap
Rubus occidentalis
Rosaceae
N
N
Black-haw
Viburnum prunifolium
Adoxaceae
N
N
Bladdernut
Staphylea trifolia
Staphyleaceae
N
N
Box-elder
Acer negundo
Sapindaceae
N
N
Bristly greenbrier
Smilax hispida
Smilacaceae
N
N
Burning-bush
Euonymus atropurpureus
Celastraceae
N
N
Bush-honeysuckle
Diervilla lonicera
Caprifoliaceae
N
N
Butternut
Juglans cinerea
Juglandaceae
N
N
Canada hemlock
Tsuga canadensis
Pinaceae
N
N
Catalpa
Catalpa bignonioides
Bignoniaceae
I
N
Chestnut oak
Quercus montana
Fagaceae
N
N
Choke cherry
Prunus virginiana
Rosaceae
N
N
Common blackberry
Rubus allegheniensis
Rosaceae
N
N
Common privet
Ligustrum vulgare
Oleaceae
I
N
Deerberry
Vaccinium stamineum
Ericaceae
N
N
Eastern red-cedar
Juniperus virginiana
Cupressaceae
N
N
Eastern white pine
Pinus strobus
Pinaceae
N
N
324
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
English oak
Quercus robur
Fagaceae
I
N
European barberry
Berberis vulgaris
Berberidaceae
I
N
Flowering dogwood
Cornus florida
Cornaceae
N
N
Forsythia
Forsythia suspensa
Oleaceae
I
N
Frost grape
Vitis vulpina
Vitaceae
N
N
Gray dogwood
Cornus racemosa
Cornaceae
N
N
Groundsel-tree
Baccharis halimifolia
Asteraceae
N
N
Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis
Cannabaceae
N
N
Highbush blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosum
Ericaceae
N
N
Hop-hornbeam
Ostrya virginiana
Betulaceae
N
N
Hornbeam
Carpinus caroliniana
Betulaceae
N
N
Horse-chestnut
Aesculus hippocastanum
Sapindaceae
I
N
Japanese barberry
Berberis thunbergii
Berberidaceae
I
N
Japanese honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica
Caprifoliaceae
I
N
Kentucky coffee-tree
Gymnocladus dioicus
Fabaceae
N
N
Lowbush blueberry
Vaccinium pallidum
Ericaceae
N
N
Maple-leaved viburnum
Viburnum acerifolium
Adoxaceae
N
N
Mimosa
Albizia julibrissin
Fabaceae
I
N
Mockernut hickory
Carya tomentosa
Juglandaceae
N
N
Moonseed
Menispermum canadense
Menispermaceae
N
N
Morrow’s honeysuckle
Lonicera morrowii
Caprifoliaceae
I
N
Mountain azalea
Rhododendron prinophyllum
Ericaceae
N
N
Mountain honeysuckle
Lonicera dioica var. dioica
Caprifoliaceae
N
N
Mountain maple
Acer spicatum
Sapindaceae
N
N
Multiflora rose
Rosa multiflora
Rosaceae
I
N
Ninebark
Physocarpus opulifolius
Rosaceae
N
N
Northern red oak
Quercus rubra
Fagaceae
N
N
Norway maple
Acer platanoides
Sapindaceae
I
N
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Pinaceae
I
N
Obtuse-leaved privet
Ligustrum obtusifolium
Oleaceae
I
N
Oriental bittersweet
Celastrus orbiculatus
Celastraceae
I
N
Pasture rose
Rosa carolina
Rosaceae
N
N
Persimmon
Diospyros virginiana
Ebenaceae
N
N
Pignut hickory
Carya glabra
Juglandaceae
N
N
Pinxter-flower
Rhododendron periclymenoides
Ericaceae
N
N
Poison-ivy
Toxicodendron radicans
Anacardiaceae
N
N
Prickly dewberry
Rubus flagellaris
Rosaceae
N
N
Prickly-ash
Zanthoxylum americanum
Rutaceae
N
N
Purple-flowering raspberry
Rubus odoratus
Rosaceae
N
N
Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
Salicaceae
N
N
Red elm
Ulmus rubra
Ulmaceae
N
N
Red maple
Acer rubrum
Sapindaceae
N
N
Redbud
Cercis canadensis
Fabaceae
N
N
River birch
Betula nigra
Betulaceae
N
N
Sassafras
Sassafras albidum
Lauraceae
N
N
Scarlet oak
Quercus coccinea
Fagaceae
N
N
Shadbush
Amelanchier arborea
Rosaceae
N
N
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
325
Shagbark hickory
Carya ovata
Juglandaceae
N
N
Silky dogwood, kinnikinik
Cornus amomum ssp. amomum
Cornaceae
N
N
Silver maple
Acer saccharinum
Sapindaceae
N
N
Smooth sumac
Rhus glabra
Anacardiaceae
N
N
Sourgum
Nyssa sylvatica
Nyssaceae
N
N
Spicebush
Lindera benzoin
Lauraceae
N
N
Staghorn sumac
Rhus typhina
Anacardiaceae
N
N
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
Sapindaceae
N
N
Summer grape
Vitis aestivalis
Vitaceae
N
N
Sweet cherry
Prunus avium
Rosaceae
I
N
Sycamore
Platanus occidentalis
Platanaceae
N
N
Tartarian honeysuckle
Lonicera tatarica
Caprifoliaceae
I
N
Trailing nightshade
Solanum dulcamara var. dulcamara
Solanaceae
I
N
Tree-of-heaven
Ailanthus altissima
Simaroubaceae
I
N
Trumpet honeysuckle
Lonicera sempervirens
Caprifoliaceae
N
N
Trumpet-vine
Campsis radicans
Bignoniaceae
N
N
Tuliptree
Liriodendron tulipifera
Magnoliaceae
N
N
Virginia pine
Pinus virginiana
Pinaceae
N
N
Virginia-creeper
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Vitaceae
N
N
White ash
Fraxinus americana var. americana
Oleaceae
N
N
White mulberry
Morus alba
Moraceae
I
N
White oak
Quercus alba
Fagaceae
N
N
Wild black cherry
Prunus serotina
Rosaceae
N
N
Wineberry
Rubus phoenicolasius
Rosaceae
I
N
Winged euonymous
Euonymus alatus
Celastraceae
I
N
Winterberry
Ilex verticillata
Aquifoliaceae
N
N
Witch-hazel
Hamamelis virginiana
Hamamelidaceae
N
N
326
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
A PPENDIX 4 .B
Forest Composition from Transects
Canopy Trees Only
Transect 1 Spring Mountain upper slope southwest side
Canopy
RIV*
Shrub Layer
RIV
Seedling Layer
RIV
Liriodendron tulipifera
0.361085
Acer platanoides
0.092633
Fraxinus americana
0.153947
Quercus montana
0.140922
Acer saccharum
0.083542
Ostrya virginiana
0.130263
Carya ovata
0.122159
Fraxinus americana
0.075392
Carya glabra
0.096634
Sassafras albidum
0.053605
Quercus alba
0.062344
Quercus sp.
0.052665
Fraxinus americana
0.061819
Acer rubrum
0.021787
Quercus velutina
0.055060
Fagus grandifolia
0.021787
Acer saccharum
0.039962
Prunus sp.
0.021787
Carya cordiformis
0.030446
Tilia americana
0.021787
Acer rubrum
0.029569
Transect 2 Spring Mountain mid slope north side
Canopy
RIV
Shrub Layer
RIV
Seedling Layer
RIV
Quercus rubra
0.260907
Fraxinus americana
0.179651
Fraxinus americana
0.148352
Quercus montana
0.212136
Ostrya virginiana
0.121512
Acer rubrum
0.124542
Liriodendron tulipifera
0.202804
Acer rubrum
0.084884
Acer saccharum
0.124542
Acer saccharum
0.149276
Acer saccharum
0.084884
Tilia americana
0.062271
Tilia americana
0.095874
Carpinus caroliniana
0.036628
Fraxinus americana
0.055688
Carya glabra
0.036628
Carya cordiformis
0.023315
Cornus florida
0.036628
Tilia americana
0.036628
Transect 3 Spring Mountain lower slope northwest side along Perkiomen Creek
Canopy
RIV
Shrub Layer
RIV
Seedling Layer
RIV
Acer saccharum
0.285751
Acer saccharum
0.110106
Acer saccharum
Liriodendron tulipifera
0.275230
Fraxinus americana
0.055053
Fraxinus americana
0.066239
Quercus velutina
0.110655
Ostrya virginiana
0.048643
Carya cordiformis
0.053419
Prunus serotina
0.040598
Carya cordiformis
0.056298
Acer platanoides
0.035822
Fraxinus americana
0.054038
Cornus florida
0.035822
Quercus alba
0.050229
Fagus grandifolia
0.049454
Quercus montana
0.033679
Tilia americana
0.031744
Acer rubrum
0.026859
Cornus florida
0.026064
0.07906
* Relative importance value (RIV) is a measure of dominance of each species based on data on cover, frequency, and abundance.
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
327
APPENDIX 4 .C
Birds of Spring Mountain
163 Species, 82 Breeding
Compiled by Marcia Clouser – Last Updated June 8, 2007
(The mountain is defined as the height itself and its flanks, including the Perkiomen Creek from
Spring Mount millpond to Route 73 Bridge, Dieber Ridge and the East Branch.)
Goose, Canada
b
Owl, Short-eared
Goose, Snow
m
Owl, Great Horned
p
Swan, Mute
u
Owl, Barred
u
Duck, Wood
b
Screech-Owl, Eastern
p
Duck, Muscovy, domestic escaped
b?
Nighthawk, Common
c, h/f
Mallard
b
Swift, Chimney
b
Duck, Black
m
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated
b
Teal, Green-winged
um
Kingfisher, Belted
b
Bufflehead
um
Woodpecker, Red-headed
u
w
Woodpecker, Red-bellied
p
Merganser, Common
Merganser, Red-breasted
Flicker, Northern
p
Merganser, Hooded
w
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied
w
Pheasant, Ring-necked
up
Woodpecker, Downy
p
Turkey, Wild
p
Woodpecker, Hairy
p
Grouse, Ruffed
u
Woodpecker, Pileated
p
Bobwhite, Northern
up
Flycatcher, Olive-sided
um
Loon, Common
m
Pewee, Eastern Wood
b
um
Grebe, Pied-billed
m
Flycatcher, Acadian
Cormorant, Double-crested
m
Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied
um
Bittern, American
u
Flycatcher, Least
m
b
Phoebe, Eastern
b
Flycatcher, Great Crested
b
Heron, Green
Egret, Great
Heron, Great Blue
Vulture, Turkey
Vulture, Black
Osprey
Harrier, Northern
um
b
c, h/f
Kingbird, Eastern
b
p
Vireo, White-eyed
b
p
Vireo, Yellow-throated
um
Vireo, Blue-headed
m
Vireo, Red-eyed
b
h/f, b?
m
Eagle, Bald
c
Vireo, Philadelphia
m
Hawk, Sharp-shinned
p
Vireo, Warbling
um
Hawk, Cooper’s
Goshawk, Northern
Hawk, Broad-winged
h/f, b
m
Jay, Blue
p
Crow, American
p
m, b?
Swallow, Tree
b
Hawk, Red-shouldered
m
Martin, Purple
b
Hawk, Red-tailed
p
Swallow, Northern Rough-winged
b
Kestrel, American
b
Swallow, Barn
b
Merlin
m
Titmouse, Tufted
p
Killdeer
b
Yellowlegs, Greater
um
Sandpiper, Spotted
b
Snipe, Wilson’s
328
um
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
um
Chickadee, Black-cap/Carolina hybrid
p
Creeper, Brown
w
Nuthatch, White-breasted
p
Nuthatch, Red-breasted
m
Woodcock, American
m
Wren, House
b
Gull, Ring-billed
c
Wren, Winter
m
Gull, Herring
c, h/f
Pigeon, Rock
up
Wren, Carolina
p
Kinglet, Golden-crowned
m, w
m, w
Dove, Mourning
p
Kinglet, Ruby-crowned
Cuckoo, Yellow-billed
b
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray
Cuckoo, Black-billed
um
b
Bluebird, Eastern
b, w
b, w
Thrush, Wood
b
Sparrow, Song
Veery
m
Sparrow, Swamp
m
Thrush, Gray-cheeked
m
Sparrow, White-throated
w
Thrush, Swainson’s
m
Sparrow, White-crowned
uw
Thrush, Hermit
m, w
Junco, Dark-eyed (Slate-colored)
w
Robin, American
b, w
Grosbeak, Rose-breasted
b
Catbird, Gray
b, uw
Cardinal, Northern
p
Mockingbird, Northern
p
Bunting, Indigo
b
Thrasher, Brown
b
Blackbird, Red-winged
b
p
Grackle, Common
b
Blackbird, Rusty
m
Starling, European
Waxwing, Cedar
b, w
Warbler, Blue-winged
b
Cowbird, Brown-headed
b
Warbler, Golden-winged
m
Oriole, Orchard
b
Warbler, Brewster’s (GW/BW hybr)
um
Oriole, Baltimore
b
Warbler, Tennessee
m
Finch, Purple
w
Warbler, Nashville
m
Finch, House
p
m
Parula, Northern
m
Siskin, Pine
Warbler, Chestnut-sided
m
Goldfinch, American
Warbler, Cape May
m
Redpoll, Common
uw
Grosbeak, Evening
uw
Warbler, Magnolia
m
Warbler, Yellow-rumped (Myrtle)
m, w
Warbler, Black and White
m, b
Sparrow, House
p
u
Redstart, American
b
Warbler, Black-throated Blue
m
Tanager, Scarlet
b
Warbler, Cerulean
um
Towhee, Eastern
b, uw
Warbler, Blackburnian
m
Sparrow, American Tree
Warbler, Black-throated Green
m
Sparrow, Field
Warbler, Prairie
b
Sparrow, Chipping
Warbler, Bay-breasted
m
Sparrow, Fox
Warbler, Blackpoll
m
Warbler, Wilson’s
m
Warbler, Pine
m
Warbler, Hooded
m
Warbler, Palm
m
Warbler, Worm-eating
m
Warbler, Yellow
b
Ovenbird
b
Warbler, Connecticut
m
Waterthrush, Louisiana
b
Warbler, Kentucky
b
Yellowthroat, Common
b
Warbler, Canada
m
uw
b, uw
b
m, w
b = breeding on the mountain or along creek
h/f = regular hunting or feeding
p = permanent resident/breeding
w = winter resident
m = migrant to or over the mountain
c = commuting to or over the mountain
u = uncommon or rarely seen
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
329
APPENDIX 4 .D
Butterflies of Spring Mountain
(51 species)
Compiled by Marcia Clouser, Last Updated January 2006
Identifications by Marcia Clouser, Julie Lundgren (The Nature Conservancy),
Eileen McDonnell (Unami Audubon) with the Hendricks Fourth of July (July 21, 1996) Butterfly Count,
Lawrencine Mazzoli, and Randy Clouser
Swallowtails
Abundance*
Papilionidae
Swallowtail, Eastern Black
C
Papilio polyxenes
Swallowtail, Spicebush
C
Papilio troilus
Swallowtail, Eastern Tiger
C
Papilio glaucus
Whites and Sulphurs
Abundance
Pieridae
Cabbage White
A
Pieris rapae
Sulphur, Clouded
A
Colias philodice
Sulphur, Orange
A
Colias eurytheme
Yellow, Little
S
Eurema lisa
Gossamer-Winged Butterflies/Lycaenidae -- 3 of 4 subfamilies represented:
Coppers
Copper, American
Hairstreaks
Abundance
C
Code
Lycaeninae
Lycaena phlaeas
Theclinae
Hairstreak, Banded
LC
Satyrium calanus
Hairstreak, Gray
C
Strymon melinus
Hairstreak, Juniper “Olive”
LC
Callophrys gryneus gryneus
Hairstreak, Red-banded
R-U
Calycopis cecrops
Hairstreak, White M
R-U
Parrhasius m-album
Elfin, Brown
LC-A
Callophrys augustinus
Blues
Abundance
Polyommatinae
Blue, Eastern tailed
A
Everes comyntas
Azure, Spring (spp.)
C
Celastrina ladon violacea, C. l. marginata, C. l. lucia
Azure, Summer
C
Celastrina ladon neglecta
Brush-footed Butterflies/Nymphalidae 8 of 10 subfamilies represented:
Fritillaries
Fritillary, Great Spangled
Fritillary, Variegated
330
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
Abundance
Speyeria
C
Speyeria cybele
U/R
Euptoieta claudia
Crescents and Checkerspots
Crescent, Pearl
Anglewings
Question Mark
Comma, Eastern
Abundance
A
Abundance
C
U/C
Nymphalinae (in part)
Phyciodes tharos
Nymphalinae (in part)
Polygonia interrogationis
Polygonia comma (U in Phila. area per Glasberg; Common on
Spring Mountain)
Tortoiseshell, Compton
R
Nymphalis vau-album
Mourning Cloak
C
Nymphalis antiopa
Ladies
Lady, American
Abundance
C
Nymphalinae (in part)
Vanessa virginiensis
Lady, Painted
R-A
Vanessa cardui
Admiral, Red
C-A
Vanessa atalanta
Buckeye, Common
Admirals
Red-spotted Purple
Emperors
C
Junonia coenia
Abundance
Limenitidinae
U-C
Abundance
Limenitis arthemis astyanax
Apaturinae
Emperor, Hackberry
LU
Asterocampa celtis
Emperor, Tawny
LU
Asterocampa clyton
Satyrs or Browns
Abundance
Satyr, Little Wood
C
Milkweed Butterflies
Monarch
Abundance
U-C
Satyrinae
Megisto cymela
Danainae
Danaus plexippus
Skippers/ Hesperiidae:
Spread-wing Skippers
Abundance
Pyrginae
Skipper, Silver-spotted
C-A
Epargyreus clarus
Cloudywing, Northern
C
Thorybes pylades
Duskywing, Dreamy
C-A
Erynnis icelus
Duskywing, Sleepy
U
Erynnis brizo
Duskywing, Juvenal’s
C
Erynnis juvenalis
Duskywing, Horace’s
U
Erynnis horatius
C-LA
Erynnis baptisiae
Skipper, Common Checkered
C
Pyrgus communis
Sootywing, Common
C
Pholisora catullus
Duskywing, Wild Indigo
Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007
331
Folded-wing or Grass Skippers
Abundance
Hesperiinae
Little Glassywing
C
Pompeius verna
Skipper, Least
C
Ancyloxypha numitor
Skipper, European
C
Thymelicus lineola
Skipper, Peck’s
A
Polites peckius
Skipper, Tawny-edged
C
Polites themistocles
Skipper, Hobomok
C
Poanes hobomok
Skipper, Zabulon
C
Poanes zabulon
Skipper, Dun
C
Euphyes vestris
Skipper, Fiery
U
Hylephila phyleus
* Abundance codes from Glassburg (1993, 1999).
A – abundant
C – common
L – local (isolated local colonies only)
U – uncommon
R – rare
S – stray, post breeding wanderer
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Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007

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