1
Herbal Supplement Reference Chart
Part 1
5400 Kennedy Avenue • Cincinnati, OH • 45213 • (513) 924-5300
LaValle Metabolic Institute
2
HERBAL SUPPLEMENT
REFERENCE CHART
PART I
*NOTE:
Do not use herbs if you are pregnant or nursing unless under the care and supervision of a doctor or other qualified health care professional. Anyone taking prescription
or non-prescription medications OR with pre-existing health care conditions should only take herbal supplements under the care and supervision of a doctor or qualified
health care professional.
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Arabinoxylane
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
General immune
support: 250-500mg,
two to three times a day
Aggressive therapy: 4 x
250mg, three to four
times a day for two to
four weeks, then 2 x
250mg, two to three
times a day thereafter
-
Enhances immunity
Immune support in cancer therapy
Support in chemotherapy and radiation
therapy
Used in conditions needing immune
support such as HIV infection, colds and
influenza
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to
mushrooms or fungus
- Use with caution if taking
immunosuppressive drugs or
drugs for the immune system
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
-
Immune enhancement
General health tonic
3
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
Leaf
300-1000mg
extract
daily, standandardized
to
contain
2-5%
cynarin,
15%
chlorogenic
acid,
and/or
5-7%
caffeoylquinic acids
-
Stimulates the flow of bile
May lower cholesterol levels
Eczema and skin disorders
Liver protective agent
Non-ulcer dyspepsia (upset stomach)
Ashwagandha
450-900mg daily,
standardized to 1.5%
withanolides, 1% alkaloids
-
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves learning
ability, and decreases stress and fatigue)
May improve resistance to diseases such
as cancer and diabetes
May improve immune function
General tonic in stressful situations,
especially insomnia, overwork,
nervousness, and restlessness
Chemoprotective agent (protects the
body against radiation or chemotherapy
damage); may help chemotherapy and
radiation therapy work on cancer
(Withania somniferum)
Root
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to plants in
the daisy family
- Do not use if biliary obstruction
or gallstones are present
-
-
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Use with caution in sedatives
and hypnotics such as
barbiturates (reported to
increase the effects of these
drugs)
May alter thyroid hormone
levels; use with caution in
thyroid hormone replacement
and thyroid disease
Use with caution in patients on
anticoagulants or anti-platelet
therapy
Ashwagandha is rich in iron; use
caution in individuals taking
iron supplementation or on lowiron diets
Popular Uses
-
Detoxification
Liver and gallbladder health
Healthy cholesterol support
-
Improve resistance to diseases
Immune enhancement
Stress; fatigue (adrenal function)
4
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Astragalus
(Astragalus membranaceus)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
250-500mg, 4 times a day,
standardized to a minimum
of 0.4% 4’-hydroxy-3'methoxyisoflavone 7-sug
-
Bacopa
(Bacopa monniera)
Leaf
Bilberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus)
Berry
100mg, 1-4 times a day,
standardized to contain 20%
bacosides A and B
80-480mg daily,
standardized to 25%
anthocyanosides, calculated
as anthocyanidins
-
-
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves
learning ability, and decreases
stress and fatigue)
May improve resistance to
diseases such as cancer and
diabetes
May improve immune function
Used to support the body during
chemotherapy and radiation
May increases oxygen to tissues
Memory enhancement and
improving cognitive function
Stress reduction
Epilepsy
Gastric ulcers
Antioxidant
Antioxidant
Eye health
Diabetic retinopathy, myopia,
diminished visual acuity, dark
adaptation, day and night
blindness, cataracts
Cardiovascular health – helps
maintain healthy blood vessels
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution in individuals
on immune therapies such as
immunosuppressive drugs or
immune globulin therapy
-
-
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Popular Uses
-
Improve resistance to diseases
Immune enhancement
May increase cellular
oxygenation
May affect liver enzymes that
metabolize certain prescription
medications; use with caution
May alter thyroid hormone
levels; use with caution in
thyroid hormone replacement
and thyroid disease
-
Mental function
Stress reduction
Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
-
Antioxidant
Eye health
Cardiovascular health
Diabetic complications
5
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Bitter Melon
(Momordica charantia)
Fruit
Black Cohosh
(Actaea racemosa OR
Cimicifuga racemosa)
Root/rhizome
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
200-500mg, 2-3 times a
day, standardized to
5.1% triterpenes OR
standardized to 10%
charantin
-
20mg, 2 times a day,
standardized to 1mg
triterpenes (27deoxyacteine)
-
-
-
May help the body regulate blood sugar
levels; useful in diabetes
Antiviral; may be useful in HIV
May help in lowering cholesterol levels
Cancer
Weight loss
Hormonal replacement therapy
Used in menopausal complaints
and PMS, especially hot flashes
Antioxidant
May be useful in cancer therapies,
including breast and prostate
May have protective effects
against breast cancer development
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution in individuals
taking medications for blood
sugar control
-
Bromelain (from pineapple,
Anas comosus)
Enzyme
250-750mg 2-3 times a
day between or before
meals containing at
least 2000 mcu/ gram
-
Antiinflammatory
Used in arthritis and other
inflammatory conditions
Used to decrease swelling after
surgery
Also used as a digestive enzyme
May help improve cardiovascular
health
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Do not use if liver problems
exist
May cause muscle weakness in
long-term use
Contraindicated in pregnancy
and lactation
Use caution if taking hormonal
drugs such as estrogen or birth
control pills
May cause nausea, vomiting,
and headache in high doses
Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
Use with caution in individuals
susceptible to gastric ulcers
Popular Uses
-
Diabetes and diabetic complications
Support of healthy pancreas function
Weight loss
-
Female related hormonal
imbalances
Cancer protection, including
breast and prostate
-
-
Enzyme function
Digestion
Inflammation
Cardiovascular health
6
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Cascara sagrada
(Rhamnus persiana)
Bark
Cat’s Claw
(Uncaria tomentosa)
Root bark
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
20-30mg
hydroxyanthracene
derivatives daily,
calculated as
cascaroside A.
-
Laxative (anthraquinone type)
Dextoxification
-
250-1000mg, 3 times a
day, standardized to
contain 3% alkaloids
and 15% total phenols;
OR 20-40mg, 3 times
daily standardized to
contain not less than
1.3% pentacyclic
oxindole aldkaloids and
not more than 0.006%
tetracyclic oxindole
alkaloids; OR 6001800mg daily
standardized to 0.5%
pentacyclic oxindole
alkaloids (TOA free)
-
May improve resistance to
diseases such as cancer
May be sued to improve immune
function
Antibacterial, antifungal, and
antiviral
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Useful in cancer support
Lyme disease (TOA free product)
-
-
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
Avoid in children under 12 years of
age
May alter absorption and effects of
some oral medications and deplete
vitamins and fluids from the body; use
only under the supervision of a doctor
or qualified health care professional if
on prescription medications or using
more than occasionally
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Immune therapies such
as immunosuppressive
drugs or immune
globulin therapy
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
-
Laxative
Detoxification
Immune enhancement
Antioxidant
Cancer support
Gastrointestinal health; bowel terrain
protocol
- Lyme disease (TOA free product)
7
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
Fruit
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
400mg, 3 times a day,
standardized to
Scoville heat units
(SCU), with
150,000SCU being
average
Topically, apply 3-4
times daily to unbroken
skin standardized to
0.25% or greater
capsaicin content
-
Digestive stimulation
Heart and blood vessel health
Topically for inflammation and
pain such as in arthritis
May decrease “bad” cholesterol
formation
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Use with caution in peptic or duodenal
ulcer and in gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD)
Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning agents)
including aspirin
Use with caution if taking MAO
inhibitors
Popular Uses
- Anti-inflammatory agent
- Cardiovascular health
- Digestion
8
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita,
Anthemis nobilis)
Flowers
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
400-1600mg daily in
divided doses
standardized to 1-1.2%
apigenin and 0.5%
essential oil
May use tea (1 heaping
teaspoonful in hot
water – steep 10
minutes, drink up to 3
times a day)
-
Carminative (stomach settling),
antispasmodic
Mild sedative, anti-anxiety agent
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
-
Topically for mild inflammation and
other skin disorders
Mouth rinse and gargle for oral health
Gargle with mouth
rinse 2-3 times a day or
as needed.
Topically – apply
preparation 3-4 times
daily to unbroken skin
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Use with caution in individuals with
severe ragweed allergy or allergy to
members of the daisy
(chrysanthemum) family
Popular Uses
-
Digestive tonic
Stress, especially in children
Mouth rinse
Topically for wound healing
9
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Chaste berry
(Vitex agnus-castus)
Berry
Coleus
(Coleus forskohlii)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
200-400mg every
morning, preferably on
an empty stomach,
either 1 hour before or
2 hours after breakfast,
standardized to contain
at least 0.5% agnuside
and 0.6% aucubin; OR
20-40mg daily of fruit
extract; OR 4mg daily
standardized to 6%
agnuside
250mg 1-3 times daily
standardized to 1%
forskolin/ OR 50mg 13 times daily
standardized to 18%
forskolin.
-
-
-
Hormonal replacement therapy
Progesterone-like action with uses
in PMS, menopause, corpus
luteum insufficiency and other
menstrual irregularities
Insufficient lactation and
hyperprolactinemia
Breast discomfort
Asthma
High blood pressure and other
cardiovascular conditions
Glaucoma
Allergies, eczema
Weight loss
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- May alter hormonal therapy
such as birth control and
hormone replacement therapy
(HRT)
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Use with caution in low blood
pressure
Avoid in peptic ulcer disease
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Antihypertensives
o Decongestants
o Antihistamines
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Thyroid medications
Popular Uses
- Female related hormonal imbalances
-
Allergies
Asthma
Weight loss
High blood pressure
10
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Cordyceps
(Cordyceps sinensis)
Mycelia
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
1050mg, 2-3 times a
day, standardized to
contain 0.14%
adenosine and 5%
mannitol
-
Dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale)
Root/plant
250-500mg, 3 times a
day of whole root,
standardized extract
OR 5-10ml, 3 times a
day, of liquid extract
(1:1w/v fresh plant or
1:4w/v dried plant) in
water or juice.
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
Antioxidant
Supports healthy lung and kidney
function
Support wellness, longevity, and
general health
Used to support the body during
chemotherapy and radiation
Improves sexual vitality
Liver protective
May lower cholesterol levels
Beneficial for athletes in
increasing stamina and endurance
Helps reduce tiredness and fatigue
Improves resistance to disease and
immune function
-
Do not use if allergic to mushrooms or
fungus
-
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
Disorders of bile secretion
(choleretic)
Appetite stimulation
Dyspeptic complaints
Diuretic (plant)
-
o
o
o
o
o
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents) including
aspirin
MAO inhibitors
Antihypertensives
Antiarrhythmics
Immune therapies such as
immunosuppressive drugs or
immune globulin therapy
Popular Uses
-
Immune system enhancement
Stress, fatigue
Liver protection
Support general health and wellness
Lung health
Do not use if allergic to plants in - Detoxification
the daisy family
- Diuretic
Do not use if biliary obstruction
or gallstones are present
Dandelion plant may increase
fluid loss; use with caution if
taking diuretics
11
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Echinacea
(Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea angustifolia)
Flower, herb
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Acute – 500-1000mg, 3
times a day for day 1,
then 250-500mg, 4
times a day.
Prevention – 250mg
daily, 3 weeks on and 1
week off. Products
should be standardized
to contain 4%
echinacosides or 4%
sesquiterpene esters;
liquid succus dosages
range from 6-9mL
daily in divided doses,
for five to seven days
TO 60 drops three
times a day with food
for 1 day, then 40 drops
three times a day with
food for up to 10 days,
standardized to contain
not less than 2.4
percent soluble beta-1,2
D-5 fructofuranosides;
some products may
also be standardized to
isobutyl amide content
-
-
Improves resistance to disease and
immune function; may be used to
stimulate immunity after
chemotherapy/ratiation
Used in prevention and treatment
of colds, flu, minor infections,
tonsillitis, sore throat;
Topically for wounds and skin
disorders such as eczema
Antibacterial/antiviral
Cautions/Contraindications/
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to plants in - Immune enhancement
the daisy family
- Support in colds/influenza; may
- Recommended for no longer
decrease length and severity of a
than 10 days of therapy in
cold or upper respiratory condition
treatment of infections
- Not for use in patients with
chronic immunosuppression
- Use in caution in individuals
with kidney disorders
LaValle Metabolic Institute
12
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis)
Oil from seed
Feverfew
(Tanacetum parthenium)
Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
2-8 grams daily in
divided doses,
standardized to 8%
gamma-linolenic acid
(equal to 180-720mg
gamma-linolenic acid
(GLA); dosage depends
on severity of
symptoms
-
100-250mg daily,
standardized to 0.20.4% parthenolide.
-
-
-
Rich in gamma-linolenic acid
(GLA, an omega-6 essential fatty
acid)
Eczema, psoriasis and other skin
disorders
PMS, menopause
Rheumatoid and osteo-arthritis
Diabetes and diabetic neuropathy
Multiple sclerosis
Used in the preventative treatment
of migraine headaches
Inflammatory conditions such as
arthritis
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use in schizophrenia or
seizure disorders
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Antisychotic
medications
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
- Omega-6 essential fatty acid
supplement
- PMS, menopause
- Skin health
- Arthritis support
- Diabetic neuropathy
Do not use in pregnancy
- Headache therapy
Do not use if allergic to plants in - Anti-inflammatory
the daisy family
Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
13
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Garlic
(Allium sativum)
Bulb
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Aged garlic extract,
600-1200mg daily in
divided doses or Вј-ВЅ
teaspoon (300-600mg)
or 30-60 drops
with a meal twice daily
; garlic 400mg, 3 times
a day; standardized to
contain 10-12mg/Gm
alliin and/or 4000mcg
of Total Allicin
Potential (TAP)
-
-
Aged garlic reported to:
o Antioxidant
o Protects against cancer
o May improve immune
system health
o Heart and liver protective
o May lower cholesterol
levels
o May lower c-reactive
protein and homocysteine
levels, major causes of
heart disease
o High blood pressure and
circulation
o May decrease fatigue
o May protect against health
problems associated with
diabetes
o May lower stress
Antibacterial/antifungal – use high
allicin content garlic
Antioxidant
May be useful in stomach ulcers
Topically as insect repellant
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
-
May cause gastrointestinal distress in
sensitive individuals, such as nausea,
vomiting and stomach upset
-
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
- Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents) including
aspirin Blood thinning
agents
- Blood sugar lowering agents
- Blood pressure lowering
agents
- Anti-retroviral agents
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
-
Heart health
Blood pressure
Cholesterol lowering
Cancer prevention
Immune system health
Detoxification
Enzyme function
14
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba)
Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
120-240mg daily in
divided doses,
standardized to 24-32% ginkgo flavone
glycosides
(heterosides), and 612% triterpene lactones
-
-
Ginger (Zingiber
officinalis) root
75-2000mg in divided
doses with food,
standardized to contain
4% volatile oils or 5%
total pungent
compounds including
6-gingerol and/or 6shogaol; 1-4gm of the
fresh root daily in
divided doses
CHILDREN (ages 612) – use 1/3 of adult
dosage
Antioxidant
Memory enhancement
Alzheimer’s disease; senile dementia
Reported to increase peripheral blood
flow
Cerebral vascular insufficiency,
peripheral vascular insufficiency
Cardiovascular protection; may deter
homocysteine damage to blood
vessels
Impotence
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
Seasonal depression
May be neuroprotective
May help protect against cancer,
including ovarian
- Nausea and vomiting
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- May be protective from cancer
and heart disease
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Calcium channel
blocking drugs
o MAO inhibitors
o SSRI antidepressants
o Thiazide diuretics such
as hydrochlorothiazide
-
Discontinue use 2-3 weeks prior to
some surgical and dental procedures
due to increased risk of bleeding
-
Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
Discontinue use 2-3 weeks prior
to some surgical and dental
procedures due to increased risk
of bleeding
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
-
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia
Memory enhancement
Helps in circulatory problems
Oxygenation of tissues
Cardiovascular protection
Impotence
- Nausea/vomiting
- Gastrointestinal health
- Inflammatory conditions such as
arthritis
15
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Ginseng, Asian (Korean
red/white)
(Panax ginseng)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
200-600mg daily,
standardized to 4-5%
ginsenosides; 1-4gm of
dried root daily (red or
white ginseng)
-
-
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves learning
ability, and decreases stress and fatigue)
May improve resistance to disease and
immune function
Improve concentration and memory
Improve physical endurance
General tonic in stressful situations,
especially insomnia, overwork,
nervousness, and restlessness
Chemoprotective agent (protects
the body against radiation or
chemotherapy damage)
General protection from diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and
diabetes
May decrease blood alcohol
concentration (BAC); metabolism
of alcohol increased
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use in kidney failure
- Do not use in pregnancy
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
o
o
o
Hormonal replacement
therapy or birth control
Digoxin
Anhypertensive drugs
MAO inhibitors
May cause mastalgia (breast
tenderness) in prolonged and
high doses
May cause vaginal breakthrough
bleeding
Popular Uses
- Immune enhancement
- Fatigue/stress
- General health and protection from
diseases such as cancer, heart
disease and diabetes
- Improve concentration and memory
- Improve physical endurance
16
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Ginseng, Siberian
(Eleuthero)
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
100-200mg, 2 times a
day, standardized to
contain 0.8-1%
eleutherosides Band E;
500-3000mg daily of
dried root. A regimen
of 4 weeks on, 2 weeks
off is recommended for
maximum benefits.
-
-
May improve immune function
General tonic in stressful situations,
especially insomnia, overwork,
nervousness, and restlessness
-
Chemoprotective agent (protects
the body against radiation or
:
chemotherapy damage)
General protection from diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and
diabetes
- Use with caution if taking anticoagulants
Antioxidant
(blood thinning agents) including aspirin
Anti-aging
Allergies
Asthma
May improve general circulation
and protect blood vessels from
fragility; heart health
Periodontal disease
Cancer protection; may protect the
body from chemotherapy and
radiation side effects
Grape seed
(Vitis vinifera)
Seed/skin
25-100mg, 1-3 times a
day, standardized to
40-80%
proanthocyanidins or a
procyanidolic value of
not less than 95 and
90% total phenols;
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves
learning ability, and decreases
stress and fatigue)
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
o
o
o
o
Popular Uses
- Immune enhancement
- Adrenal function
- Fatigue/stress
- General health and protection from diseases
such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes
Hypoglycemic agents
Anhypertensive drugs
Digoxin
Barbiturates
- Support in colds/influenza and
allergies
- Antioxidant
- Anti-aging
- Asthma related symptoms
- Cardiovascular health
- Cancer protection
17
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Grapefruit seed extract
(Citrus paradisi)
Pulp, juice
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
100-250mg 1-3 times a day
with meals or 5-10 drops in
favorite beverage, 3 times a
day; may be standardized to
polyphenol content
-
250-500mg daily,
standardized to contain
40-75% catechins
(polyphenols,
specifically
(-)epigallocatechin-3gallate (EGCG); drink
quality green tea, 3-6
cups daily.
-
-
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
Popular Uses
Antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic
agent
Used in resortation of gastrointestinal
health
Antioxidant
May be effective in urinary tract
infections
- Very bitter; must dilute liquid before using
- Gastrointestinal health
- Antibacterial/antifungal
Antioxidant
Cancer prevention and protection
Cardiovascular diseases
Support for chemotherapy and
radiation treatment
May lower cholesterol
Anticariogenic (reduces dental
plaque)
Helps increase longevity and
general health
May improve immune function
May help improve blood sugar
regulation
Used in weight loss formulas
- Caffeine-free products are available
-
-
Use with caution if taking anticoagulants
(blood thinning agents) including aspirin
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Antioxidant
Cardiovascular health
Healthy cholesterol management
Weight loss
Cancer prevention
General health
18
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Guggul
(Commiphora mukul)
Resin
Gymnema (Gymnema
sylvestre) leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
500-1500mg, 3 times a
day, standardized
to2.5-5%
guggulsterones (E and
Z); a typical daily dose
is 75-100mg
guggulsterones
-
250-600mg, 1-3 times a day,
standardized to contain 2575% gymnemic acids
-
-
-
Used in lowering blood cholesterol levels
Acne
Weight loss
Anti-inflammatory; may be effective in
arthritis
Thyroid support
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Regulation of blood sugar levels
Complications associated with diabetes,
including cataracts
Weight loss
Antibacterial
May help regulate healthy cholesterol levels
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Thydoid lowering
medications
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Cholesterol lowering
medications
o Reported to interfere
with diltiazem and
propranolol metabolism,
so caution should be
used in calcium channel
blocker and beta-blocker
medications
- May cause rhabdomyolysis
(muscle aches/pains); if this
occurs stop immediately and
contact your doctor
- Use with caution in individuals
taking medications for blood
sugar control
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
-
-
Cholesterol lowering
Thyroid support
Inflammation; arthritis
Blood sugar regulation
Pancreas support
Weight loss
Cholesterol support
19
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Hawthorn
(Crataegus oxyacantha)
Flower/leaf/berry
Holy Basil (Occimum
sanctum) Leaf
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
160-900mg, 1-3 times a day,
standardized to 2-3%
flavonoids and/OR 18-20%
oligomeric procyanidins OR
1.8 percent vitexin-2rhamnosides
-
400-800mg daily,
standardized to contain 1.0 2.5% ursolic acid;
supercritical extracts contain
a minimum of 7-11%
eugenol and 4%
caryophyllene;
hydroethanolic extracts
contain 0.7-4.0%
triterpenoic acids, including
ursolic and oleanolic acids;
steam distilled extracts
contain a minimum of 40%
eugenol and 15%
caryophyllene
-
-
-
Heart disease; heart protection
Treatment of angina, low or high blood
pressure, peripheral vascular diseases,
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Antioxidant
Antiviral
May help regulate healthy cholesterol
levels
Anti-inflammatory agent (COX-2
inhibitor)
Antioxidant
Blood sugar regulation; diabetes
protection
Antistress; may lower cortisol (stress
hormone) levels
Wound healing
Protective effects in chemotherapy
and/or radiation
Ulcer-healing properties
Anticonvulsant
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Antihypertensives
o Digoxin
o Angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors (ACE
inhibitors)
- Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
- Use with caution in individuals on
anti-epileptic medications or
individuals with a history of
seizure
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
-
Heart tonic
Blood pressure regulation
CHF (congestive heart failure)
Antioxidant
-
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Stress; adrenal support
Healthy blood sugar support
20
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Hops
(Humulus lupulus)
Strobiles
100mg, 2 times a day as
needed, standardized to
contain 5.2% bitter acids
and 4% flavonoids
-
Mild sedative and hypnotic
Sleep, relaxation
May have anticancer effects
May have estrogenic activity
Anti-inflammatory
Antiviral; may be useful in HIV
Horse Chestnut
(Aesculus hippocastanum)
Seed
100 – 300mg 2 times daily;
horse chestnut seed extracts
are standardized for aescin
content (16 - 21%) or
isolated aescin preparations
are often recommended at
an initial dose of 50 150mg of aescin per day.
Once improvement is noted,
this is usually reduced to a
maintenance dose of 35 - 70
mg of aescin per day
Topical: Apply 2% escin
gel, 1-2 times a day to
affected area
-
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids
-
Venous insufficiencies; deep venous
thrombosis
Used topically in the same conditions
Antioxidant
Antiviral
Diarrhea
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Sedatives, hypnotics
o Sleep medications
o Anti-anxiety medications
o Antipsychotics
o Antidepressants
o Alcohol
- Use caution when driving an
automobile or operating heavy
machinery
- Use with caution if taking
anticoagulants (blood thinning
agents) including aspirin
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
- Promote sleep
- Stress
- Support in hormonal replacement
therapy (HRT)
- Beer manufacturing
- Topically and internally for varicose
veins
- Hemmorhoids
- Venous insufficiency
21
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Horsetail
(Equisetum arvense)
Shoots
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
300mg, 3 times a day,
standardized to contain 10 15% silica
-
Diuretic
-
High mineral content (including silicic
acid)
Nail, skin and hair health
Used in bone and connective tissue
strengthening, including osteoporosis
Antioxidant
May improve memory and cognition
(animal studies)
May have sedative and anticonvulsant
activity
May be liver protective (antioxidant
effects)
Found in cruciferous vegetables such as
broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower
Used in cancer protection, including
breast , bone, cervical, melanoma and
others
Positively affects estrogen metabolism;
hormonal replacement therapy alternative
Found to increase the ratio of 2hydroxyestrone to 16 alphahydroxyestrone (“good” estrogen) and
also to inhibit the 4-hydroxylation of
estradiol (“bad” estrogen)
Anti-inflammatory action
May inhibit cysts caused by the human
papilloma virus (HPV)
-
Indole-3-Carbinol
200-800mg daily;
standardized for 0.3%
sulforaphane, 1% total
glucosinolates
-
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking diuretic
medications
- May deplete thiamine (vitamin B1)
from the body
- May alter hormonal therapy such as
birth control and hormone
replacement therapy (HRT)
- Not recommended when taking
ulcer medications due to a
decrease in stomach acid may
cause indole-3-carbinol not to be
metabolized appropriately
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
- Hair, skin, bone, and nail health
- Diuretic
- Cancer protection and treatment
support
- Hormonal replacement therapies
- Inflammation
22
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
100-300mg, 1-3 times a
day as needed,
standardized to contain
30-70% kavalactones
-
Anxiety, nervousness
Stress
May improve cognitive function due to
increased mood
Skeletal muscle relaxation
Antiinflammatory
-
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
Not recommended for longer than 3
- Anxiety, stress, nervousness
months without a 2 weeks rest
- Mood improvement
period
- Anxiety associated with PMS,
Do not use if prone to liver problems
menopause
or liver dysfunction
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Sedatives, hypnotics
o Sleep medications
o Anti-anxiety medications
including alprazolam
(XanaxВ®)
o Antidepressants
o Antisychotics
o Alcohol
May cause drowsiness or sedation in
higher doses
Use caution when driving an
automobile or operating heavy
machinery
- Long-term use of high doses has
resulted in rash
- Do not use in Parkinson’s Disease
- Not recommended for use in
individuals with urinary retention
problems
LaValle Metabolic Institute
23
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Root
(Glycyrrhiza uralensis, or
Chinese licorice)
Root
DGL licorice supplements
are without the chemical
constituent glycyrrhizin
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Adrenal stress: 250500mg, 3 times a day,
standardized to contain 20%
glycyrrhizinic acid OR 1530 drops of liquid extract, 3
times a day in juice or other
beverage
Stomach ulcer: DGL
Licorice, 250-500mg, 3
times a day chewed either 1
hour before or 2 hours after
meals and at bedtime,
standardized to contain no
more than 2% glycyrrhizin
Tea: One cup of hot water
over one teaspoonful of herb
after each meal.
-
-
Antioxidant
Food sweetener
Adrenal insufficiency
Expectorant and antitussive
Chewable DGL products used in GI
ulceration
Liver protection
May protect against the development
of cognitive impairment (Glycyrrhiza
uralensis)
May protect against development of
certain cancers
Antiinflammatory
May lower blood cholesterol levels
May improve immunity
May have estrogen like activity;
female hormonal replacement therapy
support; may also aid in depression
associated with PMS or menopause
Antiviral; glycyrrhizin component
found effective against SARS
coronavirus in the laboratory
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use in high blood pressure
unless using the DGL licorice
- Use with caution in individuals with
liver or kidney problems
- Use with caution in individuals
taking diuretics
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Popular Uses
-
Adrenal supplement
Stress
Ulcers (DGL licorice)
Expectorant and antitussive
Liver protection
Food sweetener
24
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Milk Thistle
(Silybum marianum)
Seed
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
80-160mg, 1-3 times a day,
standardized to contain 80%
silymarin
-
NexrutineВ® isolated from
Phellodendrum amurense
250-500mg, 2-3 times a day
-
Olive Leaf
(Olea europaea)
Leaf
250-500mg, 1-3 times a day,
standardized to contain 1223% oleuropein
-
Antioxidant for the liver
Liver injury, including cirrhosis and
hepatitis
Detoxification
High cholesterol levels
May improve glycemic control for Type
II diabetics
Cancer protection
May improve chemotherapy effects
Antiviral
Anti-inflammatory
Arthritis and other inflammatory
conditions
May be effective in cancer therapies,
especially prostate
Antioxidant
Antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral (may be
effective in HIV)
Gastrointestinal health
May increase immune function
Heart protection
May lower blood pressure
May lower cholesterol levels
May protect against radiation damage
May increase thyroid hormone
production
Cautions/Contraindications/
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
- Do not use if allergic to plants in the - Liver protection and detoxification
daisy family
- Antioxidant for the liver
- Milk thisle may alter the
- Cancer protection
metabolism of some mediations;
use with caution if taking
prescription medications
- Minor side effects such as
nausea/vomiting and
gastrointestinal upset
-
o Thyroid medications
- Use with caution if you have thyroid disorders
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
- Inflammation
- Artritis
Antioxidant
Gastrointestinal health
Immune function
Antiviral, antifungal
Heart protection
25
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Passion Flower
(Passiflora spp.)
Whole plant
Anxiety: 100-250mg, 2
times a day, standardized to
contain 3.5-4% isovitexin
per dose
Insomnia/sedation: 200500mg at bedtime,
standardized to contain 3.54% isovitexin per dose
-
Sedation
Anxiety
Insomnia
Inflammation
Reishi
150-300mg, 3-4 times a day,
standardized 4% triterpenes
and 10% polysaccharides
(ОІ-1,3-glucans)
-
Cancer support
May improve resistance to disease and
immune function
Support in chemotherapy and radiation
therapy
Used in conditions needing immune
support such as viruses (including HIV,
colds and influenza) and infections
Liver conditions such as hepatitis B
May lower blood pressure
May lower blood sugar levels; may help
improve diabetic complications such as
neuropathy
May be effective in neurasthenia
(Ganoderma lucidum)
Mushroom
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
-
Use caution when driving an automobile or
operating heavy machinery
-
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Sedatives, hypnotics
o Sleep medications
o Anti-anxiety medications
-
Do not use if allergice to
mushrooms or fungus
Do not use if you have preexisting liver conditions
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
o
o
o
o
Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents) including
aspirin
Antidiabetic drugs/insulin
Antihypertensive drugs
Immune therapies such as
immunosuppressive drugs or
immune globulin therapy
Popular Uses
- Sedation and anxiety
-
Immune system balance
Cancer support
Liver conditions such as hepatitis B
General health
Viral infections
26
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
ReloraВ®
(combination of
Phellodendron amurense
and Magnolia officinalis)
200mg, 3 times daily for at
least 7 days
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)
Root
150-300mg, 1-3 times daily,
standardized to contain at
least 3-5% rosavins and less
than 1% salidrosides; 90mg
daily standardized to 4%
rosavins; AdreCorВ®, 1
scoopful or 5 capsules twice
daily, standardized to 16%
rosavins; doses should be
taken on an empty stomach
-
Anxiety, stress
Nervousness
Irritability, fatigue, restlessness
-
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves learning
ability, and decreases stress and fatigue)
General tonic in stressful situations,
especially insomnia, overwork,
nervousness, and restlessness
Adrenal stress
Liver conditions
May lower blood pressure and have heart
protective ability
May lower blood sugar levels
-
Rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis)
Leaf
100-500mg, 2-3 times daily,
standardized to contain a
minimum of 10% carnosol
or 1-7% rosmarinic acid
-
Antioxidant
Antiinflammatory (COX-2 inhibiting
properties)
Antiviral
Antibacterial/antifungal
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
-
Use caution when driving an automobile or
operating heavy machinery
-
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Sedatives, hypnotics
o Sleep medications
o Anti-anxiety medications
-
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o ACE inhibitors
o
o
- Anxiety and stress
-
Adrenal support
Stress
Physical performance enhancement
General health
o Antiarrhythmic drugs
-
-
Antidiabetic drugs/insulin
Antihypertensivedrugs
Popular Uses
None known
LaValle Metabolic Institute
- Antioxidant
- Inflammation
27
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
Saw Palmetto
(Serenoa repens)
Berry
160mg, 2 times a day,
standardized to contain at
least 80-90% fatty acids and
sterols
-
Schisandra
(Schizandra chinensis)
Berry
100-200mg, 2 times a day
with food, standardized to
contain at least 9%
schisandrins
-
-
-
Treatment of benign prostatic
hypertrophy (BPH); enlarged prostate
gland
Mild diuretic
Urinary tract health
Antioxidant
May improve immunity
Adaptogen (enhances mental and
physical performance, improves learning
ability, and decreases stress and fatigue)
General tonic in stressful situations,
especially insomnia, overwork,
nervousness, and restlessness
Liver health
May have estrogen activity
Heart health
Support in chemotherapy and radiation
therapy
Antiviral; may be effective in HIVand
hepatitis B supportive therapy
May be effective in cancer support
Cautions/Contraindications/
Popular Uses
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution in individuals
- Prostate health
with liver or pancreas conditions
- Use with caution in individuals
with hypertension
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Hormonal replacement
therapy including male
steroids
o Antiandrogenic drugs
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o
Immune therapies such as
immunosuppressive drugs or
immune globulin therapy
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
- Stress, fatigue
- Mental and physical performance
enhancement
- Liver health
- Immune system health
- Heart health
28
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Senna
(Cassia senna)
Seed
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
15-60mg of sennosides per
dose at bedtime; for shortterm use only
-
Anthraquinone laxative (stimulant
laxative)
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
-
Shiitake mushroom
(Lentinus edodes)
Fungus
100-400mg, 3 times daily,
standardized to contain 3.26% KS-2 polysaccharides
-
Soy
(Glycine max)
Isoflavones
100-300mg daily,
standardized to at least 15%
saponins
-
Popular Uses
May decrease absorption of oral
medications
Do not use long-term (no more 1-2
weeks)
Do not use if you have intestinal
blockage or inflammatory bowel
disorders (Crohn’s or IBS)
- Laxative
May improve resistance to disease and
immune function
Liver conditions
Support in chemotherapy and radiation
therapy
Antiviral; may be effective in HIV
supportive therapy
Cancer support
Antibacterial, antifungal
-
Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
o Immune therapies such
as immunosuppressive
drugs or immune
globulin therapy
- General health
- Immune system support
Estrogenic effects
PMS, menopause
Hormonal replacement
May help improve mood and cognitive
function in PMS, menopause
High cholesterol levels
Cancer protection
Heart health
Osteoporosis and bone loss
Blood sugar regulation
May decrease inflammatory processes in
the body
Antioxidant
Weight loss
May improve the effects of certain
chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin)
-
May alter hormonal therapy
such as birth control and
hormone replacement therapy
(HRT)
Use with caution if prone to
breast cancer; talk to your health
care provider
Use with caution in individuals
taking thyroid supplementation
or with thyroid disorders
- Hormonal replacement therapy
(HRT); PMS/menopause symptoms
- High cholesterol levels
- Heart health
- Osteoporosis
- Cancer protection
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
29
Herb/ Plant Part Used
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum perforatum)
Flowering buds
Tea Tree
(Melaleuca alternifolia)
Volatile oils
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
300mg, 3 times a day,
standardized to contain
0.3-0.5% dianthrones
measured as hypericin
OR 3-5% hyperforin
Topical: Apply oil
(preferably diluted) to
affected area as needed
-
Mild to moderate depression,
melancholia, anxiety
Anti-viral activity in increased
doses
May be beneficial in smoking
cessation
-
FOR TOPICAL USE ONLY
-
Antifungal/antibacterial
Used in mouthwashes for dental and oral
health
Used topically for burns, cuts, scrapes, insect
bites
Acne
Toenail fungus
-
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- St. John’s wort may interact with
many prescription and nonprescription medications; do not
use unless you have consulted a
medical professional if you are
taking medications
- May cause photosensitivity in
susceptible individuals
-
LaValle Metabolic Institute
May cause allergic dermatitis in
sensitive individuals
May cause burning or stinging;
may dilute before use
Popular Uses
- Mild to moderate depression
- Mood stabilization
- Skin infections, cuts, scrapes, insect
bites
- Burns
- Acne
- Toenail fungus
- Oral health
30
Herb/ Plant Part Used
Turmeric
(Curcuma longa)
Root
Reported Uses
Dosage and
Standardization
300-500mg, 3 times a day
with meals, standardized to
contain 95-98%
curcuminoids; larger doses
are used in cancer
supportive therapy
-
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
-
Used in arthritis
May lower cholesterol levels
Cancer supportive therapy
Gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic
ulcers, dyspepsia, ulcerative colitis, and
irritable bowel syndrome
May be effective in HIV support as an
antiviral agent
May be useful in Alzheimer’s disease
and dementia
May be useful in liver disorders such as
cirrhosis
Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis)
Root
300-500mg, 1-2 hours
before bedtime or as
needed, standardized to
contain 0.4-1% valerenic or
valeric acids; also, 30-60
drops of a liquid extract in
water 1 hour before bedtime
or as needed
-
Sedative/hypnotic
Sleep disorders/insomnia
Cautions/Contraindications/
Adverse Effects*
- Use with caution if taking the
following medications:
o Anticoagulants (blood
thinning agents)
including aspirin
-
Popular Uses
- Inflammation
- Healthy cholesterol levels
-
Gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic
ulcers, dyspepsia, ulcerative colitis, and
irritable bowel syndrome
- Cancer support
Use with caution if taking the
- Sedative/hypnotic
following medications:
- Sleep disorders/insomnia
o Sedatives, hypnotics
- Used in herbal combination formulas
o Sleep medications
for stress, anxiety and nervousness
o Anti-anxiety medications
o Antidepressants
o Alcohol
- May cause drowsiness or sedation
- Use caution when driving an
automobile or operating heavy
machinery
LaValle Metabolic Institute
31
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Arabinoxylan
Anonymous. Clinical Research Using MGN-3. Cancer: the interface between basic and applied research 2001.
Ghoneum M and Jewett A. Synergistic effect of modified arabinoxylane (MGN-3) and low dose of recombinant IL-2 on human NK cell activity and TNF-a production. American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Education Conference 1998.
Ghoneum M and Maeda H. MGN-3 immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer [abstract]. First International Symposium on Disease Prevention by IP-6 and other Rice Components 1998.
Ghoneum M and Namatalla G. NK Immunomodulatory function in 27 cancer patients by MGN-3, a modified arabinoxylane from rice bran. 87th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 1996.
Ghoneum M, Namatalia G, and Kim C. Effect of MGN-3 on human natural killer cell activity and interferon-y synthesis in vitro. FASEB 1996;10(6):26-32.
Ghoneum M. Enhancement of human natural killer cell activity by modified arabinoxylane from rice bran (MGN-3). Int J Immunotherapy 1998;14:89-99.
Ghoneum M. NK immunorestoration of cancer patients by MGN-3, a modified arabinoxylan rice bran (study of 32 patients followed up to four years). 6th International Congress on Anti-Aging and Bio-Medical Technologies 1998.
Ghoneum MH. Immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties of (MGN-3), a modified xylose from rice bran, in five patients with breast cancer. American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference: The interface between basic and applied research 1995.
Ghoneum MH. One sizeable step for immunology, one giant leap for cancer patients. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients 2000;58-62.
Ghoneum, M. Anti-HIV activity in vitro of MGN-3, an activated arabinoxylane from rice bran. Biochem Biophys.Res Commun. 2-4-1998;243(1):25-29.
Ghoneum, M., Vojdani, A., Banionis, A., Oppenheimer, S., Lagos, N., and Gill, G. The effects of carcinogenic methylcholanthrene on carbohydrate residues of NK cells. Toxicol.Ind Health 1997;13(6):727-741.
Jacoby H, Wnorowski G, Sakata K, and et al. The effect of MGN-3 on cisplatin and adriamycin induced toxicity in the rat [abstract]. Supplement to Gastroenterology 2000;18(4):4962.
Kanari, M., Tomoda, M., Gonda, R., Shimizu, N., Kimura, M., Kawaguchi, M., and Kawabe, C. A reticuloendothelial system-activating arabinoxylan from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1989;37(12):3191-3194.
Lu, Z. X., Walker, K. Z., Muir, J. G., Mascara, T., and O'Dea, K. Arabinoxylan fiber, a byproduct of wheat flour processing, reduces the postprandial glucose response in normoglycemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(5):1123-1128.
Uyemura K, Tarchiki K, Ghoneum M, and et al. MGN-3, a novel antitumor agent. 92nd Annual Meeting, American Association for Cancer Research 2001;42:24-28.
Artichoke
Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radic Res 1998;29(3):247-255.
Cima G, Bonora R. Artichoke. Minerva Med 1959;50:2288-2291.
Dorn M. Improvement in raised lipid levels with artichoke juice (Cynara scolymus L.). British J Phytother 1995;4(1):21-26.
Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, et al. Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung 2000;50(3):260-265.
Fintelmann V. [Antidyspeptic and lipid lowering activity of artichoke extract]. Z Allg Med 1996;72:48-57.
Fintelmann V. Antidyspeptic and lipid-lowering effects of artichoke leaf extract - results of clinical studies into the efficacy and tolerance of Hepar-SL forte involving 553 patients. J Gen Med 1996;2:3-19.
Fintelmann V. Therapeutic profile and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract: hypolipemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and choleretic properties. Phytomedicine 1996;suppl 1:50.
Gebhardt R, Fausel M. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of artichoke extracts and constituents in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol in Vitro 1997;11:669-672.R. Kirchhoff, et al., “Increase in Choleresis by Means of Artichoke Extract,” Pytomedicine 1 (1994) :
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Gebhardt R. Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997;144(2):279-286.
Hammerl H, Kindler K, Kranzl C, et al. [Effect of Cynarin on hyperlipidemia with special reference to type II (hypercholesterinemia)]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1973;123(41):601-605.
Heckers H, Dittmar K, Schmahl FW, et al. Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis 1977;26(2):249-253
Holtmann G, Adam B, Haag S, et al. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18(11-12):1099-1105.
Kirchhoff R, Beckers CH, Kirchhoff GM, et al. Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1994;1:107-115.
Marakis G, Walker AF, Middleton RW, et al. Artichoke leaf extract reduces mild dyspepsia in an open study. Phytomedicine 2002;9(8):694-699.
Meding B. Allergic contact dermatitis from artichoke, Cynara scolymus. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9(4):314.
Miralles JC, Garcia-Sells J, Bartolome B, et al. Occupational rhinitis and bronchial asthma due to artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003;91(1):92-95.
Pittler MH, Thompson CO, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(3):CD003335.
Quirce S, Tabar AI, Olaguibel JM, et al. Occupational contact urticaria syndrome caused by globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996;97(2):710-711.
LaValle Metabolic Institute
32
Romano C, Ferrara A, Falagiani P. A case of allergy to globe artichoke and other clinical cases of rare food allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2000;10(2):102-104.
Wegener T. [About the therapeutic activity of the artichoke]. Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika 1995;16:81.
Ashwagandha
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Bacopa
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Samiulla DS, Prashanth D, Amit A. Mast cell stabilising activity of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 2001;72(3):284-285.
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Bilberry
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Lagrue G, Robert AM, Miskulin M, et al. Pathology of the microcirculation in diabetes and alterations of the biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules. Front Matrix Biol 1979;7:324-335.
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Bitter melon
Aguwa CN, Mittal GC. Abortifacient effects of the roots of Momordica angustisepala. J Ethnopharmacol 1983;7(2):169-173.
Akhtar MS. Trial of Momordica charantia Linn (Karela) powder in patients with maturity-onset diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc 1982;32(4):106-107.
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Chan WY, Tam PP, Yeung HW. The termination of early pregnancy in the mouse by beta-momorcharin. Contraception 1984;29(1):91-100.
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Hulin et al. Intoxication aigue pour Momordica charantica (Sorrossi). A proposdeux cas. Semaine Hospitaux 1988;64:2847-2848.
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Black cohosh
Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, et al. Pennyroyal toxicity: measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1996;124(8):726-734.
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Shuster J. Heparin and thrombocytopenia. Black Cohosh root? Chasteberry tree? Seizures! Hosp Pharm 1996;31:1553-1554.
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Bromelain
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Hotz, G., Frank, T., Zoller, J., and Wiebelt, H. [Antiphlogistic effect of bromelaine following third molar removal]. Dtsch Zahnarztl.Z. 1989;44(11):830-832.
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Kumakura, S., Yamashita, M., and Tsurufuji, S. Effect of bromelain on kaolin-induced inflammation in rats. Eur.J Pharmacol 6-10-1988;150(3):295-301.
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Lotz-Winter, H. On the pharmacology of bromelain: an update with special regard to animal studies on dose-dependent effects. Planta Med 1990;56(3):249-253.
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Martin GJ, Ehrenreich J, and Asbell N. Bromelain: pineapple proteases with anti-edema activity. Exp Med Surg 1962;20:227-247.
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Miller JM, Ginsberg M, McElfatrick GC, and et al. The administration of bromelain orally in the treatment of inflammation and edema. Exper Med & Surg 1964;22:293-299.
Mori, S., Ojima, Y., Hirose, T., Sasaki, T., and Hashimoto, Y. The clinical effect of proteolytic enzyme containing bromelain and trypsin on urinary tract infection evaluated by double blind method. Acta Obstet.Gynaecol.Jpn. 1972;19(3):147-153.
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Neumayer, C., Fugl, A., Nanobashvili, J., Blumer, R., Punz, A., Gruber, H., Polterauer, P., and Huk, I. Combined enzymatic and antioxidative treatment reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Surg Res 6-15-2006;133(2):150-158.
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Secor, E. R., Jr., Carson, W. F., Cloutier, M. M., Guernsey, L. A., Schramm, C. M., Wu, C. A., and Thrall, R. S. Bromelain exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of allergic airway disease. Cell Immunol. 2005;237(1):68-75.
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Seligman B. Bromelain: an anti-inflammatory agent. Angiology 1962;13:508-510.
Seligman, B. Oral bromelains as adjuncts in the treatment of acute thrombophlebitis. Angiology 1969;20(1):22-26.
Seltzer AP. Minimizing post-operative edema and ecchymoses by the use of an oral enzyme preparation (bromelain): a controlled study of 53 rhinoplasty cases. Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon 1962;41:813-817.
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Cascara
Giavina-Bianchi, P. F., Jr., Castro, F. F., Machado, M. L., and Duarte, A. J. Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79(5):449-454.
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Cat’s claw
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Akesson, Ch, Pero, R. W., and Ivars, F. C-Med 100, a hot water extract of Uncaria tomentosa, prolongs lymphocyte survival in vivo. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(1):23-33.
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Aquino, R., De Feo, V, De Simone, F., Pizza, C., and Cirino, G. Plant metabolites. New compounds and anti-inflammatory activity of Uncaria tomentosa. J Nat.Prod. 1991;54(2):453-459.
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Kuramochi, T., Chu, J., and Suga, T. Gou-teng (from Uncaria rhynchophylla Miquel)-induced endothelium- dependent and -independent relaxations in the isolated rat aorta. Life Sci. 1994;54(26):2061-2069.
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Sheng, Y., Bryngelsson, C., and Pero, R. W. Enhanced DNA repair, immune function and reduced toxicity of C-MED-100, a novel aqueous extract from Uncaria tomentosa. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;69(2):115-126.
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Cayenne
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Chamomille
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Avallone R, Zanoli P, Corsi L, and et al. Benzodiazepine-like compounds and GABA in flower heads of Matricaria chamomilla. Phytotherapy Research 1996;10:S177-S179.
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Bossuyt, L. and Dooms-Goossens, A. Contact sensitivity to nettles and camomile in 'alternative' remedies. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31(2):131-132.
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Carl, W. and Emrich, L. S. Management of oral mucositis during local radiation and systemic chemotherapy: a study of 98 patients. J Prosthet.Dent. 1991;66(3):361-369.
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Cinco M, Banfi E, Tubaro A, and et al. A microbiological survey on the activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of camomile. Int.J.Drug.Res. 1983;21(4):145-151.
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Dantas S M. Menopausal symptoms and alternative medicine. Prim Care Update Ob/Gyn 1999;6(6):212-220.
de Jong, N. W., Vermeulen, A. M., Gerth, van Wijk, and de Groot, H. Occupational allergy caused by flowers. Allergy 1998;53(2):204-209.
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Della Loggia R, Traversa U, Scarcia V, and et al. Depressive effects of Chamomilla recutita (L.) rausch, tubular flowers, on central nervous system in mice. Pharmacological Research Communications 1982;14(2):153-162.
Della Loggia R. Topical anti-inflammatory action of the chamomile flovones. Duetsche Apotheker-Zeitung 2001;I Suppl:9-11.
Farnsworth, N. R. and Morgan, B. M. Herb drinks: camomile tea. JAMA 7-24-1972;221(4):410.
Fidler, P., Loprinzi, C. L., O'Fallon, J. R., Leitch, J. M., Lee, J. K., Hayes, D. L., Novotny, P., Clemens-Schutjer, D., Bartel, J., and Michalak, J. C. Prospective evaluation of a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-FU- induced oral mucositis. Cancer 2-11996;77(3):522-525.
Forster, C. F., Sussmann, H. E., and Patzelt-Wenczler, R. [Optimization of the Barron ligature treatment of 2nd and 3rd-degree hemorrhoids using a therapeutic troika]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 11-12-1996;85(46):1476-1481.
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Gomaa, A., Hashem, T., Mohamed, M., and Ashry, E. Matricaria chamomilla extract inhibits both development of morphine dependence and expression of abstinence syndrome in rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2003;92(1):50-55.
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Habersang, S., Leuschner, F., Isaac, O., and Thiemer, K. [Pharmacological studies with compounds of chamomile. IV. Studies on toxicity of (-)-alpha-bisabolol (author's transl)]. Planta Med 1979;37(2):115-123.
Hausen, B. M. The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. III. Test results and cross-reactions in Compositae-sensitive patients. Dermatologica 1979;159(1):1-11.
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Henriksson, R., Bergstrom, P., Franzen, L., Lewin, F., and Wagenius, G. Aspects on reducing gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with radiotherapy. Acta Oncol 1999;38(2):159-164.
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Isaac, O. [Pharmacological investigations with compounds of chamomile i. on the pharmacology of (-)-alpha-bisabolol and bisabolol oxides (review) (author's transl)]. Planta Med 1979;35(2):118-124.
Isaac, O. and Thiemer, K. [Biochemical studies on camomile components/III. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of (--)-alpha-bisabolol (author's transl)]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1975;25(9):1352-1354.
Jakolev V and Schlichtegroll A. Antiinflammatory activity of (-)-alpha-bisabolol, an essential component of chamomile oil. Arzneimittelforschung 1969;19(4):615-616.
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Jensen-Jarolim, E., Reider, N., Fritsch, R., and Breiteneder, H. Fatal outcome of anaphylaxis to camomile-containing enema during labor: a case study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102(6 Pt 1):1041-1042.
Kassi, E., Papoutsi, Z., Fokialakis, N., Messari, I., Mitakou, S., and Moutsatsou, P. Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-17-2004;52(23):6956-6961.
Kobayashi, Y., Nakano, Y., Inayama, K., Sakai, A., and Kamiya, T. Dietary intake of the flower extracts of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) inhibited compound 48/80-induced itch-scratch responses in mice. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(8):657-664.
Konig, G. M., Wright, A. D., Keller, W. J., Judd, R. L., Bates, S., and Day, C. Hypoglycaemic activity of an HMG-containing flavonoid glucoside, chamaemeloside, from Chamaemelum nobile. Planta Med 1998;64(7):612-614.
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Tunnerhoff FK, Schwabe HK. Studies in human beings and animals on the influence of echinacea extracts on the formation of connective tissue following the implantation of fibrin. Arzneim Forsch 1956;6:330-334.
Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, et al. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005;353(4):341-348.
Turner RB, Riker DK, Gangemi JD. Ineffectiveness of echinacea for prevention of experimental rhinovirus colds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44(6):1708-1709.
Viehmann P. [Results of treatment with an Echinacea-based ointment]. Erfahrungsheilkunde 1978;27(6):353-358.
Voaden DJ, Jacobson M. Tumor inhibitors. 3. Identification and synthesis of an oncolytic hydrocarbon from American coneflower roots. J Med Chem 1972;15(6):619-623.
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Wacker A, Hilbig W. [Virus-inhibition by echinacea purpurea (author's transl)]. Planta Med 1978;33(1):89-102.
Woelkart K, Marth E, Suter A, et al., Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Echinacea purpurea preparations and their interaction with the immune system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;44(9):401-8.
Yale SH, Liu K. Echinacea purpurea therapy for the treatment of the common cold: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(11):1237-41.
Evening primrose oil
Horrobin DF. Nutritional and medical importance of gamma-linolenic acid. Prog Lipid Res 1992;31(2):163-194.
Hamburger M, Riese U, Graf H, et al. Constituents in evening primrose oil with radical scavenging, cyclooxygenase, and neutrophil elastase inhibitory activities. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(20):5533-5538.
Chapkin RS, Fan Y, Ramos KS. Dietary GLA retards atherosclerotic progression. Abstracts from the International Symposium on Gamma Linolenic Acid, American Oil Chemists Society, Health and Nutrition Division Annual Conference, San Diego, CA, 2000.
Gonzalez CA, Sanz JM, Marcos G, et al. Borage consumption as a possible gastric cancer protective factor. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993;2(2):157-158.
van der Merwe CF, Booyens J, Joubert HF, et al. The effect of gamma-linolenic acid, an in vitro cytostatic substance contained in evening primrose oil, on primary liver cancer. A double- blind placebo controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
1990;40(3):199-202.
Viikari J, Lehtonen A. Effect of primrose oil on serum lipids and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986;24(12):668-670.
Oxholm P, Manthorpe R, Prause JU, et al. Patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome treated for two months with evening primrose oil. Scand J Rheumatol 1986;15(2):103-108.
Guivernau M, Meza N, Barja P, et al. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
1994;51(5):311-316.
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Yoshimoto-Furuie K, Yoshimoto K, Tanaka T, et al. Effects of oral supplementation with evening primrose oil for six weeks on plasma essential fatty acids and uremic skin symptoms in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 1999;81(2):151-159.
Buck AC, Jenkins A, Lingham K, et al. The treatment of idiopathic recurrent urolithiasis with fish oil (EPA) and evening primrose oil (GLA)-a double blind study. J Urol 1993;149:253A.
Tulloch I, Smellie WS, Buck AC. Evening primrose oil reduces urinary calcium excretion in both normal and hypercalciuric rats. Urol Res 1994;22(4):227-230.
Holman CP, Bell AF. A trial of evening primrose oil in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. J Orhtomolecular Psych 1983;12:302-304.
Vaddadi KS. The use of gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid to differentiate between temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Med 1981;6(4):375-379.
Kleijnen J. Evening primrose oil. BMJ 1994;309(6958):824-825.
Barber A. Evening primrose oil: a panacea? Pharmaceutical J 1988;723-725.
Biagi PL, Bordoni A, Hrelia S, et al. The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on clinical status, red cell fatty acid composition and membrane microviscosity in infants with atopic dermatitis. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1994;20(2):77-84.
Gateley CA, Pye JK, Harrison BJ, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol), a safe treatment option for breast disease. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001;(14):161.
Gateley CA, Maddox PR, Pritchard GA, et al. Plasma fatty acid profiles in benign breast disorders. Br J Surg 1992;79(5):407-409.
Gateley CA, Miers M, Mansel RE, et al. Drug treatments for mastalgia: 17 years experience in the Cardiff Mastalgia Clinic. J R Soc Med 1992;85(1):12-15.
Engler MM, Engler MB, Erickson SK, et al. Dietary gamma-linolenic acid lowers blood pressure and alters aortic reactivity and cholesterol metabolism in hypertension. J Hypertens 1992;10(10):1197-1204.
Engler MM. Comparative study of diets enriched with evening primrose, black currant, borage or fungal oils on blood pressure and pressor responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49(4):809-814.
Engler MM. The hypotensive effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid and associated alterations in tissue fatty acid composition and the Renin-Angiotensin system. Abstracts from the International Symposium on Gamma Linolenic Acid, American Oil Chemists Society,
Health and Nutrition Division Annual Conference, San Diego, CA, 2000.
Engler MM, Schambelan M, Engler MB, et al. Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on blood pressure and adrenal angiotensin receptors in hypertensive rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;218(3):234-237.
Sholkens BA, Gehring D, Schlotte V, et al. Evening Primrose oil, a dietary prostaglandin precursor diminishes vascular reactivity to resin and angiotensin II in rats. Prostagland Leukotrienes Med 1982;8:273-285.
Garcia C, Carter J, Chou A. Gamma linolenic acid causes weight loss and lower blood pressure in overweight patients with family history of obesity. Swed J Biol Med 1986;4:8-11.
Bamford JT, Gibson RW, Renier CM. Atopic eczema unresponsive to evening primrose oil (linoleic and gamma- linolenic acids). J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13(6):959-965.
Poisson J, Germain-Bellenger S, Engler M, et al. Gamma-linolenic acid: A pharmacological nutrient for hypertension? Abstracts from the International Symposium on Gamma Linolenic Acid, American Oil Chemists Society, Health and Nutrition Division Annual
Conference, San Diego, CA, 2000.
Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Meyer FP. Pharmacokinetic data of gamma-linolenic acid in healthy volunteers after the administration of evening primrose oil (Epogam). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36(7):363-366.
Morse PF, Horrobin DF, Manku MS, et al. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response. Br J Dermatol 1989;121(1):75-90.
Wright S, Burton JL. Oral evening-primrose-seed oil improves atopic eczema. Lancet 1982;2(8308):1120-1122.
Schalin-Karrila M, Mattila L, Jansen CT, et al. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of atopic eczema: effect on clinical status, plasma phospholipid fatty acids and circulating blood prostaglandins. Br J Dermatol 1987;117(1):11-19.
Bordoni A, Biagi PL, Masi M, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of children with atopic eczema. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1988;14(4):291-297.
Humphreys F, Symons J, Brown H, et al. The effects of gamolenic acid on adult atopic eczema and premenstrual exacerbation of eczema. Eur J Dermatol 1994;4(598):603.
Biagi PL, Bordoni A, Masi M, et al. A long-term study on the use of evening primrose oil (Efamol) in atopic children. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1988;14(4):285-290.
Whitaker DK, Cilliers J, de Beer C. Evening primrose oil (Epogam) in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis: disappointing therapeutic results. Dermatology 1996;193(2):115-120.
Berth-Jones J, Graham-Brown RA. Placebo-controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1993;341(8860):1557-1560.
Horrobin DF, Morse PF. Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Lancet 1995;345(8944):260-261.
Berth-Jones J, Thompson J, Graham-Brown RA. Evening primrose oil and atopic eczema. Lancet 1995;345(8948):520.
Jamal GA. The use of gamma linolenic acid in the prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med 1994;11(2):145-149.
Hounsom L, Horrobin DF, Tritschler H, et al. A lipoic acid-gamma linolenic acid conjugate is effective against multiple indices of experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia 1998;41(7):839-843.
Jamal GA, Carmichael H, Weir AI. Gamma-linolenic acid in diabetic neuropathy. Lancet 1986;1(8489):1098.
van Doormaal JJ, Idema IG, Muskiet FA, et al. Effects of short-term high dose intake of evening primrose oil on plasma and cellular fatty acid compositions, alpha-tocopherol levels, and erythropoiesis in normal and type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic men.
Diabetologia 1988;31(8):576-584.
Arisaka M, Arisaka O, Yamashiro Y. Fatty acid and prostaglandin metabolism in children with diabetes mellitus. II. The effect of evening primrose oil supplementation on serum fatty acid and plasma prostaglandin levels. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
1991;43(3):197-201.
Takahashi R, Inoue J, Ito H, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil in non-insulin-dependent-diabetes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993;49(2):569-571.
Keen H, Payan J, Allawi J, et al. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with gamma-linolenic acid. The gamma- Linolenic Acid Multicenter Trial Group. Diabetes Care 1993;16(1):8-15.
Joe LA, Hart LL. Evening primrose oil in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27(12):1475-1477.
Hansen TM, Lerche A, Kassis V, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with prostaglandin E1 precursors cis- linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid. Scand J Rheumatol 1983;12(2):85-88.
Jantti J, Nikkari T, Solakivi T, et al. Evening primrose oil in rheumatoid arthritis: changes in serum lipids and fatty acids. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48(2):124-127.
Brzeski M, Madhok R, Capell HA. Evening primrose oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and side- effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Rheumatol 1991;30(5):370-372.
Belch JJ, Ansell D, Madhok R, et al. Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47(2):96-104.
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Veale DJ, Torley HI, Richards IM, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled trial of Efamol Marine on skin and joint symptoms of psoriatic arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33(10):954-958.
O'Brien PM, Pipkin FB. The effect of essential fatty acid and specific vitamin supplements on vascular sensitivity in the mid-trimester of human pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens B 1983;2(2):247-254.
O'Brien PM, Morrison R, Broughton PF. The effect of dietary supplementation with linoleic and gammalinolenic acids on the pressor response to angiotensin II--a possible role in pregnancy-induced hypertension? Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985;19(3):335-342.
Moodley J, Norman RJ. Attempts at dietary alteration of prostaglandin pathways in the management of pre-eclampsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;37(3):145-147.
D'Almeida A, Carter JP, Anatol A, et al. Effects of a combination of evening primrose oil (gamma linolenic acid) and fish oil (eicosapentaenoic + docahexaenoic acid) versus magnesium, and versus placebo in preventing pre-eclampsia. Women Health 1992;19(23):117-131.
Blommers J, de Lange-De Klerk ES, Kuik DJ, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil for severe chronic astalgia: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(5):1389-1394.
Pashby N, Mansel R, Hughes L, et al. A clinical trial of evening primrose in mastalgia. Br J Surg 1981;68:801.
Pye JK, Mansel RE, Hughes LE. Clinical experience of drug treatments for mastalgia. Lancet 1985;2(8451):373-377.
Gateley CA, Maddox PR, Mansel RE, et al. Mastalgia refractory to drug treatment. Br J Surg 1990;77(10):1110-1112.
Mansel RE, Harrison BJ, Melhuish J, et al. A randomized trial of dietary intervention with essential fatty acids in patients with categorized cysts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;586:288-294.
Field EJ, Joyce G. Effect of prolonged ingestion of gamma-linolenate by MS patients. Eur Neurol 1978;17(2):67-76.
Horrobin DF. Multiple sclerosis: the rational basis for treatment with colchicine and evening primrose oil. Med Hypotheses 1979;5(3):365-378.
Bates D, Fawcett PRW, Shaw DA, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in treatment of acute remitting multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 1978;ii:1390-1391.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, O'Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind study. Thromb Haemost 1985;54(2):490-494.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, O'Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) as a treatment for cold-induced vasospasm (Raynaud's phenomenon). Pre Lipid Res 1986;25:335-340.
Behan PO, Behan WM, Horrobin D. Effect of high doses of essential fatty acids on the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1990;82(3):209-216.
Warren G, McKendrick M, Peet M. The role of essential fatty acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. A case- controlled study of red-cell membrane essential fatty acids (EFA) and a placebo-controlled treatment study with high dose of EFA. Acta Neurol Scand
1999;99(2):112-116.
el Ela SH, Prasse KW, Carroll R, et al. Effects of dietary primrose oil on mammary tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Lipids 1987;22(12):1041-1044.
Kenny FS, Pinder SE, Ellis IO, et al. Gamma linolenic acid with tamoxifen as primary therapy in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2000;85(5):643-648.
Haslett C, Douglas JG, Chalmers SR, et al. A double-blind evaluation of evening primrose oil as an antiobesity agent. Int J Obes 1983;7(6):549-553.
Chalmers RJ, Shuster S. Evening primrose seed oil in ichthyosis vulgaris. Lancet 1983;1(8318):236-237.
Campbell EM, Peterkin D, O'Grady K, et al. Premenstrual symptoms in general practice patients. Prevalence and treatment. J Reprod Med 1997;42(10):637-646.
Budeiri D, Li Wan PA, Dornan JC. Is evening primrose oil of value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome? Controlled Clin Trials 1996;17(1):60-68.
Brush MG. Efamol (evening primrose oil) in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. In: Horrobin DF, editor. Clinical Uses of Essential Fatty Acids. Montreal: Eden Press Inc, 1982: 155-161.
Puolakka J, Makarainen L, Viinikka L, et al. Biochemical and clinical effects of treating the premenstrual syndrome with prostaglandin synthesis precursors. J Reprod Med 1985;30(3):149-153.
Ockerman PA, Bachrack I, Glans S, et al. Evening primrose oil as a treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Rec Adv Clin Nutr 1986;2:404-405.
Casper RF, Powell AM. Effects of evening primrose oil in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 46.
Hunter JO, Wilson AJ. A double-blind controlled trial of gammalinolenic acid (GLA) in the management of pre-menstrual gastrointestinal symptoms. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 44.
Massil H, Brush M, Manku M, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in premenstrual syndrome and the effect of dietary supplementation on symptoms. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 39.
Larsson B, Jonasson A, Fianu S. Evening primrose oil in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Curr Ther Res 1989;46(1):58-63.
Khoo SK, Munro C, Battistutta D. Evening primrose oil and treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Med J Aust 1990;153(4):189-192.
Collins A, Cerin A, Coleman G, et al. Essential fatty acids in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81(1):93-98.
Mansel RE, Pye JK, Hughes LE. A controlled trial of evening primrose oil (Efamol) in cyclic premenstrual mastalgia. Proc.2nd International Symposium on Premenstrual, Postpartum and Menopausal Mood Disorders 1987;abstract 47.
Oliwiecki S, Burton JL. Evening primrose oil and marine oil in the treatment of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19(2):127-129.
Ebden P, Bevan C, Banks J, et al. A study of evening primrose seed oil in atopic asthma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1989;35(2):69-72.
Stenius-Aarniala B, Aro A, Hakulinen A, et al. Evening primrose oil and fish oil are ineffective as supplementary treatment of bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy 1989;62(6):534-537.
Hederos CA, Berg A. Epogam evening primrose oil treatment in atopic dermatitis and asthma. Arch Dis Child 1996;75(6):494-497.
Aman MG, Mitchell EA, Turbott SH. The effects of essential fatty acid supplementation by Efamol in hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987;15(1):75-90.
Arnold LE, Kleykamp D, Votolato NA, et al. Gamma-linolenic acid for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled comparison to D-amphetamine. Biol Psychiatry 1989;25(2):222-228.
Horrobin DF. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998;30(3):193-208.
Horrobin DF. Lipids and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:88.
Laugharne JD, Mellor JE, Peet M. Fatty acids and schizophrenia. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S163-S165.
Joy CB, Mumby-Croft R, Joy LA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish or evening primrose oil) for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001257.
Peet M, Laugharne JD, Mellor J, et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients, and the clinical effects of dietary supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55(1-2):71-75.
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Wolkin A, Jordan B, Peselow E, et al. Essential fatty acid supplementation in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143(7):912-914.
Vaddadi KS, Courtney P, Gilleard CJ, et al. A double-blind trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res 1989;27(3):313-323.
Chenoy R, Hussain S, Tayob Y, et al. Effect of oral gamolenic acid from evening primrose oil on menopausal flushing. BMJ 1994;308(6927):501-503.
Bassey EJ, Littlewood JJ, Rothwell MC, et al. Lack of effect of supplementation with essential fatty acids on bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: two randomized controlled trials of Efacal v. calcium alone. Br J Nutr 2000;83(6):629-635.
Feverfew
Anderson D, Jenkinson PC, Dewdney RS, et al. Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes and urine mutagenicity of migraine patients: a comparison of chronic feverfew users and matched non-users. Hum Toxicol 1988;7(2):145-152.
Arlette J, Mitchell JC. Compositae dermatitis. Current aspects. Contact Dermatitis 1981;7(3):129-136.
Awang DV, Dawson BA, Kindack DG, et al. Parthenolide content of feverfew (Tanacetum partheniun) assessed by HPLC and H-NMR spectroscopy. J Nat Prod 1991;54:1516-1521.
Awang DV. Feverfew products. CMAJ 1997;157(5):510-511.
Awang DV. Parthenocide: the demise of a facile theory of feverfew activity. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 1998;5(4):95-98.
Awang DV. Prescribing therapeutic feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip., Syn. Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.). Integrative Med 1998;1:11-13.
Barsby RW, Knight DW, McFadzean I. A chloroform extract of the herb feverfew blocks voltage-dependent potassium currents recorded from single smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993;45(7):641-645.
Barsby RW, Salan U, Knight DW, et al. Feverfew and vascular smooth muscle: extracts from fresh and dried plants show opposing pharmacological profiles, dependent upon sesquiterpene lactone content. Planta Med 1993;59(1):20-25.
Barsby RW, Salan U, Knight DW, et al. Feverfew extracts and parthenolide irreversibly inhibit vascular responses of the rabbit aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992;44(9):737-740.
Bejar E. Parthenolide inhibits the contractile responses of rat stomach fundus to fenfluramine and dextroamphetamine but not serotonin. J Ethnopharmacol 1996;50(1):1-12.
Brown AMC, Edwards CM, Davey MR, et al. Pharmacological activity of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz- Bip.): assessment by inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49(5):558-561.
Burry JN. Compositae dermatitis in South Australia: contact dermatitis from Chrysanthemum parthenium. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:445.
Capasso F. The effect of an aqueous extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. on arachidonic acid metabolism by rat peritoneal leucocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986;38(1):71-72.
Christensen LP, Jakobsen HB, Paulsen E, et al. Airborne Compositae dermatitis: monoterpenes and no parthenolide are released from flowering Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew) plants. Arch Dermatol Res 1999;291(7-8):425-431.
Collier HO, Butt NM, McDonald-Gibson WJ, et al. Extract of feverfew inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Lancet 1980;2(8200):922-923.
Cory AH, Cory JG. Lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, potentiates the apoptotic effect of parthenolide, an inhibitor of NFkappaB activation, on drug-resistant mouse leukemia L1210 cells. Anticancer Res 2002;22(6C):3805-3809.
DePooter H, Vermeesch J, Schamp N. Essential oils of Tanacetum vulgare L and Tanacetum parthenium L. J Essent Oil Res 1989;1:9-13.
DeWeerdt CJ, Bootsman H, Hendricks H. Herbal medicines in migraine prevention. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial of a feverfew preparation. Phytomed 1996;3(3):225-230.
Ernst E, Pittler MH. The efficacy and safety of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.): an update of a systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2000;3(4A):509-514.
Fernandez de Corres L. Contact dermatitis from Frullania, Compositae and other plants. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(2):74-79.
Goulden V, Wilkinson SM. Patch testing for Compositae allergy. Br J Dermatol 1998;138(6):1018-1021.
Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S. A comparison of the effects of an extract of feverfew and parthenolide, a component of feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42(8):553-557.
Gromek D, Kisiel W, Stojakowska A, et al. Attempts of chemical standardizing of Chrysanthemum parthenium as a prospective antimigraine drug. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1991;43(3):213-217.
Guin JD, Skidmore G. Compositae dermatitis in childhood. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(4):500-502.
Hausen BM, Osmundsen PE. Contact allergy to parthenolide in Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schulz- Bip. (feverfew, Asteraceae) and cross-reactions to related sesquiterpene lactone containing Compositae species. Acta Derm Venereol 1983;63(4):308-314.
Hausen BM. [Occupational contact allergy to feverfew Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.; Asteraceae]. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1981;29(1):18-21.
Heptinstall S, Awang DV, Dawson BA, et al. Parthenolide content and bioactivity of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.). Estimation of commercial and authenticated feverfew products. J Pharm Pharmacol 1992;44(5):391-395.
Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA, Spangenberg P, et al. Inhibition of platelet behaviour by feverfew: a mechanism of action involving sulphydryl groups. Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1988;115(4):447-449.
Heptinstall S, White A, Williamson L, et al. Extracts of feverfew inhibit granule secretion in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Lancet 1985;1(8437):1071-1074.
Jain NK, Kulkarni SK. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Tanacetum parthenium L. extract in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;68(1-3):251-259.
Johnson ES, Kadam NP, Anderson D, et al. Investigation of possible genetoxic effects of feverfew in migraine patients. Hum Toxicol 1987;6(6):533-534.
Johnson ES, Kadam NP, Hylands DM, et al. Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291(6495):569-573.
Kuritzky A, Elhacham Y, Yerushalmi Z, et al. Feverfew in the treatment of migraine: its effect on serotonin uptake and platelet activity. Neurology 1994;44(Suppl 2):A201.
Kwok BH, Koh B, Ndubuisi MI, et al. The anti-inflammatory natural product parthenolide from the medicinal herb Feverfew directly binds to and inhibits IkappaB kinase. Chem Biol 2001;8(8):759-766.
Lamminpaa A, Estlander T, Jolanki R, et al. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by decorative plants. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34(5):330-335.
Loesche W, Groenewegen WA, Krause S, et al. Effects of an extract of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) on arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Biomed Biochim Acta 1988;47(10-11):S241-S243.
Loesche W, Mazurov AV, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, et al. Feverfew--an antithrombotic drug? Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1988;115(1-2):181-184.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM. A platelet phospholipase inhibitor from the medicinal herb feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982;8(6):653-660.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM. The active principle in feverfew. Lancet 1981;2(8254):1054.
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Mattes H, Hamada K, Benezra C. Stereospecificity in allergic contact dermatitis to simple substituted methylene lactone derivatives. J Med Chem 1987;30(11):1948-1951.
Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med 1998;158(20):2200-2211.
Mitchell JC, Geissman TA, Dupuis G, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Artemisia and Chrysanthemum species. The role of sesquiterpene lactones. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56(2):98-101.
Murphy JJ, Heptinstall S, Mitchell JR. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet 1988;2(8604):189-192.
O'Neill LA, Barrett ML, Lewis GP. Extracts of feverfew inhibit mitogen-induced human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and cytokine mediated responses: a cytotoxic effect. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;23(1):81-83.
Orion E, Paulsen E, Andersen KE, et al. Comparison of simultaneous patch testing with parthenolide and sesquiterpene lactone mix. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(4):207-208.
Palevitch D, Earon G, Carasso R. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res 1997;11(7):508-511.
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Grape seed
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Grapefruit seed
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Green tea
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Guggul
Agarwal RC, Singh SP, Saran RK, et al. Clinical trial of guggulipid--a new hypolipidemic agent of plant origin in primary hyperlipidemia. Indian J Med Res 1986;84:626-634.
Al Faraj S. Antagonism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin caused by the use of Commiphora molmol as a herbal medication: a case report. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2005;99(2):219-20.
Amma MK, Malhotra N, Suri RK, et al. Effect of oleoresin of gum guggul (Commiphora mukul) on the reproductive organs of female rat. Indian J Exp Biol 1978;16(9):1021-1023.
Antonio J, Colker CM, Torina GC, et al. Effects of a standardized guggulsterone phosphate supplement on body composition in overweight adults: A pilot study. Curr Ther Res 1999;60:220-227.
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Arora RB, Taneja V, Sharma RC, et al. Anti-inflammatory studies on a crystalline steroid isolated from Commiphora mukul. Indian J Med Res 1972;60(6):929-931.
Arya VP. Guggulipid. Drugs Fut 1988;13:618-619.
Baldwa VS, Sharma RC, Ranka PC, et al. Effect of Commiphora mukul (guggul) on fibrinolytic activity and platelet aggregation in coronary artery disease. Rajas Med J 1980;19(2):84-86.
Beg M, Singhal KC, Afzaal S. A study of effect of guggulsterone on hyperlipidemia of secondary glomerulopathy. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1996;40(3):237-240.
Bhatt AD, Dalal DG, Shah SJ, et al. Conceptual and methodologic challenges of assessing the short-term efficacy of Guggulu in obesity: data emergent from a naturalistic clinical trial. J Postgrad Med 1995;41(1):5-7.
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Bordia A, Chuttani SK. Effect of gum guggulu on fibrinolysis and platelet adhesiveness in coronary heart disease. Indian J Med Res 1979;70:992-996.
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Dogra J, Aneja N, Saxena VN. Oral guggulipid in acne vulgaris management. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 1990;56(1):381-383.
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Farnsworth NR, Bingel AS, Cordell GA, et al. Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I. J Pharm Sci 1975;64(4):535-598.
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Jain JP. Clinical assessment of the value of oleo-resin of Commiphora mukul (Guggul) in obesity and hyperlipidemia. ICMR Bull 1980;10:83-84.
Kaul S, Kapoor NK. Cardiac sarcolemma enzymes & liver microsomal cytochrome P450 in isoproterenol treated rats. Indian J Med Res 1989;90:62-68.
Kaul S, Kapoor NK. Reversal of changes of lipid peroxide, xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase by cardio-protective drugs in isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1989;27(7):625-627.
Kesava RG, Dhar SC, Singh GB. Urinary excretion of connective tissue metabolites under the influence of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent in adjuvant induced arthritis. Agents Actions 1987;22(1-2):99-105.
Kesava RG, Dhar SC. Effect of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent on lysosomal stability in adjuvant induced arthritis. Ital J Biochem 1987;36(4):205-217.
Kishore P, Devi Das KV, Banarjee S. Clinical studies on the treatment of Amavata-Rheumatoid arthritis with Sunthi-Guggulu. J Res Ayur Siddha 1982;3(3-4):133-146.
Kotiyal JP, Bisht DB, Singh DS. Double blind cross-over trial of gum guggulu (Commiphora mukul) Fraction A in hypercholesterolemia. J Res Indian Med Yoga Hom 1979;14(2):11-16.
Kotiyal JP, Singh DS, Bisht DB. Gum guggulu (Commiphora mukul) fraction 'A' in obesity -- a double-blind clinical trial. J Res Ayur and Siddha 1985;6(1,3,4):20-35.
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Mahesh S, Pandit M, Hakala C. A study of Shuddha Guggulu on rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatism 1981;16(2):54-67.
Majumdar KA. A clinical study of R-Arthritis with A-Compound - a herbal formulation. Rheumatism 1984;19(3):66-74.
Majumdar KA. Role of gum guggulu with gold in rheumatic and other allied disorders. Rheumatism 1984;20(1):9-15.
Malhotra SC, Ahuja MM, Sundaram KR. Long term clinical studies on the hypolipidaemic effect of Commiphora mukul (Guggulu) and clofibrate. Indian J Med Res 1977;65(3):390-395.
Malhotra SC, Ahuja MM. Comparative hypolipidaemic effectiveness of gum guggulu (Commiphora mukul) fraction 'A', ethyl-P-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate and Ciba-13437-Su. Indian J Med Res 1971;59(10):1621-1632.
Mashour NH, Lin GI, Frishman WH. Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: clinical considerations. Arch Intern Med 1998;158(20):2225-2234.
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Nityanand S, Kapoor NK. Cholesterol lowering activity of the various fractions of the guggal. Indian J Exp Biol 1973;11(5):395-396.
Nityanand S, Kapoor NK. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Commiphora mukul resin (guggal). Indian J Exp Biol 1971;9(3):376-377.
Nityanand S, Srivastava JS, Asthana OP. Clinical trials with guggulipid. A new hypolipidaemic agent. J Assoc Physicians India 1989;37(5):323-328.
Panda S, Kar A. Gugulu (Commiphora mukul) induces triiodothyronine production: possible involvement of lipid peroxidation. Life Sci 1999;65(12):L137-L141.
Racine P, Auffray B. Quenching of singlet molecular oxygen by Commiphora myrrha extracts and menthofuran. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(3-4):316-23.
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Satyavati GV. Gum guggul (Commiphora mukul)--the success story of an ancient insight leading to a modern discovery. Indian J Med Res 1988;87:327-335.
Sharma JN, Sharma JN. Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora mukul (an indigenous drug) with those of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in experimental arthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(7):1455-1457.
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Sheela CG, Augusti KT. Effects of S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium sativum Linn and guggulipid on some enzymes and fecal excretions of bile acids and sterols in cholesterol fed rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1995;33(10):749-751.
Sidhu LS, Sharma K, Puri AS, et al. Effect of gum guggul on body weight and subcutaneous tissue folds. J Res Indian Med Yoga Hom 1976;11(2):16-22.
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Gymnema
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Hawthorn
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Holy basil
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Rai, V., Iyer, U., and Mani, U. V. Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissue lipids in diabetic rats. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 1997;50(1):9-16.
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Hops
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Horse chestnut
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Licorice
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Darbinyan V, Kteyan A, Panossian A, Gabrielian E, Wikman G, Wagner H. Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians
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Shevtsov VA, Zholus BI, Shervarly VI, Vol'skij VB, Korovin YP, Khristich MP, Roslyakova NA, Wikman G. A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work. Phytomedicine.
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Rosemary
al Hader, A. A., Hasan, Z. A., and Aqel, M. B. Hyperglycemic and insulin release inhibitory effects of Rosmarinus officinalis. J Ethnopharmacol 7-22-1994;43(3):217-221.
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Darshan, S. and Doreswamy, R. Patented antiinflammatory plant drug development from traditional medicine. Phytother Res 2004;18(5):343-357.
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Galobart, J., Barroeta, A. C., Baucells, M. D., Codony, R., and Ternes, W. Effect of dietary supplementation with rosemary extract and alpha-tocopheryl acetate on lipid oxidation in eggs enriched with omega3-fatty acids. Poult.Sci 2001;80(4):460-467.
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Hosseinzadeh, H. and Nourbakhsh, M. Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. aerial parts extract on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Phytother Res 2003;17(8):938-941.
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Lemonica, I. P., Damasceno, D. C., and di Stasi, L. C. Study of the embryotoxic effects of an extract of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Braz.J Med Biol Res 1996;29(2):223-227.
Mahmoud, A. A., Al Shihry, S. S., and Son, B. W. Diterpenoid quinones from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Phytochemistry 2005;66(14):1685-1690.
Mangena, T. and Muyima, N. Y. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Artemisia afra, Pteronia incana and Rosmarinus officinalis on selected bacteria and yeast strains. Lett Appl.Microbiol 1999;28(4):291-296.
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Saw Palmetto
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Carbin, B. E., Larsson, B., and Lindahl, O. Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with phytosterols. Br J Urol 1990;66(6):639-641.
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Carreras JO. Novel treatment with a hexane extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Archiv Esp de Urolog 1987;40:310-313.
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Comar OB and Di Rienzo A. Mepartricina versus Serenoa repens: studio sperimentale doppio cieco su 20 casi di iperplasia prostatica benigna. Riv Ital Biol Med 1986;6(2):122-125.
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Grasso, M., Montesano, A., Buonaguidi, A., Castelli, M., Lania, C., Rigatti, P., Rocco, F., Cesana, B. M., and Borghi, C. Comparative effects of alfuzosin versus Serenoa repens in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Arch Esp.Urol.
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Greca P and Volip R. Experience with a new drug in the medical treatment of prostatic adenoma. Urologia 1985;52:532-535.
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Iguchi, K., Okumura, N., Usui, S., Sajiki, H., Hirota, K., and Hirano, K. Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells. Prostate 2001;47(1):59-65.
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Dewell A, Hollenbeck CB, Bruce B. The effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens on serum lipids and lipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(1):118-21.
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Fanti P, Asmis R, Stephenson TJ, Sawaya BP, Franke AA. Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammation--correlation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(8):2239-46.
Farina HG, Pomies M, Alonso DF, Gomez DE. Antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of soy isoflavone genistein in mouse models of melanoma and breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 2006;16(4):885-91.
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Giampietro PG, Bruno G, Furcolo G, et al. Soy protein formulas in children: no hormonal effects in long-term feeding. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2004;17(2):191-196.
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Hamann I, Seidlova-Wuttke D, Wuttke W, Kohrle J. Effects of isoflavonoids and other plant-derived compounds on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid hormone axis. Maturitas. 2006;55 Suppl 1:S14-25.
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Hulem R, Blair RM. Soy isoflavones for postmenopausal symptoms. An examination of evidence. Adv Nurse Pract. 2006;14(5):32-8; quiz 39.
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Nobert GS, Kraak MM, Crawford S. Estrogen dependent growth inhibitory effects of tamoxifen but not genistein in solid tumors derived from estrogen receptor positive (ER+) primary breast carcinoma MCF7: single agent and novel combined treatment approaches.
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St. John’s wort
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Cott, J. M. In vitro receptor binding and enzyme inhibition by Hypericum perforatum extract. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30 Suppl 2:108-112.
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