Materials in Practice Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ Materials in

MATERIALS IN
PRACTICE
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Office Hours: Friday, 16:30-17:30
[email protected], [email protected]
Phone: +90 – 252 211 19 17
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
OBJECTIVE
 To provide a basic understanding of glass
materials.
 To understand
processing,
 properties,
 characterisation and
 design

of these materials.
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
REFERENCES

Shackelford, James F., Doremus, Robert H. (Eds.),
Ceramic and Glass Materials Structure, Properties and
Processing, Springer, 2008.

Wolfram Holand, George H. Beall, Glass Ceramic
Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.


Glass Science, R. H. Doremus, Wiley, 1994.

D. W. Richerson, "Modern Ceramic Engineering," Second
Edition, Marcel Dekker Inc., 1992.

W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen, and D.R. Uhlmann,
“Introduction To Ceramics”, John Wiley and Sons, 1976.
Adalbert Feltz, Amorphous Inorganic Materials and
Glasses, Wiley, 1993.
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
ISSUES TO ADDRESS
 What is glass?
 Classification of glasses
 Processing and properties of glasses
 Typical applications of glasses
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
GLASSES
GLASSES
…
Ceramic
Materials
…
…
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
What Do You Know About Glasses?
DEFINITION
What is glass?
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PROPERTIES
What are the
general properties
of glassses?
APPLICATIONS
What are the main
application areas
of glassses?
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Well Known Glass Products
http://www.wolfard.com
Classic Wolfard Oil Lamp
Heat resistant glassware
(microwave safe)
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Heat resistant glass
lid
Tempered Glass
Cutting Board
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Well Known Glass Products
Tempered glass table
http://freshome.com
http://www.ifjk.org
www.aarticommercial.com/prod
ucts.php
www.tripadvisor.com
Glass sink cabinets in the bathroom Laminated Windscreen Glass
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Heat resistant
glass door
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Well Known Glass Products
www.whitersstreetglass.com.au
Glass splashbacks
http://www.wickedreport.com
Hirom Glass Violin is a product of Hario
Glass Co. Ltd., Japan. And also, The
world’s first hand made glass violin.
www.toxel.com
Glass Bathtub
http://freshome.com
Superdurable tempered glass
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http://worlds-interior-design.blogspot.com
Wall-to-wall glass windows
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Well Known Glass Products
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Consumption of Glass
Glass Consumers
Glass package, 43 %
Sheet glass, 30 %
Housekeeping, 12 %
Electrotechnical needs, 10 %
Plant and cunduits, 5 %
Three largest consumers
Glass packaging, domestic commodities and construction industry
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
GLASSES
Four of the major technological achievements in
glass which have had the most profound impact on
mankind.




Glass window – which enables sunlight to come into
dwelling unit
Lenses – opthamics for improved vision, microscope,
telescope optics
Light bulb envelope - lighting
Semiconducting glasses – for computer memory,
solar cell, photocopiers
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Advantages and Limitations of Glasses
Advantages
 Inert
 Does not corrode
 Durable
 Optical transparency
 Many forming method
 Many composition
 Cheap
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Disadvantages
 Brittle
 Breakable
 Heavy
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
History of Glass
 The
word glass is derived from a late-Latin term
glaesum, used to refer to a lustrous a transparent material.
 Another word often used to refer to glassy substances is
vitreous, originating from the Latin word vitrum.
 Luster
or shine and in particular its durability when
exposed to the elements of nature, were probably the
most significant properties of glass recognised by early
civilisations.
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
The Beginnings of Glass Technology
The earliest written records of glass making are some famous
clay tablets, dating from around 650 BC, from the library of
Assur-bani-pal, but these are incompletely understood because
we have no dictionary to explain the technical terms.
Many centuries passed before written accounts of glass
making contained any useful insight besides recipes to be
followed by rote.
The earliest development in glass making of which we have a
reasonably documented description seems to be the invention
of glass of lead by Ravenscroft around 1673-1676.
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GLASSES
In 1960, glass production is
divided into three large groups
Glasses
Glass for domestic and
industrial use
Architectural glass
Art glass
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
What is Glass?
A glass is a solid that possesses no long-range atomic
order and which undergoes the glass transformation from
solid to supercooled liquid on heating.
Crystalline materials have a definite structure, whereas amorphous
ones do not, and therefore only rather general statements can be
made about a material which, when hot, is ductile but when cold is
brittle, and fractures if there is a sudden change of temperature.
Amorphous
solids
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No crystal
structure
No longrange order
Resemble
“frozen
liquids”
No melting
point,
a glass
transition
temperature
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
What is Glass?
Glass is a very
brittle material
Glass is a linear elastic and
isotropic material with no
plastic behavior at normal
temperatures, which can
explain its brittle fracture. It
follows Hooke’s law.
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AMORPHOUS versus CRYSTALLINE
• Glass has amorphous structure
• Crystalline materials have some periodic crystal structure
that results in long term order
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Glass Properties
General properties of glasses
 High hardness / brittle
 Low density compared to high strength
 Low thermal expansion coefficient
 Low heat / electrical conductivity
 High melting point
 Good chemical resistance / chemically inert
 Wide range of optical transmission
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Glass from Nature
magma
fulgurite
obsidian
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History of Glass
- 100 000: Obsidian
- 5000: Discovery ‘by chance’ of the glass melting
(Persia – Mesopotamy)
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History of Glass
-4000:
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Jewel in molted glass
-(Phoenicia)
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
History of Glass
-1500: Vases and vessels
(Egypt)
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History of Glass
- 200: Glass blown with a pipe
(Syria)
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History of Glass
-100: “1st glazing”: Casted glass on table (Rome)
76: Pompei
From 2nd to 12th : regression of the glass
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History of Glass
Crown method (6th century)
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History of Glass
Cylinder method (12th century)
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Processing of Glass
Starting ceramic
powders
Final product
Batching and
mixing of raw
materials
Homogenisation
Batch melting
Fining
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Glass is prepared by
cooling from a liquid
state without
crystallization
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
ORDINARY GLASS FABRICATION
SAND
SODA
LIME
OTHER
GLASS
Percentage of Ingredients in Glass
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Composition of Some Typical Glasses
Typical composition (wt %) of some of the common
commercial glasses
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Types of Glasses
The main types of glass are:
 Commercial glass also known as soda-limesilicate glass
 Lead glass
 Borosilicate glass
 Glass fibre
 Special glasses
 Layered glass
 Tempered glass
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Float Glass
Annealed glass
Annealed (“ordinary”) glass is the end product of the float glass process.
It is carefully cooled through the range of temperatures where the glass
solidifies so that no residual stresses develop.
Float glass is made using a bath of molten tin, where molten glass is floated
along the surface. The perfectly flat surface of the tin is transferred to the
glass.
Advantages
 Low cost
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Disadvantages
 Breaks in sharp pieces
 Not as strong as tempered
glass
 Size limitations
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Float Glass Fabrication
Sand, soda ash,
limestone, salt-cake,
dolomite are melted
at 1600°C
Poured into a bath of
molten tin at 1100°C
Controlled atmosphere
Glass settles and is
pulled out at 600°C
and annealed
Washed,
cut &
stored
Molten tin
Furnace
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Float bath
Lehr
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Float Glass
Float Glass Used For Mirrors In Building
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LEAD GLASSES
LEAD GLASSES are used for
high refractive index,
easier working and
greater density
for lamp envelopes, seals, optical glass
CRYSTAL GLASS for art and tableware
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
LEAD GLASSES
Leaded Stained Glass Windows
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This type of glass has been mixed with lead-rich
materials while molten; lead replaces the calcium
content of a typical glass. Lead glass has a long
history. The earliest known example with lead oxide
additives is a blue glass fragment from Nippur
dated to 1400 BC. Leaded stained glass was first
used in medieval Europe as a base for colored
glass. This glass was used in mosaic tiles,
enamels, stained glass painting, and to imitate
precious stones. Lead oxide was used to create
enamel for vessels and windows because of its
lower working temperature. By the 17th century
George Ravenscroft produced the first clear lead
glass on a large sale. Taking advantage of his
merchant class status, Ravenscroft was able to
revolutionize the glass trade and shifted England
into the leader as a leaded glass innovator.
Scotland, especially Glasgow, became the world
center for creating leaded glass windows and
glassware. Lead glass in your home’s windows will
not cause lead poisoning. However, it is still not
safe to lick, chew, or eat your leaded glass
windows. As long as you adhere to those rules, you
will not risk lead poisoning.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
BOROSILICATE GLASSES
BOROSILICATE GLASSES
 lower thermal expansion
 better thermal shock resistance,
 improved chemical durability,
for such applications as automobile head-lamps,
cooking wares and laboratory apparatus
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BOROSILICATE GLASSES
Borosilicate pyrex type
colored tubing for
glassblowing
Pyrex labware is made of borosilicate glass
Borosilicates – headlights
on cars and Pyrex
(heat resistant glass)
Borosilicate glass erlenmeyer flasks
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Pressure resistant circular panes for
sight glasses made of thermally
toughened borosilicate glass, which are
designed to withstand a continuous onesided fluid pressure at temperature up to
280°C
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
History of the glass
• Laminated glass: 1909
• Tempered glass:  1929 (automotive)
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Laminated Glass
2 sheets of glass are bonded with a thin
film of plastic such as polyvinyl
butyrate under pressure at a
temperature of about 100°C
Laminated glass is a kind of safety
glass which is combined from one
or more layers of PVB through
heating and pressing processes
by autoclave.
The sandwiched plastic bonds well to
the 2 glass surfaces and helps absorb
energy in impacts, stops glass
shattering and disintegrating if
stressed to failure so that it often
remains secure and weatherproof.
This provides a high degree of
resistance to injury from flying glass in
case of impact.
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Laminated Glass
Laminated glass absorbs
energy of the impact
Safety
• Ordinary window glass is brittle
and breaks into long sharp pieces
Will not shatter
Holds up against
• hurricanes
• cyclones
• earthquakes
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Laminated Glass
Laminated glass is
widely used for
bullet proof
burglar-proof
showcase
counter
aquarium
skylight
long corridor
sidelite, etc.
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http://www.livingetc.com
Glass staircase
www.aarticommercial.com
Laminated Windscreen Glass
If the laminated glass is made from “ordinary” float glass, it
is still workable (cutting and drilling is possible) and the PVB
helps the fractured glass to stay put inside the construction.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Laminated Glass
BULLETPROOF GLASS
Bulletproof glass is made of laminated
glasses and films which have special
shielding capability towards bullets.
The different levels of bullet proof glasses
are able to shield the bullets from
penetration and prevent the broken parts
from injuring people. They are widely
applied in
bank,
counters of jewelry and gold shops,
cash trucks and
other regions requiring special safety
prevention.
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www.bmw-security-vehicles.com
22-millimetre glass/plastic laminate with a
polycarbonate coating on the inside to
prevent flying splinters. The 22-millimetre
glass protects against:

• Blunt instruments
.44 Magnum with full-jacket flat-nose bullets
 .357 Magnum with coned bullets
 9-millimetre Luger with round-nose bullets
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Tempered Glass
Shatter pattern of tempered glass
Crazed fracture pattern on
left in tempered glass on an
elevator wall. Fracture origin
is shown above.
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Tempered glass also know as
toughened glass is made by quickly
cooling the annealed glass when it
is heated near compression is
formed over the glass surface
whiletensile formed inside the glass
plate.
Tempered glass is made by heating
annealed glass to approximately
700C then cooling the outer surfaces
rapidly. This process makes the glass
very strong and shock resistant thus
more durable.
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
Tempered Glass
Usage Range of Tempered Glass:
 Construction curtain wall
 Glass doors & windows
 Support bar of staircases & escalators
 Different types of the glass artdecorations
 Location of near the intense heatthe impact severed by the hotcold.
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General Characteristics of Glasses
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Short range
atomic order but
no long-range
order
Structure is
isotropic, so the
properties are
uniform in all
directions
Typically good
electrical and
thermal
insulators
Soften before
melting, so they
can be formed
easily by various
forming
techniques
Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
THE END
Thanks for your kind
attention
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Any
Questions
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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ