ΔΠΗΓΡΑ΢ΔΗ΢ ΣΟΤ ΠΔΡΗΒΑΛΛΟΝΣΟ΢ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΗΑ΢ ΢ΣΟ ΓΔΡΜΑ ΔΡΓΑΕΟΜΔΝΩΝ ΢Δ ΘΔΡΜΟΚΖΠΗΑ ΔΜΒΟΛΙΑ΢ΜΟΙ
ΔΝΖΛΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΓΙΔΙΝΖ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ΢ ΠΑΡΟΛΗΓΟΝ ΑΣΤΥΖΜΑΣΑ ΢ΣΖΝ ΔΠΗ΢ΚΔΤΖ ΑΔΡΟ΢ΚΑΦΩΝ ΤΓΔΙΑ ΚΑΙ
Α΢ΦΑΛΔΙΑ ΣΩΝ ΔΡΓΑΕΟΜΔΝΩΝ ΢ΣΖ ΒΑΘΤΣΤΠΙΑ ΥΖΜΗΚΟΗ ΠΑΡΑΓΟΝΣΔ΢ ΔΠΗΚΗΝΓΤΝΟΣΖΣΑ΢ ΢ΣΑ
ΗΝ΢ΣΗΣΟΤΣΑ ΠΔΡΗΠΟΗΖ΢Ζ΢ ΝΤΥΗΩΝ ΤΓΙΔΙΝΖ ΚΑΙ Α΢ΦΑΛΔΙΑ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ΢ ΢ΣΟ ΥΩΡΟ ΣΟΤ ΝΔΚΡΟΣΟΜΔΙΟΤ
ΔΠΑΓΓΔΛΜΑΣΗΚΟΗ ΚΗΝΓΤΝΟΗ ΗΑΣΡΟΝΟ΢ΖΛΔΤΣΗΚΟΤ ΠΡΟ΢ΩΠΗΚΟΤ ΢Δ ΔΗΓΗΚΑ ΝΟ΢ΟΚΟΜΔΗΑ ΝΟ΢ΖΜΑΣΩΝ
ΘΩΡΑΚΑ ΔΡΓΑΣΙΚΟ ΑΣΤΥΖΜΑ ΢Δ ΔΡΓΑΕΟΜΔΝΟΤ΢ ΒΙΟΜΖΥΑΝΙΑ΢ ΔΠΙ΢ΚΔΤΖ΢ ΑΔΡΟ΢ΚΑΦΩΝ ΚΑΣΑ ΣΖ
ΓΔΚΑΔΣΙΑ 2000 - 2010 ΣΟ ΔΠΗΚΑΗΡΟ ΣΖ΢ «ΗΑΣΡΗΚΖ΢ ΝΔΜΔ΢Ζ΢» ΣΟΤ IVAN ILLICH: Ζ ΗΑΣΡΗΚΖ ΚΑΗ Ζ
ΔΞΤΠΖΡΔΣΖ΢Ζ ΣΖ΢ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΗΑ΢ Ο «ΒΑ΢ΙΛΙΑ΢ ΑΝΘΡΑΚΑ΢» ΣΩΝ ΖΝΩΜΔΝΩΝ ΠΠΟΛΙΣΔΙΩΝ ΑΜΔΡΙΚΖ΢ ΢ΣΙ΢
ΑΡΥΔ΢ ΣΟΤ ΔΙΚΟ΢ΣΟΤ ΑΙΩΝΑ ΤΓΔΗΑ ΚΑΗ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΗΑ ΢Δ ΔΗΚΟΝΔ΢ ΑΝΑ ΣΖΝ ΤΦΖΛΗΟ ΠΡΟΦΤΛΑΚΣΙΚΑ ΜΔΣΡΑ
ΔΝΑΝΣΙ ΣΖ΢ ΔΛΟΝΟ΢ΙΑ΢ ΤΓΔΗΑ ΚΑΗ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΗΑ ME ΑΝΔΡΓΗΑ ΤΓΔΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ ΔΠΑΓΓΔΛΜΑΣΙΚΟΙ ΚΙΝΓΤΝΟΙ
ΤΓΔΗΑ ΚΑΗ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΗΑ ΢ΣΟ ΔΛ.ΗΝ.Τ.Α.Δ. ΤΓΔΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΒΑΡΔΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΝΘΤΓΙΔΙΝΑ ΔΠΑΓΓΔΛΜΑΣΑ
ΞκξκξκξκξκΚΞΚΞΚ
hυgeίa εργασiα
SCIENTIFIC EDITION OF HELLENIC SOCIETY OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE
IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROGRAM OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WORKPLACES
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 2
MMMKKKKKKKKKKKKMM
ISSN 1792-4731
MAY - AUGOUST 2012
hυgeίa@εργασiα 3(2)
PHOTO: FOTIS MAVROUDAKIS
ΦΩΣΟΓΡΑΦΗΑ: ΦΩΣΖ΢ ΜΑΤΡΟΤΓΑΚΖ΢
HEALTH AND SAFETY INTO THE GREENHOUSES HEALTH AND SAFETY OF WORKERS IN THE AREA OF
ROTOGRAVURE ADULTH VACCINATIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE STUDY OF NEARLY ACCIDENTS IN
AIRCRAFT REPAIR INDUSTRY CHEMICAL RISK FACTORS IN NAIL TECHNICIANS HEALTH AND SAFETY AT
NECROPSY OCCUPATIONAL RISKS OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IN A SPECIAL CHEST DISEASES HOSPITAL
OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS IN REPAIR AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY DURING THE DECADE 2000-2010 MEDICINE
AT THE SERVICE OF WORK: THE CURRENT AFFAIRS OF IVAN ILLICH «MEDICAL NEMESIS» THE «KING
COAL» OF U.S.A. IN THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY HEALTH AND WORK IN PICTURES,
WORLDWIDE PREVENTION AGAINST MALARIA HEALTH AND SAFETY IN ELINYAE HEALTH AND SAFETY IN
UNEMPLOYMENT HEALTH AND SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES HEALTH AND SAFETY IN B.A.E.
ΞκξκξκξκξκΚΞΚΞΚ
hυgeίa εργασiα
ΔΠΗ΢ΣΖΜΟΝΗΚΖ ΔΚΓΟ΢Ζ ΣΖ΢ ΔΛΛΖΝΙΚΖ΢ ΔΣΑΙΡΔΙΑ΢ ΙΑΣΡΙΚΖ΢ ΣΖ΢ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ΢ ΚΑΙ ΠΔΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΣΟ΢
΢Δ ΢ΤΝΔΡΓΑ΢ΗΑ ΜΔ ΣΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΜΔΣΑΠΣΤΥΗΑΚΩΝ ΢ΠΟΤΓΩΝ ΤΓΙΔΙΝΖ ΚΑΙ Α΢ΦΑΛΔΙΑ ΣΖ΢ ΔΡΓΑ΢ΙΑ΢
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ISSN 1792-4731
MΑΪΟ΢ - ΑΤΓΟΤ΢ΣΟ΢ 2012
hƵgeƟa ƥƱƣơƳiơ
ȊīǿǼǿȃǾȀǹǿǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹǼȇīǹȈǿǹȈȈȉȅȋȍȇȅȉȅȊȃǼȀȇȅȉȅȂǼǿȅȊ
ȆȆĮȣȜȓįȘȢE. ȈȚȕȡȓįȘȢȂȅȡijĮȞȓįȘȢțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 135-154
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT NECROPSY
P. Pavlidis, E. Sivridis, M. Orfanidis and T.C. Constantinidis
ǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀǾǼȀǻȅȈǾȉǾȈǽȂȂǿȄȀȁǿȉǽȊǺȀȈǽȀǺȉȀǺȊȈȀȁǿȉȊǿȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉȁǺȀȇǽȈȀǻǺȂȂȆȄȊȆȉ
ȈǼȈȊȃǼȇīǹȈǿǹ ȂǼȉȅȆȇȅīȇǹȂȂǹȂǼȉǹȆȉȊȋǿǹȀȍȃȈȆȅȊǻȍȃȋĬȀǽȀȄǿ ȁǺȀǺȉĮǺȂǽȀǺ ȊǿȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ȊȆȃȆȉ3 ȉǼȊȋȅȈ2
0ǹȎȅȈ- ǹȊīȅȊȈȉȅȈ2012
ǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀȅǿȀǿȃǻȊȃȅǿǿǹȉȇȅȃȅȈǾȁǼȊȉǿȀȅȊȆȇȅȈȍȆǿȀȅȊ
ȈǼǼǿǻǿȀǹȃȅȈȅȀȅȂǼǿǹȃȅȈǾȂǹȉȍȃĬȍȇǹȀǹ
Ǽ. īțȚĮȠȣȡȓįȘǼ. ȃȑȞĮțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 155-170
OCCUPATIONAL RISKS OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
IN A SPECIAL CHEST DISEASES HOSPITAL
Ǽ. Giaouridi, Ǽ. ȃena and T.C. Constantinidis
ȇǽȈȀǽȌȆȃǽȄǺ
ǼȆǿǻȇǹȈǼǿȈȉȅȊȆǼȇǿǺǹȁȁȅȃȉȅȈǼȇīǹȈǿǹȈ
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ıİȜ. 9-36
HEALTH AND SAFETY INTO THE GREENHOUSES
V. Gatou, K. Mitsopoulou, A. Chatzaki and T.C. Constantinidis
ȊīǼǿǹȀǹǿǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹȉȍȃǼȇīǹǽȅȂǼȃȍȃȈȉǾǺǹĬȊȉȊȆǿǹ
ǺīȆȚʌİȡȓįȘȢǺǻȡĮțȩʌȠȣȜȠȢțĮȚ Ĭ.Ȁ. ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 37-60
HEALTH AND SAFETY OF WORKERS
IN THE AREA OF ROTOGRAVURE
V. Piperidis, V. Drakopoulos țĮȚ Ĭ.Ȁ. ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ǼȇīǹȉǿȀȅǹȉȊȋǾȂǹȈǼǼȇīǹǽȅȂǼȃȅȊȈǺǿȅȂǾȋǹȃǿǹȈǼȆǿȈȀǼȊǾȈǹǼȇȅȈȀǹĭȍȃ
ȀǹȉǹȉǾǻǼȀǹǼȉǿǹ-2010
ȈȚȝȚIJȗȒȢǹșĮȞȐıȚȠȢȂĮțȡȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǺĮıȓȜȘȢțĮȚ ȄȣįȑĮ- ȀȚțİȝȑȞȘǹȞĮıIJĮıȓĮ
ıİȜ. 171-182
OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS IN REPAIR AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY
DURING THE DECADE 2000-2010
A. Simitzis, V. Makropoulos and A. Xydea - Kikemeni
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Ȃ.Ȁ. ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȠȣ
ıİȜ. 183-192
MEDICINE AT THE SERVICE OF WORK
THE CURRENT AFFAIRS OF IVAN ILLICH "MEDICAL NEMESIS"
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȈȂȅǿǼȃǾȁǿȀȍȃ ȀǹǿȊīǿǼǿȃǾǼȇīǹȈǿǹȈ
ǹȀȠȣțȠȣȜȚȐIJĮǼȄİȞȠįȠȤȓįȠȣȋȆȦȖȦȞȓįȘȢțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 61-92
ADULTH VACCINATIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE
A. Koukouliata, E. Xenodohidou, C. Pogonidis and T.C. Constantinidis
ȅ©ǺǹȈǿȁǿǹȈǹȃĬȇǹȀǹȈªȉȍȃǾȆǹ
ȈȉǿȈǹȇȋǼȈȉȅȊǼǿȀȅȈȉȅȊǹǿȍȃǹ
ǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢ
ıİȜ. 193-196
THE ©.,1*&2$/ª2)86A.
IN THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
D. Hadolias
ȆǹȇȅȁǿīȅȃǹȉȊȋǾȂǹȉǹ
ȈȉǾȃǼȆǿȈȀǼȊǾǹǼȇȅȈȀǹĭȍȃ
ǹȈȚȝȚIJȗȒȢ
ıİȜ. 93-106
STUDY OF NEARLY ACCIDENTS
IN AIRCRAFT REPAIR INDUSTRY
A. Simitzis
ȊīǼǿǹȀǹǿǼȇīǹȈǿǹȈǼǼǿȀȅȃǼȈǹȃǹȉǾȃȊĭǾȁǿȅ
HȜȓĮȢ ȋĮIJȗȐțȘȢ
ıİȜ. 197-200
HEALTH AND WORK IN PICTURES, WORLDWIDE
Ilias Chatzakis
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ǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢȂǹȖĮșȠțȜȑȠȣȢțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 107-134
CHEMICAL RISK FACTORS IN NAIL TECHNICIANS
D. Hadolias, M. Agathokleous and T.C. Constantinidis
1
ȆȇȅĭȊȁǹȀȉǿȀǹȂǼȉȇǹǼȃǹȃȉǿȉǾȈǼȁȅȃȅȈǿǹȈ
ǿȀĮȡįĮȝȐIJȘȢțĮȚ ǻȌȐȜIJȘȢ
ıİȜ. 201-224
PREVENTION AGAINST MALARIA
J. Ȁardamatis and D. Psaltis
2
EDITORIALȊīǼǿǹȈȉǾȃǼȇīǹȈǿǹ ȀǹǿǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
Ĭ.Ȁ. ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 225
EDITORIAL: HEALTH AND SAFETY IN EL.IN.Y.A.E.
T.C. Constantinidis
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ǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢ țĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 226-227
EDITORIAL: HEALTH AND SAFETY IN UNEMPLOYMENT
D. Hadolias and T.C. Constantinidis
EDITORIALȊīǼǿǹȈȉǾȃǼȇīǹȈǿǹ ȀǹǿǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀȅǿȀǿȃǻȊȃȅǿ
ȉİȤȞȚțȒ2ȝȐįĮǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ıİȜ. 228-235
EDITORIAL: HEALTH AND SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
Technical Working Group
EDITORIALȊīǼǿǹȀǹǿǼȇīǹȈǿǹȈǼȀǹĬǼȈȉȍȈǺǹǼ
Ĭ.Ȁ. ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ıİȜ. 236
EDITORIAL: HEALTH AND SAFETY IN THE STATUS OF B.A.E.
T.C. Constantinidis
ǼȄȍĭȊȁȁȅ
ĭȫIJȘȢȂĮȣȡȠȣįȐțȘȢ
COVER PAGE
Fotis Mavroudakis
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hƵgeƟa ƥƱƣơƳiơ
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ȈǼȈȊȃǼȇīǹȈǿǹ ȂǼȉȅȆȇȅīȇǹȂȂǹȂǼȉǹȆȉȊȋǿǹȀȍȃȈȆȅȊǻȍȃȋĬȀǽȀȄǿ ȁǺȀǺȉĮǺȂǽȀǺ ȊǿȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ǽʍțIJijșȞȡȟțȜȓǽʍțijȢȡʍȓ
ǹșĮȞĮıȓȠȣǹșĮȞȐıȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȀȪʌȡȠȣ
ǹȜĮȝȐȞȠȢīȚȐȞȞȘȢ ǹȞȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆĮȞȆĮIJȡȫȞ
ǹȜİȟȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǼȣȐȖȖİȜȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ, ǻȚįȐțIJȠȡĮȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆĮȞǹșȘȞȫȞ
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ǹȞĮıIJĮıȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǹȞĮıIJȐıȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǻǼǾ
ǹȡȕĮȞȚIJȓįȠȣ- ǺĮȖȚȦȞȐȂĮȜĮȝĮIJȑȞȚĮ ȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȈȤȠȜȒȢǹȆĬ
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ǺĮȜȠȖȚȐȞȞȘȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȓȞĮ ȋİȚȡȠȣȡȖȩȢȊȖİȚȠȞǼʌȚșȈǼȆǼȀǼȆǼȀȂĮțİįȠȞȓĮȢ- ĬȡȐțȘȢ
ǺİȜȠȞȐțȘȢȂĮȞȩȜȘȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȆĮȞǹșȘȞȫȞ
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īȡȘȖȠȡȓȠȣǿȦȐȞȞĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠȊȖİȓĮȢȀȪʌȡȠȣ
ǻȘȝȘIJȡȓȠȣǹȞĮıIJĮıȓĮ, ǼʌȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮǻȆĬ
ǻȘȝȠȜȚȐIJȘȢīȚȐȞȞȘȢ ǼʌȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢTȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆĮȞǿȦĮȞȞȓȞȦȞ
ǻȡĮțȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǺĮıȓȜȘȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
ǻȡȓȕĮȢȈʌȪȡȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
ǻȫıȘ- ȈȚȕȕȐȂĮȡȓĮ ȉİȤȞȚțȒǼʌȚșİȦȡȒIJȡȚĮȈǼȆǼȀǼȆǼȀȂĮțİįȠȞȓĮȢ- ĬȡȐțȘȢ
ǽĮijİȚȡȩʌȠȣȜȠȢȆĮȞIJİȜȒȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǽĮȤĮȡȓĮȢǼȣȐȖȖİȜȠȢǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǽȘȜȓįȘȢȋȡȒıIJȠȢ ǹȞ. ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ
ǽȘȝȐȜȘȢǼȣȐȖȖİȜȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǽȘıȚȝȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǹșĮȞȐıȚȠȢ ǼʌȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ǿȠȡįȐȞȠȣȆĮȞĮȖȚȫIJĮ ǹȞȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮȉǼǿǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȀĮȡĮȖİȦȡȖȓȠȣǹȜȑȟĮȞįȡȠȢȂȘȤĮȞȠȜȩȖȠȢȂȘȤĮȞȚțȩȢȆȡȠȧıIJȐȝİȞȠȢȀǼȆǼȀȀİȞIJȡȚțȒȢ ǼȜȜȐįĮȢ
ȀĮȡİȜȒǹȡȖȣȡȫ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȀĮȡIJȐȜȘȈȠijȓĮ OȝȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȀȠȖİȕȓȞĮȢȂĮȞȩȜȘȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢǼșȞȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȀȠȣțȠȣȜȚȐIJĮǹȜİȟȐȞįȡĮ ȆĮșȠȜȠȖȠĮȞĮIJȩȝȠȢȊȖİȚȠȞǼʌȚșȈǼȆǼȀǼȆǼȀȂĮțİįȠȞȓĮȢ- ĬȡȐțȘȢ
ȀȠȣȡȠȪțȜȘȢīȚȫȡȖȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȀȑȞIJȡȠǻȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǿȀǹ
ȀȠȣıțȠȪțȘȢȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȓȞȠȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬIJǹȞIJȚʌȡȪIJĮȞȘȢǻȆĬ
ȀȠȣIJȒȢȋĮȡȓȜĮȠȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉǼǿǹșȘȞȫȞȆȡȠȧıIJȐȝİȞȠȢȉȝȒȝĮIJȠȢǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢȉǼǿǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȀȣʌȡĮȓȠȣǼȣĮȖȖİȜȓĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼʌȚȝİȜȒIJȡȚĮǺȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚ
ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢĬȡȚȐıȚȠīȃǼȜİȣıȓȞĮȢ
ȀȣȡȚȩʌȠȣȜȠȢīȚȐȞȞȘȢ KĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢǼșȞȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢĬİȩįȦȡȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹȞȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȓȞȠȣīİȫȡȖȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȀȦıIJȩʌȠȣȜȠȢȈIJȑȜȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǻȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮIJȠȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚ
ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢĬȡȚȐıȚȠīȃǼȜİȣıȓȞĮȢ
5
ȁȚȞȠȪǹșȘȞȐ ȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒȆĮȞ. ǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȁȚȠȞȒȢȋȡȒıIJȠȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆĮȞȀȡȒIJȘȢ
ȂĮțȡȩʌȠȣȜȠȢǺĮıȓȜİȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢǻȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢȉȠȝȑĮǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
țĮȚ ǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢǼșȞȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȂĮȜIJȑȗȠȢǼȣıIJȡȐIJȚȠȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȂĮȜȜȚĮȡȠȪȂĮȡȓĮ, ȃȠıȘȜİȪIJȡȚĮ M.Sc. Health Informatics, M.ScǻȚȠȓțȘıȘȂȠȞȐįȦȞȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȂĮȡĮȖțȩȢȃȚțȩȜĮȠȢȉİȤȞȚțȩȢǼʌȚșȈǼȆǼȀǼȆǼȀȂĮțİįȠȞȓĮȢ- ĬȡȐțȘȢ
ȂİȡțȠȪȡȘȢȂʌȠįȠıȐțȘȢ- ȆȡȩįȡȠȝȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢīİȞȚțȒȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆȡȩİįȡȠȢǼȁǼīǼǿǹ
ȂȩıȚĮȜȠȢ ǾȜȓĮȢ, ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, London School of Economics, Prof. Health Policy, Director LSE Health
ȂȠȣıIJȐțĮ ǼȜȑȞȘ, ȃȠıȘȜİȪIJȡȚĮ, M.Sc. ȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȂʌĮȝʌȐIJıȚțȠȣĭȦIJȠȪȜĮ ǼʌȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮȉǼǿǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȂʌȑȞȠȢǹȜȑȟȘȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒǹȆĬ
ȂʌİȤȡȐțȘȢȆĮȞĮȖȚȫIJȘȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒȆĮȞ. ǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȂʌȠȪȡȠȢǻȘȝȠıșȑȞȘȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȃȑȞĮǼȣĮȖȖİȜȓĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȁȑțIJȠȡĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȃIJȠȣȞȚȐȢīİȫȡȖȚȠȢ ǼʌȚȝİȜȘIJȒȢǼșȞȚțȒȢȈȤȠȜȒȢǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȅȚțȠȞȩȝȠȣǼȜȑȞȘǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼʌȚȝİȜȒIJȡȚĮǺȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȚĮțȩīȃǹIJIJȚțȩ
ȆĮȞIJĮȗȒǼȣȖİȞȓĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȆĮȞIJĮȗȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ ǹȞĮıIJĮıȓĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ īİȞȚțȒ ǻȚİȣșȪȞIJȡȚĮ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠȊȖİȓĮȢțĮȚȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢǹȜȜȘȜİȖȖȪȘȢ
ȆĮʌĮįȐțȘȢȃȓțȠȢ ǹȞȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒǹȆĬ
ȆĮʌĮįȩʌȠȣȜȠȢȈIJȑȜȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȆĮʌĮȞĮȖȚȫIJȠȣīİȫȡȖȚȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȆĮIJİȞIJĮȜȐțȘȢȂȚȤȐȜȘȢ ǻȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢǼȈȊȈȚıȝĮȞȩȖȜİȚȠȃȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȆȑȚȠȣȂĮȡȓĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȆȡĮıȩʌȠȣȜȠȢȆĮȞĮȖȚȫIJȘȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȇĮȤȚȫIJȘȢīȚȫȡȖȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȁȑțIJȠȡĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆĮȞĬİııĮȜȓĮȢ
ȈĮȡĮijȩʌȠȣȜȠȢȃȚțȩȜĮȠȢ ǻȡȂȘȤĮȞȠȜȩȖȠȢȂȘȤĮȞȚțȩȢ, ȆȡȠȧıIJȐȝİȞȠȢǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢȀǼȆǼȀǻȣIJȚțȒȢ
ǼȜȜȐįĮȢǾʌİȓȡȠȣțĮȚǿȩȞȚȦȞȃȘıȚȫȞ
ȈȚȤȜİIJȓįȘȢȁȐȗĮȡȠȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒǹȆĬ
ȈIJȐȝȠȣ ǿȦȐȞȞȘȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǼʌȚȝİȜȘIJȒȢ Ǻ ȉȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢĬȡȚȐıȚȠīȃǼȜİȣıȓȞĮȢ
ȈIJİȚȡȩʌȠȣȜȠȢȆĮıȤȐȜȘȢ ȁȑțIJȠȡĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȈȦIJȘȡȚȐįȘȢǼȜʌȚįȠijȩȡȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢțĮȚȆİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒȢ
ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ȀȣʌȡȚĮțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ǺȚȠȧĮIJȡȚțȫȞ ǼʌȚıIJȘȝȫȞ ȉȝȒȝĮ ȆİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȆİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒȢțĮȚǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢPublic Health School, University of Harvard
ȉȗȓȝĮȢǹȜȑȟȘȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȉȠȪȞIJĮȢīȚȐȞȞȘȢ ǹȞȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒȆĮȞ. ǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȉıĮȡȠȪȤĮǹȜȑțĮ ǼʌȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ĭȚȜĮȜȒșȘȢǹȞĮıIJȐıȚȠȢ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȆĮȞȀȡȒIJȘȢ
ĭȣIJȚȜȒ ǻȑıʌȠȚȞĮ ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǼʌȚȝİȜȒIJȡȚĮ Ǻ ȉȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢĬȡȚȐıȚȠīȃǼȜİȣıȓȞĮȢ
ĭȡȠȣįĮȡȐțȘȢȂȐȡȚȠȢ ǹȞȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȋĮIJȗȐțȘǹȚțĮIJİȡȓȞȘ ǼʌȀĮșȘȖȒIJȡȚĮȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ȋĮIJȗȒȢȋȡȒıIJȠȢǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȋĮIJȗȘıIJĮȪȡȠȣȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȓȞȠȢ ǹȞȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ, ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒȆĮȞ. ǹșȘȞȫȞ
ȋȡȚıIJȠįȠȪȜȠȣ ǹȞIJȫȞȚȠȢ ǻȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢ ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ ǻȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢ ȆȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘȢ ǼʌȚȝȩȡijȦıȘȢ țĮȚ
ȆĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘȢȈȣȞșȘțȫȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢǹıijȐȜȚıȘȢ
ǽȜİȪijșȣ ĬȀ ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǹȞ. ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ ȉȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ǻȆĬ
ȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȟȚțȒįȚİȪșȣȞıȘİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ [email protected])
6
hƵgeƟa ƥƱƣơƳiơ
ǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀǾǼȀǻȅȈǾȉǾȈǽȂȂǿȄȀȁǿȉǽȊǺȀȈǽȀǺȉȀǺȊȈȀȁǿȉȊǿȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉȁǺȀȇǽȈȀǻǺȂȂȆȄȊȆȉ
ȈǼȈȊȃǼȇīǹȈǿǹ ȂǼȉȅȆȇȅīȇǹȂȂǹȂǼȉǹȆȉȊȋǿǹȀȍȃȈȆȅȊǻȍȃȋĬȀǽȀȄǿ ȁǺȀǺȉĮǺȂǽȀǺ ȊǿȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ȆİșȗȔıȣʍȢȡȣijȡȤȣIJȤȗȗȢįĴıȔȣ
ȉȠʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩhƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȘȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȒȑțįȠıȘIJȘȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ
ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ ǼǼǿǼȆ țĮȚ İțįȓįİIJĮȚ ıİ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝİ IJȠ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞıIJȘȞȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȆȂȈȊǹǼ
ȉȠ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȩ ĮȣIJȩ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ įȘȝȠıȚİȪİȚ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚ ıIJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ
țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ IJȦȞ ȚĮIJȡȫȞ țĮȚ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ İȚįȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ İȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ
ʌȠȜȣİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȩ ʌİįȓȠ IJȘȢ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȆİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒȢ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȑȤİȚ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȟİȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚ IJĮ
İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȐ țĮȚIJĮ ıȣȞįȚțĮȜȚıIJȚțȐįȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢİȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ.
īİȞȚțȠȓ țĮȞȩȞİȢȣʌȠȕȠȜȒȢIJȦȞȐȡșȡȦȞ ȂİIJȐĮʌȩțȡȓıȘįȘȝȠıȚİȪȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩıIJĮ
İȜȜȘȞȚțȐ Ȓ ıIJĮ ĮȖȖȜȚțȐ ȐȡșȡĮ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȘȝȠıȚİȣIJİȓ Ȓ șĮ įȘȝȠıȚİȣIJȠȪȞ ĮȜȜȠȪ ıIJȠ
ıȪȞȠȜȩ IJȠȣȢ ǵȜĮ IJĮ ȐȡșȡĮ ıȣȞȠįİȪȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ İȜȜȘȞȚțȒ țĮȚ ĮȖȖȜȚțȒ ʌİȡȓȜȘȥȘ ȀİijĮȜĮȓĮ
ȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮİȞIJȩȢIJȠȣțİȚȝȑȞȠȣțĮȚʌĮȡİȞșȑıİȚȢıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȞĮĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȞIJĮȚȉĮĮțȡȦȞȪȝȚĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȟȘȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȠȜȠȖȡȐijȦȢ ıIJȘ ʌȡȫIJȘ ĮȞĮijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ ȉĮ ȣʌȠȕĮȜȜȩȝİȞĮ ȐȡșȡĮ įİȞ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ IJȚȢ įȑțĮ IJȣʌȦȝȑȞİȢ ıİȜȓįİȢ ȉȠ ȓįȚȠ ȐȡșȡȠ įİȞ įȘȝȠıȚİȪİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ
ĮȖȖȜȚțȩ țĮȚ ıIJȠ İȜȜȘȞȚțȩ IJȝȒȝĮ IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ ʌĮȡȐ ȝȩȞȠ ıİ ʌİȡȓȜȘȥȘ Ǿ ĮțȡȓȕİȚĮ IJȦȞ
ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȚțȫȞĮȞĮijȠȡȫȞȘĮțȡȓȕİȚĮIJȠȣʌİȡȚİȤȠȝȑȞȠȣȘĮȣșİȞIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȘʌȡȦIJȠIJȣʌȓĮțĮȚ
Ș IJȣȤȩȞ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘ ȜȒȥȘ ȐįİȚĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣʌȠȕȠȜȒ țĮȚ įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ ıIJȠ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ IJȦȞ
ʌȚȞȐțȦȞ țĮȚ ıȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȩȜȣIJȘ ȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ
ıȣȖȖȡĮijȑȦȞ ȅȚ ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȣȤȩȞ İıijĮȜȝȑȞİȢ șȑıİȚȢ Ȓ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȝȘ
İțʌȜȒȡȦıȘ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ ȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȫȞ IJȠȣȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ ʌĮȡȠȪıİȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ ʌȡȠȢ
ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢǼʌȓIJȡȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȝİIJȐIJȘįȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘIJȠȣȐȡșȡȠȣİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞȞĮȗȘIJȘșİȓĮʌȩ
IJȠȣȢ ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ ȞĮ IJȠȣ įȫıȠȣȞ IJĮ ȕĮıȚțȐ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ IJȘȢ įȘȝȠıȚİȣșİȓıȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȉĮ
ȐȡșȡĮ ʌȡȠȢ įȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ ȝİ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȚțȒ ȝȠȡijȒ ȉĮ țİȓȝİȞĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ʌİȗȠțİijĮȜĮȓĮ ȝİ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡİȢ ȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ arial narrow ȝȑȖİșȠȢ
ȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ2 ıIJȚȖȝȫȞȝȠȞȒĮʌȩıIJĮıȘıİȚȡȫȞțĮȚʌİȡȚșȫȡȚĮ İțĮIJȠıIJȫȞǾİʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
ȝİIJȠȣȢıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝİȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȚțȒȝȠȡijȒțĮȚȠȚĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȓįȠȞIJĮȚ
ıȪȞIJȠȝĮ ȀĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ IJȦȞ ȐȡșȡȦȞ ȉĮ įȘȝȠıȚİȣȩȝİȞĮ ȐȡșȡĮ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ Į ʌȡȦIJȩIJȣʌĮ
ȐȡșȡĮ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ șȑȝĮ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ įȘȝȠıȚİȣIJİȓ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȘȞ ȘȝİȡȠȝȘȞȓĮ ȣʌȠȕȠȜȒȢ IJȠȣ
ȐȡșȡȠȣȕİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȐȐȡșȡĮʌȠȣȝİȜİIJȠȪȞȖȞȦıIJȐșȑȝĮIJĮʌȡȠȢİʌȚȕİȕĮȓȦıȘĮʌȩȡȡȚȥȘȒ
ʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȖİțIJİIJĮȝȑȞĮȒȕȡĮȤȑĮȐȡșȡĮĮȞĮıțȩʌȘıȘȢIJĮȠʌȠȓĮșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȝȠȞȠȖȡĮijȓİȢ İȚįȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮȞ Ȓ įȪȠ ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ Įʌȩ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢ
İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJİȢ į ȐȡșȡĮ ȕȡĮȤİȓĮȢ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ʌȡȦIJȩIJȣʌĮ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ Ȓ ĮȟȚȩȜȠȖĮ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȐ
ȩIJĮȞ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȑȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ ȝİ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ İȞįİȤȩȝİȞĮ ĮȡȚșȝȩ
ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ İ įȚĮțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ įȚĮȜȑȟİȚȢ ıIJ IJİȤȞȚțȐ ıȘȝİȚȫȝĮIJĮ ȗ İȚįȚțȐ ȐȡșȡĮ ȖİȞȚțȠȪ
İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJȠȢȖȚĮIJȘȞǿĮIJȡȚțȒIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȘȞȆİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒǿĮIJȡȚțȒIJȘȞǹıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȘȞ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮIJĮȅȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȘȞǿıIJȠȡȓĮIJȘȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȘʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȑȢ
İȞįȚĮijİȡȠȣıȫȞʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞıIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȞĮȝȘȞıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȕȡĮȤİȓİȢ
ĮȞĮıțȠʌȒıİȚȢ IJȠȣ șȑȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ ș İʌȚıIJȠȜȑȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ
7
ĮįȘȝȠıȓİȣIJİȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢȞĮȣʌȠȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢȞĮȝȘȞĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ
Įʌȩ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ Įʌȩ ȜȑȟİȚȢ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȣȢ Įʌȩ ʌȑȞIJİ
ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢĮʌȩȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢțĮȚ
įȪȠʌȓȞĮțİȢİȚțȩȞİȢȒıȤȒȝĮIJĮǼʌȚıIJȠȜȒȣʌȠȕȠȜȒȢȐȡșȡȦȞȒİʌȚıIJȠȜȫȞʌȡȠȢIJȠʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ
ȉĮȐȡșȡĮțĮȚȠȚİʌȚıIJȠȜȑȢʌȡȠȢIJȠʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩıȣȞȠįİȪȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩİʌȚıIJȠȜȒıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȩȜȠȚ
ȠȚıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȩIJȚĮıȣȝijȦȞȠȪȞȝİIJȚȢʌĮȡȠȪıİȢȠįȘȖȓİȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȣȢıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ
ȕ ıȣȝijȦȞȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ IJȠ ȐȡșȡȠ ĮȣIJȩ ȝȩȞȠ ıIJȠ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞ ıIJȠ
ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩ IJĮ ıȣȖȖȡĮijȚțȐ IJȠȣȢ įȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJĮ Ȗ ȩȜȠȚ ȠȚ ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ ıȣȝȝİIJİȓȤĮȞ ıİ ȩȜİȢ IJȚȢ
ijȐıİȚȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĮȣIJȒȢ țĮIJȐ IJȡȩʌȠ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȩ į IJȠ ȐȡșȡȠ Ȓ Ș İʌȚıIJȠȜȒ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ
ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩįİȞįȘȝȠıȚİȪIJȘțİȠȪIJİșĮįȘȝȠıȚİȣIJİȓİȞȝȑȡİȚȒıȣȞȠȜȚțȐıİȐȜȜȠȑȞIJȣʌȠȝȑȤȡȚ
ȞĮȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦșİȓȘțȡȓıȘIJȠȣıIJȠʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩİȠȚıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȘȜȫıȠȣȞĮȞȑȤȠȣȞ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ıȣȝijȑȡȠȞIJĮ Ȓ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓİȢ țȜʌ țĮȚ ȞĮ
įȘȜȫıȠȣȞ ȐȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȪȖțȡȠȣıȘ ıȣȝijİȡȩȞIJȦȞ ıIJ ȠȚ ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ ʌȠȣ ȝİȜİIJȠȪȞ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ Ȓ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȘȜȫıȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ȑįȦıĮȞ IJȘȞ ĮȞİʌȚijȪȜĮțIJȘ
ıȣȖțĮIJȐșİıȒIJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞIJȑȜİıȘIJȦȞįȠțȚȝĮıȚȫȞIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȩIJȚȘİȚįȚțȒİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȒ
İʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ ĮȡȝȩįȚĮ ȖȚĮ șȑȝĮIJĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ǾșȚțȒȢ IJȠȣ ǿįȡȪȝĮIJȠȢ ȩʌȠȣ IJİȜȑıIJȘțİ Ș İȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȑȜİȖȟİțĮȚİȞȑțȡȚȞİIJȠıȤİIJȚțȩʌȡȦIJȩțȠȜȜȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȗȖȚĮʌİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮıİȗȫĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚȘȜȒȥȘıȤİIJȚțȒȢȐįİȚĮȢĮʌȩIJȚȢĮȡȝȩįȚİȢȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢțĮȚȩIJȚIJȘȡȒșȘțĮȞȠȚĮȡȤȑȢ
IJȘȢ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ IJȦȞ ȗȫȦȞ ǻȠȝȒ IJȦȞ ȐȡșȡȦȞ ȈIJĮ ȐȡșȡĮ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
įȚĮțȡȓȞȠȞIJĮȚIJĮİȟȒȢIJȝȒȝĮIJĮĮȘıİȜȓįĮIJȠȣIJȓIJȜȠȣʌȠȣįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȝȘȞȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞİȚIJȚȢ
ȜȑȟİȚȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJĮ ʌȜȒȡȘ ȠȞȩȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ıȣȖȖȡĮijȑȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȚįȡȣȝȐIJȦȞ
ıIJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮȞȒțȠȣȞIJȘįȚİȪșȣȞıȘȖȚĮ ĮȜȜȘȜȠȖȡĮijȓĮ țĮȚ -ȜȑȟİȚȢİȣȡİIJȘȡȓȠȣȕȘıİȜȓįĮ
IJȘȢ ʌİȡȓȜȘȥȘȢ ıIJĮ İȜȜȘȞȚțȐ țĮȚ Ȗ Ș ıİȜȓįĮ IJȘȢ ʌİȡȓȜȘȥȘȢ ıIJĮ ĮȖȖȜȚțȐ ȅȚ ʌİȡȚȜȒȥİȚȢ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ıȪȞIJȠȝĮ IJȚȢ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮ ȖȞȦıIJȑȢ șȑıİȚȢ ʌȐȞȦ ıIJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ
ȕĮıȓıIJȘțİȠıțȠʌȩȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠıțȠʌȩIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢȝİȜİIJȘșȑȞIJİȢIJȠȣȜȚțȩțĮȚIJȚȢ
ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ IJȘȞ ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘ țĮȚ IJĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩIJİȡĮ ıIJȘȞ ǼȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚȝȑȤȡȚıȒȝİȡĮȖȞȦıIJȩıIJȠșȑȝĮțĮȚȝİȕȐıȘĮȣIJȩĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ
ıIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȚȩȞ Ȓ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȚȠȪȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ĮȞȑȜĮȕĮȞ IJȘ įȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ
ȝİȜȑIJȘ ȉȠ ȊȜȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȣ Ȓ IJĮ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȝİȜİIJȒșȘțĮȞ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȂȑșȠįȠȚ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ ǹțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ IJĮ ǹʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ǵıĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ȆȓȞĮțİȢ įİȞ
İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ țİȓȝİȞȠ İțIJȩȢ ĮȞ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȖȡĮȝȝȚıIJİȓ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ țȐʌȠȚȠ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ǼʌİIJĮȚ Ș ȈȣȗȒIJȘıȘ ȉĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİIJȐ IJȘ ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘ țĮȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȩ țİijȐȜĮȚȠȉĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮİȓȞĮȚıȪȞIJȠȝĮȤȦȡȓȢıȤȩȜȚĮ
țĮȚȞĮıIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝȩȞȠıIJĮİȚįȚțȐĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞȠȚǼȣȤĮȡȚıIJȓİȢ
țĮȚ Ș ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ȈIJȠ țİȓȝİȞȠ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢ ȝİ
ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ ıİ ʌĮȡİȞșȑıİȚȢ İȓIJİ ȝİ IJĮ ȠȞȩȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ıȣȖȖȡĮijȑȦȞ ǹȞ ʌȡȠIJȚȝȘșİȓ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȞȩȝĮIJĮ ıȣȖȖȡĮijȑȦȞ IJȠʌȠșİIJİȓIJĮȚ țĮȚ Ș ȤȡȠȞȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ
ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıİ ʌĮȡȑȞșİıȘ Ǿ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ įȚĮįȠȤȚțȐ țĮȚ ȝİ ĮȪȟȠȞIJĮ
ĮȡȚșȝȩȝȩȞȠȩıİȢĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠțİȓȝİȞȠțĮȚȑȤȠȣȞįȘȝȠıȚİȣșİȓȒʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȞĮ
įȘȝȠıȚİȣșȠȪȞȈIJȘȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚȝȩȞȠIJĮIJȡȓĮʌȡȫIJĮȠȞȩȝĮIJĮIJȦȞıȣȖȖȡĮijȑȦȞ
țĮȚ ıȣȞİȡȖȐIJİȢ ǹȞ IJĮ ȠȞȩȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ IJȑııİȡĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ȩȜĮ ȉĮ ȠȞȩȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ
ȕȚȕȜȓȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȫȞ ȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ʌȜȐȖȚȠȣȢ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡİȢ ȈIJȠ țİȓȝİȞȠ ȠȚ
ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢ ȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ĮȖțȪȜİȢ ȝİ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡĮʌȑȝʌȠȣȞ ıIJȘ
ǺȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢİȓIJİȝİIJȠȩȞȠȝĮIJȠȣʌȡȫIJȠȣıȣȖȖȡĮijȑĮțĮȚIJȠȑIJȠȢįȘȝȠıȓİȣıȘȢȅȚȀȡȚIJȑȢ
țĮȚ Ƞ ǼțįȩIJȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠIJİȓȞȠȣȞ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ Ȓ ȞİȩIJİȡİȢ ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢ ȅȚ
ȆȓȞĮțİȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ȈȤȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ĮȡĮȕȚțȠȪȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȕȡĮȤȪ IJȓIJȜȠ
ȈȣȞIJȠȝİȪıİȚȢȒĮțȡȦȞȪȝȚĮİȞIJȩȢIJȦȞȆȚȞȐțȦȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌİȟȘȖȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞ IJȓIJȜȠ IJȠȣȢȝİ
ʌȜȐȖȚȠȣȢȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡİȢ ȝİȖȑșȠȣȢıIJȚȖȝȫȞ
8
ǽȇȀǼȈǺȉǽȀȉȊȆȋȇǽȈȀǻǺȂȂȆȄȊȆȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ȉȊȆǼǽȈȃǺǽȈĬǺǾȆȃǽȄȎȄȉǽĭǽȈȃȆȁǿȇȀǺ
BīȐIJȠȣȀȂȘIJıȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ ǹȋĮIJȗȐțȘțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞ ȈʌȠȣįȫȞ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ TȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ
ǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠ ȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠ ĬȡȐțȘȢ ıİ ıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘ ȝİ IJĮ ȉȝȒȝĮIJĮ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ
ȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹǯȉİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩǼțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȩǿįȡȣȝĮǹșȒȞĮȢ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ ȅȚ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȡțİIJȐ
įȣıȝİȞİȓȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ țĮșȫȢ IJȠ țȪȡȚȠ ȝȑȜȘȝĮ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ȤȫȡȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ
ʌȠȜȜȠȓ ijȣıȚțȠȓ ȤȘȝȚțȠȓ țĮȚ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ İȐȞ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ Ș
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘ ȝȑȡȚȝȞĮ įȪȞĮIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚȞĮĮʌİȚȜȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞȣȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚȐIJȠȣȢ
ȈțȠʌȩȢ IJȘȢ ȝİȜȑIJȘȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ș įȚĮʌȓıIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓįȡĮıȘȢ IJȦȞ ijȣıȚțȫȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ İʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞ ıIJȠȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ ȤȫȡȠ IJȦȞ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȠ țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ ȠȚ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ șȑIJȠȣȞ ıİ țȓȞįȣȞȠ
IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ
ıIJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȦȞ șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ ıțȩȞȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ
ȑțșİıȘıIJȘȞĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮțĮȚıİİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮĮȑȡȚĮǼʌȓıȘȢȘİȡȖĮıȓĮıİĮȣIJȠȪȢ
IJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȣȞȠİȓ IJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ įİȡȝĮIJȠʌĮșİȚȫȞ
ĮȜȜİȡȖȚȫȞȝȣțȘIJȚȐıİȦȞțĮȚİȖțĮȣȝȐIJȦȞĭȐȞȘțİİʌȓıȘȢȩIJȚIJȠİʌȓʌİįȠȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ
țĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚȘĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȐ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ įȚĮįİȡȝȚțȒ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ȪįĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȝİȜĮȞȓȞȘ țĮȚ ȠȚ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ijȪȜȠ
ıȣıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ IJȩıȠ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
įȚĮįİȡȝȚțȒĮʌȫȜİȚĮȪįĮIJȠȢıİĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİIJȠȤȡȩȞȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȈȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮIJȚțȐ
Ș İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜȘijșȠȪȞ IJĮ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮȝȑIJȡĮȑIJıȚȫıIJİȞĮȝȘȞIJȓșİIJĮȚıİțȓȞįȣȞȠȠȚȣȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞ
İȞȜȩȖȦİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ǼǿȈǹīȍīǾ
ȅ ȤȫȡȠȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȜȜȠȤİȪİȚ ʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȦȞ
įȣıȝİȞȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞȓįȚĮIJȘijȪıȘIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȉĮ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȠ İȓįȠȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJĮȩȡȖĮȞĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣIJĮȠʌȠȓĮʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚȒĮțȩȝȘțĮȚIJȚȢIJȠȟȚțȑȢ
ȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 9-36
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ȅȚȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢʌȠȣʌȜȒIJIJȠȣȞIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢıİȑȞĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠİȓȞĮȚ
ȠȚ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıİ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ȐıșȝĮIJȠȢ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢțĮȚİȡİșȚıȝȠȪ0HUHGLWK et alīİȞȚțȐȠȚįİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįİȢ İȟ
İʌĮijȒȢ ȠȚ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįİȢ ȜȩȖȦ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȘȜȚĮțȒ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ țĮȚ Ƞ țĮȡțȓȞȠȢ
IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ %UXHJJHPDQ et al ȍıIJȩıȠ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
İțįȘȜȫıİȚȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞțĮȚʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢįȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘȢțȣȡȓȦȢțĮIJȐIJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ0HUHGLWK et al, 1989).
Ǿ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ȣȥȘȜȫȞ İʌȚʌȑįȦȞ įȚȠȟİȚįȓȠȣ
IJȠȣ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ İʌȚȕĮȡȪȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ İȞȩȢ șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȠȣ țĮȚ İȞȫ
İȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȦȞijȣIJȫȞIJİȓȞȠȣȞȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ (Jurewicz et al, 2007).
ȀĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȦȞ ʌȡȫIJȦȞ įİțĮİIJȚȫȞ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ Ƞ ȜȩȖȠȢ ĮȞȘıȣȤȓĮȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ș IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪıĮȞ ıIJȠȣȢ
İțIJİșİȚȝȑȞȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȂİIJȘȞȕİȜIJȓȦıȘĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞȤȘȝȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞțĮȚIJȘȞ
IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞȘ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ Ș ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ ıIJȡȐijȘțİ ıIJȘȞ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ
IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȢțĮȚıIJȘȞʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒİʌȚȝȩȜȣȞıȘȈIJȚȢȝȑȡİȢȝĮȢIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ
IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ȜȩȖȦ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ įİȞ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȐȝİıȘ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJȐ IJȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ
ȝĮțȡȩȤȡȠȞȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ȅȚ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȑȢ
țȜȚȞȚțȑȢİțįȘȜȫıİȚȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞİȓȞĮȚȘįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟİʌĮijȒȢIJȩıȠ
Ș ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ ȝȠȡijȒ IJȘȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ Ș İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ IJȘȢ ȅȚ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ ıȣȤȞȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJȠ İȡȪșȘȝĮ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ țĮȚ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ țĮȡțȓȞȠȢ
IJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ6SLHZDN
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ Ș ȜȒȥȘ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ
șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ İȣȡȪIJİȡȠ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ țȜȐįȠ ʌȠȣ șĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘ
ȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ IJȘȢ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ȚİȡȐȡȤȘıȘ IJȦȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȜȒIJIJȠȣȞ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ țȜȐįȠ țȡȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘ
(ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
Ǿ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮ ȝİȜȑIJȘ İȓȤİ ȦȢ ıțȠʌȩ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫıİȚ IJȘȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȦȞ ijȣıȚțȫȞ
ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ ȤȫȡȠ IJȦȞ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞțĮȚIJȠțĮIJȐʌȩıȠĮȣIJȠȓȠȚʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢșȑIJȠȣȞıİțȓȞįȣȞȠIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮ
IJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȀȡȓȞĮȝİȩIJȚȜȩȖȦIJȠȣȩIJȚįİȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮȡțİIJȑȢ
ȝİȜȑIJİȢ IJȩıȠ ıIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ıIJȠ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȩ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ĮȣIJȒ Ș ȝİȜȑIJȘ șĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒ
ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȦșİȓ İȐȞ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ IJȠȣ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪ
ȤȫȡȠȣ ȩȞIJȦȢ İʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȘȢ İʌȚįİȡȝȓįĮȢ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȣȞ ʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȜȘijșȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓȘȣȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıİĮȣIJȠȪȢ
IJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢ
10
ǾʌĮȡȠȪıĮȝİȜȑIJȘȤȦȡȓȗİIJĮȚıİįȪȠȝȑȡȘIJȠȖİȞȚțȩıIJȠȠʌȠȓȠʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȠȚ
ıȣȞșȒțİȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȕȐıİȚ IJȚȢ İȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ įȚİșȞȒȢ
ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠ İȚįȚțȩ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȒ
ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ IJȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝȐIJȦȞ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮȢ ȝİȜȑIJȘȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ıȤȠȜȚĮıȝȩ
IJȠȣȢıİıȪȖțȡȚıȘȝİĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮıȤİIJȚțȫȞİȡİȣȞȫȞ
ǼȇīǹȈǿǹȈǼĬǼȇȂȅȀǾȆǿȅ
ȈȣȞșȒțİȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
DzȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ țĮIJȐ ȕȐıȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮȞ ȝȚțȡȩțȠıȝȠ ʌȠȣ ȦȢ ıIJȩȤȠ ȑȤİȚ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡȑȤİȚȑȞĮijȣıȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİȓȞĮȚ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȦȞ
ijȣIJȫȞ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȓIJİ țĮȜȜȦʌȚıIJȚțȐ İȓIJİ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ
țĮIJĮȞȐȜȦıȘ,OOLQJ
ȅȤȫȡȠȢIJȦȞșİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞȠijİȓȜİȚȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȓȗİȚȑȞĮʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȖȚĮ
IJĮ ijȣIJȐ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȑȢ țĮȚȡȚțȑȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮIJĮșİȓ Ș İʌȠȤȒ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ IJȠȣȢ īȚĮ ȞĮ İʌȚIJİȣȤșİȓ ĮȣIJȩȢ Ƞ ıIJȩȤȠȢ Ș
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ Ș ȑȞIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ ijȦIJȩȢ Ș ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJĮ İʌȓʌİįĮ IJȠȣ
ĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȪ įȚȠȟİȚįȓȠȣ IJȠȣ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚ İȓIJİ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ ĮȪȟȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ
İʌȚʌȑįȦȞIJȠȣȢİȓIJİIJȘȢ įȚȐȡțİȚĮȢIJȠȣȢȑIJıȚȫıIJİȞĮİȞșĮȡȡȣȞșİȓȘĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȦȞ
ijȣIJȫȞ ,OOLQJ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȠ ȝȚțȡȠțȜȓȝĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȚțȡĮIJİȓ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ
ȕȠȘșȐĮțȩȝȘțĮȚıIJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠIJȦȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞțĮȚIJȦȞȗȚȗĮȞȓȦȞʌȠȣʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ
IJĮijȣIJȐ-XUHZLF] et al, 2007).
ȉĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐIJȦȞșİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞʌȠȚțȓȜȠȣȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞįȚĮijȩȡȦȞ
ȤȦȡȫȞ IJȠȣ țȩıȝȠȣ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įȚĮțȡȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȝİ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ĮȞİʌIJȣȖȝȑȞȠ IJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩ Ȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȜȐ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȝİ IJȘ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȒ ȝȠȡijȒ IJȠȣ ©IJȠȪȞİȜª ȈIJȚȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ıIJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ İʌȚțȡĮIJİȓ IJȡȠʌȚțȩ
țȜȓȝĮ IJĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝȚțȡȐ ȝİ ʌȜĮıIJȚțȑȢ ȠȡȠijȑȢ țĮȚ
țȐʌȠȚĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȝȓĮ IJȠȣȢ ʌȜİȣȡȐ ĮȞȠȚțIJȒ ȍıIJȩıȠ ıIJȚȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ȩʌȠȣ IJȠ țȜȓȝĮ
İȓȞĮȚȥȣȤȡȩIJİȡȠIJĮʌȚȠʌȠȜȜȐșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮİȓȞĮȚțĮIJĮıțİȣĮıȝȑȞĮĮʌȩȖȣĮȜȓțĮȚ
ȝİȡȚțȐ įȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȩ ǹȣIJȑȢ ȠȚ įȚĮijȠȡȑȢ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJĮıțİȣȒ IJȦȞ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑȖİșȩȢ IJȠȣȢ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞ ıİ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȕĮșȝȩ IJȚȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢıİĮȣIJȐ-XUHZLF] et al, 2007).
ȆȠȜȜȐ İȝʌȠȡȚțȐ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȞIJĮIJȚțȒ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ țȘʌİȣIJȚțȫȞ
țĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȚȫȞ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢıİȑȞĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞʌȠȜȜȑȢ
IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞİȢ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚİȢ ȍıIJȩıȠ IJĮ ȓįȚĮ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ İȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȟȚțȑȢ
İȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȑȢ ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ Ǿ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȒ IJȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș ʌȚșĮȞȒ
ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒ IJȠȣȢ Įʌȩ ʌĮșȠȖȩȞȠȣȢ ȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ Ȓ ȗȚȗȐȞȚĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȁȩȖȦ ȩȝȦȢ IJȠȣ țȜİȚıIJȠȪ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ İȞȩȢ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȠȣȘȑțșİıȘıİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȠȣıȓİȢʌĮȡĮIJİȓȞİIJĮȚȈȣȞİʌȫȢȠȚıȣȞșȒțİȢ
ıİȑȞĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞıIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘțĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȦȞijȣIJȫȞțĮȚ
ȩȤȚıIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȘȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚİȓȞĮȚ
11
ȠȚ ʌȡȫIJȠȚ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȜȘȖȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ʌȠȣ
İʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞıİĮȣIJȠȪȢIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢ0HUHGLWK et al, 1989).
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȓIJİ ȝȑIJȡȚĮȢ İȓIJİ ȕĮȡȚȐȢ
ȑȞIJĮıȘȢıȣȞȒșȦȢįȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚıİȑȞĮȗİıIJȩȝȚțȡȠțȜȓȝĮțĮș¶ȩȜȘIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȠȣ
ȑIJȠȣȢ ȂİȡȚțȑȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ IJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ
țĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȞĮ İțIJİȜȑıȠȣȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ İįȐijȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ Ș
ijȪIJİȣıȘțĮȚȘțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚȐIJȠȣȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚȘıȣȜȜȠȖȒIJȠȣȢțĮȚʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢ
ȖȚĮĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒ,OOLQJ
ȅȚțȜİȚıIJȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȞȩȢșİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȠȣİțșȑIJȠȣȞIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢıİĮȣIJȐıİ
ȣȥȘȜȐ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ıİ ĮȞȠȚțIJȠȪȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȠȚ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢ ʌȠȣ İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ
ʌȚșĮȞȫȞ ȞĮ ʌȠȚțȓȜȠȣȞ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıIJȠ țȐșİ
șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȑȢ țĮȚȡȚțȑȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ Ǿ ĮȞȐȖțȘ
ȤȡȒıȘȢ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ İʌȓıȘȢ ʌȠȚțȓȜİȚ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ʌĮșȠȖȩȞȠȣȢ ȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ Ȓ IJĮ ȗȚȗȐȞȚĮ ʌȠȣ IJȣȤȫȞ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ IJĮ
İʌȓʌİįĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞʌȠȚțȓȜȠȣȞĮʌȩȤȫȡĮıİȤȫȡĮʌĮȡȐIJȠ
ȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩIJȚʌȡȚȞįȠșȠȪȞȖȚĮʌȫȜȘıȘțĮȚȤȡȒıȘȣʌȩțİȚȞIJĮȚıİȑȜİȖȤȠǼțIJȩȢĮʌȩ
IJȚȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȣȞIJĮijȣIJȐȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚțĮȚIJĮȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
ȝȑıĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ ĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓ İȐȞ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ȝȑıĮ İȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ʌĮȡİȞȑȡȖİȚİȢ ıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȦȞ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ,OOLQJ.
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ Ȓ ȑȝȝİıȘ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ
ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȕȠȘșȠȪȞ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢ ȝȪțȘIJİȢ Ȓ IJĮ ȑȞIJȠȝĮ ȍıIJȩıȠ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ
ȜĮȤĮȞȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȢ țĮIJĮȞȐȜȦıȘ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓIJȡȩʌȠȚțĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȘȢ,OOLQJǾȑțșİıȘıIJĮ
įȚȐijȠȡĮ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ȦıIJȩıȠ įȚĮijȑȡİȚ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȝİȖȐȜȠ
ȕĮșȝȩ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȚȢ ȓįȚİȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮȞȠȚțIJȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ Ǿ ȣȥȘȜȒ
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș ȣȥȘȜȒ ıȤİIJȚțȒ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȠȣ
İȞșĮȡȡȪȞİȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
(Abell et al, 2000).
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚIJȩıȠıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮȩıȠțĮȚıIJȠȞİȣȡȪIJİȡȠȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ
IJȠȝȑĮİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıİȣȥȘȜȐİʌȓʌİįĮİȡİșȚıIJȚțȫȞȤȘȝȚțȫȞʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞıIJĮijȣIJȐ
ʌȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȐ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıİ
ȣȥȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ ȘȜȚĮțȒȢ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ șȑIJȠȣȞ IJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ıİ ȣȥȘȜȩ țȓȞįȣȞȠ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ İȡİșȚıȝȫȞ țĮȚ
ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ%Uueggeman et al, 2001).
ǼʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıİșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ
ȂİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ ȠȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ʌȚȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌĮșȒıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ
12
ȉĮȤȘȝȚțȐijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮȠȚĮʌȠıIJİȚȡȦIJȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚȠȚȠȣıȓİȢȡȪșȝȚıȘȢ
IJȘȢĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢIJȦȞijȣIJȫȞİȓȞĮȚȠȚʌȚȠıȣȤȞȐȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİȞİȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ
ıIJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ IJȦȞ șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ țĮȚ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ
įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘȢĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮIJȐȜȐșȠȢțĮIJȐʌȠıȒIJȠȣȢ7KRPDVHWDO, Vale et al,
Ǿ ȝĮțȡȩȤȡȠȞȘ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȠȟİȓĮ
IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌȘȡİȐıİȚIJȠĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮȝİįȣıȝİȞİȓȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢțĮșȫȢʌȠȜȜȑȢĮʌȩĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȠȣıȓİȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞȝİIJĮȜȜȐȟİȚȢȖȠȞȚįȓȦȞʌȠȣȠįȘȖȠȪȞıİIJİȡĮIJȠȖİȞȑıİȚȢ$GDPLVHWDO
1995).
ȉĮijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȘȞțĮIJȐIJĮȟȒIJȠȣȢʌȠȣȚıȤȪİȚȖȚĮIJȘȞǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ
DzȞȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌȠȣ İȓIJİ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȣȞ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ İȓIJİ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȚȠțIJȩȞĮ ȉĮ
ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
IJȦȞȓįȚȦȞIJȦȞijȣIJȫȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȦȞʌĮȡĮȖȫȖȦȞIJȠȣȢĮʌȩȝȪțȘIJİȢʌĮȡȐıȚIJĮțĮȚ
ȗȚȗȐȞȚĮ ȉĮ ʌĮȡĮıȚIJȠțIJȩȞĮ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ
ȠʌȠȓȠȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȒȖȚĮIJȠIJȚĮțȡȚȕȫȢʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȣȞȉĮİȞİȡȖȐıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ
IJȠȣȢ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȒ IJȠȣȢ ȠȞȠȝĮıȓĮ Ȓ IJȘȞ İȝʌȠȡȚțȒ
/LGHQ ȅ ʌĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȑȤİȚ țĮIJĮIJȐȟİȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ
ıIJȚȢĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ:+2
- ǿDȘȠʌȠȓĮȑȤİȚȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚİȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ
- ǿEıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮĮȞȒțȠȣȞȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ
- ǿǿȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞȝȑIJȡȚĮİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚ
- ǿǿǿ ȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚİȜĮijȡȫȢȒįȣȞȘIJȚțȐİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ
ȉĮ ʌĮȡĮıȚIJȠțIJȩȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȝȠȡijȑȢ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıİ
ıIJİȡİȐ ȣȖȡȒ Ȓ ȣʌȠțĮʌȞȚıIJȚțȒ ȝȠȡijȒ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ įȚĮȜȣȝȐIJȦȞȒ ȖĮȜĮțIJȫȝĮIJĮ
ıİ Ȟİȡȩ Ȓ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȪȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJĮ Ȓ ʌȠȪįȡİȢ ǼțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ İȞİȡȖȐ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮȚ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ
ĮȞİȞİȡȖȐĮȜȜȐįȣȞȘIJȚțȐȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȐ
ȉĮ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İijĮȡȝȠıșȠȪȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ
ıțȩȞȘȢ ȥİțĮıȝȠȪ Ȓ įȚĮȕȡȠȤȒȢ ȉĮ ʌȚȠ ıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞĮ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJĮ İȞIJȠȝȠțIJȩȞĮ IJĮ ȝȣțȘIJȠțIJȩȞĮ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ ȡȣșȝȚıIJȑȢ
ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ ȉĮ ȗȚȗĮȞȚȠțIJȩȞĮ įİȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ıİ ȑȞĮ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȠȣ $EHOO HW DOD E ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıIJĮ
ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮȝȑıȦIJȘȢİȚıʌȞȠȒȢțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢIJȠȣȢțĮȚȝȑıȦ
IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ İʌĮijȒȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȝİ IJĮ ȣʌȠȜİȓȝȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ
ĮȣIJȫȞʌȐȞȦıIJĮijȣIJȐțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȠȣȤİȚȡȚıȝȠȪIJȠȣȢǾįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȑțșİıȘ
ıİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȤİȚȡȠȞĮțIJȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ
ıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞȘ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ȝȚĮȢ ȘȝȑȡĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ )HQJVKHQJ
1993).
ȉĮijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮȞĮʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞțĮȜȪIJİȡȘʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚ IJȘ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ țĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȚȫȞ ĮȜȜȐ ȦıIJȩıȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȚțĮȞȐ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ĮȖȡȠIJȫȞ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢțĮșȫȢIJȠįȑȡȝĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠʌȜȑȠȞİțIJİșİȚȝȑȞȠȩȡȖĮȞȠțĮIJȐIJȘ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȦȞ ĮȖȡȠIJȚțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ :ROIH HW DO ǼțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ IJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȥİțĮıȝȠȪIJȠįȑȡȝĮIJȦȞĮȖȡȠIJȫȞİțIJȓșİIJĮȚıİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȠȣıȓİȢțĮIJȐ
IJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĮȞȐȝȚȟȘȢIJȦȞȝİȚȖȝȐIJȦȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩțĮȚIJȠʌȑIJĮȖȝĮIJȦȞ
įȠȤİȓȦȞ ȥİțĮıȝȠȪ ȅȚ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȑțșİıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ijȪIJİȣıȘ ıʌȩȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıIJİȓ ȝİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ
țĮșȫȢțĮȚȠțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢțĮȚȘ ıȣȖțȠȝȚįȒIJȦȞȒįȘȥİțĮıȝȫȞțĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȚȫȞ=DKP
and Blair, 1993).
ȉĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȚįȚȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ İȚıȤȦȡȠȪȞ İȪțȠȜĮ ıIJȠȞ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȝİȡȚțȐ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȚįȚȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ
ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȐȞȦ ıIJĮ ijȪȜȜĮ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠțIJȠȪȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ
IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮįȚİȚıįȪıİȦȢıIJȠįȑȡȝĮ.DQJDVHWDO
Ǿ įȚĮįİȡȝȚțȒ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ ʌȠȚțȓȜİȚ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȠ İȞİȡȖȩ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ 1LHOVHQ HW DO ȅȚ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ țĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ Ƞ ȤȡȩȞȠȢ İʌĮijȒȢ Ș ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ İʌĮijȒȢ Ș ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ țĮȚ Ș
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ)HQVNH
13
14
ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJĮ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌĮ İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJĮ ȅȚ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮIJȘȢȖİȦȡȖȓĮȢȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ
İȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮȩʌȦȢIJĮijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮIJĮİȞIJȠȝȠțIJȩȞĮIJĮȗȦȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȠȚ
țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȓIJȚĮ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌĮșȒıİȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ *XR et
al, 1996).
ȅ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩȢ IJȠȝȑĮȢ ȑȤİȚ IJȠȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ İʌȚʌȠȜĮıȝȩ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌĮșȒıİȦȞ ıİ
ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȠȪȢ țĮȚ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȪȢ IJȠȝİȓȢ %/S,
ȅȚįİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȜȩȖȦIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıİĮȣIJȩȞ
IJȠȞțȜȐįȠıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȚȢȣȖȡȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJĮȗİıIJȐțĮȚȣȖȡȐțȜȓȝĮIJĮ
ıIJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ įȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚ Ș İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȚȢ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚĮȜȜȐ țĮȚȝİIJĮȓįȚĮIJĮijȣIJȐ.UHMFL - Manwaring et al, 2006).
ǺȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐȝȑıĮțĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȘȢ
ȉĮȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȦȢȤȘȝȚțȐȒȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌĮȡĮıȚIJȠțIJȩȞĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮ
įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıIJȩȤȠ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ /LGHQ Ǿ
ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ ȝȑıȦȞ țĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ IJȦȞ
ijȣIJȫȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠĮʌȠįİțIJȒĮʌȩIJȠİȣȡȪțȠȚȞȩȍıIJȩıȠĮțȩȝȘ
țĮȚ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ȝȑıĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ıIJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢȠȝȪțȘIJĮȢ9HUWLFHOOLXP/HFDQLLȠȠʌȠȓȠȢ ȑȤİȚıȣȞįİșİȓ
ȝİ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢIJȠȣİțIJİșİȚȝȑȞȠȣıİĮȣIJȩȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ(DNRQHWDO
1986).
ȋȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ
DzȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȩIJȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ țĮȚ IJȦȞ
ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢ ȠȚ ʌȡȫIJİȢ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮʌȠıȠıIJȐȑțșİıȘȢıİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ.XQGLHU
HWDOțĮȚIJȠȓįȚȠȑȤİȚijĮȞİȓĮȞĮijȠȡȚțȐȝİIJȚȢİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢIJȦȞȥİțĮıȝȫȞȠȚ
ȠʌȠȓİȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ
(Koyrakis et al, 1992).
DzȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȩIJȚ IJĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ıIJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȠȞȖİȦȡȖȚțȩIJȠȝȑĮİȓȞĮȚȘʌȜȐIJȘȘțȞȒȝȘțĮȚȠ
țȠȡȝȩȢ
Ǿ ȑțșİıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȜȐIJȘȢ įȚțĮȚȠȜȠȖİȓIJĮȚ įȚȩIJȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ İȞȩȢ ȥİțĮıȝȠȪ IJĮ
ıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȞijȠȡȐʌȡȠȢĮȣIJȩIJȠȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢĭĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩȝȦȢȩIJȚ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝȚĮȠȝȠȚȩȝȠȡijȘțĮIJĮȞȠȝȒIJȘȢİʌȚȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢıİȩȜȠIJȠıȫȝĮțȣȡȓȦȢȜȩȖȦ
IJȘȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ȥİțĮıIJȒȡĮ ȉĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȐ ȣȥȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ
ȑțșİıȘȢįȚȩIJȚȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȘİʌĮijȒȝİIJĮȥİțĮıȝȑȞĮijȣIJȐǾȤȡȒıȘ
ȥİțĮıIJȒȡĮȑȤİȚȝȚĮįȣȞȘIJȚțȒįȚĮįİȡȝȚțȒȑțșİıȘțĮȚȩıȠȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȞȑțșİıȘIJȦȞ
ȤİȡȚȫȞȑȤİȚijĮȞİȓȩIJȚʌİȡȓʌȠȣIJȠIJȘȢİʌȚijȐȞİȚĮȢIJȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣʌȠȣ
ȥİțȐȗİȚİțIJȓșİIJĮȚıIJȠȥİțĮȗȩȝİȞȠȤȘȝȚțȩıIJȠȚȤİȓȠțĮȚIJȠIJȠȣȕȠȘșȠȪ(JHQ
Gonzalez et al, 1999).
Ȉİ ȝȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıİ ȩȜİȢ IJȚȢ įȚĮșȑıȚȝİȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ İțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ
IJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıİșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȘ
įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȑțșİıȘįİȞțĮIJĮȞȑȝİIJĮȚȠȝȠȚȩȝȠȡijĮıİȩȜȠIJȠıȫȝĮțĮȚİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȚȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢįȚİȟȐȖȠȞIJĮȚǾȑțșİıȘIJȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİ
IJȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ İȞȫ Ș ȑțșİıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȠįȚȫȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ
ȥİțĮıIJȚțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ ıİ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ıȣıȤİIJȓıIJȘțİ IJȩıȠ ȝİ IJȘȞ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȥİțĮıȝȠȪ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJĮ ijȣȜȜȫȝĮIJĮ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș
įȚĮȡȡȠȒ IJȠȣ ȣȖȡȠȪ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȥİțĮıIJȒȡĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ țȪȡȚȠȢ ȜȩȖȠȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢIJȦȞʌȠįȚȫȞıIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚǾȑțșİıȘIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢ
ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ıIJĮȖȩȞİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ıʌȠȡĮįȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ȑȖȤȣıȘ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ
ȠȣıȚȫȞ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȠȣ Ƞ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ȑȤİȚ țȐʌȠȚȠ ȐȞȠȚȖȝĮ ĮȣIJȒ Ș
ȑȖȤȣıȘ țĮȜȪʌIJİȚ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ IJȠȣ șȫȡĮțĮ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ Ǿ ȑțșİıȘ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣ țĮȚIJȠȣĮȣȤȑȞĮıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢȜȩȖȠȣȢĮȜȜȐıİȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ
ȕĮșȝȩįȚȩIJȚIJȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȩIJĮȞȖȓȞİIJĮȚȤȡȒıȘȝȐıțĮȢįİȞ
İțIJȓșİIJĮȚıİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ)HQVNH
ȈIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ Ƞ țȪȡȚȠȢ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚİȓȞĮȚįȚĮįİȡȝȚțȩȢțĮȚĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣİȓįȠȣȢȘȑțșİıȘİʌȚįİȚȞȫȞİIJĮȚ
ȜȩȖȦIJȠȣȝȚțȡȠțȜȓȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣİʌȚțȡĮIJİȓıİȑȞĮȞIJȑIJȠȚȠȤȫȡȠȉĮȣȥȘȜȐʌȠıȠıIJȐ
ȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢțĮȚșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣĮȑȡĮʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıİȑȞĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠȕȠȘșȠȪȞ
IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȤȘȝȚțȒȢ ȠȣıȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ $GDPLV et al DzȤİȚ
İʌȓıȘȢijĮȞİȓįȣıIJȣȤȫȢȩIJȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮįİȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ
İȚįȚțȩʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȖİȖȠȞȩȢʌȠȣșȑIJİȚıİĮțȩȝȘȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠțȓȞįȣȞȠ
IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ IJĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ȑțșİıȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ijIJȐıȠȣȞ IJĮ
IJȠȟȚțȐİʌȓʌİįĮ6WDLIIHWDO
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘıIJȘȞȅȜȜĮȞįȓĮȝİıțȠʌȩIJȘȞİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıİ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȤİȚȡȦȞĮțIJȚțȑȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ʌȠȣ İțIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ IJȠȞ
țȓȞįȣȞȠįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢıIJȚȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓıIJĮ
ijȣIJȐȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮȩIJĮȞįİȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȐȞIJȚĮțĮȚȐȜȜĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȐȝȑIJȡĮ
ȉĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȕȡĮȤȓȠȞİȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠǼʌȓıȘȢȠȕĮșȝȩȢȑțșİıȘȢİʌȘȡİȐȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘıȦıIJȒȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞȝȑıȦȞțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȘȞʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣȤȘȝȚțȠȪʌȠȣȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıIJĮ
ijȣIJȐĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȚȢȫȡİȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ%URXZHUHWDO
15
16
ǹIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȓȡȪʌȠȚ
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ įİȓȟİȚ ȩIJȚ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ
ĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȪȢ ȡȪʌȠȣȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȩıȠ ıİ
ȠȟİȓĮȩıȠțĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮȝȠȡijȒȉȠİʌȓʌİįȠIJȘȢİʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢĮȣIJȒȢİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮțĮȚIJȠİʌȓʌİįȠIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢ'RFNHU\HWDO, Neuberger et al, 2004).
ȅȚ ȡȪʌȠȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȚıȑȜșȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȝȑıȦ IJȡȚȫȞ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȫȞ IJȡȩʌȦȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ İȚıʌȞȠȒȢ IJȘȢ țĮIJȐʌȠıȘȢ Ȓ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘȢ
ȝȑıȦIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢǾʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣțȐșİȡȪʌȠȣʌȠȣİȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞįȩıȘȘȠʌȠȓĮȝİIJȘıİȚȡȐIJȘȢİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮțĮȚ
IJȘȞȑȞIJĮıȘIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢ,&53, Lazaridis et al, 2001).
ǾȜȚĮțȒĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ İțİȓȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
ȪʌĮȚșȡȠ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȣʌȩ įȣȞĮIJȩ ȘȜȚĮțȩ ijȦȢ țĮȚ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ įȣȞĮIJȒ țĮȚ
İʌȚȕȜĮȕȒȘȜȚĮțȒĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ-ȫȡİȢIJȘȞȘȝȑȡĮțĮȚıȣȞȒșȦȢ
Ș ʌȡȩıȕĮıȒIJȠȣȢıİıțȚȐțĮȚȞİȡȩİȓȞĮȚȝȘįĮȝȚȞȒDzȞĮĮʌȩIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣ
ȕȚȫȞȠȣȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȑȞIJȠȞȘ ĮȓıșȘıȘ șİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ıIJȘȞ
șİȡȝȠʌȜȘȟȓĮȩIJĮȞȠȗİıIJȩȢțĮȚȡȩȢțĮȚȘȑȞIJȠȞȘȝȣȧțȒįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ
IJȘȞĮȪȟȘıȘIJȘȢșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢȖİȖȠȞȩȢʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȠįȘȖȒıİȚıİ
ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮijȣįȐIJȦıȘȢ IJȘȞ įȚĮIJȐȡĮȟȘ IJȘȢ ȚıȠȡȡȠʌȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȜȣIJȫȞ țĮȚ
İȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȜȒȟİȚ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ șȐȞĮIJȠ Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȣʌȩ IJȘȞ ȒȜȚȠ İțșȑIJİȚ
IJȠȣȢĮȖȡȩIJİȢıİʌȠȜȪȦȡȘȑțșİıȘıIJȘȞȣʌİȡȚȫįȘĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȘȠʌȠȓĮIJȠȣȢșȑIJİȚ
ıİȣȥȘȜȩțȓȞįȣȞȠİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢțĮȡțȓȞȠȣIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ6DODV
ȉĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ IJİȓȞȠȣȞ ȞĮ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ
ȫȡİȢ ıIJȠȞ ȒȜȚȠ ȑIJıȚ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȖİȞȚțȩ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȚȢ ȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ IJȘȢ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ ıIJȠ įȑȡȝĮ
ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș IJȠʌȠșİıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ȫȡĮ IJȘȢ ȘȝȑȡĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚ Ș ȖİȞİIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠįȚȐșİıȘ ʌĮȓȗȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȡȩȜȠ ıIJȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ ȕȜȐȕȘȢ
(Brueggeman et al, 2001)
ȉȠ įȑȡȝĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ȝȚĮ ȝȠȞĮįȚțȒ ĮıʌȓįĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȦȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȫȞ
įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ Ȓ IJȦȞ įȚİȚıįȪıİȦȞ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ȪįĮIJȠȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıȫȝĮ țĮȚ IJȠ
ʌȡȠijȣȜȐııİȚȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȦȞİʌȚįȡȐıİȦȞIJȠȣIJİȤȞȘIJȠȪĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȠȣijȣıȚțȠȪijȦIJȩȢ
țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȗȑıIJȘ țĮȚ IJȠ țȡȪȠ ȉȠ ĮțȑȡĮȚȠ țĮȚ ȣȖȚȑȢ įȑȡȝĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȦȞȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ%XUPLQJKDP
ȉȠ įȑȡȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ȩȡȖĮȞȠ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ țĮȚ ȠȚ
țȣȡȚȩIJİȡİȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚ+6( 2009):
- ȃĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚȑȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩijȡȐȖȝĮȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȦȞȕȜĮȕİȡȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞ
- ȃĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȦȞIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȫȞ
- ȃĮʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİȚIJȘȞĮʌȫȜİȚĮȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢ
- ȃĮȝİȚȫȞİȚIJȚȢȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢIJȘȢĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ89
- ȃĮȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȦȢĮȚıșȘIJȒȡȚȠȩȡȖĮȞȠ
- ȃĮȕȠȘșȐıIJȘȡȪșȝȚıȘIJȘȢșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢ
- ȃĮȕȠȘșȐıIJȘȞĮȞȓȤȞİȣıȘțĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȑȞĮȞIJȚȜȠȚȝȫȟİȦȞ
- ȃĮʌĮȡȐȖİȚȕȚIJĮȝȓȞȘ'
ȉȠ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȩ ıIJȡȫȝĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ įȡĮȦȢ ijȡȐȖȝĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩțĮșȫȢĮʌȩIJȘȝȚĮʌȜİȣȡȐȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȝʌȠįȓıİȚIJȘȞİȓıȠįȠ
ȕȜĮȕİȡȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞıIJȠıȫȝĮĮʌȩIJȘȞȐȜȜȘįİȞİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȩȞĮİȝʌȠįȓıİȚȩȜİȢIJȚȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢȒIJȠȣȢȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢĮʌȩIJȠȞĮİȚıȑȜșȠȣȞıIJȠıȫȝĮǼȐȞȘȣȖȡĮıȓĮ
IJȘȢİʌȚįİȡȝȓįĮȢİȓȞĮȚİȓIJİʌȠȜȪȣȥȘȜȒİȓIJİʌȠȜȪȤĮȝȘȜȒȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌȘȡİȐıİȚIJȚȢ
ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȦȢ ijȡȐȖȝĮ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ ȕȜĮȕİȡȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
ǼȐȞIJȠįȑȡȝĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪȟȘȡȩIJȩIJİȖȓȞİIJĮȚʌȚȠıțȜȘȡȩțĮȚȤȐȞİȚIJȘȞİȜĮıIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐ
IJȠȣ İȐȞ IJȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢ IJȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȣȥȘȜȩ IJȩIJİ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȣʌİȡİȞȣįĮIJȦȝȑȞȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȠȞȠȝİȪİȚ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȐ IJȠȣ ȦȢ ijȡȐȖȝĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ+6(
ȀȐʌȠȚİȢȠȣıȓİȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞįȚİȚıįȪıȠȣȞıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȝȑıȦIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞĮıșȑȞİȚİȢıİȐȜȜĮȩȡȖĮȞĮIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢDZȜȜİȢȠȣıȓİȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮ
ȑȤȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠʌȚțȑȢİʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢįȘȜĮįȒȞĮİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȠIJȠįȑȡȝĮțĮȚĮȣIJȑȢ
İȓȞĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȠȚʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦ+6(
- ǻȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞİȖțĮȪȝĮIJĮ
- ǼȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȠįȘȖȠȪȞıIJȘȞİȡİșȚıIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟİʌĮijȒȢ
- ȅȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ
İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ
- ȅȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ȞȩıȠȣȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ƞ
țĮȡțȓȞȠȢIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
ȉĮİȓįȘIJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞįİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞʌĮșȒıİȦȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣȞIJȩıȠıIJȘȞțȜȚȞȚțȒ
IJȠȣȢİțįȒȜȦıȘȩıȠțĮȚıIJȘȞıȠȕĮȡȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȢǾİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
ȑțșİıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣİȡȣșȒȝĮIJȠȢȒIJȘȢĮʌȠȤȡȦȝĮIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
IJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢȑȦȢıİʌȚȠıȠȕĮȡȑȢțĮȚʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțİȢįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢȩʌȦȢȘțĮțȠȒșİȚĮ
(Burmingham, 2011).
ȉȠĮȓIJȚȠȖȚĮIJȚȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȘȐȝİıȘ
İʌĮijȒ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȝİ ȑȞĮȞ ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȩ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȝȚĮ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚȠȖȩȞȠȢ
ȠȣıȓĮ ȑȞĮȢ ȤȘȝȚțȩȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȩȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ȅȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ ıȣȖțĮIJĮȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ıȠȕĮȡȩIJİȡȦȞ
țĮȚıȣȤȞȩIJİȡȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞȝĮȗȓ ȝİIJĮĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȐȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ
țĮȚIJȚȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȝȣȠıțİȜİIJȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ.
ȅȚ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȗȚȗĮȞȚȠțIJȩȞȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ țĮșȫȢ ĮȣIJȠȓ
İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȕĮșȝȩ țĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ Ș ȑțșİıȒ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ țĮȚ Ș ȐȝİıȘ
įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒİʌĮijȒȖȓȞİIJĮȚțĮȚȝȑıȦIJȦȞȥİțĮıȝȫȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚȝȑıȦIJȘȢİʌĮijȒȢIJȠȣȢ
ȝİIJĮȓįȚĮIJĮijȣIJȐ*RHGLFNHHWDO0DGG\HWDOǾįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȑțșİıȘ
țĮșȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐ IJȦȞ ȣʌȠȜİȚȝȝȐIJȦȞ ȗȚȗĮȞȚȠțIJȩȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚĮ IJȦȞ ijȣȜȜȦȝȐIJȦȞ ıIJȠ įȑȡȝĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ 3RSHQGRUI, Ǿ
ȑțșİıȘĮȣIJȒİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȤȘȝȚțȒȢȠȣıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȞȑȞIJĮıȘIJȘȢ
įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢİʌĮijȒȢ
ȅȚ IJȡȩʌȠȚ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İțIJİșİȓ ıIJȚȢ ȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ
ȠȣıȓİȢțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚĮțȩȜȠȣșȠȚ+6(
17
18
ȍıIJȩıȠ ȑȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȩIJȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȫȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ
ĮȣIJȩȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİȚȦșİȓ ǵȝȦȢ ijȐȞȘțİ Įʌȩ ȝȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌȠȣ įȚİȟȒȤșȘ IJȠ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȞįȡȫȞ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ĮȞȑijİȡİ ȩIJȚ ʌȠIJȑ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ
ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠ ȖȞȫȡȚȗĮȞ IJȚ ĮțȡȚȕȫȢ ȒIJĮȞ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ
ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ǼțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȫȞ ȦıIJȩıȠ ȐȞȦ IJȠȣ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ įİȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȖȣĮȜȚȐ ȘȜȓȠȣ Ȓ ȠʌȠȚȠȣįȒʌȠIJİ İȓįȠȣȢ ȝȑıȠȣ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ȠijșĮȜȝȫȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȠ ĮȞȑijİȡİ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıİ
țĮʌȑȜĮȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮİțIJȓșİIJĮȚIJȠįȑȡȝĮIJȠȣʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣțĮȚIJȠȣĮȣȤȑȞĮıIJȘȞ
ȣʌİȡȚȫįȘĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ1&)+
ȉȠȘȜȚĮțȩȑȖțĮȣȝĮİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮĮʌȩIJĮʌȚȠıȣȤȞȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ
ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ IJȠȝȑĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȣʌȑȡȣșȡİȢ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓİȢ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ IJȚȢ 89$ 89% țĮȚ 89& ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ȠȚ ʌȡȫIJİȢ
ıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȫȚȝȘ ȖȒȡĮȞıȘ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ȡȣIJȓįȦȞ țĮȚ
İȖțĮȪȝĮIJȠȢ țĮșȫȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ įȚİȚıįȪıȠȣȞ ȕĮșȪIJİȡĮ ıIJȠ įȑȡȝĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢ ȝȠȡijȑȢ țĮȚ įȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ ȑȞIJĮıȘ țĮș¶ ȩȜȘ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ
ȤȡȩȞȠȣȅȚįİȪIJİȡİȢİȓȞĮȚʌȚȠįȣȞĮIJȑȢĮʌȩIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢĮȜȜȐȝȩȞȠțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮ
IJȦȞțĮȜȠțĮȚȡȚȞȫȞȝȘȞȫȞțĮȚıİʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢȝİȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȣȥȩȝİIJȡȠȒțȠȞIJȐıIJȠȞ
ȚıȘȝİȡȚȞȩ țĮȚ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ ȖȒȡĮȞıȘ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ țĮȚ
țĮIJĮȡȡȐțIJȘ ȅȚ IJȡȓIJİȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȚȠ įȣȞĮIJȒ ȝȠȡijȒ țĮȚ Ș ʌȚȠ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȘ țĮȚ İȞȫ
ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ijȚȜIJȡȐȡȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıIJȡȫȝĮ IJȠȣ ȩȗȠȞIJȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞIJȘȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘIJȠȣȝİȜĮȞȫȝĮIJȠȢ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO
ǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀǼȈǻǼȇȂǹȉȅȆǹĬǼǿǼȈǼȇīǹǽȅȂǼȃȍȃȈǼ ĬǼȇȂȅȀǾȆǿǹ
ȉȡȩʌȠȚȑțșİıȘȢIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
- ǺȪșȚıȘ IJȠįȑȡȝĮȕȣșȓȗİIJĮȚıİȑȞĮȣȖȡȩȒıțȩȞȘ
- DzȖȤȣıȘ ȘȠʌȠȓĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮĮȞȐȝȚȟȘȢȒȤȡȒıȘȢȣȖȡȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞȒ
ʌȠȣįȡȫȞ
- ǼȞĮʌȩșİıȘ ȩIJĮȞ ıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮ ȝȩȡȚĮ ıțȩȞȘȢ ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJĮ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ
ȝİIJȠįȑȡȝĮİȓIJİțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮİțIJȑȜİıȘȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȓIJİĮʌȩĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȚȢ
ıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
- ǼʌĮijȒ ȝİ İʌȚȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞİȢ İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ: ĮȣIJȩ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȣȝȕİȓ ȝİ ʌȠȚțȓȜȠȣȢ
IJȡȩʌȠȣȢ, ȩʌȦȢ
‡ ǹʌİȣșİȓĮȢȤİȚȡȚıȝȩȢİʌȚȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȠȣİȡȖĮȜİȓȠȣ
‡ ǹʌİȣșİȓĮȢİʌĮijȒȝİİʌȚȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȘİʌȚijȐȞİȚĮ
‡ ȀĮIJȐȜȠȚʌĮʌȐȞȦıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝİIJĮijİȡșȠȪȞıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮıIJȠıIJȩȝĮ
țĮȚIJȘȝȪIJȘ
‡ ȀĮIJȐȜȠȚʌĮ ʌȐȞȦ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ĮʌȠțIJȘșȠȪȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ İʌĮijȒȢ ȝİ
įȚȐijȠȡĮĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
‡ ǹʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘIJȦȞĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞȝȑıȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȝİȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȠIJȡȩʌȠ
ȉȠįȑȡȝĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮİțIJȓșİIJĮȚıİȝȚĮıİȚȡȐijȣıȚțȫȞțĮȚ
ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ țĮȚ Ș IJȡȚȕȒ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ
ȤȡȒıȘȢ IJȦȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȫȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȓıȠȣȞIJȠįȑȡȝĮțĮȚȞĮȝİȚȫıȠȣȞIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒIJȠȣįȡȐıȘǼʌȓıȘȢȠ
ȡȠȣȤȚıȝȩȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚʌȠIJȚıIJİȓȝİİȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢȒʌȠȣįİȞȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİțĮȜȒ
țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘțĮȚʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚıțȚıȓȝĮIJĮİțșȑIJİȚıİțȓȞįȣȞȠIJȠȒįȘIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȑȞȠ
įȑȡȝĮ țĮȚ ȕȠȘșȐ IJȘ įȚİȓıįȣıȘ IJȦȞ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
(Brueggeman et al, 2001).
ǻǼȇȂǹȉǿȀǼȈȆǹĬǾȈǼǿȈ
ȈIJȚȢ ǾȆǹ ȠȚ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ ĮȖȖȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
ʌĮșȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ Ș įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
ĮȞĮȜȠȖȠȪȞȖȚĮIJȠIJȦȞįİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞʌĮșȒıİȦȞȈIJȘȞȀĮȜȚijȩȡȞȚĮȠȚįİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ʌĮșȒıİȚȢĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞIJȠȞʌȚȠıȣȤȞȩİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩțȓȞįȣȞȠȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞĮȖȡȠIJȫȞ
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ
ȖİȦȡȖȓĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ țȐʌȠȚȠȣ İȓįȠȣȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ʌȐșȘıȘȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȫIJȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢțĮȚȝİIJȐIJĮȑIJȘİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼʌȓıȘȢȑȤİȚijĮȞİȓȩIJȚ
IJȠ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ IJȠ - IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
(Brueggeman et al, 2001).
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ Įʌȩ įİȡȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ȐʌȠȥȘȢ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȑȤİȚ
ʌȠȜȜȠȪȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ 3DXOVHQ et al Ǿ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ İʌĮijȒȢ ȝİ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ țȠȚȞȒ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
19
ıIJȠȞȖİȦȡȖȚțȩIJȠȝȑĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞĮIJȩȝȦȞʌȠȣĮʌȜȫȢʌȠȣȜȠȪȞijȣIJȐ țĮȚ
ȜȠȣȜȠȪįȚĮ Ǿ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ȑȤİȚ ıȣıȤİIJȚıșİȓ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıIJĮ
șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ıȠȕĮȡȩȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȖȚ¶
ĮȣIJȒIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ,OOLQJ
Ǿ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ %URZQ ȩıȠ țĮȚ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ /L ȀȐʌȠȚĮıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȐȞĮĮȣȟȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮ
IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȠ ijȦȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮȜȒȖİȚ ıİ ijȦIJȠIJȠȟȚțȑȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ
(Hindson and Diffey Ȓ ĮțȩȝȘ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ijȦIJȠȤȘȝȚțȒ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ
ʌȠȣʌĮȡȐȖİȚIJȘȞijȦIJȠĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮ6DYLWW
DzȤȠȣȞȣʌȐȡȟİȚȑȡİȣȞİȢʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞįİȓȟİȚȩIJȚIJĮįİȡȝĮIJȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ țȜȐįȠ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ ȑȞĮ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ (Winter and .XUW] ȉĮ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȓIJȚĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıIJĮ ȓįȚĮ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ȗȑıIJȘ țĮȚ Ș ȘȜȚĮțȒ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ țĮȜȠțĮȚȡȚȠȪ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ʌȚȠ įȪıțȠȜİȢ țȜȚȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
(Cohen et al, 2000).
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
İȝijȐȞȚıȘįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢȈİȝȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮȝİIJĮȟȪțȘʌȠȣȡȫȞțĮȚİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıİ
șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮıIJȘȞǻĮȞȓĮijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȘİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮİȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİıIJȠ
IJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ijȐȞȘțİ ȣȥȘȜȩȢ İʌȚʌȠȜĮıȝȩȢ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
İțȗȑȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȠ IJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢ ǾİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıIJȘțİ
ıİȖȣȞĮȓțİȢțĮȚȐȞįȡİȢȝİIJĮȟȪțȘʌȠȣȡȫȞ3DXOVHQHWDO, 1997).
ȈİȝȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘıIJȠǾȞȦȝȑȞȠǺĮıȓȜİȚȠȝİIJĮȟȪİȞȘȜȓțȦȞʌȠȣ
İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȞ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ ȠȚ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ș įİȪIJİȡȘ
ıȣȤȞȩIJİȡȘ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ʌȐșȘıȘ ȝİIJȐ IJȠ ȐıșȝĮ ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚ
ȠȚȐȞįȡİȢʌȠȣĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȞıİȖİȦȡȖȚțȑȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡĮ
ʌȠıȠıIJȐ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌĮșȒıİȦȞ Įʌȩ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ ȝİ ȐȞįȡİȢ ĮȞȐ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȞĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ İȞȫ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ Ƞ
ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ ĮȞȐ ȓįȚȠ ĮȡȚșȝȩ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȞ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ
ȝİȜȑIJȘ IJȠ įİȓȖȝĮ įİȞ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ
(Meredith et al, 1989).
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘȝİIJĮȟȪİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮIJȘȢȖİȦȡȖȓĮȢIJȠ
13% İȟ ĮȣIJȫȞ ĮȞȑijİȡĮȞ ȩIJȚ IJĮ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȞĮ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ Ș İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ȒIJĮȞ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ĮȞȐ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȅȚ țȪȡȚȠȚ
ȜȩȖȠȚİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢȒIJĮȞIJĮijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮIJĮȗȚȗĮȞȚȠțIJȩȞĮțĮȚȠȚȓįȚİȢ
ȠȚ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚİȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ Ș İȝijȐȞȚıȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȒIJĮȞ
ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ IJȠȣ ijȣIJȠȪ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ıȣȖțȠȝȚįȒȢ ȅ țĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ȒIJĮȞ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȠȪ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ ĮȞ țĮȚ IJȠ IJȦȞ
20
ıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞ įİȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıĮȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩ țĮȚ įİȞ İȓȤĮȞ
ȖȞȫıȘʌȐȞȦıİșȑȝĮIJĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ&RKHQHWDO
ȈIJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȦȞ ıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞ įȒȜȦıİ ȩIJȚ IJĮ șȑȝĮIJĮ
ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪıĮȞıİȝİȖȐȜȠȕĮșȝȩ
ĮȜȜȐȝȩȞȠIJȠįȒȜȦıİ ȩIJȚIJĮįİȡȝĮIJȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪıĮȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȣȖİȓĮȢĮȞțĮȚIJȠIJȠȣıȣȞȩȜȠȣIJĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȑIJȘIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢ
ĮȞȑijİȡİ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ İȚįȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ
ȍıIJȩıȠİțIJȩȢĮʌȩIJȘȞįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȜȩȖȦIJȦȞȤȘȝȚțȫȞțĮȚIJȘȢȐȝİıȘȢİʌĮijȒȢȝİ
IJĮ ijȣIJȐ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ İʌȓıȘȢ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțĮȞ ȜȩȖȦ IJȦȞ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ IJȘȢ
ȗȑıIJȘȢ IJȘȢ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȞIJȩȝȦȞ IJȘȢ İijȓįȡȦıȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢ
ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ Ǿ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțİ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȦȞ
țĮȜȠțĮȚȡȚȞȫȞ ȝȘȞȫȞ țĮȚ IJȠ ijșȚȞȩʌȦȡȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ıȣȖțȠȝȚįȒȢ Ǿ ȐȝİıȘ
İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJĮ ijȣIJȐ ȒIJĮȞ ȠȚ țȣȡȚȩIJİȡİȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțȐȜİıĮȞ IJĮ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ&RKHQHWDO
ȈİȝȚĮȝİȜȑIJȘʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘIJȠȝİIJĮȟȪĮȞįȡȫȞĮȖȡȠIJȫȞijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚIJȠ
İȟĮȣIJȫȞİȓȤĮȞįȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓȝİIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞȝȓĮįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒʌȐșȘıȘțĮȚȝȣțȘIJȓĮıȘ
IJȦȞ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ )RUVW HW DO ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ
ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ĮȞįȡȫȞ ĮȖȡȠIJȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ʌȐșȘıȘȢ ȒIJĮȞ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞĮIJȩȝȦȞʌȠȣİȓȤĮȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțȐIJȦIJȦȞİIJȫȞ
ȅȟİȓĮİțȗİȝĮIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
ǾȠȟİȓĮİțȗİȝĮIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓĮʌȩİțĮIJȠȞIJȐįİȢİȡİșȚıIJȚțȐ
ȤȘȝȚțȐ ijȣIJȐ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ijȦIJȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ȉĮ
țȜȚȞȚțȐ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȓıșȘıȘ țĮȪıȠȣ İȡȣșȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȠȚįȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȉĮ țȜȚȞȚțȐ ıȘȝİȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȖİȞȚțȐ įȣıĮȞİȟȓĮ țĮȚ țȞȓįȦıȘ ȅȚ țĮȡʌȠȓ ȠȚ
ʌĮȜȐȝİȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȕȡĮȤȓȠȞİȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ʌȚȠ ıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ǵIJĮȞ Ș įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ
ʌȡȩıȦʌȠțĮȚıIJȠȞĮȣȤȑȞĮıȣȞȒșȦȢĮȣIJȩıȣıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİȑțșİıȘıİȣįȡĮIJȝȠȪȢ
țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞİȓȞĮȚʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘ%XUPLQJKDP
ǻİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮİȟİʌĮijȒȢ
ȅțȜȐįȠȢIJȘȢȖİȦȡȖȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢȖİȦʌȠȞȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȩȢʌȠȣʌȜȒIJIJİIJĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
ĮʌȩĮıșȑȞİȚİȢIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢȩʌȦȢIJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ İȟİʌĮijȒȢȉȠȑȞĮIJȡȓIJȠIJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıİ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢ ȜȩȖȦ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ /LGHQ ȈIJȘȞ ǿĮʌȦȞȓĮ Ș
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟİʌĮijȒȢĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțİıIJȠIJȦȞĮıșİȞȫȞʌȠȣįȚİȖȞȫıșȘıĮȞțĮȚ
ȑȜĮȕĮȞ ĮȖȦȖȒ ȜȩȖȦ įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘȢ Įʌȩ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ ȉĮ țȣȡȚȩIJİȡĮ
ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ ʌȠȣ İȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ İȓįȠȣȢ IJȘ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ
21
ȝȣțȘIJȠțIJȩȞĮțĮȚIJĮİȞIJȠȝȠțIJȩȞĮțĮȚIJȠIJȦȞʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞȝȠȜȪȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȑıȦ
IJȦȞȥİțĮıIJȚțȫȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞ0DWVXVKLWD
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮıIJȘȞȉĮȚȕȐȞȝİIJĮȟȪİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȘıȣȖțȠȝȚįȒijȡȠȪIJȦȞʌȠȣ
İțIJİȜȠȪıĮȞIJĮțIJȚțȠȪȢȥİțĮıȝȠȪȢȘĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮ İȟİʌĮijȒȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıIJȘțİıIJȠ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ıIJȠ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțĮȞ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ İȟ
İʌĮijȒȢ*XRHWDO
ǹȜȜİȡȖȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
Ǿ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ IJȠȣ
ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ȝİ ȝȚĮ ȠȣıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ Ƞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ
İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȢǹȣIJȒȘİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓȝİIJȘȞʌȐȡȠįȠIJȠȣ
ȤȡȩȞȠȣțĮȚIJȘıȣȞİȤȒİʌĮijȒȝİȝȚĮȠȣıȓĮțĮȚıȣȞȒșȦȢȘȝȩȞȘĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȒIJȘȢ
İȓȞĮȚȘĮʌȠijȣȖȒIJȘȢȠȣıȓĮȢʌȠȣIJȘȞʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ+6(
ȈIJȘ ǻĮȞȓĮ ıİ ȝȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ įȚĮįİȡȝȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ țȘʌȠȣȡȫȞ țĮȚ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȝİ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
ʌĮșȒıİȦȞ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ IJȦȞ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȫȞ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȦȞ ĮȞIJȚțĮIJȩʌIJȡȚȗİ
IJȘȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȤȡȒıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞȝȑIJȡȦȞ3DXOVHQ
ȈIJȘȞǿıʌĮȞȓĮijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȘİʌȓʌIJȦıȘIJȘȢĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮȢȒIJĮȞIJȡİȚȢijȠȡȑȢȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘ
ıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȞȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ*DUFLD - 3HUH]HWDOȅȚĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȑȢȒ
İȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢ ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ İȓIJİ ıIJĮ İȞİȡȖȐ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ IJȠȣȢ İȓIJİ ıIJĮ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ʌȡȠıșİIJȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ 6FKXEHUW HW DO
1993).
Ǿ țȞȓįȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȑȞĮ ʌȠȜȪ ıȣȤȞȩ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȩ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
İȝijĮȞȚıIJİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ ıȣȞįȣĮıIJİȓ ȝİ ȠȓįȘȝĮ țĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ĮȣIJȩ ıȣıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘ ȝȣțȘIJȠțIJȩȞȦȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJĮ įȚȐijȠȡĮ İȞIJȠȝȠĮʌȦșȘIJȚțȐ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞțȞȓįȦıȘ0DLEDNOand Johnson, 1975).
ǼȡİșȚıIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
Ǿ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ijȜİȖȝȠȞȒ ıIJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ İʌĮijȒȢ ȉĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ IJȘȢ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȟȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ țȠțțȓȞȚıȝĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ țȞȓįȦıȘ ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
İȝijĮȞȚıIJȠȪȞȠȚįȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȩȞȠȢȈȣȞȒșȦȢȘijȜİȖȝȠȞȒĮȣIJȒİʌȠȣȜȫȞİIJĮȚĮȜȜȐȘ
ʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚȣʌİȡİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮ+6(
Ǿ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ȜȩȖȠ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȒ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȑȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ țĮȚ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ
ȝȣțȘIJȠțIJȩȞȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞİȞIJȠȝȠțIJȩȞȦȞȅȚʌȚȠıȠȕĮȡȑȢİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȠįȑȡȝĮĮʌȩ
IJȘ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȟİȓİȢ IJȠȟȚțȑȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ
ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ IJȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȠijȦıijȠȡȚțȫȞ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ (Mark et al,
1999).
22
ȉĮȝȣțȘIJȠțIJȩȞĮİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȖȚĮĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȑȢĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢțĮȚįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįİȢ İȟ
İʌĮijȒȢ 3DXOVHQ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȟİȚ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ İʌĮijȒ țĮȚ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞ
ĮİȡȠȜȣȝȐIJȦȞʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ0DUNHWDO
Ǿ ȠȣıȓĮ SDUDTXDW İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ IJȠȟȚțȒ ȩIJĮȞ țĮIJĮʌȓȞİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȒ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȒ ĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮ țĮȚ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ĮȞIJȓįȠIJȠ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟİʌĮijȒȢțĮȚĮʌȠȤȡȦȝĮIJȚıȝȩIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢǼȐȞIJȠįȑȡȝĮİȓȞĮȚȒįȘ
ıİ ȐıȤȘȝȘ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ĮȣIJȒ Ș ȠȣıȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȡȡȠijȘșİȓ ıİ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ
ʌȠıȩIJȘIJİȢ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ Ș İʌĮijȒ İȓȞĮȚ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘ 1LHOVHQ HW DO Ǿ
ȠȣıȓĮ/LQGDQHȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚİȣȡȑȦȢțĮȚİȓȞĮȚȖȞȦıIJȩȩIJȚʌȡȠțĮȜİȓİȡİșȚıȝȩ
IJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ/LGHQ
ǾĮȖȡȠIJȚțȒİȡȖĮıȓĮıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞȑțșİıȘıIJȘȗȑıIJȘʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ
İijȓįȡȦıȘ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ Ƞ ȚįȡȫIJĮȢ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ İȟĮIJȝȓȗİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȜȩȖȦ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȚȢ IJȡȚȕȒȢ IJȦȞ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ IJȠȣ
ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣȢ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȝȣțȘIJȚȐıİȚȢ Ȓ ȕĮțIJȘȡȚĮțȑȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįİȢ Ǿ
ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ ȗȑıIJȘ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıİȚ IJȠȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩ İijȓįȡȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ
ĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJİȢĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ%XUPLQJKDP
ȅ ĮʌȠȤȡȦȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıȣȤȞȐ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚĮȜȜȐțĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȘȜȚĮțȒĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ%XUPLQJKDPȂȚĮ
ĮțȩȝȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȠȡijȪȡĮ ʌȠȣ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒijȦIJȠİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮ6FKPLG
ǼȡȪșȘȝĮ
ȊīǿǼǿȃǾȀǹǿǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹ ȈȉȅȃȋȍȇȅȉȍȃĬǼȇȂȅȀǾȆǿȍȃ
ȂȚĮĮțȩȝĮįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒİțįȒȜȦıȘİȓȞĮȚIJȠʌȠȜȪȝȠȡijȠİȡȪșȘȝĮʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚȝȚĮȠȟİȓĮ
ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ȣʌİȡİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮȢ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚȗȩȝİȞȘ Įʌȩ ıȣȝȝİIJȡȚțȐ țĮIJĮȞİȝȘȝȑȞȠ
İȟȐȞșȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ IJȣȤĮȓĮ Ȓ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ
ijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ%KDUJDYDHWDO
ȉȠ ʌȠȜȪȝȠȡijȠ İȡȪșȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȘȞ ȘȜȚĮțȒ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚİȞIJȩȢȜȓȖȦȞȦȡȫȞȒȜȓȖȦȞȘȝİȡȫȞȝİIJȐIJȘȞȑțșİıȘıIJȘȞ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ 89% Ǿ İțįȒȜȦıȒ IJȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȝİ țȞȘıȝȩ țĮȚ
İȡȣșȣȝĮIJȫįİȚȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ıIJĮ İțIJİșİȚȝȑȞĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ȈȣȞȒșȦȢ İȞIJȠʌȓȗİIJĮȚ
ıIJȠ ȝȑIJȦʌȠ ıIJȚȢ ʌȜȐȖȚİȢ İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ IJȠȣ IJȡĮȤȒȜȠȣ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȡĮȤȚĮȓĮ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚĮ IJȦȞ ȐțȡȦȞ țĮȚ IJĮ ĮȞIJȚȕȡȐȤȚĮ Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ȝİ
ȣȥȘȜȩ įİȓțIJȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
ȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȠȣİȡȣșȒȝĮIJȠȢȈȖȠȪȡȠȢ
ȀĮȡțȓȞȠȢIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
Ǿ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȠȣ ȝİȜĮȞȫȝĮIJȠȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȐȖȞȦıIJȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ĮȖȡȠIJȫȞ țĮșȫȢ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȝİȜȑIJİȢʌȠȣȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞIJȘȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘIJȠȣȘȠʌȠȓĮıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞ
ȑțșİıȘ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ȘȜȚĮțȒ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ıIJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ
IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ %ODLU HW DO ȅȚ ĮȖȡȩIJİȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıİįȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȣȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ%ODLU]DKP
ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș İȝijȐȞȚıȘ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ıȠȕĮȡȩȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ İțİȓȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ İțIJİȜȠȪȞ IJȠȣȢ
ȥİțĮıȝȠȪȢȝİȤȘȝȚțȐ,$5&
ȁȠȚʌȑȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢ
ǾijȦIJȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓİȓIJİĮʌȩIJȠIJİȤȞȘIJȩİȓIJİĮʌȩijȣıȚțȩijȦȢ
Ȓ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ
ijȦIJȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ%XUPLQJKDP
23
ȅʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮįȚİȟȐȖİIJĮȚȝİıțȠʌȩIJȘȞʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒİȜȜȠȤİȪİȚțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ
IJȩıȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ ʌȠȣ ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤİȚ ıİ
ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȠȓ Ȓ ȐȖȞȦıIJȠȚ
ȉİȡʌȩȢ īȚĮ ȞĮ İȞIJȠʌȚıșȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȘijșȠȪȞ ȠȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȓ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ʌȡȦIJȓıIJȦȢ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ȑIJıȚ
ȫıIJİȕȐıİȚIJȘȢİʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȜȘijșȠȪȞȝȑIJȡĮȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ
țĮȚIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȒIJȠȣȢȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȅȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȓ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȦȡȚıIJȠȪȞ ıIJȚȢ ʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ
ǻȡȓȕĮȢțĮȚıȣȞ, 1997)
- ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȣʌȠȞȠȝİȪıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȠȣİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣțĮȚȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ țȐʌȠȚȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
țIJȚȡȚĮțȑȢ įȠȝȑȢ IJȚȢ ȘȜİțIJȡȚțȑȢ İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ IJȚȢ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ Ș İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȘ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȒ ʌȠȣ țĮșȠȡȓȗİȚ țĮȚ IJȠ
İȓįȠȢIJȠȣIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȒIJȘȢȕȜȐȕȘȢʌȠȣİȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȘȜİțIJȡȚțȒ
șİȡȝȚțȒȤȘȝȚțȒțȜʌ
- ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȘȝȚțȠȪȢ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȢ țĮȚ
ijȣıȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜȫȞIJĮȢ
IJȘȞİțįȒȜȦıȘĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢ
- ȅȡȖĮȞȦIJȚțȠȓ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ıȤȑıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȘȢ
ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
Ǿ ȑțșİıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮȞȦIJȑȡȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıIJȠ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ IJȠȣȢ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȘȞ ĮʌȡȠıİȟȓĮ Ȓ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȐȖȞȠȚĮ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ șȑIJȠȣȞ ıİ
țȓȞįȣȞȠ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ IJȠ țȩıIJȠȢ IJȦȞ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȦȞIJȦȞțȚȞįȪȞȦȞĮȣIJȫȞİȓȞĮȚIJİȡȐıIJȚȠIJȩıȠȖȚĮIJȠȞȓįȚȠIJȠȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ
ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ İȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȉİȡʌȩȢ
1999).
24
DzȞĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ȝİ IJĮ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȐ įİȞ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ
ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞĮijȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞįİȞțĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ.DXIPDQHWDO, 1998).
ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ IJȦȞ İʌȚʌȑįȦȞ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ IJȦȞ
șİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ ıIJȠȣȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ Ș ȝȑIJȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ įȣȞȘIJȚțȒȢ
įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩIJȘȢİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣįȚȩIJȚ
ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ
ijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ İʌȚȝȠȜȪȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ İȞįȣȝĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ IJĮ
ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ Ǿ ȑțșİıȘ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȠįȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȢ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ȑȞĮ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ
țĮȞȠȞȚțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȅȚ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ IJȘȢ įȣȞȘIJȚțȒȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮșȠȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ ȠįȫȞ ȑțșİıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ İʌȚȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ ȠȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȑȢ
İȞįȣȝĮıȓİȢ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ ʌȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȅȚȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞİʌȓıȘȢȞĮ
ʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ ijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȠȣ ʌȠȣ
ȑȤİȚ İȚıȑȜșİȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȕȠȘșȫȞIJĮȢ ıIJȘ ȜȒȥȘ ʌȚȠ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȫȞȝȑIJȡȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ(JHQ*RQ]DOH]HWDO
ȅȚ ʌȠıȠIJȚțȑȢ İțIJȚȝȒıİȚȢ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȖİȦʌȠȞȓĮ įȚİȟȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȡțİIJȐ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȠįȘȖȫȞIJĮȢ ıİ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȠȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȠȡșȒ
ȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣĮʌȩIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚıİʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢıİĮȣIJȐĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘȢȠȟİȓĮȢįȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘȢ
ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ȑȤİȚ ʌȡȠıIJİșİȓ IJȠ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ ȖȚĮ IJĮ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ȦȢ țȪȡȚȠ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ȝİȜİIJȫȞ ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș
İțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢİȓȞĮȚĮȡțİIJȐʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțȘĮijȠȪĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣİȓįȠȣȢ
ȘȑțșİıȘİȓȞĮȚİȓIJİıʌȠȡĮįȚțȒİȓIJİĮʌȡȩȕȜİʌIJȘțĮȚȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞİȜȐȤȚıIJİȢȝȑșȠįȠȚ
ĮȟȚȩʌȚıIJȘȢ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȟİȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘ )HQVNH HW DO ȆĮȜĮȚȩIJİȡĮ ʌȚıIJİȣȩIJĮȞ ȩIJȚ Ș
įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ įİȞ ȒIJĮȞ įȣȞĮIJȒ țȐIJȦ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȡȠȣȤȚıȝȩ ȐʌȠȥȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
țĮIJĮȡȡȓijIJȘțİ țĮȚ ȜȩȖȦ ĮȣIJȠȪ ȐȡȤȚıĮȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ İʌȚșȑȝĮIJĮ IJȩıȠ
ʌȐȞȦȩıȠțĮȚțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȠȞʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩȖȚĮȞĮİțIJȚȝȘșİȓIJȠʌȠıȠıIJȩ
ȑțșİıȘȢ)HQVNH
Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ IJİȤȞȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıİ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ
ȤȘȝȚțȠȪȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠțĮȚȑȤİȚȣȚȠșİIJȘșİȓȦȢIJȣʌȚțȒ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȆĮȖțȩıȝȚȠ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȊȖİȓĮȢ ȂȑıȦ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ IJİȤȞȚțȒȢ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȞIJȠʌȚıșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
ıİ ȑȞĮȞ ȤȘȝȚțȩ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İțIJȚȝȘșİȓ țĮȜȪIJİȡĮ Ș ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ
ȤȘȝȚțȠȪ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȠȣ ʌȠȣ İȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ıȫȝĮ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ıȤİįȚĮıIJȠȪȞțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ:HVWHUHWDO
ȍıIJȩıȠ ĮȣIJȒ Ș IJİȤȞȚțȒ ȑȤİȚ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıșȠȪȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ IJȘ ȝȑșȠįȠ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢ ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȠȣ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
25
26
ȉĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ȕĮıȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ʌȡȦIJȓıIJȦȢ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıIJȠȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȤȫȡȠĮȞĮȜȪİȚIJȠȣȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȚȢĮȚIJȓİȢ
IJȠȣȢʌȡȠIJİȓȞİȚIJȚȢțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜİȢȜȪıİȚȢțĮȚʌĮȡȑȤİȚĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘIJȦȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝȐIJȦȞ
ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ İțșȑIJİȚ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ıİ įȣȞȘIJȚțȐ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ IJĮ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ijȣIJȠijȐȡȝĮțĮ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȦȞ ijȣIJȫȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȠȚ
ȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣİțȜȪȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJĮȓįȚĮIJĮijȣIJȐțĮȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȞıĮijȫȢȞĮİʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞ
IJȩıȠIJȠ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȩıȠțĮȚIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȩȢ
IJȠȣȢ Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȑȦȢ ȑȞĮ ȕĮșȝȩ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıİȚ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıİĮȣIJȩIJȠİȡȖĮıȚĮțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ,OOLQJ, 1997).
ȀĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȦȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȦȞ įİțĮİIJȚȫȞ Ș țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮ ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȑȤİȚ
ĮȞĮʌIJȣȤșİȓ IJĮȤȪIJĮIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȠȣȢ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
IJȘȢ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ ĮȣIJȠȓ ȕĮıȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢ ȍıIJȩıȠ ȠȚ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢıIJȠȣȢİȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢįȚĮijȑȡİȚĮʌȩĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣİʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞȝȑıĮıİ
ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ Ƞ ȕĮșȝȩȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ
İȓȞĮȚ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȩȢ $GDPLV HW DO ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝȑIJȡĮ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȘȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢıİĮȣIJȠȪȢIJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȝİȡȚțȐĮʌȩIJĮȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJĮʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦǹȖȖİȜȒȢ
- ȁȒȥȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮIJȐ IJȠȞ ĮȡȤȚțȩ
ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ
- ǹȞIJȚțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȦȞ įȣȞȘIJȚțȐ ȕȜĮȕİȡȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȝİ ĮıijĮȜȑıIJİȡİȢ ȅȚ
țȣȡȚȩIJİȡȠȚIJȡȩʌȠȚȝİIJȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓȒȞĮȝİȚȦșİȓȘİʌĮijȒ
ȝİȝȚĮȕȜĮȕİȡȒȠȣıȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘĮȜȜĮȖȒIJȘȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢȤȡȒıȘȢȝİIJȘȞIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞȘ
ȜȒȥȘ ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ǼȐȞ ĮȣIJȩ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ IJȩIJİ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮȞIJȚțĮIJĮıIJĮșİȓȘȕȜĮȕİȡȒȠȣıȓĮȝİȝȚĮȐȜȜȘʌȠȣİȞįİȤȠȝȑȞȦȢȞĮȝȘȞ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓįİȡȝĮIJȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ+6(
- DzȜİȖȤȠȢIJȦȞİʌȚʌȑįȦȞȑțșİıȘȢIJȠȣʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪıIJȠȣȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
- ȆĮȡİȝȕȐıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣʌȠįȠȝȒ IJȦȞ ȤȫȡȦȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝİ ıIJȩȤȠ IJȘ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȦȞ
țȚȞįȪȞȦȞʌȠȣʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩĮȣIJȒ
- ȆĮȡȠȤȒ ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȝİ IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞȘ
İțʌĮȓįİȣıȒIJȠȣȢȩıȠȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘıȦıIJȒȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣȢ
- ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞIJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ
ĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ
ȂǼĬȅǻȅǿȂǼȉȇǾȈǾȈǼȀĬǼȈǾȈȈǼȋǾȂǿȀȅȊȈȆǹȇǹīȅȃȉǼȈ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȠȜȩıȦȝȦȞ ijȠȡȝȫȞ ȦȢ ȝȑıȦ ȜȒȥȘȢ ȝİIJȡȒıİȦȞ
įȣȞȘIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞ IJİȝĮȤȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠțȩʌIJȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ijȩȡȝĮ țĮȚ
ĮȞĮȜȪȠȞIJĮȚǹȣIJȒȘIJİȤȞȚțȒșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓıİıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȝİIJȚȢ
ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮȜȪIJİȡĮ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ĮȟȚȩʌȚıIJĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ6DQGHUVRQHWDO, 1995, Van Hemmer and Brouwer, 1995).
ȂȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢ IJȠȣ İʌȚʌȑįȠȣ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȠȣȢȤȘȝȚțȠȪȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢIJȠȣʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚ
Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ıȣıțİȣȫȞ ijșȠȡȚıȝȠȪ IJİȤȞȚțȒ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ĮʌȜȒ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ
ijșȘȞȒıİıȪȖțȡȚıȘȝİIJȚȢʌȡȠȘȖȠȣȝȑȞȦȢĮȞĮijİȡȩȝİȞİȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞĮȣIJȒ
ȘIJİȤȞȚțȒİȓȞĮȚȤȡȒıȚȝȘȩıȠȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȞȜȒȥȘĮȡȤȚțȫȞįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣȕȠȘșȠȪȞ
ıIJȘȞİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢ$UFKLEDOGHWDO
ȆȇȅȁǾȌǾǼȃǹȃȉǿȉȍȃǹȉȂȅȈĭǹǿȇǿȀȍȃȇȊȆȍȃ
Ȉİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȠȣȢ įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢ ĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȪȢ ȡȪʌȠȣȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ʌȘȖȑȢ țĮȚ ȝȑıȦ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȫȞ ȠįȫȞ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢȘİțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢIJȣʌȚțȐʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑIJİȚȜİʌIJȠȝİȡȒȖȞȫıȘıİıȤȑıȘ
ȝİ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ IJȦȞİȞ ȜȩȖȦ ȡȪʌȦȞ IJȦȞʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȫȞ ĮȜȜĮȖȫȞ IJȦȞİʌȚʌȑįȦȞ
IJȦȞȡȪʌȦȞțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢȉĮȐIJȠȝĮıȣȤȞȐİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıİ
įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢȡȪʌȠȣȢIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮDzȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢIJȩʌȠȣȢȑțșİıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚȠ
ȤȫȡȠȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ȞĮ įȚĮijȑȡİȚ IJȩıȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ
IJȘȢ ȘȝȑȡĮȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İȕįȠȝȐįĮȢ īȚĮ ȞĮ İijĮȡȝȠıIJİȓ ȝȚĮ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȠȣ ĮȑȡĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
İijĮȡȝȠıIJİȓ ȑȞĮ įȓțIJȣȠ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘȢ țĮȚ țĮșȠȡȚıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ İʌȚʌȑįȦȞ IJȦȞ
ȡȪʌȦȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘȞĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘIJȦȞʌȘȖȫȞIJȠȣȢȀȐʌȠȚİȢĮʌȩIJȚȢʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȣʌȩȥȘ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞ ȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ȝİȓȦıȘIJȦȞȡȪʌȦȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚ:+2
- ǼȞIJȠʌȚıȝȩȢIJȦȞʌȘȖȫȞIJȦȞȡȪʌȦȞ
- ȊʌȐȡȤȠȞIJĮįİįȠȝȑȞĮȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣĮȑȡĮ
- ǻȘȝȠȖȡĮijȚțȐįİįȠȝȑȞĮıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȦȞĮIJȩȝȦȞ
- ǾʌȡȩıȕĮıȘțĮȚȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞIJȠʌȠșİıȚȫȞ
- ǾʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȠȣ ȝȑȡȠȣȢ
- ǾįȠȝȒIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȉĮ ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȝİ įİȓțIJȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȞĮ
ĮʌȠȡȡȠijȠȪȞ ȐȞȦ IJȠȣ IJȘȢ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ 89% İȞȫ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ įİȓțIJȘ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ĮʌȠȡȡȠijȠȪȞ IJȠ țĮȚ Ƞ įİȓțIJȘȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȐȞȦ IJȠȣ
97,5%.
ȉĮȐIJȠȝĮȝİįȑȡȝĮʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮıIJȠ ȘȜȚĮțȩijȫȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȝİ ȣȥȘȜȩ įİȓțIJȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ĮȣIJȫȞİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJȐ IJȠȣȢ ȞĮ
ĮȞIJȑȤȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ șİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȚįȡȫIJĮ ȉĮ ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȐ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȜİʌIJȐ ʌȡȚȞ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȠȞ ȒȜȚȠ țĮȚ ȞĮ
İʌĮȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ țȐșİ ȫȡİȢ ĮȜȜȐ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ȑȞIJȠȞȘȢ İijȓįȡȦıȘȢ
ıİıȣȞIJȠȝȩIJİȡȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩįȚȐıIJȘȝĮ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO
ȉĮȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȣʌȩIJȠȞȒȜȚȠșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞIJĮțIJȚțȐIJȠįȑȡȝĮ
IJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȣȤȩȞĮıȣȞȒșȚıIJİȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢȉĮıȘȝȐįȚĮʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ
ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİ ʌȜȘȖȒ ʌȠȣ įİȞ
İʌȠȣȜȫȞİIJĮȚ Ȓ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ȠȗȚįȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ ijĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȪʌȠʌIJĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ȤȡȫȝĮ IJȠȣȢ
İȓȞĮȚțĮijİIJȓȒȝʌȜİ&&2+6 2011).
ǹȉȅȂǿȀǹȂǼȈǹȆȇȅȈȉǹȈǿǹȈ
īȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȘȜȚĮțȩ ʌȡȠȧȩȞ ȝİ įİȓțIJȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȐȞȦ IJȦȞ 63) ȅ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩȢ ȡȠȣȤȚıȝȩȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ȝİȖȐȜȦȞ țĮʌȑȜȦȞ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ țĮȚ
ȖȣĮȜȚȫȞ ȘȜȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞ ȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ȀĮȚ ijȣıȚțȐ
șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijİȪȖİIJĮȚ ȩıȠ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ
ȦȡȫȞʌ.ȝ. țĮȚȝ.ȝ. (Brueggeman et al, 2001).
ȉȠ İȓįȠȢ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ
İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠİȓįȠȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȚȢȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣȤȘȝȚțȠȪʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢīȚĮ
IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ıİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȩʌȦȢ IJĮ
ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞ IJȠȣȢ ȥİțĮıȝȠȪȢ Ȓ ĮȞĮȝȚȖȞȪȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ
ȠȜȩıȦȝȦȞ ijȠȡȝȫȞ ʌȠįȚȫȞ ĮįȚȐȕȡȠȤȦȞ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ țĮʌȑȜȦȞ ȝĮıțȫȞ ȝʌȠIJȫȞ
țĮȚʌȡȠıȦʌȓįȦȞİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȐʌȠȣİȞįİȓțȞȣȞIJĮȚǼʌȓıȘȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚȠȡșȒ
ȤȡȒıȘ IJȠȣ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪ Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ țĮșĮȡȩȢ țĮȚ ıİ țĮȜȒ
țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ țȡİȝȫȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ Ȉİ ʌȠȜȜȐ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ țȩıȝȠȣ įİȞ
ʌĮȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜİȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ IJȑIJȠȚİȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȅȚ ȜȩȖȠȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ ĮȞİʌĮȡțȒ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȣȞȒșȦȢ Ș ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ʌȩȡȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠ ȤĮȝȘȜȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ ȖȞȫıȘȢ IJȦȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ıȣȞİʌȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ȠȜȩıȦȝȦȞ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȐȕȠȜȘ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȗİıIJȩ țĮȚ ȣȖȡȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȩʌȦȢ
ĮȣIJȩIJȦȞșİȡȝȠțȘʌȓȦȞ/LGHQ DzȤİȚIJİțȝȘȡȚȦșİȓĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȠȪȢıȣȖȖȡĮijİȓȢ
ȩIJȚ Ș ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țȣȡȚȩIJİȡȘ
ȠįȩȢȑțșİıȘȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȘȖİȦȡȖȓĮ*DUURGHWDO0DFKHUDHWDO
țĮȚıȣȞİʌȫȢȘʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮʌȠȣʌĮȡȑȤİȚȠțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȢȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȕĮıȚțȩȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJĮ įȚȐijȠȡĮ
ȤȘȝȚțȐ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞ
ȝȑıȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢıIJȚȢȖİȦȡȖȚțȑȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢʌȠȜȪıȣȤȞȐİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJĮ
țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İȡȖȠȞȠȝȓĮ ǹȣIJȐ IJĮ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐİȓȞĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐıIJĮʌȚȠșİȡȝȐțȜȓȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢıIJȘȞ
27
28
ȆȇȅȁǾȌǾǼȃǹȃȉǿȉǾȈǼȆǿǺȁǹǺȅȊȈǾȁǿǹȀǾȈǹȀȉǿȃȅǺȅȁǿǹȈ
ȃȩIJȚĮ ǼȣȡȫʌȘ ǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢ ȩȝȦȢ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȒȡȚİȢ ȖȡĮȝȝȑȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ
ıȦıIJȒ ȤȡȒıȘĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞȝȑIJȡȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȜȩȖȠʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȘįȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘȩıȠȞĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣȢʌȠȣșĮȑʌȡİʌİȞĮİȓȞĮȚIJĮ
ȓįȚĮĮIJȠȝȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıIJȘ ȤȘȝȚțȒ
ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ ȍıIJȩıȠ ĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ İȓįȠȣȢ Ƞ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȕĮȡȪȢ țĮȚ ȗİıIJȩȢ țĮȚ
țȐȞİȚIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢȞĮșİȡȝĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠțĮȚȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮȝȘ
IJȠȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ țĮșȩȜȠȣ ȈIJȘȞ īİȡȝĮȞȓĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȠįȘȖȓĮ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ȖȚĮ
IJȚȢȖİȦȡȖȚțȑȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȦȞijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ
įİȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮįȚȐȕȡȠȤȠȢ Ǿ ĮʌȠįİțIJȩȢ ȤȡȩȞȠȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ IJȑIJȠȚȠȣ
ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ ıİ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞİȚ IJȠȣȢ Ƞ& Ș ȝȑȖȚıIJȘ ʌİȡȓȠįȠȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ İțIJȑȜİıȘ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞ ȑȞIJȠȞȘ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ
ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȜİʌIJȐ ǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ IJȑIJȠȚİȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ ȖȚĮ
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓİȢ ȐȞȦ IJȦȞ ȕĮșȝȫȞ 0DFKHUD HW DO Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȠȣ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣ ĮIJȠȝȚțȠȪ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȚȢ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢ IJİȤȞȚțȑȢ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ ijȣIJȠijĮȡȝȐțȦȞ ıİ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚİȢ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ıİ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ Ș ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȦȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİȞȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȞĮ įȚĮijȑȡİȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ Įʌȩ
ȐIJȠȝȠıİȐIJȠȝȠīȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮȘȤȡȒıȘįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȫȞȣijĮıȝȐIJȦȞijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚ
ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ıIJȠ ȐȞȦ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ įȚȩIJȚ IJĮ
ʌȠȣțȐȝȚıĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȝʌȜȠȪȗİȢ İȓȞĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌȚȠ ȜİʌIJȐ ȣijȐıȝĮIJĮ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJĮ
ʌĮȞIJİȜȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ IJĮ ʌȩįȚĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘȢ
ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȩIJĮȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȤȡȒıȘ İȚįȚțȫȞ ȣʌȠįȘȝȐIJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıİ
ĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİIJȠȡȠȣȤȚıȝȩȩʌȦȢIJĮʌȠȣțȐȝȚıĮʌȠȣĮijȒȞȠȣȞİțIJȚșȑȝİȞȠIJȠȞȜĮȚȝȩ
țĮȚIJĮȤȑȡȚĮȜȩȖȦIJȦȞĮȞȠȚȖȝȐIJȦȞ$SUHDHWDO, Machera et al, 2003).
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮıIJȘȞǿıʌĮȞȓĮijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚIJĮȝȑIJȡĮȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȝİIJĮȟȪ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȦȡȖȚțȩ IJȠȝȑĮ ȒIJĮȞ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ
ʌȠȣ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȣȢ įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ
ȤȘȝȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚȠ țĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȘȞȣȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
(Paron et al, 1996). ǼȡİȣȞĮ ʌȠȣ įȚİȟȒȤșȘ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ İȓȤİ ȦȢ ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ
İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȞİțIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ įȪȠ İȚįȫȞ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȠȪȚȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȝİIJĮȟȪİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȠȣȢĮȖȡȠȪȢțĮȚıİșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ
IJĮȠʌȠȓĮȒIJĮȞįȪȠİȚįȫȞIJĮʌȚȠȝȠȞIJȑȡȞĮȝİIJȠȞȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȩțĮȚȖȣȐȜȚȞȠıțİȜİIJȩ
ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ʌĮȜĮȚȩIJİȡȠȣ IJȪʌȠȣ ȝİ ȟȪȜȚȞȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ țĮȚ ȤȡȒıȘ ʌȠȜȣĮȚșȣȜİȞȓȠȣ
ȍıIJȩıȠIJȠȪȥȠȢțĮȚȘĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȦȞijȣIJȫȞȒIJĮȞʌĮȡȩȝȠȚĮȈİĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞĮ
ıȣȝȝİIJİȓȤĮȞȑȝʌİȚȡȠȚȐȞįȡİȢȤİȚȡȚıIJȑȢȥİțĮıIJȒȡȦȞǹȣIJȒȘȑȡİȣȞĮȑįİȚȟİȩIJȚ
Ș ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȚȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ ıȣȞįȣȐıIJȘțİ ȝİ IJȘȞ IJİȤȞȚțȒ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ IJȠȣ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠțĮȚIJȘįȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮIJȠȣȥİțĮıȝȠȪțĮȚijȐȞȘțİ
ȩIJȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȢįȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒȢIJȦȞȖİȦȡȖȚțȫȞİȡȖĮıȚȫȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮșȑıİȚıİȝİȖȐȜȠȒ
ȝȚțȡȩțȓȞįȣȞȠįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢıIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚĭȐȞȘțİȩIJȚ
ıIJĮ șİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮ ȠȚ ȥİțĮıȝȠȓ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ȥİțĮıIJȒȡİȢ ȤİȚȡȩȢ țĮȚ ȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ȠȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ İȓȤĮȞ IJȘ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ȑțșİıȘ İȞȫ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ IJȦȞ ĮȖȡȫȞ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıĮȞ ȠȜȩıȦȝȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ İȓȤĮȞ ȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡȘ ȑțșİıȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
İʌĮijȒȢȝİIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐǵıȠȞĮijȠȡȐIJȠȞȠȜȩıȦȝȠʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩijȐȞȘțİ
ȩIJȚĮȣIJȩIJȠİȓįȠȢʌĮȡȑȤİȚIJȘȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ0DFKHUDHWDO ȈİȝȚĮ
ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌȠȣ įȚİȟȒȤșȘ ıIJȘ ȂİȖȐȜȘ ǺȡİIJĮȞȓĮ țĮȚ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ IJȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ
ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞȝȑıȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȘȤȡȒıȘIJȘȢʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒȢİȞįȣȝĮıȓĮȢ
țĮȚIJȦȞȖĮȞIJȚȫȞȝİȓȦȞİIJȘȞİʌĮijȒȝİIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐȜȩȖȦįȚĮıʌȠȡȐȢIJȠȣȢĮȜȜȐįİȞ
ijȐȞȘțİIJȠȓįȚȠțĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞȤȡȒıȘȝȐıțĮȢ/DQGHUand +LQNHǾȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞ
ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢİȟİʌĮijȒȢ
ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ țĮȚ ȩIJȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ
ĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚĮıIJİȓ İȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮ %UX\Q]HHO
ȉĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞ IJȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȕȡĮȤȓȠȞİȢ țĮȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞȖĮȞIJȚȫȞțĮIJȐIJȠȞȤİȚȡȚıȝȩİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞȖȚĮ
IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJĮ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıIJȠ ıȦıIJȩ
ȝȑȖİșȠȢ IJȠȣ ȤȡȒıIJȘ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ Įʌȩ ȣȜȚțȩ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȚȢ
ȠȣıȓĮȢʌȠȣȤİȚȡȓȗİIJĮȚȠİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢțĮȚijȣıȚțȐȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚȣʌȩȥȘȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮ
țĮȚIJȠİȓįȠȢIJȘȢİʌĮijȒȢǼʌȓıȘȢȩIJĮȞIJĮȖȐȞIJȚĮșĮĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȚșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝİıȦıIJȒIJİȤȞȚțȒȑIJıȚȫıIJİȞĮĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓȘİʌĮijȒIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢȝİIJȘȞ
İȟȦIJİȡȚțȒİʌȚȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȘİʌȚijȐȞİȚĮIJȦȞȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ+6(
ȉĮȝȑıĮĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮĮʌȩIJĮțȣȡȚȩIJİȡĮȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢIJȦȞ
įȚĮijȩȡȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞįİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞʌĮșȒıİȦȞĮȜȜȐIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚ
IJĮİȟȒȢ+6(
- ȂʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıȠȣȞȝȩȞȠIJȠȐIJȠȝȠʌȠȣIJĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓ.
- ĬĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚıIJȠțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȝȑȖİșȠȢțĮȚijIJȚĮȖȝȑȞĮĮʌȩțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣȜȚțȩ
- ĬĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮijȠȡȚȠȪȞIJĮȚțĮȚȞĮĮijĮȚȡȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİĮıijĮȜȒIJȡȩʌȠ.
- ǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ țȓȞȘıȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ IJȠȣ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ.
- Ǿ ıȣȞİȤȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ıȦıIJȩ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ
IJȠȣȢIJȘıȦıIJȒıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȒIJȠȣȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘȞİʌȓȕȜİȥȒIJȠȣİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ıȦıIJȒIJȠȣȢȤȡȒıȘ.
- ǼȐȞIJĮȝȑıĮĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢįİȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİIJȠȞıȦıIJȩIJȡȩʌȠ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝȘȞʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȦȞȕȜĮȕİȡȫȞȖȚĮIJȠįȑȡȝĮȠȣıȚȫȞ
29
30
ȁȅǿȆȅǿȉȇȅȆȅǿȆȇȅȈȉǹȈǿǹȈ
ȂİȡȚțȠȓ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ IJȡȩʌȠȣȢ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣșȠȪȞ ȠȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJĮșİȡȝȠțȒʌȚĮțĮȚȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮıIJȠȞȖİȦȡȖȚțȩIJȠȝȑĮİȓȞĮȚ
ȆȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒ: Ǿ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘ ʌȜȪıȘ IJȦȞ ȤİȡȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ʌĮȡİȝʌȩįȚıȘIJȦȞįİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞĮȜȜȐįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȝİ
Ȟİȡȩ įȚȩIJȚ Ș ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ IJȠȣ ȤȡȒıȘ ȝʌȠȡİȓ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȒ ȞĮ ȝİȚȫıİȚ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ȠįȘȖȫȞIJĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢ IJȠȣ Ǿ ʌȜȪıȘ IJȦȞ
ȤİȡȚȫȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝİȒʌȚȠıĮʌȠȪȞȚțĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘIJȦȞʌȚȠ
ıțȜȘȡȫȞ țĮȚ įȪıțȠȜȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ʌȡȠIJİȓȞİIJĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ İȚįȚțȫȞ ȜİȚĮȞIJȚțȫȞ
ıĮʌȠȣȞȚȫȞ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO.
ǹȞIJȚțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȝİ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ ȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢ: ȅİȡİșȚıȝȩȢIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ İȞIJĮșİȓ İȐȞ ʌȡȠıIJİșİȓ ıĮʌȠȪȞȚ țĮȚ ĮʌȠȡȡȣʌĮȞIJȚțȩ ȝĮȗȓ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ įȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȒʌȚĮțĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȐ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO
ǹȣIJȠȝĮIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȠȓ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ: ǵʌȠȣ ĮȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ
įȣȞĮIJȩȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚĮȣIJȩȝĮIJĮȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮ ȖȚĮIJȘȞİțIJȑȜİıȘ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞ įȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞ Ȓ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩȢ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ
İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȦȞȖȚĮIJȠįȑȡȝĮİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO
ȋȡȒıȘ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ ǵʌȠȣ ĮȣIJȩ İʌȚIJȡȑʌİIJĮȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ ĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞȠȣȞ IJȚȢ
IJȠȟȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢĮʌȩIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO
ȆȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩȢ ȡȠȣȤȚıȝȩȢ: Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ ıȦıIJȠȪ ȡȠȣȤȚıȝȠȪ Įʌȩ ȣȜȚțȩ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ İȞįİȓțȞȣIJĮȚ
țĮșȫȢįİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȩȜĮIJĮȣijȐıȝĮIJĮȞĮİȝʌȠįȓıȠȣȞIJȘȞİʌĮijȒIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢȝİ
ȩȜİȢ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ Ȓ țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȤȡȩȞȠ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ĮȣIJȩĮijȠȡȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢ%UXHJJHPDQHWDO
ĭȡȠȞIJȓįĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ: Ǿ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİȚȫıİȚ IJȚȢ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ IJȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞ
ʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦIJȡȩʌȦȞ+6(
- ǾIJȣȤĮȓĮȑțșİıȘșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮțĮșĮȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮȝȑıȦȢ
- ĬĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌȜȑȞİIJĮȚ IJĮțIJȚțȐ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝİ
ȗİıIJȩȞİȡȩțĮȚȞĮıIJİȖȞȫȞİIJĮȚțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ
- ĬĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ıIJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚșĮȑȤȠȣȞ
IJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮIJȘȡȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞȣȖȚİȚȞȒIJȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞȝİĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠțĮȚ
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ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ
ȋȡȒıȘ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ țĮȚ İȞȣįĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ: Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ ȜȠıȚȩȞ țĮȚ
țȡİȝȫȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȩıȠ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ IJȦȞįİȡȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
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IJȠįȑȡȝĮțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǾȤȡȒıȘʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞʌȠȣİȞȣįĮIJȫȞȠȣȞIJȠ
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ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ įȚȩIJȚ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ țĮȚ
ȑIJıȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İʌȚȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ țĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ȠʌȠȓĮʌȡȠȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ+6(
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33
34
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HEALTH AND SAFETY INTO THE GREENHOUSES
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Postgraduate Programme Health and Safety in Workplaces, Medical School, Democritus University
of Thrace, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School, Democritus
University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Abstract: The working conditions in a greenhouse are characterized as adverse for
its workers since the main concern in these places is the protection and
development of the plants. Consequently, in the greenhouses there are a lot
natural, chemical and biological hazards, which, if there are no protective
measures, may have hazardous consequences to the dermal health of the workers
and threat their health and safety. The aim of the study was tThe purpose of the
present study was to assess the effect of the natural, chemical and biological
factors which prevail in the working environment of a greenhouse and to what
extend these factors threaten the dermal health of the workers. From the present
study we found that in the working environment of greenhouses there is humidity,
dust an exposure to radiation and hazardous gases. Working in such environments
the presence of skin cancer, skin disorders, allergies, mycoses, and burns is
facilitated. It was also found that the level of health and safety in greenhouses, as
well as the radiation, statistically correlate with the transepidermal water loss and
melanin and the working conditions with the skin temperature. Furthermore, it was
found that the sex was statistically correlated both with the skin moisture and the
transepidermal water loss unlike the years of total work. In conclusion, working in
greenhouses has harmful consequences on the skin health of the workers.
Therefore effective measures should be taken so that the health and safety of the
employees is not threatened.
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ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıĮȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİįȣȠİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚĮȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıIJȘȞ
ǼȜȜȐįĮȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıĮȞİȚįȚțȩĮȞȫȞȣȝȠİȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠȝİİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ
țȜİȚıIJȠȪ IJȪʌȠȣ Ǿ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ IJȦȞ įİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȑȖȚȞİ ȝİ IJĮ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ 6366 țĮȚ 0LFURVRIW ([FHO ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮIJȘȢ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȝİ IJȠ șȩȡȣȕȠ ıȣȤȞȐIJȠȞĮİȡȚıȝȩ-İȟĮİȡȚıȝȩıȣȤȞȐIJĮȡȚȞȓıȝĮIJĮıȣȤȞȐ
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJȠȣȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢıȣȤȞȐ
IJĮȣȖȡȐȘȜİțIJȡȩȜȣıȘȢıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮțĮȚIJĮȣȜȚțȐȩʌȦȢȝİȜȐȞȚĮ
ȤȘȝȚțȐįȚĮȜȪIJİȢıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȂȩȞȠIJȠIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ȑȤİȚ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJİȓ ȖȚĮ IJȑIJĮȞȠ ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȚțȩ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıIJȒ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ıİ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ȅȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ
ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȣȜȚțȫȞ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıȣȤȞȐ
İȪijȜİțIJĮȣȜȚțȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮțĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮİȡȖĮȜİȓĮıȣȤȞȐȈȤİIJȚțȐȝİ
IJȠȣȢ İȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ IJȠ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞ șİȦȡİȓ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ȡȣșȝȩȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚıȣȤȞȐȑȞIJȠȞȠȢİȞȫȩIJȚijȑȡİȚıȣȤȞȐȣȥȘȜȩȕĮșȝȩİȣșȪȞȘȢ
ȉĮ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȞȠțȑijĮȜȠȚ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮIJȐ
IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮȨʌȞȓİȢ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ țȠȪȡĮıȘ țĮȚ ĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮ
ıIJĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ-țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȐ ıIJȠȣȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ ȝİȜȐȞȚĮ ȈȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌĮȡȐ IJȚȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıșİȓIJĮșȑȝĮIJĮȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢıIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮIJȘȢȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ
ǹȟȓȗİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ ıIJȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȦșİȓ İȐȞ țĮȚ
țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ Ș ȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȒ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıȣȝʌȓʌIJİȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȒİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
ǼǿȈǹīȍīǾ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȘȢ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȠȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ
țȜȐįȠȢȠȠʌȠȓȠȢȤȡȒȗİȚİȚįȚțȒȢįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȢȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȚȢıȣȞșȒțİȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 37-60
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Ǿ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ țȩıȝȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ıȤİįȩȞ ȐȖȞȦıIJȘ ȜȑȟȘ țĮȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮ țĮȜȐ țȡȣȝȝȑȞȠ ȝȣıIJȚțȩ IJȦȞ ȖȡĮijȚțȫȞ IJİȤȞȫȞ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ıȪȞșİIJȘ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȣȥȘȜȒȢIJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȘȢ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȪȞșİIJĮ țĮșȒțȠȞIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ
ıȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢțĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮĮȞȣʌȐȡȟȠȣȞȜȐșȠȢȤİȚȡȚıȝȠȓǼȓȞĮȚʌȡȠijĮȞȑȢȩIJȚȠȚ
ĮIJȝȠȓIJĮĮȑȡȚĮȠȚĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȚȢIJĮįȚȐijȠȡĮȤȘȝȚțȐțĮȚȠșȩȡȣȕȠȢĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞIJȘȞ
İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ
İȞȑȤİȚțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚȑțșİıȘıİʌȠȜȜȠȪȢȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȪȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢʌȠȣ
İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞȐȝİıĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȩIJĮȞįİȞIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȒįİȞİijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚIJĮȝȑIJȡĮĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ
ȈIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ Ș İȚțȩȞĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȞĮ İțIJȣʌȦșİȓ ȤĮȡȐııİIJĮȚ ʌȐȞȦ ıİ ȑȞĮ
ȝȑIJĮȜȜȠ Ȓ țȪȜȚȞįȡȠ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȫȞIJĮȢ İıȠȤȑȢ ȉȠ ȝȑIJĮȜȜȠ Ȓ Ƞ țȪȜȚȞįȡȠȢ ȕȣșȓȗİIJĮȚ
ıIJȠ ȝİȜȐȞȚ țĮȚıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȘʌİȡȓııİȚĮʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮȝİȜĮȞȚȠȪĮijĮȚȡİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩIJĮ
ȝȘ ȤĮȡĮȖȝȑȞĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ țȣȜȓȞįȡȠȣ ȝİ IJȘ ȕȠȒșİȚĮ ȝȚĮȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ȜİʌȓįĮȢ ȉȠ
ȝȑIJĮȜȜȠȒȠțȪȜȚȞįȡȠȢȑȡȤİIJĮȚıİİʌĮijȒȝİIJȠȤĮȡIJȓȒȝİȐȜȜȠȣʌȩıIJȡȦȝĮıIJȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠ IJȠ ȝİȜȐȞȚ ȝİIJĮijȑȡİȚ IJȘȞ İȚțȩȞĮ ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȠ IJȣʌȦȝȑȞȠ ȣʌȩıIJȡȦȝĮ
ʌİȡȞȐ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ ȗİıIJȩ ijȠȪȡȞȠ ȟȒȡĮȞıȘȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȟȐIJȝȚıȘ IJȦȞ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ
ǹȣIJȩ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ
ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȫȞțĮȚȣȜȚțȫȞıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮȢ
ȅȚȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓİȢȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ
țĮȚ ıȪȜȜȘȥȘ IJȠȣ ıȤİįȓȠȣ - İȚțȩȞĮȢ Ș ıȚįȘȡȠțĮIJĮıțİȣȒ Ș İʌȚȝİIJȐȜȜȦıȘ
İʌȚȞȚțȑȜȦıȘİʌȚȤȐȜțȦıȘİʌȚȤȡȦȝȓȦıȘȘȜİȓĮȞıȘȘİȖȤȐȡĮȟȘIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ
țĮȚȘİțIJȪʌȦıȘ
ǾİȚțȩȞĮ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ ĮʌȩİțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮȝȚțȡȐțȪIJIJĮȡĮȤĮȡĮȖȝȑȞĮıİ
İʌȚȤĮȜțȦȝȑȞȠȣȢțȣȜȓȞįȡȠȣȢȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȣijȓıIJĮȞIJĮȚİʌȚȝİIJȐȜȜȦıȘȝİ
ȤȡȫȝȚȠ ȂȚĮ ȖȡĮijȓįĮ ȝİ įȚĮȝȐȞIJȚ ȤĮȡȐııİȚ ȝȚțȡȐțȪIJIJĮȡĮȝİ ȡȣșȝȩ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ
ĮȞȐįİȣIJİȡȩȜİʌIJȠȈȒȝİȡĮȠȚțȪȜȚȞįȡȠȚȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢȤĮȡȐııȠȞIJĮȚĮʌİȣșİȓĮȢ
Įʌȩ ȥȘijȚĮțȐ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ Ǿ ȤȘȝȚțȒ İȖȤȐȡĮȟȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȝȚțȡȩ
ʌȠıȠıIJȩțĮȚȝȩȞȠȖȚĮİȚįȚțȑȢİijĮȡȝȠȖȑȢ
ȈIJȘȞ İțįȠIJȚțȒ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıțȜȘȡȑȢ ȡȘIJȓȞİȢ ʌȠȣ įȚĮȜȪȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ
IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ȒțĮȚ ĮȜİȚijĮIJȚțȠȪȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ İȞȫ ıIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ ıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮȢ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ İıIJȑȡİȢ țĮȚ ĮȜțȠȩȜİȢ țĮȚ įİȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȣįȡȠȖȠȞĮȞșȡȐțȦȞ
ȉĮȝİȜȐȞȚĮİȖțȣȝȠȞȠȪȞțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
Ǿ ʌȣȡȠʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ țĮIJĮȚȠȞȚıIJȒȡİȢ ʌȣȡȠıȕİıIJȒȡİȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘ įȚȩIJȚıIJĮ
ȝİȜȐȞȚĮİȝʌİȡȚȑȤȠȞIJĮȚİȪijȜİțIJȠȚįȚĮȜȪIJİȢȉĮȘȜİțIJȡȚțȐıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮșĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚĮıijĮȜȒțĮȚĮȞIJȚİțȡȘțIJȚțȠȪIJȪʌȠȣȅȑȜİȖȤȠȢIJȠȣıIJĮIJȚțȠȪȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȠȪʌȤ
ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ IJȘȢ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢ ȖİȓȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİȖȐȜȘȢ ıȘȝĮıȓĮȢ įȚȩIJȚ ʌȠȜȜȐ įȚĮȜȣIJȚțȐ
ȩIJĮȞ ʌİȡȐıȠȣȞ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ ʌȜĮıIJȚțȩıȦȜȒȞĮȒȝȑıȦIJȠȣĮȑȡĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ
ıIJĮIJȚțȩȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȩ
ȅ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ ĮȞȐȝȚȟȘȢ ʌȤ ȝȚțȡȠȓ ĮȞĮįİȣIJȒȡİȢ ȝİȖȐȜİȢ įİȟĮȝİȞȑȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıİȚ įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ
38
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȅȚ ȜİʌȓįİȢ ĮȞȐȝȚȟȘȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ijȣȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡİȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ IJȠȣȢ ǵIJĮȞ ȠȚ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡİȢ ĮijĮȚȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢ ıȤİIJȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ ȝİ IJȘ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘ
IJȩIJİ ȠȚ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢIJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıȘȢ İIJȚțȑIJĮȢ ORFNRXWWDJRXW SURFHGXUHV
İȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJİȢ
ȉĮ ȝİȜȐȞȚĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ įȚȠȤİIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚ ĮʌİȣșİȓĮȢ ȝȑıȦ İȚįȚțȫȞ ıȦȜȘȞȫıİȦȞ
ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ ȆĮȡȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȠȜȜȐ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ IJȠȣȢ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ȞĮ
ȝİIJĮijİȡșȠȪȞ ȤİȚȡȠȞĮțIJȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ ĮȞȐȝȚȟȘȢ ȝȑıĮ ıİ ıȐțȠȣȢ ȕĮȡȑȜȚĮ Ȓ
ȐȜȜĮįȠȤİȓĮȝİțȓȞįȣȞȠʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢȤȘȝȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ǾȤȡȒıȘȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞȦȢȕȐıȘIJȠȞİȡȩıIJȘȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȝİȚȫȞİȚIJȠȣȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮțĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞIJȚȢĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢİȜȑȖȤȠȣIJȘȢĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȒȢȡȪʌĮȞıȘȢ
țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȠ țȩıIJȠȢ įȚȐșİıȘȢ IJȦȞ ĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞ ǹțȩȝĮ țĮȚ IJĮ ȝİȜȐȞȚĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞĮȖȡȐijȠȣȞȩIJȚȑȤȠȣȞȦȢȕȐıȘIJȠȞİȡȩıIJȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞȤĮȝȘȜȐ
İʌȓʌİįĮ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȡȩıijȣıȘȢ ȅȡȚıȝȑȞĮ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ
ȝİȜȐȞȚĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞĮțȩȝĮțĮȚȤȡȦıIJȚțȑȢȕĮȡȑȦȞȝİIJȐȜȜȦȞțĮȚʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJȠȞIJĮȚȦȢİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮĮʌȩȕȜȘIJĮ
ȅȚ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ıIJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞĮʌȞȠȒ
ıIJȠȞİȣȡȚțȩțĮȚȠȡȝȠȞȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮȅȡȚıȝȑȞİȢȠȣıȓİȢȑȤȠȣȞİʌȚȕȜĮȕȒįȡȐıȘıIJȠ
ĮȝȞȚĮțȩ ȣȖȡȩ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ țĮȡțȓȞȠ țĮȚ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ıIJȠȞ İȖțȑijĮȜȠ ȅȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȓ
įȚĮȜȪIJİȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮİȚıȑȜșȠȣȞıIJȠȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȝȑıȦIJȘȢİȚıʌȞȠȒȢ
IJȘȢ țĮIJȐʌȠıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ Ǿ ıȣȞİȤȒȢ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȪȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘ ȝİȓȦıȘ ıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȠȪ țĮȚ ȝȞȒȝȘȢ țȠȪȡĮıȘ
țĮȚʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢȕȜȐȕİȢıIJȠțİȞIJȡȚțȩȞİȣȡȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ȅȚȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȓįȚĮȜȪIJİȢȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘįȚȐȜȣıȘțĮȚĮȞȐȝİȚȟȘ
ȜĮįȚȫȞȡȘIJȚȞȫȞȕİȡȞȚțȚȫȞțĮȚȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞȩʌȦȢİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚȖȚĮIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩIJȠȣ
İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪȅȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
Ǿ ǼʌĮijȒ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȝİ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ıİ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
ȅȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚįȚĮȜȪIJİȢʌȤȞȑijIJȚȝİșȣȜȚțȒĮȜțȠȩȜȘIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠȟȣȜȩȜȚȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚİʌȚȕȜĮȕȒȢȖȚĮIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩİȐȞĮʌȠȡȡȠijȘșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȠįȑȡȝĮ
Ǿ İȚıʌȞȠȒ ĮIJȝȫȞ įȚĮȜȪIJȘ İȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ ȝȚĮ ıİȚȡȐ Įʌȩ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ʌȤ ȗȐȜȘ ȞĮȣIJȓĮ țȩʌȦıȘ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȠȪ ȝİ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ ĮȣȟȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ ȖȚĮ ȜȐșȘ țĮȚ İȡȖĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ȅȚ
ȑȡİȣȞİȢ įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ Ș ȤȡȩȞȚĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ ȕȜȐȕȘ ıIJȠȞ İȖțȑijĮȜȠ ȝİ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ȝȞȒȝȘȢ
ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ıIJȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ țȩʌȦıȘ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘ ȞȠȘȝȠıȪȞȘ ʌȚȠ ĮȡȖȐ
ĮȞIJĮȞĮțȜĮıIJȚțȐțĮțȩȢıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȩȢȤİȡȚȠȪ-ȝĮIJȚȠȪǼʌȓıȘȢȠȚįȚĮȜȪIJİȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
İʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞțĮȚȐȜȜĮȩȡȖĮȞĮIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢʌȤIJȠȞȑijIJȚȞİijȡȐIJȠIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠțĮȚ
ȠȚȤȜȦȡȚȦȝȑȞȠȚȣįȡȠȖȠȞȐȞșȡĮțİȢȒʌĮȡIJȠȝİșȣȜİȞȠȤȜȦȡȓįȚȠțĮȡįȚȐ
ǾțĮIJȐʌȠıȘIJȠȟȚțȫȞįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ
ȅȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȤȜȦȡȚȦȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȣįȡȠȖȠȞȐȞșȡĮțİȢ
İȓȞĮȚ İȪijȜİțIJȠȚ DzȞĮȢ įȚĮȜȪIJȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ İȪijȜİțIJȠȢ İȐȞ ȠȚ ĮIJȝȠȓ IJȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮijȜİȖȠȪȞțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȠ&ȩIJĮȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚʌȘȖȒĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ
ȉĮȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ-ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ
īȞȫıȘIJȦȞįİȜIJȓȦȞįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ06'6
ȋȡȒıȘ ȩıȠ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ IJȠȟȚțȫȞ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ʌȤ ĮȞIJȚțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ
ȝİșȣȜȚțȒȢĮȜțȠȩȜȘȢȝİțĮșĮȡȩȠȚȞȩʌȞİȣȝĮȒȚıȠʌȡȠʌȣȜȚțȒĮȜțȠȩȜȘ
ǼȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢ
ȅȚįȚĮȜȪIJİȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮʌȠșȘțİȪȠȞIJĮȚıİİȚįȚțȩȤȫȡȠȖȚĮİȪijȜİțIJĮȣȜȚțȐ
ǹʌȠijȣȖȒ ȤȡȒıȘȢ įȠȤİȓȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȡȩijȚȝĮ Ȓ ʌȠIJȐ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘ IJȦȞ
įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞǵȜĮIJĮįȠȤİȓĮțĮȚȠȚʌİȡȚȑțIJİȢșĮijȑȡȠȣȞʌȐȞIJĮİIJȚțȑIJĮ
ǹʌĮȖȩȡİȣıȘIJȠȣțĮʌȞȓıȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚĮʌȠijȣȖȒįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮȢijȜȩȖĮȢ
ȆȣȡȠıȕİıIJȒȡİȢ
ȋȡȒıȘȖĮȞIJȚȫȞțĮIJȐIJȠȞȤİȚȡȚıȝȩįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞțĮȚİȚįȚțȒȢȝȐıțĮȢȖȚĮȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȪȢ
ĮIJȝȠȪȢİȐȞȠİȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚİʌĮȡțȒȢ
ȉȠ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ıIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ IJȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȦȞ İțʌȠȝʌȫȞ ʌȠȣ
ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȣȢ ĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȪȢ ȡȪʌȠȣȢ-Hazardous Air Pollutants
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣIJȠȣıȣȞȩȜȠȣIJȦȞİțʌȠȝʌȫȞ+$3țĮIJȐȝȐȗĮ
DzȤȠȣȞĮȞĮijİȡșİȓȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȐıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮȝİıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒıȤȑıȘįȩıȘȢ-įȡȐıȘȢ
(50-SSPİȞȫȘȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮȑțșİıȘʌȐȞȦĮʌȩȤȡȩȞȚĮʌȡȠțĮȜİȓʌȠȜȪ
ʌȚȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȃİȣȡȠ-ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȘșİȓ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘ ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ȤȡȠȞȠıIJĮșȝȚıȝȑȞȠ ȝȑıȠ
ȩȡȠ (Time Weighted Average ± 7:$ IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ʌȠȣ ȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞİȚ IJĮ SSP
ȈȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ʌȤ țİijĮȜĮȜȖȓĮ țȩʌȦıȘ İȡİșȚıȝȩȢ ıIJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ țĮȚ ĮȓıșȘȝĮ
ȝȑșȘȢ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ - SSP DzȡİȣȞİȢ
įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ țȐIJȦ Įʌȩ SSP įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ıȠȕĮȡȑȢ
ȥȣȤȠțȚȞȘIJȚțȑȢİʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ
ȂİȜȑIJȘȑįİȚȟİȩIJȚĮțȩȝĮțĮȚȘȤĮȝȘȜȒȑțșİıȘıİIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJȠȞȐȟȠȞĮ
ȣʌȠșĮȜȐȝȠȣ-ȣʌȩijȣıȘȢȝİįİȣIJİȡİȪȠȣıĮȝİȓȦıȘıIJȘȞȑțțȡȚıȘIJİıIJȠıIJİȡȩȞȘȢ
ǾʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮIJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣıIJȠĮȓȝĮıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚȣʌȐȡȤİȚİȞįȠȖİȞȒȢ
ȑțșİıȘ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ĮʌȠșȒțİȢ IJȠȣ ȜȚʌȫįȠȣȢ ȚıIJȠȪ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ıȣȞİȤȓȗİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ȝİIJȐ IJȠ IJȑȜȠȢ IJȘȢ ȕȐȡįȚĮȢ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐȗİIJĮȚ IJȠ
ȞİȣȡȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ǹȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȝijĮȞȚıIJȠȪȞ IJĮ İȟȒȢ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ
ȈIJĮSSPȑȤİȚĮȞĮijİȡșİȓİȜĮijȡȐȣʌȞȘȜȓĮțĮȚțİijĮȜĮȜȖȓĮ
ȈIJĮ - SSP İȡİșȓȗİIJĮȚ Ș ȝȪIJȘ Ƞ ȜĮȚȝȩȢ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ȠįȩȢ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚțȩʌȦıȘ țĮȚȗȐȜȘ
ȆȐȞȦĮʌȩSSPʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚȒʌȚĮȞĮȣIJȓĮțĮȚȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮ
ȆȐȞȦĮʌȩSSPʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚįȚĮȞȠȘIJȚțȒıȪȖȤȣıȘțĮȚȑȜȜİȚȥȘıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȠȪ
Ȉİ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡİȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ ĮȚıșȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİʌȑȜșİȚȠșȐȞĮIJȠȢ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ ǻȚİșȞȒ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ǼȡİȣȞĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȀĮȡțȓȞȠ ,$5& IJȘȞ
ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒ ǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮ țȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȫȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȠȜȩȖȦȞ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢ $&*,+ țĮȚ IJȠ
39
40
ǼșȞȚțȩȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȉȠȟȚțȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ 173IJȠIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠįİȞșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠ
ȖȚĮIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠ
ȅȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȩȝȦȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ țĮȚ ȝİȖȐȜȠȚ Ǿ
İȚıʌȞȠȒ ĮIJȝȫȞ IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıİȚ IJȠ țİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȅȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ ȩIJȚȩıȠȚİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıİıȤİIJȚțȐȣȥȘȜȑȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ
IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ıİ ʌȠȜȪʌȜȠțĮ țĮșȒțȠȞIJĮ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ
IJȘȢ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȖȚĮ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ Ȓ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȠȪ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ȝȞȒȝȘȢ țĮȚ
įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ ȪʌȞȠȣ Ǿ ʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘ İʌĮijȒ IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ȝİ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȞȫ Ș ʌȠȜȪ ȝȚțȡȒ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ȑțșİıȘȢ - ȜİʌIJȐ ıİ
ĮIJȝȠȪȢ IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ İȜĮijȡȪ İȡİșȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ ȠijșĮȜȝȫȞ ıIJĮ
SSPȈİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘİȚıʌȞȠȒȢȒțĮIJȐʌȠıȘȢIJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓ
ıȠȕĮȡȩȢİȡİșȚıȝȩȢȕȜȐȕȘıIJȠȣȢȚıIJȠȪȢIJȦȞʌȞİȣȝȩȞȦȞțĮȚșȐȞĮIJȠȢȅȚȞİijȡȠȓ
țĮȚIJȠȒʌĮȡįİȞİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚİțIJȩȢĮȞȘȑțșİıȘıİIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪ ȝİȖȐȜȘ
Ȉİ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİ ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȑțșİıȘ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ SSP įİȞ
ȣʌȒȡȟĮȞıĮijİȓȢİȞįİȓȟİȚȢȖȚĮȞİijȡȚțȒȕȜȐȕȘİȞȫȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȜȓȖĮıIJȠȚȤİȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ ȘʌĮIJȚțȒȢ ȕȜȐȕȘȢ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȑșȘțĮȞ ıİ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ SSP IJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ȉȑȜȠȢ IJȠ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ İʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ IJȠ ĮȓȝĮ țĮȚ IJȠ
ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȉȠ ȞȚțȑȜȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚȠȖȩȞȠ țĮȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ įİȡȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ
İȓȞĮȚȘİțȗİȝĮIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȢȝȠȡijȒȢİȞȫıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘİȚıʌȞȠȒȢIJȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓ ȡȚȞȓIJȚįĮ ĮȠıȝȓĮ țĮȚ įȚȐIJȡȘıȘ IJȠȣ ȡȚȞȚțȠȪ įȚĮijȡȐȖȝĮIJȠȢ
Ȋʌȩ İȚįȚțȑȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ IJȠ ȞȚțȑȜȚȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚ ȝİ IJȠ ȝȠȞȠȟİȓįȚȠ IJȠȣ
ȐȞșȡĮțĮ ıİ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȫȞIJĮȢ ȝȚĮİȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐ IJȠȟȚțȒʌIJȘIJȚțȒ
ȠȣıȓĮʌȠȣ ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ țĮȡȕȠȞȪȜȚȠ IJȠȣȞȚțİȜȓȠȣ1L&2 4DzțșİıȘIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ
ıIJȠ țĮȡȕȠȞȪȜȚȠ IJȠȣ ȞȚțİȜȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȜİʌIJȐ ıİ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ SSP ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ȠįȘȖȒıİȚ ĮțȩȝȘ ıIJȠ șȐȞĮIJȠ Ǿ ıȣȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ
ʌȠȞȠțȑijĮȜȠ įȣıijȠȡȓĮ țȩʌȦıȘ ĮįȣȞĮȝȓĮ ȞĮȣIJȓĮ ȑȝİIJȠ țĮȚ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ
ȖȡȓʌȘȢ©ʌȣȡİIJȩĮʌȩȝȑIJĮȜȜĮªȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠǻȚİșȞȑȢȀȑȞIJȡȠDzȡİȣȞĮȢȖȚĮIJȠȞ
ȀĮȡțȓȞȠ ,$5&țĮȚIJȠǼșȞȚțȩȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȉȠȟȚțȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ 173IJȠȞȚțȑȜȚȠțĮȚȠȚ
İȞȫıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞȒțȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ $ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞțĮȡțȓȞȠ
IJȠȣʌȞİȪȝȠȞĮIJȘȢȡȚȞȚțȒȢțȠȚȜȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣȜȐȡȣȖȖĮIJȠȣıIJȠȝȐȤȠȣțĮȚıȐȡțȦȝĮ
DzțșİıȘıİȣȥȘȜȑȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢȤȡȦȝȚțȠȪȠȟȑȠȢȒȤȡȦȝȚțȫȞĮȜȐIJȦȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ İȡİșȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ ȠijșĮȜȝȫȞ IJȘȢ ȡȚȞȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠȝĮIJȚțȒȢ țȠȚȜȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ
IJȘȢ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒȢ ȠįȠȪ Ǿ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ȤȡȫȝȚȠ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ʌȩȞȠȣȢ ıIJȠ
șȫȡĮțĮȕȒȤĮįȪıʌȞȠȚĮțĮȚȐıșȝĮȉȠȤȡȫȝȚȠĮʌȠȡȡȠijȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠįȑȡȝĮıIJȘȞ
İȟĮıșİȞȒIJȠȣȝȠȡijȒ&UțĮȚʌȡȠțĮȜİȓİȡİșȚıȝȩIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢȒțĮȚȑȜțȘİȞȫ
ıIJȘȞıʌȐȞȚĮʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘțĮIJȐʌȠıȒȢIJȠȣIJȠȤȡȫȝȚȠĮʌȠȡȡȠijȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȑȞIJİȡȠ
ȦȢ IJȡȚıșİȞȑȢ ȤȡȫȝȚȠ &U ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ ǻȚİșȞȑȢ ȀȑȞIJȡȠ DzȡİȣȞĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ
ȀĮȡțȓȞȠ,$5&țĮȚIJȠǼșȞȚțȩȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȉȠȟȚțȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ173IJȠȤȡȫȝȚȠĮȞȒțİȚ
ıIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ$țĮȚİȓȞĮȚțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȝȩȞȠİȐȞȝʌȠȡȑıİȚțĮȚįȚİȚıįȪıİȚıIJȠ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȩ IJȦȞ țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞ țĮȚ ijIJȐıİȚ ıIJȠȞ ʌȣȡȒȞĮ IJȠȣȢ Ȉİ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ
ȝİȜȑIJİȢʌȠȣȑȖȚȞĮȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțİĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘİʌȓʌIJȦıȘțĮȡțȓȞȠȣIJȠȣʌȞİȪȝȠȞĮıİ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȤȡȫȝȚȠ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȜȣIJȚțȑȢ İʌȚȤȡȦȝȚȫıİȚȢ Ǿ
ȑțșİıȘ ıİ İȟĮıșİȞȑȢ ȤȡȫȝȚȠ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İȜȐȤȚıIJȠ țĮȚ ıİ
ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ İțįȒȜȦıȘȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮȢ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞİIJĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ Ƞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ Įʌȩ
ĮȣIJȒIJȘșȑıȘİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȉĮʌȜȣȞIJȒȡȚĮțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȠȚįİȟĮȝİȞȑȢȘȜİțIJȡȩȜȣıȘȢIJĮ
ȝʌȐȞȚĮ ȤȡȦȝȓȠȣ țĮȚ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ - įȚȩȡșȦıȘȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ʌȐȞIJĮ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ĮʌĮȖȦȖȠȪȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞĮʌȩIJĮįȚȐijȠȡĮĮȑȡȚĮ
ȉĮ ȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȑȞĮ ȝİ ĮȞIJȚİțȡȘțIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
ȘȜİțIJȡȚțȫȞ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ ıIJȚȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıİ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ Ȓ ĮIJȝȠȪȢ
įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ȈIJĮ ȝʌȐȞȚĮ İʌȚȤȡȦȝȓȦıȘȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓİȢ
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣȠ&țĮȚįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓIJĮȚȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘİȟȐIJȝȚıȘīȚĮIJȠȜȩȖȠĮȣIJȩĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ
țĮȜȩȢ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢ įȚȩIJȚ IJĮ ĮȑȡȚĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ IJȠȟȚțȠȪ
ȤȡȦȝȚțȠȪȠȟȑȠȢ
ȅȚ ĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȚȢ ȤȡȦȝȓȠȣ ʌȡȚȞ İȟȑȜșȠȣȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȣʌȠıIJȠȪȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ DzIJıȚ IJĮ ĮʌĮȑȡȚĮ ʌİȡȞȠȪȞ ȝȑıĮ Įʌȩ ȑȞĮ įȚȐijȡĮȖȝĮ
įȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȠȪ (baffle seSDUDWRU Ȓ įȚĮȤȦȡȚıIJȒ ȣȖȡȫȞ OLTXLG VHSDUDWRU ȉĮ
ȘȜİțIJȡȠȜȣIJȚțȐ ıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ȝȐȗĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮ
ȣʌȩțİȚȞIJĮȚ ıİ ĮįȡȐȞİȚĮ țĮȚ ȤIJȣʌȠȪȞ IJĮ įȚĮijȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ ıIJȠ įȚĮȤȦȡȚıIJȒ İȞȫ Ƞ
ĮȑȡĮȢ ȡȑİȚ ȖȪȡȦ IJȠȣȢ ǹʌȩ IJĮ įȚĮijȡȐȖȝĮIJĮ IJĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ıȣȜȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ
įȠȤİȓȠ țĮȚ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ ʌȓıȦ ıIJȠ ȝʌȐȞȚȠ İʌȚȤȡȦȝȓȦıȘȢ ǹțȩȝĮ țĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȜȣȞIJȡȓįİȢ ĮİȡȓȦȞ (air scrubbers). ȀĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ
İʌȚȤȐȜțȦıȘȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓIJĮȚĮȑȡȚȠȣįȡȠȖȩȞȠțĮȚİʌȠȝȑȞȦȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ ȅȚ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ IJĮȤȪIJȘIJİȢ ıIJȚȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȑȢ ijȚȞȚȡȓıȝĮIJȠȢ ȤĮȜțȠȪ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ȝȚĮ ȜİʌIJȒ ȠȝȓȤȜȘ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȜȐįȚ țȠʌȒȢ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
İȚıʌȞİȪıȠȣȞȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠȞĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪIJȠȣĮȑȡĮȝİijȓȜIJȡĮ
ȉĮ ȣȖȡȐ ĮʌȩȕȜȘIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȚȗȒȝȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İʌİȚįȒ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȕĮȡȑĮ
ȝȑIJĮȜȜĮ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ țĮȚ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ īȚĮ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ ĮȣIJȩ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȦȞĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞıİİȚįȚțȒȝȠȞȐįĮȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪțĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪʌȡȚȞĮȣIJȐ
ȠįȘȖȘșȠȪȞ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȠȤȑIJİȣıȘ Ȓ İʌĮȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȝȑıȦ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
İʌĮȞĮțȣțȜȠijȠȡȓĮȢ ıIJȘ ȝȠȞȐįĮ ȉĮ ıIJİȡİȐ ĮʌȩȕȜȘIJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ IJĮ ȝȑIJĮȜȜĮ
ȣįȡȠȟİȚįȓȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ ȣȖȡȫȞ ĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞ IJȘ ȜȐıʌȘ ʌȠȣ
ıȣȜȜȑȖİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȜİȓĮȞıȘȢȤĮȜțȠȪțĮȚȤȡȦȝȓȠȣțĮȚIJĮİȝʌȠIJȚıȝȑȞĮ
ȝİ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ʌĮȞȚȐ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ıIJİȡİȐ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
įȚĮȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȦȢİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮĮʌȩȕȜȘIJĮ
ȅȚ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ IJȦȞ ʌIJȘIJȚțȫȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȫȞ
İțʌȠȝʌȫȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢ
ȋȡȒıȘ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ĮʌȠȜȓʌĮȞıȘȢ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ IJȠ Ȟİȡȩ ĮȞIJȓ ȖȚĮ ȤȜȦȡȚȦȝȑȞȠȣȢ
įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȂİȓȦıȘIJȘȢȤȡȒıȘȢįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠțĮȚȐȜȜȠȣȢ
ĮȡȦȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢȣįȡȠȖȠȞȐȞșȡĮțİȢ
ȋȡȒıȘ ȣįĮIJȠįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞ țĮȚ ȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ ijȣIJȚțȐ ȑȜĮȚĮ ʌȤ
ıȩȖȚĮȜȚȞĮȡȩıʌȠȡȠȢ
41
42
ȋȡȒıȘ țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȫȞ įȚĮȜȣȝȐIJȦȞ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ʌIJȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌȤ
ʌİȡȚİțIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘ Įʌȩ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ țĮȚ ȟȣȜȩȜȚȠ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘ
Įʌȩ Ȓ țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȫȞ ȝİ ijȣIJȚțȐ ȑȜĮȚĮ ȦȢ ȣʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȫȞ
įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞȝİȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȢȒĮȞIJȚțĮșȚıIJȫȞIJĮȢIJȘȞȚıȠʌȡȠʌȣȜȚțȒĮȜțȠȩȜȘ.
ȋȡȒıȘțĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȫȞȝİȕȐıȘIJȠıĮʌȠȪȞȚțĮȚİıIJİȡȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮijȣIJȚțȐȑȜĮȚĮȝİ
ĮȜțȠȩȜȖȚĮțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȤȦȡȓȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢȩʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞǹȣIJȐIJĮțĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȐ
ȑȤȠȣȞțĮIJȫIJİȡȠıȘȝİȓȠĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢIJȠȣȢȠC.
ȋȡȒıȘ įȚĮȜȣIJȚțȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ ʌȚİıIJȘȡȓȠȣ ʌȡȑıĮȢ ȝİ țĮIJȫIJİȡȠ
ıȘȝİȓȠĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢIJȠȣȢȠC.
ǹȞIJȚțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ įȚȤȜȦȡȠȝİșĮȞȓȠȣ ȝİșȣȜİȞȠȤȜȦȡȓįȚȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘIJȠȣĮʌȠȟȘȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȝİȜĮȞȚȠȪ.
ȂİȓȦıȘIJȠȣȕȐșȠȣȢİȖȤȐȡĮȟȘȢIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢʌȤșİȡȝȚțȩȜȑȚȗİȡ
ĮȞIJȓįȚĮȝĮȞIJȚȠȪ ȒȤȘȝȚțȒȢİȖȤȐȡĮȟȘȢȝİIJȡȚȤȜȦȡȚȠȪȤȠıȓįȘȡȠȩIJĮȞIJĮıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮIJȣʌȦșȠȪȞȝİȝİȜȐȞȚĮĮʌȩijȣIJȚțȐȑȜĮȚĮ.
ǶʌĮȡȟȘ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ĮȞȐțIJȘıȘȢ țĮȚ ĮȞĮțȪțȜȦıȘȢ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ijȓȜIJȡȦȞ țĮȚ
ȝȠȞȐįȦȞĮʌȩıIJĮȟȘȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢ.
DzȜİȖȤȠȢIJȦȞįȠȤİȓȦȞʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞʌIJȘIJȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȤȝİȜȐȞȚĮȤȡȫȝĮIJĮ
İȝʌȠIJȚıȝȑȞĮȝİįȚĮȜȪIJİȢʌĮȞȚȐȫıIJİȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJĮțȜİȚıIJȐıİĮʌȠȝȠȞȦȝȑȞȠ
țĮȚțĮȜȐĮİȡȚȗȩȝİȞȠȤȫȡȠ.
ȋȡȒıȘĮʌȠȡȡȠijȘIJȫȞİȞİȡȖȠȪȐȞșȡĮțĮ.
ȋȡȒıȘ ȝİIJĮțĮȣıIJȒȡȦȞ Ȓ ȝȠȞȐįȦȞ șİȡȝȚțȒȢ ȠȟİȓįȦıȘȢ (Regenerative
Thermal Oxidizer - RTO).
ǹʌȠIJȑijȡȦıȘĮʌĮİȡȓȦȞİȐȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȜȐțțİȢȝİȕȐıȘIJȠįȚĮȜȪIJȘ
ǼʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȣȖȡȫȞĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞ
ȅȚIJİȤȞȚțȑȢȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȦȞȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȫȞĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ
ǻȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȘȖȒ țĮȚ ʌȡȠİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ ȣȖȡȫȞ ĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ȝȘ ȕȚȠįȚĮıʌȐıȚȝȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ʌȤ ĮȞȐțIJȘıȘ
įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞȤȘȝȚțȒȠȟİȓįȦıȘʌȡȠıȡȩijȘıȘ.
ȂİȓȦıȘIJȦȞȕĮȡȑȦȞȝİIJȐȜȜȦȞʌȤȤȘȝȚțȒțĮșȓȗȘıȘțȡȠțȓįȦıȘĮȞIJĮȜȜĮȖȒ
ȚȩȞIJȦȞ.
ǻȚȐșİıȘ IJȦȞ ȣʌȠȜİȚȝȝȐIJȦȞ ıİ țĮșȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ IJĮijȒȢ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȦȞ
ĮʌȠȕȜȒIJȦȞ
Ȉİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ȝȘ ıȦıIJȒȢ ĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȝʌȠIJȚıȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȣijĮıȝȐIJȦȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓĮȣIJĮȞȐijȜİȟȘīȚĮIJȠȜȩȖȠĮȣIJȩIJĮ
İȝʌȠIJȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌĮȞȚȐ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İȜȐȤȚıIJȠ țĮȚ ȞĮ
IJȠʌȠșİIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıİ İȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȐ įȠȤİȓĮ ĮʌȠȡȡȚȝȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ țȜİȓȞȠȣȞ
ĮȣIJȩȝĮIJĮ ȈIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢ ıIJĮIJȚțȠȪ
ıȠț ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ İʌȓıȘȢ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ıIJĮIJȚțȒȢ ĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ IJȦȞİȪijȜİțIJȦȞĮIJȝȫȞ ʌȤ
ʌIJȘIJȚțȠȓ İȪijȜİțIJȠȚ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ȊȜȚțȐ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ ʌȠȜȣĮȚșȣȜȑȞȚȠ 3( țĮȚ IJȠ
ʌȠȜȣȕȚȞȚȜȠȤȜȦȡȓįȚȠ39&ʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȦȢȝȠȞȦIJȚțȐİȓȞĮȚʌȚșĮȞȩȞȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ıIJĮIJȚțȩ ȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȩ ȅȚ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ İȟȠȣįİIJȑȡȦıȘȢ ıIJĮIJȚțȠȪ
ȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȠȪ VWDWLF HOLPLQDWRUV ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ İȓIJİ ȝȚțȡȑȢ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJİȢ ıijȡĮȖȚıȝȑȞȠȣ
ȡĮįȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȣȜȚțȠȪIJȠȠʌȠȓȠįȡĮȦȢȚȠȞȚıIJȒȢİȓIJİȥȒțIJȡİȢĮʌȩȓȞİȢȐȞșȡĮțĮțĮȚ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮȣȥȘȜȒȢIJȐıȘȢǹȣIJȠȓȠȚȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȞIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚıȦıIJȐ
țĮȚȞĮįȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚțĮșĮȡȠȓ ȆİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮțĮȚȑȡİȣȞİȢȑįİȚȟĮȞȩIJȚȘʌȣȡĮȞȓȤȞİȣıȘ
ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ İȚįȚțȐ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJȠȢ ȖȚĮ ʌȣȡȩıȕİıȘ
(aerosol fire extinguishLQJ JHQHUDWRUV ıIJĮ ʌȚİıIJȒȡȚĮ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ ȝİȚȫȞȠȣȞ IJȠȞ
țȓȞįȣȞȠ ʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȞ ʌȣȡȩıȕİıȘȢ ĮȞșȡĮțȚțȩțȐȜȚȠįİȞĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ǹȚIJȓİȢĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ȉĮʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩ
ǹȞİʌĮȡțȒ ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȠȣİʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞIJȘȞʌȡȩıȕĮıȘıİțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ
ȝȑȡȘȝȘȤĮȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ.
ǹȞİʌĮȡțȒȢ ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘ ȜȩȖȦ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ Ȓ ĮijĮȓȡİıȘȢ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡȦȞIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ.
ǼʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢțĮIJȐIJȚȢİȡȖĮıȓİȢțĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪIJȦȞʌȚİıIJȘȡȓȦȞ
ǼʌȚȜȠȖȒȀĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıIJĮʌȚİıIJȒȡȚĮ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜİȣIJȚțȒ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ ǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢ ǼțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ (Printing
Industry Advisory Committee ± 3,$&ȑȞĮİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓțȐʌȠȚĮȕȒȝĮIJĮȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȚȜȠȖȒțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıIJĮ
ʌȚİıIJȒȡȚĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJĮİȟȒȢ
ǼțIJȓȝȘıȘİʌȚʌȑįȠȣĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȦȞȝȠȞȐįȦȞİțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ ȂİȖȐȜİȢʌȡȑıİȢ
ȈIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȢ
Ǿ ȣȥȘȜȒ IJȐıȘ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ İȪijȜİțIJȦȞ ȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓįȣȞȘIJȚțȩțȓȞįȣȞȠȖȚĮʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȒȑțȡȘȟȘīȚĮIJȠȜȩȖȠĮȣIJȩșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıȣıțİȣȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ĮʌȠIJȡȑʌȠȣȞ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ IJȐıȘȢ
ȘȜİțIJȡȚțȫȞIJȩȟȦȞȒıʌȚȞșȒȡȦȞİȚįȚțȐțȠȞIJȐıIJȠȞʌȚİıIJȚțȩțȪȜȚȞįȡȠ
ȉĮ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ȝȑȡȘ țĮIJȐ IJȚȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ țĮȚ İȖȤȐȡĮȟȘȢ IJȦȞ
țȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ İʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞ IJȘ ȡȪșȝȚıȘ IJȘȢ țȜȓȝĮțĮȢ
įȚĮȝȑIJȡȠȣIJȠȣțȣȜȓȞįȡȠȣ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȡȣșȝȓȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮPP.
ĬĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚȑȞĮțȩțțȚȞȠțȠȣȝʌȓȑțIJĮțIJȘȢĮȞȐȖțȘȢHPHUJHQF\VWRS
ıİțȐșİȝȠȞȐįĮİțIJȪʌȦıȘȢȝİĮʌȡȩıțȠʌIJȘțȓȞȘıȘIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞıİIJĮȤȪIJȘIJİȢ
43
44
ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȟİʌİȡȞȠȪȞ IJĮ PPLQ ıİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ
ĮȪȟȘıȘIJȠȣțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȘIJĮȤȪIJȘIJĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮȞȑȕİȚıIJĮPPLQ.
ǹȞ Ș ȜİʌȓįĮ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ıțȠȪʌȚıȝĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ IJȩIJİ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȩȜĮIJĮȝȑIJȡĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ.
ǼȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȝȓĮȘȤȘIJȚțȒıȣıțİȣȒʌȠȣșĮʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚİȓIJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȑȞĮȡȟȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢIJȘȢʌȡȑıĮȢ
ȂȚțȡȑȢʌȡȑıİȢȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ
ȈİțȐșİȝȠȞȐįĮİțIJȪʌȦıȘȢȒțĮIJȐȝȒțȠȢIJȘȢʌȡȑıĮȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ
İȚįȚțȠȓ ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡİȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞIJȘȝİIJĮțȓȞȘıȘIJȠȣțȣȜȓȞįȡȠȣʌȐȞȦĮʌȩ
PPĮȜȜȐȩȤȚțȐIJȦĮʌȩPPțĮȚIJȘȞĮʌȡȩıțȠʌIJȘțȓȞȘıȘIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞıİ
IJĮȤȪIJȘIJİȢ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ IJĮPPLQȜȩȖȦIJȘȢıȣȞİȤȚȗȩȝİȞȘȢʌȓİıȘȢIJȠȣ
țȠȣȝʌȚȠȪİȜȑȖȤȠȣȝȩȞȠȩIJĮȞĮȞȠȓȖȠȣȞ.
ǹȞ Ș ȜİʌȓįĮ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ıțȠȪʌȚıȝĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ IJȩIJİ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȩȜĮIJĮȝȑIJȡĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ
ǼȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝȓĮȘȤȘIJȚțȒıȣıțİȣȒʌȠȣșĮʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚİȓIJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȑȞĮȡȟȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢIJȘȢʌȡȑıĮȢ
ȀĮșȠȡȚıȝȩȢțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȖȚĮIJȠȞĮıijĮȜȒțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ
īȚĮIJȠȞĮıijĮȜȒțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȘȝȐIJȦȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚIJĮİȟȒȢ
ȂİȓȦıȘIJȘȢıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪıİIJȑIJȠȚȠİʌȓʌİįȠʌȠȣȞĮȝȘȞİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ
IJȘȞʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȢȑIJıȚIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠİʌĮijȒȢȝİİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ
ȝȑȡȘ.
ȋȡȒıȘĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ.
ǼțIJȑȜİıȘ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ ȝİ IJȠ ʌȚİıIJȒȡȚȠ ȞĮ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ İțIJȩȢ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ.
ǼʌȚȜȠȖȒİȞȩȢĮıijĮȜȠȪȢıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȠʌȠȓȠșĮįȚĮıijĮȜȓȗİȚȩIJȚIJĮ
ȤȑȡȚĮIJȠȣʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪįİȞȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİİʌĮijȒȝİțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮȝȑȡȘȝȘȤĮȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ
DzIJıȚȖȚĮIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȝİȚĮIJȡȚțȒȜİʌȓįĮȠ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȞĮȑȡșİȚȠİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢıİİʌĮijȒȝİIJĮțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮȝȑȡȘIJȠȣȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȡȐȖȝĮ
IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣ İȡȖĮȜİȓȠȣ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ
ıȦıIJȒȡȪșȝȚıȘIJȠȣʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡĮ
ȀĮIJȐIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢıİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮĮʌȩȑȞĮȐIJȠȝȠȠ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠıȕĮıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣ ıIJĮ
țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮȝȑȡȘIJȘȢȝȘȤĮȞȒȢȜȩȖȦĮijĮȓȡİıȘȢIJȠȣʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡĮǹȣIJȩȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓȝİIJȘȞțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘʌİȡȚıIJȡȠijȒIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȫıIJİȞĮİȝijĮȞȚıIJİȓIJȠ
İʌȩȝİȞȠIJȝȒȝĮIJȠȣțȣȜȓȞįȡȠȣʌȠȣȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ,QFK-stop-clean/hold-torun-stop-clean) ± Ƞ țȪȜȚȞįȡȠȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮțȓȞȘIJȠȢ ʌȡȚȞ Ƞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ
İijĮȡȝȩıİȚIJȠİȝʌȠIJȚıȝȑȞȠȝİįȚĮȜȣIJȚțȩȪijĮıȝĮ± ȒȝİIJȘȞĮȡȖȒʌİȡȚıIJȡȠijȒIJȦȞ
țȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ6ORZFUDZOFOHDQLQJȅțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȐȐIJȠȝĮ
45
İʌȚIJȡȑʌİIJĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȩIJĮȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȩȢ ʌȓȞĮțĮȢ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ ȖȚĮ țȐșİ ȝȠȞȐįĮ
İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ
ȀĮIJȐIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢıİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȐȐIJȠȝĮ
ȘʌȡȑıĮȣʌȩțİȚIJĮȚıİʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘțȓȞȘıȘȝİIJȘȕȠȒșİȚĮİȞȩȢİȚįȚțȠȪțȠȣȝʌȚȠȪ
İȞȫıIJĮȝĮIJȐȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȘȢȝİIJȠțȠȣȝʌȓȑțIJĮțIJȘȢĮȞȐȖțȘȢʌȡȚȞȠİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ
İijĮȡȝȩıİȚIJȠİȝʌȠIJȚıȝȑȞȠȝİįȚĮȜȣIJȚțȩȪijĮıȝĮ,QFK-stop-lock-clean/hold-to-runstop-lock-FOHDQǵIJĮȞĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢĮʌȩʌȠȜȜȐȐIJȠȝĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚțȐșİ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢȞĮįȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠIJȦȞȡȣșȝȓıİȦȞıIJȠįȚțȩIJȠȣțȠȣȝʌȓȑțIJĮțIJȘȢ
ĮȞȐȖțȘȢȫıIJİȞĮȝȘȝʌȠȡİȓȐȜȜȠȐIJȠȝȠȞĮșȑıİȚıİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȘȞʌȡȑıĮ
ȅʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣțĮIJȐIJȘȞĮijĮȓȡİıȘIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ʌȡȑıĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȜİȖȤșİȓȝİIJȠȞĮIJİșİȓȘȝȘȤĮȞȒİțIJȩȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢțĮȚȞĮȖȓȞİȚ
ȤİȚȡȠȞĮțIJȚțȩȢȒĮȣIJȩȝĮIJȠȢțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢ
ǵʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠȢȠȤİȚȡȦȞĮțIJȚțȩȢțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢȝİIJȘȞʌȡȑıĮıİȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ
șĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚIJĮİȟȒȢ
ȉȠ įȚĮȜȣIJȚțȩ țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȩ İijĮȡȝȩȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ ȑȞĮ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠ ȪijĮıȝĮ įȚʌȜȦȝȑȞȠ
ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗİȚ ȑȞĮ ȝĮȟȚȜȐȡȚ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȤĮȜĮȡȐ ȐțȡĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ
ĮįȚĮʌȑȡĮıIJĮȖȐȞIJȚĮʌȠȣİijĮȡȝȩȗȠȣȞțĮȜȐıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮ
ȉȠ įȚĮȜȣIJȚțȩ țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȩ įȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ıİ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ țȜİȚıIJȐ įȠȤİȓĮ ȖȚĮ
ȞĮĮʌȠijİȪȖİIJĮȚȠįȚĮıțȠȡʌȚıȝȩȢțĮȚȘİȟȐIJȝȚıȘ
ȉĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮ ʌĮȞȚȐ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ IJȠʌȠșİIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıİ țȜİȚıIJȐ ĮȞșİțIJȚțȐ
ıIJȘijȦIJȚȐįȠȤİȓĮ
ǼʌĮȡțȒȢİȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢ
ǼțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ȅ İȡȖȠįȩIJȘȢ ȑȤİȚ IJȘȞ ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘ ȞĮ İțʌĮȚįİȪİȚIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢįȓȞȠȞIJĮȢIJȚȢ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜİȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ ıİ șȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȅȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ ȠȚ ʌȡȑıİȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞIJȣȤȩȞȕȜȐȕİȢ-İȜĮIJIJȫȝĮIJĮIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ
ȆĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘțĮȚİʌĮȞİȟȑIJĮıȘĮʌȩIJȠȣȢįȚİȣșȣȞIJȑȢ
ǾıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıȘIJȦȞȘȝİȡȒıȚȦȞțĮȚİȕįȠȝĮįȚĮȓȦȞįİȜIJȓȦȞİȜȑȖȤȠȣIJȦȞȤİȚȡȚıIJȫȞ
ʌȡȑıĮȢ ȕȠȘșȐİȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗİIJĮȚ Ș IJȒȡȘıȘ IJȠȣ Ƞȣ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪ
ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘ ± PDLQWHQDQFH IJȠȣ İȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣ țȫįȚțĮ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘțĮȚȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞțĮȞȠȞȚıȝȫȞİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ3URYLVLRQDQG
Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998-38:(5ȅȚįȚİȣșȣȞIJȑȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮİȜȑȖȤȠȣȞIJȘȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞ
ȈIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȠȣ Ș İțIJȓȝȘıȘ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ įİȓȟİȚ ȩIJȚ Ș ĮȡȖȒ ʌİȡȚıIJȡȠijȒ
IJȦȞ țȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ IJȘȢ ʌȡȑıĮȢ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ IJȩIJİ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚȠȠȢțĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩȢİʌȚșİȫȡȘıȘ- LQVSHFWLRQIJȠȣİȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣ
țȫįȚțĮ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘ țĮȚ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȫȞ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪ
46
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȉĮ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ȝȑȡȘ IJȦȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ
IJĮțIJȐ ȤȡȠȞȚțȐ įȚĮıIJȒȝĮIJĮ įȚȩIJȚ ȝȚĮĮȪȟȘıȘIJȘȢĮʌȩıIJĮıȘIJȘȢȡȐȕįȠȣĮʌȩIJȘȞ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚĮIJȠȣțȣȜȓȞįȡȠȣșĮȠįȘȖȠȪıİıİȝİȖȐȜȠțȓȞįȣȞȠIJȠȣȤİȚȡȚıIJȒ
ȆȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘĮʌȩIJĮțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮȝȑȡȘIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ
ǵȜĮIJĮȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚİijȠįȚĮıȝȑȞĮȝİʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡİȢȫıIJİȞĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ Įʌȩ IJĮ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ȝȑȡȘ ǼȐȞ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ
ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȞĮȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚIJĮțIJȚțȐıİİʌĮijȒȝİIJĮțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮȝȑȡȘIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȫȞIJȩIJİ
șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȝĮȞIJĮȜȦIJȠȓ ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡİȢ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞİȢ ȝʌȐȡİȢ
ȘȜİțIJȡȠİȣĮȓıșȘIJĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȒıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȢIJȦȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ
ǹıijĮȜȒȢǻȚĮțȓȞȘıȘijȠȡIJȓȦȞıIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
Ǿ įȚĮțȓȞȘıȘ IJȦȞ ijȠȡIJȓȦȞ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȝİ IJȘ
ȕȠȒșİȚĮ İȚįȚțȫȞ İȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞ ĮȞȪȥȦıȘȢ-ĮȞȑȜțȣıȘȢ ȖİȡĮȞȠȖȑijȣȡİȢ ȝİ İȚįȚțȐ
ʌİȡȠȞȠijȩȡĮ ȠȤȒȝĮIJĮțȜĮȡțțĮȚıİȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠȕĮșȝȩȝİİȚįȚțȐIJȡȠȤȒȜĮIJĮDzIJıȚ
ʌȡȠȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȠȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȡȐȤȘțĮȚIJȘȞȠıijȣȧțȒȤȫȡĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıȑȤȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ijȩȡIJȦıȘȢ țĮȚ
İțijȩȡIJȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ țȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ ıIJȚȢ ȖİȡĮȞȠȖȑijȣȡİȢ ȝİ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ ıIJȘ IJȒȡȘıȘ IJȦȞ
ȠȡȓȦȞĮȞIJȠȤȒȢIJȦȞȖİȡĮȞȫȞ
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ȠȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȢ țȜĮȡț
ijȠȡIJȘȖȐ įȚȩIJȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȟȠȣȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȚȢ İȚįȚțȐ ȩIJĮȞ įİȞ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚįȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȩȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJȠȣȢʌİȗȠȪȢțĮȚıIJĮȠȤȒȝĮIJĮȒȩIJĮȞIJĮȠȤȒȝĮIJĮ
ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȣȞ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ IJĮȤȪIJȘIJĮ ıİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ ȅ țĮțȩȢ ijȦIJȚıȝȩȢ ȠȚ
IJȣijȜȑȢ ȖȦȞȓİȢ Ș ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȫȞ ʌȚȞĮțȓįȦȞ țĮȚ İȝʌȠįȓȦȞ ıİ ıȘȝİȓĮ
ȠįȚțȒȢįȚȑȜİȣıȘȢĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠıȣȖțȡȠȪıİȦȞIJȦȞʌİȗȫȞȝİIJĮțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ
ȠȤȒȝĮIJĮ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȑțȡȘȟȘȢ-ʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȢ ȜȩȖȦ ʌIJȘIJȚțȫȞ ĮİȡȓȦȞ ȤȡȒıȘ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ țĮȚ
ȐȜȜȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞȝİȤĮȝȘȜȩıȘȝİȓȠĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ijșĮȡȝȑȞĮ Ȓ İȜĮIJIJȦȝĮIJȚțȐ
țĮȜȫįȚĮțĮȚİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩ
ȂȘİȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢșȑıİȚȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțȠȥȓȝĮIJĮĮʌȩĮȚȤȝȘȡȑȢȐțȡİȢȜȐȝİȢțȜʌ
DzțșİıȘ ıİ ȣȥȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ șȠȡȪȕȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȑȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
İȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ
ǺȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮ
ȋȘȝȚțȠȓȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
ǼȚıʌȞȠȒ ĮIJȝȫȞ įȚĮȜȪIJȘ ȅȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ țİijĮȜĮȜȖȓİȢ ȞĮȣIJȓĮ
İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıIJȠ țİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ İȟĮȡIJȫȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȚĮȜȪIJȘ IJȘ
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȒIJȠȣıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮțĮȚIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢ
ǼʌĮijȒȒțĮȚĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞĮʌȩIJȠįȑȡȝĮȆȡȩțȜȘıȘįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ
ǼʌĮijȒ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ ȝİ ĮȞIJȚįȡĮıIJȚțȐ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ȆȡȩțȜȘıȘ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ȒțĮȚ
ĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮȢ IJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
ĭȣıȚțȠȓȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
DzțșİıȘ ıİ ȣȥȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ șȠȡȪȕȠȣ ȅȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚȘİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȕĮȡȘțȠǸĮțĮȚȠȚİȝȕȠȑȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĮȞİʌĮȡțȒijȦIJȚıȝȩ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĮȞİʌĮȡțȒĮİȡȚıȝȩ
ǺȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
DzțșİıȘ ıİ ȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ Įʌȩ ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȠ Ȟİȡȩ ȅȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚȘȜİȖȚȠȞȑȜȜȦıȘĮʌȩIJȠȣȢʌȪȡȖȠȣȢȥȪȟȘȢȒĮʌȩȐȜȜĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
ȞİȡȠȪʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝȠȜȣȞșȠȪȞ
ȉǹȄǿȃȅȂǾȈǾȀǹǿȅȇǿȈȂȅȈȉȍȃǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀȍȃȀǿȃǻȊȃȍȃ
īǼȖțȐȡıȚȠȚȒİȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
ȅȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȚıIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıȣȞȒșȦȢįȡȠȣȞıİıȣȞȑȡȖȚĮțĮȚIJĮȟȚȞȠȝȠȪȞIJĮȚıİ
IJȡİȚȢȠȝȐįİȢ
ǹȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮȒțȓȞįȣȞȠȚİȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȢȠȜȓıșȘıȘȢțĮȚʌIJȫıȘȢĮʌȩȞİȡȩįȚĮȜȪIJİȢȒȐȜȜĮȣȖȡȐıIJȠįȐʌİįȠ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ʌIJȫıȘȢ Įʌȩ ȪȥȠȢ ıİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ıțȐȜĮȢ ıİ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ - țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪIJȦȞʌȚİıIJȘȡȓȦȞ
ȂȘȤĮȞȚțȠȓ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ Įʌȩ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ȝȑȡȘ ȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ İȡȖĮȜİȓĮ ȤİȚȡȩȢ
ȝİIJĮijȠȡȚțȐȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȓĮțȡȦIJȘȡȚĮıȝȠȓțȠȥȓȝĮIJĮ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȢİȖțĮȣȝȐIJȦȞĮʌȩțĮȣıIJȚțȑȢțĮȚįȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȑȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ
47
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮıİȕȐȡįȚİȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȣʌȩʌȓİıȘȝİȑȞIJȠȞȠȣȢȡȣșȝȠȪȢ
ǹȞİʌĮȡțȒȢİȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȖȚĮIJȚȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢțĮȚȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ
ȖȚĮIJȚȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǹȞİʌĮȡțȒȢȤȫȡȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȝȠȞȩIJȠȞȘțĮȚİʌĮȞĮȜȘʌIJȚțȒ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȝİȣȥȘȜȩȕĮșȝȩİȣșȪȞȘȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȝİȣȥȘȜȒʌȞİȣȝĮIJȚțȒțȩʌȦıȘ
48
ȋǾȂǿȀȅǿȀǿȃǻȊȃȅǿȀǹǿ ȀǿȃǻȊȃȅǿīǿǹȉǾȃȊīǼǿǹ
ȉĮȝİȜȐȞȚĮțĮȚȠȚȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȘȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞțİIJȩȞİȢ
ʌȤȝİșȣȜȠĮȚșȣȜȠțİIJȩȞȘțȣțȜȠİȟĮȞȩȜȘĮȜțȠȩȜİȢʌȤȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȑȢȝİșȣȜȚțȑȢ
ĮȜțȠȩȜİȢ ȚıȠʌȡȠʌȣȜȚțȒ ĮȜțȠȩȜȘ İıIJȑȡİȢ ʌȤ ȠȟȚțȩȢ ĮȚșȣȜİıIJȑȡĮȢ ȠȟȚțȩȢ
ȚıȠʌȡȠʌȣȜİıIJȑȡĮȢ Ȓ ĮȡȦȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ ȣįȡȠȖȠȞȐȞșȡĮțİȢ ʌȤ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ȟȣȜȩȜȚȠ
ȅȚįȣȞȘIJȚțȠȓțȓȞįȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘȗȐȜȘȘȣʌȞȘȜȓĮțĮȚȐȜȜİȢİʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ
ıIJȠ țİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌİȡȚijİȡȚțȒ ȞİȣȡȠʌȐșİȚĮ ± İȟȐȞȚȠ
ȝİșȣȜȠȕȠȣIJȣȜȠțİIJȩȞȘ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ʌȤ ĮȝȝȦȞȓȠȣ țĮȜȓȠȣ
įȚȤȡȦȝȚțȠȪȞĮIJȡȓȠȣİȞȑȤİȚțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢįȚȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪįȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȑȢİȞȫıİȣȥȘȜȑȢ
ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ȕĮșȚȐ ȑȜțȘ țĮȚ İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
Ǿ İȖȤȐȡĮȟȘ ȝİ ȜȑȚȗİȡ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓ ĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȚȢ ȝİ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ
ʌȚșĮȞȫȞțȚȞįȪȞȦȞȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȠİȡİșȚıȝȩȢIJȘȢĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒȢȠįȠȪȘĮıșȑȞİȚĮ
ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıȝȠȚȐȗİȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȖȡȓʌȘ ʌȣȡİIJȩȢ Įʌȩ ĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȚȢ ȝİIJȐȜȜȦȞ Ș
įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘĮʌȩIJȚȢȠȣıȓİȢIJȦȞĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȦȞ
ȅȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȓ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ İȡİșȓȗȠȣȞ IJȠ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȚȑȗȠȣȞ IJȠ
ʌİȡȚijİȡİȚĮțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȤ ȝİșȣȜȠȧıȠȕȠȣIJȣȜȠțİIJȩȞȘ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ
ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣȒʌĮIJȠȢțĮȚįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįİȢ
ǼʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢȠȣıȓİȢȩʌȦȢʌȤIJȠȟȣȜȩȜȚȠȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮİʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ
IJȠȣ ıȣțȦIJȚȠȪ İȞȫ IJĮ ȕĮȡȑĮ ȝȑIJĮȜȜĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȓ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȓıȠȣȞ IJȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȦȞ ȞİijȡȫȞ țĮȚ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJĮIJĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ȕȜȐȕȘ
ȆȠȜȜȑȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ʌȤ ZKLWH VSLULW
IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ĮțİIJȩȞȘ İȓȞĮȚ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢ įȡȠȣȞ ȦȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚȠȖȩȞĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞįİȡȝĮIJȠʌȐșİȚİȢȒʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮıIJȠȣȢʌȞİȪȝȠȞİȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩıȣȞİȤȒ
İʌĮijȒ
ȆȠȜȜȐ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȤȡȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖĮ
ĮʌȩʌȓııĮțĮȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮĮʌȩĮȣIJȐIJĮʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮȑȤȠȣȞțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞİȢȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢȅȚ
ȤȡȦıIJȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıIJĮ ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ȝȠȜȪȞȠȣȞ IJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ǹȡțİIJȑȢ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ įİȓȟİȚ ȩIJȚ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıȤȑıȘ
ȝİIJĮȟȪIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢıİȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȪȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢțĮȚıIJȠȣȢțĮțȠȒșİȚȢȩȖțȠȣȢ
DzȤȠȣȞ ĮȞĮijİȡșİȓ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȠȣ
ĮȣIJȩȞȠȝȠȣ ȞİȣȡȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ Ș ʌĮȡĮıȣȝʌĮșȘIJȚțȒ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ
ȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȚȠİȣĮȓıșȘIJȘıİȑȞĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩʌȠıȠıIJȩİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ
ıİȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȪȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȉĮ ȕĮȡȑĮ ȝȑIJĮȜȜĮ ʌȤ ȤȡȫȝȚȠ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ıȣııȦȡİȪȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩțĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞȖİȞİIJȚțȑȢĮȞȦȝĮȜȓİȢıIJİȚȡȩIJȘIJĮțĮȡțȓȞȠțĮȚȐȜȜĮ
ıȠȕĮȡȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȣȖİȓĮȢ
ȉĮ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ıIJȚȢ İțIJȣʌȦIJȚțȑȢ ȝȠȞȐįİȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ șȩȡȣȕȠȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ȕĮȡȘțȠǸĮ țĮȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJȠ țİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢįİȡȝĮIJȠʌȐșİȚİȢȜȩȖȦIJȘȢȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢȝȑIJȡȦȞʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢǼʌȓıȘȢ
ȠİȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪțĮȜȩȢȖȚĮIJȓIJȠȤİȚȝȫȞĮ
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IJĮʌĮȡȐșȣȡĮİȓȞĮȚțȜİȚıIJȐțĮȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚİȚıʌȞȑȠȣȞĮIJȝȠȪȢȤȘȝȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞ
İȞȫ IJȠ țĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚ IJĮ ʌĮȡȐșȣȡĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȠȚțIJȐ ĮȜȜȐ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢİțʌȑȝʌȠȞIJĮȚȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡİȢʌȠıȩIJȘIJİȢʌIJȘIJȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞ
ȀǿȃǻȊȃȅȈȆȇȅȀȁǾȈǾȈǻǼȇȂǹȉǿȉǿǻǹȈ
ǾįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚȩIJĮȞȝȚĮȠȣıȓĮįȚĮʌİȡȞȐIJȠİʌȚijĮȞİȚĮțȩıIJȡȫȝĮIJȠȣ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚʌȡȠțĮȜİȓĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȡȠıȕȜȘșİȓıĮİʌȚįİȡȝȓįĮ
ȉĮ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ İȡȣșȡȩIJȘIJĮ ȟȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ İȟȐȞșȘȝĮ
țȘȜȓįİȢ ȠȓįȘȝĮ ijȜȪțIJĮȚȞĮ-ijȠȣıțȐȜĮ țȞȓįȦıȘ ĮʌȠȜȑʌȚıȘ ĮȓıșȘȝĮ țĮȪıȠȣ
IJıȠȪȟȚȝȠʌȩȞȠʌȪȠȞțĮȚȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮıIJȚȢȐțȡİȢIJȦȞįĮțIJȪȜȦȞ
ȉĮ ıȘȝİȓĮ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ įȐȤIJȣȜĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ
ȝİıȠįĮțIJȪȜȚİȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıȕȜȘșȠȪȞ ȠȚ țĮȡʌȠȓ ȠȚ
ĮȖțȫȞİȢțĮȚIJĮĮȞIJȚȕȡȐȤȚĮ
ȊȥȘȜȒİȝijȐȞȚıȘįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚıIJȚȢĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢįȚİȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ȋȡȒıȘȣȜȚțȫȞʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞȚıȠțȣĮȞȚțȑȢİȞȫıİȚȢ
ȀĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ
ȋİȚȡȚıȝȩȢĮȞĮȜȫıȚȝȦȞȣȜȚțȫȞıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȠȣʌȚİıIJȘȡȓȠȣ
ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮİțIJȣʌȦIJȚțȒȢİʌȚijȐȞİȚĮȢ
ǻȚȩȡșȦıȘțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ
ǾʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚİȓIJİıIJȘȞĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘIJȘȢİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȘȢ
ȠȣıȓĮȢ İȓIJİ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ĮȣIJȒȢ ȝİ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ ȕȜĮȕİȡȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ
ȝİȖȐȜȘ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ IJȦȞ įİȡȝĮIJȠʌĮșİȚȫȞ ȑȤİȚ Ƞ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȢ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȩȢİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢDzIJıȚȘțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘİʌȚȜȠȖȒȖĮȞIJȚȫȞİȓȞĮȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ
ȣʌȩșİıȘ ʌȤ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ĮȡȦȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ IJȠȣȢ ȤȜȦȡȚȦȝȑȞȠȣȢ
ȣįȡȠȖȠȞȐȞșȡĮțİȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌȠȜȣȤȜȦȡȚȦȝȑȞĮ įȚijĮȚȞȪȜȚĮ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ
ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ 9LWRQ - ĭșȠȡȚȠİȜĮıIJȠȝİȡȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ĮȜȣijĮIJȚțȠȓ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ IJĮ ĮıșİȞȒ
ȠȟȑĮĮȜțȐȜȚĮ țĮȚ IJĮ ȜȐįȚĮ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ ȞȚIJȡȚȜȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȚıȤȣȡȐ
ȠȟȑĮ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ ȕȠȣIJȣȜȓȠȣ İȞȫ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȚıȤȣȡȐ ĮȜțȐȜȚĮ
ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȘȤȡȒıȘȖĮȞIJȚȫȞĮʌȩʌȠȜȣȤȜȦȡȠʌȡȑȞȚȠ-Neoprene).
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȜȜȐȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȩIJĮȞ ĮȣIJȐ IJȡȣʌȘșȠȪȞ
ijșĮȡȠȪȞ Ȓ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ IJȠ ȤȡȫȝĮ Ș İȜĮıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ Ȓ IJȠ ıȤȒȝĮ IJȠȣȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȠȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚțĮȜȩİȓȞĮȚȞĮȝȘȞȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȣȞIJȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩȩȡȚȠĮȞIJȠȤȒȢIJȦȞȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ
ʌȠȣ įȓȞİȚ Ƞ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȒȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ
țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ
Ǿ ȤȡȒıȘ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞ țȡİȝȫȞ ʌȡȚȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ SUH-ZRUN FUHDPV įİȞ
İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗİȚĮʌȩȜȣIJȘʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮįȚȩIJȚįİȞİȓȞĮȚȖȞȦıIJȩȢȠȤȡȩȞȠȢʌȠȣțȐȞȠȣȞIJĮ
įȚȐijȠȡĮȤȘȝȚțȐȞĮįȚĮʌİȡȐıȠȣȞIJȚȢțȡȑȝİȢțĮȚİʌȓıȘȢȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ȟİȤȐıȠȣȞ ȞĮ İʌĮȜİȓȥȠȣȞ țȐʌȠȚĮ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ DzȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ
ʌȜİȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȣIJȑȢ ȠȚ țȡȑȝİȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚ įȚİȣțȠȜȪȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮijĮȓȡİıȘ
IJȘȢĮțĮșĮȡıȓĮȢIJȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞIJȠȣʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ
50
ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚțĮȜȩİȓȞĮȚȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȑȢțȡȑȝİȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩIJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮțĮȚİȚįȚțȑȢțȡȑȝİȢİȞȣįȐIJȦıȘȢDIWHU-ZRUNFUHDPVDQGPRLVWXUL]HUVȫıIJİ
ȞĮĮʌȠțĮșȓıIJĮIJĮȚȘȣȖȡĮıȓĮIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȠșȩȡȣȕȠ
ȅ șȩȡȣȕȠȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ ȕȜȐȕȘ ıIJĮ ĮȣIJȚȐ ȠȟȣșȣȝȓĮ țȩʌȦıȘ țĮȚ
ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ Ȃİ IJȠ șȩȡȣȕȠ İʌȘȡİȐȗİIJĮȚ țĮȚ Ș ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ıIJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ȜȩȖȦ ȝİȓȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒȢ țĮȚ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
Ǿ ıȣȞȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİ șȩȡȣȕȠ țĮȚ ıİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ ȦIJȠIJȠȟȚțȑȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȓ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ʌȤ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ıIJȣȡȑȞȚȠ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞIJȣʌȠȖȡĮijȓĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖİȓıIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
țȓȞįȣȞȠİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ĮțȠȒȢǾȑțșİıȘıIJȠIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȞĮȑȤİȚ
IJȠȟȚțȒİʌȓįȡĮıȘıIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮĮțȠȒȢ
ȉȠ țĮIJȫIJĮIJȠ ȩȡȚȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ ȕĮȡȘțȠǸĮȢ ȦȢ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ IJȘȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢıİIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠțĮȚșȩȡȣȕȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞȦĮʌȩIJȠ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩȩȡȚȠIJȦȞSSPIJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ
ǼʌȠȝȑȞȦȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ IJĮ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȝȑıĮ ȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ ĮțȠȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢ ȩȝȦȢ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ
İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞIJȘȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞȝȑıȦȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢIJȘȢĮțȠȒȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȘȞ
IJȣʌȠȖȡĮijİȓĮ ȅȚ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ĮȣIJȠȓ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ įȣıijȠȡȓĮ ȐȞİıȘ IJȠ
ȕĮșȝȩ İȣțȠȜȓĮȢ ıIJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ țĮȚ ıIJȠ ȤİȚȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȘȞ
İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ʌĮȡİȝȕȠȜȑȢ ʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȐ
ıȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJȘȞȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȘȤȡȒıȘȝİȐȜȜȠİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJĮȦȡȐȡȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȒİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȉĮİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚĮȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞıİȦȡȘȕȐıȘǹȣIJȩȑȤİȚȦȢıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ
ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȞĮ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ țȣțȜȚțȐ ȦȡȐȡȚĮ ȕȐȡįȚİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ țȐȜȣȥȘ IJȦȞ
ĮȞĮȖțȫȞIJȠȣİȡȖȠıIJĮıȓȠȣ
Ǿ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ȕȐȡįȚİȢ țĮȚ Ș ȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮ ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩ țĮȚ
ȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ıIJȡİııȠȖȩȞȠ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮ DzȡİȣȞİȢ įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ Ș İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ
ȕȐȡįȚİȢ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ țȩʌȦıȘ ĮȞȘıȣȤȓĮ țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ țĮȚ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝĮ ıİ
țĮȡįȚĮȖȖİȚĮțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢ
DzȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİıİįȣȠİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚĮȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢıIJȠ/LYHUSRROțĮȚ
ıIJȠ6KHIILHOGIJȘȢǹȖȖȜȓĮȢȑįİȚȟİȩIJȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȝİIJȐĮʌȩįȣȠȘȝȑȡİȢʌȡȦȚȞȒȢ
țĮȚ įȣȠ ȞȣȤIJİȡȚȞȒȢ ȕȐȡįȚĮȢ ȦȡȫȞ ȝİ įȚĮȜİȓȝȝĮIJĮ ĮȞȐ ȕȐȡįȚĮ ȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȞ
ʌȠȜȜȐ ȡİʌȩ ȅȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ Įʌȩ IJȑIJȠȚȠȣ İȓįȠȣȢ ȕȐȡįȚİȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ IJȘȢ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȠ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ Ǿ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ ȫȡİȢ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ țȩʌȦıȘ țĮȚ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞİȢ
ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȤȡȒıȘȠșȠȞȫȞȠʌIJȚțȒȢĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘȢ
Ǿ ıȣȞİȤȒȢ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ȠșȩȞİȢ ȠʌIJȚțȒȢ ĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘȢ 9LVXDO
Display Units-9'8țȣȡȓȦȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȖȡĮijȓıIJİȢİȞȑȤİȚțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝİIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮțĮȚʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞțȠȪȡĮıȘıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮʌȠȞȠțİijȐȜȠȣȢʌȩȞȠȣȢıIJȘȞ
ʌȜȐIJȘįȣıțĮȝȥȓĮıIJȠȜĮȚȝȩʌȩȞȠıIJȠȣȢțĮȡʌȠȪȢțĮȚıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮȗȐȜȘȞĮȣIJȓĮ
ȞİȣȡȚțȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ ȐȖȤȠȢ ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ İʌȓıȘȢ ĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢ ȖȚĮ İȟĮȞșȒȝĮIJĮ ıIJȠ įȑȡȝĮ
țĮȚ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįİȢ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȠșȠȞȫȞ ȠʌIJȚțȒȢ ĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘȢ ǹȞ
țĮȚȠȚȠșȩȞİȢȠʌIJȚțȒȢĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘȢİțʌȑȝʌȠȣȞȤĮȝȘȜȐİʌȓʌİįĮĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢįİȞ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȚȝİȢ įȣıȝİȞİȓȢ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮĮʌȩIJȘȤȡȒıȘȠșȠȞȫȞȠʌIJȚțȒȢĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘȢ
ȅȚ ıȦıIJȐ İȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȐ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȑȞȠȚ ȤȫȡȠȚ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıIJȫȞ Ș
İȟȐȜİȚȥȘ IJȘȢ șȐȝȕȦıȘȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ıȣȤȞȐ įȚĮȜİȓȝȝĮIJĮ țĮIJȐ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
İʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞıIJȠȣȢȣʌĮȜȜȒȜȠȣȢȞĮİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮ
51
52
īİȞȚțȐȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ
ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȂȘȞ țĮʌȞȓȗȠȣȞ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ IJȡȫȞİ țĮȚ ʌȓȞȠȣȞ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒȢ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮȢ.
ȂȘȞĮijȒȞȠȣȞIJȚȢʌȩȡIJİȢĮȞȠȚȤIJȑȢȖȚĮȞĮĮʌȠįȓįİȚȠIJİȤȞȘIJȩȢİȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢ.
ȂȘ ijȠȡȐȞİ ĮȞȠȚȤIJȐ ȣʌȠįȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȤ ıĮȞįȐȜȚĮ ıĮȖȚȠȞȐȡİȢ țĮȚ țȠıȝȒȝĮIJĮ
ʌȤįĮțIJȣȜȓįȚĮȕȑȡİȢȕȡĮȤȚȩȜȚĮȡȠȜȩȖȚĮĮȜȣıȓįİȢ.
ĭȠȡȐȞİ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ȠȟȑȦȞ Ȓ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ țĮȚ
ȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞ.
ĭȠȡȐȞİ IJȚȢ İȚįȚțȑȢ ȝȐıțİȢ ĮİȡȓȦȞ ȩIJĮȞ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȕȜĮȕİȡȐ ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJĮ
ıțȩȞİȢĮIJȝȠȪȢȒĮȑȡȚĮ.
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ IJĮ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ ȝȑıĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȩʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ʌȤ İȚįȚțȐ
ȖȣĮȜȚȐȝȐıțİȢȖȐȞIJȚĮȦIJȠĮıʌȓįİȢțȜʌ.
ǹțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞĮȣıIJȘȡȐȩȜİȢIJȚȢȠįȘȖȓİȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘ
IJȘȝİIJĮijȠȡȐțĮȚIJȠȞȤİȚȡȚıȝȩȤȘȝȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞ.
ȄȑȡȠȣȞȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJȠȣȢİȚįȚțȠȪȢțĮIJĮȚȠȞȚıIJȒȡİȢțĮȚIJȚȢİȚįȚțȑȢȕȡȪıİȢ
ȖȚĮIJĮȝȐIJȚĮıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘʌȠȣȑȡșȠȣȞıİİʌĮijȒȝİįȚȐijȠȡİȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȤȠȟȑĮ
țĮȣıIJȚțȐįȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮ.
ȆȜȑȞȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮțĮșĮȡȓȗȠȣȞIJȠȝİȜȐȞȚʌȠȣIJȣȤȩȞȑȤİȚʌĮȡĮȝİȓȞİȚıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮțĮȚ
țȐIJȦĮʌȩIJĮȞȪȤȚĮIJȠȣȢ.
ȆȡȠıȑȤȠȣȞIJȚȢșİȡȝȑȢİʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ.
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȝİ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒ IJĮ įȚȐijȠȡĮ İȡȖĮȜİȓĮ țȠʌȒȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJĮ țȡĮIJȠȪȞ
ȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩIJĮȤȑȡȚĮțĮȚIJȠıȫȝĮIJȠȣȢ.
ǹȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞ ȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠȞ ʌȡȠȧıIJȐȝİȞȠ Ȓ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ IJȣȤȩȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮțĮȚİȜĮIJIJȦȝĮIJȚțȩİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩ
ȊȁǿȀȅȀǹǿȂǼĬȅǻȅȁȅīǿǹ
ȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌİįȓȠȣ ȉȠ įİȓȖȝĮ ıȣȝȕĮIJȚțȩ-convenience sample)
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıĮȞ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ įȣȠ ȝİȖȐȜĮ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚĮ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚīȚĮIJȠıțȠʌȩĮȣIJȩıȣȞIJȐȤșȘțİİȚįȚțȩ
İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ ȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȒȢ İțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİ İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ
țȜİȚıIJȠȪ IJȪʌȠȣ ȉȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ įȚĮȝȠȡijȫșȘțİ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ İʌȓıțİȥȘ ıIJȠȣȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȒIJȠȣİȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢțĮȚĮʌȩȝİȜȑIJȘIJȘȢ
ıȤİIJȚțȒȢİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢțĮȚȟȑȞȘȢȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢ
ȉȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ țİijȐȜĮȚĮ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȖİȞȚțȐ įȘȝȠȖȡĮijȚțȐ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȖİȞȚțȑȢ İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ țĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ± İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ± ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ İȚįȚțȑȢ
İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢıIJȘȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ
ȆȡȠȘȖȒșȘțİ ʌȚȜȠIJȚțȒ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ SUHWHVW ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
įȚĮıijȐȜȚıȘ IJȘȢ İȖțȣȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȟȚȠʌȚıIJȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ıİ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȣȢIJȦȞİȡȖȠıIJĮıȓȦȞʌȠȣʌȒȡĮȞȝȑȡȠȢıIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞĮ
Ǿ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ȣȜȚțȠȪ ȑȖȚȞİ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȓįȚȠ IJȠȞ İȡİȣȞȘIJȒ ȝİ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȑȢ
ıȣȞİȞIJİȪȟİȚȢ İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ ĮȞȦȞȣȝȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȦIJȫȝİȞȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ
İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞ Ǿ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ IJȠȣ ȣȜȚțȠȪ ȑȖȚȞİ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ6366țĮȚ0LFURVRIW([FHO
ǹȆȅȉǼȁǼȈȂǹȉǹ
ȉȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ įȚĮȞİȝȒșȘțİ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȐȞįȡİȢ țĮȚ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢȝİIJȠȣȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȣȢȞĮȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞȘȜȚțȚĮțȒȠȝȐįĮIJȦȞ-40
İIJȫȞİȞȫ ȠȚ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚ ıIJȚȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ IJȦȞ-İIJȫȞIJȦȞ-30
İIJȫȞ țĮȚ ȐȞȦ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ ȉȠ ȝȠȡijȦIJȚțȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȚțȓȜİȚ ȝİ ıȣȤȞȩIJİȡĮ İȝijĮȞȚȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠijȠȓIJȠȣȢ
įİȣIJİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢIJȠȣȢĮʌȠijȠȓIJȠȣȢǿǼȀțĮȚȀǼȀțĮȚ
IJȠȣȢĮʌȠijȠȓIJȠȣȢIJȡȚIJȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ
ǹʌȩIJȠȣȢȐȞįȡİȢIJȠȣįİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢȠȚİȓȞĮȚȤİȚȡȚıIJȑȢȠȚİȓȞĮȚ
ȖȡĮijȓıIJİȢ ȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ įȚȠȚțȘIJȚțȐ ıIJİȜȑȤȘ ȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚ
ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢȠȚİȓȞĮȚȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚĮʌȠșȒțȘȢȑȞĮȢİȓȞĮȚȤȘȝȚțȩȢȑȞĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩȢ ȑȞĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȠȘșȩȢ ȖȡĮijȓıIJĮ ȑȞĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ ȑȞĮȢ
İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩȢ įȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢ ȑȞĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢ ʌȦȜȒıİȦȞ ȑȞĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȦȜȘIJȒȢ țĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ ĮʌȠșȘțȐȡȚȠȢ ǹʌȩ IJȚȢ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ IJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢ ȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȡĮijȓıIJȡȚİȢ ȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȕȠȘșȠȓ ȖȡĮijȓıIJȡȚİȢ ȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ
ȜȠȖȓıIJȡȚİȢȠȚİȓȞĮȚȕȠȘșȠȓȜȠȖȓıIJȡȚİȢȠȚİȓȞĮȚʌȦȜȒIJȡȚİȢȠȚ
İȓȞĮȚȣʌİȪșȣȞİȢʌȦȜȒıİȦȞțĮȚțĮșĮȡȓıIJȡȚİȢ
ǹʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȐȞįȡİȢ IJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢ ȠȚ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ
ȘȜİțIJȡȩȜȣıȘȢ ȠȚ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ ıȚįȘȡȠțĮIJĮıțİȣȒȢ ȠȚ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ ȜİȓĮȞıȘȢ ȠȚ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ İȖȤȐȡĮȟȘȢ ȠȚ ıIJȠ
IJȝȒȝĮ İțIJȪʌȦıȘȢ ȠȚ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪ țĮȚ ȠȚ ıIJĮ
IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ įȚȠȓțȘıȘȢ ʌȠȚȠIJȚțȠȪ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ ʌȦȜȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ ĮʌȠșȒțȘȢ ǹʌȩ IJȚȢ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢIJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢȠȚİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠIJȝȒȝĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪțĮȚȠȚ
İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȜȠȖȚıIJȒȡȚȠ țĮȚ ıIJĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȦȜȒıİȦȞ țĮȚ
țĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ
53
ȉȠ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȘȞ țȣȡȓȦȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ ĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ
İʌȚȞȚțȑȜȦıȘ țȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞ IJȠ ĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌȚȤȐȜțȦıȘ țĮȚ
İʌȚȤȡȦȝȓȦıȘIJȦȞțȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞIJȠĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝİIJȘȞȜİȓĮȞıȘIJȦȞ
țȣȜȓȞįȡȦȞIJȠĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝİIJȘȞİȖȤȐȡĮȟȘțĮȚIJȘȞİțIJȪʌȦıȘIJȠ
ĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚıȣȤȞȐȝİIJȘȞĮȞȐȝİȚȟȘȝİȜĮȞȚȫȞțĮȚIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩʌȚİıIJȘȡȓȠȣ
İȞȫIJȠĮıȤȠȜİȓIJĮȚıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȝİIJȘıȚįȘȡȠțĮIJĮıțİȣȒIJȘȞĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘțĮȚ
IJȠȞʌȠȚȠIJȚțȩȑȜİȖȤȠ
ǹȞĮijȠȡȚțȐ ȝİ IJĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȠȣ įİȓȖȝĮIJȠȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ IJȠ İȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ IJȠ İȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ IJȠİȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚʌȐȞȦĮʌȩȑȦȢțĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮIJȠİȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ
ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ țĮȚ IJȠ İȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ȉȠ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȑȤİȚ ȝȩȞȠ ʌȡȦȚȞȩ ȦȡȐȡȚȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȠ ȑȤİȚ
ȝȩȞȠ ĮʌȠȖİȣȝĮIJȚȞȩ ȦȡȐȡȚȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȠ ȑȤİȚ ʌȡȦȚȞȩ Ȓ ĮʌȠȖİȣȝĮIJȚȞȩ
ȦȡȐȡȚȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțȣȜȚȩȝİȞȠțĮȚIJȠȑȤİȚȝȩȞȠȐȜȜĮȦȡȐȡȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȤ
ȕȡĮįȚȞȩıĮȕȕĮIJȠțȪȡȚĮțĮ
ȀĮȚ IJĮ įȣȠ İȡȖȠıIJȐıȚĮ įȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞ ȉİȤȞȚțȩ ǹıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȞĮ
ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȒ IJȠȣ ıİ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȞȫ ǿĮIJȡȩ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ įȚĮșȑIJİȚ
ȝȩȞȠIJȠȑȞĮİȡȖȠıIJȐıȚȠțĮȚȝȩȞȠȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİĮȣIJȩȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞȩIJȚ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ǹʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȠȚ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ IJȦȞ ǻİȜIJȓȦȞ
ǻİįȠȝȑȞȦȞǹıijĮȜİȓĮȢ06'6IJĮȠʌȠȓĮıȣȞȠįİȪȠȣȞȣʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȐIJĮȣȜȚțȐʌȤ
ȤȘȝȚțȐ ȜȐįȚĮ ȤȡȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ
įȚĮȕȐıİȚ Ȓ İȞȘȝİȡȦșİȓȖȚĮĮȣIJȐıİʌȠıȠıIJȩİȞȫȠȚĮȖȞȠȠȪȞ
IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȒ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚĮȕȐıİȚ Ȓ İȞȘȝİȡȦșİȓ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ įİȜIJȓĮ ıİ
ʌȠıȠıIJȩ
ȈȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıİ șȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȩȜȠȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ
İțʌĮȚįİȣIJİȓȝİıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮĮʌȩIJȘȞİIJĮȚȡİȓĮĮȝȑıȦȢȝİIJȐIJȘȞʌȡȩıȜȘȥȒIJȠȣȢțĮȚ
ıİ ıȣȤȞȐ įȚĮıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȫȢ ıİ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȞȫ IJȠ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȑȤİȚİțʌĮȚįİȣIJİȓȝȩȞȠĮȝȑıȦȢȝİIJȐIJȘȞʌȡȩıȜȘȥȘ
ǻȚĮʌȚıIJȫșȘțİ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ Ȓ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȝİ IJȠ șȩȡȣȕȠ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ IJȠȞ ijȦIJȚıȝȩ ıʌȐȞȚĮ IJȠȞ ĮİȡȚıȝȩ ± İȟĮİȡȚıȝȩ
ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ IJȠȞ țȜȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩ IJȠ ȤİȚȝȫȞĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ IJȠȞ
țȜȚȝĮIJȚıȝȩIJȠțĮȜȠțĮȓȡȚıʌȐȞȚĮIJȚȢįȠȞȒıİȚȢıʌȐȞȚĮIJȚȢʌȘȖȑȢ
ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢșİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮȢıʌȐȞȚĮIJȚȢıțȩȞİȢıʌȐȞȚĮIJĮȡȚȞȓıȝĮIJĮ
ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJĮ ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJĮ-ĮİȡȠȗȩȜ ıʌȐȞȚĮ IJĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȠȣȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐIJĮȣȖȡȐȘȜİțIJȡȩȜȣıȘȢıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐ
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮțĮȚIJĮȣȜȚțȐȩʌȦȢȝİȜȐȞȚĮȤȘȝȚțȐįȚĮȜȪIJİȢıʌȐȞȚĮ
54
ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ǵȜȠȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠIJȑ
ĮȞIJȚȝȑIJȦʌȠȚȝİțȓȞįȣȞȠʌȠȣʌȡȠȑȡȤİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓİȢODVHU
ǹȟȚȠıȘȝİȓȦIJĮ ȣȥȘȜȒ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ įİȞ șİȦȡȠȪȞ ȩIJȚ
ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮȞIJȚȝȑIJȦʌȠȚȝİIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠȞĮțȠȜȜȒıȠȣȞIJȑIJĮȞȠĮijȠȪȩȜȠȚĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȐȜȠȖȘ İȡȫIJȘıȘ ǹʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȠȚ ȑȤȠȣȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJİȓȖȚĮIJȑIJĮȞȠ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȝȑıĮ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȩʌȦȢIJĮȖȐȞIJȚĮ/DWH[ıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
IJĮ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ ȞȚIJȡȚȜȓȠȣ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJĮ İȚįȚțȐ
ȖȐȞIJȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȚȢ ĮʌȜȑȢ
ȝȐıțİȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȚȢ İȚįȚțȑȢ ȝȐıțİȢ
ʌIJȘIJȚțȫȞ ĮİȡȓȦȞ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ȖȣĮȜȚȐ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮįȚĮʌȑȡĮıIJȘ ʌȠįȚȐ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ IJȘ
ȕĮȝȕĮțİȡȒijȩȡȝĮʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮIJĮ
ĮȞIJȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ȣʌȠįȒȝĮIJĮ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ IJȚȢ ȦIJĮıʌȓįİȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮțĮȚIJȠțȡȐȞȠȢıʌȐȞȚĮ
ȉȠ IJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȘȞțȣȡȓȦȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒįİȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓįȚĮȜȣIJȚțȐ
ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ ȤİȡȚȫȞ İȞȫ țĮȞİȓȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ įİȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȑȢțȡȑȝİȢȖȚĮIJȠįȑȡȝĮ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȚțȩ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıIJȒ ıȣȤȞȐ ıİ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ
țĮȚıȣȞȑȤİȚĮıİʌȠıȠıIJȩ
ȅȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ Įʌȩ ʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ȣȜȚțȫȞıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȠȜȓıșȘıȘıʌȐȞȚĮ
ʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ İȪijȜİțIJĮ ȣȜȚțȐ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȑțȡȘȟȘıʌȐȞȚĮȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮıʌȐȞȚĮțĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ
İȡȖĮȜİȓĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ įȚȐįȡȠȝȠȚ țȣțȜȠijȠȡȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ İȜİȪșİȡȠȚ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ijȦIJȚıȝȩȢ țĮȚ ıȒȝĮȞıȘ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ țİȞIJȡȚțȩ țĮȚ IJȠʌȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ
țĮșȫȢ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȣȡȩıȕİıȘȢ ǵȜȠȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ IJȠȣȢ ȑȤİȚ ȖȓȞİȚ
İʌȓįİȚȟȘIJȘȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢIJȦȞʌȣȡȠıȕİıIJȒȡȦȞ
ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮıȣȞȑȤİȚĮıȣȤȞȐțĮȚ
ıʌȐȞȚĮ ĮȚȤȝȘȡȐ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ıȣȤȞȐ țĮȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ İȞȫ
ıțȐȜĮıʌȐȞȚĮțĮȚıȣȤȞȐ
ȈȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȠȣȢİȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢIJȠIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚȠ
ȡȣșȝȩȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ȑȞIJȠȞȠȢ IJȠ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ
ȝȠȞȠIJȠȞȓĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ İțIJȑȜİıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ IJȠȣȢ țĮșȘțȩȞIJȦȞ IJȠ
șİȦȡİȓ ȩIJȚ ijȑȡİȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ȣȥȘȜȩ ȕĮșȝȩ İȣșȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ȩIJȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ
ȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚʌȞİȣȝĮIJȚțȒțȩʌȦıȘȉȠșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİIJĮȚȘʌȡȠıijȠȡȐ
IJȠȣȢțĮȚIJȠįȘȜȫȞİȚȩIJȚįİȞȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚʌȠIJȑʌȓİıȘȖȚĮIJȘȞİțIJȑȜİıȘİȞIJȠȜȫȞ
ǵȜȠȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȩIJȚȠȤȫȡȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚİʌĮȡțȒȢțĮȚȩIJȚ
ȑȤȠȣȞȐȞİIJȘıIJȐıȘİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
55
ǵȜȠȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ țĮȚ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝİ įȚĮțȠʌȒ IJȦȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ İȞȫ ȠȚ ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȒȡİȢ țĮȚ IJĮ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȪȞțĮIJȐIJȘıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘțĮȚIJȠȞțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ
ȉȠ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ įȘȜȫȞİȚ ȩIJȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ȑȤİȚ IJȡȣʌȘșİȓ Įʌȩ ĮȚȤȝȘȡȐ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮIJȠȩIJȚıʌȐȞȚĮȑȤİȚțȠʌİȓĮʌȩȜİʌȓįĮȒȐȜȜĮĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚIJȠ
ȩIJȚıʌȐȞȚĮȑȤİȚȣʌȠıIJİȓİȖțĮȪȝĮIJĮĮʌȩȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ
ǵȜȠȚ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ įȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚĮȖȞȦıȝȑȞȘ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ȞȩıȠ
țĮȚȩIJȚįİȞȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠȕȜȘșİȓıİțȐʌȠȚȠİȡȖĮıIJȘȡȚĮțȩȒȐȜȜȠȚĮIJȡȚțȩȑȜİȖȤȠIJȠȞ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȤȡȩȞȠ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ İȞįİȤȠȝȑȞȦȢ ȞĮ
ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȑțșİıȒ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ȕİȕĮȡȘȝȑȞİȢ Įʌȩ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȑȢ
ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ IJĮ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ Ȓ ıȣȤȞȐ
İȓȞĮȚ țȠȪȡĮıȘ ıIJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ IJıȠȪȟȚȝȠ ıIJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ
ʌȠȞȠțȑijĮȜȠȚ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ȗĮȜȐįİȢ ıʌȐȞȚĮ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȑțȗİȝĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ȟȘȡȩ ȕȒȤĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮ ıIJĮ
įȐțIJȣȜĮIJȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞıʌȐȞȚĮȕȐȡȠȢıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮıʌȐȞȚĮȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮ
ıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮıʌȐȞȚĮȕȐȡȠȢıIJĮʌȩįȚĮıʌȐȞȚĮȝȠȪįȚĮıȝĮıIJĮʌȩįȚĮ
ıʌȐȞȚĮ ȐȖȤȠȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıʌȐȞȚĮ ıȣȤȞȐ ĮȨʌȞȓİȢ
ıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒțȠȪȡĮıȘıʌȐȞȚĮıȣȤȞȐ
țĮȚȣʌȞȘȜȓĮȝİIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮıʌȐȞȚĮ
ǵȜȠȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJȠIJȝȒȝĮIJȘȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢįİȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞıȣȤȞȐȟȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ
İȡȣșȡȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ țȞȘıȝȩ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȉȠ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ İȝijĮȞȓȗİȚ
ĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮıIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐ± țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȐİȞȫIJȠıIJȠȣȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢțĮȚıIJĮȝİȜȐȞȚĮ
ȈȊȂȆǼȇǹȈȂǹȉǹ- ȆȇȅȉǹȈǼǿȈ
ȈIJĮ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȚțȠȪ țĮȚ įȚȠȓțȘıȘȢ IJȠ ȝȚțȡȠțȜȓȝĮ IJȠȣ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ȖȡĮijİȓȦȞ țĮȚ įİȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȆȡȑʌİȚȩȝȦȢıİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢșȑıİȚȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȞĮȖȓȞİȚİȚįȚțȒȝİȜȑIJȘIJȘȢ
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ įȚȩIJȚ ȠȚ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȚțȠȓ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȚıIJȑȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞ șİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȣȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȠıIJĮIJȚțȐ ʌİįȓĮ
ȝʌȡȠıIJȐĮʌȩIJȚȢȠșȩȞİȢȠʌIJȚțȒȢĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘȢ
ȈȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌĮȡȐ IJȚȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıșİȓ IJĮ șȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ
ǹȟȓȗİȚ ıIJȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȦșİȓ İȐȞ țĮȚ
țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ Ș ȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȒ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıȣȝʌȓʌIJİȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȒ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ʌȠıȠIJȚțȩ ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞȕȜĮʌIJȚțȫȞʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȝİIJȠșȩȡȣȕȠțĮȚIJĮ
ȤȘȝȚțȐȉȑȜȠȢțĮȜȩșĮȒIJĮȞȞĮİijĮȡȝȠıIJİȓȘȓįȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮıİʌĮȡȩȝȠȚȠȣȢțȜȐįȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘȜȚșȠȖȡĮijȓĮȘ ijȜİȟȠȖȡĮijȓĮțĮȚȘȝİIJĮȟȠIJȣʌȓĮ
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51. ǼȡȟijȑȣȉĬıȧȢȗțȑİȡȤǽțĮȚǻįȗțȪȜįȣȄ ȈȒȝĮȞıȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚȣȖİȓĮȢǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
2008.
52. ȉțȬȞȜȡȣ Ĭ țĮȚ ǻįIJțȝțȜȡʍȡȫȝȡȤ Ǻ ǼijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȝİșȩįȦȞ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ĮȖȠȡȐȢ
ǹșȒȞĮ
53. ȇțʍıȢȔİșȣ ǻĬ ȊȖİȓĮ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȘ ȕĮșȣIJȣʌȓĮ ȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȒ
ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ ǻȚĮIJȡȚȕȒ ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞ ȈʌȠȣįȫȞ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬȝİIJȘıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘIJȦȞȉȝȘȝȐIJȦȞǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹIJȠȣ
ȉǼǿǹșȒȞĮȢ ǹȜİȟĮȞįȡȠȪʌȠȜȘ
59
Abstract: Workers in the area of rotogravure is a special profession, which requires
special investigation as to the health and safety conditions. The purpose of this
study was the estimation of the workplace impact in health and safety of
rotogravure workers. Bibliographic research and visits to rotogravure plants has
been a keystone in finding information on the subject. The sample consisted of
101 employees from two rotogravure plants existing in Greece. These employees
completed a special anonymous questionnaire which is consisted of closed
questions. The processing and analysis of data was performed with the programs
SPSS and Microsoft Excel. According to the results, the employees are facing
problems with noise (13,9% frequently), aeration-ventilation (3,0% frequently),
filings (12,9% frequently, 2,0% consecutively), chemicals (7,9% frequently, 5,0%
FRQVHFXWLYHO\ VROYHQWV IUHTXHQWO\ HOHFWURO\VLV¶ OLTXLGV IUHTXHQWO\
5,0% consecutively) and materials such as inks, chemicals, solvents (5,9%
frequently, 17,8% consecutively). Only 17,8% of workers have been vaccinated for
tetanus. Employees are using computer consecutively at a rate of 73,3%. Safety
hazards resulted from falling materials (5,0% consecutively), falls (2,0%
frequently), flammable materials (3,0% consecutively) and dangerous tools (4,0%
frequently). Concerning ergonomic hazards, 54,5% of employees consider that the
rhythm of work is often intense and 67,3% that has often a high degree of
responsibility. Symptoms are often referred to headaches (7,9%), stress at work
(2,0%), insomnia (4,0%), fatigue (3,0%) and allergy to chemicals-detergents
(8,3%), solvents and inks (2,1%). In conclusion, despite the efforts made, health
and safety issues in gravure printing industry have not been confronted. Carrying
out measurements in the future is proposed in order to ascertain if and whether the
subjective assessment of workers coincides with the objective assessment.
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 37-60
60
ǽȃǻȆȂȀǺȉȃȆȀǽȄǿȂȀȁȎȄȁǺȀȋĬȀǽȀȄǿ ǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ǹȀȠȣțȠȣȜȚȐIJĮǼȄİȞȠįȠȤȓįȠȣȋȆȦȖȦȞȓįȘȢ țĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞ ȈʌȠȣįȫȞ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ TȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ
ǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠ ȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠ ĬȡȐțȘȢ ıİ ıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘ ȝİ IJĮ ȉȝȒȝĮIJĮ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ
ȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹǯȉİȤȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩǼțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȩǿįȡȣȝĮǹșȒȞĮȢ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ ǹȞĮıțȩʌȘıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȡȩȜȠ IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ıIJȘȞ İȞȒȜȚțȘ ȗȦȒ țĮȚ IJȘ
ıȣȞĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ǼșȞȚțȠȪ ǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJȚțȠȪ ȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȘȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮ
ǼǿȈǹīȍīǾ
Ǿ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ țĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ ʌȚȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ
İʌȚIJİȪȖȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıĮȞ IJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ıȣȖțȡȠIJȘȝȑȞȘ
ĮȞȠıȠʌĮȡİȝȕĮIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ıIJȘȞ ȐȝȣȞĮ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȦȞ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȦȞ ȆȠȜȜȠȓ
İȡİȣȞȘIJȑȢ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ įİȞ IJĮ șİȦȡȠȪȞ IJȣʌȚțȒ ĮȞȠıȠʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘ İʌİȚįȒ İʌȚIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ
ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ıİ ȣȖȚİȓȢ ĮȞȠıȚĮțȐ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒȢĮȞȠıȓĮȢ ȅȩȡȠȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌȡȐȟȘȝİIJȘȞ
ȠʌȠȓĮ İȚıȐȖȠȣȝİ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ĮȞIJȚȖȩȞȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȝİİȚįȚțȒĮȞȠıȚĮțȒĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘįȘȜĮįȒ
1. ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȚįȚțȫȞ țȜȫȞȦȞ ȉ-țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞ țȣIJIJĮȡȚțȒ ĮȞȠıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȝĮȢ
İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗȠȣȞțȣȡȓȦȢIJȘȞĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘIJȠȣĮȞIJȚȖȩȞȠȣIJȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ
2. ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȚįȚțȫȞ țȜȫȞȦȞ Ǻ-țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞ ȤȣȝȚțȒ ĮȞȠıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞ
ĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȟȠȣįİIJȑȡȦıȘ IJȠȣ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣ ĮȞIJȚȖȩȞȠȣ IJȠȣ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ
İȚįȚțȐĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮ
3. ǻȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮİȚįȚțȫȞțȜȫȞȦȞ ȉțĮȚǺ-țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞʌȠȣșĮįȚĮIJȘȡȒıȠȣȞIJȘȝȞȒȝȘ
IJȘȢ ȖȞȦȡȚȝȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ĮȞIJȚȖȩȞȠ ȝȞȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ȉ țĮȚ Ǻ-țȪIJIJĮȡĮ țĮȚ șĮ
įȡȐıȠȣȞȐȝİıĮıİțȐșİİʌȩȝİȞȘİȓıȠįȩIJȠȣıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
ȅ ȩȡȠȢ ȕĮıȚțȩȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ĮȡȚșȝȩ IJȦȞ įȩıİȦȞ İȞȩȢ
İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȟĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓ ȝĮțȡȠʌȡȩșİıȝȘ ! ȑIJȘ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒ ĮȞȠıȓĮ ıIJȠ İȝȕȠȜȚĮȗȩȝİȞȠ ȐIJȠȝȠ īȚĮ ȩȜĮ IJĮ ȞİțȡȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ Ƞ
ȕĮıȚțȩȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ - įȩıİȚȢ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ İȞȫ ȖȚĮ ȩȜĮ IJĮ
ȗȫȞIJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ ȝȓĮ ȝȩȞȠ įȩıȘ İȟĮȓȡİıȘ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ
ʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȢ
İʌĮȡțȫȢIJȘȞİȓıȠįȠıIJȠıȫȝĮIJȠȣȝȚțȡȠȕȓȦȞȒȚȫȞ īȚĮʌȠȜȜȐĮʌȩIJĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȠȓ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓ İij¶ ȩȡȠȣ ȗȦȒȢ īȚĮ ȞĮ
įȚĮIJȘȡȒıȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒ ĮȞȠıȓĮ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ ȖȚĮ IJĮ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȑȢįȩıİȚȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ-ȤȡȩȞȚĮȝİIJȐ
IJȠIJȑȜȠȢIJȠȣȕĮıȚțȠȪİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
DzȞĮȐIJȠȝȠșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚʌȜȒȡȦȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȑȞȠȩIJĮȞȑȤİȚıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıİȚIJȚȢ
įȩıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ȕĮıȚțȠȪ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ țĮȚ IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ ȝȓĮ ĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒ įȩıȘ
ǻȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚĮIJİȜȫȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȑȞȠ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹ ǼȃǾȁǿȀȍȃ ȆȅȊ īǿȃȅȃȉǹǿ ȈȉǾȃ Ǽȁȁǹǻǹ ȈȊȂĭȍȃǹ ȂǼ ȉȅ
ǼĬȃǿȀȅȆȇȅīȇǹȂȂǹǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȈȂȍȃ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJȘȢ įȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ-IJİIJȐȞȠȣ 7G IJȪʌȠȣ İȞȘȜȓțȠȣțȠțțȪIJȠȣ
ȚȜĮȡȐȢ ıİ ĮȞİȝȕȠȜȓĮıIJȠȣȢ İIJȫȞ ʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮȢ İȡȣșȡȐȢ ʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȢ
(IPV).
ǹʌȩ IJȠ ʌȠȣ Ș ȤȫȡĮ ȑȤİȚ İȞIJĮȤșİȓ ıİ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȝĮȗȚțȠȪ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
ȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺIJȠǿȀǹʌĮȡȑȤİȚįȦȡİȐȞIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȩȤȚȝȩȞȠȖȚĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐ
ĮȜȜȐțĮȚȖȚĮțȐșİİʌȓȞȠıȠİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ IJȘȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ Ǻ IJȘȢ ȖȡȓʌȘȢ IJȘȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ǹ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȣ ıȣȞIJĮȖȠȖȡĮijȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ țĮIJȐ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮ ȠȝȐįİȢ ȣȥȘȜȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ įİȞ ȣʌȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȩȝȦȢ ıİ țĮșİıIJȫȢ ȖİȞȚțİȣȝȑȞȘȢ țĮȚ țĮșȠȜȚțȒȢ
ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘȢıİİȞȒȜȚțİȢ
ȉȠ ʌȠȜȣıĮțȤĮȡȚțȩ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ IJȠȣ ȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȠțȩțțȠȣ ȠȡȠȠȝȐįȦȞ $& țĮȚ $ & <
țĮȚ : įȚĮIJȓșİIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȐ țȑȞIJȡĮ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ IJȠȣ țȓIJȡȚȞȠȣ
ʌȣȡİIJȠȪ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȜȪııĮȢ IJȠȣ IJȣijȠİȚįȠȪȢ ʌȣȡİIJȠȪ țĮȚ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȤȠȜȑȡĮȢ
ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐ ıIJĮ ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȐ țȑȞIJȡĮ - ıIJȚȢ ǻȚİȣșȪȞıİȚȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ
ȃȠȝĮȡȤȚȫȞ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȈȂȅǿ ǼȃǾȁǿȀȍȃ
ȅ İʌĮȞĮȜȘʌIJȚțȩȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ĮȞĮȖțȐȗİȚ IJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȞĮ șȣȝȘșİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȟĮȞĮijIJȚȐȟİȚ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ĮȡȚșȝȩ ĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİȚ
ǹʌȩ IJȘ ıțȠʌȚȐ IJȘȢ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ - ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ ȖȚĮ ȩʌȠȚȠ ȞȩıȘȝĮ
ȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮȐıțȘıȘʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠĮȣIJȩȞĮİijĮȡȝȩȗİIJĮȚ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȢȣʌȩȥȘȕȑȕĮȚĮțĮȚIJȚȢ ĮȞĮȜȪıİȚȢʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞIJȘıȤȑıȘ țȩıIJȠȣȢ ȝİ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
DzȤİȚĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓȩIJȚIJȠȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩțȩıIJȠȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȦȞȜȠȚȝȫȟİȦȞȝİIJĮ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘțĮȚʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘȩıȦȞȞȠıȒıȠȣȞĮʌȩĮȣIJȑȢ
DzȤİȚİʌȚțȡĮIJȒıİȚȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞĮȘİȞIJȪʌȦıȘȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠıIJȠʌȜĮIJȪțȠȚȞȩȩıȠțĮȚıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢȩIJȚIJĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮįİȞİȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐıIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢȩıȠ
ıIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐȉȠĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȑȞĮȢĮʌĮȡȐįİțIJĮȣȥȘȜȩȢĮȡȚșȝȩȢİȞȘȜȓțȦȞ
ʌİșĮȓȞİȚ țȐșİ ȤȡȩȞȠ ȜȩȖȦ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȘijșȠȪȞ ȝİ
IJȠȣȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȢ
61
62
ȅǼȆǹȃǹȁǾȆȉǿȀȅȈǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȈȂȅȈ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 61-92
ĮȟȚȩʌȚıIJİȢ țĮȚ ȑȖțȣȡİȢ Ȓ țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ijȠȡȑȢ Ș İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȒ IJİȤȞȚțȒ
įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ İʌĮȡțȒȢ ȫıIJİ IJİȜȚțȐ IJȠ ©ȝȒȞȣȝĮª ʌȠȣ įȚĮįȓįȠȣȞ ıIJȠ țȠȚȞȩ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȣȖțİȤȣȝȑȞȠ
ǹȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȘȜȚțȓĮ IJĮ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȚĮIJȡȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩ
ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢIJĮĮțȩȜȠȣșĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮ
‡ ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȠȣȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȩțȠțțȠȣ
‡ ǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȠȣIJȑIJĮȞȠȣțĮȚIJȘȢįȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢȈȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚȖȚĮȩȜȠȣȢ
ĮȞİȟĮȚȡȑIJȦȢ IJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ȞĮ İȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ țȐșİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ įȚȩIJȚ įİȞ ĮijȒȞȠȣȞ
ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒĮȞȠıȓĮ
‡ ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȘȢȖȡȓʌȘȢȈȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚțȐșİȤȡȩȞȠȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮıİȐIJȠȝĮȐȞȦ
IJȦȞİIJȫȞ
‡ ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȠȣʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȣ
‡ ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺțĮȚǹȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮıIJĮȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ
ȣȥȘȜȩțȓȞįȣȞȠĮʌȩIJȚȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢĮȣIJȑȢ
‡ ǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ȝİ IJȠ IJȡȚʌȜȩ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȘȢ ȚȜĮȡȐȢ İȡȣșȡȐȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮȢ005
‡ ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢ
ǹʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮİȟȒȢİʌIJȐİȝȕȩȜȚĮȖȚĮIJȠȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩIJȦȞİȞȘȜȓțȦȞ
IJİIJȐȞȠȣ țĮȚ įȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ ȖȡȓʌȘȢ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȣ İȡȣșȡȐȢ ȚȜĮȡȐȢ
ʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮȢțĮȚȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ ȝİ IJȐȟȘ țĮȚıȣȞȑʌİȚĮıIJĮȠȡȚȗȩȝİȞĮ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȐįȚĮıIJȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣțĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞȠȚȣʌİȪșȣȞİȢȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢ
ǵȜĮIJĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮȒʌȡȠĮȚȡİIJȚțȐȖȚĮIJĮȕȡȑijȘțĮȚIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȤȠȡȘȖȘșȠȪȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ȣȖȚİȓȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ȝİ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ıȤȒȝĮ ȕĮıȚțȠȪ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȈIJĮİʌȓȞȠıĮȐIJȠȝĮĮȣIJȐʌȠȣįİȞȑȤȠȣȞȜȐȕİȚțĮȝȓĮįȩıȘİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ
țĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȞȠıȒıİȚ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȞȩıȘȝĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
IJĮȤȪIJİȡȘ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȓȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ ȝİ IJĮ ȞİțȡȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ ıȣȞIJȠȝİȪıȠȣȝİ
IJȚȢįȩıİȚȢIJȠȣȕĮıȚțȠȪİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪıİIJȡİȚȢĮȞIJȓIJȑııİȡȚȢ
ǻİȞ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ IJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ĮȚȝȩijȚȜȠ IJȘȢ
ȚȞijȜȠȣȑȞIJıĮȢ IJȪʌȠȣ E +LE țĮȚ IJȠ ȠȜȠțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȩ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮIJȐ IJȠȣ țȠțțȪIJȘ
ȍıIJȩıȠ IJĮ ȞȑĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ țĮIJȐ IJȠȣ țȠțțȪIJȘ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȐ ȘȢ ȖİȞȚȐȢ
ȑȤȠȣȞĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓIJİȜİȓȦȢĮıijĮȜȒțĮȚĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ
ȅȚ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ İțIJİșİȓ ıİ ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȩ ȞȩıȘȝĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ʌȡȑʌİȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȞĮ İȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȅȚ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȝĮȢ
ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȑțșİıȘ İȞȩȢ İʌȓȞȠıȠȣ Ȓ ĮIJİȜȫȢ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ
ıIJȠȞ IJȑIJĮȞȠ ıIJȘȞ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ǻ ıIJȘ ȜȪııĮ ıIJȘȞ ȚȜĮȡȐ ıIJȘȞ İȡȣșȡȐ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ
ʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮ
ȉȠ țȣȡȓĮȡȤȠ ʌȞİȪȝĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ IJȦȞ İȞȘȜȓțȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ
İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ıȣȖțĮIJȐșİıȘȢ IJȠȣ İȞįȚĮijİȡȩȝİȞȠȣ ȅ ȐȝİıĮ İȞįȚĮijİȡȩȝİȞȠȢ
ȑȤİȚIJȠȞIJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȜȩȖȠȞĮĮʌȠijĮıȓıİȚțĮȚȞĮİʌȚȜȑȟİȚIJȘȞıIJȐıȘIJȠȣĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚıIJȠ
șȑȝĮ IJȠȣ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ǻİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȖȞȠȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮȢ ĮȞIJȚșȑIJȦȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıİȕĮıIJȐ ȉȠ ȗȘIJȠȪȝİȞȠ ı¶ ĮȣIJȒȞ IJȘȞ
ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ȞĮ İȟĮıijĮȜȓȗİȚ IJȘȞ İȜİȣșİȡȓĮ IJȘȢ ȝȑıȦ
ȝȚĮȢȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘȢțĮȚıȦıIJȒȢʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘȢĮȜȜȚȫȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚȠȪIJİİȜİȪșİȡȘ
ȠȪIJİ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȘ ȅȚ ʌȘȖȑȢ ȩȝȦȢ IJȘȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘȢ IJȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȐȞIJĮ
ȅ İȡȖȠįȩIJȘȢ ȠijİȓȜİȚ ȖȚĮ țȐșİ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȠȣ İȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȑțșİıȘȢıİȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢȞĮȑȤİȚıIJȘįȚȐșİıȒIJȠȣȝȚĮȖȡĮʌIJȒ
İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȣijȚıIJĮȝȑȞȦȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ǵIJĮȞ Ș İțIJȓȝȘıȘ ĮȣIJȒ
țĮIJĮįİȚțȞȪİȚ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ
ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ Ƞ İȡȖȠįȩIJȘȢ ȠijİȓȜİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ
ȝİįȚțȒIJȠȣįĮʌȐȞȘIJȠȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩıIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢĮȣIJȠȪȢ
ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚİȞȘȝİȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJĮʌȜİȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJĮȝİȚȠȞİțIJȒȝĮIJĮ
IJȩıȠ IJȠȣ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȝȘ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ȅ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠıijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ
İʌȚȕĮȡȪȞıİȚȢ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ țĮȚ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ ȚıȤȪȠȣıİȢ ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ
įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢțĮȚʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢ
ȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ İțIJİȜİȓ Ƞ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȘȢ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢ ȝİ İȞIJȠȜȒ IJȘȢ ĮȡȝȩįȚĮȢ ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ IJȘȢ ȃȠȝĮȡȤȓĮȢ ȩʌȠȣ
İįȡİȪİȚȘİʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İʌȚıȘȝĮȞșİȓ Ƞ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȠȣ ǿĮIJȡȠȪ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠ șȑȝĮ IJȦȞ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȚʌȜȩȢ ǼȓIJİ ȦȢ ʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ ȑțșİıȘ ȜȩȖȠȣ ȤȐȡȘ IJȑIJĮȞȠȢ
ıİșȑıİȚȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȩʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚțȠʌȓįȚİȓIJİȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚİʌĮijȒȝİȤȫȝĮ
İȓIJİ ȦȢ įȚĮıijȐȜȚıȘ ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ ıIJĮ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȝİȞĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝȘ
įȚĮıʌİȓȡȠȞIJĮȚȜȠȚȝȫįȘ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮıIJȠȖİȞȚțȩʌȜȘșȣıȝȩȜȩȖȠȣȤȐȡȘȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǹ
ĮʌȩȤİȚȡȚıIJȑȢIJȡȠijȓȝȦȞǹʌȩȩIJȚijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞİȓȞĮȚ
ĮʌȩIJĮʌȡȦIJİȪȠȞIJĮȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮĮijȠȪȚİȡĮȡȤİȓIJĮȚĮȝȑıȦȢ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞĮȡȤȚțȒİȟȑIJĮıȘ
țĮȚIJȠȞʌİȡȚȠįȚțȩȑȜİȖȤȠIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠȝȞȘȝȩȞȚȠ
ȖȚĮIJȚȢİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȑȢĮȡȝȠįȚȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣǿĮIJȡȠȪǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
Ǿ ȖȞȫıȘ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȞİȚįȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȕĮıȚțȒ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ IJȘȢ ȜȒȥȘȢ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ
ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢțĮȚʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ
ȅ țȐșİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ - ĮıijĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ȩIJĮȞ İȞȘȝİȡȦșİȓ țĮȚ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȘșİȓ Įʌȩ
IJȠȣȢ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ IJȦȞȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȞȩıȦȞ
șĮİȓȞĮȚıİșȑıȘȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıİȚțĮȜȪIJİȡĮIJȠȞİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣțĮȚIJȘȞȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚȐIJȠȣ
İȚįȚțȐȩIJĮȞĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚIJȩıȠIJȠȞİȡȖȠįȩIJȘȩıȠțĮȚIJȠȞĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȩIJȠȣijȠȡȑĮȞĮ
İʌĮȖȡȣʌȞȠȪȞıIJȠʌȜİȣȡȩIJȠȣǹȢİʌȚıȘȝĮȞșİȓȩȝȦȢȩIJȚțĮȚȠțȐșİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ
İȓȞĮȚȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢȖȚĮIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚȐIJȠȣ
Ǿ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ IJȠȣ İʌȚʌȑįȠȣ IJȘȢ ʌȡȦIJȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȘȢ ȠʌȠȓĮȢ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ țĮȚ Ș ǿĮIJȡȚțȒ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ-ĮıijĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠ țĮȚ Ș
63
64
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȈȂȅǿ ǼȇīǹǽȅȂǼȃȍȃ
ıȦıIJȒ ȠȡȚȠșȑIJȘıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȦȞ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ
İʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȠȚıIJȩȤȠȚıIJĮșȑȝĮIJĮȊȖİȓĮȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢıIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȅȕĮșȝȩȢ
ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȒȢ IJȦȞ ıIJȩȤȦȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ įȠțȚȝȐıİȚ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıȕĮıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȞ
ĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȚıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ
DZȜȜȦıIJİȘʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘțĮȚȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮțȠıIJȓȗİȚİȞȫȘʌȡȩȜȘȥȘıȣȝijȑȡİȚ
ȁȅǿȂȅīȅȃǹǹǿȉǿǹȀǹǿǼȂǺȅȁǿǹ
ȉǼȉǹȃȅȈ
ȅ IJȑIJĮȞȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ ȕĮȡȚȐ țĮȚ įȣȞȘIJȚțȐ șĮȞĮIJȘijȩȡĮ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
ʌȡȠȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ ʌȜȒȡȦȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ĮȞIJȚIJİIJĮȞȚțȠȪ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ Ƞ
ȠʌȠȓȠȢșİıʌȓıIJȘțİȦȢȣʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȩȢȖȚĮIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐțĮȚIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢȑȦȢİIJȫȞ
ĮʌȩIJȠıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮ
īȚĮIJȘȞİȞȓıȤȣıȒIJȠȣʌȡȠȕȜȑʌȠȞIJĮȚįȚĮȕȓȠȣĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȑȢįȩıİȚȢȝİĮȝijȓȕȠȜȘ
ȩȝȦȢ IJȘȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȓȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ İȞȫ ȐȖȞȦıIJȠ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȚ IJȠ İțȐıIJȠIJİ İʌȓʌİįȠ
ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
ǻǿĭĬǼȇǿȉǿǻǹ
Ǿ ȖİȚIJȞȓĮıȘ IJȘȢ ǼȜȜȐįĮȢ ȝİ ȤȫȡİȢ ȩʌȠȣ ıȘȝİȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȐ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ
įȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȠĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠțȪȝĮȝİIJĮȞȐıIJİȣıȘȢʌȡȠȢIJȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ Ș ȝİȖȐȜȘ țȚȞȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ ıIJȚȢ ȝȑȡİȢ ȝĮȢ įİȞ
İʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞȤĮȜȐȡȦıȘȠȪIJİIJȠȣİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJȚțȠȪʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢĮȜȜȐȠȪIJİțĮȚIJȘȢ
țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢIJȣȤȩȞțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ
ȉȠįȚʌȜȩİȝȕȩȜȚȠįȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ-IJİIJȐȞȠȣȉGIJȪʌȠȣİȞȘȜȓțȠȣ
ȅȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚDzȜȜȘȞİȢȑȤȠȣȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJİȓĮʌȩIJȘȞʌĮȚįȚțȒIJȠȣȢȘȜȚțȓĮȒțĮIJȐ
IJȘ ıIJȡĮIJȚȦIJȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ șȘIJİȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ ĮȡțİIJȠȓ ĮȝİȜȠȪȞ IJȚȢĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȑȢįȩıİȚȢʌȠȣ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚțȐșİȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚȟĮȞȐĮȞIJȚIJİIJĮȞȚțȩİȝȕȩȜȚȠȩIJĮȞȣʌȐȡȟİȚIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢȝİ
ȤȫȝĮ ıȓİȜȠ Ș țȩʌȡĮȞĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌȜȘȖȒ țĮȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌİȡȐıİȚ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠ ĮȞIJȚIJİIJĮȞȚțȩ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ ǼʌȓıȘȢ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ȚıȤȪİȚ ȩIJĮȞ Ƞ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ
ʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓĮʌȩțȐʌȠȚȠĮțȐșĮȡIJȠĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȩȒȐȜȜȠ
ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ıȣȞİʌİȓȢ ıIJȠȣȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȢ IJȠȣȢ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȠȣ
IJİIJȐȞȠȣ
‡ ȅȚ țȘʌȠȣȡȠȓ ȠȚ ĮȖȡȩIJİȢ ȠȚ İȡȖȐIJİȢ ȖȘȢ ȠȚ ȖİȦʌȩȞȠȚ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȐ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚıİİȡȖĮıȓİȢıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮIJȘȢȖİȦȡȖȓĮȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȗȫĮ ȩʌȦȢ țIJȘȞȠIJȡȩijȠȚ țIJȘȞȓĮIJȡȠȚ ıijĮȖİȓȢ țĮȚ
ȕȣȡıȠįȑȥİȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȐȝİıȘ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ĮʌȠȡȡȓȝȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȠȚ
ȠįȠțĮșĮȡȚıIJȑȢȠȚİȡȖȐIJİȢțĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȦȞıIJȐȕȜȦȞȠȚĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȝİȞȠȚȝİIJĮ
65
ijȣıȚțȐ ȜȚʌȐıȝĮIJĮ țȠʌȡȚȑȢ ȠȚ İȡȖȐIJİȢ țĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȦȞ ȕȩșȡȦȞ țĮȚ
İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȜȣȝȐIJȦȞ
‡ ȅȚİȡȖȐIJİȢȞİțȡȠIJĮijİȓȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȦȞ
‡ ȅȚțĮșĮȡȓıIJȡȚİȢİıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞȤȫȡȦȞȩʌȦȢȠȚțİȚȫȞȖȡĮijİȓȦȞțĮIJĮıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ
țȜʌ (12).
‡ ȅȚȘȜȚțȚȦȝȑȞȠȚ
‡ ȅȚİȡȖȐIJİȢȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢ
‡ ȅȚİȡȖȐIJİȢıIJĮIJİȤȞȚțȐȑȡȖĮțĮȚIJȚȢȠȚțȠįȠȝȑȢ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮȩȝȦȢȝİIJȘȞ$GYLVRU\&RPPLWWHHRQ,PPXQL]DWLRQ3UDFWLFHV$&,3IJȦȞ
ǾȞȦȝȑȞȦȞȆȠȜȚIJİȚȫȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȩȜȠȚĮȞİȟĮȚȡȑIJȦȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩIJȘȞȘȜȚțȓĮIJȦȞ İIJȫȞȞĮ İȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȐ țȐșİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȖȚĮ ȩȜȘ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢ
ȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȢİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȠȣIJȑIJĮȞȠȣțĮȚIJȘȢįȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ
ȊʌȐȡȤİȚțĮȚIJȠIJȡȚʌȜȩİȝȕȩȜȚȠįȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ-IJİIJȐȞȠȣ-țȠțțȪIJȘ
ȀȅȀȀȊȉǾȈ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȠȞțȠțțȪIJȘ
ȆȠȜȜȠȓ ıȣȞȚıIJȠȪȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ IJȦȞ İȞȘȜȓțȦȞ ȝİ IJĮ ȞȑĮ ĮțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ įİȞ
ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞȩȜȠIJȠȝȚțȡȠȕȚĮțȩıȫȝĮIJȘȢǺ3HUWXVVLVĮȜȜȐʌĮȡĮıțİȣȐȗȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ IJȠȣ ȝȚțȡȠȕȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȜĮIJIJȦșİȓ Ș İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ıIJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ
ȁȩȖȦ IJȦȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJȦȞ İȞİȡȖİȚȫȞ IJȠȣ Ƞ IJȪʌȠȢ ĮȣIJȩȢ IJȠȣ
İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣʌȡȠȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȞĮİʌİțIJĮșİȓțĮȚıIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢȣʌȩȝȠȡijȒĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒȢ
įȩıİȦȢ ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȠȣțȠțțȪIJȘĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮİȟĮıșİȞİȓ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ȝİIJȐIJȘȞIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȠȡȒȖȘıȒIJȠȣ
ȈȣȞİȤȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ İȟİIJȐȗȠȣȞ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ȝȓĮȢ ʌȡȩıșİIJȘȢ įȩıȘȢ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ıİ
İijȒȕȠȣȢ țĮȚ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ĮȜȜȐ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ʌĮȡȩȞ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚıIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐțȐIJȦIJȦȞİIJȫȞ
īȇǿȆǾ
ǾȞȩıȠȢİȓȞĮȚĮȡțİIJȐıȠȕĮȡȒțĮȚİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞȞĮȣʌȠȤȡİȫıİȚʌȠȜȜȠȪȢĮıșİȞİȓȢ
ȞĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞıIJȠțȡİȕȐIJȚțĮȚȞĮĮʌȠȣıȚȐıȠȣȞĮʌȩIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮ
Ș ȖȡȓʌȘ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ İʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ
ȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȚĮțȑȢȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ
2 İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ șİȡĮʌİȓİȢ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ IJȘȢ ȖȡȓʌȘȢ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ İʌȦijİȜİȓȢ İȐȞ İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȞ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȐ ȆĮȜĮȚȩIJİȡİȢ
ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ ȩIJȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ ȒıĮȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȑȞȠȚ İȓȤĮȞ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡİȢ ȝȑȡİȢ
ĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ȝİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ įİȞ İȓȤĮȞ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıșİȓ ȅ ȝȑıȠȢ ȩȡȠȢ IJȘȢ įȚȐȡțİȚĮȢ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ ȜȩȖȦ ȖȡȓʌȘȢ ĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ȖȪȡȦ ıIJȘ ȝȓĮ
İȕįȠȝȐįĮ
66
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ȝİȜȑIJȘȢ İȡİȣȞȘIJȑȢ ıȣıIJȒȞȠȣȞ IJȠ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȩ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȩȜȦȞįȚȩIJȚșİȦȡȠȪȞȩIJȚȠȚİʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢșĮİȓȞĮȚșİIJȚțȑȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȓĮ ȖİȞȚțȐ ǹȞĮȝȑȞȠȞIJĮȢ IJȚȢ ȖİȞȚțȑȢ
ıȣıIJȐıİȚȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ ĮȞĮijȠȡȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ
ȝĮȗȚțȠȪ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ IJȠȣ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȘȢ ȖȡȓʌȘȢ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȟİȤȞȠȪȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ ȘȜȚțȚȦȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ȝİ
İȣȐȜȦIJȘȣȖİȓĮ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢȖȡȓʌȘȢ
ȈȣȞȒșȦȢȘțĮȜȪIJİȡȘİʌȠȤȒȖȚĮȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢİȓȞĮȚȠ ȅțIJȫȕȡȚȠȢȒȠ
ȃȠȑȝȕȡȚȠȢ ȆĮȡȐ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ įȚĮșȑıȚȝȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ıİ
ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİ ȘȜȚțȓĮțĮȚ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȐȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ Ȓ ȩȤȚ țȐʌȠȚĮĮıșȑȞİȚĮ
İȞIJȠȪIJȠȚȢįİȞıȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȐıİȣȖȚİȓȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢțȐIJȦIJȦȞ
(14) ȒIJȦȞİIJȫȞ
ȉĮȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȐİȓȞĮȚ
‡ ȅȚȘȜȚțȚȦȝȑȞȠȚ!İIJȫȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįȚĮȕȚȠȪȞıİȚįȡȪȝĮIJĮȒȖȘȡȠțȠȝİȓĮȝİȤȡȩȞȚĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢ ȝİ įȡİʌĮȞȠțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȒ ĮȞĮȚȝȓĮ Ȓ ȝİ ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJȠȜȒ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚĮıșİȞİȓȢȝİ+,9ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘ
‡ ȀĮȡįȚȠʌĮșİȓȢ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȝİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȠȪ ȩʌȦȢ
ĮʌȠijȡĮțIJȚțȒ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȠʌȐșİȚĮ ȕȡȠȖȤȚİțIJĮıȓĮ ĮıșȝĮIJȚțȠȓ țĮȚ ȐȜȜĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȝİ
İȣȐȜȦIJȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȣȖİȓĮȢ
‡ ǿĮIJȡȚțȩ ȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮȧĮIJȡȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȦȞ țĮȚ
ȚįȡȣȝȐIJȦȞ ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ ȠȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țȐșİ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ȩıȠȚȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİİʌĮijȒȝİĮıșİȞİȓȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ țȐșİ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ ȝİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȞİijȡȚțȒ ĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮ Ȓ ȞİijȡȦıȚțȩ ıȪȞįȡȠȝȠ
ıĮțȤĮȡȫįȘįȚĮȕȒIJȘȒȐȜȜĮȝİIJĮȕȠȜȚțȐȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȞĮIJĮȟȚįȑȥȠȣȞıİʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤİȚİʌȚįȘȝȓĮȖȡȓʌȘȢ
(3, 9, 11).
‡ ȀȜİȚıIJȠȓ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȓ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ țĮȚ İıȦIJİȡȚțȠȓ ıʌȠȣįĮıIJȑȢ ıIJȡĮIJȚȦIJȚțȫȞ
țĮȚĮıIJȣȞȠȝȚțȫȞıȤȠȜȫȞİȚįȚțȫȞıȤȠȜİȓȦȞȒıȤȠȜȫȞ
‡ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢʌȠȣĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİʌȠȣȜİȡȚțȐ
īȚĮIJȘȞȑĮȖȡȓʌȘȑȤȠȣȞįȠșİȓįȚİșȞİȓȢȅįȘȖȓİȢȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȩʌȦȢ
İʌȓıȘȢ țĮȚ ȅįȘȖȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȤĮȞ İțįȠșİȓ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȠ ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞ
ıIJȘȞȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮ
ǼȜʌȓįİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ IJȘȢ ȖȡȓʌȘȢ IJȦȞ ʌIJȘȞȫȞ ȐijȘıİ
ıIJȠȣȢİʌȚıIJȒȝȠȞİȢȘįȠțȚȝȒİȞȩȢȞȑȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣʌȠȣįȠțȚȝȐıIJȘțİȝİİʌȚIJȣȤȓĮıİ
ʌȠȞIJȓțȚĮ IJȦȞ ǾȆǹ ȅȚ İȚįȚțȠȓ ȝİIJȐ IJĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ İȞșĮȡȡȣȞIJȚțȐ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ
İIJȠȚȝȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ țȜȚȞȚțȒ įȠțȚȝȒ IJȠȣ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ǹȞ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ
İʌȚIJȣȤȘȝȑȞİȢ İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȣȞ ʌȦȢ ȝİ IJȚȢ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJİȢ ʌȠȣ įȓȞȠȣȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ ȠȚ ȞȑİȢ
IJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓİȢ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȤșȠȪȞ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ įȩıİȚȢ IJȠȣ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ıİ
İȜȐȤȚıIJȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ Ȉİ ȝȚĮ IJȑIJȠȚĮ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ȠȚ ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ șĮ
ĮʌȠțIJȒıȠȣȞ ȑȞĮ ʌȠȜȪIJȚȝȠ ȩʌȜȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ ȝȚĮȢ ʌȚșĮȞȒȢ ʌĮȞįȘȝȓĮȢ
IJȠȣǾȃ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ țĮȚ ȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ȑȟȚ ȝȒȞİȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮıțİȣĮıIJȠȪȞ ȕĮıȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İȝijȪIJİȣıȘ İȜĮijȡȐ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȦȞ ȚȫȞ ıİ
ȖȠȞȚȝȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮȦȐȡȚĮʌȠȣȜİȡȚțȫȞ
ǹȞIJȓșİIJĮȝİIJȠȞȑȦȢIJȫȡĮʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȩIJȡȩʌȠʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒȢȠȚİʌȚıIJȒȝȠȞİȢIJȠȣ
ȀȑȞIJȡȠȣ ǼȜȑȖȤȠȣ țĮȚ ȆȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ȃȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ &'& IJȘȢ ǹIJȜȐȞIJĮ IJȦȞǾȆǹ įİȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıĮȞ ȦȐȡȚĮ ĮȜȜȐ ȑȞĮȞ Țȩ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȠ țȠȚȞȩ țȡȣȠȜȩȖȘȝĮ IJȠȞ
ȠʌȠȓȠ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıĮȞ ȖİȞİIJȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ʌȡȦIJİǸȞȘ ĮȚȝȠıȣȖțȠȜȜȘIJȓȞȘ
IJȪʌȠȢǾǾǹʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩIJȠȣȚȠȪǾȃ
ȂİIJȐİȝȕȠȜȓĮıĮȞʌȠȞIJȓțȚĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮȑįİȚȟĮȞȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩİțįȠȤȑȢIJȠȣ
ȚȠȪ ʌȠȣ ıIJİȜȑȤȘ IJȠȣ İȓȤĮȞ ĮʌȠȝȠȞȦșİȓ İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȚĮțȐ IJȠ ǹȞ ĮȣIJȩ
ĮʌȠįİȚȤIJİȓ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩ țĮȚ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ șĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣĮıIJİȓ
İȣțȠȜȩIJİȡĮ țĮȚ ıİ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJİȢ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJĮ ȐȜȜĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ʌȠȣ
șȑȜȠȣȞ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ ȑȟȚ ȝȒȞİȢ ȝȑȤȡȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȤșȠȪȞ ȉȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ IJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ ıİ ȞȑȠȣȢ ȚȠȪȢ țĮȚ įİȞ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ Ș ȜȒȥȘ
ȐȜȜȦȞijĮȡȝȐțȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞİȞȓıȤȣıȘIJȠȣĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ (16).
ǿȁǹȇǹ
ȅȚ ıȣȞȘșȑıIJİȡİȢİʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢIJȘȢȚȜĮȡȐȢİȓȞĮȚȘȕȡȠȖȤȠʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮȘʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮțĮȚ
Ș İȖțİijĮȜȓIJȚįĮ ȅ ȚȩȢ IJȘȢ ȚȜĮȡȐȢ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ IJȠ ĮȓIJȚȠ IJȘȢ ȣʌȠȟİȓĮȢ ıțȜȘȡȣȞIJȚțȒȢ
ʌĮȞİȖțİijĮȜȓIJȚįĮȢ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢȚȜĮȡȐȢ
ȆȡȩıijĮIJĮȠȚȚȠȓǹ+1țĮȚ+1IJȘȢȖȡȓʌȘȢIJȦȞʌIJȘȞȫȞȝȩȜȣȞĮȞĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
țĮȚĮȞȑįİȚȟĮȞIJȠıȠȕĮȡȩİȞįİȤȩȝİȞȠȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢĮȞȐȝİıĮıIJĮİȓįȘ
ȉȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȘȢİȡȣșȡȐȢțĮȚ
IJȘȢʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮȢIJȠȖȞȦıIJȩȂȂ5
ȅ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ İȞIJȩȢ ȘȝİȡȫȞ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȘ ȞȩıȠ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪıİȚ Įʌȩ ȞȩıȘıȘ ȩȤȚ ʌȐȞIJȠIJİ ȖȚĮIJȓ Ș ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ ĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞ ȝİIJȐ
ĮʌȩİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩİȓȞĮȚIJĮȤȪIJİȡȘĮʌȩȩIJȚȝİIJȐĮʌȩijȣıȚțȒȞȩıȘıȘ
Ǿ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ İȚįȚțȒȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ ĮȞȠıȠıijĮȚȡȓȞȘȢ İȞIJȩȢ ȘȝİȡȫȞ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ
ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȘ ȞȩıȠ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ Įʌȩ țȜȚȞȚțȒ ȞȩıȘıȘ Ȓ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚİȓ IJȘ
ȞȩıȠ ȒʌȚĮ Ȓ ȐIJȣʌȘ ȚȜĮȡȐ Ȉİ ʌİȡȓȠįȠ İʌȚįȘȝȓĮȢ ȩȜȠȚ ȠȚ İʌȓȞȠıȠȚ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ).
67
68
īȇǿȆǾȉȍȃȆȅȊȁǼȇǿȀȍȃ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȘȢǿȜĮȡȐȢıȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚıİ
‡ ǼȞȒȜȚțİȢʌȠȣȖİȞȞȒșȘțĮȞȝİIJȐ IJȠİȐȞįİȞIJȠȑȤȠȣȞțȐȞİȚıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
țĮȚİȐȞįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚĮʌȩįİȚȟȘȩIJȚȑȤȠȣȞĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȝȕȠȜȚĮıșȠȪȞ
ȝİ ȝȓĮ įȩıȘ ȂȓĮ įȩıȘ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ İʌȓıȘȢ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ıİ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ
İȝȕȠȜȚȐıIJȘțĮȞȝİIJĮȟȪ-ȝİIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌȠȣʌİȡȚİȓȤİȞİțȡȠȪȢȚȠȪȢ
‡ ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘȑȝijĮıȘıİʌȡȫIJȘijȐıȘșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȠșİȓıIJȚȢʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦȠȝȐįİȢ
ȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
L ǿĮIJȡȠȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ʌĮȚįȚĮIJȡȚțȫȞ țȜȚȞȚțȫȞ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ țȜȚȞȚțȫȞ
ȉǼȆțĮȚȂȠȞȐįȦȞȆȡȦIJȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢĭȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
LLȆȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȕȡİijȠȞȘʌȚĮțȫȞıIJĮșȝȫȞ
LLLĭȠȚIJȘIJȑȢțĮȚıʌȠȣįĮıIJȑȢʌȠȣțȐȞȠȣȞIJȘȞțȜȚȞȚțȒIJȠȣȢȐıțȘıȘ
ǼȇȊĬȇǹ
ȅ ıʌȠȣįĮȚȩIJİȡȠȢ ȜȩȖȠȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘ IJȘȢ İȖțȪȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
İȡȣșȡȐ Ǿ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ İȟȐȜİȚȥȘȢ IJȘȢ İȡȣșȡȐȢ İʌȚțİȞIJȡȫȞİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ
İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞıȣȖȖİȞȠȪȢİȡȣșȡȐȢȝİȩȜİȢIJȚȢıȣȞİʌĮȖȩȝİȞİȢıȣȖȖİȞİȓȢ
ĮȞȦȝĮȜȓİȢȖȚĮIJȠȑȝȕȡȣȠ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȘȢİȡȣșȡȐȢ
ǼȚıȒȤșȘ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒ ĮȖȠȡȐ IJȠ țĮȚ ȑȦȢ IJȠ Ș İȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJȚțȒ țȐȜȣȥȘ
IJȦȞİȜȜȘȞȩʌȠȣȜȦȞʌĮȡȑȝİȚȞİțȡȓıȚȝĮȤĮȝȘȜȒȖȚĮIJȓĮȣIJȩįȚĮțȚȞȒșȘțİȝȩȞȠȞĮʌȩ
IJȠȣȢ ȚįȚȫIJİȢ ʌĮȚįȚȐIJȡȠȣȢ ȝİ ʌȜȒȡȘ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮ ȝȚĮȢ İʌȓıȘȝȘȢ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒȢ DzIJıȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ʌȠȣ IJȩIJİįİȞİȓȤİIJȘȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȒʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘ
ȑijIJĮıİıIJȘȞĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒȘȜȚțȓĮĮțȐȜȣʌIJȠ).
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȘȢǿȜĮȡȐȢıȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚıİ
‡ īȣȞĮȓțİȢʌȠȣȖİȞȞȒșȘțĮȞIJȠȒĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮțĮȚįİȞȑȤȠȣȞĮʌȩįİȚȟȘĮȞȠıȓĮȢ
Ȓ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ Ȓ İȝȕȠȜȚȐıșȘțĮȞ ȝİIJĮȟȪ - ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȩȢ ȈȪȜȜȠȖȠȢ
ȂĮȚİȣIJȒȡȦȞțĮȚīȣȞĮȚțȠȜȩȖȦȞ
‡ ȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ țȣȡȓȦȢ İțİȓȞȠ ʌȠȣ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȑȖțȣİȢ
ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ ıIJȚȢ ȝĮȚİȣIJȚțȑȢ țȜȚȞȚțȑȢ țĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮȞȠıȓĮ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȞ Țȩ IJȘȢ İȡȣșȡȐȢ
(20).
‡ īȣȞĮȓțİȢ ȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ IJȦȞ İȚįȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȘȢ ȆĮȚįȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ īȣȞĮȚțȠȜȠȖȓĮȢȂĮȚİȣIJȚțȒȢ țĮȚIJȘȢȆĮșȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
‡ īȣȞĮȓțİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȖİȞȞȒıİȚ ʌȡȩıijĮIJĮ țĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ
İȡȣșȡȐȢǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȩȢȈȪȜȜȠȖȠȢȂĮȚİȣIJȒȡȦȞțĮȚīȣȞĮȚțȠȜȩȖȦȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣIJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞıIJȠİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩ
ȈIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ İȡȣșȡȐȢ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ȑȞįİȚȟȘ Ș ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ Ȓ İȚįȚțȒȢ
ĮȞȠıȠıijĮȚȡȓȞȘȢ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȘ ȞȩıȠ ȖȚĮIJȓ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓ ȩIJȚ
ʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮĮʌȩțȜȚȞȚțȒȒȣʌȠțȜȚȞȚțȒȞȩıȘıȘ
69
Ȇǹȇȍȉǿȉǿǻǹ
Ǿ ȆĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ĮșȫĮ ȞȩıȠȢ ȅȚ İʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȝȒȞȚȖȖİȢ IJȠȣȢ
ȩȡȤİȚȢȒIJȚȢȦȠșȒțİȢİȓȞĮȚțĮȚȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢȜȩȖȠȢʌȠȣİȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȑijȘȕȠȚțĮȚ
İȞȒȜȚțİȢİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢǿȜĮȡȐȢȆĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮȢǼȡȣșȡȐȢ005
ǼțIJȩȢ țȚ ĮȞ IJȠ İȝȕȠȜȚĮȗȩȝİȞȠ ȐIJȠȝȠ ȑȤİȚ ȞȠıȒıİȚ Įʌȩ İȡȣșȡȐ Ȓ ʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚIJȠȝȚțIJȩİȝȕȩȜȚȠȂȂ5IJȠȠʌȠȓȠʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȝȑıĮ
ıİȫȡİȢĮʌȩIJȠȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ
ȉĮ IJȡȓĮ ĮȞȦIJȑȡȦ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ įȠșȠȪȞ ȝĮȗȓ ıİ ȝȓĮ ĮʌȜȒ įȩıȘ ȝİ ȝȓĮ
ȑȞİıȘțĮȚIJȠȝİıȠįȚȐıIJȘȝĮȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞįȩıİȦȞȞĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞȝȒȞĮȢ
ȂʌȠȡİȓȞĮȤȠȡȘȖȘșȠȪȞIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮȝİȐȜȜĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢǿȜĮȡȐȢȆĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮȢǼȡȣșȡȐȢ005ıȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚıİȩȜȠȣȢ
IJȠȣȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢȣȖİȓĮȢ
ǹȃǼȂǼȊȁȅīǿǹ
ȅȚȩȢIJȘȢĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜİȚțȣȡȓȦȢIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐĮȜȜȐȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠıȕȐȜİȚ
țĮȚ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ǼȞįȑȤİIJĮȚ ȞĮ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ȟĮȞȐ ıİ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȑȡĮıĮȞ
ĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȩIJĮȞȒIJĮȞʌĮȚįȚȐțĮȚȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚIJȠȞȑȡʌȘIJĮȗȦıIJȒȡĮ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢ
ǻİȞ ĮʌȠțȜİȓİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ țĮIJȐ IJȠȣ ȑȡʌȘIJĮ ȗȦıIJȒȡĮ
ȋȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȩȝȦȢ ȞȑĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ țĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȘ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ
IJİțȝȘȡȚȦșİȓȘİȞȜȩȖȦİȣİȡȖİIJȚțȒįȡȐıȘ).
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȘȢĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚ
‡ ȈIJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ įȩıİȚȢ ȝİ ȝİıȠįȚȐıIJȘȝĮ - İȕįȠȝȐįȦȞ İȐȞ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ʌİȡȐıİȚ IJȘȞĮıșȑȞİȚĮĮȣIJȒțĮȚİȐȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚĮʌȩįİȚȟȘȩIJȚįİȞȑȤȠȣȞĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮ
İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ĮȣIJȒȢ ȅȚ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ țȚȞįȣȞİȪȠȣȞ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢ
IJȘȢĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢ
‡ ȈİİȞȒȜȚțİȢʌȠȣȗȠȣȞıIJȠıʌȓIJȚȝİʌĮȚįȚȐ
‡ ȈİİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢıİȕȡİijȠȞȘʌȚĮțȩıIJĮșȝȩ
‡ ȈİȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıİțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢȝİȣȥȘȜȩțȓȞįȣȞȠȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢȩʌȦȢ
ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢıIJȡĮIJȚȫIJİȢIJȡȩijȚȝȠȚijȣȜĮțȫȞ
‡ Ȉİ ȠʌȠȚȠȞįȒʌȠIJİįİȞȑȤİȚȣʌȠıIJİȓIJȘȞȩıȠ
‡ ȈİȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣIJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞıIJȠİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩ
‡ ȈIJȠȣȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢȣȖİȓĮȢ
70
ȅȚ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ ʌȠȣ șȑȜȠȣȞ ȞĮ IJİțȞȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȜȩȞĮıȣȗȘIJȠȪȞȝİIJȠȖȚĮIJȡȩ
IJȠȣȢIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȘȢĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢİʌİȚįȒțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȖțȣȝȠıȪȞȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
ʌȠȜȪıȠȕĮȡȒȅȚĮIJȡȩȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȜȑȖȟİȚȝİĮȞȐȜȣıȘĮȓȝĮIJȠȢIJȘȞȪʌĮȡȟȘȒȩȤȚ
ĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ ĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȢ Ȉİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȠȣ Ș ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ
ʌİȡȐıİȚ IJȘȞ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıșİȓ ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌİȡȐıİȚ
IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ ȑȞĮȢ ȝȒȞĮȢ ʌȡȚȞ Ș ȖȣȞĮȓțĮ ĮȡȤȓıİȚ IJȚȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝİȓȞİȚ
ȑȖțȣȠȢ ĬĮ ȤȡİȚĮıIJȠȪȞ įȣȠ įȩıİȚȢ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ȝİ ȝİıȠįȚȐıIJȘȝĮ - İȕįȠȝȐįȦȞ
(15).
ȆȃǼȊȂȅȃǿȅȀȅȀȀǿȀǾȆȃǼȊȂȅȃǿǹ
Ȉİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ıIJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȠȚ ıȠȕĮȡȑȢ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ Įʌȩ
ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮ ȝȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȤȞȑȢ ıIJȘȞ IJȡȓIJȘ ȘȜȚțȓĮ
ʌȡȠIJİȓȞİIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢțĮIJȐIJȠȣʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȣțȐșİ-ȤȡȩȞȚĮĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ
ȝİIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌȠȣșĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȠȣʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȣ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȠȣʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚıİ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣȢ țĮșȚıIJȠȪȞ ʌȚȠ İȣȐȜȦIJȠȣȢ ıIJȠ
ȝȚțȡȩȕȚȠĮȣIJȩ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮȐȞȦIJȦȞİIJȫȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ Įʌȩ ȑȦȢ İIJȫȞ ȝİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮ țĮȡįȚȠʌȐșİȚĮ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȚțȐ
ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȠȪ țĮȚ țĮȡįȚĮȖȖİȚĮțȠȪ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
IJȠȣ
ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ ȝİ ȝİIJĮȝȩıȤİȣıȘ ȠȡȖȐȞȦȞ ȜȑȝijȦȝĮ țĮȚ +,9
ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌȐșȘıȘ ȩʌȦȢ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȞİijȡȚțȒ ĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮ Ȓ
ȞİijȡȦıȚțȩ ıȪȞįȡȠȝȠ ıĮțȤĮȡȫįȘ įȚĮȕȒIJȘ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ țĮȡįȚȠʌȐșİȚĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȠʌȐșİȚĮ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮȝİĮȜțȠȠȜȚıȝȩ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮȝİțȓȡȡȦıȘIJȠȣȒʌĮIJȠȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮȝİįȚĮijȣȖȒǼȃȊ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮȝİįȡİʌĮȞȠțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȒĮȞĮȚȝȓĮ
‡ ȅȝȐįİȢȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣțȣȡȓȦȢȐIJȠȝĮȝİıʌȜȘȞİțIJȠȝȒȒȐȜȜȘȢĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒĮıʌȜȘȞȓĮ
ȂǾȃǿīīǿȉǿǻȅȀȅȀȀǿȀǾȃȅȈȅȈ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ıȠȕĮȡȒ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ ȝȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮ Ȓ ȦȢ ıȘȥĮȚȝȓĮ țĮȚ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ șȞȘIJȩIJȘIJĮ ǾİțįȒȜȦıȘ IJȘȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ
ĮʌȩIJȠȝĮȟĮijȞȚțȐțĮȚȑȤİȚȖȡȒȖȠȡȘİȟȑȜȚȟȘ
71
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞʌİȡȓʌȠȣĮȞIJȚȖȠȞȚțȠȓIJȪʌȠȚIJȠȣȜȚʌȠʌȠȜȣıĮțȤĮȡȓIJȘIJȠȣİȜȪIJȡȠȣIJȠȣ
ȝȚțȡȠȕȓȠȣĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢįȚĮȤȦȡȓȗİIJĮȚıİ$%&';=<:
2AE, H, I, K, L).
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȠȣȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȩțȠțțȠȣ
Ǿ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞ IJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȚįȚțȒ ȖȚĮ țȐșİ ȠȡȠȠȝȐįĮ țĮȚ Ș
įȚȐȡțİȚĮĮȞȠıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚȝȚțȡȒ-ȑIJȘȆĮȡȐIJȚȢʌȡȠȩįȠȣȢʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞıȘȝİȚȦșİȓ
ıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮIJȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȠȪİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȠȣ
ȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȩțȠțțȠȣ IJȠ șȑȝĮ ĮȣIJȩ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ Ȝȣșİȓ ʌȜȒȡȦȢ ȉĮ ʌȠȜȣıĮțȤĮȡȚįȚțȐ
İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ʌȠȣ įȚĮIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ įȚįȪȞĮȝȠ $& IJȠ $&9D[ țĮȚ IJȠ
IJİIJȡĮįȪȞĮȝȠ$&<:
ȅİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
‡ ȈIJȚȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢȤȫȡİȢȩʌȦȢțĮȚıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮȠȚȑȞȠʌȜİȢįȣȞȐȝİȚȢȑȤȠȣȞ
ʌȐȡİȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȩijĮıȘ ȞĮ İȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȣȞ ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȐ IJȠȣȢ ȞİȠıȪȜȜİțIJȠȣȢ (9, 25),
ȜȩȖȦIJȘȢĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘȢİʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ ȝȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮȢıİĮȣIJȩIJȠȞʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ
Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJĮIJĮ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ IJȩıȠ ȝİ IJȘȞ țȩʌȦıȘ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞİȢ ȚȠȖİȞİȓȢ
ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ IJȚȢ ʌȡȫIJİȢ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ IJȘȢ ıIJȡȐIJİȣıȘȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ
ıȣȖȤȡȦIJȚıȝȩʌȠȣʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚıIJȠȣȢıIJȡĮIJȫȞİȢ
‡ Ȉİ ıȣııȫȡİȣıȘ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ țĮIJȐ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ İijȩıȠȞ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ
ıIJİȜȑȤȘʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ
‡ ȈIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞȞȠıȠȪȞIJȦȞ
‡ ȈIJȠȣȢIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢıİȤȫȡİȢİȞįȘȝȓĮȢ
‡ ȈİʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒȢĮȞĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢĮıʌȜȘȞȓĮȢ
‡ Ȉİ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢ IJİȜȚțȫȞ ıIJİȜİȤȫȞ IJȠȣ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫȝĮIJȠȢȒıİ
ȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌȐıȤȠȣȞĮʌȩįȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȡȠʌİȡįȓȞȘȢ
‡ ȈIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȝİĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮIJȠȣĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪIJȠȣȢıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
‡ ȈIJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȠȡȚıȝȑȞȦȞȝȚțȡȠȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞİȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȦȞ
‡ Ȉİ ȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįȚĮȝȑȞȠȣȞȠȝĮįȚțȐȠȚțȠIJȡȠijİȓĮțĮIJĮıțȘȞȫıİȚȢ
‡ ȈIJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȦȞ ȜȠȚȝȦįȫȞ ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ-ȞȠıȘȜİȓĮȢ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ȝİ
ȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȠțȠțțȚțȒȜȠȓȝȦȟȘ
‡ ȈİȐIJȠȝĮĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJĮȜȝȑȞĮ
ǾȆǹȉǿȉǿǻǹǺ
ǾȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺĮʌȠIJİȜİȓıȠȕĮȡȩʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮIJȘȢǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢıİȩȜȠIJȠȞțȩıȝȠ
țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ Ș İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ȖİȦȖȡĮijȚțȒ İʌȚIJȒȡȘıȘ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ
Ǿ ȞȩıȠȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ IJȘȞ ȑȞĮIJȘ ĮȚIJȓĮ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ įȚİșȞȫȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȦȞ İʌȚʌȜȠțȫȞ IJȘȢ
ȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȘ țȓȡȡȦıȘIJȠȣȒʌĮIJȠȢȘȘʌĮIJȚțȒĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮțĮȚȠȘʌĮIJȠțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȩȢ
țĮȡțȓȞȠȢ
72
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺ
ǹʌȩIJȠʌȠȣȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢȑȤİȚİȞIJĮȤșİȓıİʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȝĮȗȚțȠȪİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȘȢ Ǿ%9 ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ IJȠ ǿȀǹ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ įȦȡİȐȞ IJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȖȚĮ IJĮ
ʌĮȚįȚȐĮȜȜȐțĮȚȖȚĮțȐșİİʌȓȞȠıȠİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ(30).
ȈIJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣȥȘȜȩ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȞĮ
ȝȠȜȣȞșȠȪȞĮʌȩIJȠȞȚȩIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺ
ȅȝȐįİȢȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
‡ ȅȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ IJȠȣ IJȠȝȑĮ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȠ
ĮȓȝĮ Ȓ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ IJȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ ȚĮIJȡȠȓ ȠįȠȞIJȓĮIJȡȠȚ ȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȑȢ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ įȚĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȐ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȐ İȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ ȝȠȞȐįİȢ
IJİȤȞȘIJȠȪȞİijȡȠȪ
‡ ǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȠȞ IJȠȝȑĮ IJȘȢ įȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ĮıIJȣȞȠȝȓĮʌȣȡȠıȕİıIJȚțȒ
țĮ
‡ ǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİȣʌȘȡİıȓĮȢțĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȜȣȝȐIJȦȞ
‡ ǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİțȑȞIJȡĮȣʌȠįȠȤȒȢʌȡȠıijȪȖȦȞțĮȚȝİIJĮȞĮıIJȫȞ
‡ ǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ įȠȝȑȢ ȘȝİȡȒıȚĮȢ Ȓ țȜİȚıIJȒȢ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ȝİ ȤȡȩȞȚİȢ
ʌĮșȒıİȚȢțĮȚĮIJȩȝȦȞȝİȞȠȘIJȚțȒȣıIJȑȡȘıȘȒȐȜȜİȢȥȣȤȚțȑȢȞȠȘIJȚțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢ
‡ ǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİȖȡĮijİȓĮIJİȜİIJȫȞIJĮȡȚȤİȣIJȑȢ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢțĮȚʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȦȞȚįȡȣȝȐIJȦȞ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢʌȠȣȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚıİĮȚȝȠțȐșĮȡıȘ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢ ʌȠȣ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ĮȓȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȜȣȝİIJĮȖȖȚȗȩȝİȞĮ
ȐIJȠȝĮ
‡ ǾȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮțĮȚıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȠȓıȪȞIJȡȠijȠȚĮIJȩȝȦȞʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚijȠȡİȓȢIJȠȣȚȠȪIJȘȢ
ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ Ǻ ȉȠȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ Ș ĮȞȐȖțȘ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ ȣʌȠȜȠȓʌȦȞ ȝİȜȫȞ
ȝȚĮȢ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ıȣȗȪȖȦȞ ĮȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȐIJȠȝȠ ı
ĮȣIJȒ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚijȠȡȑĮȢǹȣıIJȡĮȜȚĮȞȩĮȞIJȚȖȩȞȠșİIJȚțȩțĮȚȞĮȝİIJĮįȓįİȚıȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢIJȘȞȩıȠ
ȜȠȚʌȩȢȠȡȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢȑȜİȖȤȠȢșİIJȚțȩȢȖȚĮȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣȣȚȠșİIJȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩȤȫȡİȢȩʌȠȣȘȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺİȓȞĮȚİȞįȘȝȚțȒ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣIJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞįȚİșȞȫȢʌȠȜȪıȣȤȞȐ
‡ ȅȚȤȡȒıIJİȢİȞįȠijȜȑȕȚȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞ
‡ ȅȚ ȠȝȠijȣȜȩijȚȜȠȚ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȝİ ĮȝijȚıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ
İIJİȡȠijȣȜȩijȚȜȠȚȝİȝȘȝȠȞȠȖĮȝȚțȑȢıȤȑıİȚȢ
‡ ǼțįȚįȩȝİȞĮȐIJȠȝĮ
‡ ĭȣȜĮțȚıȝȑȞȠȚ țĮȚʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩijȣȜĮțȫȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞİțIJİșİȓıIJȠȞȚȩIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺ
ıȒȝİȡĮ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ
ĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒ įȩıȘıİȐIJȠȝĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțĮȞıIJȠȞĮȡȤȚțȩİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ
īȚĮIJȠȊȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȩʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ȠĮȡȤȚțȩȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢİȓȞĮȚĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩȢīȚĮ
ȞĮ ĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓ Ƞ șİȦȡȘIJȚțȩȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ
ʌĮȡȠįȚțȒȢȚĮȚȝȓĮȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚĮIJȘȡȘșȠȪȞȠȚIJȓIJȜȠȚ ĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞ
ǾȆǹȉǿȉǿǻǹ ǹ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȝȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ʌȚȠ įȚĮįİįȠȝȑȞİȢ ȚȠȖİȞİȓȢ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ IJȘȢ
ȂİıȠȖİȓȠȣ ǼȓȞĮȚ ĮȣIJȠȧȐıȚȝȘ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ ıȠȕĮȡȒ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ǻ ĮȜȜȐ ıİ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮʌȠȕİȓșĮȞĮIJȘijȩȡĮ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǹ
Ǿ ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ȝȞȒȝȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ įȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ ȑIJȘ ıİ ĮȞȠıȠİʌĮȡțȒ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȂȑȤȡȚ
Ǿ ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ǹ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ ȝİ IJȠ
İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩ ʌȡȩIJȣʌȠ IJȦȞ İʌȓȞȠıȦȞ ȘȜȚțȚȫȞ ȝȓĮȢ ȤȫȡĮȢ DzIJıȚ ıİ ȤȫȡİȢ ȝİ
İʌȓȞȠıȠȣȢ ȞİĮȡȠȪȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ Ƞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ IJȦȞ
İʌȚįȘȝȚȫȞȆȚıIJİȪİIJĮȚȩIJȚIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌĮȡȑȤİȚʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ-6
ȑIJȘ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǹıȣıIJȒȞİIJĮȚıİ:
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ȐȞȦ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȤȫȡİȢ ȝİ ȣȥȘȜȒ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ
ȝȠȜȪȞıİȦȞȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǹ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚİȢIJȠȣȚȠȪ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢȝİȤȡȩȞȚĮʌȐșȘıȘIJȠȣȒʌĮIJȠȢȒʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞțȓȞįȣȞȠİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮȢ ȘʌĮIJȠʌȐșİȚĮȢ ʌȤ ȤȡȩȞȚȠȚ ijȠȡİȓȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ Ǻ țĮȚ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ & țĮȚ
ȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣțȐȞȠȣȞțĮIJȐȤȡȘıȘȠȚȞȠʌȞİȪȝĮIJȠȢ
‡ ǹıșİȞİȓȢʌȠȣȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞșİȡĮʌİȓĮȝİʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢʌȒȟİȦȢ
‡ ȋȡȒıIJİȢİȞȑıȚȝȦȞȞĮȡțȦIJȚțȫȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚıİțȓȞįȣȞȠȜȩȖȦIJȘȢıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒȢIJȠȣȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢ
ȠȝȠijȣȜȩijȚȜȠȚ ʌȠȜȣȖĮȝȚțȠȓ ȚİȡȩįȠȣȜİȢ țĮȚ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȝİ ĮȝijȚıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒ
įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ
‡ ȆȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ IJȦȞ İȞȩʌȜȦȞ įȣȞȐȝİȦȞ ʌȠȣ IJĮȟȚįİȪİȚ ıİ ȤȫȡİȢ ȩʌȠȣ İȞįȘȝİȓ
ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǹȒıİʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢȩʌȠȣIJĮȝȑIJȡĮȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢİȓȞĮȚĮȞİʌĮȡțȒ
‡ ȉĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢ ǵȜĮ IJĮ İʌȓȞȠıĮ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȞȠıȒıİȚ Įʌȩ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ǹ ȐIJȠȝĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȝȕȠȜȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ ʌȡȚȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȤȫȡȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ Ȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞțȠȚȞȒȖ-ıijĮȚȡȓȞȘPOțȚȜȩȕȐȡȠȣȢıȫȝĮIJȠȢĮȞIJȠIJĮȟȓįȚĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ
ıİ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ ȕįȠȝȐįİȢ Ǿ įİȪIJİȡȘ įȩıȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩʌȦȢ ıIJȠ
țĮȞȠȞȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
‡ ǹȚȝȠȡȡȠijȚȜȚțȠȪȢ
‡ ǼțįȚįȩȝİȞĮȐIJȠȝĮ
‡ ȋȡȒıIJİȢİȞįȠijȜȑȕȚȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞ
73
74
ǹȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒįȩıȘIJȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮıIJĮȠʌȠȓĮȘȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǹĮʌȠIJİȜİȓİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩțȓȞįȣȞȠȒıIJĮȠʌȠȓĮ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢțȓȞįȣȞȠȢȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢȈİĮȣIJȐʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ
‡ǼȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİıȤȠȜİȓĮțĮȚȕȡİijȠȞȘʌȚĮțȠȪȢıIJĮșȝȠȪȢ
‡ ǿĮIJȡȚțȩȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩțĮȚʌĮȡĮȧĮIJȡȚțȩʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȦȞ țĮȚȚįȡȣȝȐIJȦȞ
ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȖĮıIJȡİȞIJİȡȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ʌĮȚįȚĮIJȡȚțȫȞ IJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ ȜȠȚȝȦįȫȞ
ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ
‡ ǼȡȖȐIJİȢ ĮʌȠȤİIJİȪıİȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȘȞ țĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ įȒȝȦȞ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȠIJȒIJȦȞ
ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ ıİ İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ įȚȐșİıȘȢ ĮʌȠȡȡȚȝȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȜȣȝȐIJȦȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȡȩijȚȝĮ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȘȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ
İȝʌȠȡȓĮIJȡȠijȓȝȦȞ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣIJȡȫȞİȠıIJȡĮțȠİȚįȒ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣȒȡșĮȞıİİʌĮijȒȝİȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȠȐIJȠȝȠ
‡ ȀIJȘȞȓĮIJȡȠȣȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘijȡȠȞIJȓįĮʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦȦȞ
ǹȃĬȇǹȀǹȈ
ȉȊĭȅȈ
ǹʌȠIJİȜİȓ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘIJȘ ʌȡȦIJĮȖȦȞȓıIJȡȚĮ IJȦȞ ʌĮȜĮȚȫȞ ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȫȞ
ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞȘȠʌȠȓĮįİȞȑʌĮȥİʌȠIJȑȞĮȝĮȢĮʌĮıȤȠȜİȓ țĮȚȞĮȝĮȢʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ
Ǿ ĮȞĮıIJȠȜȒ IJȘȢ İȟȑȜȚȟȘȢ IJȘȢ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ ʌȡȠȢ ȞȩıȠ İʌȚIJȣȖȤȐȞİIJĮȚ ıİ ȣȥȘȜȩ
ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ȝİ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȒȢ ȤȘȝİȚȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȩİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȝİ%&*
ȈIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮIJȠ%&*ȑȤİȚįȚĮIJȘȡȘșİȓ ıIJȠǼșȞȚțȩȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ĮȞ
țĮȚȝİȤĮȝȘȜȒİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJȚțȒțȐȜȣȥȘ
ȈIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢȖȓȞİIJĮȚıİȠȝȐįİȢĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠȣțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȩʌȦȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮȝİĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒIJȘȞįİȡȝȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ0DQWRX[
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıİȃȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮȒǿĮIJȡȚțȐǼȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ
‡ ȂİIJĮȞȐıIJİȢĮʌȩȤȫȡİȢȝİȣȥȘȜȩȒȝȑıȠįİȓțIJȘİȞįȘȝȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
‡ ǹșȓȖȖĮȞȠȚ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȚĮțȑȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ ʌȠȣ ȗȠȣȞ ȝİ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȠȝĮįȚțȒȢ
įȚĮȕȓȦıȘȢ
Ǿ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĮȞȠıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ - ȑIJȘ Ǿ ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȦȞ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ
ȠįȒȖȘıİ ıIJȘȞ ıțȑȥȘ İʌĮȞĮȜȘʌIJȚțȫȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩȝȦȢ ȩIJȚ
įİȞȠįȘȖȠȪȞıİȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȐĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ
ȅȚ țȜȚȞȚțȑȢ İțįȘȜȫıİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȦȞ ȝİ ıĮȜȝȠȞȑȜĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ įȣȠ
ȝȠȡijȑȢ
Į ȁȠȓȝȦȟȘ ȝİ ȖİȞȚțȐ ijĮȚȞȩȝİȞĮ ǹʌȩ IJȚȢ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ Ș ıȠȕĮȡȩIJİȡȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ
IJȣijȠİȚįȒȢʌȣȡİIJȩȢ
ȕ īĮıIJȡİȞIJİȡȓIJȚįĮĮʌȩıĮȜȝȠȞȑȜİȢ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢıĮȜȝȠȞȑȜĮȢIJȠȣIJȪijȠȣ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȝİIJȠȞİțȡȩİȞĮȚȫȡȘȝĮIJȘȢıĮȜȝȠȞȑȜĮȢIJȠȣIJȪijȠȣıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚıİ
‡ ȀĮIJȠȓțȠȣȢİȞįȘȝȚțȫȞʌİȡȚȠȤȫȞ
‡ ȆİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢȤȡȩȞȚȠȣijȠȡȑĮıIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ
‡ ȉĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢ
‡ ȈIJȡĮIJİȪȝĮIJĮ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ İțIJİșİȚȝȑȞĮ ıIJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ
ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȩʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ
DzȤİȚ ĮȞĮʌIJȣȤșİȓ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
İʌȚșİIJȚțȒȞȩıȠĮȜȜȐʌȡȠȢIJȠʌĮȡȩȞıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȞȖȚĮʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪȢȣȥȘȜȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȩʌȦȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮ ıijȐȖȚĮ Ȓ ȚıIJȠȪȢ Įʌȩ ʌȜĮțȠȪȞIJİȢ
ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȠȣȢȩʌȦȢȗȦȠțȩȝȠȚțȡİȠʌȫȜİȢİțįȠȡȠıijĮȖİȓȢțIJȘȞȓĮIJȡȠȚ
‡ ȀȣȞȘȖȠȓİȡȖȐIJİȢȖȘȢĮȖȡȩIJİȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȞȦʌȑȢ IJȡȓȤİȢ țĮȚ ȝĮȜȜȓ ĮȚȖȠʌȡȠȕȐIJȦȞ Ȓ įȑȡȝĮIJĮ ıİ
İȞįȘȝȚțȑȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ țIJȘȞȠIJȡȩijȠȚ țĮȚ țȠȣȡİȓȢ ĮȚȖȠʌȡȠȕȐIJȦȞ ȠȚ
ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȝİȞȠȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ țĮIJİȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȝĮȜȜȚȠȪ ȠȚ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȑȢ İȞįȣȝȐIJȦȞ
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ IJȡȓȤİȢ IJȦȞ ȗȫȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒ ȠıIJİȐȜİȣȡȦȞ ȗȦȚțȒȢ
țȩȜȜĮȢȠȚıȣıțİȣĮıIJȑȢțĮȚİȚıĮȖȦȖİȓȢȗȦȚțȫȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ
ĭȊȂǹȉǿȍȈǾ
ȆȅȁǿȅȂȊǼȁǿȉǿǻǹ
ǼȊȁȅīǿǹ
ȅ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ İȣȜȠȖȚȐȢ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȦȞʌȠȣĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİțĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚİȢȒȝİȗȫĮȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮȝİIJȠȞȚȩIJȘȢ
İȣȜȠȖȚȐȢ Ȓ ȝİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ ȩȡșȠʌȠȟ ȚȠȪȢRUWKRSR[ YLUXVHV ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ȝȠȜȪȞȠȣȞ IJȠȣȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȖȚĮ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȞĮIJĮȟȚįȑȥȠȣȞıİİȞįȘȝȚțȑȢȒİʌȚįȘȝȚțȑȢʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ
‡ DZIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ǿĮIJȡȚțȐ ǼȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ IJȠȞ Țȩ IJȘȢ
ʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȢ
‡ ȊȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ʌȠȣ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ʌȡȠıȕȜȘșİȓĮʌȩIJȠȞȚȩIJȘȢʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȢ
75
76
%ȇȅȊȀǼȁȁȍȈǾ
ȉȑIJĮȞȠȢțĮȚįȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮ
ȈIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ ʌĮȡȩȜȠ ʌȠȣ Ș ȞȩıȠȢ ȑȤİȚ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıIJİȓ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ıȣȞİȤȓȗİȚ ȞĮ
İȞįȘȝİȓǾȝİIJȐįȠıȘįȪȠİȚįȫȞIJȘȢǺȡȠȣțȑȜȜĮȢDERUWXVțĮȚIJȘȢ ǺȡȠȣțȑȜȜĮȢVXLV
ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȑȤİȚ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠ İʌȐȖȖİȜȝĮ țĮȚ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ȦȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ Ǿ ȞȩıȠȢ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜİȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ IJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțȠȣȢ ȐȞįȡİȢ - İIJȫȞ ȉȠ
İȓȞĮȚțIJȘȞȠIJȡȩijȠȚ
ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȩȢ ĮȞIJȚIJİIJĮȞȚțȩȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ țĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ
įȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ Ȉİ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȐȞȦ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ IJȠ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȐĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȠȣIJİIJȐȞȠȣțĮȚIJȠįİȞȑȤİȚʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȐ
ĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȘȢįȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢ
ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǹ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞȕȡȠȣțȑȜȜȦıȘ
ǼȝȕȩȜȚĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓİȓȞĮȚȗȦȞIJĮȞȩİȟĮıșİȞȘȝȑȞȠıIJȑȜİȤȠȢ ĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚĮȞIJȚȖȠȞȚțȐțȜȐıȝĮIJĮIJȠȣȝȚțȡȠȕȓȠȣ
ȈIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȖȓȞİIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢȩʌȦȢ
‡ ǵıȠȚ ĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJĮ ȗȫĮȒȗȦȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮİȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮȩıȠȚİȞįȑȤİIJĮȚȞĮ
ȤİȚȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮ ȠȚțȩıȚIJĮ ȗȫĮ ȩʌȦȢ țIJȘȞȠIJȡȩijȠȚ țIJȘȞȓĮIJȡȠȚ ȗȦȠțȩȝȠȚ
țȣȞȘȖȠȓ
‡ ȅȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ıİ ıijĮȖİȓĮ țĮȚ ȕȣȡıȠįİȥİȓĮ ȩʌȦȢ İțįȠȡȠıijĮȖİȓȢ
țȡİȠʌȫȜİȢıȣıțİȣĮıIJȑȢIJȡȠijȓȝȦȞ
ȋȇȊȈǿǽȍȃȈȉǹĭȊȁȅȀȅȀȀȅȈ
ǼȡİȣȞȘIJȑȢ țĮȚ ȚĮIJȡȠȓ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟĮȞ țĮȚ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıĮȞ IJȠ ʌȡȫIJȠ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȠȣ ȤȡȣıȓȗȠȞIJĮ ıIJĮijȣȜȩțȠțțȠȣ Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȚIJȓĮȖȚĮȝȚĮ
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ țȣȡȚȩIJİȡİȢ İȞįȠȞȠıȠțȠȝȚĮțȑȢ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ ȉĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ȒIJĮȞ
İȞșĮȡȡȣȞIJȚțȐ ȉȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ʌĮȡİȓȤİ ȝİȡȚțȒ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȅȚ
ʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦȑȡİȣȞİȢıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮĮȣIJȩıIJĮİʌȩȝİȞĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȓıȦȢȕİȜIJȚȫıȠȣȞțĮȚIJȠ
ʌȠıȠıIJȩ IJȦȞ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȡȠijȣȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ
ȤȡȣıȓȗȠȞIJĮıIJĮijȣȜȩțȠțțȠ
ȈȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢȝİIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǹȖȚĮIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢʌȠȣ
IJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞ ıİ ĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ƞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ȡȠȣIJȓȞĮȢ ȝİ IJȠ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǹıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚıİȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣIJȦȞ
ǾȆǹ ıIJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ įȣIJȚțȑȢ ȆȠȜȚIJİȓİȢ &DOLIRUQLD 2UHJRQ
Washington, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah,
Alaska țĮȚIdaho).
ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺ
ǾĮıșȑȞİȚĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪįȚĮįİįȠȝȑȞȘțĮȚıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢıİȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢ
IJĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌĮȡĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ıIJȚȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞİȢ
ȤȫȡİȢ Ȓ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȑȡșȠȣȞ ıİ ıIJİȞȒ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ȞIJȩʌȚȠȣȢ ȩʌȦȢ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȠȡȖĮȞȫıİȦȞȕȠȒșİȚĮȢțȜʌ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌȠȣĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩįȩıİȚȢıİįȚȐıIJȘȝĮȝȘȞȫȞʌĮȡȑȤİȚİʌĮȡțȒ
țȐȜȣȥȘȖȚĮ- ȤȡȩȞȚĮȠʌȩIJİĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚțĮȚȞȑĮįȩıȘȅȚʌȡȫIJİȢįȩıİȚȢįİȞ
șĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞȠȣȞıİįȚȐıIJȘȝĮȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠIJȦȞȘȝİȡȫȞȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȢ
ȈȣȞįȣĮıȝȑȞȠǼȝȕȩȜȚȠȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǹ- ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺ
ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǹȣʌȐȡȤİȚİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚıİıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȝİʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
țĮIJȐIJȘȢǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȀǹǿȉǹȄǿǻǿȍȉǼȈ
ȉĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮʌȠȣıȣȞȚıIJȫȞIJĮȚİȟĮȡIJȫȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȤȫȡĮʌȠȣșĮİʌȚıțİijIJİȓțĮȞİȓȢ
țĮȚ ĮȡȝȩįȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȘ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ IJȦȞ IJĮȟȚįȚȦIJȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȒ
ȣʌȘȡİıȓĮIJȘȢʌİȡȚȠȤȒIJȠȣȢǾȓįȚĮȣʌȘȡİıȓĮșĮțȐȞİȚțĮȚIJȠȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩIJȠȣȢ
įȦȡİȐȞĮȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚİʌȐȡțİȚĮİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ǵȜĮIJĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮʌȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
İȓȞĮȚ ıȘȝİȚȦȝȑȞĮ ıIJȠ İȚįȚțȩ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ıțȠʌȩ ĮȣIJȩ ǻȚİșȞȑȢ ȆȚıIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȩ ȊȖİȓĮȢ
ʌȠȣȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ
ȅ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıIJİȓ İȖțĮȓȡȦȢ ȝȒȞİȢ ʌȡȚȞ IJȠ IJĮȟȓįȚ
įȚȩIJȚ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȣȞ țȠȞIJȐ IJȠ ȑȞĮ ıIJȠ ȐȜȜȠ İȞȫ ȐȜȜĮ
ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ Įʌȩ ȝȚĮ įȩıİȚȢ ǹȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ ʌȡȠȠȡȚıȝȩ țĮȚ IJȘ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ IJĮȟȚįȚȠȪ ȝʌȠȡİȓ Ƞ İȞįȚĮijİȡȩȝİȞȠȢ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijĮıȓıİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ
ʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦțĮIJȐȜȠȖȠİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ.
77
ȉȣijȠİȚįȒȢʌȣȡİIJȩȢ
ǹȞIJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞȠȚİȞįȚĮijİȡȩȝİȞȠȚȖȚĮʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠĮʌȩİȕįȠȝȐįİȢ ıİʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ
ȩʌȠȣİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚȘȞȩıȠȢțĮȜȩİȓȞĮȚȞĮİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJȠȪȞʌȡȠȘȖȠȣȝȑȞȦȢ
ȀȓIJȡȚȞȠȢʌȣȡİIJȩȢ
ǼȓȞĮȚ İȞįȘȝȚțȩȢ ıİ ȤȫȡİȢ IJȘȢ ǹijȡȚțȒȢ țȐIJȦ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȈĮȤȐȡĮ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȀİȞIJȡȚțȒȢ
ȃȩIJȚĮȢ ǹȝİȡȚțȒȢ ȩʌȠȣ Ș ĮıșȑȞİȚĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ȝİ ȝȠȡijȒ İʌȚįȘȝȓĮȢ ȉȠ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȓıȠįȠ ıİ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
78
ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ĮȞ Ƞ IJĮȟȚįȚȫIJȘȢ ȑȤİȚ ʌİȡȐıİȚ Įʌȩ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ȩʌȠȣ İȞįȘȝİȓ Ƞ țȓIJȡȚȞȠȢ
ʌȣȡİIJȩȢțĮȚİȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıİȤȫȡİȢȩʌȠȣįİȞİȞįȘȝİȓ
ȋȠȜȑȡĮ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝȑȤȡȚıȒȝİȡĮįİȞʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚȚțĮȞȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȒʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
İȞȫıȣȞȠįİȪİIJĮȚĮʌȩĮȡțİIJȑȢʌĮȡİȞȑȡȖİȚİȢȩʌȦȢʌȩȞȠȢıIJȠȤȑȡȚ, ȩʌȠȣȑȖȚȞİȘ
ȑȞİıȘ țĮȚ ʌȚșĮȞȒ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ʌȣȡİIJȠȪ ǼȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚįİȞıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢıIJȠȣȢIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢʌĮȡȐȝȩȞȠıİİȚįȚțȑȢ
ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ȁȪııĮ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ İȞįȘȝȚțȒ ıİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ǼȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȚıIJȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ țĮȜȜȚȑȡȖİȚĮȢ
İȓȞĮȚIJĮıȣȞȚıIJȫȝİȞĮʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮȖȚĮʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȝİIJȐIJȘȞȑțșİıȘıȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢȝİIJȘȞ
İȟĮıijȐȜȚıȘʌĮșȘIJȚțȒȢĮȞȠıȠʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢȝİIJȘȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘİȚįȚțȒȢȣʌİȡȐȞȠıȘȢ
ĮȞȠıȠıijĮȚȡȓȞȘȢ ȩıȠ ʌȚȠ ȖȡȒȖȠȡĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȠ ȜȠȚȝȠȖȩȞȠ
ĮȓIJȚȠ
ǿĮʌȦȞȚțȒİȖțİijĮȜȓIJȚįĮ-(
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠ-(İȞįİȓțȞȣIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȖȚĮȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȞĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞȖȚĮȝİȖȐȜȠ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȩįȚȐıIJȘȝĮıİĮȖȡȠIJȚțȑȢʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢIJȘȢǹıȓĮȢȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ȂȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮ
ȅ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ IJĮȟȚįȑȥȠȣȞ ıİ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ IJȘȢ
ǹijȡȚțȒȢ țȠȞIJȐ ıIJȠȞ ǿıȘȝİȡȚȞȩ ȩʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȤȞȒ Ș ȝȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮ ȖȚĮ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ȝȘȞȫȞțĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȒĮȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȑȟĮȡıȘIJȘȢĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢıIJȘʌİȡȚȠȤȒʌȠȣșĮ
İʌȚıțİijșȠȪȞȉȠįȚĮșȑıȚȝȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȝİȝȚĮįȩıȘțĮȜȪʌIJİȚȖȚĮʌİȡȓʌȠȣȑȞĮȤȡȩȞȠ
ȉȠIJİIJȡĮįȪȞĮȝȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚıİȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢIJĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢʌȠȣʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ
ȞĮ IJĮȟȚįȑȥȠȣȞ ıİ İȞįȘȝȚțȑȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ȈĮȠȣįȚțȒ ǹȡĮȕȓĮ IJȠ ȃİʌȐȜ Ș
ȀȑȞȣĮ țĮȚ ȤȫȡİȢ IJȘȢ ǹijȡȚțȒȢ ʌȠȣ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ İȞIJȩȢ IJȘȢ ©ȗȫȞȘȢ IJȠȣ
ȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȩțȠțțȠȣª İȞȫ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıțȣȞȒȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȘ
ȂȑțțĮ
Ǿ ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ʌİȡȓȠįȠ IJȘȢ ȟȘȡĮıȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ
ǻİțȑȝȕȡȚȠ ȑȦȢ IJȠȞ ǿȠȪȞȚȠ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ IJĮȟȚįȚȫIJİȢ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȞĮ
ıȣȞĮȞĮıIJȡĮijȠȪȞıIJİȞȐȝİțĮIJȠȓțȠȣȢIJȘȢʌİȡȚȠȤȒȢȒȞĮʌĮȡĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞʌȐȞȦĮʌȩ
ȝȒȞĮ Ȓ ĮȞ țȐȞȠȣȞ ıȣȤȞȐ IJĮȟȓįȚĮı¶ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ȉȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚ
IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞȘȝȑȡİȢʌȡȚȞIJȘȞĮȞĮȤȫȡȘıȘ
ȆȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮ
ǻİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮțȡȚȕȒ İȟĮıșȑȞȘıȘ IJȘȢ
ĮȞȠıȓĮȢıIJȘȞʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȍıIJȩıȠȝȚĮȝȠȞȒįȚĮȕȓȠȣĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒįȩıȘIJȠȣ
ĮįȡĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȣ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȢ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ʌȠȣ
IJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞ ıİ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ȩʌȠȣ İȞįȘȝİȓ Ș ȞȩıȠȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫıİȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȡȤȚțȒ ıİȚȡȐ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ǹʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒ įȩıȘ țȐșİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ Ǿ
ĮıșȑȞİȚĮİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢIJȘȢǹıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢȂȑıȘȢǹȞĮIJȠȜȒȢ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȀǹǿǼǿǻǿȀǼȈȀǹȉǹȈȉǹȈǼǿȈ
ǹȞȠıȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ıIJȘ ȋȡȩȞȚĮ ȃİijȡȚțȒ ǹȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮ ǹȚȝȠțȐșĮȡıȘ Ȓ ȆİȡȚIJȠȞĮȧțȒ
ȀȐșĮȡıȘțĮȚȂİIJĮȝȩıȤİȣıȘȃİijȡȠȪ
ȈIJȚȢ IJȡİȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȣȞ ȩȜȠȚ ȠȚ ıȣȞȒșİȚȢ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓ
ȆȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮ
2 İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ĮįȡĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠ
īȡȓʌȘ
ȆȡȩıșİIJȠȚ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȖȡȓʌȘ ĮȞȐ ȑIJȠȢ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȩțȠțțȠ
ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚțĮȚȖȚĮIJȚȢIJȡİȚȢʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȈȂȅǿȀǹǿǼīȀȊȂȅȈȊȃǾ
ǻȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞțȓȞįȣȞȠȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢĮʌȩĮȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐȠȚİȞȒȜȚțİȢʌȠȣIJĮȟȚįİȪȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȡȠʌȚțȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ʌȡȠȢ İȪțȡĮIJĮ țȜȓȝĮIJĮ ȈȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ Ƞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ
İȣĮȓıșȘIJȦȞ ȠȝȐįȦȞ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ȖȚĮ ĮȞȠıȓĮ ĮȞ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȕȑȕĮȚȠ
ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
Ǿ țȪȘıȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ĮȞIJȑȞįİȚȟȘ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ıIJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȠȣ ʌȡȫIJȠȣ
IJȡȚȝȒȞȠȣİʌİȚįȒȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮįİȞİȓȞĮȚĮıijĮȜȒȖȚĮIJȠȑȝȕȡȣȠ¶2ȜĮIJĮȗȫȞIJĮ
İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ĮȞIJİįİȓțȞȣȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȑȖțȣȠ īȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ IJĮ ȞİțȡȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ
șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ĮțȓȞįȣȞĮ ȅȡȚıȝȑȞĮ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȐ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ ĮȞIJȚIJİIJĮȞȚțȩ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȑȞįİȚȟȘ
ȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚı¶ȩȜİȢIJȚȢȑȖțȣİȢʌȠȣįİȞİȓȞĮȚĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞİȢțĮȚİȚįȚțȐȩIJĮȞȠȚ
ıȣȞșȒțİȢIJȠțİIJȠȪĮȞĮȝȑȞİIJĮȚȞĮȝȘȞİȓȞĮȚȠȚțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜİȢ İȞȫȐȜȜĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȞ
İijȩıȠȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȑȞįİȚȟȘ
ǾȑȖțȣȠȢȖȣȞĮȓțĮİȐȞʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȞĮIJĮȟȚįȑȥİȚıİȤȫȡİȢȩʌȠȣİȞįȘȝȠȪȞȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ
ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȐȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțȐȞİȚȤȦȡȓȢțȓȞįȣȞȠIJĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǹ
79
80
ǹȞİȝİȣȜȠȖȚȐ
IJȠȣ țȓIJȡȚȞȠȣʌȣȡİIJȠȪțĮȚ IJȠȞİțȡȩİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮȢİijȩıȠȞįİȞ
İȓȞĮȚĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȘıIJĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȐ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȀǹǿĬǾȁǹȈȂȅȈ
ȅİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢʌȠȣșȘȜȐȗİȚĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȠȣȕȡȑijȠȣȢʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑijİIJĮȚ
ȝİȝȘIJȡȚțȩȖȐȜĮİȓȞĮȚĮʌȠȜȪIJȦȢĮıijĮȜİȓȢȖȚĮȩȜĮIJĮİȓįȘIJȦȞİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȀǹǿ ǹȃȅȈȅȀǹȉǹȈȉȅȁǾ
īİȞȚțȐ ıİ ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJĮȜȝȑȞĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȝİ
İȟĮıșİȞȘȝȑȞȠȣȢȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȀǹǿǹȀȉǿȃȅĬǼȇǹȆǼǿǹǾȋǾȂǼǿȅĬǼȇǹȆǼǿǹ
Ǿ ȤȘȝİȚȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮțIJȚȞȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ ıȠȕĮȡȠȪȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ĮȞĮȕȠȜȒȢ
IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ ıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚ Ș
ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȗȦȞIJĮȞȠȪȢ İȟĮıșİȞȘȝȑȞȠȣȢ
ȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢĮȜȜȐțȣȡȓȦȢȜȩȖȦIJȘȢĮȞİʌĮȡțȠȪȢĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘȢ
ȘȠʌȠȓĮİʌĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚıİijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐİʌȓʌİįĮIJȡİȚȢȝȒȞİȢȑȦȢȑȞĮȑIJȠȢ ȝİIJȐĮʌȩ
IJȘįȚĮțȠʌȒIJȘȢĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJĮȜIJȚțȒȢĮȖȦȖȒȢ
ȆȇȅȅȆȉǿȀǼȈȀǹǿȂǼȁȁȅȃȉǿȀǼȈȀǹȉǼȊĬȊȃȈǼǿȈ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȫȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȠıȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ ʌȠȚțȓȜȦȞ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȠıȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJȦȞ ȤȡȩȞȚȦȞ
ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮȢ ĬĮ ȤȡİȚĮıIJȠȪȞ ȩȝȦȢ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȘȞ İȣȡȪIJİȡȘ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ĮțȩȝȘ ʌȠȜȜȐ İȡȦIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚĮȜİȣțĮȞșȠȪȞ
ȉĮ ȝȣıIJȚțȐ IJȘȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ
ĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıĮȞ țĮȚ ıȣȞİȤȓȗȠȣȞ ȞĮ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞ IJȠȣȢ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ İʌȚıIJȒȝȠȞİȢ ȠȚ
ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ıȣȞİȤȓȗȠȣȞ IJȚȢ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȑȢ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢ ıİ
įȚĮțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȐȚįȡȪȝĮIJĮțĮȚĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘȝİȜȑIJȘIJȦȞȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȂİIJĮȟȪ ĮȣIJȫȞ İȟȑȤȠȣıĮ șȑıȘ țĮIJȑȤİȚ Ƞ ȕȡĮȕİȣȝȑȞȠȢ ȝİ ȃȩȝʌİȜ
țĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ 5ROI 0DUWLQ =LQNHUQDJHO Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ıȣȞİȡȖȐIJİȢIJȠȣ ĮȞĮȗȘIJȠȪȞ
IJȠȣȢ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ Ș ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ İȞĮȞIJȓȦȞ țȐʌȠȚȦȞ
ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ IJȩıȠ įȪıțȠȜȘ ǵʌȦȢ İȟȒȖȘıİ Ƞ ȓįȚȠȢ ıIJȘ įȚȐȜİȟȒ IJȠȣ ıIJȠ
ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȠȣ Ƞȣ ǻȚİșȞȠȪȢ ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ ǺȚȠIJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ǿȠȪȞȚȠȢ ǼșȞȚțȩ
ǴįȡȣȝĮ ǼȡİȣȞȫȞ ©ȆȡȠıʌĮșȠȪȝİ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȒıȠȣȝİ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȠʌȠȓȠ Ƞ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢȝĮȢĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİȚIJȚȢȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢțĮȚȞĮİȟȘȖȒıȠȣȝİȖȚĮIJȓİȞȫȑȤȠȣȝİ
ʌİIJȪȤİȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȐıȠȣȝİ ȐȡȚıIJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ IJȑIJĮȞȠ Ȓ IJȘȞ
ʌȠȜȚȠȝȣİȜȓIJȚįĮ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȝİ İȟȓıȠȣ țĮȜȐ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ȝİ IJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ
ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ &IJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȒIJȠȣȚȠȪIJȠȣ$,'6ª
ȆȠȜȜȑȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢ ȞȠȝȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ
įȡȠȣȞ ĮȞĮıIJĮȜIJȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ IJİȜİȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘ țĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ȞȑȦȞ
İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞǹțȩȝȘțĮȚȘİȜȐȤȚıIJȘĮȝijȚȕȠȜȓĮȖȚĮIJȘįȡȐıȘİȞȩȢȞȑȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣıİ
ȩIJȚ ĮijȠȡȐ İȞįİȤȩȝİȞİȢ ʌĮȡİȞȑȡȖİȚİȢ șĮ ĮʌȠșĮȡȡȪȞİȚ IJȚȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓİȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ IJȠȣ İȞȫ Ș įȚȐșİıȒ IJȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ĮȖȠȡȐ șĮ İʌȚıȪȡİȚ ĮȣIJȩȝĮIJĮ IJȘ įȓȦȟȘ
IJȠȣțĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȒIJȠȣıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘșĮȞȐIJȠȣIJȠȣİȝȕȠȜȚĮıșȑȞIJȠȢ
ǹțȩȝȘțĮȚĮȞȠįȘȖȘșȠȪȝİıIJȠȤȡȣıȩĮȚȫȞĮIJȦȞİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞĮʌȩIJĮİʌȚIJİȪȖȝĮIJĮIJȘȢ
ȖİȞİIJȚțȒȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢ įİȞ șĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ ʌȡȩıȕĮıȘ ıİ ĮȣIJȐ Ș ȝİȖȐȜȘ
ʌȜİȚȠȥȘijȓĮ IJȦȞ țĮIJȠȓțȦȞ IJȠȣ ʌȜĮȞȒIJȘ ȝĮȢ ȉȠ țȩıIJȠȢ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒȢ IJȠȣȢ șĮ IJĮ
țȐȞİȚ ĮʌȜȘıȓĮıIJĮ ȖȚĮ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ijIJȦȤȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ țĮȚ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪȢ ȝİ ĮȞİʌĮȡțȒ
ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ ȦıIJȩıȠ Ș İȜʌȓįĮ ȩIJȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȣȞ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ
țĮȚ IJȘ įȚĮșİıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ȠȚ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ ıIJȚȢ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐĮıșİȞȑıIJİȡİȢȤȫȡİȢȝİįȚİșȞȒȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȕȠȒșİȚĮ
ȅȚ ıIJȩȤȠȚ IJȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ IJȦȞ İȚįȚțȫȞ İʌȚıIJȘȝȩȞȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘ ȞȑȦȞ Ș
ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ ʌĮȜĮȚȠIJȑȡȦȞ țĮȚ Ș İȞıȦȝȐIJȦıȘ ȩıȠ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ʌİȡȚııȠIJȑȡȦȞ
İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞıİȑȞĮȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮIJȠȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩȩijİȜȠȢIJȘȞȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘIJĮȜĮȚʌȦȡȓĮ
țĮȚ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ IJȘȞ țĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘ IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞ DzIJıȚ șĮʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮȝȑȞȠȞIJĮȚ İȞįİȤȩȝİȞİȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢıIJȠİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJȚțȩʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ țĮIJȐ IJȦȞ ȝȚțȡȠȕȓȦȞ įİȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞ IJȘȞ ĮȜȝĮIJȫįȘ İȟȑȜȚȟȘ ʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıİȚIJĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮțĮIJȐIJȦȞȚȫȞȜȩȖȦIJȘȢĮȚıȚȠįȠȟȓĮȢȝİIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȞȠȚȝȚțȡȠȕȚĮțȑȢȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢİȟĮȚIJȓĮȢIJȘȢİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮȢIJȦȞȝȚțȡȠȕȓȦȞ
ıIJĮĮȞIJȚȕȚȠIJȚțȐ
Ǿ ȖİȞİIJȚțȒ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮ ȞȑĮ İʌĮȞĮıIJĮIJȚțȒ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ ıIJȘȞ
İʌȓIJİȣȟȘİȚįȚțȒȢĮȞȠıȚĮțȒȢįȚȑȖİȡıȘȢȘȠʌȠȓĮȠįȒȖȘıİıIJȘȡĮȖįĮȓĮİȟȑȜȚȟȘIJȦȞ
İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞțĮȚIJȠȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıȝȩIJȠȣȢȦȢIJȡȓIJȘȖİȞȚȐİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ
Ǿ ȚįȚĮȚIJİȡȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣ ıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ ȝİ ȖȠȞȓįȚĮ ʌȠȣ
țȦįȚțȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȖȠȞȚțȒ ʌȡȦIJİǸȞȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞȠıȠȖȩȞȠȣ ȣʌȩ ȝȠȡijȒ
ʌȜĮıȝȚįȚĮțȠȪ '1$ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȞ LQ YLYR ıȪȞșİıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȡȦIJİǸȞȘȢ ĮȣIJȒȢ ıIJĮ
İȣțĮȡȣȦIJȚțȐțȪIJIJĮȡĮIJȠȣȟİȞȚıIJȒ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ Ș ȝİȖȐȜȘ İȣȤȑȡİȚĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıșȒțȘ
ĮȞȠıȠȖȩȞȦȞ ıİ ȖȠȞȚįȚĮțȩ İʌȓʌİįȠ İʌȑțIJİȚȞİ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣȢ ʌȑȡĮȞ IJȦȞ
ȈIJȠȞ Ƞ ĮȚȫȞĮ Ș İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȦȞ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ĮȜȜȐȗİȚ ıIJȠȞ
ĮȞĮʌIJȣȖȝȑȞȠțĮIJȐIJȠȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩʌȡȩIJȣʌȠțȩıȝȠ
ȅȚʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢIJȦȞİȚįȚțȫȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȩȞȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞĮȡȤȫȞȣȖİȓĮȢİȞIJȐșȘțĮȞȝİIJȐ
IJĮȝİȖȐȜĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞȝİIJȘȞİȟȐʌȜȦıȘIJȠȣ$,'6
ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȠȣȑȡʌȘIJĮȗȦıIJȒȡĮĮʌȩȗȫȞIJİȢİȟĮıșİȞȘȝȑȞȠȣȢȚȠȪȢįȠțȚȝȐıIJȘțİ
ıİ ȐȞįȡİȢ țĮȚ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ țĮȚ ȑįİȚȟİ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ıİ ȩȜĮ IJĮ ȝİIJȡȠȪȝİȞĮ
IJİȜȚțȐ ıȘȝİȓĮ ıİ ıȪȖțȡȚıȘ ȝİ İȚțȠȞȚțȩ ijȐȡȝĮțȠ ǻȣȠ ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȑȢ İIJĮȚȡȓİȢ
81
82
ȈǾȂǹȃȉǿȀǼȈǼȁȆǿǻǼȈǻǿȃȅȊȃȃǼǹǼȂǺȅȁǿǹ
ȣʌȑȕĮȜĮȞ ĮȓIJȘıȘ ıIJȠ )'$ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ĭĮȡȝȐțȦȞ ǼȂǼǹ
ȖȚĮȐįİȚĮȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞıțİȣĮıȝȐIJȦȞ
ȈIJĮȞȑĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠIJȠȣURWDYLUXVʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
ĮȞĮȖțĮȓȠıIJȚȢĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞİȢȤȫȡİȢȑȞĮİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌȠȣșĮİȝʌȠįȓȗİȚIJȠȞȑȡʌȘIJĮ
ȗȦıIJȒȡĮ ıİ 9=9 - ȐȞȠıȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȣȢ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ʌȠȣ șĮ İȝʌȠįȓȗİȚ IJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ȑȡʌȘIJĮ ıIJĮ ȖİȞȞȘIJȚțȐ ȩȡȖĮȞĮ İijȒȕȦȞ
țȠȡȚIJıȚȫȞ
ǹȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚĮțȩȝȘıȣȞįȣĮıIJȚțȐİȝȕȩȜȚĮȑȞĮȞIJȚİȓIJİıİʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȑȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ
(MMR-9 Ȓ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȐ ıIJİȡİȩIJȣʌĮ ȕĮțIJȘȡȓȦȞ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȩțȠțțȠȢ
ȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȩțȠțțȠȢ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ ȕİȜIJȚȦșİȓ Ș
ıȣȝȕĮIJȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚȞĮȝİȚȦșȠȪȞIJĮȑȟȠįĮȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȢ
ȃȑİȢ IJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓİȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȕİȜIJȚȫıȠȣȞ IJȘȝİIJĮijȠȡȐIJȦȞİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ
ȆȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ ĮȣȟȘșİȓ Ș İȣțȠȜȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓ Ș ȑțșİıȘ
IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘ ȗȑıIJȘ Ȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȖȫıȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ ȜȐșȠȢ İȟİIJȐȗİIJĮȚ Ș įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȟȘȡȫȞ
İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞǼʌȓıȘȢʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮĮȣȟȘșİȓȘıȣȝȕĮIJȩIJȘIJĮĮȞĮʌIJȪııİIJĮȚĮțȩȝȘȘ
ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȕİȜȩȞİȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȝİ ȝȠȡijȒ ıʌȡȑȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȝȪIJȘ ıİ
ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘȖȡȓʌȘȢȒȚȜĮȡȐȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚȝİȝȠȡijȒĮȣIJȠțȩȜȜȘIJȦȞıIJȠįȑȡȝĮ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿǹȀǹȉǹȉȅȊȀǹȇȀǿȃȅȊ
7ĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȑȡİȣȞİȢȑȤȠȣȞįİȓȟİȚȩIJȚIJĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮİȓȞĮȚȤȡȒıȚȝĮ
ȩȤȚȝȩȞȠıIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘĮȜȜȐțĮȚıIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮIJȠȣțĮȡțȓȞȠȣ
īȚĮIJȠȣȢțĮȡțȓȞȠȣȢʌȠȣįİȞıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚȝİȝȠȜȪȞıİȚȢİȓȞĮȚȝȐȜȜȠȞʌȡȠijĮȞȑȢȩIJȚ
įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȟİȚ ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȩ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȞĮ ȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİȖȐȜİȢ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȚĮțȑȢ ȠȝȐįİȢ ȣȖȚȫȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ Ǿ ȕĮıȚțȒ įȚĮijȠȡȐ IJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞțĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȘĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞȝȠȡijȫȞțĮȡțȓȞȠȣĮʌȩIJĮȐȜȜĮ
ıȣȞȒșȘİȝȕȩȜȚĮİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚIJĮĮȞIJȚțĮȡțȚȞȚțȐĮȣIJȐİȝȕȩȜȚĮȑȤȠȣȞıIJȩȤȠIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
țĮȚ ȓĮıȘ IJȦȞ țĮȡțȓȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ İțįȘȜȫșȘțĮȞ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ǹȞIJȓșİIJĮ IJĮ
ʌĮȡĮįȠıȚĮțȐİȝȕȩȜȚĮıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞıIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȦȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ țĮIJȐ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ ıȤİįȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ İȚįȚțȐ ȖȚĮ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ İȓįȘ
țĮȡțȓȞȦȞ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ ȚįȚĮȚIJİȡȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȦȞ țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ IJȘȞ
țĮțȠȒșȘ ȞȩıȠ Ǿ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ İȜțȣıIJȚțȒ įȚȩIJȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ İʌȚȜİțIJȚțȐ IJȘȞ
țĮIJĮıIJȠȜȒȒțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒIJȦȞȞİȠʌȜĮıȝĮIJȚțȫȞțȣIJIJȐȡȦȞȤȦȡȓȢȞĮİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
IJĮȣȖȚȒțȪIJIJĮȡĮIJȠȣȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ
ȉĮ ĮȞIJȚțĮȡțȚȞȚțȐ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ ıIJȚȖȝȒ ıİ
įȚȐijȠȡĮıIJȐįȚĮțȜȚȞȚțȫȞįȠțȚȝȫȞİȝʌȓʌIJȠȣȞıİįȚȐijȠȡİȢțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİ
IJȘ ȝȑșȠįȠ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ İʌȚȜİȖİȓ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȞȓıȤȣıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
IJȠȣĮıșİȞȠȪȢ
ǾȤȡȒıȘ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȘ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ țĮȚIJȘȢȜİȣȤĮȚȝȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȑȞĮȢIJȠȝȑĮȢʌȠȣȣʌȩıȤİIJĮȚʌȠȜȜȐȈIJȠȤİȪİȚıIJȘȞİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞ
ȐȝȣȞĮȢ IJȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȚȞȠʌĮșȠȪȢ ĮıșİȞȠȪȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ țĮȚ
ȞĮİȟȠȣįİIJİȡȫȞȠȣȞIJĮțĮȡțȚȞȚțȐțȪIJIJĮȡĮ
83
ȆȡȩıijĮIJĮ ȝȚĮ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒ ȠȝȐįĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠ %D\ORU ıIJȠ 'DOODV
įȘȝȠıȓİȣıİIJĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮȝȚĮȢʌȠȜȪİȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮȢțȜȚȞȚțȒȢįȠțȚȝȒȢȝİȑȞĮ
ȞȑȠ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȚțȩ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮIJȐ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJȠȣ ʌȞİȪȝȠȞĮ ȉĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȚțȠȪ ĮȣIJȠȪ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ įȓȞȠȣȞ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ İȜʌȓįİȢ ıIJȠȣȢ
țĮȡțȚȞȠʌĮșİȓȢ ĬĮ ȤȡİȚĮıIJȠȪȞ țȜȚȞȚțȑȢ įȠțȚȝȑȢ ȝİ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ĮȡȚșȝȩ ĮıșİȞȫȞ
țĮȚ ȝİ IJȣȤĮȚȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȦșİȓ Ș ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ
İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ
ȈIJȚȢǾȞȦȝȑȞİȢȆȠȜȚIJİȓİȢȐȡȤȚıİȑȡİȣȞĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒȢįȠțȚȝȒȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚıIJȩȤȠȞĮ
įİȓȟİȚ țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ ȑȞĮ ȞȑȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚ ıIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȠȣ
țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJȦȞ ȞİijȡȫȞ ȉȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ ĮįȡĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠ Țȩ ʌȠȣ įİȞ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ ȅ ȚȩȢ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȝİ IJȑIJȠȚȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ȫıIJİ
İȞıȦȝĮIJȫșȘțİı¶ĮȣIJȩȞȘʌȡȦIJİǸȞȘ7ǾİȞȜȩȖȦʌȡȦIJİǸȞȘȣʌȐȡȤİȚıİʌȠȜȜȐ
țĮțȠȒșȘ țȪIJIJĮȡĮ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJȦȞ ȞİijȡȫȞ ǵIJĮȞ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ȤȠȡȘȖȘșİȓ
İʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚ ıIJȠ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ IJȠȣ ĮıșİȞȠȪȢ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚIJȘȞʌȡȦIJİǸȞȘȉțĮȚıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȞĮıțȠIJȫȞİȚIJĮțȪIJIJĮȡĮʌȠȣIJȘ
ijȑȡȠȣȞįȘȜĮįȒIJĮțĮȡțȚȞȚțȐțȪIJIJĮȡĮ
ȈIJȘȞ İʌȩȝİȞȘ įİțĮİIJȓĮ șĮ įȠȪȝİ ıȠȕĮȡȑȢ İȟİȜȓȟİȚȢ ıIJȠȞ IJȠȝȑĮ IJȘȢ
ĮȞȠıȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȝİİȝȕȩȜȚĮ țĮIJȐIJȦȞȩȖțȦȞ
ȈIJȘȞ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥİ DzȜȜȘȞĮȢ İȡİȣȞȘIJȒȢ țĮȚ įȓȞİȚ İȜʌȓįİȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐIJĮıȘ ȗȦȒȢ ıIJȠȣȢ
țĮȡțȚȞȠʌĮșİȓȢǵʌȦȢĮȞĮțȠȓȞȦıİȠ©ʌĮIJȑȡĮȢªIJȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣțĮȚǻȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢIJȠȣ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȣǿĮIJȡȚțȫȞǼȡİȣȞȫȞ ıIJȠ ȆĮȡȓıȚ ț ȀȫıIJĮȢȀȠıȝĮIJȩʌȠȣȜȠȢʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ
ȖȚĮ ȝȓĮ ȞȑĮ ȝȠȡijȒ ĮȞȠıȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ IJȠȣ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ IJĮ ©țȡȣʌIJȚțȐª İȝȕȩȜȚĮ Ș
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİțȜȚȞȚțȩıIJȐįȚȠȉĮİȝȕȩȜȚĮĮȣIJȐİȓȞĮȚȚțĮȞȐ
ȞĮįȚİȖİȓȡȠȣȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐIJȠĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮIJȠȣĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣțĮȚȞĮ
IJȠ ıIJȡȑȥȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ IJȦȞ țĮȡțȚȞȚțȫȞ țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ țĮIJĮıIJȡȑijȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ
ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ țȪIJIJĮȡĮdzįȘıIJȠIJȦȞĮıșİȞȫȞıIJȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢİijĮȡȝȩıIJȘțİ
IJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıİȘȜİȖȩȝİȞȘĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȒĮʌȐȞIJȘıȘįȘȜĮįȒȘĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ
IJȠȣȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ
ȈIJȠıIJȐįȚȠIJȘȢȝİȜȑIJȘȢțĮȚIJȠȣțȜȚȞȚțȠȪĮȞȠıȠșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȠȪİȜȑȖȤȠȣȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ
İʌȓıȘȢİȝȕȩȜȚĮȖȚĮIJȠȞțĮȡțȓȞȠIJȠȣʌȡȠıIJȐIJȘIJȠȣȝĮıIJȠȪȖȚĮIJĮȝİȜĮȞȫȝĮIJĮțĮȚ
ȐȜȜȠȣȢ țĮțȠȒșİȚȢ ȩȖțȠȣȢ ȂȑȤȡȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ IJĮ ĮȞIJȚțĮȡțȚȞȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ
țĮIJĮijȑȡİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȑȢ șİȡĮʌİȓİȢ ʌĮȡȐ ȝȩȞȠ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȝȚțȡȩ
ĮȡȚșȝȩĮıșİȞȫȞȝİțĮȡțȓȞȠīȚĮIJȠȞȜȩȖȠ ĮȣIJȩȞ ʌȡȠȢIJȠʌĮȡȩȞįİȞıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚȘ
İȚıĮȖȦȖȒIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒȚĮIJȡȚțȒʌȡȐȟȘȆĮȡ
ȩȜĮĮȣIJȐȠȚȑȡİȣȞİȢȖȚĮIJȚȢ
ȞȑİȢĮȣIJȑȢȝİșȩįȠȣȢĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢIJȠȣțĮȡțȓȞȠȣșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȞİȤȚıIJȠȪȞ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿȅǼȃǹȃȉǿȅȃȀǹȇȀǿȃȅȊȉȇǹȋǾȁȅȊȉǾȈȂǾȉȇǹȈ
ȆİȡȓʌȠȣIJȦȞİȞȘȜȓțȦȞȝȠȜȪȞȠȞIJĮȚıİțȐʌȠȚĮijȐıȘIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȢĮʌȩIJȠȞ
Țȩ+39ȂİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚįȚĮȝȑıȠȣIJȘȢıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒȢİʌĮijȒȢİȓȞĮȚȘțȣȡȚȩIJİȡȘĮȚIJȓĮ
ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢțĮȡțȓȞȠȣIJȠȣIJȡĮȤȒȜȠȣIJȘȢȝȒIJȡĮȢ
84
DzȞĮ ȞȑȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ +39- ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮʌIJȪȤșȘțİ Įʌȩ ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȠȪȢ
ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ ĮʌȠįİȓȤșȘțİ ȩIJȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİȚȫȞİȚ įȡĮıIJȚțȐ IJȘ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ
IJȦȞ ȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Țȩ +39 ȩʌȦȢ İʌȓıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ȞİȠʌȜĮıȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ĮȞȦȝĮȜȓİȢ
IJȦȞțȣIJIJȐȡȦȞ IJȠȣ IJȡĮȤȒȜȠȣ IJȘȢ ȝȒIJȡĮȢ ʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȞȚȩ+39-16.
ȉĮıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮIJȦȞİȡİȣȞȘIJȫȞİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȠȣȚȠȪ+39-16,
șĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮȝİȚȫıİȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐIJȠȞĮȡȚșȝȩIJȦȞȞȑȦȞʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞțĮȡțȓȞȠȣ
IJȡĮȤȒȜȠȣIJȘȢȝȒIJȡĮȢǹȣIJȩıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠʌȠȣįȠțȚȝȐıșȘțİȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ ȝȩȞȠ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Țȩ +39- țĮȚ ȩȤȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȣȢ ȚȠȪȢ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢIJȦȞȚȫȞ+39
ǹȞĮȝİȞȩȝİȞȠȞĮțȣțȜȠijȠȡȒıİȚİȓȞĮȚIJȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȦȞıIJİȜİȤȫȞțĮȚIJȠȣ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȠȣ ȚȠȪIJȦȞșȘȜȦȝȐIJȦȞ+39+XPDQ3DSLOORPD9LUXVıIJȘįȡȐıȘIJȦȞ
ȠʌȠȓȦȞĮʌȠįȓįİIJĮȚIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞIJȠIJȦȞțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞțĮȡțȓȞȠȣIJȠȣIJȡĮȤȒȜȠȣ
IJȘȢȝȒIJȡĮȢ. ȅȚʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢșĮİʌȚțİȞIJȡȦșȠȪȞțĮȚıIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘİȞȩȢİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ
İȣȡȪIJİȡȠȣijȐıȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȠʌȠȓȠșĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚIJȚȢȖȣȞĮȓțİȢĮʌȩȩȜİȢIJȚȢȠȝȐįİȢ
IJȦȞ ȚȫȞ +39 ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȠ İȚįȫȞ IJĮ ȜİȖȩȝİȞĮ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȐțĮȚIJĮșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐ
ȉĮ ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ șĮ ĮʌİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ʌȡȠȑijȘȕȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȑijȘȕȠȣȢ ʌȡȚȞ
IJȘȞ ȑȞĮȡȟȘ IJȦȞ ıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȫȞ İʌĮijȫȞ țĮȚ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ ȖȚĮIJȓ Ƞ
ȚȩȢ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐ ȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȐIJȠȝȠ ıİ ȐIJȠȝȠ İȚįȚțȐ ıIJĮ ȞȑĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ țȣȡȓȦȢ
ȝȑıȦIJȘȢıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒȢİʌĮijȒȢȅȚʌĮȚįȓĮIJȡȠȚșĮțȜȘșȠȪȞȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıȠȣȞĮȣIJȩIJȠ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠıIJȚȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓİȢțĮșȫȢȖȚĮʌȡȫIJȘijȠȡȐșĮȤȡİȚĮıIJİȓȞĮʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıȠȣȞțĮȚ
ȞĮİȞȘȝİȡȫıȠȣȞIJȠȣȢʌȡȠȑijȘȕȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢIJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
IJȚȢ ıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȐ ȝİIJĮįȚįȩȝİȞİȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȝĮțȡȩȤȡȠȞȘ ĮʌȠIJȡȠʌȒ IJȠȣ
țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ
ȉĮ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ șĮ İijĮȡȝȠıșȠȪȞ ıİ ȖȣȞĮȓțİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȒįȘ
ĮȜȜȠȚȫıİȚȢ ıIJĮ țȪIJIJĮȡĮ IJȠȣ IJȡȐȤȘȜȠȣ IJȘȢ ȝȒIJȡĮȢ ȜȩȖȦ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Țȩ
+39ǾİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȠȣĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȣȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȝȑıȦIJȦȞ
İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞĮȣIJȫȞȑȤİȚȕȡİșİȓȩIJȚĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİȚĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐIJȚȢĮȡȤȩȝİȞİȢĮȣIJȑȢ
ȕȜȐȕİȢ
ǼȂǺȅȁǿȅǼȃǹȃȉǿȅȃȉǾȈ ȃǿȀȅȉǿȃǾȈȀǹǿȉǾȈȀȅȀǹȎȃǾȈ
ȉĮįȪȠĮȣIJȐİȝȕȩȜȚĮȑȤȠȣȞȓįȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩįȡȐıȘȢǻȚİȖİȓȡȠȣȞIJȠĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖİȚ ĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞįȑȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘ Ȓ IJȘȞ țȠțĮǸȞȘ
țĮȚ İȝʌȠįȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘ ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȠ ȀİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ DzIJıȚ IJĮ įȪȠ
ȞĮȡțȦIJȚțȐ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ IJĮ țȑȞIJȡĮ İʌȚȕȡȐȕİȣıȘȢ ıIJȠȞ
İȖțȑijĮȜȠțĮȚȘȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣȢįİȞʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚİȣȤĮȡȓıIJȘıȘ
IJȘȞ țĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȒ IJȠȣ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȘ ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘ ǼȡİȣȞȘIJȑȢ IJȠȣ ȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȓȠȣ
IJȠȣ ȉȠȡȩȞIJȠ ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥĮȞ ȩIJȚ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȒIJĮȞ ĮʌȓșĮȞȠ ȞĮ ĮȡȤȓıȠȣȞ IJȠ
țȐʌȞȚıȝĮİʌİȚįȒĮʌȩIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩIJȠȣȢȜİȓʌİȚȑȞĮȑȞȗȣȝȠȖȚĮIJȘįȚȐıʌĮıȘIJȘȢ
ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘȢȩʌȦȢĮȞĮijȑȡİȚIJȠ+HDOWK6FRXW
ǻȚĮʌȓıIJȦıĮȞ ȑʌİȚIJĮ Įʌȩ ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚİȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȩIJȚ Ș ȠȣıȓĮ ȝİșȠȟĮȜȑȞȘ
ʌĮȡİȝʌȠįȓȗİȚİʌȓıȘȢIJȘįȚȐıʌĮıȘIJȘȢ ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘȢȩʌȦȢțĮȚȘȑȜȜİȚȥȘIJȠȣİȞȜȩȖȦ
İȞȗȪȝȠȣ ȉȠ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ș įȡȐıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘȢ ʌĮȡĮIJİȓȞİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȑIJıȚ
ʌİȡȞȐ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ʌȡȠIJȠȪ Ƞ țĮʌȞȚıIJȒȢ ȞȚȫıİȚ IJȘȞ İʌȚșȣȝȓĮ
ȖȚĮȑȞĮĮțȩȝȘIJıȚȖȐȡȠ
ȉȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ įȠțȚȝȐȗİIJĮȚ IJȫȡĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ įȠțȚȝȑȢ ıİ ȗȫĮ țĮȚ
ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ ĮıijĮȜȑȢ țĮȚ ȚțĮȞȩ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȘ įȚĮțȠʌȒ IJȠȣ țĮʌȞȓıȝĮIJȠȢ
ȤȦȡȓȢıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢʌĮȡİȞȑȡȖİȚİȢ
ȂİIJȐ IJȘ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȘȢ
ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘȢȉĮĮȞIJȚıȫȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȐįİıȝİȪȠȣȞIJȘ ȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘțĮȚįİȞIJȘȢİʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞȞĮ
İȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠȞİȖțȑijĮȜȠ
ȉȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȠȣțĮʌȞȓıȝĮIJȠȢįİȞșĮĮȡțİȓĮʌȩȝȩȞȠIJȠȣȖȚĮȞĮțȩȥİȚțĮȞİȓȢ
IJȘȞ ĮȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȒ ĮȣIJȒ ıȣȞȒșİȚĮ ȅȪIJİ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİIJȡȚȐıİȚ IJĮ ıIJİȡȘIJȚțȐ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮĮʌȩIJȘįȚĮțȠʌȒIJȠȣĬĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ ȩȝȦȢȞĮįȚİȣțȠȜȪȞİȚIJȘįȚĮțȠʌȒ
IJȠȣ țĮʌȞȓıȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİȚȫıİȚ IJȘȞ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ©ȣʌȠIJȡȠʌȒȢª ıİ ʌȡȫȘȞ
țĮʌȞȚıIJȑȢ
ĬİȦȡȘIJȚțȐșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİİʌȓıȘȢȞĮȤȠȡȘȖİȓIJĮȚıİʌĮȚįȚȐȖȚĮȞĮIJĮİȝʌȠįȓıİȚȞĮ
İșȚıIJȠȪȞıIJȘȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘ
ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢțȠțĮǸȞȘȢ
ȉȠȞȑȠİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞțĮIJĮʌȠȜȑȝȘıȘIJȠȣİșȚıȝȠȪıIJȘȞțȠțĮǸȞȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİ
ıIJȠ ǼȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ 6FULSSV ıIJȘȞ ȀĮȜȚijȩȡȞȚĮ țĮȚ ȑȤİȚ įȠțȚȝĮıIJİȓ ȝȑȤȡȚ
ıIJȚȖȝȒȢȝȩȞȠıİʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮĮȞĮijȑȡİȚIJȠReuters Health.
ȉȠ İȞȑıȚȝȠ ıțİȪĮıȝĮ ʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȖȠ IJȘȢ țȠțĮǸȞȘȢ ıȣȞįİįİȝȑȞȠ ȝİ
ʌȡȦIJİǸȞİȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ ĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞ İȞȐȞIJȚĮ ıIJĮ įȡĮıIJȚțȐ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ IJȠȣ ȞĮȡțȦIJȚțȠȪ DzIJıȚ Ș țȠțĮǸȞȘ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ıIJȠ ĮȓȝĮ țĮȚ įİȞ
İȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ İȖțȑijĮȜȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıİȚ IJȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȠȣ Ǿ ĮȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒ
İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ Drug Abuse Sciences ȑȤİȚ İȟĮıijĮȜȓıİȚ IJĮ įȚțĮȚȫȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ İȝʌȠȡȚțȒȢ
ȤȡȒıȘȢIJȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ
ȆǼǿȇǹȂǹȉǿȀȅǼȂǺȅȁǿȅȀǹȉǹȉǾȈȊȆǼȇȉǹȈǾȈ
ǾʌȡȩȠįȠȢIJȘȢȖİȞİIJȚțȒȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢȑȤİȚʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚIJĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȕȚȠȤȘȝȚțȒįȚȐıIJĮıȘIJȠȣİșȚıȝȠȪIJĮȠʌȠȓĮȒįȘĮȟȚȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮ
ȈȒȝİȡĮ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ Įʌȩ įȣȠ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ DzȜȜȘȞİȢ ʌȐıȤȠȣȞ
ĮʌȩȚįȚȠʌĮșȒȣʌȑȡIJĮıȘ
ǾıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȣʌȑȡIJĮıȘȢıİʌĮȖțȩıȝȚȠİʌȓʌİįȠĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚıİȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ıIJȚȢ ĮȞİʌIJȣȖȝȑȞİȢ țĮIJȐ IJȠ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩ ʌȡȩIJȣʌȠ țȠȚȞȦȞȓİȢ ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ IJȘȢ
İʌȚIJȣȤȘȝȑȞȘȢİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢȝȚĮȢİȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȘȢĮȖȦȖȒȢțĮIJȐIJȘȢȣʌȑȡIJĮıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȘ
85
86
ǼȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢȞȚțȠIJȓȞȘȢ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒȝİȓȦıȘIJȠȣțĮȡįȚĮȖȖİȚĮțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣıİʌȠıȠıIJȩʌİȡȓʌȠȣIJȦȞ
İȖțİijĮȜȚțȫȞ İʌİȚıȠįȓȦȞțĮȚIJȘȢıIJİijĮȞȚĮȓĮȢȞȩıȠȣ-20%
ȆİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮ ȖȚĮ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ ȣʌȑȡIJĮıȘȢ įȓȞȠȣȞ İȜʌȓįİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȠȡȚıIJȚțȒ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȅȚ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİȖȐȜĮ țȑȞIJȡĮIJȠȣİȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪ
țĮȚ IJĮ ȝȑȤȡȚ ıIJȚȖȝȒȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ įȠțȚȝȑȢ ıİ ʌȠȞIJȓțȚĮ țȡȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
İȞșĮȡȡȣȞIJȚțȐ
ȂʌȠȡİȓ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ȝȣȞȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȣʌİȞșȪȝȚıȘȢ ıIJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ IJȦȞ
ʌȠıȠıIJȫȞțȐȜȣȥȘȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȢȞĮȝȘȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚİʌĮȡțȫȢ
ȠȚİȞȒȜȚțİȢȩȝȦȢįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮȝİȜȠȪȞIJȠȣȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȢ
ȅȚ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ȖİȞȚțȐ IJȦȞ İȞȘȜȓțȦȞ ıȫȗȠȣȞ ȗȦȑȢ țĮȚ
ȝİȚȫȞȠȣȞ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȕĮșȝȩ IJȚȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ IJȚȢ İʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȠ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩ ȕȐȡȠȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȣIJȑȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞȅȣȖȚȒȢțĮȚĮıijĮȜȒȢʌȠȜȓIJȘȢİȓȞĮȚIJȠ
ʌȚȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩțİijȐȜĮȚȠıIJȠȠʌȠȓȠʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİʌİȞįȪİȚțȐșİțȡȐIJȠȢ
ȈȊȂȆǼȇǹȈȂǹȉǹ
Ǿ İʌȚIJȣȤȒȢ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȝĮȗȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ȤȡİȚȐȗİIJĮȚ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıȝȩțĮȚĮȟȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘİȚįȚțȫȞıȣȞșȘțȫȞțĮȚʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȦȞʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞ
ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ȕĮȡȪIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȠ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ-ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩİʌȓʌİįȠIJȠȣʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪțĮȚȐȜȜĮ
ȅ ʌȚȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȢ ȩȝȦȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘ ıȦıIJȒȢ țĮȚ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ıȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒ țĮȚ ıȣȞİȤȒȢ
ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘIJȘȢİʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢIJȦȞȞȩıȦȞȘıȣȞİȤȒȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚ
İʌĮȖȡȪʌȞȘıȘ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ Ș ıȦıIJȒ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ IJȠȣ țȠȚȞȠȪ
ıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ
ȉĮ İȝȕȩȜȚĮ ʌȠȣ țȣțȜȠijȠȡȠȪȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȜȐ įȠțȚȝĮıȝȑȞĮ ıIJȘȞ
țȜȚȞȚțȒ ʌȡȐȟȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞ ȣȥȘȜȒ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ
ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJİȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȩȝȦȢ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ȠȚ țȜȚȞȚțȠȓ
ȚĮIJȡȠȓțĮȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮIJȚȢĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓıȠȣȞ
ǵȜİȢ ȠȚ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ Įʌȩ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ©ıIJȠ țȩıIJȠȢ-ȩijİȜȠȢª
țĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȣȞ ıIJȠ ıȣȝʌȑȡĮıȝĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȝȚĮ İȞȚĮȓĮ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ IJȦȞ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘ
ıijĮȚȡȚțȒ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıijȠȡȐȢ IJȦȞ ȞȑȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȓȦȞ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ıIJȠ țȩıIJȠȢ IJȘȢ
ʌȡȠȝȒșİȚȐȢ IJȠȣȢ DzIJıȚ Ș ȖİȞȚțȒ IJȐıȘ ıȒȝİȡĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘ ʌĮȖțȩıȝȚȦȞ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ ȦȢ IJȘȞ ʌȚȠ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ țĮȚ ĮʌȠįȠIJȚțȒ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒ
Ǿ ȝİIJĮȞȐıIJİȣıȘ ȠȚ IJĮȟȚįȚȦIJȚțȑȢ ȝİIJĮțȚȞȒıİȚȢ Ș ȖȒȡĮȞıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ IJȠ
$,'6 Ș İʌȚȕȓȦıȘ ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJİıIJĮȜȝȑȞȦȞ-İȟĮıșİȞȘȝȑȞȦȞ ĮıșİȞȫȞ Ș ĮȞIJȠȤȒ IJȦȞ
ȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞ ıIJĮ ijȐȡȝĮțĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȚIJȓİȢ İʌĮȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ ©ʌĮȜĮȚȫȞª
ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞİʌĮȖȡȪʌȞȘıȘȖȚĮȞȑİȢıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȑȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ
ıIJȠȣȢİȞȒȜȚțİȢ
ȈIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ Ș İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ ıȣȞĮȞIJȐ IJȚȢ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡİȢįȣıțȠȜȓİȢıİįȣȠȠȝȐįİȢʌȜȘșȣıȝȫȞǹȣIJȑȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚĮșȓȖȖĮȞȠȚțĮȚȠȚ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȓȝİIJĮȞȐıIJİȢ
ȅȚʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȢIJȦȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞIJȦȞİȞȘȜȓțȦȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
ıİ ıIJĮșİȡȒ ȕȐıȘ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕİȜIJȚȦșİȓ ȘʌĮȡȠȤȒIJȠȣȢǾIJȒȡȘıȘİȞȩȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ
ĮȡȤİȓȠȣİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞțȐȡIJĮİȝȕȠȜȓȦȞȖȚĮțȐșİİȞȒȜȚțĮșĮİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪȤȡȒıȚȝȘ
87
88
17. ȀȇįʍįȟįȗțȬijȡȤ. ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȂȚțȡȠȕȚȠȜȠȖȓĮțĮȚǹȞȠıȠȜȠȖȓĮ. ȉȩȝȠȢǺĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ (1982).
ǺǿǺȁǿȅīȇǹĭǿǹ
1. ȇ ȃʍȡȫȢį Ǿ ǹȞȠıȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȘȢ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ ǹȞȠıȠʌĮșȠȖȑȞİȚĮ - ǹȞȠıȠșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ȂİIJİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȐ ȂĮșȒȝĮIJĮ ȆĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪ ȉȠȝȑĮ ©ĬİĮȖȑȞİȚȠª ǹȞIJȚțĮȡțȚȞȚțȩ ȃȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ
ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘȢ (1997).
18. www.Medicum.gr
19. ȀįijȢțȜȓ ǽijįțȢıȔį ǺȚșȟȬȟ. ȆȡĮțIJȚțȐ Įʌȩ ȀȜȚȞȚțȩ ĭȡȠȞIJȚıIJȒȡȚȠ ıIJȠ ȆĮȞİȜȜȒȞȚȠ ǿĮIJȡȚțȩ
ȈȣȞȑįȡȚȠ©ǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓĮȡȤȑȢțĮȚįȚȜȒȝȝĮIJĮıIJȘȞțȜȚȞȚțȒʌȡȐȟȘªǹșȒȞĮ (2000).
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ȇǺȈȆȂȀĬȆȄǺȊȋȌǿȃǺȊǺ
ȉȊǿȄǽȇȀȉȁǽȋǿǺǽȈȆȉȁǺĮȎȄ
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ıIJȠȞİȡȖȠįȩIJȘțĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȐȜȜȘʌȜİȣȡȐȞĮȝȘȞĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȠțȩıIJȠȢȖȚĮȝȚĮ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȞĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ ȖȚĮIJȓ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ
©ȠįȘȖȩª ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮIJĮȡIJȚıȝȩ ȝȑıȦȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ
țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ IJȠ țĮIJĮȜȜȘȜȩIJİȡȠ ȝȑıȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ IJİșȠȪȞ țĮȞȩȞİȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ İȞIJȩȢ ȝȚĮȢ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢ
ȉȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ʌĮȡȩIJȚ İȟĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ įİȞ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ȠȣıȚȫįȘ ȕȜȐȕȘ ıIJȠȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ ȠȪIJİ ȗȘȝȓĮ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ Ǿ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣțȣȡȓȦȢȑȖțİȚIJĮȚıIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩIJȚȣʌȠʌIJİȪİȚțĮȚʌȡȠįȚĮșȑIJİȚʌȡȠȢ
IJȠ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ țĮȚ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ʌȚȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚİȓțĮȚʌȡȠȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ
ǼȓȞĮȚ İʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȐȝİıĮ ȞĮĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȞțȐșİĮIJȪȤȘȝĮıIJȘ
įȠȣȜİȚȐ IJȠȣȢ țȐșİ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮȜȒȖİȚ ıİ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ țȐșİ
ıȠȕĮȡȒ țĮȚ ȐȝİıȘ ĮʌİȚȜȒ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣȢ Ȓ ıIJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚȐ IJȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȝȩȞȠȚ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ țȐșİ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțİ ıIJĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȐ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȣȢ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȣȢ İʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȑȢ Ȓ ĮȜȜȚȫȢ ıIJĮ
ʌȡȩıȦʌĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ǵȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȑʌȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ
ĮʌȩIJȘıȤİIJȚțȒȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮțĮȚIJȠȣȢțĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǹțȩȝȘ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȣȞ ȩȜĮ IJĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȤİįȩȞ
țĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȣȞ ıİ ȝȠȚȡĮȓĮ Ȓ ıȠȕĮȡȐ İȡȖĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȞĮijİȡșİȓ
ʌȡȦIJȪIJİȡĮȂİȕȐıȘIJȚȢĮȡȤȑȢĮȣIJȑȢțĮșȠȡȓıșȘțĮȞȠȚıIJȩȤȠȚIJȘȢıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȢ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȀĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ ȩȤȚ ȖȚĮIJȓ IJȠ ȜȑİȚ Ƞ ȞȩȝȠȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȖȚĮIJȓ
İȓȞĮȚıĮijȑȢȩIJȚȠİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢȝȑıĮıIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮʌȓıIJȘȢʌȠȣȑȤİȚȖȚĮIJȘıȦıIJȒ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ĮıijĮȜȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȑȤİȚ ȣʌİȣșȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ țĮșȒțȠȞ ȞĮ
ĮȞĮijȑȡİȚIJȠțȐșİIJȚȑȤİȚıȤȑıȘȝİIJȠİȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮțĮȚȚįȓȦȢȝİIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 93-106
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ǾıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒȖȚĮȞĮİȝʌȠįȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȞĮijIJȐȞȠȣȞıİĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚ
ĮȣIJȒʌȠȣȠįȘȖİȓIJȚȢİIJĮȚȡİȓİȢȞĮȠȡȓȗȠȣȞʌȠȡİȓİȢĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȝİȞİȢIJȘȞʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦ
įȚĮįȡȠȝȒ Į ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȦ țĮȚ șȣȝȐȝĮȚ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȕ ıȣȗȘIJȫ țĮȚ
ĮȞĮijȑȡȦ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮ țĮȚ Ȗ ʌĮȡȐȖȦ țĮȚ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȦ ȝȑIJȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
īȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ șȣȝȐIJĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮİʌȚȜȑȖİIJĮȚȑȞĮʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢʌȠȣșĮȠȞȠȝĮıIJİȓțĮIJȐIJȑIJȠȚȠȞ
IJȡȩʌȠȫıIJİȞĮįȚįȐıțİIJĮȚȠțȐșİİȝʌȜİțȩȝİȞȠȢĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȉȠ
ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ĮȣIJȩ șĮ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ĮțȠȪıİȚ Ȓ
ʌȠȣȑȤİȚIJȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĮʌȩIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘȣʌĮȜȜȒȜȦȞıIJȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȢ țĮȞȩȞİȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ Ș İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚ ʌȠȚȠȓ
ijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓIJİȤȞȚțȠȓȒțĮȚȠȡȖĮȞȦIJȚțȠȓıȪȞįİıȝȠȚİȓȞĮȚȠȚʌȚȠĮįȪȞĮȝȠȚțȡȓțȠȚ
ıIJȘȞ ĮȜȣıȓįĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ İȓIJİ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıİ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮ țĮIJĮȤȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ĮıȣȞȒșȘ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJĮ ȃĮ
țĮșȚİȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚȑȞIJȣʌĮĮȞĮijȠȡȐȢʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞȫıIJİȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮ șȣȝȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
țĮIJĮȤȦȡȠȪȞȝȚĮĮȞĮijȠȡȐȩIJĮȞȑȞĮʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȩİʌȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚțĮȚIJȠȣȢțȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚİȓ
ȞĮȟİțȚȞȠȪȞȞĮıȣȗȘIJȠȪȞĮȞȠȚțIJȐıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
ȉȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȚıȐȖİIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞ IJȦȞ
ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȦȞțȐșİİIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢțĮȚȞĮİȚıȐȖİIJĮȚıĮȞʌȡȫIJȠșȑȝĮıİĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞ
șȑȝĮIJȚȢıȣȞșȒțİȢțĮȚIJȠȣȢțĮȞȩȞİȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢȅʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ
IJĮțIJȚțȫȞ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞ ȩʌȠȣ ȠȝȐįİȢ İʌȚȜİȖȝȑȞȦȞ ȣʌĮȜȜȒȜȦȞ Įʌȩ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȠȪȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ȟİʌİȡȞȫȞIJĮȢ IJĮ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚĮțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
ıȣȞįȣȐȗȠȣȞIJȘȖȞȫıȘIJȠȣȢȝİIJȘȞĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘİȞȩȢȝȠȞIJȑȜȠȣȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ
ıIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȉȑȜȠȢșĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚȜȓıIJİȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞʌȠȣȡȑʌȠȣȞ
ıİ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ȖȚĮ țȐșİ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ ȤȫȡȠ ȫıIJİ țȐșİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ IJȘȞ
ʌȜȒȡȘĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘIJȘȢȝȘĮıijĮȜȠȪȢıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȈIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȞĮijȠȡȐȢ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȚȢ ıİ ȝȚĮ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ İȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢ țĮȚ
ʌİȡȚıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢ ȉĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȣȞ IJȘ ıȣȗȒIJȘıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȞĮijȠȡȐ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJȠ ıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȩ ıİ
ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ ĮțȩȜȠȣșĮ ȝȑȜȘ ȝȚĮȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ Į
ĮȞIJȚʌȡȠıȫʌȠȣȢ ıİ șȑȝĮIJĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ȕ ȝȑȜȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȝȕȠȪȜȦȞ Ȗ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ ıİ
șȑȝĮIJĮȣȖİȓĮȢIJȘȢİIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢǹțȩȝȘșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ
ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ IJȘȞ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ IJȠȣȢ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ ıIJȚȢ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȑȢ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ
IJȠȣȢĮȜȜȐİʌȓıȘȢıIJȠȞĮıȣȝȕȐȜȜȠȣȞıIJȘȞİʌȓȜȣıȘșİȝȐIJȦȞʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİ
IJȘȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞȣijĮıȝȑȞĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ Ǿ IJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıȘ țȣIJȓȠȣ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ȩʌȠȣ șĮ ĮȞĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȣȞ
țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢIJȠȣʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢĮȞȫȞȣȝĮȒİʌȫȞȣȝĮİȓȞĮȚʌȚĮİʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒ
ĮȞȐȖțȘǹțȩȝȘȑȤȠȣȞıȘȝĮıȓĮțĮȚȠȚİʌȚȕȡĮȕİȪıİȚȢİȓIJİȝİȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐȝʌȩȞȠȣȢ
94
ȂȚĮ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ȩIJĮȞ ȟİțȚȞȐ ȞĮ ȕİȜIJȚȫıİȚ IJȚȢ ıIJĮșİȡȑȢ ıIJȠȣȢ țĮȞȩȞİȢ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ıIJȠ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ IJȘȢ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ʌȡȫIJĮ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȚ IJȠ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ īȚĮ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ ĮȣIJȩ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ Ș İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ȞĮ įȚĮȜȑȟİȚ IJȠȞ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠ
IJȡȩʌȠʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȢıIJȠʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ
ȂȚĮʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘİȓȞĮȚȞĮįȚİȟĮȤșȠȪȞıȣȞİȞIJİȪȟİȚȢıIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢȩȝȦȢșĮİʌȚȜȑȖİIJĮȚ
ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȝȚĮ ȝȚțȡȒ ȠȝȐįĮ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȠȝȐįĮ İȡȖȠįȠIJȫȞ ȈIJȚȢ
ıȣȞİȞIJİȪȟİȚȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȠȚ İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ ȞĮ İȝȕĮșȪȞȠȣȞ ıIJȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ șĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮıĮȞȑȞĮĮIJȪȤȘȝĮʌȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘȩȤȚ
șĮ ıȣȞȑȕĮȚȞİ țĮȚ Ș įȚĮijȠȡȐ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚ įİȞ İʌȒȜșİ ȗȘȝȓĮ ȣȜȚțȒ Ȓ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİ
ȐȜȜȘȢ ȝȠȡijȒȢ ǵʌȦȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚĮ ȑIJıȚ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ıȣȞİȞIJİȪȟİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȞĮİȓȞĮȚțĮȜȐįȠȝȘȝȑȞİȢțĮȚȠȚĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȢȞĮįȓȞȠȣȞȜȪıİȚȢ ıIJĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ Ǿ įȚĮijȠȡȐ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ıȣȞİȞIJİȪȟİȚȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȐʌIJȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚıIJȠșȑȝĮIJȠȣʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢȫıIJİȞĮįȚİȣȡȪȞȠȣȞIJȠȣȢȒįȘ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȞIJİȢțĮȞȩȞİȢțĮȚʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȝİıIJȩȤȠȞĮȕİȜIJȚȦșȠȪȞțĮȚȞĮ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıIJȠȪȞĮțȩȝȘțĮȜȪIJİȡĮ ıIJȚȢȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıİȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȅțĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢIJȡȩʌȠȢİȓȞĮȚȘįȚİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘįȘȜĮįȒʌȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȘ
ȤȡȒıȘ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ ǻȘȜĮįȒ įȓȞİIJĮȚ ȑȞĮ ȑȞIJȣʌȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȠȣ ıİ țȐșİ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȞĮIJȠıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıİȚȫıIJİȞĮİȓȞĮȚıİșȑıȘȞĮıȣȜȜȑȟİȚʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ
țĮȚȞĮĮȞĮȜȪıİȚIJĮĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJȐIJȠȣȢǼȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ
ȑȞĮ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ IJȑIJȠȚȠ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ șȑIJȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȝȓĮ ʌȜİȣȡȐ ȠȚ ıȦıIJȑȢ
İȡȦIJȒıİȚȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȐȜȜȘ ȠȚ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌĮȓȡȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠIJİȓȞȠȣȞȜȪıİȚȢıIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ıIJĮİȝʌȩįȚĮʌȠȣıȣȞĮȞIJȫȞIJĮȚȉȠșȑȝĮIJȘȢ
įȚİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒȢ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚ İȡİȣȞȐ IJȠȣȢ ȒįȘ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȞIJİȢ țĮȞȩȞİȢ
ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮİȟİIJȐȗİȚțȐIJȚȞȑȠȆȡȑʌİȚȜȠȚʌȩȞȞĮįȚİȡİȣȞȫȞIJĮȚȕİȜIJȚȫıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȞȐȜȣıȘIJȠȣʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ
DZȜȜİȢ ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ȝİ ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ
İȡȖȠįȠIJȫȞȘʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘĮʌȩİȚįȚțȠȪȢİȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢıȣȞİȡȖȐIJİȢʌȠȣȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮ
ȞĮ ȜȪıȠȣȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıȠȣȞ ıİ ȑȞĮ İȡȫIJȘȝĮ Ȓ ȝȚĮ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ʌȡȠIJİȓȞȠȣȞ șȑıİȚȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ İȟĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓ Ș țĮȜȪIJİȡȘ įȣȞĮIJȒ ȜȪıȘ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJȠȢȅİȚįȚțȩȢıIJȘȞʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘĮȣIJȒșĮțȜȘșİȓĮʌȩIJȘȞİIJĮȚȡİȓĮȖȚĮȞĮ
ȕȡİȚIJȘȞȜȪıȘıİȝȚĮįİįȠȝȑȞȘİȡȫIJȘıȘȈIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮșĮțĮIJĮșȑıİȚIJȘȞĮȞĮijȠȡȐ
IJȠȣȘȠʌȠȓĮșĮȝİȜİIJȘșİȓıIJĮȒįȘȣʌȐȡȤȠȞIJĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȩțȐșİʌȜİȣȡȐțĮȚ
ıİ ȝȚĮ IJİȜȚțȒ ijȐıȘ șĮ ȜȘijșİȓ Ș țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȘ ĮʌȩijĮıȘ ʌȠȣ șĮ ȝİIJĮȕȐȜȜİȚ IJȠȣȢ
țĮȞȩȞİȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢțĮȚIJȚȢʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢıIJȚȢȜȓıIJİȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢIJȘȢİIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ
ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ IJȑȜȠȢ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȑȞȘ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ȝİ ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒ IJȩıȠ Įʌȩ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢțĮȚİȡȖȠįȩIJİȢȩıȠțĮȚĮʌȩİȚįȚțȠȪȢıİșȑȝĮIJĮĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢǹȣIJȑȢȠȚ
ʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȚȢ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ ȟİȤȦȡȚıIJȐ Ȓ ȦȢ įȚİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝİIJȐ IJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞİȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȦȞ
ȈIJȘıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒȝİȜȑIJȘIJȠȣʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȠțȪȡȚȠİijȩįȚȠ
ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȒ IJȠȣ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıİ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ
İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȠȣǼIJıȚ ȝİȜİIJȒșȘțİIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮıİȤȫȡȠȣȢİʌȚıțİȣȒȢ
țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ Ǿ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ ĮȣIJȒ ıȣȝȕȐȜİȚ ȠȣıȚȦįȫȢ ıIJȠ ȞĮ
İȜȑȖȤİIJĮȚ Ș ıȤȑıȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȇȦIJȒșȘțĮȞ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ įȠȣȜİȪȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ įȘȜĮįȒ ıIJȘ
ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘ țĮȚ İʌȚıțİȣȒ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȉĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȐȞIJȡİȢ
ȈȘȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚȘȑȡİȣȞĮĮijȠȡȐIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮțĮIJȐIJȠȑIJȠȢǹȣIJȩ
ȑȤİȚ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȘșİȓ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ıȤȑıȘȢ țĮȚ İȟȑȜȚȟȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȠȣİȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪIJİȜȚțȐĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘțĮIJȐIJȘȞ
ȓįȚĮȤȡȠȞȚțȒʌİȡȓȠįȠȈȘȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢȩIJȚıIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ʌȠȣ įȠȣȜİȪȠȣȞ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚıțİȣȒ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ țĮIJȐ IJȠ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ İȡȖĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ įȘȜȫșȘțĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ıIJȠ
ǿȀǹȉĮİȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚĮįȚİȞİȝȒșȘțĮȞıİIJȣȤĮȓȠįİȓȖȝĮİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚȠȚ
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞ ȩIJȚ İȓȤĮȞ ȑȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȒʌİȡȓȠįȠįȘȜĮįȒțĮIJȐIJȠȘȝİȡȠȜȠȖȚĮțȩȑIJȠȢ
īȚĮ IJȘ ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȒ įȚİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒ ȝİȜȑIJȘ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ıȣȝʌİȡĮıȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓĮȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȘĮțȩȜȠȣșȘʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ
ǵʌȦȢ ʌȡȠĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțİ IJȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȉȠ
İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȫȞȣȝȠ țĮȚ İȝʌȚıIJİȣIJȚțȩ ȝİ țȪȡȚȠ ıțȠʌȩ ȠȚ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ
IJȠȣ ȞĮ ıȣȞİȚıijȑȡȠȣȞ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞ ȤȡȒıȚȝĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ
IJȘȞȦijȑȜİȚĮʌȡȠȢĮʌȠijȣȖȒIJȠȣİȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȉȠ įİȪIJİȡȠ ȩʌȜȠ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȫȞ įİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘțĮȚIJȘȞțĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘʌȚȞȐțȦȞțĮȚįȚĮȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ636S
Ver. 16.0.
ȆİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȟİIJĮıșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ĮȚIJȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ ȞĮ
ȠįȘȖȘșİȓ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ țĮIJ¶ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijİȣȤșİȓ IJȠ
İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ IJȑșȘțĮȞ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ șİȦȡȒșȘțİ ȩIJȚ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞ İʌȚȡȡȠȑȢ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȅȚ ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞȦȢȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢıIJȘȞʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȒĮȞȐȜȣıȘĮȡȤȚțȫȢ
ȠȡȓıIJȘțĮȞıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȞȘȜȚțȓĮIJȠȣİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȈIJȘȞıȣȞȑȤİȚĮİȟİIJȐıIJȘțİȘ
95
96
İȓIJİȝİȕȡĮȕİȓĮıİĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢʌȠȣİʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞȠȣȞțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢʌȠȣĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞIJȠ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮʌȠȣIJȠȣȢȑȤİȚıȣȝȕİȓ
ȉĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ İȝʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȦȝȑȞȦȞ
țĮȞȩȞȦȞȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚIJĮțIJȚțȑȢıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȚȢȑȝʌİȚȡȦȞȠȝȐįȦȞ
ıİ șȑȝĮIJĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ Ș İȟȑIJĮıȘ IJȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝȐIJȦȞ IJȦȞ ıȣȞİįȡȚȐıİȦȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ
ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȡIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ ıİ șȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ Ș İȞIJȩȢ IJȘȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ
ĮȞĮțȠȓȞȦıȘIJȦȞĮȞĮijȠȡȫȞIJȠȣʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȡȠIJȐıİȚȢȖȚĮȕİȜIJȚȫıİȚȢ
ȩIJĮȞ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ Ș İȪțȠȜȘ ʌȡȩıȕĮıȘ ıİ ȜȓıIJİȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ Įʌȩ ȩȜȠȣȢ
IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ İʌȓıȘȢ ȞĮ İȞȘȝİȡȫȞȠȣȞ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ
ȜȓıIJİȢȞĮIJȚȢȕİȜIJȚȫȞȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮʌȡȠIJİȓȞȠȣȞȞȑİȢȠįȘȖȓİȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢıİıȤȑıȘȝİ
IJȠȣȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢʌȠȣĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐıIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢ
ǼȇǼȊȃǾȉǿȀǾȂǼȁǼȉǾ
İIJĮȚȡİȓİȢ-İȡȖȠįȩIJİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮDzIJıȚIJİțȝȘȡȚȫȞİIJĮȚȑȝȝİıĮĮȜȜȐȝİıĮijȒȞİȚĮIJȠʌȩıȠıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩİȓȞĮȚ
IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ İȟİIJȐȗİIJĮȚ ȐȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤȠȡȘȖȘșİȓ ȝȑIJȡĮ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ ĮȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȖİȞȚțȐ ıIJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢ
ȉȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİ İȚįȚțȐ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȘȢ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘȢ
ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ Ǿ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ıİ ĮİȡȠʌȠȡȚțȒ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ ȩʌȠȣ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞȘȣʌȘȡİıȓĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȅȚ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ IJȦȞ İȡȦIJȫȝİȞȦȞ ıȣȞİȚıijȑȡȠȣȞ ıIJĮ ȝȑȖȚıIJĮ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ İȟĮȤșȠȪȞ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȠ ʌĮȡ¶ ȠȜȓȖȠȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ ıIJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮʌȡȠIJȐıİȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȝİȓȦıȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠ ȐȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ȓ ȩȤȚ ȝĮșȘIJİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ IJĮ ȑIJȘ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ Ș ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ
țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȠ țIJȓȡȚȠ ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ʌȡȠȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ
ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢțĮȚİʌȚıțİȣȒȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ
Ǿ İʌȩȝİȞȘ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȢ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ IJȠ ȐȞ țȐʌȠȚȠȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ Ȓȡșİ
ʌȠIJȑĮȞIJȚȝȑIJȦʌȠȢțĮIJȐIJȘįȚțȒIJȠȣșİȫȡȘıȘȝİIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
ȈIJȠ İȞįİȤȩȝİȞȠ ʌȠȣ ȕȡȑșȘțİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣ ȑIJȣȤİʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȠȡȓıșȘțĮȞʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢʌȠȣȕȠȘșȠȪȞıIJȠȞĮįȚĮıĮijȘȞȚıșİȓȘ
ıȣȞȐijİȚĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȣIJȫȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ǹȣIJȑȢ ĮȡȤȚțȐ
ĮijȠȡȠȪıĮȞIJȘijȪıȘțĮȚIJȘȞĮȚIJȓĮIJȠȣĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢȆȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȠȚĮȚIJȓİȢʌȠȣ
ʌȚșĮȞȩȞ ȞĮ IJȠȣȢ ȠįȘȖȠȪıĮȞ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȒIJĮȞ ʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ĮʌȩȪȥȠȢʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȠȓįȚȠİʌȓʌİįȠȠȜȚıșȒıİȚȢțĮIJȐȡȡİȣıȘȢȖȜȚıIJȡȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚ
țIJȣʌȒȝĮIJĮ Įʌȩ ʌȓʌIJȠȞIJĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ʌȡȩıțȡȠȣıȘ ıİ ıIJĮșİȡȐ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ țĮȚ
țIJȪʌȘȝĮ ıİ Ȓ Įʌȩ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ıȣȝʌȓİıȘ ȝȑıĮ Ȓ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıİ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ȣʌİȡʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ Ȓ țȠʌȚȫįİȚȢ țȚȞȒıİȚȢ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ Ȓ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ
ĮțȡĮȓİȢ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓİȢ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ Ȓ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȘȜİțIJȡȚțȩ ȡİȪȝĮ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ Ȓ
İʌĮijȒ ȝİ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ Ȓ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ
ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ȂİIJȐ IJȚȢ ĮȚIJȓİȢ șİȦȡȒșȘțİ ıȦıIJȩ ȞĮ İȟİIJĮıșİȓ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ıİ
ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ ȣȜȚțȩȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ ĮȣIJȩ ǹȣIJȠȓ ȠȚ ȣȜȚțȠȓ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮ ȝȑıĮ ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȢ țĮȚ ĮȞȣȥȦIJȚțȩȢ
İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ ȜȠȚʌȩȢ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ ȣȜȚțȐ ȠȣıȓİȢ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓİȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȝȘ IJĮȟȚȞȠȝȘșȑȞIJİȢ ȜȩȖȦ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢ
ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞǻİȞȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȕȑȕĮȚĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȜİȚijșİȓĮʌȩIJȚȢȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢțĮȚIJȠİȓįȠȢ
IJȠȣ ʌĮȡ¶ ȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ĬİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ İʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦ
ȝİȜȑIJȘ IJȠȣ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȐȞ IJȠ ʌĮȡ¶ ȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ
įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘȢ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ ĮȑȡȚĮ İȖțĮȣȝȐIJȦȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȘȢ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢ
ȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮȢȒIJȑȜȠȢĮȞʌȡȠȑȡȤİIJĮȚĮʌȩȑȞĮȞIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩʌȠȣįİȞȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
İȟĮțȡȚȕȦșİȓȘĮȚIJȓĮIJȠȣ
ǻİȞʌĮȡĮȜİȓʌİIJĮȚȩȝȦȢțĮȚIJȠȞĮıȣıȤİIJȚıșİȓIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȝİȝȚĮȐȜȜȘ
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȒȜșİ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ȠȚ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ ıIJȘ ıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘ ĮȣIJȒȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș țİijĮȜȒ
İțIJȩȢ IJȦȞ ȠijșĮȜȝȫȞȠȚȠijșĮȜȝȠȓȘıʌȠȞįȣȜȚțȒıIJȒȜȘȠșȫȡĮțĮȢțĮȚȝȚțIJȑȢ
țĮțȫıİȚȢ IJȠȣ șȫȡĮțĮ IJĮ țȠȚȜȚĮțȐ IJȠȚȤȫȝĮIJĮ IJĮ ıʌȜȐȤȞĮ țĮȚ IJĮ
ȠȣȡȠʌȠȚȠȖİȞȞȘIJȚțȐȩȡȖĮȞĮIJĮȠıIJȐȜİțȐȞȘȢȠȫȝȠȢȠȕȡĮȤȓȠȞĮȢȠĮȖțȫȞĮȢȠ
ʌȒȤȣȢ Ș ʌȘȤȣȠțĮȡʌȚțȒ ȐȡșȡȦıȘ Ƞ țĮȡʌȩȢ țĮȚ IJĮ įȐțIJȣȜĮ Ș ȐȡșȡȦıȘ IJȠȣ
ȚıȤȪȠȣȠȝȘȡȩȢȘȐȡșȡȦıȘIJȠȣȖȩȞĮIJȠȢȘțȞȒȝȘȘʌȠįȠțȞȘȝȚțȒȐȡșȡȦıȘțĮȚ
IJȑȜȠȢȠȐțȡȠȢʌȠȣȢȝİIJȐIJȠȞĮıIJȡȐȖĮȜȠ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȩIJȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ ȖİȞȚțȐ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȐ
ȝȑIJȡĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ȫıIJİ ȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚ İȞ
ȖȑȞİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮǼʌİȚįȒIJȠİȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮİʌȑȡȤİIJĮȚțĮIJȐȑȞĮ
ȝȑȡȠȢ țĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȒșȘțĮȞ įȪȠ ĮțȩȝȘ ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȚ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ įȚĮıĮijȘȞȚıșİȓ IJȠ țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ ȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ ȝȑȡȚȝȞĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ǹʌȩIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠIJȦȞİȡȦIJȘșȑȞIJȦȞȑȞĮȝİȖȐȜȠʌȠıȠıIJȩȑįİȚȟİȞĮȑȤİȚİȝʌİȚȡȓĮıIJȠ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠİȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠIJĮȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȑȞĮ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮĮʌĮȞIJȠȪȞıIJȚȢȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢʌȠȣĮȞĮijȑȡĮȝİʌȚȠʌȐȞȦ
ȅȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚʌȠȣİȡȦIJȒșȘțĮȞȒIJĮȞȐȞȦIJȦȞİIJȫȞțĮȚȝȑȤȡȚțȣȡȓȦȢIJȠȠ
ȑIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ȘȜȚțȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȐ IJȚȢ ĮʌȠțȜȓıİȚȢ ıİ ȝȚțȡȩ ĮȡȚșȝȩ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ IJȦȞ
ȘȜȚțȚȫȞțĮȚ
ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȚȢ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ IJȠ İȓįȠȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ
İțIJİȜȠȪȞ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ įİȞ ĮȞĮijȑȡİȚ țĮȝȓĮ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ȆİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦ ȩȝȦȢ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ İȜĮıȝĮIJȠȣȡȖȠȓ ȝȘȤĮȞȠȣȡȖȠȓ țĮȚ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ ıİ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠȣȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ ȠȚ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȠȣ ȝȘȤĮȞȠIJİȤȞȓIJȘ IJȠȣ
ȤȡȫıIJȘ IJȠȣ İʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȒ șİȡȝȚțȫȞ įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ IJȠȣ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȒ țĮȜȠȣʌȚȫȞ
IJȠȣ ȝȘȤĮȞȠȜȩȖȠȣ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȪ IJȠȣ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȪ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ IJȠȣ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȜȩȖȠȣ
ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ IJİȤȞȓIJȘ įȠȝȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȉȑȜȠȢ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ
İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ Ș İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȧıIJĮȝȑȞȠȣ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȩȝȦȢ ȞĮ İʌİȟȘȖİȓ ʌȠȚȐȢ
ȣʌȘȡİıȓĮȢȆȚșĮȞȠȜȠȖİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚIJȠİȞȜȩȖȦȐIJȠȝȠșĮİȓȞĮȚİȡȖȠįȩIJȘȢʌȠȣșĮȑȤİȚ
İʌȚijȠȡIJȚıșİȓȝİțȐʌȠȚȠȝȑȡȠȢİȣșȪȞȘȢıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİʌȚıțİȣȒȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ
ǹʌȩIJȚȢĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢȑȖȚȞİĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȩȩIJȚȠĮȡȚșȝȩȢIJȦȞȝĮșȘIJİȣȩȝİȞȦȞıIJĮȐIJȠȝĮ
ʌȠȣ İȡȦIJȒșȘțĮȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ȝȚțȡȩȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȒȞIJȘıĮȞ ȩIJȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠıIJİȓ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ țĮȞȠȞȚțȑȢ
ıȣȝȕȐıİȚȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢįȘȜĮįȒʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȚıșȦIJȠȪȢ
ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮȢ ȠȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞ șİIJȚțȐ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ıIJȠ İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ
İȓȤĮȞĮʌȩȑȦȢțĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮȢİȞȫȜȓȖȠȚȒIJĮȞİțİȓȞȠȚʌȠȣȒİȓȤĮȞ
ȜȓȖĮȤȡȩȞȚĮʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮȢȒİȓȤĮȞʌȠȜȜȐȤȡȩȞȚĮ!ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮȢ
Ǿ ȑȡİȣȞĮ įȚİȟȒȤșȘ ıİ ȩȜȠ IJȠ țIJȚȡȚĮțȩ ıȣȖțȡȩIJȘȝĮ ȝİȖȐȜȘȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢ
İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ țĮȚ ʌĮȡȐ IJȠȣ ȖİȖȠȞȩIJȠȢ ȩIJȚ ıIJĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ țIJȓȡȚĮ
İțIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ İȚįȫȞ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ șİȦȡȒșȘțİ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠ ȞĮ İȟİIJĮıșİȓ IJȠ
97
98
ǹȃǹȁȊȈǾǹȆȅȉǼȁǼȈȂǹȉȍȃ
ıȪȞȠȜȠ IJȦȞ țIJȚȡȚĮțȫȞ İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ ıIJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ Ǽț IJȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝȐIJȦȞ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞİIJĮȚ IJȠ ĮȣIJȠȞȩȘIJȠ ȩIJȚ įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞĮijȑȢ ȝİ IJȠ țIJȓȡȚȠ țĮș¶ ȩIJȚ ıIJĮ țȪȡȚĮ țIJȓȡȚĮ
ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȫȞ İȚįȫȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȓ
İȜĮıȝĮIJȠȣȡȖȠȓ ȝȘȤĮȞȠȣȡȖȠȓ ȝȘȤĮȞȠIJİȤȞȓIJİȢ ȤȡȫıIJİȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȠȜȩȖȠȚ țȠț
ȅʌȩIJİ șİȦȡȒșȘțİ ıȦıIJȩ ȞĮ İȟİIJĮıșİȓ Ș ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ IJȘȢ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ʌĮȡȐ IJȠȣ
țIJȚȡȓȠȣıIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİʌȒȜșİIJȠĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
ǹʌȩIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠIJȦȞĮIJȩȝȦȞʌȠȣįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȩIJȚȑȤȠȣȞȣʌȠıIJİȓʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȩ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ Ș ĮȚIJȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ijȪıȘ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ıİȚȡȐ ʌȠȣ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ȟİțȚȞȫȞIJĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȒ ĮȚIJȓĮ țĮȚ ijȪıȘ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ țĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȞIJĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ʌȚȠ ıʌȐȞȚĮ DzIJıȚ Ș ıİȚȡȐ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ İȟȒȢ Ǿ
ȣʌİȡʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȒȠȚțȠʌȚȫįİȚȢțȚȞȒıİȚȢțĮIJȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞʌȡȦIJȚȐıIJȘıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ
ȜȓıIJĮǹțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞȠȚȠȜȚıșȒıİȚȢĮʌȩțĮIJĮȡȡİȪıİȚȢȖȜȚıIJȡȒȝĮIJĮțĮȚțIJȣʌȒȝĮIJĮ
ĮʌȩʌȓʌIJȠȞIJĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚıİʌȡȩıțȡȠȣıȘıİıIJĮșİȡȐĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚ
țIJȪʌȘȝĮ ıİ Ȓ Įʌȩ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ȉȡȓIJȘ ıIJȘȞ ȜȓıIJĮ ȦȢ ĮȚIJȓĮ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ Ȓ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ Ȓ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮIJȑIJĮȡIJȘȘȑțșİıȘıİȒİʌĮijȒȝİĮțȡĮȓİȢșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓİȢǹțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ
ȠȚʌIJȫıİȚȢĮʌȩȪȥȠȢȘıȣȝʌȓİıȘȝȑıĮȒĮȞȐȝİıĮıİĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮȘȑțșİıȘıİȒ
İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȘȜİțIJȡȚțȩ ȡİȪȝĮ ȠȚ ʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJȠ ȓįȚȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ǹȣIJȒ Ș ȜȓıIJĮ - țĮIJȐIJĮȟȘ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓȦȞ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȒȜȦıĮȞ ȩIJȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠıIJİȓ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ
ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ıIJȠ ıȪȞȠȜȠ IJȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞ ıIJȠ
İȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ ĮijȠȪ ȦȢ ȖȞȦıIJȩ įİȞ ȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞ ȩȜȠȚ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮĮʌȩĮȣIJȠȪȢʌȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞıIJȠİȡȦIJȘȝĮIJȠȜȩȖȚȠ
Ȉİ ȝȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ȜȓıIJĮ - țĮIJȐIJĮȟȘ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮıIJȡȫșȘțİ IJĮȟȚȞȠȝȒșȘțĮȞ ȠȚ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ
ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȠȞȣȜȚțȩʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮʌȠȣȠįȒȖȘıİıİʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ
ȅĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢȣȜȚțȩȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢȖȚĮIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮİȓȞĮȚțĮIJȐĮȪȟȠȞIJĮ
ĮȡȚșȝȩ Įʌȩ IJȠ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȩ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȠ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ ıȣȤȞȩ IJĮ ȣȜȚțȐ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓİȢ ȠȚ ȝȘ IJĮȟȚȞȠȝȘșȑȞIJİȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȜȩȖȦ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ IJĮ
ȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮ IJĮ ȝȑıĮ ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ĮȞȣȥȦIJȚțȩȢ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ Ƞ ȜȠȚʌȩȢ
İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢIJȠİȡȖĮıȚĮțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢȐȜȜȠȚʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
ȍȢʌȡȠȢIJȠİȓįȠȢIJȠȣʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢĮȞİȟĮȚȡİșİȓȩIJȚIJȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȝȑȡȠȢ
IJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞȩIJȚȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮșİȦȡİȓȩIJȚ
ĮȣIJȩ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȑȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȢĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒȢĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞțĮIJȐıİȚȡȐʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJĮȢĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȒ ĮȚIJȓĮ ȦȢ IJȘȞ ʌȚȠ ıʌȐȞȚĮ IJĮ İȖțĮȪȝĮIJĮ ȠȚ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮȢȘȘȜİțIJȡȠʌȜȘȟȓĮȠȝȘİȟĮțȡȚȕȦȝȑȞȠȢIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢȘįȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘ
İțIJȩȢĮʌȩĮȑȡȚĮ
ȍȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ ıIJȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ıİ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒȘțĮIJȐIJĮȟȘțĮIJȐıİȚȡȐıİıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮțĮIJĮȖȡȐijİIJĮȚȦȢİȟȒȢȘțİijĮȜȒ
İțIJȩȢ ȠijșĮȜȝȫȞ Ƞ țĮȡʌȩȢțĮȚIJĮįȐțIJȣȜĮȠȚȠijșĮȜȝȠȓȘıʌȠȞįȣȜȚțȒıIJȒȜȘ
IJĮțȠȚȜȚĮțȐIJȠȚȤȫȝĮIJĮIJĮıʌȜȐȤȞĮțĮȚIJĮȠȣȡȠʌȠȚȠȖİȞȞȘIJȚțȐȩȡȖĮȞĮȠșȫȡĮțĮȢ
țĮȚȠȚȝȚțIJȑȢțĮțȫıİȚȢIJȠȣșȫȡĮțĮȘȐȡșȡȦıȘIJȠȣȖȩȞĮIJȠȢIJĮȠıIJȐIJȘȢȜİțȐȞȘȢ
ȘʌȘȤİȠțĮȡʌȚțȒȐȡșȡȦıȘȘțȞȒȝȘȠȫȝȠȢȠĮȖțȫȞĮȢțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢȠȐțȡȠȢʌȠȣȢ
ȝİIJȐIJȠȞĮıIJȡȐȖĮȜȠ
ǹʌȩ IJȠ ıȪȞȠȜȠ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȘȜȫȞİȚ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ
ıIJȠ ıȣȞIJȡȚʌIJȚțȐ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤȠȡȘȖȘșİȓ ȝȑıĮ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ İȞȫ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩ ȑȞĮ ʌȠȜȪ ȝȚțȡȩ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ȑȤİȚ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıİȚĮȣIJȐIJĮȝȑıĮ
99
100
ȈȊǽǾȉǾȈǾ
ȉȠ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ įİȞ ʌĮȪİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ǻȚĮijȑȡİȚ ȩȝȦȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ
İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȖȚĮIJȓ įİȞ ʌȡȠȟİȞİȓIJİ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȕȜȐȕȘ ıIJȠȞ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ ȠȪIJİ țȐʌȠȚĮȗȘȝȓĮıIJȘȞ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ-İIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ǼȓȞĮȚ ȩȝȦȢıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ
ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ IJȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȑIJıȚ ȝĮȢ įȓįİIJĮȚ Ș
įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮʌȡȠȕȠȪȝİıIJȘȞȩıȠIJȠįȣȞĮIJȩĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJİȡȘĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ
IJȠȣʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȠȪĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȈĮȞ ȖİȞȚțȩ ıȣȝʌȑȡĮıȝĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ Ȓ
țĮIJĮȖȡȐijİIJĮȚıİȝȚțȡȒıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮİȞȫIJȠʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮıİĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮȓįȚȠ
ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ȑȤİȚ IJİȡȐıIJȚİȢ įȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ǹȞĮįİȚțȞȪİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ
İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒ ȝİȜȑIJȘ Ș ıȘȝĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȅ
İȞIJȠʌȚıȝȩȢ țĮȚ Ș țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡȠȜȓȖȠ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȝĮȢ ȕȠȘșȐ ıIJȘȞ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȚșĮȞȫȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ȝİ IJȘ ȜȒȥȘ IJȦȞ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȦȞȝȑIJȡȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ǺǿǺȁǿȅīȇǹĭǿǹ
1.
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January 2005, Number 269.
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ȉțȞțijȘȓȣǺȚ ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮıİİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢİʌȚıțİȣȒȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞțĮIJȐIJȠ
ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞ ȈʌȠȣįȫȞ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȉȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠȣ ȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠȣ ĬȡȐțȘȢ
ǻȆĬȝİIJȘıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘIJȦȞȉȝȘȝȐIJȦȞǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹ
ȉǼǿ
ǹșȒȞĮȢǹȜİȟĮȞįȡȠȪʌȠȜȘ
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4.
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Maintenance Technical Handbook General, 2008, Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service, Chap. 6, 11.
Federal Aviation Administration, FY 2009 PERFORMANCE AND
ACCOUNTABILITY REPORT, Performance Results, Operational Errors, Federal
Aviation Administration.
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Hayes B., Perander, J., Smecko,T. and Trask, J. µ0HDVXULQJ3HUFHSWLRQV
of Workplace Safety: Development and Validation of the Work Safety Scale¶-RXUQDO
of Safety Research, Vol.29, No.3, pp.145-161.
6.
Michael J. Kroes, William A. Watkins, Frank Delp, Aircraft Maintenance & Repair,
Sixth Edition, Glencoe McGraw-Hill, New York.
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World Health Organization, "Injury Surveillance Guidelines" (2001), World Health
Organization.
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9.
Karakioulafis C., ȉĮİȡȖĮIJȚțȐĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȤȡȠȞȚțȒʌİȡȓȠįȠ
2000-2005", INE-*6(($'('<ǹșȒȞĮ
ǼȑȨȜȡȤǺ µȋȡȠȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢțĮȚșİȝĮIJȚțȩȢțĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢȞȠȝȠșİIJȘȝȐIJȦȞıȤİIJȚțȫȞ
ȝİIJȘȞȣȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ-2002,
ǹșȒȞĮǼțįȩıİȚȢǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
10. ȃįȜȢȓȣ ǺȚįȟȑIJțȡȣ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȪȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒǼȡȖĮıȓĮȉǼǿȀȠȗȐȞȘȢ
11. ȇțȢʍȔȟțįĭıȡİȬȢį ȀĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒǼȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞǹIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞıİİȡȖĮıȓİȢȞĮȣʌȘȖİȓȦȞ
ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒǼȡȖĮıȓĮǹșȒȞĮ010.
12. ȉțȞțijȘȓȣ ǺȚįȟȑIJțȡȣ ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ǹIJȪȤȘȝĮ IJȘȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ įİțĮİIJȓĮ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ
İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȉȠȝȑĮȢ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢ ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢIJȘȢǼșȞȚțȒȢȈȤȠȜȒȢǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
14. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ ȃȠȝȠșİIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȐȡșȡĮ
ȖȚĮIJȚȢİȜȐȤȚıIJİȢʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢȤȫȡȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞĮʌȩ
IJȠȞșȩȡȣȕȠ
15. ǼȢȔȖįȣȉǾȡȢȞʍȑȁȁȡȤȜȡȤȝȑȜșĭȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢȠįȘȖȩȢȖȚĮIJȘȞİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
țĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȘİțįǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ
ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
16. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ ǼȖȤİȚȡȓįȚȠȃȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
17. ȁȡȤȜȡȤȝȑȜș ĭ Ǽȡȟijȑȣ ȉ ȊȖİȓĮ țĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮıİİȡȖĮıȓĮȢijȠȡIJȠİțijȩȡIJȦıȘȢ
ıİ ȜȚȝȐȞȚĮ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǹșȒȞĮ
18. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ ĬȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ȕ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǹșȒȞĮ
19. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ ĬȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ Ȗ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǹșȒȞĮ
20. ǺȝıȠȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ǽ ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȠıȣȖțȩȜȜȘıȘ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
21. ǼȢįȜȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ǻ ȂȑIJĮȜȜĮ țĮIJİȡȖĮıȓĮ-ıȣȖțȩȜȜȘıȘ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
22. ȊIJțȢȬȟșȣ Ȁ ȇįʍįİȑȜș Ǻ ĬıȧȢȗțȑİȡȤ ǽ ǻȠȣȜİȪȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
23. ĭıȡİȧȢȑijȡȣ ȇ ǼʌȓțĮȚȡĮ șȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ țĮȚ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ
įȚĮțȚȞįȪȞİȣıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ-ĬȩȡȣȕȠȢ ǻȚįĮțIJȚțȑȢ ȈȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢ ȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȠȪ
ȆȡȠȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢǼijȘȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘǻȘȝȩıȚĮȊȖİȓĮǼȈǻȊǹșȒȞĮ
24. Ȉȓȗįȣ Ȁ ȇȝțȑȜįȣ ȇ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ Įʌȩ ʌIJȫıİȚȢ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
īȈǼǼǹșȒȞĮ
25. ȊIJįȢįȜȝȓȣǾȇįʍįİȪʍȡȤȝȡȣȇ īİȞȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢīȈǼǼǹșȒȞĮ
26. ĮıȢȝȒȞșȣȇĬțȡȖȑȟșȣǻ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮĮʌȩIJȠȘȜİțIJȡȚțȩȡİȪȝĮǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢīȈǼǼǹșȒȞĮ
27. ĮȔȝțʍʍįȣ Ǻ ȊȑȗȜįȣ Ǽ ȈȣȖțȩȜȜȘıȘ țĮȚ șİȡȝȚțȒ țȠʌȒ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢīȈǼǼǹșȒȞĮ
13. ȌįijȘȡʍȡȫȝȡȤ ȁǼȒIJʍȡțȟį ǹıijȐȜİȚĮțĮȚȣȖİȓĮıIJĮİȡȖȠIJȐȟȚĮ- ǾıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȘȢ
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒǼȡȖĮıȓĮĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ
28. ȀȡȢİįȟȔİșȣ ȇ Ȝįț ȇ ȃʍȒȢȡȣ µȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ¶ Ǻ¶
ȑțįȠıȘǹșȒȞĮǼțįȩıİȚȢǴįȡȣȝĮǼȣȖİȞȓįȠȣ
101
102
29. ȁȧȟIJijįȟijțȟȔİșȣ ĭȁ ȆİȡȚȖȡĮijȚțȒ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ıIJȠȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȩʌȜȘșȣıȝȩțĮIJȐIJȘȞʌİȡȓȠįȠ-ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ
țĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
30. ȁȧIJijȑȜȡȣȀȉįȢįĴȪʍȡȤȝȡȣȄ īİȞȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ǼǼȡȖǻ ıİȜ
İʌ
31. ȂșȠȡȤȢțȬijșȣȀ ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȒȃȠȝȠșİıȓĮȃȠȝȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ5
32. Ȃțȟȡȫ Ǻ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ǺȒIJĮ
ǿĮIJȡȚțȑȢİțįȩıİȚȢǹșȒȞĮ
33. ȃįȜȢȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ǻ ȄijȡȤȟțȑȣ Ĭ ȅȤİȒį - ȁțȜıȞȒȟș Ǻ ȈȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢ IJȠȝȑĮ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȝİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȠȪ IJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ ǼȈǻȊ-ȉǼǿ
ǹșȒȞĮ-09.
34. ȃįȢįȗȜȪȣ Ȅ ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ-ǺĮıȚțȑȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ ȝȚțȡȒȢ
įȚȐȡțİȚĮȢıIJ
țȪțȜȠȢȀȚȜțȓȢ
35. ȄțȜȡȝįȜȡʍȡȫȝȡȤ - ȉijıĴȑȟȡȤ ǿ ȅ İțıȣȖȤȡȠȞȚıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȫȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ
țĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǻǼǼıİȜİʌ
36. ȅșȢȡijȫȢș - ȁȡȤĴȔİș ȉ µǻȚȠȓțȘıȘ ǹȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ȆȩȡȦȞ¶ ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ
ǼțįȠIJȚțȩȢȅȓțȠȢǹįİȜijȫȞȀȣȡȚĮțȓįȘ
37. ȇįʍįİȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ȃ µȅ ıIJȩȤȠȢ IJȘȢ İȖȖİȞȠȪȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȠȣ
ȉİȤȞȚțȠȪ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ¶ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ IJȡȚȝȘȞȚĮȓĮ ȑțįȠıȘ
ǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ ȉİȪȤȠȢıİȜ-6.
38. ȉǽȇǽ DzțșİıȘ ȆİʌȡĮȖȝȑȞȦȞ ȈǼȆǼ ȑIJȠȣȢ ȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠ
ǹʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȢ țĮȚ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ- ȈȫȝĮ ǼʌȚșİȫȡȘıȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȈǼȆǼǹșȒȞĮ
39. ȉʍȤȢȪʍȡȤȝȡȣĬ ȊȖİȓĮǹıijȐȜİȚĮțĮȚȈȣȞșȒțİȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮǼȟİȜȓȟİȚȢ
țĮȚʌȡȠȠʌIJȚțȑȢ
40. ȊIJȪȥįȣ ȁ ȇıijȢȔİșȣ Ǻ ȆȡȫIJİȢ ǺȠȒșİȚİȢ - ǺĮıȚțȑȢ īȞȫıİȚȢ ǼțįȩıİȚȢ
ȁȪȤȞȠȢǹșȒȞĮ
41. ȋʍȡȤȢȗıȔȡǽȢȗįIJȔįȣȜįțȁȡțȟȧȟțȜȬȟǺIJĴįȝȔIJıȧȟ ǼʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢ
ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ
ǹıijĮȜȓıİȦȞ-īİȞȚțȒǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȈȣȞșȘțȫȞțĮȚȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
42. ȋʍȡȤȢȗıȔȡǽȢȗįIJȔįȣȜįțȁȡțȟȧȟțȜȬȟǺIJĴįȝȔIJıȧȟ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȠȣȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǼȚįȚțȒ ȑțįȠıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ ȑIJȠȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȣȖİȓĮȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ-ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȈȣȞșȘțȫȞ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
103
43. ǿȝȔįȣȊIJįȞȡȤIJȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ȉȠșİıȝȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠǹȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢIJȠȣǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
ȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȑȢ ȀȠȚȞȩIJȘIJİȢ ȆȡĮțIJȚțȐ ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ȊȖİȓĮ ıIJȠ ȋȫȡȠ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ
ȆȡȠȠʌIJȚțȑȢıIJĮȆȜĮȓıȚĮIJȘȢǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢȅȜȠțȜȒȡȦıȘȢ-ǿĮȞȠȣĮȡȓȠȣ
44. ȅįȘȖȓĮ ǼȅȀ IJȘȢ ȘȢ ǿȠȣȞȓȠȣ ȈȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȖȚĮ
IJȘȞʌȡȠȫșȘıȘIJȘȢȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢIJȘȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮIJȐ
IJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮǼǼ/9Ǧ6Ǧ89.
45. ȅįȘȖȓĮ ǼȅȀ IJȘȢ ȘȢ ǿȠȣȞȓȠȣ īȚĮIJȘ ıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıȘIJȦȞȝȑIJȡȦȞʌȠȣ
ĮʌȠıțȠʌȠȪȞıIJȠȞĮʌȡȠĮȖȐȖȠȣȞIJȘ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘIJȘȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮIJȐ
IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİ ıȤȑıȘ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ Ȓ ȝİ ıȤȑıȘ
ʌȡȩıțĮȚȡȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼǼL 206/29Ǧ7Ǧ91.
46. ĭǼȀǹ¶ǼȜȐȤȚıIJȠȢȤȡȩȞȠȢĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȢIJİȤȞȚțȠȪĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢțĮȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȪ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢİʌȓʌİįȠȖȞȫıİȦȞțĮȚİȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJİȤȞȚțȠȪĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȚȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ
İțȝİIJĮȜȜİȪıİȚȢ țĮȚ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ IJȠȣ ȐȡșȡȠȣ ʌĮȡȐȖȡĮijȠȢ IJȠȣ ȃ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
47. DZȡșȡ ȃ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȃ ȃ ȃ Ȇǻ
ĭǼȀ$ ǺĮıȚțȩȢ ȞȩȝȠȢ ʌİȡȓ ©<ȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞª
48. DZȡșȡĮțĮȚȆǻ(ȜȐȤȚıIJİȢʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚȣȖİȓĮȢʌȠȣ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐȒțȚȞȘIJȐİȡȖȠIJȐȟȚĮıİıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘʌȡȠȢ
IJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮ(2.
49. DZȡșȡȠIJȠȣȃȝİIJȘȞİʌȚijȪȜĮȟȘIJȦȞįȚĮIJȐȟİȦȞIJȠȣȐȡșȡIJȘȢȀȊǹ
ʌȠȣ țȣȡȫșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ ȐȡșȡȠ IJȠȣ ȃ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
ʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİȚ ȩIJȚ ©ȅȚ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȐȡșȡȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȃ įİȞ
İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȠǻȘȝȩıȚȠȃȆǻǻțĮȚIJȠȣȢȅȉǹȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȘįȚȠȚțȘIJȚțȒțȪȡȦıȘ
IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıIJȓȝȠȣ ǹȞIJȓ İʌȚȕȠȜȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJȓȝȠȣ Ƞ ǼʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȒȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıȣȞIJȐııİȚ
ĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȘȝȑȞȘ ȑțșİıȘ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜİȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ȊʌȠȣȡȖȠȪȢ ȆȡȠİįȡȓĮȢ IJȘȢ
ȀȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠȚțİȓȠ ȊʌȠȣȡȖȩ țĮȚ ĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫȞİȚ ıIJȠȞ
ȆȡȠȧıIJȐȝİȞȠIJȘȢȊʌȘȡİıȓĮȢIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮĮijȠȡȐȅȚĮʌȠijȐıİȚȢʌȠȣİțįȓįȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȠȞȊʌȠȣȡȖȩǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮIJĮșȑȝĮIJĮIJȘȢʌĮȡĮȖȡȐijȠȣĮ
IJȠȣȐȡșȡȠȣIJȠȣ ʌȚȠ
ʌȐȞȦ ȞȩȝȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȠ ǻȘȝȩıȚȠ Ȓ ȃȆǻǻ İțįȓįȠȞIJĮ ȝİ ıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘ țĮȚ IJȠȣ
ȊʌȠȣȡȖȠȪ ȆȡȠİįȡȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȀȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘȢ țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȠȣȢ ȅȉǹ ȝİ ıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘ
țĮȚIJȠȣȊʌȠȣȡȖȠȪǼıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞª
50. Ȇǻ ĭǼȀ ǹ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞȜȩȖȦIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢIJȠȣȢıIJȠșȩȡȣȕȠțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮıİ
ıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀ
51. 1996-Ȇǻ >IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ Ȇǻ @ ĭǼȀ$ 0ȑIJȡĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ
ıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘ ȝİ IJȚȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ (2. țĮȚ (2. ȉȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ Ȇǻ
159/99)
104
52. ĭǼȀ ǹ¶ ©ȇȪșȝȚıȘ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ ıȤȑıİȦȞ ıȪıIJĮıȘ ȈȫȝĮIJȠȢ
ǼʌȚșİȫȡȘıȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȐȜȜİȢįȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢª
53. 1999-ȆǻĭǼȀǹȉȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȠȣȆǻ0ȑIJȡĮȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ
ıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘȝİIJȚȢȠįȘȖȓİȢ(2.țĮȚ(2.$țĮȚIJȠȣȆǻĮ
ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıİĮȝȓĮȞIJȠțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮǹ
ȩʌȦȢĮȣIJȩIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȝİIJȠȆǻǹ
54. DZȡșȡȠʌĮȡȃĭǼȀǹ¶©ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢįȚȐȜȠȖȠȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ʌȡȠȫșȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ
įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢª
105
STUDY OF NEARLY ACCIDENTS
IN AIRCRAFT REPAIR INDUSTRY
A. Simitzis
Programm of Postgraduate Studies Health and Safety in Workplace. Organized by
Medical School of Democritus University of Thrace (in cooperation with Departments of
Public Health and Nursing A, Athens Technological Educational Institute).
Abstract: Labor accident is of major importance to efficiency either to enterprises
or to worker itself. If though it is assumed that near accident is in fact the
forerunner of labor accident on one hand and on the other is in fact the ring bell for
precaution of a labor accident, then anyone is easy to comprehend its importance
as well as its severity. Therefore investigating this kind of accident which may not
on one hand cause damages, neither to worker, nor to employer and on the other
hand not causing a special cost to the enterprises, it is important though to
LQYHVWLJDWH LW E\ WKH HQWHUSULVH EHFDXVH LW LV D ³GULYHU´ IRU VDIHW\ IRU VHWWLQJ XS
protective and hygiene means and finally the prompt mean in order to establish
new safety rules within an enterprise.
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 93-106
106
ȌǿȃȀȁȆȀȇǺȈǺĬȆȄȊǽȉǽȇȀȁȀȄǼȋȄȆȊǿȊǺȉ
ȉȊǺȀȄȉȊȀȊȆȋȊǺȇǽȈȀȇȆȀǿȉǿȉȄȋȌȀȎȄ
ǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢȂǹȖĮșȠțȜȑȠȣȢțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬȝİ
IJȘıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘ IJȦȞȉȝȘȝȐIJȦȞǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹIJȠȣȉǼǿǹșȒȞĮȢ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ ǾʌĮȡȠȪıĮȑȡİȣȞĮȑȤİȚȦȢıțȠʌȩIJȘȞțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒIJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ʌȡȠİȡȤȩȝİȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ
ȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJĮ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ȈIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ ȝȑȤȡȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ
ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ IJȦȞ IJİȤȞȘIJȫȞ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ Ș ȝİȜȑIJȘ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȠȪȞ ȠȚ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȚIJȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣİȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȤȫȡȠȣȞĮĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȘșİȓȘİʌȓʌIJȦıȒIJȠȣȢ
ıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ Ș İȞıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȘȢİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢĮʌȩȝȑȡȠȣȢIJȠȣȢ
ȝİȕȐıȘIJȚȢĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȢĮʌȠIJİȜȫȞIJĮȢȑIJıȚİijĮȜIJȒȡȚȠȖȚĮʌȚȠįȚİȟȠįȚțȑȢțĮȚ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ Ǿ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ĮʌȠıțȠʌİȓ ıIJȘȞ İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ȜȘijșȠȪȞ ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȞĮ įȚĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȕİȜIJȚȦșİȓ Ș ȣȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȦȞȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȦȞʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ
IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ ʌȐȡȠȤȠȚ IJȦȞ ĮȞȦIJȑȡȦ ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐ
ʌȜȒșȠȢ įȣȞȘIJȚțȐ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣĮıȝȐIJȦȞ ȉȑIJȠȚĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ
ĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȐIJĮȕİȡȞȓțȚĮȞȣȤȚȫȞȠȚțȩȜȜİȢȞȣȤȚȫȞʌĮȡĮijȓȞİȢȟİȕĮijIJȚțȐȕȐıİȚȢ
ıIJİȖȞȦIJȚțȐȕİȡȞȚțȚȫȞIJȗİȜȞȣȤȚȫȞILEHUJODVVǹȟȓȗİȚIJȠȞțȩʌȠȞĮİʌȚıȘȝĮȞșİȓȩIJȚ
Ș İȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ
ȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJĮ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ İȞĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ ȝİ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȊǹǼ
İȜİȪșİȡȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ȕȐıȘ IJȘȢ țİȓȝİȞȘȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ įİȞ
țĮȜȪʌIJȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞİʌȫȢ ȖȚǯĮȣIJȠȪȢ
įȪıțȠȜȠ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȘijșİȓ Ș ĮʌȩIJȠțȠȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ
țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijİȓ ȦȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ Ǿ ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒ įȘȝȩıȚȦȞ įȠȝȫȞ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮțĮIJĮȖȡȐȥİȚİʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐįİįȠȝȑȞĮțĮȚ
ȞĮʌȡȠȤȦȡȒıİȚıİȝİȜȑIJİȢİțIJȓȝȘıȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣıİȠȝȐįİȢĮIJȩȝȦȞ
ʌȠȣȘıȘȝİȡȚȞȒĮʌȠȣıȓĮIJȘȢIJȚȢțȡĮIJȐĮijĮȞİȓȢĮʌȩʌȜİȣȡȐȢțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȫȞ
ǼǿȈǹīȍīǾ
ȉȠİʌȐȖȖİȜȝĮIJȠȣIJİȤȞȓIJȘȞȣȤȚȫȞĮʌȠIJİȜİȓİʌȐȖȖİȜȝĮʌȠȣijȑȡȞİȚIJȠȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ
ıİțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒİʌĮijȒȝİİȡİșȚıIJȚțȠȪȢțĮȚȒįȣȞȘIJȚțȐIJȠȟȚțȠȪȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
Ȉİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ Ș ĮțİIJȩȞȘ IJĮ ȕİȡȞȓțȚĮ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȐijșĮȜȚțȠȓİıIJȑȡİȢijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘʌĮȡĮijȓȞİȢȘțĮȪıȘIJȠȣȢȠįȘȖİȓıİ
ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣțĮȚIJȠȜȠȣȠȜȓȠȣ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȐ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 107-134 107
ȅȚIJİȤȞȚțȑȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȘȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘıʌȡȑȣĮİȡȠȗȩȜ, ȠįȘȖİȓ
ıIJȘȞ İʌȚȕȐȡȣȞıȘ IJȘȢ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ IJȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝİ ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮ
ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ
ǾȕȜĮʌIJȚțȒİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȦȞĮȞȦIJȑȡȦȩʌȦȢșĮĮȞĮȜȣșİȓįȚİȟȠįȚțȐțȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ ĮʌȜȒ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ ıIJȠ ȡȚȞȚțȩ ıIJȠȝĮIJȚțȩ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
İʌȚʌİijȣțȩIJĮ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȠʌĮșİȚȫȞ
ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȫȞȕȜĮȕȫȞĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȠȪȕȡȠȖȤȚțȠȪȐıșȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚȞİȠʌȜĮıȚȫȞ (1).
ȅȚ ĮıțȠȪȞIJİȢ IJȠ İʌȐȖȖİȜȝĮ IJȠȣ IJİȤȞȓIJȘ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ įȚȐijȠȡĮ
İʌȓʌİįĮİțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȒȢțĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘȢ
ȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮʌȠijȠȓIJȠȣȢ ȉǼǿ ĮȚıșȘIJȚțȒȢ ȝȠȞȠİIJȫȞ Ȓ įȚİIJȫȞ țȡĮIJȚțȫȞ Ȓ
ȚįȚȦIJȚțȫȞıȤȠȜȫȞȉȠİʌȐȖȖİȜȝĮİʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮĮıțȠȪȞĮȣIJȠįȓįĮțIJȠȚțĮȚțȐIJȠȤȠȚ
ȕİȕĮȚȫıİȦȞ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘȢ ıȤİIJȚțȫȞ ıİȝȚȞĮȡȓȦȞ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ İȟ ĮȣIJȫȞ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȞĮįȒȜȦIJȠȚĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȞIJĮȢȑIJıȚIJȣȤȩȞȞȠȝȚțȑȢįİıȝİȪıİȚȢ
Ǿ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮ ȠȡȓȗİȚ ȦȢ IJİȤȞȓIJȘ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ İțİȓȞȠȞ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ
ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȤİȡȚȫȞȝĮȞȚțȚȠȪȡțĮȚʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢʌȠįȚȫȞʌİȞIJȚțȚȠȪȡ
țĮȚ șȑIJİȚ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȩțIJȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȐįİȚĮȢ ĮıțȒıİȦȢ
İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢ
ǹ ȆȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ įȣȠ İIJȫȞ ȦȢ ȕȠȘșȩȢ Ȓ ȝĮșȘIJİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ
İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮȖȚĮIJȠȣȢȝȘȑȤȠȞIJİȢIJȓIJȜȠȣȢıʌȠȣįȫȞ
Ǻ ȆIJȣȤȓȠ IJİȤȞȚțȒȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ıȤȠȜȒȢ įİȣIJİȡȠȕȐșȝȚĮȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ
İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țȠȝȝȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ ȕĮijȒȢ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ Ȓ ʌIJȣȤȓȠ ȉǼǼ ǹ țȪțȜȠȣ ıʌȠįȫȞ
İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țȠȝȝȦIJȚțȒȢ IJȑȤȞȘȢ Ȓ ȚıȩIJȚȝȠȢ IJȓIJȜȠȢ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ IJȘȢ ȘȝİįĮʌȒȢ Ș
ĮȜȜȠįĮʌȒȢ ȝİ ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ ȝȘȞȫȞ ıIJȘȞ ȐıțȘıȘ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢ IJȠȣ
IJİȤȞȓIJȘʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȤİȡȚȫȞțĮȚʌȠįȚȫȞ
ī ȆIJȣȤȓȠ ȉǼǼ Ǻ țȪțȜȠȣ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țȠȝȝȦIJȚțȒȢ IJȑȤȞȘȢ Ȓ ȚıȩIJȚȝȠȢ
IJȓIJȜȦȞ ıʌȠȣįȫȞ IJȘȢ ĮȜȜȠįĮʌȒȢ Ȓ ȘȝİįĮʌȒȢ ȝİ ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ ȝȘȞȫȞ ıIJȘȞ
ȐıțȘıȘIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȣIJİȤȞȓIJȘʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȤİȡȚȫȞțĮȚʌȠįȚȫȞ
ǻ ǻȓʌȜȦȝĮ ȅǼǼȀ ȝİIJĮįİȣIJİȡȠȕȐșȝȚȠȣ İʌȚʌȑįȠȣ ıIJȘȞ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ © ĮȚıșȘIJȚțȩȢ
ʌȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȢțĮȚțĮȜȜȦʌȚıȝȠȪȞȣȤȚȫȞªȒȚıȩIJȚȝȠȢIJȓIJȜȠȢıʌȠȣįȫȞIJȘȢȘȝİįĮʌȒȢ
țĮȚĮȜȜȠįĮʌȒȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮȝȘȞȫȞıIJȘȞȐıțȘıȘIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢ
IJȠȣIJİȤȞȓIJȘʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȤİȡȚȫȞțĮȚʌȠįȚȫȞ
ȉȑȜȠȢ ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Ș İȟȑIJĮıȘ IJȦȞ ȣʌȠȥȘijȓȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ ȐįİȚĮȢ
ȐıțȘıȘȢ İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢ ǹȣIJȒ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ İȟİIJĮıIJȚțȒ İʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ țĮȚ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ
șİȦȡȘIJȚțȒțĮȚʌȡĮțIJȚțȒİȟȑIJĮıȘ
ǹʌȩIJȘȞİȟȑIJĮıȘĮȣIJȒİȟĮȚȡİȓIJĮȚȠțȐIJȠȤȠȢįȚʌȜȫȝĮIJȠȢ©ĮȚıșȘIJȚțȩȢʌȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ
țĮȚțĮȜȜȦʌȚıȝȠȪȠȞȪȤȦȞ
Ȉİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠȞ ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȩ IJȠȣȢ ijȠȡȑĮ ĮȣIJȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮIJȐ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȠ ǿȀǹ
ȐȞ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ ȚįȚȦIJȚțȠȓ ȣʌȐȜȜȘȜȠȚ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ İȞIJȐııȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ țĮșİıIJȫȢ
ǺǹǼȒ ȠȅǹǼǼȐȞįȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞțĮIJȐıIJȘȝĮ
ǻİȞʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİIJĮȚȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȠȚȓįȚȠȚ, İij¶
ȩıȠȞ įȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞ țĮIJȐıIJȘȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ IJİȤȞȚțȠȓ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ
ȝİIJȐĮʌȩıIJȠȚȤİȚȫįȘțĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘȢ.
108
ȅ ȕĮıȚțȩȢ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ IJȠȣ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ
țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞıIJȘȞǼȣȡȫʌȘİȓȞĮȚȘȠįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀ©ʌİȡȓʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȦȢIJȦȞ
ȞȠȝȠșİıȚȫȞ IJȦȞ ȀȡĮIJȫȞ ȝİȜȫȞ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮijİȡȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮª
IJȠȣȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣIJȦȞǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȫȞȀȠȚȞȠIJȒIJȦȞǹȡȝȩįȚȠȢijȠȡȑĮȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȤȒ
İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȫȞ țĮȚ IJİȤȞȚțȫȞ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚȫȞ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌİȣșȪȞȠȞIJĮȚıİțĮIJĮȞĮȜȦIJȑȢțĮȚĮijȠȡȠȪȞIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚȘ6&&3
Ǿ ȠįȘȖȓĮ ǼȅȀ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȫȡĮ ȑȤİȚ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ İʌIJȐ ijȠȡȑȢ țĮȚ ȑȤİȚ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıIJİȓ ʌȐȞȦ Įʌȩ ijȠȡȑȢ ıİ IJİȤȞȚțȑȢ ʌȡȠȩįȠȣȢ Ǿ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ
IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢȠįȘȖȓĮȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİȝİIJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮDzȀ©ȖȚĮIJȘȞ
IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢȅįȘȖȓĮȢǼȅȀIJȠȣȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣʌİȡȓʌȡȠıİȖȖȓıİȦȢIJȦȞ
ȞȠȝȠșİıȚȫȞ țȡĮIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ĮȞĮijİȡȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮª IJȠȣ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȠȪ ȀȠȚȞȠȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ țĮȚ Ș IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒ ıİ
IJİȤȞȚțȒ ʌȡȩȠįȠ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠįȘȖȓĮ DzȀIJȘȢǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȠįȘȖȓĮȢ ǼȅȀ IJȠȣ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJĮ
țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ
ȅ ıțȠʌȩȢ IJȘȢ ȠįȘȖȓĮȢ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ įȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ
İțʌȜȘȡȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ șİıȝȠșȑIJȘıȘ țĮȞȩȞȦȞ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘ ıȪıIJĮıȘ IJȘ ıȒȝĮȞıȘ
țĮȚIJȘıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮIJȦȞțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ, 4, 5).
Ǿ ȠįȘȖȓĮ ǼȅȀ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ țĮIJȐȜȠȖȠ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌĮȡȐȡIJȘȝĮ ,, ȠįȘȖȓĮ DzȅȀ` țĮȚ
țĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȠȣıȚȫȞʌȠȣįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌİȡȚȑȤȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮȩIJĮȞ
ĮȣIJȑȢȟİʌİȡȞȠȪȞIJĮʌȡȠȕȜİʌȩȝİȞĮȩȡȚĮțĮȚʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȡIJȘȝĮ,,,ȠįȘȖȓĮȢ
ǼȅȀǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİȚIJȘȞİʌȚıȒȝĮȞıȘıIJȠȣȢʌİȡȚȑțIJİȢȒțĮȚıIJȚȢ
ıȣıțİȣĮıȓİȢ Ȓ IJȚȢ İIJȚțȑIJİȢ ʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȫȞ ȩȡȦȞ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȠ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȦȞ ȕĮijȫȞ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ
©ǻȪȞĮIJĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘª ©ȈȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ įȠțȚȝȒ
İȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮȢª ©ȃĮ ȝȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȤȡȫıȘ IJȦȞ ȕȜİijĮȡȓįȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ
ijȡȣįȚȫȞªțĮȚ©ȃĮİțʌȜȪȞȠȞIJĮȚĮȝȑıȦȢȠȚȠijșĮȜȝȠȓĮȞIJȠʌȡȠȧȩȞȑȜșİȚıİİʌĮijȒ
ȝİĮȣIJȠȪȢªȠįȘȖȓĮDzȅȀ
ȉȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȣȢ
țĮIJĮȞĮȜȦIJȑȢıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀȑțIJȘIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȘȢȠįȘȖȓĮȢ
DzȅȀȑȤȠȣȞȠȚțĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȑȢȒȠȚİȚıĮȖȦȖİȓȢIJȠȣțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȠȪʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢ
ıIJȘȞ İȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ĮȖȠȡȐ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ȣʌȠȤȡİȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȞĮ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıȠȣȞ ȩȜİȢ IJȚȢ
IJİȤȞȚțȑȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ȅ ijȐțİȜȠȢ IJİȤȞȚțȫȞ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚȫȞ 7,) șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ ȣʌİȣșȪȞȦȞ
ijȣıȚțȠȤȘȝȚțȑȢ țĮȚ ȝȚțȡȠȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ įȚİȣțȡȚȞȓıİȚȢ ȝȑșȠįȠ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ įİįȠȝȑȞĮ
ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ ĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJİȢ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ țȜʌ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ Ș
ȠʌȠȓĮ șĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİ IJȠȟȚțȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ıIJĮ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐıIJȘȤȘȝȚțȒįȠȝȒțĮȚıIJȠİʌȓʌİįȠȑțșİıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞǾİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠ
ʌȡȩıȦʌȠ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȜȒȥȘ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȦȞțĮIJĮȞĮȜȦIJȫȞ
ȉĮ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ țĮȚ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ 6&&3 Ș
ȠʌȠȓĮ IJİȜȚțȐ ıȣȝȕȠȣȜİȪİȚ IJȘȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȓȜȘȥȘ IJȠȣȢ
ıIJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀ.
Ǿ įȚĮʌȓıIJȦıȘ ʌȚșĮȞȫȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȕĮijȑȢ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ ȑȤİȚ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ IJȠ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȩ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ țĮIJĮȞĮȜȦIJȑȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠIJȘȢijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ
IJȦȞȝĮȜȜȚȫȞȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮIJȘıȣȞİȤȒIJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞȠįȘȖȚȫȞıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȕĮijȫȞ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌĮȖȩȡİȣıȘ Ȓ IJȠȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȩ ıIJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ țĮIJȐ įȚĮıIJȒȝĮIJĮ Ǿ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘ IJȠȣ țĮIJĮȜȩȖȠȣ
ĮʌĮȖȠȡİȣȝȑȞȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİIJȠĭİȕȡȠȣȐȡȚȠIJȠȣ.
ȉȠ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǻȓțĮȚȠ ȑȤİȚ İȞĮȡȝȠȞȚıIJİȓ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ ȀȠȚȞȠIJȚțȒ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮ ȝİ IJȠ Ȇǻ.
40/ ĭǼȀ ǹ/ ©Ȇİȡȓ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢ
ȃȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮIJȦȞțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȀȠȚȞȠIJȚțȒȅįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀ
IJȠȣ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ IJȘȢ ǿȠȣȜȓȠȣ ª (8). ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠ ıȤİIJȚțȩ Ȇǻ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢijȠȡȑĮȢıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮȞȚĮIJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠIJȘȢIJȒȡȘıȘȢIJȦȞ
įȚĮIJȐȟİȦȞ IJȠȣ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘ ıȪıIJĮıȘ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȒȝĮȞıȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ IJȦȞ
İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢIJȦȞțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞİȓȞĮȚȠǼȅĭǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩȢ
ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢĭĮȡȝȐțȦȞȈİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘʌȠȣįİȞIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚȠȚıȤİIJȚțȑȢįȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢȒ
IJȠ ʌȡȠȧȩȞ țȡȚșİȓ İʌȚȕȜĮȕȑȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȘȝȩıȚĮ ȣȖİȓĮ ĮȞ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞȠ ȝİ IJȚȢ
įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ, ȠǼȅĭȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȗȘIJȒıİȚ IJȘȞĮʌĮȖȩȡİȣıȘIJȘȢʌȫȜȘıȘȢIJȠȣ
ȅ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩȢ 5($&+ 5HJLVWUDWLRQ (YDOXDWLRQ DQG $XWKRULVDWLRQ RI &KHPLFDOV
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ IJȘ ȞȑĮ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ IJȘȢ ǼǼ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ȝİ ȕĮıȚțȠȪȢ ıIJȩȤȠȣȢ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȘȢĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚIJȠȣʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢĮʌȩIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐțĮȚ IJȘȞ
İȞȓıȤȣıȘIJȘȢĮȞIJĮȖȦȞȚıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢȤȘȝȚțȫȞIJȘȢǼǼ
ȅ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩȢ 5($&+ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıIJȘțİ IJȠ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ
IJȑșȘțİıİȚıȤȪĮʌȩIJȘȞǿȠȣȞȓȠȣțĮȚʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚIJȚȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚİȚıȐȖȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȦȢİȞįȚȐȝİıĮȒȑȤȠȣȞIJȠʌȠșİIJȘșİȓ
ıIJȘȞĮȖȠȡȐİȓIJİȣʌȩțĮșĮȡȒȝȠȡijȒȒıİʌĮȡĮıțİȣȐıȝĮIJĮțĮȚʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮǹʌȩIJȠ
ʌİįȓȠ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJȠȣ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪ İȟĮȚȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȝİ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐȩʌȦȢIJĮȝȘĮʌȠȝȠȞȫıȚȝĮİȞįȚȐȝİıĮ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠȞțĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩ5($&+ȩȜĮIJĮȤȘȝȚțȐIJĮȠʌȠȓĮİȝʌȓʌIJȠȣȞıIJȠʌİįȓȠ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJȠȣ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȤȦȡȘșȠȪȞ ıIJȠȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ
ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȋȘȝȚțȫȞ ȆȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ (XURSHDQ &KHPLFDOV $JHQF\ țĮȚ ȞĮ
ȣʌȠȕȜȘșȠȪȞ ıİ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ İȞȫ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȚȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȝİ ʌȠȜȪ ĮȞȘıȣȤȘIJȚțȑȢ
ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢȖȚĮIJȘȤȡȒıȘțĮȚİȝʌȠȡȓĮIJȠȣȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓȐįİȚĮ
Ǿ İȖȖȡĮijȒ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ Ȓ İȚıȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ İȞȩȢ Ȓ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȦȞIJȩȞȦȞIJȠȤȡȩȞȠĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞİȟĮıijȐȜȚıȘȐįİȚĮȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ
109
110
ȃȅȂȅĬǼȉǿȀǼȈ ǻǿǹȉǹȄǼǿȈ Ȁǹǿ ĭȅȇǼǿȈ ȈȋǼȉǿȀȅǿ ȂǼ ȉǾȃ ǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹ ȉȍȃ
ȀǹȁȁȊȃȉǿȀȍȃȈǼǼȊȇȍȆǾȀǹǿǾȆǹ
Ȓ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘȞ ǼǼ țĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ İȣșȪȞȘ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȫȞ țĮȚ
İȚıĮȖȦȖȑȦȞ ȅȚ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȠȓ țĮȚ İȚıĮȖȦȖİȓȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ
ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȋȘȝȚțȫȞ ȆȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȚȢ
ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȚȢ ȤȡȒıİȚȢIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘțĮȚIJȘȞĮıijĮȜȒȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞ
țĮșȫȢțĮȚȝȚĮȑțșİıȘȝİıIJȠȚȤİȓĮıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢțȐșİȠȣıȓĮȢ
ȩʌȦȢ IJȘȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘ ȕȚȠıȣııȫȡİȣıȘ IJȘȞ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȞșİțIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐIJȘȢ
Ȃİ IJȘȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ ʌȠȣ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
ȋȘȝȚțȫȞ ȆȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ İȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮșȑIJȠȣȞ ȠȚ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȠȓ țĮȚ
İȚıĮȖȦȖİȓȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ İȟİIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȝİșȩįȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠIJİȓȞȠȣȞ ȠȚ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȠȓ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ įȠțȚȝȑȢ
IJȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ıIJĮ ȗȫĮ ȝİ ıIJȩȤȠ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ IJȠȣȢ ȩʌȠȣ ĮȣIJȩ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ȩʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘIJȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞĮȣIJȑȢʌĮȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ
ȅıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȝİ ʌȠȜȪ ĮȞȘıȣȤȘIJȚțȑȢ ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ
İʌĮȞİȟİIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚİijȩıȠȞİȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚİʌĮȡțȫȢȒIJĮțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐȠijȑȜȘ
ȣʌİȡIJİȡȠȪȞ IJȦȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ țĮȚ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜİȢ İȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ Ȓ
IJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓİȢIJȩIJİȠȚȤȡȒıİȚȢIJȠȣȢĮįİȚȠįȠIJȠȪȞIJĮȚȅȚȠȣıȓİȢȝİʌȠȜȪĮȞȘıȣȤȘIJȚțȑȢ
ȚįȚȩIJȘIJİȢ ıIJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ įȓȞİIJĮȚ ʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮȞșİțIJȚțȑȢȕȚȠıȣııȦȡİȪıȚȝİȢțĮȚIJȠȟȚțȑȢȠȚȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮțȡȦȢĮȞșİțIJȚțȑȢ
țĮȚȐțȡȦȢȕȚȠıȣııȦȡİȪıȚȝİȢȠȚȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚİȣȡȑȦȢȦȢȝȑıȠ
įȚĮıʌȠȡȐȢțĮȚȠȚȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıİȝİȖȐȜİȢʌȠıȩIJȘIJİȢȆȡȩIJĮıȘ
ȀĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪ5($&+
ȅȚȤȘȝȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
țĮIJĮȤȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ İȟİIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȚȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚİȢ IJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ țĮșȫȢ Ș ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘ ȣȖİȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ
ȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣȢʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮDzȅȀ
ȈIJȚȢ ǾȆǹ Ș ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ țĮȚ Ș ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘ ijȑȡȠȣıĮ ıȒȝĮȞıȘ
ȡȣșȝȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȃȩȝȠȖȚĮIJĮIJȡȩijȚȝĮIJĮijȐȡȝĮțĮțĮȚIJĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ)'&$țĮȚ
IJȘ ǻȡȐıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ıȒȝĮȞıȘ İȝʌȠȡȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ )3/$ IJĮ
ȠʌȠȓĮ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ ȣʌȩ IJȘ įȚȠȓțȘıȘ IJȘȢ ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȢ ȉȡȠijȓȝȦȞ țĮȚ ĭĮȡȝȐțȦȞ
(FDA).
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮ ʌȠȣ įȚȑʌİȚ IJȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȘȢ Ș )'&$ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ĮʌĮȖȠȡİȪıİȚ IJȘȞ İȝʌȠȡȓĮ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ țȡȐIJȠȢ ȞȠșİȣȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ Ȓ
țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ ʌȠȣ Ș ıȒȝĮȞıȘ Ȓ Ș ıȣıțİȣĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞȘ ȝİ IJȚȢ
ʌȡȠȕȜİʌȩȝİȞİȢʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢțĮȚȩȡȠȣȢǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚȘțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒIJȦȞ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ IJȦȞ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȚĮIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȖȠȡȐ țĮȚ Ș ȝȘ
ıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȪȢ IJȘȢ )3/$ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıIJȘ ȜȒȥȘ ȡȣșȝȚıIJȚțȫȞ
ȝȑIJȡȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ )'$ )'$ ȅȚ țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȠȓıȤİʌțȐȝİIJȘȞĮȞĮȖȡĮijȒIJȦȞ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞIJȦȞțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞİțįȩșȘțĮȞĮʌȩIJȘȞ)'$IJȠ
DzIJıȚ ʌĮȡȩȜȠ ʌȠȣ Ș )'$ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ IJȘ įȚțĮȚȠįȠıȓĮ ȑȖțȡȚıȘȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ
țȣțȜȠijȠȡȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ ĮȖȠȡȐ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȦȞ
111
ʌȡȠıșİIJȚțȫȞ ȤȡȦıIJȚțȫȞ İȞIJȠȪIJȠȚȢ ȩIJĮȞ ʌĮȡĮȕȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ȞȩȝȠȚ ȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ
ȡȣșȝȚıIJȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ ȉȝȒȝĮIJȠȢ ǻȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ IJȠȣ ȠȝȠıʌȠȞįȚĮțȠȪ
įȚțĮıIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ IJȠȣȢ ǹțȩȝȘ IJĮ İȚıĮȖȩȝİȞĮ Įʌȩ
ȐȜȜİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İȜȑȖȤȠȣȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ )'$ țĮȚ
ȩIJĮȞıȘȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚʌĮȡĮȕȓĮıȘIJȦȞȞȩȝȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞțĮȞȠȞȚıȝȫȞIJȩIJİĮʌȠȡȡȓʌIJİIJĮȚ
ȘİȓıȠįȠȢIJȠȣȢıIJȚȢǾȆ.ǹ)'$
ȅıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘȞ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ IJİȜȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ
ȑȤȠȣȞ ȠȚ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJİȢ ȅȚ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȑȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ İșİȜȠȞIJȚțȐ ĮʌȠįİȤșİȓ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ Ȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȓıȠȣȞ IJȠ ȝȑȖȚıIJȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ ȤȡȒıȘȢ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȦȞ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȑȤİȚ ĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓ ȩIJȚ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ĮʌȠȤȡȦȝĮIJȚıȝȩ
İȡİșȚıȝȩ ȞİȣȡȠIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ijȦIJȠIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ Ȓ ĮȜȜİȡȖȓİȢ ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ȑȤİȚ
ĮʌĮȖȠȡİȣșİȓȘȤȡȒıȘĮȡțİIJȫȞıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞıİȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ
Ș ĮȞĮȖȡĮijȒ ʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮijȠȡȫȞ İȞȫ ĮȞ IJĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ȣʌȠȕȜȘșİȓ ıİ İȜȑȖȤȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚȐȢ IJȠȣȢ IJȩIJİ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ijȑȡȠȣȞʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȒıȒȝĮȞıȘ (FDA 2005.FDA 1992).
ǹțȩȝȘ IJȠ Ș &7)$ ȝİ IJȘ ıIJȒȡȚȟȘ IJȘȢ )'$ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒȢ DzȞȦıȘȢ
țĮIJĮȞĮȜȦIJȫȞ&)$ȓįȡȣıİ IJȠ ʌȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮ ǼʌĮȞİȟȑIJĮıȘȢ IJȦȞ ȈȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ IJȦȞ
țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ&,5 IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ȡȩȜȠ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮșİȫȡȘıȘ țĮȚ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȦȞıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ7R&,5ĮȞ
țĮȚIJȡȠijȠįȠIJİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘ&7)$İȞIJȠȪIJȠȚȢȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJȘĮʌȩ
ĮȣIJȒțĮȚIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ (CIR,2007).
ǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀǾǼȀĬǼȈǾȈǼȋǾȂǿȀȅȊȈǺȁǹȆȉǿȀȅȊȈȆǹȇǹīȅȃȉǼȈ
ȂİIJȠȞȩȡȠȑțșİıȘİȞȞȠȠȪȞIJĮȚIJȚȢıȣȞșȒțİȢȣʌȩIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȡȤȚțȐ ı¶ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȠȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ țĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ
İȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚı¶ĮȣIJȩȞǾʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘȝȚȐȢȤȘȝȚțȒȢȠȣıȓĮȢıIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
ıȣȞȒșȦȢȝİijȣıȚțȠ-ȤȘȝȚțȩIJȡȩʌȠʌȤȝİIJȘȞİȟȐIJȝȚıȘİȞȩȢįȚĮȜȪIJȘȀĮIJȩʌȚȞȘ
ȠȣıȓĮİȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȝİIJȠȣȢİȟȒȢIJȡİȓȢȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ
‡ȂİIJȘȞİȚıʌȞȠȒ
‡ȂȑıĮĮʌ¶IJȠįȑȡȝĮȒIJĮȝȐIJȚĮ
‡ȂİIJȘȞțĮIJȐʌȠıȘ
ȂȑIJȡȠ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ İȞȩȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ ı¶ ȑȞĮ ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȩ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮ ʌȤ ȝȚĮ IJȠȟȚțȒ
ȠȣıȓĮİȓȞĮȚȘįȩıȘȘȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠʌȠıȩIJȘȢȠȣıȓĮȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȠıȫȝĮȝİIJȘȞȑțșİıȒIJȠȣıIJȠȕȜĮʌIJȚțȩʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮǾįȩıȘİȓȞĮȚĮȞȐȜȠȖȘIJȩıȠ
IJȘȢ ĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȒȢ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȠȣıȓĮȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ ȑțșİıȘȢ ı¶
ĮȣIJȒȞ ȈIJȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıIJİȞȒ
ıȤȑıȘȝİIJĮȟȪIJȘȢʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢʌȡȠıȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȘȢIJȠȟȚțȒȢȠȣıȓĮȢįȘȜĮįȒIJȘȢ
įȩıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȕȜĮȕȫȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ǵıȠ
ȜȠȚʌȩȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș IJȚȝȒ IJȘȢ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢ İȞȩȢ ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȪ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮ
ıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮIJȠȣİȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȤȫȡȠȣțĮȚȩıȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢİȓȞĮȚȠȤȡȩȞȠȢȑțșİıȘȢ
112
IJȩıȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡİȢ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȩıȠ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚʌȠȣșĮİțįȘȜȫıȠȣȞIJĮıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮȝȚĮȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢ
ǼȓȞĮȚ țĮIJȐ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠ ȞĮ İȜİȖȤșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ
ȤȘȝȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞǾİȚıĮȖȦȖȒIJȦȞįȚĮijȩȡȦȞȅȡȚĮțȫȞȉȚȝȫȞDzțșİıȘȢĮʌȠıțȠʌİȓ
ı¶ ĮȣIJȩ ĮțȡȚȕȫȢ ȞĮ șȑıİȚ įȘȜĮįȒ ijȡĮȖȝȠȪȢ ıIJȚȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ
ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞȤȫȡȦȞ
ȂȚĮ ȅȡȚĮțȒ ȉȚȝȒ DzțșİıȘȢ ȅȉǼ. ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓ ıİ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ ȝȚĮȢ ȤȘȝȚțȒȢ
ȠȣıȓĮȢ ıIJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮʌȚıIJİȪİIJĮȚȩIJȚȩȜȠȚıȤİįȩȞȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚțĮIJ¶İʌĮȞȐȜȘȥȘțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȐȤȦȡȓȢįȣıȝİȞİȓȢİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮ
IJȠȣȢ
7ȠȞȓȗİIJĮȚȩIJȚȠȚıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢʌȠȣȣʌİȡȕĮȓȞȠȣȞIJȘȞȅȡȚĮțȒȉȚȝȒDzțșİıȘȢİȓȞĮȚ
ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȑȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ȈȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ țĮIJȫIJİȡİȢ IJȘȢ ȠȡȚĮțȒȢ IJȚȝȒȢ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ
țĮIJĮȞȐȖțȘȞĮțȓȞįȣȞİȢȉĮȩȡȚĮįİȞĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞıĮijİȓȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢʌȠȣįȚĮȤȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ
ĮıijĮȜİȓȢ Įʌȩ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȦȢ įȚțĮȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıȝȩ ȦȢ ©İʌȚIJȡİʌIJȫȞª ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȦȞ
ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞțĮIJȦIJȑȡȦȞIJȦȞȠȡȓȦȞȈIJȩȤȠȢİȓȞĮȚʌȐȞIJȠIJİȘȩıȠIJȠįȣȞĮIJȩȞ
ȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡȘ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȝȘįİȞȚıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮȢIJȠȣȢ (11).
ǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀǾǼȀĬǼȈǾȈǼǻǿǹȁȊȉǼȈ
ȅȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒİʌĮijȒȝİįȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚİȝʌİȡȚȑȤȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮıțİȣȐıȝĮIJĮIJĮȠʌȠȓĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞ
ȅȚȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȓįȚĮȜȪIJİȢİȓȞĮȚȠȣıȓİȢʌȠȣ
-ȈİșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮįȦȝĮIJȓȠȣțĮȚȣʌȩțĮȞȠȞȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȓȞĮȚȣȖȡȑȢ
-ǻİȞĮȞIJȚįȡȠȪȞİȪțȠȜĮȝİȐȜȜİȢȠȣıȓİȢ
-ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮįȚĮȜȪıȠȣȞȝİȖȐȜȘʌȠȚțȚȜȓĮȠȡȖĮȞȚțȫȞİȞȫıİȦȞ
ǾİȓıȠįȠȢIJȦȞįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞıIJȠȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚįȚĮ
ȝȑıȠȣ
-IJȘȢİȚıʌȞȠȒȢțĮIJȐțȪȡȚȠȜȩȖȠ
-IJȘȢțĮIJȐʌȠıȘȢ
-IJȘȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢİʌĮijȒȢ
ǾįȡĮıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮİȞȩȢįȚĮȜȪIJȘİȓȞĮȚıȣȞȐȡIJȘıȘIJȘȢȤȘȝȚțȒȢįȠȝȒȢIJȦȞıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ
IJȠȣ ȈIJȘ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ įȚĮȜȪIJȘȢ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ țĮIJȐ țĮȞȩȞĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȚțȩȢ įȚĮȜȪIJȘȢ ȉĮ
ȝȩȡȚĮ ȩȝȦȢ IJȦȞ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ įȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞ ĮȞȐȜȠȖȘ įȠȝȒ ȝİ ĮȣIJȒ ʌȠȜȜȫȞ
ĮȞșȡȦʌȓȞȦȞ ȚıIJȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȤ ȜȚʌȩijȚȜĮ țĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜİʌȚįȡȠȪȞ ȝĮȗȓ IJȠȣȢ Ȉ¶ ĮȣIJȩ
ĮțȡȚȕȫȢȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚțĮȚȘȕȜĮʌIJȚțȒIJȠȣȢįȡȐıȘȖȚĮIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
ȅȚįȚĮȜȪIJİȢİȓȞĮȚțĮIJȐțĮȞȩȞĮʌIJȘIJȚțȠȓțĮȚİȪijȜİțIJȠȚǵıȠʌIJȘIJȚțȩIJİȡȠȚİȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠ
İȣțȠȜȩIJİȡĮĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘįȚĮȜȣȝȑȞȘȠȣıȓĮ
ǹȡțİIJȠȓ ıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗȠȣȞ İțȡȘțIJȚțȐ ȝȓȖȝĮIJĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ıİ țĮȞȠȞȚțȒ
șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ įȦȝĮIJȓȠȣ ȊʌȐȡȤİȚ ȐȝİıȠȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ İȐȞ Ș șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ
įȦȝĮIJȓȠȣİȓȞĮȚĮȞȫIJİȡȘĮʌȩIJȠıȘȝİȓȠĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢIJȠȣįȚĮȜȪIJȘ
113
ȉȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮIJȫIJĮIJȘ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌĮȡĮȤșİȓȚțĮȞȒʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮİȣijȜȑțIJȦȞĮIJȝȫȞʌȠȣȞĮĮȞĮijȜȑȖİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒ
ȝȚĮȢȝȚțȡȒȢijȜȩȖĮȢ
Ȉİ ȩIJȚ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘȞ ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȒ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȦȞ įȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ĮȣIJȠȓ țȣȡȓȦȢ
ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ
- ȃȐȡțȦıȘ
ȅȚ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ȞȐȡțȦıȘ įȚȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȜȐȕȠȣȞ ȜȚʌȩijȚȜİȢ
șȑıİȚȢIJȦȞȞİȣȡȚțȫȞțȣIJIJȐȡȦȞǾʌȜȒȡȘȢĮȞȐȞȘȥȘİȓȞĮȚıȣȞȒșȦȢįȣȞĮIJȒ
- ȉȠȟȚțȒįȡȐıȘIJȦȞįȚĮȜȣIJȫȞ
ȅȚ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȚȝİȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ıİ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȩȡȖĮȞĮ
țĮȚ ȚıIJȠȪȢ ıIJȠ ĮȚȝȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȠ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȠȣȢʌȞİȪȝȠȞİȢIJȠ
ıȣțȫIJȚțȜʌȒțĮȚIJȠșȐȞĮIJȠǾIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣįȚĮȜȪIJȘİȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ
IJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚIJȘıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘIJȠȣįȚĮȜȪIJȘ
- ǼȡİșȚıȝȩȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȦȞ ȝİ IJȘ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȟȘȡȒȢ
İȪșȡĮȣıIJȘȢțĮȚİȣĮȓıșȘIJȘȢİʌȚįİȡȝȓįĮȢ.
AKETONH
ǾĮțİIJȩȞȘĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȝȚĮĮʌȩIJȚȢıȣȤȞȩIJİȡĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİȞİȢȤȘȝȚțȑȢİȞȫıİȚȢȝİ
IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ İʌĮijȒ ȠȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȦȞ
ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ, țĮșȫȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ İȣȡȑȦȢ ȦȢ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩ ȕĮijȫȞ țĮȚ
ȟİȕĮijIJȚțȫȞȞȣȤȚȫȞ
Ǿ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJȐ IJȘȢ Ƞ IJȡȩʌȠȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ IJȘȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȐȝİıİȢ İȞȑȡȖİȚİȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȘșȠȪȞıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘįȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘȢțĮșȠȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİıĮijȒȞİȚĮ
ıIJȠȞȀĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩǼȀĮȡȚșȝ.
ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩIJİȡĮȠȀĮȞȠȞȚıȝȩȢ ĮȣIJȩȢʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢȣʌȠįİȓȟİȚȢ:
ǹȊʌȠįİȓȟİȚȢȖȚĮĮıijĮȜȒȤİȚȡȚıȝȩ
- ȁȐȕİIJİȝȑIJȡĮİʌĮȡțȠȪȢİȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ
- ȁȐȕİIJİȝȑIJȡĮȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘIJȠȣĮȑȡĮıIJȠȤȫȡȠıIJȠ ȪȥȠȢIJȠȣȢįĮʌȑįȠȣ
- ȉȠʌȡȠȧȩȞȤİȚȡȓȗİIJĮȚțĮȚȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚȝȩȞȠıİțȜİȚıIJȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
- ǹʌȠijİȪȖİIJİIJȠȞıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩĮİȡȠȗȩȜ
- ȂȘȞĮȞĮʌȞȑİIJİĮIJȝȠȪȢıțȩȞȘ
- ǹʌȠijİȪȖİIJİIJȘȞİʌĮijȒȝİIJȠįȑȡȝĮIJĮȝȐIJȚĮțĮȚIJȘȞ İȞįȣȝĮıȓĮ
- ǹʌȠijİȪȖİIJİIJȘȞȑțșİıȘ- İijȠįȚĮıIJİȓIJİȝİIJȚȢİȚįȚțȑȢȠįȘȖȓİȢ ʌȡȚȞĮʌȩIJȘȤȡȒıȘ
- ȆȜȑȞİIJİ IJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ʌȡȚȞ IJĮ įȚĮȜİȓȝȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ĮȝȑıȦȢ ȝİIJȐ IJȠȞ ȤİȚȡȚıȝȩ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢ
- ǵIJĮȞIJȠȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJİȝȘȞIJȡȫIJİȝȘȞʌȓȞİIJİȝȘȞțĮʌȞȓȗİIJİ
- ǹʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚİȪțȠȜȘʌȡȩıȕĮıȘıİȞIJȠȣȢİțIJȐțIJȠȣĮȞȐȖțȘȢțĮȚȝȑıĮțĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ
ȝĮIJȚȫȞ
114
Ǿ ȝİșȠȟȣȚıȠʌȡȠʌĮȞȩȜȘ (methoxyisopropranol PGME), țĮșȫȢ İʌȓıȘȢ țĮȚ Ƞ
ȝİșȠȟȣȚıȠʌȡȠʌȣȜȚțȩȢȠȟȚțȩȢİıIJȑȡĮȢ3*0($ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ
țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞȦȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢʌȡȠıįȓįȠȣȞıİĮȣIJȐİȣȤȐȡȚıIJȘȠıȝȒțĮȚȝİȚȫȞȠȣȞIJȠ
ȚȟȫįİȢIJȠȣȢǹȞțĮȚıȒȝİȡĮȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȤȡȒıȘȝȩȞȠȘ3*0(ıİıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣțȣȝĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪȑȦȢ
Ǿ 3*0( İȓȞĮȚ İȪțȠȜȠ ȞĮ ʌİȡȐıİȚ ıIJȘȞ țȣțȜȠijȠȡȓĮ IJȠȣ ĮȓȝĮIJȠȢ İȐȞ Ș ȑțșİıȘ
ȖȓȞİȚ ȝİ İȚıʌȞȠȒ Ȓ țĮIJȐʌȠıȘ ȅ ȠȟȚțȩȢ İıIJȑȡĮȢ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȓȗİIJĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ ıİ 3*0(
ıIJȠ ıȫȝĮ Ǿ 3*0( ĮʌİțțȡȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮȝİIJȐȕȜȘIJȘ ıIJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮ țĮȚ ȝİ IJĮ ȠȪȡĮ ȦȢ
İȜİȪșİȡȘ Ȓ ıȣȗİȣȖȝȑȞȘ 3*0(İȓIJİ ȝİ IJȘ ȝȠȡijȒ IJȠȣ țȪȡȚȠȣ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȓIJȘ ȖȜȣțȩȜȘ
IJȠȣʌȡȠʌȣȜİȞȓȠȣ
ȈİȝİȜȑIJİȢIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢȘ/'ȖȚĮIJȘȞ3*0(țȣȝĮȚȞȩIJĮȞĮʌȩȑȦȢJNJȝİ
ʌĮȡȩȝȠȚİȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȑȢ IJȚȝȑȢ ȠȟİȓĮȢ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ ıIJĮ ȐȜȜĮ ȗȦȚțȐ İȓįȘ Ǿ İȟȐȦȡȘ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ İȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ 3*0( ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȠȣ ȠȡȓȠȣ IJȦȞ SSP ıİ
ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢʌȠȞIJȓțȚĮțĮȚțȠȣȞȑȜȚĮȖȚĮȤȡȠȞȚțȩįȚȐıIJȘȝĮĮʌȩȘȝȑȡİȢȝȑȤȡȚ
İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ İʌȑijİȡİ ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȠȣ ıȤİIJȚțȠȪ ȕȐȡȠȣȢ IJȠȣ ȒʌĮIJȠȢ ıȘȝİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ
țĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ țİȞIJȡȚțȩ ȞİȣȡȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ țĮȚ ıİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞĮ İʌȓʌİįĮ ĮȜțĮȜȚțȒȢ ijȦıijĮIJȐıȘȢ ĮȝȚȞȠIJȡĮȞıijİȡȐıȘȢ IJȘȢ ĮȜĮȞȓȞȘȢ Ȓ
ȘʌĮIJȠțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȒȣʌİȡIJȡȠijȓĮȉĮȞİijȡȐʌĮȡȑȝİȞĮȞĮȞİʌȘȡȑĮıIJĮ
ǾıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮįİȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚįȣıȝİȞȒȢİʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ12$(/ıİ
İȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ȖȚĮ įİțĮIJȡİȓȢ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ ȒIJĮȞ ĮȣIJȒ IJȦȞ SSP ȖȚĮ
ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢ țĮȚ țȠȣȞȑȜȚĮ Ȉİ ȒȝİȡȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ țȠȣȞȑȜȚĮ PONJ 3*0( ȤȦȡȓȢ ĮȡĮȓȦıȘ ȠįȘȖȠȪıĮȞ ıİ
ȞȐȡțȦıȘ ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠ ȕȐȡȠȢ ȞİijȡȠȪ țĮȚ Ș 12$(/ ȒIJĮȞȕȡȑșȘțİ PONJǻȚİIJȒȢ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ İȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ʌȠȞIJȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȦȞ ıİ SSP 3*0(
ʌȡȠțȐȜİıİıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮȘʌĮIJȚțȒȢIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢıİʌȠȞIJȓțȚĮțĮȚĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢțĮșȫȢ
țĮȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢİȞįİȓȟİȚȢȞİijȡȚțȒȢIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢıİĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢ
Ǿ ȝȩȞȘ ʌĮȡĮIJȒȡȘıȘ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ SSP ȒIJĮȞ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ıțȠIJİȚȞȫȞ
İıIJȚȫȞ ıIJȠ ȒʌĮȡ IJȦȞ ĮȡıİȞȚțȫȞ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȦȞ Ȉİ ȩIJȚ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȠȣȢ șȘȜȣțȠȪȢ
ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ĮȡıİȞȚțȐ țĮȚ șȘȜȣțȐ ʌȠȞIJȓțȚĮ Ș 12$(/ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ ȤȡȩȞȚĮȢ
ȝİȜȑIJȘȢİȚıʌȞȠȒȢȒIJĮȞSSP3*0(3*0($ǾȑțșİıȘĮȣIJȠȪIJȠȣȝİȖȑșȠȣȢ
ȕȡȑșȘțİ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȘ İȞȠȤȜȘIJȚțȒ ȦȢ İȞȠȤȜȘIJȚțȒ țĮȚ ȝȘ İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠ
įȑȡȝĮțȠȣȞİȜȚȫȞțĮȚȚȞįȚțȫȞȤȠȚȡȚįȓȦȞ
ǼʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞȘ ȠijșĮȜȝȚțȒ İʌĮijȒ ȝȘ ĮȡĮȚȦȝȑȞȘȢ 3*0( ʌȡȠțȐȜİıİ
ʌĮȡȠįȚțȒ İȜĮijȡȐ ȑȦȢ ȝȑIJȡȚĮ ȠijșĮȜȝȚțȒ İȞȩȤȜȘıȘ Ǿ İȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ
İȖțȪȦȞĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȦȞıİıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ3*0(ȒSSPĮʌȩIJȘȞȑțIJȘȑȦȢIJȘȞ
įȑțĮIJȘȑȕįȠȝȘȘȝȑȡĮIJȘȢțȪȘıȘȢįİȞİȓȤİİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȘȢȝȘIJȑȡĮȢȒ
ıIJȘȞijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȠȣİȝȕȡȪȠȣ
ȅȚ İȞȒȜȚțȠȚ ĮȡıİȞȚțȠȓ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȚ ʌȠȣ İțIJȑșȘțĮȞ ıİĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢįİȞ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJĮȩȡȖĮȞĮIJȘȢĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢǼȖțȣȠȚĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȚțĮȚ
țȠȣȞȑȜȚĮʌȠȣİțIJȑșȘțĮȞıİıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ3*0(ĮʌȩȑȦȢSSPįȚȐIJȘȢ
İȚıʌȞȠȒȢ įİȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȒıȚȝĮ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ İȝȕȡȣȠIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ ĮȞ țĮȚ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțİ ıȘȝİȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȀȃȈ țĮȚ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȠȢ ȡȣșȝȩȢ ĮȪȟȘıȘȢ IJȠȣ
ıȦȝĮIJȚțȠȪȕȐȡȠȣȢıIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮȑțșİıȘȢIJȦȞSSPȂȚĮȝİȜȑIJȘİȚıʌȞȠȒȢįȪȠ
ȖİȞİȫȞ ıİ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȑșȘțĮȞ ıİ SSP 3*0( ȠįȘȖȒșȘțĮȞ ıİ
țĮIJĮıIJȠȜȒ IJȠȣ ȀȃȈ ʌĮȡȐIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ țȪțȜȠȣ ȠȓıIJȡȠȣ țĮȚ ȝİȓȦıȘ ȖȠȞȚȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȠȕȐȡȠȢȞİȠȖȞȫȞțĮȚțĮșȣıIJİȡȘȝȑȞȘıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ
Ȉİ ȝȚĮ ıȣȞİȤȒ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ ʌȠȞIJȚțȫȞ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ʌȩıȚȝȠ Ȟİȡȩ
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢ 3*0( ȠįȒȖȘıİ ıİ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ ıİ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȠȣ
ıȤİIJȚțȠȪȕȐȡȠȣȢIJȘȢİʌȚįȚįȣȝȓįȠȢțĮȚIJȠȣʌȡȠıIJȐIJȘțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢıİĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠȕȐȡȠȢ
ȒʌĮIJȠȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠȖȩȞȠȣȢ ȝİ ȝȚĮ 12$(/ ıİ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ ǼȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ
ȑțșİıȘ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȦȞ țĮȚ ʌȠȞIJȚțȫȞ ıİ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ Įʌȩ -SSP įİȞ
ȠįȒȖȘıĮȞ ıİ İȞįİȓȟİȚȢ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȑȞİıȘȢ Ǿ 3*0( ȒIJĮȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒ ȖȚĮ
ȝİIJĮȜȜĮȟȚȠȖȑȞİıȘ Ȓ ȖİȞȞȘIJȚțȒ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ıİ ȕĮțIJȘȡȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ įȠțȚȝĮıȓĮ
ĮȞĮıIJȡȠijȒȢȝİIJȐȜȜĮȟȘȢ
ȈİȝİȜȑIJİȢİȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢįȚȐȡțİȚĮȢ-ȦȡȫȞĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞıİ3*0(IJĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮȒIJĮȞIJĮʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦ
Ȉİ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ ȑȦȢ SSP ĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțİ ȝȩȞȠ įȣıȐȡİıIJȘ ȠıȝȒ ıİ
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ SSP ȒIJĮȞ İȜĮijȡȫȢ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȝȐIJȚĮ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȜĮȚȝȩ ıİ
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ SSP ʌȡȠțȐȜİıİ ȠijșĮȜȝȚțȩ İȡİșȚıȝȩ įĮțȡȪȡȡȠȚĮ ȡȚȞȩȡȡȠȚĮ
țĮȚțİijĮȜĮȜȖȓĮıIJĮSSPȒIJĮȞİȜĮijȡȫȢİȡİșȚıIJȚțȒȖȚĮIJĮȝȐIJȚĮIJȘȞȝȪIJȘțĮȚ
IJȠȞ ȜĮȚȝȩ ıIJĮ SSP ȒIJĮȞ İȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ İȞȫ ıIJĮ ȣʌȒȡȟİ
ıȠȕĮȡȩIJĮIJȘ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ ıȣȞȠįİȣȩȝİȞȘ Įʌȩ ȑȞIJȠȞȘ įĮțȡȪȡȡȠȚĮ
ȕȜİijĮȡȩıʌĮıȝȠ țĮȚ İʌȫįȣȞȘ ĮȞĮʌȞȠȒ ȈIJȠ ijȐıȝĮ IJȦȞ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ
İȟİIJȐıșȘțĮȞ įİȞ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțİ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȒ IJȠȣ ıȣȞIJȠȞȚıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ țȚȞȒıİȦȞ Ȓ
İʌȚįȩıİȦȞıİȞİȣȡȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢİȟİIJȐıİȚȢWHVWV
115
116
ǺȊʌȠįİȓȟİȚȢʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȢțĮȚ ȑțȡȘȟȘȢ
-ĭȣȜȐȟIJİIJȠȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩʌȘȖȑȢșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢțĮȚĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ
-ǹʌĮȖȠȡİȪİIJĮȚIJȠțȐʌȞȚıȝĮ
-ȁȐȕİIJİʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȐȝȑIJȡĮȑȞĮȞIJȚȘȜİțIJȡȠıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ İțțİȞȫıİȦȞ
-ȆȡȠȢ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ ĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ IJȦȞ ĮIJȝȫȞ ȜȩȖȦ ȘȜİțIJȡȠıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ İțțİȞȫıİȦȞ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȩȜĮIJĮȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȐIJİȝȐȤȚĮIJȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȫȞȞĮİȓȞĮȚȖİȚȦȝȑȞĮ
īǹʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢȖȚĮȤȫȡȠȣȢĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘȢțĮȚįȠȤİȓĮ
- ȉĮįȠȤİȓĮįȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚțȜİȚıIJȐıİįȡȠıİȡȩțĮȚȝİțĮȜȩ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȩIJȩʌȠ
- ǻȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚıİȟȘȡȩȤȫȡȠ
- ȃĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢȘȜȚĮțȑȢĮțIJȓȞİȢ
- ȉȠʌȡȠȧȩȞțĮȚIJȠȐįİȚȠįȠȤİȓȠįȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚȝĮțȡȣȐĮʌȩʌȘȖȑȢșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢțĮȚ
ĮȞȐijȜİȟȘȢ
- ȋȦȡȠșİIJȒıIJİIJȘȞȝĮȗȚțȒĮʌȠșȒțİȣıȘıİİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩȤȫȡȠ
ȅȚİȡİșȚıIJȚțȑȢİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȣʌȠȤȦȡȠȪıĮȞ ʌȜȒȡȦȢȝİIJȐȜİʌIJȐȑȦȢȫȡİȢĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ șȐȜĮȝȠ İȚıʌȞȠȒȢ ȉȠ ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȩ ǼșȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ ȊȖİȓĮȢ 1,26+ ıȣȞȑıIJȘıİ ıĮȞ ȝȑıȘ
ıIJĮșȝȚıȝȑȞȘ ȠțIJĮİIJȒ IJȚȝȒ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJĮ SSPǹțȩȝȘ
ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıIJȘțİȑȞĮȩȡȚȠĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢSSPȝİȕȐıȘIJȘȞȣʌȠȜȠȖȚȗȩȝİȞȘȑțșİıȘ
ĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮȞȠȞȚțȒȤȡȒıȘIJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞĮijĮȓȡİıȘȢȕİȡȞȚțȚȫȞȞȣȤȚȫȞșİȦȡȫȞIJĮȢ
ʌȜȒȡȘIJȘȞĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘțĮȚIJȘȞIJȚȝȒ12$(/ȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
Ǿ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȘȢ 12$(/ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞȞȣȤȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJĮIJĮ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ
ʌȠȣ ȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞİȚ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ʌİȡȚșȫȡȚȠ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ IJȑșȘțİ İȓȞĮȚ ıȣȞIJȘȡȘIJȚțȩ Ǽȟ
ĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ȩIJȚ Ș 3*0( İȓȞĮȚ ĮıIJĮșȒȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȩIJȚ Ș ȝȣȡȦįȚȐ IJȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȪıțȠȜĮ
ĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȒ ıİ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ȝİ SSP ıIJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȚșĮȞȒ Ǿ ĮȞĮșİȫȡȘıȘ IJȦȞ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ &,5 țĮIJȑȜȘȟİ
ıIJȠıȣȝʌȑȡĮıȝĮȩIJȚȘ3*0(țĮȚȘ3*0($İȓȞĮȚȠȣıȓİȢĮıijĮȜİȓȢȖȚĮȤȡȒıȘıİ
ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ȝİ IJȚȢ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȝİȜȑIJȘĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǼȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȐ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȞİȩIJİȡȘȢ ȖİȞȚȐȢ İȜİȪșİȡĮ ĮțİIJȩȞȘȢ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ
7Į İȜİȪșİȡĮ ĮțİIJȩȞȘȢ ĮijĮȚȡİIJȚțȐ ȕĮijȫȞ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ĮıijĮȜȒ țĮȚ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ İȣȡȑȦȢ ȍıIJȩıȠ ȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ IJȠȣȢ Ș ȖȕȠȣIJȣȡȠȜĮțIJȩȞȘ ȝİIJĮIJȡȑʌİIJĮȚ İȪțȠȜĮ ıIJȠ Ȗ-ȣįȡȠȟȣȕȠȣIJȣȡțȩ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȑȤİȚ
ȖȞȦıIJȒ IJȠȟȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ ǼȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ȝİȜİIJȫȞ
ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ȝȚțȡȫȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ İțIJȑșȘțĮȞ ıIJȘȞ ȠȣıȓĮ ȝȑıȦ įĮȖțȫȝĮIJȠȢ
IJȑIJȠȚȦȞDFHWRQHIUHHSDGVȈİȝȚĮʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘȕȡȑijȠȢİȞȞȚȐȝȘȞȫȞİȓȤİıIJȠıIJȩȝĮ
IJȠȣ ȑȞĮ IJȑIJȠȚȠȣ IJȪʌȠȣ SDG ȖȚĮ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ȑȞĮ ȜİʌIJȩ ȜİʌIJȐ ȝİIJȐ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıİ
ȑȝİIJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȣʌȞȘȜȓĮ ȂİIJȐ Įʌȩ ȜİʌIJȐ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıİ țȦȝĮIJȫįȘ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ȝİ
*&6 ȉȠȣ ȤȠȡȘȖȒșȘțİ ȠȟȣȖȩȞȠ țĮȚ ȝİIJĮijȑȡșȘțİ ȐȝİıĮ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ İʌİȚȖȩȞIJȦȞ
ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ȀĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ȐijȚȟȒ IJȠȣ ıIJȠ IJȝȒȝĮ İʌİȚȖȩȞIJȦȞ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ȝȚĮ ȫȡĮ
ȝİIJȐIJȘȞțĮIJȐʌȠıȘȘ*&6İȓȤİĮȞȑȜșİȚıİȆĮȡȠȣıȓĮȗİȣʌȩIJĮıȘȕȡĮįȣțĮȡįȓĮ
țĮȚ ȕȡȚıțȩIJĮȞ ıİ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ıȠț 7Į ĮȑȡȚĮ ĮȓȝĮIJȠȢ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ ȒʌȚĮĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ
ȠȟȑȦıȘȅȚȜȠȚʌȑȢȕȚȠȤȘȝȚțȑȢIJȠȣİȟİIJȐıİȚȢȒIJĮȞijȣıȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢțĮȚĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİ
ıIJȘ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ ȣȖȡȫȞ ĮȞȐȞȘȥȘȢ 0İIJȐ Įʌȩ ȜİʌIJȐ Ș *&6 ĮȞȒȜșİıIJȠȈIJȘ
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıİ ȣʌİȡįȚȑȖİȡıȘ țĮȚ ȑȞIJȠȞȠȣȢ ȚȜȓȖȖȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ įȚȒȡțȘıĮȞ
ĮȡțİIJȑȢ ȫȡİȢ ȆȜȒȡȘȢ ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ İʌȒȜșİ ȫȡİȢ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ țĮIJȐʌȠıȘ Ǿ
ĮȞȦIJȑȡȦ ıȣȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓĮ ĮʌȠįȩșȘțİ ıIJȘȞ IJĮȤȪIJĮIJȘ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȘ IJȦȞ
ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠȣ IJȠȣ ıIJȩȝĮIJȠȢ ȉĮ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȐ
İȞȩȢIJȑIJȠȚȠȣSDGĮijĮȓȡİıȘȢȕİȡȞȚțȚȠȪȞȣȤȚȫȞİȓȞĮȚ*%/ȕȠȣIJȠȟȣĮȚșĮȞȩȜȘ
įȚĮȚșȣȜİȞȠȖȜȣțȩȜȘ ʌĮȞșİȞȩȜȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȠʌȣȜİȞȠȖȜȣțȩȜȘ ȉȠ*%/ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȓȗİIJĮȚIJĮȤȑȦȢıİ*+%ȘȠʌȠȓĮʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȑȞĮȝȠIJȓȕȠIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ʌĮȡȩȝȠȚȠȝİĮȣIJȩIJȠȣĮȞȦIJȑȡȦʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȠȪ
DzȤİȚĮȞĮijİȡșİȓȝȚĮĮțȩȝȘʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢıİȕȡȑijȠȢȝȘȞȫȞȉȠȞȒʌȚȠ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıİ țȦȝĮIJȫįȘ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ țĮȚ țĮȡįȚȠĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ĮȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮ ʌȠȣ
ĮʌĮȓIJȘıİ IJİȤȞȘIJȩ ĮİȡȚıȝȩ ıİ ȝȠȞȐįĮ İȞIJĮIJȚțȒȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ȀĮȚ İįȫ ȣʌȒȡȟİ
ʌȜȒȡȘȢ ĮȞȐȞȘȥȘ ȅ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȒȢ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢ İȞȘȝİȡȫșȘțİ țĮȚ ĮʌȐȞIJȘıİ
ȩIJȚȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȑIJȠȚȦȞʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞȑȤİȚĮȞĮȜȘijșİȓıȤİIJȚțȒįȡȐıȘȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıșȒțȘ ıIJȠ ʌȡȠȧȩȞ İȞȩȢ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȠȪ ʌȠȣ ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ %LWUH[ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ IJȠ
țĮșȚıIJȐ ȖİȣıIJȚțȐįȣıȐȡİıIJȠțĮȚʌİȡȚȠȡȓȗİȚIJȘȞʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮțĮIJȐʌȠıȒȢIJȠȣĮʌȩ
ʌĮȚįȚȐ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮȖȡĮijȒ ıȤİIJȚțȠȪ ȝȘȞȪȝĮIJȠȢ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȒȢ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢĮʌȩıȘȝİȓĮıIJĮȠʌȠȓĮİȓȞĮȚʌȡȠıȚIJȩıIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐ.
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ĭȅȇȂǹȁǻǼȏǻǾ
Ǿ ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ ȝİ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ
țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ İʌĮijȒ ȠȚ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ǼȝʌİȡȚȑȤİIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȐ țĮȚ ıIJĮ
ȕİȡȞȓțȚĮ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ȅȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıİȚ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ
ʌȠȚțȓȜȦȞ ȝİȜİIJȫȞ ȝİ ĮȞIJȚțȡȠȣȩȝİȞĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ȆȡȠțĮȜİȓ İȡİșȚıȝȩ IJȠȣ
ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠȣIJȦȞȠijșĮȜȝȫȞțĮȚIJȦȞĮȞȫIJİȡȦȞĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȫȞȠįȫȞıİȤĮȝȘȜȑȢ
ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ İȞȫ ıİ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ȕȡȠȖȤȩıʌĮıȝȠ Ǿ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ
İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ıIJȘ ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ įİȞ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮʌĮȓȗİȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠıIJȚȢ
İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢıIJȠȣȢʌȞİȪȝȠȞİȢ (12).
ȁȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ȣȥȘȜȒȢ įȚĮȜȣIJȩIJȘIJȐȢ IJȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ʌȜȒȡȠȣȢ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȒȢ IJȘȢ ıIJȠ
ĮȞȫIJİȡȠ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜİȚ IJȠȣȢ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠȣȢ IJȘȢ ȝȪIJȘȢ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ
ȡȚȞȓIJȚįĮ țĮȚ ȕȜȐȕȘ IJȠȣ ȡȚȞȚțȠȪ İʌȚșȘȜȓȠȣIJȦȞ ȠijșĮȜȝȫȞİȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ
İʌȚʌİijȣțȓIJȚįĮțĮȚIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒİȟİʌĮijȒȢįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȈȣıIJȘȝĮIJȚțȒ
IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȒ
ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓIJȚįĮ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȩ ȠȓįȘȝĮ ǹȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİȝȠȞȦȝȑȞİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ȕȡȠȖȤȚțȠȪȐıșȝĮIJȠȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩȑțșİıȘıİȣȥȘȜȑȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘȢ
ǻİȞ İȝʌȜȑțİIJĮȚ Ƞ țȜĮııȚțȩȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȓĮȢ Ǿ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȑȞİıȘ
șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ įİįȠȝȑȞȘ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJĮ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮ İȞȫ ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮʌȠįİȚȤșİȓ ĮȞȐȜȠȖȘ įȡȐıȘ Ǿ țĮIJȐʌȠıȒ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ İȜțȫıİȚȢȞİțȡȫıİȚȢ ıIJȠȞȠȚıȠijȐȖȠıIJȩȝĮȤȠȑȞIJİȡȠ.
Ȉİ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚİȟĮȤșİȓʌȐȞȦıİȗȫĮijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚıIJȠȣȢ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢȘ
ȠȣıȓĮĮʌȠȡȡȠijȐIJĮȚȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦIJȚțȐĮʌȩIJȠȡȚȞȚțȩIJȠȣȢıȪıIJȘȝĮİȞȫıIJȚȢ
ȝĮȧȝȠȪįİȢ țĮIJĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐ IJȠ ȡȚȞȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ IJȘȞ IJȡĮȤİȓĮ ıİ ȝȚțȡȩ
ȕĮșȝȩ țĮȚ ȐȜȜİȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ ȕĮıȚțȩ ȕȡȩȖȤȠ ȂİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȖȚȞĮȞ ıİ
İȣȡȦʌĮȧțȑȢȤȫȡİȢțĮȚȤȫȡİȢIJȚȢǹȝİȡȚțȒȢıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢțĮȚʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ ǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒ ǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ Ǽȇǹ țĮșȫȢ İʌȓıȘȢ țĮȚ
IJȘȞ ȀȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȒ ȊʌȘȡİıȓĮ IJȘȢ ǹȝİȡȚțȒȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ıIJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ 26+$ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ ʌȦȢ Ș ȠȣıȓĮ ĮȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚșĮȞȒ ĮȚIJȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȑȞİıȘ Ȉİ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıȣȤȞȐ ıİ ĮIJȝȠȪȢ ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘȢ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıIJȘțĮȞ ȖİȞİIJȚțȑȢ İʌȚįȡȐıİȚȢ ıIJĮ ȕȠȘșȘIJȚțȐ ȜİȝijȠțȪIJIJĮȡĮ Ǿ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ
İʌȓįȡĮıȒIJȘȢĮȣȟȐȞİȚIJȘȞʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ ĮȞȦȝĮȜȚȫȞıIJĮȤȡȦȝȠıȫȝĮIJĮ
ıIJȠȣȢ ʌȣȡȒȞİȢ țĮȚ ıİ ȖİȞİIJȚțȑȢ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ ıİ ʌȠȜȜȐ țȪIJIJĮȡĮ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ
țĮȚIJȡȦțIJȚțȫȞ
ȈIJȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ Ș ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȘ ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ ijșȠȡȑȢ ıIJȠ
'1$ IJȦȞ ıȣȞİțIJȚțȫȞ ȠıIJȫȞ IJȦȞ țȣIJIJȐȡȦȞǹȣIJȑȢȠȚİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢʌȠȣİʌȚijȑȡİȚ Ș
ȠȣıȓĮ ĮȣIJȒ ȣʌȠįİȚțȞȪȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ Ș įȠȝȒ IJȠȣ '1$ IJȦȞ ʌȡȦIJİȧȞȫȞ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȦȞȩȖțȦȞȈIJȠȣȢĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȕȜȐȕİȢıIJĮ
IJȡĮȤİȚĮțȐ İʌȚșȘȜȚĮțȐ IJȠȣȢ țȪIJIJĮȡĮ țĮȚ ĮIJĮȟȓİȢ ıIJȠ '1$ IJȘȢ ȡȚȞȚțȒȢ
ȝİȝȕȡĮȞȫįȠȣȢʌȜȐțĮȢțĮșȫȢİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚıIJȘȞȐȞȦ ȖȞȐșȠțĮIJȐIJȠȞıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩ
IJȠȣȢ Ǿ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ İȞȩȢ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ țĮʌȞȚıIJȒ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ İȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ıİ ȤȫȡȠ ȝİ
İțȜȣȩȝİȞȘijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘIJȘȢIJȐȟȘȢIJȠȣSSPȞĮʌȡȠıȕȜȘșİȓĮʌȩțĮȡțȓȞȠİȓȞĮȚ
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ıIJĮ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ İȞȫ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȝȘ țĮʌȞȚıIJȑȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıIJȠ ȑȞĮ
įȚıİțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚȠțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȚȢȓįȚİȢİȡȖĮıȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢ
ǹȣIJȒȘȠȣıȓĮȑȤİȚȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJİȓȩʌȦȢʌȡȠĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțİțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȢțĮȚȑȤȠȣȞ
įȘȝȠıȚİȣșİȓįȣȠȤȦȡȚıIJȑȢIJĮȟȚȞȠȝȒıİȚȢĮʌȩIJȘǻȚİșȞȒǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒǹȞIJȚțĮȡțȚȞȚțȠȪ
ǹȖȫȞĮ,$5&țĮȚIJȚȢȤȫȡİȢIJȘȢǼǼȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȘȞĮȞĮșİȫȡȘıȘIJȘȢ,$5&Ș
ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘȑȤİȚIJĮȟȚȞȠȝȘșİȓȦȢȘʌȡȫIJȘțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȢȠȣıȓĮȖȚĮIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠ
ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȘıIJȠȣȢıʌȐȞȚȠȣȢțĮȡțȓȞȠȣȢʌȠȣʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțĮȞıİİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢıİ
ȣȥȘȜȐİʌȓʌİįĮıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȢIJȘȢȠȣıȓĮȢ
ȆĮȡȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȝİȖȐȜȠȢ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ İȡİȣȞȫȞ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ĮʌȠįİȓȟİȚ ȝİ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȩIJȚ Ș
ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ țĮȡțȓȞȠ ıIJȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ ȅ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıȝȩȢ ĮȣIJȩȢ ȦȢ
©ʌȡȩįȡȠȝȠȢțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȢȠȣıȓĮªıțȠʌȩȑȤİȚȞĮțȡĮIJȒıİȚIJȚȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢIJȘȢ
ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘȢıIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢıIJĮȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡĮİʌȓʌİįĮ
ȈIJȚȢ İȣȡȦʌĮȧțȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠįȘȖȓĮ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞȦȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ Ș
ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ țĮIJĮIJȐııİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ & ȈIJȘȞ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ ĮȣIJȒ
țĮIJĮIJȐııȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȝȚĮȢ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȣ
İʌȓįȡĮıȘȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȚȠ ĮįȪȞĮIJȘ IJȐȟȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢțĮȡțȓȞȠȣĮʌȩ
ȝȚĮ ȠȣıȓĮ.
DzȡİȣȞİȢțĮȚʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȚțȑȢȝİȜȑIJİȢȜȠȚʌȩȞȖȚĮIJȘijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮȡțİIJȑȢ
ıİ ʌȠȜȜȐ țȡȐIJȘ ȝİ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȩ IJȡȩʌȠ ȝȑIJȡȘıȘȢ ȝİ ȐȜȜĮ țȐșİ ijȠȡȐ ȣȜȚțȐ țĮȚ
įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢțȜȚȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢ
ȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ ȠȚ ǹȝİȡȚțȐȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞĮȖțȐıIJȘțĮȞ ȞĮ ȗȒıȠȣȞ ıİ IJȡȠȤȩıʌȚIJĮ ȦȢ ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȑȢ țĮIJȠȚțȓİȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȒȢ IJȦȞ țĮIJȠȚțȚȫȞ IJȠȣȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ IJȣijȫȞĮ ©ȀĮIJȡȓȞĮª ȉȠȣȢ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȣȢ
ȝȒȞİȢ įȚĮȝȠȞȒȢ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮȗĮȞ ʌȜȑȠȞ ıȠȕĮȡȐ
ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȑȞIJȠȞȠȣȢʌȠȞȠțİijȐȜȠȣȢĮįȚțĮȚȠȜȩȖȘIJȘțȩʌȦıȘțĮȚ
İȡİșȚıȝȠȪȢ
ǹȚIJȓĮ ȠȚ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıȝȑȞİȢ Įʌȩ țĮțȒȢ ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ ıȣȖțȠȜȜȘȝȑȞĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȟȪȜȠȣ
țĮIJȠȚțȓİȢ ıİ ıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩ ȝİ IJȠ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȣȖȡȩ țȜȓȝĮ IJȠȣ ȀȩȜʌȠȣ IJȠȣ ȂİȟȚțȠȪ
İțȜȪȠȞIJĮȞIJȠȟȚțȐĮȑȡȚĮȩʌȦȢijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ©ʌȞȓȖȠȞIJĮȢªIJȠȣȢİȞȠȓțȠȣȢIJȠȣȢțĮȚ
țĮșȚıIJȫȞIJĮȢȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐĮʌĮȖȠȡİȣIJȚțȒIJȘįȚĮȝȠȞȒıİĮȣIJȑȢ.
ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJĮ șİıʌȚıȝȑȞĮ ȩȡȚĮ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȘ ijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȠȞ
ȆĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȊȖİȓĮȢȑȤİȚșİıʌȚıIJİȓȦȢĮȞȫIJĮIJȠȩȡȚȠIJĮSSPıIJȠ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȩIJȦȞțĮIJȠȚțȚȫȞİȞȫĮȞIJȚșȑIJȦȢıIJȘȞȀĮȜȚijȩȡȞȚĮĮȣIJȒȘIJȚȝȒȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚ
ıIJĮSSPŸıIJȩıȠIJȠǼșȞȚțȩǴįȡȣȝĮǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚȊȖİȓĮȢ
IJȦȞǾȆǹșȑIJİȚȦȢȩȡȚȠIJĮSSPȖȚĮȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢ (23).
119
ĭĬǹȁǿȀȅǿǼȈȉǼȇǼȈ
ȅȚ ijșĮȜȚțȠȓ İıIJȑȡİȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓİȢ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞ ȦȢ
ʌȜĮıIJȚțȠʌȠȚȘIJȑȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ ıȣıIJĮIJȚțȩ ȕĮijȫȞ ȕİȡȞȚțȚȫȞ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȫȞ
ȡȘIJȚȞȫȞ
ȉĮ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ IJȠ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ IJȦȞ İʌȚıIJȘȝȩȞȦȞ ıIJȡȑijİIJĮȚ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ
IJȣȤȩȞ IJȠȟȚțȫȞ İʌȚįȡȐıİȦȞ IJȦȞ ijșĮȜȚțȫȞ İıIJȑȡȦȞ ıİ ȗȦȞIJĮȞȠȪȢ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ
ȂȐȜȚıIJĮIJȠȘǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒțȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮıȣȝʌİȡȚȑȜĮȕİIJȠ'(+3ĮȞȐȝİıĮıİ
İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢȠȣıȓİȢİȞȫıȒȝİȡĮȘǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮıȣȞȚıIJȐȝİȓȦıȘIJȘȢ
ȤȡȒıȘȢ ijșĮȜȚțȫȞ İıIJȑȡȦȞ ıİ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ țĮȠıȝİIJȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ǹʌȩ ȐʌȠȥȘ
IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ Ƞ įȚ-(2-ĮȚșȣȜİȟȚȜijșĮȜȚțȩȢ İıIJȑȡĮȢ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ 5 ©ȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮȕȜȐȥİȚIJȘȖȠȞȚȝȩIJȘIJĮªțĮȚȦȢ5©ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚȕȜȐȕȘıIJȠĮȖȑȞȞȘIJȠ
ʌĮȚįȓª ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢ Ǻ ©įȘȜĮįȒ
ʌȚșĮȞȩIJĮIJĮțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȢȖȚĮIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠȑȞȦıȘª
ȂȑȤȡȚıȒȝİȡĮȑȤȠȣȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȘșİȓʌȠȜȜȐʌİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮʌȐȞȦıİȗȫĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȚĮțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ LQ YLWUR ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ Įʌȩ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȐ
įİįȠȝȑȞĮ ıİ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ Ȉİ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȣʌȒȡȟİ ȐȝİıȘ ıȪȞįİıȘ IJȠȣ '(+3 ĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȚIJȫȞ IJȠȣ ȝİ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıİ ȗȦIJȚțȐ ȩȡȖĮȞĮ
ȩʌȦȢȘțĮȡįȚȐIJĮȞİijȡȐțĮȚIJȠĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȆȑȡĮ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȩ Ƞ '(+3 ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ ijșĮȜȚțȠȓ İıIJȑȡİȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ
țȐʌȠȚĮ ȝȚțȡȒ ȠȚıIJȡȠȖȩȞȠ įȡȐıȘ ȝİȖȐȜİȢ įȩıİȚȢ Ƞ įȚ-(2-ĮȚșȣȜİȟȚȜijșĮȜȚțȠȪ
İıIJȑȡĮıİȑȝȕȡȣĮʌȠȞIJȚțȫȞȑįİȚȟİȩIJȚįȡȠȣȞȦȢĮȞIJȚĮȞįȡȠȖȩȞĮʌĮȡİȝʌȠįȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ
IJȘıȪȞșİıȘIJȘȢIJİıIJȠıIJİȡȩȞȘȢ
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȠ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮȗİ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ʌȠȣ ıIJȩȤİȣİ ıIJȠȞ ʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ
İʌȚʌȑįȦȞ ijșĮȜȚțȫȞ ıİ țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȞĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮȞĮįȚțȒĮȖȠȡȐ
ȈȣȞȠȜȚțȐ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢȝȦȡȠȪ
ıȣȜȜȑȤșȘțĮȞ ıİ țĮIJĮıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȜȚĮȞȚțȒȢ ʌȫȜȘıȘȢ ıIJȚȢ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ İʌĮȡȤȓİȢ ıİ
ȠȜȩțȜȘȡȠIJȠȞȀĮȞĮįȐIJȠȑIJȠȢ
ȈIJĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ĮȣIJȐ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȞ ĮȡȫȝĮIJĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ ıʌȡȑȚ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȝĮȜȜȚȐ ȝȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȗİȜ ĮʌȠıȝȘIJȚțȐ ȕİȡȞȓțȚĮ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ
ȜȠıȚȩȞȜȠıȚȩȞȖȚĮIJȠıȫȝĮțĮȚȠȚțȡȑȝİȢıȫȝĮIJȠȢțĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȐIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ
țĮȚIJĮʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮȝȦȡȫȞȑȜĮȚĮȜȠıȚȩȞıĮȝʌȠȣȐȞțĮȚʌȐȞİȢțȡȑȝİȢ
ȉĮ įİȓȖȝĮIJĮ İȟȒȤșȘıĮȞȝİįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȠȪȢȠȡȖĮȞȚțȠȪȢįȚĮȜȪIJİȢĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȠȣȢ
IJȪʌȠȣȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ țĮȚ ĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıİ ĮȞȐȜȣıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ IJİȤȞȚțȒ IJȘȢ ĮȑȡȚĮȢ
ȤȡȦȝĮIJȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢ țĮȚ ijĮıȝĮIJȠȝİIJȡȓĮȢ ȝȐȗĮȢ *&-06 ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ
ĮʌȠȝȠȞȫșȘțĮȞ ijșĮȜȚțȑȢ İȞȫıİȚȢ ijșĮȜȚțȩ įȚĮȚșȪȜȚȠ '(3 ijșĮȜȚțȩ
įȚȝİșȪȜȚȠ '03 įȣȚıȠȕȠȣIJȚȜijșĮȜȚțȩ İıIJȑȡĮ ',%3 ijșĮȜȚțȩ įȚ-n-ȕȠȣIJȣȜȠ
ijșĮȜȚțȩİıIJȑȡĮ'Q%3țĮȚįȚ-İșȣȜİȟȣȜijșĮȜȚțȩİıIJȑȡĮ'(+3ȅȚıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJİȢ
ĮȞȓȤȞİȣıȘȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮțȩȜȠȣșȘ ıİȚȡȐ '(3 Įʌȩ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ 'Q%3
',%3 '(+3 '03 '(3 ĮȞȚȤȞİȪșȘțİ ıİ ȩȜĮ
ıȤİįȩȞ IJĮ İȓįȘ IJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞ ȝİ IJĮ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡĮİʌȓʌİįĮ ȝJJ Ȓ 120
ǾʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚİȣȡȑȦȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢIJİȤȞȓIJİȢȞȣȤȚȫȞțĮIJȐIJȘȞİțIJȑȜİıȘ
İȞȩȢ įȘȝȠijȚȜȑıIJĮIJȠȣ IJȪʌȠȣ ȝĮȞȚțȚȠȪȡ - ʌİȞIJȚțȚȠȪȡ IJȠȣ ȜİȖȩȝİȞȠȣ ȝĮȞȚțȚȠȪȡ
ʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢ
ȂĮȞȚțȚȠȪȡ ȆĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢ ıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚ İȝȕȐʌIJȚıȘ IJȦȞ ȤİȡȚȫȞ ıİ țİȡȓ ȅȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȚįȚȩțIJȘIJĮ İȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ
įȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞİȚįȚțȑȢıȣıțİȣȑȢșȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢİȞȫȩıȠȚİȟĮȣIJȫȞİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝȑıȦİʌȚıțȑȥİȦȞıİȠȚțȓİȢșİȡȝĮȓȞȠȣȞIJȡȓȝȝĮIJĮțİȡȚȠȪIJĮȠʌȠȓĮțĮȚIJȠʌȠșİIJȠȪȞ
ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ IJȦȞ ʌİȜĮIJȫȞ Ȃİ IJȘ ȝȑșȠįȠ ĮȣIJȒ IJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝĮȜĮțȐ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȖȒȡĮȞıȘ
Ǿ șȑȡȝĮȞıȘ țĮȚ Ș țĮȪıȘ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢ İȜİȣșİȡȫȞİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ įȪȠ
İȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐIJȠȟȚțȑȢȠȣıȓİȢIJȠȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠțĮȚIJȠIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ
ȅȚ ʌȡȫIJİȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȠȣ ȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȠȣ ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣ
ĮijȠȡȠȪıĮȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıIJȚȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓİȢ ʌȠȣ İțIJȓșȠȞIJĮȞ ıİ ȣȥȘȜȑȢ
ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ʌIJȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢ IJȠȣ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ
ǼȚıʌȞȠȒ ȝİȖȐȜȦȞ ʌȠıȠIJȒIJȦȞ ĮIJȝȫȞ IJȠȣ ȖȚĮ ıȪȞIJȠȝȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȗȐȜȘIJĮȤȣțĮȡįȓĮʌȠȞȠțȑijĮȜȠİȝİIJȩțĮȚıʌĮıȝȠȪȢ
ȉȠȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠİȚıȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩțȣȡȓȦȢȝȑıȦIJȘȢİȚıʌȞȠȒȢIJȦȞĮIJȝȫȞIJȠȣ
țĮȚ įİȣIJİȡİȣȩȞIJȦȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȡȡȩijȘıȒȢ IJȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ȅȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ
ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȠıȝȒIJȠȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮȩIJĮȞȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ
ıİıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ-SSPțĮȚıIJȠȞİȡȩıİıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢSSPSSPȝȑȡȘ
ĮȞȐ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚȠ ıIJĮ ĮȑȡȚĮ ıİ ȩȖțȠȣȢ ıIJĮ ȣȖȡȐıIJİȡİȐ ıİ ȕȐȡȠȢ SSP
ȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤİȓʌȡȠȢPJȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣP3).
ȉȠȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠİȓȞĮȚȖȞȦıIJȩȦȢțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠIJȠȣĮȚȝȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢĮȣȟȐȞİȚ
IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȖȚĮ ȜİȣȤĮȚȝȓĮ ȜİȝijȠȖİȞȒ ȜİȣȤĮȚȝȓĮ țĮȚ ȝȣİȜȠȖİȞȒ ȜİȣȤĮȚȝȓĮ
ȆİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮ ȝİ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įȚĮʌİȡȐıİȚ IJȠȞ
ʌȜĮțȠȪȞIJĮ
Ǿ ȞȩıȠȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ ȝİ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ įȘȜȘIJȘȡȓĮıȘ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
ĮʌȜĮıIJȚțȒĮȞĮȚȝȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȠȝȣİȜȩȢIJȦȞȠıIJȫȞʌĮȪİȚȞĮʌĮȡȐȖİȚĮȡțİIJȐ
İȡȣșȡȐțĮȚȜİȣțȐĮȚȝȠıijĮȓȡȚĮțĮȚĮȚȝȠʌİIJȐȜȚĮȅĮıșİȞȒȢĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚıȣȞİȤȫȢ
țȩʌȦıȘȜȩȖȦIJȦȞȜȓȖȦȞİȡȣșȡȫȞĮȚȝȠıijĮȚȡȓȦȞʌĮșĮȓȞİȚİȪțȠȜĮȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢțĮȚ
ĮȚȝȠȡȡĮȖȓİȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȦȞ ĮȞİʌĮȡțȫȞ ȜİȣțȫȞ ĮȚȝȠıijĮȚȡȓȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȚȝȠʌİIJĮȜȓȦȞ
ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ
ǼʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȝİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıIJȘ ȤȘȝȚțȒ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ʌȚıIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ IJȘȞ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠ įȡȐıȘ IJȠȣ ȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣ țĮȚ ȠȚ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ
șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ
ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮİȜĮıIJȚțȫȞȑȤȠȣȞĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠțȓȞįȣȞȠȖȚĮțĮȡțȓȞȠȣȢ
IJȠȣ ȜİȝijȚțȠȪ țĮȚ ĮȚȝȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȠȣȡȠįȩȤȠȣ țȪıIJȘȢ ʌȞİȪȝȠȞĮ
ʌȡȠıIJȐIJȘțĮȚıIJȠȝȐȤȠȣ
ȅ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȣįȡȐıȘȢIJȠȣȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣįȚĮijȑȡİȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠ įȡȐıȘ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȖȞȦıIJȫȞ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȦȞ İȞȫıİȦȞ ʌȤ
ʌȠȜȣʌȣȡȘȞȚțȫȞ ĮȡȦȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȣįȡȠȖȠȞĮȞșȡȐțȦȞ IJȦȞ ĮijȜĮIJȠȟȚȞȫȞ ȉȠ ȓįȚȠ įİȞ
ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȣȞįİșİȓ ȝİ ȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠIJİ IJȡȩʌȠ ȝİ IJȠ '1$ ȠʌȩIJİ Ș țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠȢ
įȡȐıȘĮʌȠįȓįİIJĮȚıIJĮʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮȝİIJĮȕȠȜȚıȝȠȪIJȠȣ
Ǿ ȣʌȩșİıȘ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝȑıȦ ıȤȘȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ IJȠȣ ȠȟİȚįȓȠȣ IJȠȣ
ȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣ İȓȤİ įȚĮIJȣʌȦșİȓ Įʌȩ IJȠ ĮȜȜȐ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫșȘțİ ıȤİįȩȞ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ
ȅȚ ȝİIJĮȕȠȜȓIJİȢ ĮȣIJȠȓ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒıȠȣȞ ȠȟȣȖȠȞȠȪȤİȢ
İȜİȪșİȡİȢ ȡȓȗİȢ 526 UHDFWLYH R[\JHQ VSHFLHV ȚțĮȞȑȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ
ȠȟİȚįȦIJȚțȑȢȕȜȐȕİȢıIJȠ'1$
ȆȑȡĮȞIJȦȞȠȟȣȖȠȞȠȪȤȦȞȡȚȗȫȞȑȤİȚįȚĮIJȣʌȦșİȓȘȣʌȩșİıȘȩIJȚțĮȚȐȜȜĮʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ
IJȠȣȝİIJĮȕȠȜȚıȝȠȪIJȠȣȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞȕȜȐȕİȢıIJȠ'1$ȉȠ
ȠȟİȓįȚȠIJȠȣȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚıİȚıȠȡȡȠʌȓĮȝİIJȠIJĮȣIJȠȝİȡȑȢIJȠȣIJȘȞȠȟİʌȓȞȘ
ȠȟĮțȣțȜȠİʌIJĮIJȡȚȑȞȚȠȘȠʌȠȓĮȣʌȩțİȚIJĮȚıİȠȟİȚįȦIJȚțȒįȚȐȞȠȚȟȘIJȠȣİʌIJĮȝİȜȠȪȢ
įĮțIJȣȜȓȠȣʌȡȠȢȝȠȣțȠȞȚțȒįȚĮȜįİȔįȘ
ǼȤİȚ įȚĮʌȚıIJȦșİȓ LQ YLWUR ȩIJȚ Ș ȝȠȣțȠȞȚțȒ įȚĮȜįİȔįȘ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐ ȝİ IJȘ įİȠȟȣȖȠȣĮȞȠıȓȞȘ įȓȞȠȞIJĮȢ ȑȞĮ IJİIJȡĮțȣțȜȚțȩ ʌȡȠȧȩȞ ʌȡȠıșȒțȘȢ ȕȜ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ
įİȟȚȐ ǼȐȞ ĮȣIJȩ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȝȠȞȐįİȢ -įİȠȟȣȖȠȣĮȞȠıȓȞȘȢ IJȠȣ '1$IJȩIJİ
İȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ʌȚșĮȞȒ țĮȚ Ș ıȣȞİȚıijȠȡȐ IJȘȢ ȝȠȣțȠȞȚțȒȢ įȚĮȜįİȔįȘȢ ıIJȘ
ȝİIJĮȜȜĮȟȚȖȩȞȠįȡȐıȘIJȠȣȕİȞȗȠȜȓȠȣ
Ǽįȫ ĮȟȓȗİȚ ȞĮ ıȘȝİȚȦșİȓ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠ ʌĮȜĮȚȠIJȑȡĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȞİȣȡȪIJĮIJĮĮʌȩIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞȝȑȤȡȚIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒʌȠȣ
ȘİȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȠįȘȖȓĮ ǼȀIJȘȢǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒȢIJȘȢȘȢȈİʌIJİȝȕȡȓȠȣȖȚĮ
121
122
ȕȡȑșȘțĮȞ ıİ ĮȡȫȝĮIJĮ 'Q%3 ĮȞȚȤȞİȪșȘțİıİȝİȖȐȜȠȕĮșȝȩıİȕİȡȞȓțȚĮȞȣȤȚȫȞ
ȝİ IJȘȞ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘ ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘ IJȦȞ ȝJJ 'Q%3 ĮȞȚȤȞİȪșȘțİ
İʌȓıȘȢ ıİ ȐȜȜĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȩʌȦȢ ıʌȡȑȚ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ ȝȠȣȢ ȝĮȜȜȚȫȞ țĮșĮȡȚıIJȚțȐ IJȠ
įȑȡȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ ıĮȝʌȠȣȐȞ ȝȦȡȫȞ ıİ ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡİȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢ ȝJ J
țĮȚ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠȅȚ ȜȠȚʌȑȢ ijșĮȜȚțȑȢ İȞȫıİȚȢ ĮȞİȣȡȑșȘıĮȞ ıİ ȤĮȝȘȜȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ Ȃİ
ȕȐıȘ ĮȣIJȑȢ IJȚȢ IJȚȝȑȢ Ș țĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒ įȩıȘ įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİ ʌȑȞIJİ ijșĮȜȚțȐ
ȐȜĮIJĮİțIJȚȝȒșȘțİȖȚĮIJȡİȚȢȘȜȚțȚĮțȑȢȠȝȐįİȢ
ǼȞȘȜȓțȦȞȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞNJ ȞȘʌȓȦȞ- İIJȫȞțĮȚȞȘʌȓȦȞ-ȝȘȞȫȞȝȑıȦ
IJȘȢȤȡȒıȘȢIJȦȞțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞțĮȚʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȢijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢǾİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ ȦıIJȩıȠ ȑȖȚȞİ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ IJĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȞIJĮ ıIJȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ țĮȚ IJȠ
įİįȠȝȑȞȠ ʌȡȠIJȣʌȦȝȑȞȠ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȚțȩ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ ȝȠȞIJȑȜȠ
ʌȚșĮȞȠIJȒIJȦȞȤȡȒıȘȢIJȦȞʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞĮʌȩIJȠȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ
īȚĮIJȘȞȠȝȐįĮIJȦȞİȞȒȜȚțȦȞȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞȦȢȝȑȖȚıIJȘȘȝİȡȒıȚĮȑțșİıȘțĮșȠȡȓıIJȘțİ
ĮȣIJȒIJȦȞȝJNJEZG țĮșȠȡȓıIJȘțİȖȚĮIJȠ'(3ǾȝȑȖȚıIJȘȘȝİȡȒıȚĮȑțșİıȘȒIJĮȞ
ʌȠȜȪ ȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡȘ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ȐȜȜĮ IJȑııİȡĮ İȓįȘ ijșĮȜȚțȫȞ İȞȫıİȦȞ '(+3
ȝJNJEZG 'Q%3 ȝJNJEZG ȀĮȚ '03 ȝJNJEZG Ǿ ȑțșİıȘ ȖȚĮ
',%3įİȞȣʌȠȜȠȖȓıIJȘțİȜȩȖȦIJȦȞʌȠȜȪȤĮȝȘȜȫȞıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȫȞIJȠȣ<10 mg/g)
ıIJĮ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮ ȅȚ ȠȝȐįİȢ IJȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȕȡİijȫȞ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮȗĮȞ IJȚȝȑȢ
ȝȑȖȚıIJȘȢȘȝİȡȒıȚĮȢȑțșİıȘȢıIJȘ'(3țĮȚȝJNJEZGĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ
ȆǹȇǹĭǿȃǾǺǼȃǽȅȁǿȅȉȅȁȅȊȅȁǿȅ
IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȠįȘȖȓĮȢ ǼȅȀ IJȠȣ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ ȝİ ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȦȞʌĮȡĮȡIJȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȘȢ,,țĮȚ,,,ıIJȘȞIJİȤȞȚțȒʌȡȩȠįȠ
ȉȠ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ʌȑȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑțȜȣıȒ IJȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ țĮȪıȘ ʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ıİ ȕİȡȞȓțȚĮ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ įȚĮȣȖȑȢ ȐȤȡȦȝȠ ȣȖȡȩ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȦȞȩʌȦȢ ȕĮijȑȢ ȤȡȫȝĮIJĮ įȚĮȜȣIJȚțȐ
ȤȡȦȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJĮ İțȡȘțIJȚțȐ Ǿ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıİȚ IJȠ
țİȞIJȡȚțȩȞİȣȡȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢʌȠȞȠțȑijĮȜȠȗȐȜȘțĮȚțȩʌȦıȘȉȠ
IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠİȓȞĮȚİʌȓıȘȢȝȚĮİȡİșȚıIJȚțȒȠȣıȓĮȖȚĮIJĮȝȐIJȚĮIJȘȝȪIJȘțĮȚIJȠȜĮȚȝȩȈİ
ʌȠȜȪȣȥȘȜȑȢİțșȑıİȚȢIJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠȑȤİȚȕȡİșİȓȞĮİȓȞĮȚIJȠȟȚțȐȖȚĮIJĮȞİijȡȐțĮȚIJȠ
ıȣțȫIJȚțĮȚİȓȞĮȚȝȚĮʌȚșĮȞȒĮȞĮʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒIJȠȟȓȞȘȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİʌİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚİȟĮȤșİȓ ıİ ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫșȘțİ ȩIJȚ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıIJȠ IJȠȜȠȣȩȜȚȠ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȕȜȐȕİȢıIJȠıȣțȫIJȚțĮȚIJȠȞİȣȡȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘȞ țĮȡțȚȞȠȖȩȞȠ įȡȐıȘ IJȘȢ ȓįȚĮȢ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦ ȝİȜȑIJȘȢ ǼʌȡȩțİȚIJȠ ȖȚĮ įȚİIJȒ
ȝİȜȑIJȘțĮȡțȚȞȠȖȑȞİıȘȢIJȘȢʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢıİ)ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩȑțșİıȘıİ
ĮȣIJȒȞ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ IJȡȠijȒȢ ıİ İʌȓʌİįĮ .0%, 2.5%, 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.2%, țĮȚ 0.0%.
ȀȐșİ ȠȝȐįĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞIJĮȞ Įʌȩ ĮȡıİȞȚțȠȪȢ țĮȚ șȘȜȣțȠȪȢ ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢ
ȀĮȞȑȞĮȗȫȠįİȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıİȝİȓȦıȘıIJȠȕȐȡȠȢIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȘȢʌȡȩıȜȘȥȘ
IJȡȠijȓȝȦȞ ıİ ȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİ ȠȝȐįĮ țĮȚ ȩȜĮ IJĮ ȗȫĮ İʌȚȕȓȦıĮȞ ıIJȠ IJȑȜȠȢ IJȠȣ
ʌİȚȡȐȝĮIJȠȢǼȞįİȓȟİȚȢIJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȘȢȣȖȡȒȢʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢįİȞʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȒșȘțĮȞıIJȚȢ
ĮȚȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢȕȚȠȤȘȝȚțȑȢțĮȚȚıIJȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢİȟİIJȐıİȚȢȂİȕȐıȘĮȣIJȐIJĮįİįȠȝȑȞĮȘ
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȒʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJȘįȓĮȚIJĮșİȦȡȒșȘțİȦȢȘȝȑȖȚıIJȘĮȞİțIJȒįȩıȘ
ȣȖȡȒȢʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘȢțĮȚȖȚĮIJĮįȪȠijȪȜĮıIJȠȣȢ)ĮȡȠȣȡĮȓȠȣȢ
2. ǹʌȠijȣȖȒİȚıʌȞȠȒȢĮIJȝȫȞȒȜİʌIJȒȢıțȩȞȘȢȝİ
- ȤȡȒıȘȝȐıțĮȢ
- ʌȡȠİIJȠȚȝĮıȓĮțĮȚ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȒįȚĮȜȣȝȐIJȦȞıİȤȫȡȠȣȢȝİĮʌĮȖȦȖȒĮȑȡĮ
3. ǹʌȠijȣȖȒİʌĮijȒȢȝİIJȠȞİʌȚʌİijȣțȩIJĮȝİȤȡȒıȘİȚįȚțȫȞȖȣĮȜȚȫȞ
Ǿ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ IJȠȣ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠȣ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪ İȓȞĮȚ įȪıțȠȜȘ įȚȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȩ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ıȣȞįȣȐȗİȚĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȝİȣȥȘȜȩİʌȓʌİįȠȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢȖȚĮIJȠȞ
ȤȡȒıIJȘ
ǹǿȍȇȅȊȂǼȃǹȈȍȂǹȉǿǻǿǹȀǹǿȆȅǿȅȉǾȉǹǹǼȇǹǼȈȍȉǼȇǿȀȅȊȋȍȇȅȊ
ȈIJĮ İȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ʌȜȒșȠȢ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞ
įȚĮȜȣȝȐIJȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İʌȓIJİȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞIJȚıȘȥȓĮȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞ ȅȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ IJȘȢ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ IJȦȞ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȝİİȡİșȚıȝȩIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȦȞȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȦȞ
ǹȞ țĮȚ Ƞ ȕĮșȝȩȢ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ ʌȠȚțȓȜȜİȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȠȣȢ ȞĮ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚȩȜĮIJĮĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȅȚțĮIJĮıțİȣȐıIJȡȚİȢİIJĮȚȡİȓİȢ
IJȦȞ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȫȞ ȣʌȠȤȡİȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮșȑIJȠȣȞ IJȠ ǻİȜIJȓȠ ǻİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ǹıijĮȜİȓĮȢȖȚĮțȐșİ ʌȡȠȧȩȞȈİĮȣIJȩIJȠįİȜIJȓȠĮȞĮȖȡȐijİIJĮȚȘİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣ
ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢIJĮȩȡȚĮȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚIJĮȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ
țĮIJȐIJȘȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣȢ
ȅȚȕĮıȚțȠȓțĮȞȩȞİȢʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİİʌĮijȒȝİIJĮ
ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȐİȓȞĮȚ
1. ǹʌȠijȣȖȒȐȝİıȘȢİʌĮijȒȢȝİIJȠįȑȡȝĮȝİ
- ȤȡȒıȘȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ
- ʌȜȪıȚȝȠȤİȡȚȫȞȝİȐijșȠȞȠȞİȡȩțĮȚıĮʌȠȪȞȚ
- ȤȡȒıȘİȚįȚțȒȢİȞįȣȝĮıȓĮȢıIJȠȜȑȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȝʌȜȠȪȗİȢțĮȚțȜİȚıIJȐʌĮʌȠȪIJıȚĮ
ȆȠȜȜȑȢĮʌȩIJȚȢįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJİȢıIJĮȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJĮʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞİʌȚȕĮȡȪȞȠȣȞ
IJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮ IJȦȞ țȜİȚıIJȫȞ İıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞ ȤȫȡȦȞ ȝİ ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ȉȑIJȠȚİȢ
İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ țȐʌȞȚıȝĮ İȞIJȩȢ IJȠȣ țĮIJĮıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ ĮİȡȠȗȩȜ țĮȚ ıʌȡȑȣ țĮșȫȢ
țĮȚȘțĮȪıİȚȢȣȜȚțȫȞʌĮȡĮijȓȞȘ
ȉĮ ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮİȞĮʌȠIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢıIJȚȢțȣȥİȜȓįİȢIJȦȞʌȞİȣȝȩȞȦȞ
țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌȐȡȠįȠ IJȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ İʌȚijȑȡȠȣȞ ıȠȕĮȡȑȢ ȕȜȐȕİȢ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȦȞ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ Ǿ ȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ ıIJĮ ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚ ıIJȘ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ ȤȡȩȞȚȦȞ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮȣȟȒıİȚ IJȠȞ
țȓȞįȣȞȠ IJȘȢ țĮȡįȚĮțȒȢ ĮȞĮțȠʌȒȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ʌȡȩȦȡȠȣ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ ǻȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ
ıȣȞįȑȠȣȞIJĮİʌȓʌİįĮIJȦȞĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞȦȞıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞȝİIJȚȢĮȣȟȘȝȑȞİȢİȚıĮȖȦȖȑȢ
ıIJĮȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮțĮȚİȚįȚțȐIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢȕȠȒșİȚİȢ
ȉĮʌĮȚįȚȐIJĮȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌȐıȤȠȣȞĮʌȩȐıșȝĮȒȑȤȠȣȞțĮȡįȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ
țĮȚȠȚȘȜȚțȚȦȝȑȞȠȚİȓȞĮȚȠȚȠȝȐįİȢIJȠȣʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮİȣĮȓıșȘIJİȢ
ıIJȘȞȑțșİıȘıİȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮȣȥȘȜȑȢıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıİȚȢĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞȦȞıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞıIJȘȞ
ĮIJȝȩıijĮȚȡĮ ǵıȠ ʌȚȠ ȝȚțȡȐ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ IJȩıȠ ʌȚȠ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ǿ
İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣȢ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ İʌȓıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȤȘȝȚțȒ IJȠȣȢ ıȪıIJĮıȘ ȅȚ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȜİʌIJȩțȠțțȦȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ ıIJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ İȟĮȡIJȫȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞȞĮįȚİȚıįȪȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮİȞĮʌȠIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıIJȠĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȩ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮǵıȠȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘįȚȐȝİIJȡȠȑȤİȚȑȞĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚȠIJȩıȠȕĮșȪIJİȡĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮ
įȚİȚıįȪıİȚ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ʌȞİȪȝȠȞİȢ ȈȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ - ȝP ĮʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ĮȞȫIJİȡȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
İȚıʌȞȠȒȢİțʌȞȠȒȢ țĮșȫȢ IJĮ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ įȚİȚıįȪȠȣȞ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ
ȝȑıȦIJȘȢĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒȢȠįȠȪ
ǹȞĮȜȩȖȦȢIJȠȣȝİȖȑșȠȣȢIJȠȣȢIJĮĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮțĮIJĮIJȐııȠȞIJĮȚıİ
‡ȈȣıIJȐįİȢȝȠȡȓȦȞIJȦȞcc QDQRPHWHU PHWHUV
‡ȈIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮıȪȞȞİijȦȞțĮȚıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ıțȩȞȘȢįȚĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȝȑȤȡȚȝP
‡ȈȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮʌȡȠİȡȤȩȝİȞĮĮʌȩıȣııȫȡİȣıȘȝİįȚȐȝİIJȡȠȝPG-ȝPțĮȚ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ıȣııȦȝȐIJȦıȘ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȦȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ Ȓ Įʌȩ IJȘ
ıȣȝʌȪțȞȦıȘĮİȡȓȦȞ
‡ȋȠȞįȡȩțȠțțĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮFRDUVHSDUWLFOHVG!ȝP
‡ ȁİʌIJȩțȠțțĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ILQH SDUWLFOHV țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ ıȣııȫȡİȣıȘȢ țĮȚ $LWNLQ țĮȚ
ʌȣȡȘȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢȝİȖȑșȠȣȢȝPG-ȝP (49, 50, 51).
123
124
ǹȃȉǿȈǾȆȉǿȀǹ
ȉĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮȝİįȚȐȝİIJȡȠȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘĮʌȩȝPİȓȞĮȚĮȡțİIJȐȝİȖȐȜĮ, ȫıIJİȘIJİȜȚțȒ
IJĮȤȪIJȘIJĮ țĮșȓȗȘıȘȢ IJȠȣȢ ȞĮ İʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚ IJȘȞ İȞĮʌȩșİıȘ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ȝȑȡȘ ȩʌȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞȕȜȐȕȘ
ȈIJȠȣȢ İıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ IJȦȞ țIJȚȡȓȦȞ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ
ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮʌȠȣİȓIJİʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞİȓIJİ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ țIJȓȡȚȠ ȉĮ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ȐȝİıİȢ țĮȚ ȤȡȩȞȚİȢ
İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȠȞĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİİʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢȝİȜȑIJİȢIJĮ
ĮȚȦȡȠȪȝİȞĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚșȞȘıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮȈİ
ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌȠȣ įȚİȟȒȤșȘ ıİ ʌȩȜİȚȢ IJȘȢ ǹȝİȡȚțȒȢ ȕȡȑșȘțİ ȩIJȚ Ș șȞȘıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮ
ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȝİ IJĮİıʌȞİȪıȚȝĮȜİʌIJȩțȠțțĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮțĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȝİ
IJĮıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ
ǹʌȩ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌİȚȡȐȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȚİȟĮȤșİȓ ıİ
ʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ıİ țȪIJIJĮȡĮ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ țĮȚ ȗȫȦȞ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫșȘțİ
ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ IJȠȟȚțȫȞ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȦȞ ıIJȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ Įʌȩ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ȉĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȦȞİȓȞĮȚʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȩȠȓįȘȝĮįȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢ
ıIJȠȞİȣȡȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮĮțȩȝȘțĮȚȣʌȠIJȠȟȚțȩıIJȡİȢ
ǼȆǿǻȇǹȈǾ ȉȍȃ ȈȊȈȉǾȂǹȉȍȃ ǼȄǹǼȇǿȈȂȅȊ ȈȉǾȃ ȆȅǿȅȉǾȉǹ ȉȅȊ ǹǼȇǹ
ǼȈȍȉǼȇǿȍȃȋȍȇȍȃȀǹǿȈȉǾȈȊīȀǼȃȉȇȍȈǾǹǿȍȇȅȊȂǼȃȍȃȈȍȂǹȉǿǻǿȍȃ
ȉĮ țIJȓȡȚĮ įȚĮșȑIJȠȣȞ IJȣʌȚțȐ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ șȑȡȝĮȞıȘȢ ȥȪȟȘȢ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ HVACHeating Ventilation and Air-ConditioningȖȚĮIJȘșȑȡȝĮȞıȘțĮȚIJȘȥȪȟȘIJȦȞȤȫȡȦȞ
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞįȚȐijȠȡĮıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ+9$&IJĮȠʌȠȓĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚıIJĮțIJȓȡȚĮ
ȅIJȪʌȠȢIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣșĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓșĮȑȤİȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒİʌȚȡȡȠȒıIJĮ
ıȤȑįȚĮ ȡȠȒȢ IJȠȣ ĮȑȡĮ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ țIJȓȡȚȠ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ
ĮȞIJȓțIJȣʌȠ ıIJȘȞ İıȦIJİȡȚțȒ ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ ĮȑȡĮ ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȑȞIJİ
ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
ȈȣȝȕĮIJȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ įȚĮȞȠȝȒȢ ĮȑȡĮ ȝİ ĮȞİijȠįȚĮıȝȩ țĮȚ İʌȚıIJȡȠijȒ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
opȠijȒ.
ȈȣȝȕĮIJȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮįȚĮȞȠȝȒȢĮȑȡĮȝİĮȞİijȠįȚĮıȝȩĮʌȩIJȘȞȠȡȠijȒțĮȚ
İʌȚıIJȡȠijȒĮʌȩIJȠʌȐIJȦȝĮ.
ǼȞįȠįĮʌȑįȚȠıȪıIJȘȝĮįȚĮȞȠȝȒȢĮȑȡĮ.
ȈȪıIJȘȝĮȝİIJĮIJȠʌȓıİȦȞGLVSODFHPHQWV\VWHP.
ȈȪıIJȘȝĮįȚĮıțȠȡʌȚıȝȠȪVSOLWV\VWHP.
ǾʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣĮȑȡĮțĮȚȠȚșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮİʌȘȡİĮıIJȠȪȞ
ıİ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ȕĮșȝȩ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ IJȪʌȠ IJȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ įȚĮȞȠȝȒȢ ĮȑȡĮ ʌȠȣ șĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ ȉĮ ıȤȑįȚĮ ȡȠȫȞ IJȠȣ ĮȑȡĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ĮȞIJĮȜȜĮȖȒȢ
İıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪ - İȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȪĮȑȡĮİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚİʌȚʌȜȑȠȞĮʌȩIJȠıȘȝİȓȠİȚıĮȖȦȖȒȢ
țĮȚ İʌȚıIJȡȠijȒȢ IJȠȣ ĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȪ ĮȑȡĮ țĮȚ IJȘ ıȤȑıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȚȑıİȦȞ ʌȠȣ
İʌȚțȡĮIJȠȪȞİȞIJȩȢțĮȚİțIJȩȢIJȠȣțIJȚȡȓȠȣ
ǼʌȓıȘȢȑȞĮʌȠȜȪıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩıȘȝİȓȠıIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞİȓȞĮȚ
ȠIJȪʌȠȢIJȠȣijȓȜIJȡȠȣĮȑȡĮʌȠȣșĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ
125
Ǿ ĮʌȠįȠIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJĮ ijȓȜIJȡĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȜȩȖȠ
ĮȣIJȩ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌĮȜȜĮȖȝȑȞĮ Įʌȩ ȡȪʌȠȣȢ ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ țĮȚ
ȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ
ǼȞĮȐȜȜȠıȘȝİȓȠȩʌȠȣĮʌȠIJȓșİȞIJĮȚıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮțĮȚİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞȞĮʌȡȠțȜȘșİȓ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȣʌȠȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚ ȠȚİȞĮȜȜȐțIJİȢșİȡȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ
Ǿ ĮʌȩșİıȘ ĮȣȟȐȞİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ ȝȑȖİșȠȢ IJȦȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ țĮȚ ȝȚțȡȑȢ IJĮȤȪIJȘIJİȢ ĮȑȡĮ
ĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ĮʌȩșİıȘ ıIJȠȣȢ İȞĮȜȜȐțIJİȢ ȜȩȖȦ įȚȐȤȣıȘȢ țĮȚ ȕĮȡȣIJȚțȒȢ
țĮșȓȗȘıȘȢ
Ǿ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ ijȓȜIJȡȦȞ ȩıȠ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮțȡȐIJȘıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ĮȞȐıȤİıȘ IJȦȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ ȑȤİȚ ȞĮ țȐȞİȚ ȝİ IJȠ ȝȑȖİșȠȢ IJȦȞıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠȞ
IJȪʌȠIJȠȣijȓȜIJȡȠȣ
ȉĮijȓȜIJȡĮȝȚțȡȒȢĮʌȩįȠıȘȢȑȤȠȣȞIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȞĮțĮIJĮțȡĮIJȠȪȞIJĮȤȠȞįȡȩțȠțțĮ
ıȦȝĮIJȓįȚĮ ĮȜȜȐ ıȣȖȤȡȩȞȦȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮʌȠțȜİȓıȠȣȞ IJȘȞ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒ
ıIJȠȣȢ ĮİȡĮȖȦȖȠȪȢ ȜİʌIJȩțȠțțȦȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ ȖȪȡȘȢ ȕĮțIJȘȡȓȦȞ țĮȚ
ȝȣțȒIJȦȞ ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ıİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȣȖȡĮȞIJȒȡĮȢ ȖȚĮ
IJȠȞȑȜİȖȤȠIJȘȢȣȖȡĮıȓĮȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠ
Ǿ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȠȪ ıIJȠȣȢ İıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ȑȤİȚ ȦȢ ıIJȩȤȠ IJȘȞ
ǺİȜIJȓȦıȘIJȘȢʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢIJȠȣİıȦIJİȡȚțȠȪĮȑȡĮȝȑıȦIJȘȢĮȞĮȞȑȦıȘȢIJȠȣĮȑȡĮIJȘȢ
ĮȡĮȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘȢ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȚĮțȫȞ ȡȪʌȦȞ ȅ İȟĮİȡȚıȝȩȢ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȐțĮȚȝİʌȠȜȜȠȪȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢȅȚĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢıİİıȦIJİȡȚțȩĮȑȡĮIJȠȝȑȖİșȠȢ
IJȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ Ƞ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ țĮȚ Ș įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȚIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ ıIJȠ
țIJȓȡȚȠșĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȓıȠȣȞIJȠȞȡȣșȝȩİȞĮȜȜĮȖȒȢIJȠȣĮȑȡĮ
ǼȀĬǼȈǾȈǼȋǾȂǿȀǹȀǹǿǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀǼȈǻǼȇȂǹȉȅȆǹĬǼǿǼȈ
ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJĮʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİțĮșȘȝİȡȚȞȒİʌĮijȒ
ȝİ ȤȘȝȚțȐ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȐıȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ İȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȠʌĮșİȚȫȞ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȐ țȩȜȜİȢ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ ĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȫȞ
ıĮʌȠȪȞȚĮȕĮijȑȢȕİȡȞȓțȚĮ.
ȅȚ įȪȠ țȪȡȚȠȚ IJȪʌȠȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ įİȡȝĮIJȠʌĮșİȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȝȘ ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȒ Ȓ
İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȒ Ȓ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮİȟ
İʌĮijȒȢ
(ȇǼĬǿȈȉǿȀǾǻǼȇȂǹȉǿȉǿǻǹ
ȀĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ȠȟİȓĮ ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ İȡȣșȡȩ ȠȚįȘȝĮIJȫįİȢ ȝİ țȞȘıȝȩ țĮȚ
İʌȫįȣȞȠȆĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȝȚțȡȑȢijȣıĮȜȓįİȢȠȚȠʌȠȓİȢʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞȣȖȡȩǵʌȠȣIJȠ
ıIJȡȫȝĮ IJȘȢ țİȡĮIJȓȞȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȜİʌIJȩ ʌȤ ıIJȚȢ ʌĮȜȐȝİȢ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİȖȐȜİȢ
ijȣıĮȜȓįİȢ
ǵIJĮȞ Ș ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌȠȟİȓĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ İȡȣșȡȩIJȘIJĮ ĮʌȠȜȑʌȚıȘ țĮȚ
İʌȫįȣȞİȢ įȚĮȕȡȫıİȚȢ ȀĮȚ ıIJȚȢ įȪȠ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ İȓȞĮȚ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ȞĮ İʌȚıȣȝȕİȓ
126
įİȣIJİȡȠʌĮșȒȢȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȈIJȘȤȡȩȞȚĮȝȠȡijȒʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚİʌȫįȣȞİȢįȚĮȕȡȫıİȚȢ
țȣȡȓȦȢȖȪȡȦĮʌȩIJȚȢĮȡșȡȫıİȚȢ IJȦȞįĮțIJȪȜȦȞțĮȚĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮıIJȚȢʌĮȜȐȝİȢ
īȚĮIJȘȞȠȡșȒįȚȐȖȞȦıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞIJĮțȐIJȦșȚțȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ
ȊʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȐȝİȓȗȠȞĮțȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ
DzȞĮȡȟȘıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞİȞIJȩȢȜİʌIJȫȞȒȦȡȫȞĮʌȩIJȘȞȑțșİıȘ
ȆȩȞȠȢțĮȪıȠȢȞȣȖȝȠȓȒįȣıĮȞİȟȓĮȑȦȢțȞȘıȝȩȢıIJĮĮȡȤȚțȐıIJȐįȚĮ.
ȊʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȐİȜȐııȠȞĮțȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ
ǼȝijȐȞȚıȘ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ıİ įȣȠ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȞȑİȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢ.
ǼȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ țĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ IJİțȝȘȡȓȦıȘ Įʌȩ
ȖȚĮIJȡȩ.
ǹȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐȝİȓȗȠȞĮțȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ
ǼȡȪșȘȝĮȣʌİȡțİȡȐIJȦıȘȡĮȖȐįİȢijȣıĮȜȓįİȢ.
ȈIJȓȜȕȠȣıĮĮʌȠȟȘȡĮȝȑȞȘȒȞİțȡȦȝȑȞȘİȝijȐȞȚıȘİȝijȐȞȚıȘIJȘȢİʌȚįİȡȝȓįĮȢ.
ȆȡȠȧȠȪıĮȓĮıȘȝİIJȘȞĮʌȩıȣȡıȘIJȠȣĮȚIJȓȠȣ.
ǹȡȞȘIJȚțȐ3DWFKWHVWVȝİʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȐĮȜȜİȡȖȚȠȖȩȞĮ.
ǹȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐİȜȐııȠȞĮțȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ
ȈĮijȒȢĮijȠȡȚıȝȩȢIJȘȢİʌȚįİȡȝȓįĮȢ.
ǼȞįİȓȟİȚȢİʌȚįİȓȞȦıȘȢ.
DzȜȜİȚȥȘIJȐıȘȢİʌȑțIJĮıȘȢȝİIJȠȤȡȩȞȠ.
ǻȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡȐıİȚȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ İȡȪșȘȝĮ ijȣıĮȜȓįİȢ ʌȠȝijȩȜȣȖİȢ
ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȘȞʌȣțȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȤȡȩȞȠȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚIJȘșȑıȘ
ȅȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȒ țĮȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ
ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȠȡȡȣʌĮȞIJȚțȐ ĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȐ ıĮʌȠȪȞȚĮ įȚĮȜȪIJİȢ
ȕĮijȑȢijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘİȜĮıIJȚțȩʌȜĮıIJȚțȐĮȡȫȝĮIJĮ
ǹȁȁǼȇīǿȀǾǻǼȇȂǹȉǿȉǿǻǹ
Ǿ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮȢ IJȪʌȠȢ ,9 İʌȚȕȡĮįȣȞȩȝİȞȘȢ
ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ ıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚIJĮ7 - ȜİȝijȠțȪIJIJĮȡĮȈIJȚȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ
ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İțįȘȜȦșİȓ Ș įİȡȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȘȖȘșȠȪȞ
İʌĮȞĮȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝİȞİȢİțșȑıİȚȢĮȜȜȐȝİįȣȞĮIJȑȢİȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȑȢȠȣıȓİȢȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚ
127
IJȠ įȚȞȚIJȡȠȤȜȦȡȠȕİȞȗȩȜȚȠ țĮȚ Ș SULPXOD Ǿ İțįȒȜȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȐȝİıȘ ǹȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚIJȘȞİȡİșȚıIJȚțȒįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
īȚĮIJȘȞİȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ-İȕįȠȝȐįİȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȘȢȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚIJȘȢ
țȜȚȞȚțȒȢ İțįȒȜȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚĮıIJİȓ
țĮȚȝȑıĮıİȜȓȖİȢȝȑȡİȢǾįȚȐȖȞȦıȘİʌȚıijȡĮȖȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȚȢįİȡȝĮIJȚțȑȢįȠțȚȝĮıȓİȢ
(patch testing).
ȅ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ ǻǼǼ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȑȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢ ȤĮȝȘȜȠȪ ȝȠȡȚĮțȠȪ ȕȐȡȠȣȢ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȚțĮȞȑȢ ȞĮ İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıȠȣȞ ȝȩȞȠ
ȩIJĮȞıȣȞįİȩȝİȞİȢȝİʌȡȦIJİǸȞİȢįȚĮʌİȡȐıȠȣȞIJȠįȑȡȝĮ
ǾİȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȩȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞȤȘȝȚțȫȞȠȣıȚȫȞȑȤİȚʌȜĮIJȚȐįȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘ
ǾǻǼǼİȟİʌĮijȒȢʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢȝİȠȓįȘȝĮıIJĮȕȜȑijĮȡĮțĮȚʌȡȠȠįİȣIJȚțȐ
ȝİIJȘȞȑțșİıȘİȟĮʌȜȫȞİIJĮȚıİįȚȐijȠȡĮȝȑȡȘIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢǻȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒįȚȐȖȞȦıȘ
șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ İȟȐȞșȘȝĮ ȘȜȚȠIJȡȠʌȓȠȣ IJȘȞ įİȡȝĮIJȠȝȣȠıȓIJȚįĮ Įʌȩ
ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȐİȟĮȞșȒȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢĮȣIJȐʌȠȣȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞĮȜȜȠʌȠȣȡȚȞȩȜȘȒIJȘȞ
ʌİȞȚțȚȜȓȞȘ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȝȚȝȘșȠȪȞ IJȘ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ ʌȡȚȞ
İʌİțIJĮșȠȪȞ
ĭȣıĮȜȚįȫįȘ İȟĮȞșȒȝĮIJĮ IJȦȞ ȤİȡȚȫȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ įİȣIJİȡȠʌĮșȒ İȞȫ IJĮ
ʌȡȦIJȠʌĮșȒȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıİȝȪțȘIJİȢțĮȚșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȟİIJȐȗȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚIJĮʌȩįȚĮȩIJĮȞ
İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚȑțȗİȝĮıIJĮȤȑȡȚĮǻȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȒįȚȐȖȞȦıȘșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢ
ĮʌȩIJȘȞȥȦȡȓĮıȘ
ĭȜİȖȝȠȞȒ Įʌȩ ȝȪțȘIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ 7ULFKRSK\WRQ 5XEUXP ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ȝȚȝȘșİȓ ȑțȗİȝĮ ĮȜȜȐ İȓȞĮȚ įȪıțȠȜȠ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ĮȞ įİȞ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚțĮȚıIJĮʌȩįȚĮ
ȆĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞ IJȘȞ İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞ
İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȩ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ ȠȣıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮıIJȡȑijȠȣȞ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ IJȠ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞțĮȚIJȠȣȢȖİȞİIJȚțȠȪȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȩȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮțĮȚıİȝĮțȡȐȑțșİıȘİȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞȝȩȞȠȑȞĮȝȚțȡȩ
ʌȠıȠıIJȩIJȠȣʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ.
Ǿ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ IJİțȝȘȡȚȫȞİIJĮȚ Ș įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ IJȪʌȠȣ ,9
ȣʌİȡİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮȢ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȠʌȚțȐ IJȠʌȠșİIJȠȣȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȞIJȚȖȩȞȦȞ ȠȞȠȝȐȗİIJĮȚ 3DWFK
7HVWLQJ ǼȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ĮʌĮȞIJȫȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJĮ
ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞȩʌȦȢĮȡȫȝĮIJĮțĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȐʌȡȠȧȩȞIJĮʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞ
ȕİȡȞȓțȚĮțȩȜȜİȢĮțȡȣȜȚțȐ
ȆȡȩıijĮIJĮ Ƞ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȦȞ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ĮȣȟȒșȘțİ ıIJȚȢ
IJȐȟİȚȢ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ țĮȚ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJİȤȞȘIJȫȞȞȣȤȚȫȞ
ȆȡȩıijĮIJȘ ǿıʌĮȞȚțȒ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ıIJȩȤİȣıİ ıIJȘ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ IJȦȞ țȜȚȞȚțȫȞ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȫȞIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣțĮșȫȢțĮȚıIJȠȞİȞIJȠʌȚıȝȩȢIJȦȞĮȜȜİȡȖȚȠȖȩȞȦȞʌȠȣ
İȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȟ İʌĮijȒȢ ȜȩȖȦ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȫȞ ıİ
ĮȚıșȘIJȚțȠȪȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıİ ȤȡȒıIJİȢ IJİȤȞȘIJȫȞ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ Ǿ ȝİȜȑIJȘ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıİ ȞĮ
įȚİȡİȣȞȒıİȚIJĮįȚĮȖȞȦıȝȑȞĮʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐĮIJȠʌȚțȒȢįİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢĮʌȠįȚįȩȝİȞȘȢıİ
ȤȡȒıȘ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȫȞ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ıIJȠ ʌĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȚĮțȩ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ IJȘȢ ǺĮȜȑȞșȚĮ IJĮ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮ
128
ȈȣȞȠȜȚțȐ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ įȚĮȖȞȫıIJȘțĮȞ ǼʌȡȩțİȚIJȠ ȖȚĮ ĮȚıșȘIJȚțȠȪȢ țĮȚ ʌİȜȐIJȘȉĮʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐįȚĮȖȞȫıIJȘțĮȞțĮIJȐIJĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮ
ǵȜİȢȒIJĮȞȖȣȞĮȓțİȢȘȝȑıȘȘȜȚțȓĮIJȠȣȢȒIJĮȞȤȡȩȞȚĮțĮȚIJȠİȓȤİȑȞĮ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ Ȓ ȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚĮțȩ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩ ĮIJȠʌȓĮȢ ȅ ȤȡȩȞȠȢ İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ
țȣȝĮȚȞȩIJĮȞȝİIJĮȟȪȝȘȞȩȢțĮȚİIJȫȞȅȚʌȚȠıȣȤȞȐʌȜȘȖİȓıİȢʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢȒIJĮȞIJĮ
ıĮȡțȫįȘȝȑȡȘIJȦȞįĮȤIJȪȜȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞȤİȡȚȫȞȉȡİȚȢĮıșİȞİȓȢĮȚıșȘIJȚțȠȓțĮȚ
ʌİȜȐIJȘȢ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮıĮȞ ĮȜȜİȡȖȚțȩ ȐıșȝĮ ȠijİȚȜȩȝİȞȠ ıİ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȑȢ İȞȫıİȚȢ ȉȠ
ıȣȝʌȑȡĮıȝĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȑțȣȥİ ȒIJĮȞ ȩIJȚ IJĮ ĮțȡȣȜȚțȐ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ
ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
İȣĮȚıșȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮIJȠʌȚțȒ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ ȍȢ İȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȓʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢȖȚĮIJȠȞʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȩIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣĮʌȠIJȚȝȫȞIJĮȚȘʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒȢ
țĮȚȘįİȣIJİȡȠȖİȞȒȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ
ǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀȅǹȁȁǼȇīǿȀȅǺȇȅīȋǿȀȅǹȈĬȂǹ
Ǿ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ İȚıʌȞİȣıIJȚțȒ ȑțșİıȘ IJȦȞ IJİȤȞȚIJȫȞ ʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ıİ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȕȡȠȖȤȚțȩȐıșȝĮ
ȅȚȝȠȡijȑȢIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȐıșȝĮIJȠȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢ
Į IJȠ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ ȐıșȝĮ 2FFXSDWLRQDO DVWKPD ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪ IJȪʌȠȣ țĮȚ ȝȘ
ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪIJȪʌȠȣ
ȕ IJȠ ȐıșȝĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȨʌȐȡȤİȚ ĮȜȜȐ İʌȚįİȚȞȫȞİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ (WorkagJUDYDWHG DVWKPD Įʌȩ İȚıʌȞİȩȝİȞİȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢȒĮʌȩȝȘİȚįȚțȐİȡİșȓıȝĮIJĮțȡȪȠȐıțȘıȘ
Ȗ įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ IJȪʌȠȣ ȐıșȝĮIJȠȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ȘȦıȚȞȠijȚȜȚțȒ ȕȡȠȖȤȓIJȚįĮ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȤȡȩȞȚȠ ȕȒȤĮ ȘȦıȚȞȠijȚȜȓĮ ıIJĮ ʌIJȪİȜĮ 9&' 9RFDO cord
Closure).
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘ ĮȞĮijȠȡȐ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ıȪȞįȡȠȝȠ įȣıȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ ĮȞIJȚįȡĮıIJȚțȫȞ
ĮİȡĮȖȦȖȫȞ5$'6UHDFWLYHDLUZD\VG\VIXQFWLRQV\QGURPHʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȢIJȪʌȠȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȐıșȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩȑțșİıȘıİȣȥȘȜȒįȩıȘțȐʌȠȚĮȢ
İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒȢȠȣıȓĮȢ(60).
ȍȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ ȐıșȝĮ ȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Ș ȞȩıȠȢ ʌȠȣ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ įȚĮijȩȡȠȣ
ȕĮșȝȠȪʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȩIJȘȢȡȠȒȢĮȑȡĮʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚĮʌȩȑțșİıȘıİʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
țĮȚ țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ʌĮȡȩȞIJĮ ıİ ȑȞĮ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ǹIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȨʌȐȡȤȠȞ Ȓ ıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȞ ȐıșȝĮ įİȞ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚıİĮȣIJȩIJȠȞȠȡȚıȝȩ
ǾȞȩıȠȢȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩijȜİȖȝȠȞȒȝİIJĮȕĮȜȜȩȝİȞȘıIJȑȞȦıȘIJȦȞĮİȡĮȖȦȖȫȞ
țĮȚȕȡȠȖȤȚțȒȣʌİȡĮȞIJȚįȡĮıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ
ȈIJȘȞʌĮșȠȖȑȞİȚĮIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȐıșȝĮIJȠȢİȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚįȚȐijȠȡȠȚȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȓ
ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓ țĮȚ ȝȘ ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȓ ȉȠ ĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪ IJȪʌȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ
ȐıșȝĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ IJȠIJȦȞʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞțĮȚȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮ ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮȢ ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣ ʌȡȠ IJȘȢ İȞȐȡȟİȦȢ IJȦȞ ıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞ ıİ
129
ĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİIJȠȝȘĮȞȠıȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪIJȪʌȠȣȐıșȝĮ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣIJȦȞʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ
ʌȠȣįİȞİȝijĮȞȓȗİȚȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮʌİȡȓȠįȠ
ȆȡȩıijĮIJȘȑȡİȣȞĮıİİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȚȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȦȞʌİȡȚʌȠȓȘıȘȢȞȣȤȚȫȞĮʌȑįİȚȟİIJȘȞ
ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒȢIJȠȣȢĮʌȩİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȕȡȠȖȤȚțȩȐıșȝĮ
ǹȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȐ ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ıȤİIJȚȗȩȝİȞĮ ȝİ ȕȡȠȖȤȚțȩ ȐıșȝĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮȗĮȞ
ĮȚıșȘIJȐ ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘ İʌȚțȡȐIJȘıȘ ıIJȠȣȢ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ ȠȝȐįİȢ
ȝĮȡIJȪȡȦȞĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȝİȞİȢĮʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȪȢȣʌĮȜȜȒȜȠȣȢȖȡĮijİȓȠȣ
ǾțĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘțĮȚȘȣȚȠșȑIJȘıȘIJȦȞȕȑȜIJȚıIJȦȞİȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞʌȡĮțIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚȦȢ
ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ
ȅȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚİȞȒȝİȡȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȞİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞȤȘȝȚțȫȞȦȢ
ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ ȕȡȠȖȤȚțȠȪ ȐıșȝĮIJȠȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȩȝȦȢ ȞĮ
ȣȚȠșİIJȠȪȞ ıIJȠ ıȪȞȠȜȩ IJȠȣȢ ıȦıIJȑȢ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢ ȤȡȒıȘȢ IJȦȞ ȝȑıȦȞ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢ
ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡĮİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ İȓȞĮȚIJȠȕİȡȞȓțȚȞȣȤȚȫȞțĮȚȠȚ
įȚĮȜȪIJİȢʌȠȣʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞijȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘȅțȓȞįȣȞȠȢĮȣȟȐȞİȚȝİIJȘıȣȞȒșȘʌȡĮțIJȚțȒ
ȤȡȒıȘȢ IJȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ȐʌȜȦȝĮ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȝȠȞȒ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȠ ıIJȑȖȞȦȝĮ ȉȑȜȠȢ
İȞȠȤȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȟİȕĮijIJȚțȐ ȞȣȤȚȫȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒ ĮijĮȓȡİıȘȢ IJȘȢ
ıIJȓȜȕȦıȘȢȝİIJȡȚȕȒIJȦȞĮțȡȣȜȚțȫȞ (64, 65).
ǺǿǺȁǿȅīȇǹĭǿǹ
1. ĭȁ ȁȧȟIJijįȟijțȟȔİșȣ ǾȤȡȘıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢʌĮȡȠȤȒȢȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ.
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ȆǻĭǼȀǹ
ȀȅǿȃȅȉǿȀǾȅǻǾīǿǹǼȅȀ
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țĮȜȜȣȞIJȚțȫȞʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȀȠȚȞȠIJȚțȒȅįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀIJȠȣȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣIJȘȢǿȠȣȜȓȠȣª
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Postgraduate Programme Health and Safety in Workplaces, Medical School, Democritus
University of Thrace, Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical
School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Abstract: This study deals with the chemical risk factors for nail technicians. After a
brief reference to the nature of the profession and the legislation on the safety of
cosmetics, the toxicity of these factors(solvents, acetone, paraffin the derivatives
of combustion of paraffin, formaldehyde, phthalates, antiseptics) and morbidity
resulting from them is documented based on greek and international literature.
Also discusses the harmful effects produced by the workplace particles and the
role of ventilation. Afterwards presents the work practices the frequency of use of
means of individual protection, the existence of symptoms of professional
morbidity and the effect of quality of provided education concerning the adoption of
safe labour practices that decrease the repercussion of exposure to chemical
factors of venturousness.
63. Harris - Roberts J., Bowen J., Sumner J., Stocks - Greaves M., Bradshaw L., Fishwick D.
and Barber C.M. (2011) Work-related symptoms in nail salon technicians, Occup Med (Lond). 2011
Aug;61(5):335-40.
64. Health and Safety Laboratory for the Health and Safety Executive (2008), Occupational
asthma, respiratory issues and dermatitis in hairdressers and nail bars A London Boroughts
initiative
65. Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers (2007), Occupational Health Hazards in
nail salons. Ontario.
133
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 107-134 134
ȋĬȀǽȀȄǿȁǺȀǺȉĮǺȂǽȀǺ ǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ȉȊȆȌȎȈȆȊȆȋȄǽȁȈȆȊȆȃǽȀȆȋ
ȆȆĮȣȜȓįȘȢE. ȈȚȕȡȓįȘȢȂȅȡijĮȞȓįȘȢțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ıİıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘȝİIJĮȉȝȒȝĮIJĮǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹǯ ȉ.Ǽ.ǿ. ǹșȒȞĮȢ).
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ Ǿ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ
İʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ ȠȚ įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞIJİȢ IJȘ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌȠȤȡİȦȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ǹȞ țĮȚ İįȫ Ș İȟȐȜİȚȥȘ IJȦȞ
țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ IJȦȞ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȞȩıȦȞ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȐ ĮįȪȞĮIJȘ ȑȤȠȣȞ İțįȠșİȓ
țĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȒȡȚİȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ Įʌȩ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ
ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣʌȠȣĮʌȠıțȠʌȠȪȞıIJȘȞȝİȓȦıȘIJȠțĮIJȐIJȠ
įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ IJȘȢ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ȅȚ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ ıIJȠ
ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮįȠșȠȪȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȘȢ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ȣȖȡȐ IJȠȣ ʌIJȫȝĮIJȠȢ ĮȓȝĮ ȠȪȡĮ ıʌȜȐȤȞĮ
ʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠ İȞIJİȡȚțȠȪ ıȦȜȒȞĮ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Įʌȩ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ĮʌȠıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȉĮ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡĮ ĮȚȝĮIJȠȖİȞȫȢ ȝİIJĮįȚįȩȝİȞĮ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ ȜȪıȘȢ IJȘȢ
ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡ—ĮIJȠȢ —İ ȕİȜȩȞĮ Ȓ ȐȜȜȠ ĮȚȤ—Șȡȩ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ Ȓ țĮȚ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ
ȑțșİıȘȢIJȦȞȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȦȞIJȠȣıIJȩ—ĮIJȠȢIJȘȢȡȚȞȚțȒȢțȠȚȜȩIJȘIJĮȢȒIJȦȞȠijșĮȜ—ȫȞ
—İIJȐĮʌȩİțIJȓȞĮȟȘȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȣȖȡȠȪİȓȞĮȚȘȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺȘȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ&țĮȚȘ+,9
ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘǹȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮIJĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝİIJĮįȓįȠȞIJĮȚȝİıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮ
Ȓ ĮİȡȠȖİȞȫȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ Ș ȝȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮ țĮȚ Ș ĮȞİȝȠȕȜȠȖȚȐ Ȉİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ
ʌȜĮȓıȚȠȘȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȦȢȘȚĮIJȡȠįȚțĮıIJȚțȒİȟȑIJĮıȘİȞȩȢ
ĮIJȩȝȠȣIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİȞȗȦȒİȓȤİȒȒIJĮȞʌȚșĮȞȩȞĮİȓȤİȑȞĮıȠȕĮȡȩȜȠȚȝȫįİȢȞȩıȘȝĮ
IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ įȪȞĮIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮįȠșİȓ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞ Ȓ ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȣȞ ıIJȘ
įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ DzIJıȚ ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ Ș ĮȞȐȖțȘ ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢ ĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ
ȣȥȘȜȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ʌȡȚȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮțȐșİ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮİȝʌİȡȚȑȤİȚ
IJȘȞ ȑȞȞȠȚĮ IJȘȢ įȚĮıĮijȒȞȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȠȪ IJȠȣ șĮȞȩȞIJĮ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȫȞ
İȣȡȘȝȐIJȦȞİȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȐțȐșİȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȦȢʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȩ
ȣȥȘȜȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȈIJȠ ıȪȞȠȜȠ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ Ș İȚįȚțȒ
ȑȞįȣıȘ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ĮįȚȐȕȡȠȤȘ ıIJȠȜȒ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ İȚįȚțȒȢ ȝȐıțĮȢ įȚʌȜȐ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ
ȖȣĮȜȚȐ ȣʌȠįȒȝĮIJĮ țIJȜ įȚȐijȠȡĮ įȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ȩȝȦȢ İȞȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ
ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİ IJȠȟȚțȩIJȘIJĮ Ȓ ȐȜȜȦȞ İʌȚȕȜĮȕȫȞ ȚįȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȟȩȞIJȦıȘ
ȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞȚȫȞȝȣțȒIJȦȞȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞıʌȩȡȦȞȐȜȜĮĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȐȖȚĮIJĮȤȑȡȚĮ
țĮȚ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ Ȓ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȜȪȝĮȞıȘ İȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞ țĮȚ ȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȫȞ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȚțȫȞ
IJȡĮʌİȗȓȦȞ ʌȜȒșȠȢ İȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ IJȠ ȝȑȖİșȠȢ Ƞ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ
ĮȓșȠȣıĮȢȘIJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıȘIJȠȣİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪȖȚĮȞĮijȚȜȠȟİȞȠȪȞIJȠijȩȡIJȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚ
ȞĮİʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮIJȠțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩțĮȚĮʌȠȜȪȝĮȞıȘIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ
IJȦȞ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȫȞ ȠįȫȞ ȐȡIJȚĮ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȣȖȡȫȞ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 135-154 135
ĮʌȠijȣȖȒȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȢ ıİ İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ ʌȠȣ İț IJȦȞ ȣıIJȑȡȦȞ șĮ İȓȞĮȚ
İțIJİșİȚȝȑȞĮ ıİ țȠȚȞȒ ȤȡȒıȘ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș țĮȜȒ ȖȞȫıȘ IJȘȢ IJİȤȞȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijİȪȖȠȞIJĮȚ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȓ ǹʌȩ IJȘ ıțȠʌȚȐ IJȦȞ
ıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞ ıIJȘ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ įİȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJĮȜȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ
ȝȘȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȞȠȚȤIJȐ IJȡĮȪȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ʌȐıȤȠȣȞ Įʌȩ țȐʌȠȚĮȢ ȝȠȡijȒȢ
įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ İȞȫ ȩȜȠ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȤİIJĮȚ —İ
ijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ʌȡȚȞ ĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚ țĮșȒțȠȞIJĮ ȉȑȜȠȢ ȠȚ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓ ȖȚĮ
ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ǻ IJȑIJĮȞȠ įȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮ ȚȜĮȡȐ İȡȣșȡȐ ʌĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮ ĮȞİȝȠȕȜȠȖȚȐ țĮȚ
ȖȡȓʌȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠȝȑIJȡȠʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢ
IJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ
īǼȃǿȀǹȂǼȉȇǹȆȇȅȁǾȌǾȈȀǹǿȆȇȅȈȉǹȈǿǹȈ ȈȉȅȃǼȀȇȅȉȅȂǼǿȅ
ȉȠ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ ȓıȦȢ IJȠ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡȠ IJȝȒȝĮ IJȘȢ ȐıțȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ
ȚĮIJȡȠįȚțĮıIJȚțȒȢ İʌȚıIJȒȝȘȢ ȆȑȡĮȞ IJȠȣ ȚĮIJȡȠįȚțĮıIJȒ țĮȚ IJȦȞ ȕȠȘșȫȞ IJȠȣ, ıIJȠ
ȤȫȡȠİȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚʌȠȜȜȐȐȜȜĮȐIJȠȝĮįȚĮijȩȡȦȞİȚįȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞȩʌȦȢțĮȚȝİȡȚțȑȢ
ijȠȡȑȢıIJİȜȑȤȘIJȦȞʌȡȠĮȞĮțȡȚIJȚțȫȞĮȡȤȫȞ
ǾĮıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ IJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ, ȩȜȦȞĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ, İȓȞĮȚ
İʌȚȕİȕȜȘȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȜȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȜȜȘȜȑȞįİIJȠȚ
ȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȢ
ȅȚ įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞIJİȢ IJȘ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌȠȤȡİȦȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ȝȑIJȡĮ
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢțĮȚʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢǹȞȠȚțIJȑȢʌȜȘȖȑȢIJȠ
įȑȡȝĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠȚ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ įȚĮȡțȫȢ İțIJİșİȚȝȑȞĮ ıİ ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮ
ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ȣȖȡȐ ǹʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ įȚʌȜȠȪ ȗİȪȖȠȣȢ ȖĮȞIJȚȫȞ țĮȜȣȝȝȐIJȦȞ IJȠȣ
IJȡȚȤȦIJȠȪIJȘȢțİijĮȜȒȢȠȝȝĮIJȠȨĮȜȓȦȞȤİȚȡȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞȝĮıțȫȞʌȠįȚȐȢȝȚĮȢȤȡȒıȘȢ
țĮȚʌȠįȠȝȐțIJȡȦȞʌȠįȠȞȐȡȚĮȦȢİȜȐȤȚıIJĮȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠȣȢ(PHQ\țĮȚ0DUVKDOOȠȚıȣȞșȒțİȢIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣįİȞʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮșȑIJȠȣȞıİțȓȞįȣȞȠIJȘȗȦȒIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıİĮȣIJȩȉȠȞȓȗȠȣȞIJĮİȟȒȢ
‡ ǾİȞįȣȝĮıȓĮIJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠȪȠȚ ȕĮȝȕĮțȠijȩȡȠȚıIJȣȜİȠȓ țĮȚȠIJȚįȒʌȠIJİȐȜȜȠȣȜȚțȩ
ʌȠȣįİȞșĮȟĮȞĮȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓıİȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮʌȠIJİijȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ
‡ ȅȚ ʌȠįȚȑȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȝʌȩIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮIJȐ IJȘ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ ʌȡȫIJĮ
ʌȜȑȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ țȡȪȠ Ȟİȡȩ İȞ ıȣȞİȤİȓĮ įȚĮȕȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȝȑıȠ ȖȚĮ
ĮȡțİIJȑȢȫȡİȢțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢțȜȚȕĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
‡ ȉĮ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȣȜȚțȐ IJȠʌȠșİIJȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıİ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ ıȐțȠȣȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ
İʌȚțȠȜȜȐIJĮȚ İIJȚțȑIJĮ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ țĮȚ ĮʌȠıIJȑȜȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ʌȜȣȞIJȒȡȚȠ ȉĮ İȚįȚțȐ
ĮȞșİțIJȚțȐ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ țĮȚ ȣʌȠįȒȝĮIJĮ ĮijȠȪ İȜİȖȤIJȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ ʌȚșĮȞȑȢ ijșȠȡȑȢ IJȡȪʌİȢ
țȠȥȓȝĮIJĮ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ĮʌȠıIJİȚȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȉĮ ȤİȚȡȠȣȡȖȚțȐ
ȖȐȞIJȚĮțĮIJĮıIJȡȑijȠȞIJĮȚĮȝȑıȦȢȝİIJȐIJȘȤȡȒıȘȉĮȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȐİȡȖĮȜİȓĮʌȜȑȞȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝİ ȐijșȠȞȠ Ȟİȡȩ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ IJȦȞ țĮIJĮȜȠȓʌȦȞ țĮȚ İȞ ıȣȞİȤİȓĮ
įȚĮȕȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȣȖȡȩ ȅȚ İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ʌȜȑȞȠȞIJĮȚ
IJĮțIJȚțȐȒȝİIJȐĮʌȩțȐșİȤȡȒıȘȝİȞİȡȩțĮȚĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȩįȚȐȜȣȝĮīȚĮIJȘȞʌȜȪıȘ
IJȠȣȢȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȝĮȜĮțȑȢȕȠȪȡIJıİȢ
136
ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮIJĮȣʌȠįȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚʌȜĮıIJȚțȐȑIJıȚ
ȫıIJİȞĮ İȓȞĮȚİȣȤİȡȑȢIJȠʌȜȪıȚȝȩIJȠȣȢȈIJȘȞİȓıȠįȠIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚİȚįȚțȒįİȟĮȝİȞȒȝİĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȩ- ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȩȣȖȡȩ
ȅȚ țĮȞȩȞİȢ ĮȣIJȠʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ IJȘȢ įȚĮıʌȠȡȐȢ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ įİȞ ȝĮȢ İʌȚIJȡȑʌȠȣȞ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȝĮțȡȣȞȩȝĮıIJİ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ȝİ IJĮ İȞįȪȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ijȠȡȐȝİ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ
ǼʌȚȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚȘIJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıȘİȡȝĮȡȓȠȣ- ȚȝĮIJȚȠșȒțȘȢİȞIJȩȢIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣ
ǾİȞįȣȝĮıȓĮIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣȤȦȡȓȗİIJĮȚıİįȪȠțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢĮȠȚıIJȠȜȑȢʌȠȣșĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘ Ƞ ȚĮIJȡȠįȚțĮıIJȒȢ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ țĮȚ ȕ ȠȚ
ıIJȠȜȑȢİțIJȩȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ
ǹʌĮȡȐȕĮIJȠȢțĮȞȩȞĮȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚıIJȠȜȑȢʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚİȞIJȩȢIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣIJȠȣ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ İțIJȩȢ ĮȣIJȠȪ Ǿ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ IJȘȢ İȞįȣȝĮıȓĮȢ
ȖȓȞİIJĮȚȝȑıĮıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ
ȀȐʌȠȚİȢĮʌȩIJȚȢȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢȝİIJĮįȓįȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJĮıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮIJȠȣĮȑȡĮȐȜȜİȢȝİIJȘȞ
İʌĮijȒȝİIJȠįȑȡȝĮțĮȚțȐʌȠȚİȢȐȜȜİȢĮʌȩIJȠĮȓȝĮȒȝȑıȦIJȦȞȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȦȞțĮȚ
IJȦȞİʌȚʌİijȣțȩIJȦȞIJȦȞȠijșĮȜȝȫȞ
ȅȚıȠȕĮȡȩIJİȡİȢȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȑȢȞȩıȠȚİȓȞĮȚȠȚ
‡ ĭȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȉǺ
‡ ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ%&+%9+&9
‡ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
‡ ȃȩıȠȢ Creutzfreltd - Jacob
‡ ǹȚȝȠȡȡĮȖȚțȩȢ ĮijȡȚțȐȞȚțȠȢ ʌȣȡİIJȩȢ (ȚȩȢ Marburg, ȚȩȢ Embola)
‡ ȆȣȡİIJȩȢ Lassa
‡ ȆȣȡİIJȩȢ Congo
‡ ǼȣȜȠȖȚȐ
‡ ȁȪııĮ
‡ DZȜȜĮ (ȝȣțȠʌȜȐıȝĮIJĮ, ıĮȜȝȠȞȑȜİȢ, Ș įȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮ, Ƞ țȠțțȪIJȘȢ, ıIJȡİʌIJȩțȠțțȠȢ,
ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚȩțȠțțȠȢ, ȝȘȞȚȖȖȚIJȚįȩțȠțțȠȢ, Bacillus Anthrax, Haemophilus influenza țIJȜ)
ȃǼȀȇȅȉȅȂǼȈȊȌǾȁȅȊȀǿȃǻȊȃȅȊ
ȉĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡĮĮȚȝĮIJȠȖİȞȫȢȝİIJĮįȚįȩȝİȞĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚ
ȍȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȘȚĮIJȡȠįȚțĮıIJȚțȒİȟȑIJĮıȘİȞȩȢĮIJȩȝȠȣIJȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠİȞȗȦȒİȓȤİȒȒIJĮȞʌȚșĮȞȩȞĮİȓȤİȑȞĮıȠȕĮȡȩȜȠȚȝȫįİȢȞȩıȘȝĮIJȠȠʌȠȓȠ
įȪȞĮIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮįȠșİȓ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞ Ȓ ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȣȞ ıIJȘ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ
IJȘȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ
DzIJıȚ, İȞȫ ıIJȚȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ IJȠȣ Ƞȣ ĮȚȫȞĮ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ʌȡȠİȡȤȩIJĮȞ țȣȡȓȦȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢIJȠȣįȑȡȝĮIJȠȢțȠȥȓȝĮIJĮțĮIJȐIJȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢțĮȚIJȘȞ
ȝİIJȑʌİȚIJĮ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ IJȠȣ IJȡĮȪȝĮIJȠȢ Ș įİțĮİIJȓĮ IJȠȣ ǯ ĮȞȑįİȚȟİ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ IJȘȢ
ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ%&+%9+&9
Ǿ įİțĮİIJȓĮ IJȠȣ ǯ ȒIJĮȞ ĮȣIJȒ ʌȠȣ țĮIJȑįİȚȟİ IJȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Țȩ
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), İȞȫ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ IJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȉǺİȓȞĮȚįȚĮȤȡȠȞȚțȩȢțĮȚİȟĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓȞĮȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚ
īȚĮIJȘȞȩıȠ&UHXW]IUHltd - -DFREȑȦȢıȒȝİȡĮİȞȫȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȣʌȠȥȓİȢȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȘ
ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣİȞIJȠȪIJȠȚȢ įİȞȑȤȠȣȞĮȞĮijİȡșİȓʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ
IJȘȢȞȩıȠȣıİİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢıIJȠȞȤȫȡȠIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ
ȁȅǿȂȍȄǼǿȈȈȉȅȋȍȇȅȉȅȊȃǼȀȇȅȉȅȂǼǿȅȊ
ȀĮIJİȣșȣȞIJȒȡȚİȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ Įʌȩ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ
ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣȑȤȠȣȞįȠșİȓĮʌȩIJȠǾİȟȐȜİȚȥȘIJȦȞ
țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ IJȦȞ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȞȩıȦȞ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȐ ĮįȪȞĮIJȘ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩȞ
IJȠȞȜȩȖȠȠȚȠįȘȖȓİȢĮʌȠıțȠʌȠȪȞıIJȘȞȝİȓȦıȘIJȠțĮIJȐIJȠįȣȞĮIJȩȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ
IJȘȢȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ
ȅȚ ȜȠȚȝȫȟİȚȢ ıIJȠ ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮįȠșȠȪȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ
įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ȣȖȡȐ IJȠȣ ʌIJȫȝĮIJȠȢ ĮȓȝĮ ȠȪȡĮ
ıʌȜȐȤȞĮʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠİȞIJİȡȚțȠȪıȦȜȒȞĮțĮșȫȢțĮȚĮʌȩįȚȐijȠȡĮĮʌȠıIJȒȝĮIJĮ
137
‡ ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺțȓȞįȣȞȠȢȑțșİıȘȢ-30%),
‡ ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ&țȓȞįȣȞȠȢȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚ
‡ +,9ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘțȓȞįȣȞȠȢȑțșİıȘȢ
ǾȑțșİıȘıIJĮʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡșȑȞIJĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ
Į ȜȩȖȦ ȜȪıȘȢ IJȘȢ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮȢ IJȠȣ įȑȡ—ĮIJȠȢ —İ ȕİȜȩȞĮ Ȓ ȐȜȜȠ ĮȚȤ—Șȡȩ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠȞȣıIJȑȡȚWURFDUıȣȡȝȐIJȚȞȠȚȠįȘȖȠȓțȜʌ
ȕ —İ ȑțșİıȘ IJȦȞ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȦȞ IJȠȣ ıIJȩ—ĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ȡȚȞȚțȒȢ țȠȚȜȩIJȘIJĮȢ Ȓ IJȦȞ
ȠijșĮȜ—ȫȞ—İIJȐĮʌȩİțIJȓȞĮȟȘȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȣȖȡȠȪ
ȉĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJİȡĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȝİIJĮįȓįȠȞIJĮȚȝİıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮȒĮİȡȠȖİȞȫȢİȓȞĮȚ
‡ ĭȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
‡ ȂȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮ
‡ ǹȞİȝȠȕȜȠȖȚȐ
ǾȆǹȉǿȉǿǻǹ
ȁȠȓȝȦȟȘ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Țȩ, IJȘȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ Ǻ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıİȚ ıIJȠȞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȘʌĮIJȚțȒ ȞȩıȠ Ȓ ʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȑȢ ȘʌĮIJȠțȣIJIJĮȡȚțȩ țĮȡțȓȞȦȝĮ ȅȚ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȞȚȩĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘȞİȣĮȚıșȘıȓĮıİȐȜȜİȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢIJȠȣ
ȒʌĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȕȠȪȞ ȝȠȚȡĮȓİȢ Ǿ ȝĮțȡȐ ʌİȡȓȠįȠȢ İʌȫĮıȘȢ Įʌȩ ȑȦȢİȕįȠȝȐįİȢıȣȤȞȐțȡȪȕİȚIJȘıȪȞįİıȘȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȖİȖȠȞȩIJȠȢIJȘȢȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ
138
țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȑȞĮȡȟȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȝʌIJȦȝȐIJȦȞ ǹȣȟȘȝȑȞȠȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ Įʌȩ Țȩ IJȘȢ
ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺȑȤİȚįȚĮʌȚıIJȦșİȓȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢ,
ȚįȓȦȢ İțİȓȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıȣȤȞȒ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ĮȓȝĮ Ȓ țĮȚ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ ȕİȜȩȞİȢ Ȓ
ĮȚȤȝȘȡȐ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ Ǿ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ Ǻ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ
ʌĮȡİȞIJİȡȚțȐȒıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȐįȘȜĮįȒȝİİʌĮijȒIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȝİȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
ȣȖȡȐ ĮȓȝĮ ıʌȑȡȝĮ 2 ȚȩȢ įİȞ ȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȝĮȖİȚȡȚțȐ ıțİȪȘ IJȠȣĮȜȑIJİȢ Ȓ
ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮȝİIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒİʌĮijȒīİȞȚțȐȐIJȠȝĮȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȖȚĮȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
ǺİȓȞĮȚIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȝİ
‡ ıIJİȞȑȢİʌĮijȑȢȝİĮıșİȞİȓȢȝİȤȡȩȞȚĮȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ%
‡ ȠȚȠȝȠijȣȜȩijȚȜȠȚ
‡ ȠȚİIJİȡȠijȣȜȩijȚȜȠȚȝİʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȠȪȢ!İȡȦIJȚțȠȪȢıȣȞIJȡȩijȠȣȢ
‡ ȠȚȤȡȒıIJİȢİȞįȠijȜİȕȓȦȞȞĮȡțȦIJȚțȫȞ
‡ ȠȚʌȠȜȣȝİIJĮȖȖȚȗȩȝİȞȠȚ
‡ ȠȚĮȚȝȠțĮșĮȚȡȩȝİȞȠȚıİȝȠȞȐįİȢIJİȤȞȘIJȠȪȞİijȡȠȪ
‡ ȠȚȝİIJĮȝȠıȤİȣȝȑȞȠȚ
‡ ȠȚĮıIJȣȞȠȝȚțȠȓ
‡ IJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩțĮȚȠȚIJȡȩijȚȝȠȚIJȦȞijȣȜĮțȫȞ
‡ ȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢțĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ
‡ ȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJȚȢȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢȣȖİȓĮȢ
ȉȠ ĮʌȠȝȠȞȫșȘțİ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ IJȠ 51$ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ IJȘȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ & Ƞ
ȠʌȠȓȠȢ İȝijĮȞȓȗİȚ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȠȪȢ ȖȠȞȩIJȣʌȠȣȢ țĮșȑȞĮȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ȠʌȠȓȠȣȢ
ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ȣʌȠȠȝȐįİȢ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ įȣıțȠȜİȪİȚ ʌȠȜȪ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȠȪ İȝȕȠȜȓȠȣ ȈIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ ĮʌĮȞIJȐIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ Ƞ
ȖȠȞȩIJȣʌȠȢ țĮȚ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȠȣ ȖİȞȚțȠȪ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ ʌȐıȤİȚ Įʌȩ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ&ȅȚȩȢIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ&ȝİIJĮʌȓʌIJİȚıİȤȡȠȞȚȩIJȘIJĮıİʌȠıȠıIJȩ
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ țĮȚ ȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ʌĮȡİȞIJİȡȚțȐ ĮȓȝĮ ȈȣȞȒșİȚȢ IJȡȩʌȠȚ
įȚĮıʌȠȡȐȢIJȠȣȚȠȪIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ&İȓȞĮȚ
‡ ȋȡȒıȘİȞįȠijȜİȕȓȦȞȞĮȡțȦIJȚțȫȞ
‡ ȂİIJȐȖȖȚıȘĮȓȝĮIJȠȢȒʌĮȡĮȖȫȖȦȞIJȠȣʌȡȚȞĮʌȩIJȠ
‡ ǹȚȝȠțȐșĮȡıȘ
‡ ȉȡȪʌȘȝĮȝİȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȘȕİȜȩȞĮȝȚțȡȒʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢıIJȠ-10%)
‡ ȂİIJĮȝȩıȤİȣıȘȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȠȣȠȡȖȐȞȠȣıIJȠʌĮȡİȜșȩȞ
‡ ǿĮIJȡȚțȑȢȒʌĮȡĮȧĮIJȡȚțȑȢ İȟİIJȐıİȚȢİȞȑıİȚȢIJĮIJȠȣȐȗțIJȜ
‡ ȈİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒȝİIJȐįȠıȘǾʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮİȓȞĮȚȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘĮʌȩIJȠĮȜȜȐĮȣȟȐȞİȚ
ıİȐIJȠȝĮȝİʌȠȜȜĮʌȜȠȪȢİȡȦIJȚțȠȪȢıȣȞIJȡȩijȠȣȢ
‡ ȀȐșİIJȘȝİIJȐįȠıȘĮʌȩȝȘIJȑȡĮıİʌĮȚįȓȈȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ıIJȠ 2-7%
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
ȅȚ ʌȡȫIJİȢ İțșȑıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ȈȣȞįȡȩȝȠȣ IJȘȢ ǼʌȓțIJȘIJȘȢ ǹȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȒȢ ǹȞİʌȐȡțİȚĮȢ
$FTXLUHG ,PPXQH 'HILFLHQF\ 6\QGURPH $,'6 įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțĮȞ IJȠ ȅ ȚȩȢ
+,9ĮʌȠȝȠȞȫșȘțİȖȚĮʌȡȫIJȘijȠȡȐIJȠĮʌȩIJȠȞīȐȜȜȠ0RQWDJQLHUțĮȚIJȠȣȢ
139
ıȣȞİȡȖȐIJİȢ IJȠȣ ıIJȠ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ 3DVWHXU ıİ ȑȞĮȞ ĮıșİȞȒ ȝİ ȜİȝijĮįİȞȠʌȐșİȚĮ Ǿ
ĮȚIJȓĮ IJȠȣ ıȣȞįȡȩȝȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȡİIJȡȠȧȩȢ +7/9-,,, Ȉİ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ʌȠȣ ijȑȡȠȣȞ IJȠȞ Țȩ IJȠȣ $,'6 ʌĮȖțȠıȝȓȦȢ İȞȫ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚȝİȓȦıȘIJȩıȠıIJȚȢȞȑİȢȝȠȜȪȞıİȚȢȩıȠțĮȚıIJȠȣȢșĮȞȐIJȠȣȢĮʌȩIJȘȞ
ĮıșȑȞİȚĮıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJĮıIJȠȚȤİȓĮIJȘȢĮȡȝȩįȚĮȢȣʌȘȡİıȓĮȢIJȠȣȅǾǼ81$,'6
ȅȚȩȢ+,9ȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚȝİ
1. Ȃİ IJȘ ıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ țȐʌȠȚȠ ȠȡȠșİIJȚțȩ ȐIJȠȝȠ ȤȦȡȓȢ IJȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ
ʌȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȠȪ ȅ ȚȩȢ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıIJȠ ĮȓȝĮ ıIJĮ ıʌİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ ʌȡȠıʌİȡȝĮIJȚțȐ țĮȚ
țȠȜʌȚțȐ ȣȖȡȐ ȂʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ İȚıȑȜșİȚ ıIJȠ ıȫȝĮ ȝȑıȦ ȝȚțȡȫȞ Ȓ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȦȞ
ʌȜȘȖȫȞʌȠȣİȞįİȤȠȝȑȞȦȢȞĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞıIJĮȖİȞȞȘIJȚțȐȩȡȖĮȞĮıIJȠȞʌȡȦțIJȩțĮȚ
ıIJȠ ıIJȩȝĮ Ȓ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșȠȪȞ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ ıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȒȢ İʌĮijȒȢ Ǿ
ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ İȣȞȠİȓIJĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȡȠȨʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȐȜȜĮ ıİȟȠȣĮȜȚțȫȢ
ȝİIJĮįȚįȩȝİȞĮȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ
2. ȂİIJȘȞțȠȚȞȒȤȡȒıȘıȣȡȚȖȖȫȞȒȐȜȜȦȞİȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞȖȚĮİȞįȠijȜȑȕȚĮȤȡȒıȘ
3. ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ȝȘIJȑȡĮ ıIJȠ ʌĮȚįȓ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ țȪȘıȘȢ IJȠȣ IJȠțİIJȠȪ Ȓ IJȠȣ
șȘȜĮıȝȠȪȅ+,9İȓȞĮȚȤĮȝȘȜȒȢȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢıİıȪȖțȡȚıȘȝİȐȜȜİȢȞȩıȠȣȢ
ȩʌȦȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚȚȠȓIJȘȢȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢǺțĮȚ&ǾʌȡȫIJȘʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘIJȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȢ
ȝİIJĮįȠȝȑȞȘȢȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ+,9ȑȤİȚĮȞĮijİȡșİȓıIJȘȞȚĮIJȡȚțȒȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮIJȠȅ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ IJȠȣ ȚĮIJȡȚțȠȪ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ țĮȚ İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȦȞ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȦȞ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȩȢ.
ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȢȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢȜȩȖȦIJıȚȝʌȒȝĮIJȠȢȕİȜȩȞĮȢİțIJȚȝȐIJĮȚıİʌȠıȠıIJȩȑȦȢ
ǹȞĮȕȠȜȒIJȘȢįȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢıİȖȞȦıIJȑȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ$,'6įİȞ
İȟĮȜİȓijİȚIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢĮʌȩIJȠȞȚȩ+,9ȅȚȩȢȕȡȑșȘțİıIJȠĮȓȝĮ ȝİIJȐĮʌȩ
ȝȑȡİȢĮʌȩIJȠȞșȐȞĮIJȩIJȠȣ
ĭȊȂǹȉǿȍȈǾȉǺ
Ǿ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ȝȚĮ ȜȠȚȝȫįȘȢ ȞȩıȠȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜİȚ IJȠȣȢ ʌȞİȪȝȠȞİȢ
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ıIJȠ IJȦȞ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ İȞȫ ıIJȠ İȓȞĮȚ İȟȦʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȒ
İȞIJȠʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ıIJȠȞ ȣʌİȗȦțȩIJĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȜİȝijĮįȑȞİȢ ıIJĮ ȠıIJȐ țĮȚ
ĮȡșȡȫıİȚȢıIJȠȣȢȞİijȡȠȪȢıIJȠțİȞIJȡȚțȩȞİȣȡȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮ
ȆȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ IJȠȣ ȠʌȠȓȠȣ Ș ĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘ
ĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫșȘțİ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ Robert Koch ıIJȚȢ ȂĮȡIJȓȠȣ IJȠȣ ǼțIJȩȢ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪIJȠȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠȗİȚțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȚȢȚıȤȣȡȑȢ țȐșİIJİȢȘȜȚĮțȑȢĮțIJȓȞİȢ
ȝȩȞȠȜİʌIJȐțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȚȢĮıșİȞİȓȢȜȠȟȑȢȘȜȚĮțȑȢĮțIJȓȞİȢIJȦȞȕȠȡİȓȦȞȤȦȡȫȞ
ȫȡİȢ İȞȫ ıİ ȑȞĮ ȣȖȡȩ ıțȠIJİȚȞȩ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȗȒıİȚ İʌȓ ȝȒȞİȢ Ȓ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ Ȉİ șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ Ƞ & IJȠ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ
ijȠȞİȪİIJĮȚıİȜİʌIJȐȊʌȠȜȠȖȓȗȠȞIJĮȚʌİȡȓʌȠȣİțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮȞȑĮțȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮĮȞȐ
ȑIJȠȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ IJĮ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ʌİșĮȓȞȠȣȞ ȉȠ IJȦȞ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚ ıIJȚȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ȉȠ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ
ȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ țĮIJȐ ȝİ IJĮ ıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮ ʌȠȣ İțʌȑȝʌȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȕȒȤĮ
140
ȠȝȚȜȓĮ ʌIJĮȡȝȩ țȜʌ IJȠȣ ʌȐıȤȠȞIJȠȢ Ȉİ ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ ȕĮșȝȩ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮįȠșİȓ
ĮʌȩIJĮıțİȪȘȤȡȒıȘȢIJȦȞĮıșİȞȫȞĮʌȩȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȐȣȜȚțȐțIJȜ
ǹʌȩIJȚȢĮȡȤȑȢIJȘȢįİțĮİIJȓĮȢIJȠȣȘȆĮȖțȩıȝȚĮȀȠȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȕȚȫȞİȚIJȘȞİʌȐȞȠįȠ
IJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ İȞȩȢȞȠıȒȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣʌȠIJȑįİȞİȟĮȜİȓijșȘțİ
ȉȠ o ȆĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȢ ȅȡȖĮȞȚııȝȩȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢ ȆȅȊ ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡȚıİ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
ʌĮȖțȩıȝȚĮ ĮʌİȚȜȒ țĮȚ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ İijĮȡȝȩȗİȚ IJȘ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȒ IJȘȢ ȐȝİıĮ
İʌȚȕȜİʌȩȝİȞȘȢȕȡĮȤȣȤȡȩȞȚĮȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ǹǼǺĬ'276ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮİȜİȤșİȓ Ș
ȞȩıȠȢ
ȅȚȠȝȐįİȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞIJȠȞȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠțȓȞįȣȞȠİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣ
İȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȚıIJȠʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ʌĮȡĮıțİȣȒ IJȦȞȚıIJȫȞ ȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩİȓȞĮȚ
ȩIJȚIJȠIJȦȞʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢʌȠȣĮȞĮijȑȡșȘțĮȞįȚĮȖȞȫıIJȘțĮȞțĮIJȐ
IJȘȞȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ
Ǿ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ Ș ʌȚȠ ıȣȤȞȒ ĮȚIJȓĮ ȞȩıȘıȘȢ țĮȚ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ ıİ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıIJȠ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠ Ǿ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ǻ țĮȚ IJȠ $,'6 İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ țĮIJǯ İȟȠȤȒȞ
ȜȠȚȝȫįȘ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ʌȜȑȠȞ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ ȅ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ țĮIJȐ
IJȘȢ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ Ǻ ıIJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ IJȠȣ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ȑȤİȚ
İȜĮȤȚıIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȚ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ İȟĮȜİȓȥİȚ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢȊȥȘȜȩȢʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚȠ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȢȞȩıȠȣĮʌȩIJȠ$,'6ĮȞțĮȚșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚȘȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣİȓȞĮȚțĮIJȐ
ijȠȡȑȢȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȘĮʌǯȩIJȚıIJȘȞȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ
ȃȅȈȅȈ&5(87=)5(/7'- JACOB
īȚĮ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ &Ueutzfreltd - -DFRE ȑȦȢ ıȒȝİȡĮ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȞĮijİȡșİȓ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ
ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıIJȠȞ ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ ĬİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ
ĮʌȓșĮȞȠ ȞĮ İʌȚȗİȓ ȑȞĮȢ ȚȩȢ İțIJȩȢ IJȠȣ +,9 ȖȚĮ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ȐȞȦ IJȦȞ ȑȟȚ
ȘȝİȡȫȞİțIJȩȢİȐȞIJȠʌIJȫȝĮijȣȜĮııȩIJĮȞıİȥȣțIJȚțȩșȐȜĮȝȠ
ȉǹȄǿȃȅȂǾȈǾȁȅǿȂȍǻȍȃȃȅȈǾȂǹȉȍȃ
ȀǹȉǾīȅȇǿǹǹ
ȆİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȚȢ ʌȜȑȠȞ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ ȜȠȚȝȦįȫȞ ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ Ș
İȣȜȠȖȚȐ ȜȪııĮ ĮȚȝȠȡȡĮȖȚțȩȢ ĮijȡȚțȐȞȚțȠȢ ʌȣȡİIJȩȢ ȚȩȢ 0DUEXUJ ȚȩȢ (EROD Ƞ
ʌȣȡİIJȩȢ /DVVD Ƞ ʌȣȡİIJȩȢ &RQJR țĮȚ įȚȐijȠȡĮ ȐȜȜĮ IJȡȠʌȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ǵIJĮȞ
İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȩIJȚ Ƞ șĮȞȫȞ ȑʌĮıȤİ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȐ ĮȣIJȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ
ȣȥȘȜȒȢ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ IJȠȣ ȜȠȚȝȫįȠȣȢ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJȠȢ,
įİȞ
įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȑȢ
ȘıțȜȒȡȣȞıȘțĮIJȐʌȜȐțĮȢțĮȚȘȞȩıȠȢ&UHXW]IUHOWG- -DFREȂİIJĮȑȦȢıȒȝİȡĮ
įİįȠȝȑȞĮ, ıİ ĮȣIJȒȞ IJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮįȪȞĮIJĮȚȞĮ įȚİȞİȡȖȘșİȓȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒİțIJȩȢIJȦȞ
ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ &UHXW]IUHOWG - -DFRE țĮȚ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮȢ ȈIJȚȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
ĮȣIJȑȢȘȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒİțIJİȜİȓIJĮȚȝȩȞȠȩIJĮȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȢȜȩȖȠȢįȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢ
ȀǹȉǾīȅȇǿǹī
ȆİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮȩʌȦȢȘʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮȝȘȞȚȖȖȓIJȚįĮİȞIJİȡȓIJȚįĮǾȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ
įȚİȞİȡȖİȓIJĮȚ ȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ʌȐȡİȚ ȩȜĮ İțİȓȞĮ IJĮ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
İȟȐȜİȚȥȘIJȠȣțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ǹȃǹīȃȍȇǿȈǾȃǼȀȇȅȉȅȂȍȃȊȌǾȁȅȊȀǿȃǻȊȃȅȊ
ȆȡȚȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ ȠʌȠȚĮıįȒʌȠIJİ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠ ȞĮ
ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ:
İȞȘȝİȡȦIJȚțȩ ıȘȝİȓȦȝĮ IJȠȣ șĮȞȩȞIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȘȜȚțȓĮ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȑțĮȞİ
ʌȚșĮȞȐIJĮȟȓįȚĮıIJȠİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩțIJȜ
ʌȜȒȡİȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȩ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȑʌĮıȤİ İȐȞ ȒIJĮȞ ȤȡȒıIJȘȢ
İȟĮȡIJȘıȚȠȖȩȞȦȞȠȣıȚȫȞĮȚȝȠțȐșĮȡıȘȤȡȩȞȚİȢĮıșȑȞİȚİȢțIJȜ
ıȣȞȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȐȞIJĮ IJĮ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȣIJȠȥȓĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȚșĮȞȩȞ ȞĮ
ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ Ȓ țĮȚ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȫȞ ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ
ʌȤ Ș İȪȡİıȘ ıȪȡȚȖȖĮȢ ʌȚșĮȞȩȞ ȞĮ ȣʌȠțȡȪʌIJİȚ ȐIJȠȝȠ İȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȠ Įʌȩ IJȠȟȚțȑȢ
ȠȣıȓİȢ.
ǼȐȞ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȐ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ Ȓ ȠIJȚįȒʌȠIJİ ȐȜȜȠ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȕȠȘșȒıİȚ IJȘȞ
ĮʌȠıĮijȒȞȚıȘ IJȠȣ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȠȪ, ʌȡȑʌİȚ Ƞ ȞİțȡȩȢ ȞĮ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ įȣȞȘIJȚțȐ ȦȢ
ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȩȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ǼȐȞ IJȑȜȠȢ ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȩ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıȑȡȤİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ țĮȚ
İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȩIJȚ ȑʌĮıȤİ Įʌȩ ȜȠȚȝȫįȘ ȞȩıȠ, ĮȣIJȩ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ıȘȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝİ
İȚįȚțȒ IJĮȝʌȑȜĮ ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ȞİțȡȩȢ İȓȞĮȚ ijȠȡȑĮȢ ȜȠȚȝȫįȠȣȢ
ȞȠıȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ǹȆȅȁȊȂǹȃȉǿȀǹȂǼȈǹ
ǻȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮȣʌȠȤȜȦȡȚȫįȠȣȢȞĮIJȡȓȠȣ
ȆİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚIJȠȞIJȪijȠʌĮȡĮIJȪijȠijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ IJȑIJĮȞȠ, ȕȡȠȣțȑȜȜĮʌĮȞȫȜȘțĮȚIJȘ
ȞȩıȠ IJȦȞȁİȖİȦȞȐȡȚȦȞȈİĮȣIJȒȞIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȣʌȐȖİIJĮȚİʌȓıȘȢȘȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ%
ǺȡȓıțȠȣȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȦȞȚȫȞȝȣțȒIJȦȞȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞıʌȩȡȦȞǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȑȤȠȣȞ ıİ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ȝİ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ǻ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ +,9 ȈIJȘȞ ȞȩıȠ
Creutzfreltd - -DFRE ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȘ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ įȚĮȜȪȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȚȢ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢǻİȞȑȤȠȣȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒıİʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐȝİijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
īȚĮ ȖİȞȚțȒ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȞIJȚțȒ ȤȡȒıȘ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ įȚȐȜȣȝĮ īȚĮ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
țĮIJȐ IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȢ ĮȓȝĮIJȠȢ IJȠ įȚȐȜȣȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıİ ʌȣțȞȩIJȘIJĮ
10%.
141
142
ȀǹȉǾīȅȇǿǹǺ
Ǿ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȚțȒ ĮȓșȠȣıĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȑȤİȚ ȚțĮȞȩ ȝȑȖİșȠȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ijȚȜȠȟİȞȒıİȚ IJȠ
ijȩȡIJȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢȅıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢIJȘȢĮȓșȠȣıĮȢțĮȚȘIJȠʌȠșȑIJȘıȘIJȠȣİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȠȪ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚıİIJȑIJȠȚĮșȑıȘȫıIJİȞĮİʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚIJȘȞİȜİȪșİȡȘįȚĮțȓȞȘıȘțĮȚIJȠȞ
ʌȜȒȡȘ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȩ țĮȚ ĮʌȠȜȪȝĮȞıȘ IJȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ Ǿ țĮȜȒ ȖȞȫıȘ IJȘȢ IJİȤȞȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢİȓȞĮȚȠĮțȡȠȖȦȞȚĮȓȠȢȜȓșȠȢȖȚĮIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJȠȞ
ȤȫȡȠ IJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣ Ǿ țȐșİ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȣȥȘȜȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣǾİȓıȠįȠȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠIJȠȣ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıIJİȓ ȝȩȞȠ ıIJȠȣȢ İȝʌİȚȡȠȖȞȫȝȠȞİȢ țĮȚ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ İȓȞĮȚ
İțʌĮȚįİȣȝȑȞȠȚ ıIJȠ ȤİȚȡȚıȝȩ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȫȞ ȣȥȘȜȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȀĮȜȩ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮIJȘȢȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩȑȝʌİȚȡȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩțĮȚȩȤȚĮʌȩȐIJȠȝĮ
ȐʌİȚȡĮ ıIJȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ DzȡİȣȞİȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ įİȓȟİȚ ȩIJȚ ȣʌȒȡȤİ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ıİ ©ȐʌİȚȡȠȣȢª ıİ ĮȞIJȚıIJȠȚȤȓĮ ȝİ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩ ıİ ©ȑȝʌİȚȡȠȣȢª Ȉİ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȖȞȦıIJȫȞ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ȝİ ȜȠȚȝȫįİȢ ȞȩıȘȝĮ IJĮ
ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ȕĮșȝȩ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ıȪȞȘșİȢȈİIJȑIJȠȚİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚıIJȠİȜȐȤȚıIJȠȠĮȡȚșȝȩȢIJȦȞ
ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ ȝȑȡȠȢ ıIJȘ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ İȓȞĮȚ
ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJĮȜȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȞȠȚȤIJȐ IJȡĮȪȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ʌȐıȤȠȣȞ Įʌȩ
țȐʌȠȚĮȢ ȝȠȡijȒȢ įİȡȝĮIJȓIJȚįĮ Ǿ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮȡȖȐ ȤȦȡȓȢ
ȕȚĮıIJȚțȑȢ țȚȞȒıİȚȢ ʌȡȠȢ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȫȞ ǻİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȞȣıIJȑȡȚĮȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠijȣȖȒıʌĮıȓȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȣʌȜĮıIJȚțȠȪȝȑȡȠȣȢ
țĮȚ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȫȞ ȀĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ İȚįȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ ȑȞįȣıȘȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ĮįȚȐȕȡȠȤȘ ıIJȠȜȒ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ İȚįȚțȒȢ
ȝȐıțĮȢ Ș İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ĮʌȜȒȢ ȝȐıțĮȢ įİȞ ĮʌȠIJȡȑʌİȚ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ IJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ įȚʌȜȐ ȖȐȞIJȚĮ ȝİȚȫȞİȚ IJȘȞ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ ĮȓȝĮIJȠȢ Ȓ ȐȜȜȦȞ ȣȖȡȫȞ ʌȠȣ
ȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȠ įȑȡȝĮ ıİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȡȣʌȒȝĮIJȠȢ Įʌȩ ĮȚȤȝȘȡȩ
ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ ȖȣĮȜȚȐ ȣʌȠįȒȝĮIJĮ țIJȜ ȂȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȣȖȡȐ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȝİIJĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJĮȖȐȞIJȚĮıİİʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢʌȠȣİțIJȦȞȣıIJȑȡȦȞșĮİȓȞĮȚİțIJİșİȚȝȑȞĮ
ıİ țȠȚȞȒ ȤȡȒıȘ ʌȩȝȠȜȠ ʌȩȡIJĮȢ IJȘȜȑijȦȞȠ įȚĮțȩʌIJİȢ țIJȜ ȂİIJȐ IJȠ ʌȑȡĮȢ IJȘȢ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒȢ IJĮ ȣȜȚțȐ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠȜȣȝĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ įȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮ İȚįȚțȐ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
İȟȩȞIJȦıȘIJȦȞʌĮșȠȖȩȞȦȞȝȚțȡȠȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȫȞʌȠȣȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡȚȗİIJȘȞįȚİȞİȡȖȘșİȓıĮ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ Ȉİ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ Įʌȩ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȩʌȠȣ Ș İȚıʌȞȠȒ İȓȞĮȚ Ș
țȪȡȚĮ ȠįȩȢ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ ıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚ İȚıʌȞİȩȝİȞȠ įȚȐȜȣȝĮ ijȠȡȝȩȜȘȢ ǻȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢȩʌȦȢȘțȠʌȒIJȦȞȠıIJȫȞșĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮĮʌȠijİȪȖİIJĮȚȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ
IJĮȜȐȞIJȦıȘ, įȚȩIJȚ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ ȞĮ ʌȡȠțĮȜȑıȠȣȞ
ʌȚIJıȚȜȚȑȢ IJȠȣ ĮȓȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ İțIJȩȟİȣıȘ IJȦȞ ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȦȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚįȓȦȞ ıIJȘȞ
ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ǻİȓȖȝĮIJĮ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȜȘijșȠȪȞ ȖȚĮ
ʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦ ȚıIJȠȜȠȖȚțȒ İȟȑIJĮıȘ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ijȠȡȝȩȜȘȢ ȖȚĮ
IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞȫȡİȢʌȡȚȞȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ǾijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJȠȞțĮIJǯİȟȠȤȒȞțȣȡȚȩIJİȡȠʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮțȚȞįȪȞȠȣıIJȠȞȤȫȡȠ
IJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣǵȜȠIJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȜȑȖȤİIJĮȚ—İijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ
ʌȡȠIJȠȪ ĮȞĮȜȐȕİȚ țĮșȒțȠȞIJĮ țĮȚ İijȩıȠȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȤİIJĮȚ İIJȘıȓȦȢ
ȀȐșİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ —İ șİIJȚțȒ ijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖİȓIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ
İȞİȡȖȩ ȞȩıȠ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩ țĮȚ ĮțIJȚȞȠȖȡĮijȓĮ șȫȡĮțȠȢ Ǿ įȚȐ—İIJȡȠȢ IJȘȢ
ijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖİȓIJĮȚ ʌȐȞIJĮ ıȣȖțȡȚȞȩȝİȞȘ —İ IJȘȞĮȡȤȚțȒĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ
EDVHOLQH ȈȣȞȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȞIJİȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJȠȜȒ +,9 ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ĮțIJȚȞȠȖȡĮijȓĮ șȫȡĮțȠȢ ıȣ—ȕĮIJȐ —İ
ʌĮȜĮȚȐ7%țĮȚ ȘʌȡȩıijĮIJȘİʌĮijȒ—İʌȐıȤȠȞIJĮĮıșİȞȒȆȡȠijȣȜĮțIJȚțȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ıȣȞȚıIJȐIJĮȚ ıİ țȐșİ ȐIJȠ—Ƞ —İ șİIJȚțȒ ijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ
ȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ ȩʌȦȢ İʌȓıȘȢ țĮȚ ıİ țȐșİ ȐIJȠ—Ƞ —İ ʌȡȩıijĮIJȘ
—İIJĮıIJȡȠijȒ IJȘȢ ijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ Ȓ ʌȠȣ İȓȤİ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȦ—ȑȞȘ ȑțșİıȘ ıİ
ʌȐıȤȠȞIJĮ țĮȚ ıİ țȐșİ ĮȞȠıȠțĮIJİıIJĮȜ—ȑȞȠ ȐIJȠ—Ƞ ¨İȞ ĮʌȠțȜİȓȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȐIJȠ—Į ʌȠȣ ʌĮȓȡȞȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȒ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȜȩȖȦ șİIJȚțȒȢ
ijȣ—ĮIJȚȞȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ Ȉİ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ȩʌȠȣ Ƞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ ĮȞĮʌIJȪııİȚ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ʌĮȡĮIJİIJĮȝȑȞȠȣ ĮȞİȟȒȖȘIJȠȣ ȕȒȤĮ ʌȣȡİIJȩ țĮȚ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮ ȕȐȡȠȣȢ șĮ
143
144
ȉĮ įȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮ ĮȣIJȐ İȓȞĮȚ įȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ ȜȩȖȠ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠȜȪȝĮȞıȘȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȫȞİʌȚijĮȞİȚȫȞ
ǻȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮĭĮȚȞȩȜȘȢ
ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȟȩȞIJȦıȘ ȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞ ǻİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ıIJȠȣȢ
ȚȠȪȢ ǻİȞ İȓȞĮȚ įȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ ĮȣIJȩ ȕȡȓıțȠȣȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ țĮȚ ıİ ȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȑȢ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ ĬİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȚįĮȞȚțȐ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠȜȪȝĮȞıȘ İȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞ ȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȫȞ
ȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȚțȫȞIJȡĮʌİȗȚȫȞ
ǹȜțȠȩȜİȢ
ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡȘİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȕȡȓıțȠȣȞıİȝİIJĮȜȜȚțȑȢİʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢȜȩȖȦIJȠȣȝȘįȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȠȪ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮ IJȠȣȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ įȡĮıIJȚțȑȢ İȞĮȞIJȓȠȞ IJȦȞ ȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞ Ȉİ įȚĮȜȪȝĮIJĮ ȝİ
ıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȑȤȠȣȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȦȢĮȞIJȚıȘʌIJȚțȐȖȚĮIJĮȤȑȡȚĮțĮȚIJȠįȑȡȝĮ
ǹȜįİȔįİȢ
ĭȠȡȝĮȜįİȔįȘ: Ȉİ įȚȐȜȣȝĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ıİ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ȝİ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
ǼȓȞĮȚ ʌȠȜȪ ʌȘțIJȚțȒ ȑȞȦıȘ țĮȚ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ
ȠijșĮȜȝȠȪȢ
īȜȠȣIJĮȡĮȜįİȨįȘȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚıİįȚȐȜȣȝĮİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞIJȦȞȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞȚȫȞ
ȝȣțȒIJȦȞ țĮȚ țȩțțȦȞ ǼȓȞĮȚ İȡİșȚıIJȚțȒ ȠȣıȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ȕȜİȞȞȠȖȩȞȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ
ȠijșĮȜȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ǹʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ țĮȜȩ ȟȑʌȜȣȝĮ IJȘȢ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚĮȢȝİIJȐIJȘȞĮʌȠȜȪȝĮȞıȘĮʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȠȣıȓĮǼȓȞĮȚȝȘįȚĮȕȡȦIJȚțȒȠȣıȓĮ
țĮȚ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚȖȚĮțĮȚȖȚĮIJȘ ȝȠȞȚȝȠʌȠȓȘıȘȚıIJȫȞ
ȂǼȉȇǹ ȆȇȅȁǾȌǾȈ ǼȇīǹǽȅȂǼȃȍȃ ȈǼ ȆǼȇǿȈȉǹȉǿȀǹ ȃǼȀȇȅȉȅȂȍȃ
ȊȌǾȁȅȊȀǿȃǻȊȃȅȊ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚ ıİ ĮțIJȚȞȠȖȡĮijȓĮ șȫȡĮțĮ țĮȚ įȠțȚȝĮıȓĮ ȝİ ijȣȝĮIJȓȞȘ
0DQWRX[ȋĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ©ǼȓȞĮȚʌĮȡȐȜȠȖȠȞĮȜȐȕȠȣȞʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȐ
ȝȑIJȡĮ țĮIJȐ IJȠȣ $,'6 ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȩ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȡȠijȣȜȐȟİȚȢ țĮIJȐ ĮįȚȐȖȞȦıIJĮ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ
ȑȤİȚȑȞĮİȞIJȣʌȦıȚĮțȩʌȠıȠıIJȩȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢª
ǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ
ȅİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢĮʌȠIJİȜİȓĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠȝȑIJȡȠʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢıİȠȝȐįİȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ıİȤȫȡȠȣȢIJȠȣȞİțȡȠIJȠȝİȓȠȣȊʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȠȓİȓȞĮȚȠȚİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȓȖȚĮ
‡ ǾʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮǺįȩıİȚȢțĮȚȝȑIJȡȘıȘĮȞIJȚıȦȝȐIJȦȞțȐșİʌȑȞIJİȤȡȩȞȚĮ).
‡ ȉȑIJĮȞȠ - ǻȚijșİȡȓIJȚįĮȢįȩıİȚȢțĮȚĮȞĮȝȞȘıIJȚțȒțȐșİȤȡȩȞȚĮ
‡ ǿȜĮȡȐ - ǼȡȣșȡȐ - ȆĮȡȦIJȓIJȚįĮ ıİ İʌȓȞȠıĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ Ȓ ıİ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȝİ ĮıĮijȑȢ
ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣȖİȞȞȒșȘțĮȞʌȡȚȞIJȠșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚȐȞȠıĮ
‡ ǹȞİȝȠȕȜȠȖȚȐ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȚıIJȠȡȚțȩ ĮȞİȝȠȕȜȠȖȚȐȢ Ȓ ȤȦȡȓȢ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȚĮțȒĮʌȩįİȚȟȘĮȞȠıȓĮȢ.
‡ īȡȓʌȘ İIJȘıȓȦȢ.
ȈȊȈȉǹȈǼǿȈȂǼȉǹǹȆȅǼȀĬǼȈǾȈǼ ǾȆǹȉǿȉǿǻǹǺ
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓĮȢ
ȊȖİȓĮȢ
ȋȦȡȓȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩ
ȂİĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘ
ȋȦȡȓȢĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘ
ȆȘȖȒ
ȈȊȈȉǹȈǼǿȈȂǼȉǹǹȆȅǼȀĬǼȈǾȈǼ ǾȆǹȉǿȉǿǻǹ&
ǻİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚİȝȕȩȜȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ&țĮȚįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚțĮȝȚȐșİȡĮʌİȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȞ
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȘȢȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩȑțșİıȘıİĮȣIJȒȞǾȣʌİȡȐȞȠıȘȖıijĮȚȡȓȞȘįİȞ
ıȣȞȓıIJĮIJĮȚǾʌȚıIJȒIJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮ
ǹʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚ ȑȜİȖȤȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȘʌĮIJȓIJȚįĮ & ȩıȠ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ıȣȞIJȠȝȩIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
ȑțșİıȘ
Ǿ ĮʌȩijĮıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȑȞĮȡȟȘ ĮȞIJȚȡİIJȡȠȧțȒȢ ĮȖȦȖȒȢ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ıȣȞİțIJȚȝȫȞIJĮȢ IJȠ ȚȚțȩ
ijȠȡIJȓȠ IJȠȣ ĮıșİȞȒ IJȘȞ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ʌȚșĮȞȑȢ
ʌĮȡİȞȑȡȖİȚİȢ, İijȩıȠȞȜȘijșİȓȘĮʌȩijĮıȘȘȑȞĮȡȟȘIJȘȢȤȘȝİȚȠʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘȢʌȡȑʌİȚ
ȞĮȟİțȚȞȒıİȚȐȝİıĮİȞIJȩȢIJȡȚȫȞȦȡȫȞ
ȀĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȑțșİıȘȢ
HIV RNA
ȆȘȖȒ
ȐȖȞȦıIJȠ
1-3
1
ȤĮȝȘȜȩȚȚțȩijȠȡIJȓȠ
1
ȣȥȘȜȩȚȚțȩijȠȡIJȓȠ
HBsAg (+)
DZȖȞȦıIJȘ
2
ȤĮȝȘȜȩȚȚțȩijȠȡIJȓȠ
HBIGx1+ȑȞĮȡȟȘ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
ǼȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȑȞȠȢ
HBIGxȑȞĮȡȟȘ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȒİȐȞȑȤİȚ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦșİȓțĮȚȠȠȢ
țȪțȜȠȢİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪȤȦȡȓȢ
ĮȞIJĮʌȩțȡȚıȘHBIGx2
DZȖȞȦıIJȠȚıIJȠȡȚțȩİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
DZȝİıȠȢȑȜİȖȤȠȢIJȓIJȜȠȣ
ǹȞAnti HBs >10 miu/ml:
țĮȝȚȐİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ
Anti-HBs<10 miu/ml:
HBIG x 1 + 1Ș įȩıȘ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪțĮȚ
İʌĮȞȑȜİȖȤȠȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩ-2
ȝȒȞİȢȖȚĮIJȓIJȜȠAnti-HBs
DzȞĮȡȟȘİȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȠȪ
2
ȣȥȘȜȩȚȚțȩijȠȡIJȓȠ
145
ǵʌȦȢıIJȠȞHBsAg ıİ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢȣȥȘȜȒȢ
İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
DZȝİıȠȢȑȜİȖȤȠȢIJȓIJȜȠȣ
ǹȞAnti HBs >10 miu/ml:
țĮȝȚȐİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ
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153
Programm of Postgraduate Studies Health and Safety in Workplace. Organized by
Medical School of Democritus University of Thrace (in cooperation with Departments of
Public Health and Nursing A, Athens Technological Educational Institute).
Abstract: The postmortem room is a source of potential hazards and risks to the
necropsy personnel, hence there is a responsibility to minimise these dangers and
to control the main hazards and risks associated with the necropsy of infected
cadavers. Although recommendations that provide guidance to necropsy
personnel on the safe performance of necropsies have been developed, it has
proved difficult to control potential contamination. Pathogens may be acquired by
inhalation (of aerosols), ingestion, direct inoculation, entry though pre-existing
breaks in the skin, and through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and
mouth. The principal biological risks faced by mortuary workers are the infections
caused by the blood borne hepatitides (HBV, HCV) and HIV, as they retain their
infectivity after death. The acquisition of acquired infections by inhalation includes
tuberculosis, meningitis and chicken pox. In this context, the high risk necropsy
FDQ EH GHILQHG DV WKH ³SRVWPRUWHP H[DPLQDWLRQ RI D GHFHDVHG SHUVRQ ZKR KDV
had, or is likely to have had, a serious infectious disease that can be transmitted to
those present at the necropsy, thereby causing them serious illness and/or
SUHPDWXUH GHDWK´ 7KHUHIRUH WKHVH KLJK ULVN FDVHV VKRXOG EH DVVHVVHG SULRU WR
the necropsy procedure (pre-necropsy testing), on the basis of the available history
and findings (alternatively should be considered as high risk necropsies). All
necropsy procedures require adherence to standard precautions, that include the
appropriate use of protective garments (a waterproof apron, a full length gown, a
face mask, double gloving, eye protection via tight-fitting goggles or face shield,
waterproof boots), the use of high-level (beware of their toxicity or other harmful
properties that may convey) disinfectants (all surfaces and all reusable necropsy
equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected), means to promote
improved hand and skin hygiene, respiratory protection, various ergonomic (design
and provision of a safe working environment ) and other safety interventions (good
housekeeping included) regarding the facilities of the working environment,
procedures to decrease a potential contamination outside the mortuary/immediate
working environment (door handles, etc) and the prevention of percutaneous
injuries by mobilising safe sharps practices (properly trained necropsy personnel).
All staff involved in the necropsy should get tested for tuberculosis,
immunodeficiency diseases, open cuts, sores, wounds or dermatitis (ulcers), and
should additionally be vaccinated against hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, measles,
rubella, mumps, chickenpox and influenza.
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 135-154 154
ǽȇǺĬĬǽȂȃǺȊȀȁȆȀ ȁȀȄǼȋȄȆȀ
ȀǺȊȈȆȄȆȉǿȂǽȋȊȀȁȆȋȇȈȆȉȎȇȀȁȆȋ
ȉǽǽȀǼȀȁǺȄȆȉȆȁȆȃǽȀǺ ȄȆȉǿȃǺȊȎȄĭȎȈǺȁǺ
ǼȚȡȒȞȘīțȚĮȠȣȡȓįȘǼȣĮȖȖİȜȓĮȃȑȞĮțĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚȠ
ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ ȉȝȒȝĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠȣ
ȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȓȠȣ ĬȡȐțȘȢ ıİ ıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘ ȝİ IJĮ ȉȝȒȝĮIJĮ ǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ
ȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹȉǼǿǹșȒȘȞĮȢ ǼȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢIJȠȣȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ
ȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠȣȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȓȠȣĬȡȐțȘȢ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ Ǿ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȘȝȩıȚĮ ȣȖİȓĮ țĮșȫȢ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ȞȑİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ IJȚȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ʌĮȖțȠıȝȓȦȢ țĮȚ
țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ șȐȞĮIJȠȚ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țȐșİ
ȤȡȩȞȠ ǹȣIJȩ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ȝİȖȐȜȠȣȢ ȡȣșȝȠȪȢ ȝİIJĮȞȐıIJİȣıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ
ĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞİȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȚȢ ĮȞİʌIJȣȖȝȑȞİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İȪțȠȜȘ
ȝİIJĮțȓȞȘıȘ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ȜȩȖȦ IJĮȟȚįȚȫȞ țĮȚ ıİ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȤ ijIJȫȤȚĮ
ĮȞİȡȖȓĮ ȐıIJİȖȠȚ țȜʌ Ǿ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȑȞĮȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȖȚĮ
IJȠȣȢȚĮIJȡȠȪȢțĮȚIJȠȣȢȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȑȢıİİȚįȚțȩȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠșȫȡĮțȠȢțĮșȫȢȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ȝİȖȐȜȘȑțșİıȘIJȠȣʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪĮȣIJȠȪıİİȞİȡȖȩijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘțĮIJȐIJȘįȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒ
IJȦȞțĮșȘțȩȞIJȦȞIJȠȣȢǾȑȜȜİȚȥȘǿĮIJȡȫȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJĮʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮȝİ
IJĮ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ ȝȑıĮ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ șȑIJȠȣȞ ıİ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ țȓȞįȣȞȠ IJȠ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩĮȣIJȩțĮȚȖȚ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȜȩȖȠİȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȓĮȘȪʌĮȡȟȘʌĮȡİȝȕȐıİȦȞıİ
ȩȜĮ IJĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȦIJȚțȐ İʌȓʌİįĮ ȝİ ȖȞȫȝȠȞĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ ĮȜȜȐ
țĮȚIJȠȣİȣȡȪIJİȡȠȣțȠȚȞȠȪĮʌȩIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘțĮȚȞĮȖȓȞİȚʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮİȟȐȜİȚȥȘȢ
IJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
ĭȊȂǹȉǿȍȈǾ
ǾijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȝȚĮıȠȕĮȡȒȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȒȞȩıȠȝİțȪȡȚȠIJȡȩʌȠȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ
IJȘȞ İȚıʌȞȠȒ IJȦȞ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ
ıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ ȕȒȤĮ İȞȩȢ ĮıșİȞȒ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ ʌȡȠıȕȜȘșİȓ
Įʌȩ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȒ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ :+2 ǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȝȚĮ
ȑȟĮȡıȘ IJĮ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȠȪȞ ʌĮȖțȠıȝȓȦȢ IJȠ
ȝİ ȕȐıȘ IJĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ IJȠȣ ȆĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȣ ȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ ȊȖİȓĮȢ ȆȅȊʌİȡȓʌȠȣ
İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ȞȑİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ʌĮȖțȠıȝȓȦȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚ
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ șȐȞĮIJȠȚ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ :+2 ȅȚ
țȣȡȚȩIJİȡȠȚȜȩȖȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȞİȞȜȩȖȦĮȪȟȘıȘIJȦȞțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞİȓȞĮȚȘȝİIJĮȞȐıIJİȣıȘ
ȠȚȩȢ+,9ȘijIJȫȤİȚĮȠȚʌȩȜİȝȠȚĮȜȜȐțĮȚȘʌȠȜȣĮȞșİțIJȚțȒȝȠȡijȒIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 155-170 155
ǼțIJȩȢĮʌȩIJȠȞȖİȞȚțȩʌȜȘșȣıȝȩȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝȚĮĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘĮȞȘıȣȤȓĮIJȘȢİʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢ
IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȠ
ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ıIJȠȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ IJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠ $ORQVR Echanove et al ǹȣIJȒ Ș ĮȞȘıȣȤȓĮ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫȞİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȑȢ
İȟȐȡıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ʌȠȣ ıĮijȫȢ İʌȘȡİȐȗȠȣȞ IJȠ ȚĮIJȡȠȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ
ǹȣIJȑȢ ȠȚ İȟȐȡıİȚȢ ȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ȞȠıȘȜİȓĮ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ȝİ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ țĮȚ IJȘ
ȝİIJȐįȠıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣĮʌȩĮıșİȞȒıİĮıșİȞȒĮʌȩĮıșİȞȒıİİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓĮȣȖİȓĮȢ
țĮȚ Įʌȩ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ıİ ĮıșİȞȒ ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ĮȡțİIJȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȠįİȚțȞȪȠȣȞȩIJȚȠȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢȣȖİȓĮȢʌȠȣʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞȩıȠİȓȞĮȚ
ĮȣIJȠȓʌȠȣȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİȐȝİıȘİʌĮijȒȝİIJȠȣȢĮıșİȞİȓȢĮȣIJȠȓʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮ
IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ İʌİȚȖȩȞIJȦȞ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ıIJȠȣȢ șĮȜȐȝȠȣȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ șĮȜȐȝȠȣȢ
ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢĮıșİȞȫȞȝİȜȠȓȝȦȟȘĮʌȩ+,9$ORQVR-Echanove et al, 2001).
ȆǹĬȅīǼȃǼǿǹ
Ǿ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ 0\FREDFWHULXP WXEHUFXORVLV IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ĮȞȒțİȚ
ıIJȠ 0\FREDFWHULXP WXEHUFXORVLV FRPSOH[ IJȠȣ ȖȑȞȠȣȢ IJȦȞ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞ țĮȚ
țĮIJȐțȪȡȚȠȜȩȖȠʌȡȠıȕȐȜȜİȚIJȠȣȢʌȞİȪȝȠȞİȢțĮȚIJĮİȚıʌȞİȩȝİȞĮıIJĮȖȠȞȓįȚĮʌȠȣ
ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȚĮțȩ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ İıȦțȜİȓȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȝȚĮ țȜİȚıIJȒ
țȠȚȜȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣțȣȥİȜȚįȚțȠȪȝĮțȡȠijȐȖȠȣ6WLQJHUȉĮʌĮșȠȖȩȞĮȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ
ȝȑıĮıİĮȣIJȐIJĮȝĮțȡȠijȐȖĮʌȠȣȝİIJȘıİȚȡȐIJȠȣȢȝİIJĮijȑȡȠȣȞIJĮȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚĮ
IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ʌĮȡĮțİȓȝİȞȠȣȢ ȜİȝijĮįȑȞİȢ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȫȞIJĮȢ ȝȚĮ ȝȚțȡȒ
țȠțțȚȦȝĮIJȫįȘȕȜȐȕȘȘȠʌȠȓĮʌİȡȚțȜİȓİȚIJĮȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚĮ0LOEurn et al, 2000).
ǹȣIJȩıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚıIJȘȞʌȜİȚȠȥȘijȓĮIJȦȞĮIJȩȝȦȞʌȠȣįİȞșĮİțįȘȜȫıȠȣȞȐȝİıĮIJȘ
ȞȩıȠ ĮȜȜȐ įȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ $WNLQVRQ et al,
ȈIJȘȞʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘĮȞȠıȠțĮIJĮıIJȠȜȒȢĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞĮIJȩȝȦȞȒȩIJĮȞıȣȞȣʌȐȡȟİȚ
ȐȜȜȘ ȞȩıȠȢ Ș İȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȡȦIJȠʌĮșȒ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ șĮ
İȟĮȡIJȘșİȓĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘIJȠȣĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪIJȠȣȢıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJĮȐIJȠȝĮ
ʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘșĮİțįȘȜȫıȠȣȞIJȘȞȩıȠȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİıIJȚȖȝȒ
İȟĮıșİȞȒıİȚ IJȠ ĮȞȠıȚĮțȩ IJȠȣȢ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ :LQWKURS Ǿ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ +,9
ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įİțĮİIJȓĮ IJȠȣ ijȐȞȘțİ ȞĮ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ IJĮ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ IJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȠȣ ȩIJȚȘȜȠȓȝȦȟȘ+,9ĮȣȟȐȞİȚIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢ
İȞİȡȖȠȪȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ&RUEHWW et al, 2006).
ȂǼȉǹǻȅȈǾ
Ǿ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮİȡȠȖİȞȫȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞ ıIJĮȖȠȞȚįȓȦȞ ʌȠȣ
İțʌȑȝʌȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠȞ ȕȒȤĮ IJȘȞ ȠȝȚȜȓĮ Ȓ țĮȚ IJȠȞ ʌIJĮȡȝȩ IJȠȣ ʌȐıȤȠȞIJĮȢ &'&
țĮȚ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ IJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ įİȞ ȝİIJĮįȓįȠȣȞ İȪțȠȜĮ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ ȜȩȖȦ IJȠȣ
ȖİȖȠȞȩIJȠȢȩIJȚIJȠȝȚțȡȠȕȚĮțȩIJȠȣȢijȠȡIJȓȠİȓȞĮȚȤĮȝȘȜȩIJİȡȠDzȤİȚİʌȓıȘȢĮȞĮijİȡșİȓ
ȩIJȚȘȞȩıȠȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝİIJĮįȠșİȓțĮȚĮʌȩĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮʌȠȣȑȤȠȣȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșİȓ
ĮʌȩIJȠȞĮıșİȞȒȒĮʌȩȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȐȣȜȚțȐțĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞțĮIJĮȞȐȜȦıȘȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȠȣ
156
ĮȖİȜĮįȚȞȠȪ țȡȑĮIJȠȢ Ȓ ȖȐȜĮțIJȠȢ ȍıIJȩıȠ ȠȚ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚ IJȡȩʌȠȚ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ
ıȘȝİȚȫȞȠȣȞ ʌȐȡĮ ʌȠȜȪ ȝȚțȡȐ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮİȡȠȖİȞȒ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ
(CDC, 2008).
ȅ țĮșȠȡȚıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ țĮȚ Ș įȚĮIJȒȡȘıȒ IJȘȢ ıIJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
țĮșȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȣıȓĮIJȘȢʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȒȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȝİıʌȒȜĮȚȠțĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ țĮșȣıIJȑȡȘıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȑȞĮȡȟȘȢ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ )XULQ DQd Johnson,
ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȝİIJȐ IJȘȞ ʌȡȦIJȠʌĮșȒ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ İȟĮȡIJȐIJĮȚ
ĮʌȩIJȠijȠȡIJȓȠʌȠȣİȚıʌȞİȪıIJȘțİIJȘȜȠȚȝȠȖȩȞȠįȪȞĮȝȘIJȠȣıIJİȜȑȤȠȣȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚ
IJȘȞ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȠȣ ĮIJȩȝȠȣ ʌȠȣ ȝȠȜȪȞșȘțİ Ǿ
ijȣȝĮIJȚțȒ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ șĮ ȝİIJĮIJȡĮʌİȓ ıİ İȞİȡȖȩ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ıIJȠȣȢ İȞȒȜȚțİȢ ıİ
ʌȠıȠıIJȩ-țĮȚıIJĮʌĮȚįȚȐ-43% (Kaufmann, 2002; Verer et al, 2005).
ǼȆǿǻǾȂǿȅȁȅīǿȀǹȈȉȅǿȋǼǿǹ
Ȉİ ʌĮȖțȩıȝȚĮ țȜȓȝĮțĮ IJĮ ȜȠȚȝȫįȘ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȩȜȦȞ
IJȦȞ șĮȞȐIJȦȞ țĮIJȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ șȑıȘ ȝİIJȐ IJȚȢ țĮȡįȚȠĮȖȖİȚĮțȑȢ ȞȩıȠȣȢ
ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ IJȠȣȢ ĮȞȐ IJȠȞ țȩıȝȠ İȓȞĮȚ įȣıĮȞȐȜȠȖȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ
ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞĮȞĮʌIJȣııȩȝİȞȦȞȤȦȡȫȞ.XUWKDQG+DDVǾ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ țȣȡȚȩIJİȡİȢ ĮȚIJȓİȢ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ
ȜȩȖȦ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ ʌĮȖțȠıȝȓȦȢ țĮȚ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ȣȥȘȜȒ șȞȘIJȩIJȘIJĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȫȞIJĮȢ IJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ ĮȚIJȓĮ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ ȝİIJȐ IJȠ $,'6 6WHHQ et al ȀĮȝȓĮ
ȤȫȡĮįİȞȑȤİȚİȟĮȜİȓȥİȚʌȜȒȡȦȢIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠIJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢĮȜȜȐıIJȚȢijIJȦȤȑȢ
ȤȫȡİȢ IJȠȣ țȩıȝȠȣ Ș ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ʌĮȓȡȞİȚ İȞįȘȝȚțȑȢ įȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ȉȠ IJȠȣ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪIJȘȢȖȘȢijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚȑȤİȚȝȠȜȣȞșİȓĮʌȩIJȘȞȩıȠȤȦȡȓȢȞĮİțįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ
ıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ IJȠ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İȟ ĮȣIJȫȞ șĮ İȝijĮȞȓıİȚ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ țȐʌȠȚĮ
ıIJȚȖȝȒIJȘȢȗȦȒȢIJȠȣȂȩȞȠIJȠȠȆĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȢȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢȊȖİȓĮȢțĮIJȑȖȡĮȥİ
ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ
șĮȞȐIJȠȣȢ:+2
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȑȥİȚȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȚȢ ȠʌȠȓİȢ İȐȞ Ș ȞȩıȠȢ įİȞ İȜİȖȤșİȓ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮĮȞĮȝȑȞİIJĮȚĮȪȟȘıȘIJȦȞțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞȝȑıĮıIJȘȞİʌȩȝİȞȘİIJȓĮıIJȠ
įȚȢ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ȝİ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȝȑȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪȟȠȣȞ İȞİȡȖȩ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ țĮȚ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ȞĮ ȤȐıȠȣȞ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣȢ İȟĮȚIJȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ
(Khurshid et al, 2009).
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȇȦıȓĮ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ IJȠȣ ʌȡȫȘȞ ĮȞĮIJȠȜȚțȠȪ
ȝʌȜȠț .XUWK DQG +DDV ǹȣIJȩ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ İȞ ȝȑȡİȚ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJȐȡȡİȣıȘ IJȠȣ
įȘȝȩıȚȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȘȢʌȡȫȘȞȈȠȕȚİIJȚțȒȢDzȞȦıȘȢțĮIJȐIJȘįİțĮİIJȓĮIJȠȣ
ĮȜȜȐțĮȚıİȝȚĮIJĮȤİȓĮĮȪȟȘıȘIJȦȞțȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢĮʌȩ+,9ȘȠʌȠȓĮ
İʌȚIJȡȑʌİȚ ıIJȘȞȖȡȘȖȠȡȩIJİȡȘİțįȒȜȦıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣǼʌȓıȘȢıIJȘȇȦıȓĮȠȚȤȫȡȠȚ
ʌȠȣʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȣȞIJĮʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮțȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣİȓȞĮȚȠȚijȣȜĮțȑȢțĮșȫȢ
ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ijȣȜĮțȚıȝȑȞȦȞ ıİ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ ȤȫȡĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚȠȝİIJȠ-20% İȟĮȣIJȫȞȞĮȑȤȠȣȞȝȠȜȣȞșİȓĮʌȩIJȘȞȩıȠ%DUQHV et al,
2002).
ȈIJȘǻȣIJȚțȒǼȣȡȫʌȘȠİʌȚʌȠȜĮıȝȩȢIJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚȝİĮȡȖȩ
ȡȣșȝȩțĮIJĮȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚȩȝȦȢĮȣȟȘȝȑȞĮʌȠıȠıIJȐȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞȝİIJĮȞĮıIJȫȞțĮȚIJȦȞ
ʌȡȠıijȪȖȦȞȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚʌȡȠȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢȤȫȡİȢȩʌȠȣȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ
ȑȞĮȢ ıȠȕĮȡȩȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢȖȚĮIJȘįȘȝȩıȚĮȣȖİȓĮȈIJȘīİȡȝĮȞȓĮȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚȩIJȚIJȠ
IJȦȞȞȑȦȞʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣİȓȞĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣĮȜȜȠįĮʌȠȪʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ
ĮȜȜȐʌĮȡȐIJȠȩIJȚIJĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȑIJȘijȐȞȘțİȝȚĮȖİȞȚțȒȝİȓȦıȘIJȦȞʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ
IJȘȢȞȩıȠȣʌȠȣȚıȠįȣȞĮȝİȓȝİțȡȠȪıȝĮĮȞȐȤȚȜȚȐįİȢʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪIJȠȞȤȡȩȞȠ,
ıIJȚȢ ȝȑȡİȢ ȝĮȢ IJĮ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ ĮȣIJȐ ȑȤȠȣȞ ĮȣȟȘșİȓ ıIJĮ ȉȠ ıȤİįȩȞ
ȞȑĮ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮIJİȖȡȐijȘıĮȞ ıİ ȑȞĮȞ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ İțĮIJȠȝȝȣȡȓȦȞ ʌȠȜȚIJȫȞ ȍıIJȩıȠ Ƞ ȘȜȚțȚȦȝȑȞȠȢ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠİȣȐȜȦIJȠȢțĮșȫȢijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚIJĮȐIJȠȝĮȐȞȦIJȦȞİIJȫȞįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ
4- ijȠȡȑȢ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıȕȜȘșȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠȞ
ȞİȩIJİȡȠ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ țȐIJȦ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȜȩȖȠ IJȘȢ ȑțʌIJȦıȘȢ IJȠȣ
ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȠȪ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ ȘȜȚțȓĮ .XUWK DQG +DDV
2002).
Ǽȁȁǹǻǹ - ȀȊȆȇȅȈ
ȈIJȘȞǼȣȡȫʌȘįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚIJȠįȓțIJȣȠ(8527%IJȠȠʌȠȓȠİʌȚIJȘȡİȓIJȘȞʌȠȡİȓĮ
IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȣȞ IJĮ İșȞȚțȐ ıȣȞIJȠȞȚıIJȚțȐ țȑȞIJȡĮ
țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢ IJȦȞ ȜȠȚȝȦįȫȞ ȞȩıȦȞ IJȦȞ ȤȦȡȫȞ IJȘȢ ǼȣȡȫʌȘȢ ȆȡĮIJıȓįȠȣ ±
īțȑȡIJıȘ ȉȠ ıIJȘȞ ǼȣȡȫʌȘ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijȘțĮȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ ȞȑĮ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ įİțĮİIJȓĮ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ȝİIJĮȟȪ
IJȦȞ ʌĮȚįȚȫȞ ȀǼǼȁȆȃȅ ȉĮ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ
ȈIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ Ș İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗİȚ ȝȚĮ İȜĮijȡȫȢ ʌIJȦIJȚțȒ
IJȐıȘ IJĮ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ ȑIJȘ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ - Ș ȞȩıȠȢ İȓȤİ IJȘȞ
ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ȘȜȚțȚȦȝȑȞȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ İȞȫ IJȠ IJȦȞ
țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ ĮȜȜȠįĮʌȠȪȢ ȀǼǼȁȆȃȅ ȈIJȘ ȤȫȡĮȝĮȢ ȘȞȩıȠȢ
İʌȚIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚȝȑıȦIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢȣʌȠȤȡİȦIJȚțȒȢįȒȜȦıȘȢȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞȉȠȘ
İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ ĮȞȐ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ ȝİ ȝİȓȦıȘ țĮIJȐ IJĮ
İʌȩȝİȞĮ ȑIJȘ ĮȜȜȐ ȝİ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȠ ȝİ İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ ĮȞȐ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ İȞȫ ȑȦȢ IJȠ ȣʌȒȡȟİ ȝİȓȦıȘ țĮȚ Ș İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ ȑijIJĮıİ IJĮ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ ĮȞȐ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ ȀĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ʌİȞIJĮİIJȓĮ - Ș ȝȑıȘ
İʌȓʌIJȦıȘijȐȞȘțİȞĮĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJĮțȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮĮȞȐʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪțĮȚȠ
ıȣȞȠȜȚțȩȢ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȦȞ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ
ʌİȞIJĮİIJȓĮȢ ȐȖȖȚȟİ IJĮ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ȍıIJȩıȠ ıIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ ıİ
ȐȜȜİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȣʌȠįȒȜȦıȘ IJȦȞ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJĮ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ İȟ ĮȣIJȫȞ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ ĮȜȜȠįĮʌȠȪȢ țĮȚ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪȢ ȝİIJĮȞȐıIJİȢ
ȀǼǼȁȆȃȅ
157
158
ǼȊȇȍȆǾ
ȈIJȘȞ ȀȪʌȡȠ Ș ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ țĮȚ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJĮ
įȚĮșȑıȚȝĮ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȑȦȢ IJȠ ĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıİ țȡȠȪıȝĮIJĮ ĮȞȐ ȤȚȜȚȐįİȢ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ İȞȫ IJȠ Ƞ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȩȢ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ țȡȠȣıȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ įȘȜȫșȘțĮȞ
ĮȞȒȜșİ ıIJĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ ĮȜȜȠįĮʌȠȪȢ
(RCMH, 2008).
ǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿǼȈȊīǼǿǹȈ
ȉĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮȤȡȩȞȚĮȘʌȡȩȜȘȥȘțĮȚȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮȖȚĮIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘİʌȚțİȞIJȡȫșȘțİ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ıİ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ʌĮȡȐ ȞȠıȘȜİȣȠȝȑȞȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ ʌĮȡȑȤİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ İȚįȚțȠȪȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ıİ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢȣȖİȓĮȢȒıİȖİȞȚțȐȚĮIJȡİȓĮ
ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJĮ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ
ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȑȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȩIJȚ Ƞ İʌȚʌȠȜĮıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ıIJȚȢ ǾȆǹ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȣIJȠȪ IJȠȣ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪțȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȑȦȢIJȠțĮȚijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚİȞȫıIJȠȞȖİȞȚțȩ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ Ș ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȝİȚȫȞİIJĮȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ıIJĮșİȡȒ ȈIJȘȞ ǼıșȠȞȓĮ ȑȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȩIJȚ ȞȑĮ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ĮȞȐ ȤȚȜȚȐįİȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ıİ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ İIJȘıȓȦȢ İȞȫ ıİ
İȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞĮ ĮȞIJȚijȣȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮ IJĮ ȞȑĮ ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ ijȠȡȑȢȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡĮȍıIJȩıȠijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚIJȠȞȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠțȓȞįȣȞȠʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒȢĮʌȩ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘIJȠȞįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJĮʌȞİȣȝȠȞȠȜȠȖȚțȐIJȝȒȝĮIJĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
ıIJȘȞ țĮșĮȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ Ȉİ ȝİȖȐȜȠ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȩȝȦȢ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȦȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚȠȚȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȑȢIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞȠțȓȞįȣȞȠȢİțIJȚȝȐIJĮȚ ȩIJȚİȓȞĮȚ
țĮȚ ijȠȡȑȢ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȖİȞȚțȩ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ ǹȜİȟȩʌȠȣȜȠȢ
2007).
ʌȠıȠıIJȩ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȠȣȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣȢ İȞȫ ıIJȘ įİȪIJİȡȘ șȑıȘ
ĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ IJĮ İȡȖĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȝİIJȐ ȠȚ ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȠʌȐșİȚİȢ ȆĮʌȐȗȠȖȜȠȣ ȋ ȀȐșİ ȤȡȩȞȠ
ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚıİʌĮȖțȩıȝȚȠİʌȓʌİįȠİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢʌĮșȒıİȚȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞ
ıȣȖțĮIJĮȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ȝİIJĮįȠIJȚțȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ ȠȚ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮʌȞİȣıIJȚțȠȪ ȠȚ
ȝȣȠıțİȜİIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮșȒıİȚȢ Ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ țIJȜ :+2 ȉȠ
30-ĮȣIJȫȞșĮȠįȘȖȒıİȚıİȤȡȩȞȚĮȞȩıȠİȞȫIJȠıİȝȩȞȚȝȘĮȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ
ȖȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ȑȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ ȩIJȚ IJȠ IJȦȞ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ıIJȚȢ ǾȆǹ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİȚ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮȣȖİȓĮȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣșĮİȚıĮȤșİȓıİʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȒ
țȜȚȞȚțȒȜȩȖȦIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣʌȠȣȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȑțșİıȘ:+2
ȈIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ įİȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ
ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıIJȘȞȝİȖȐȜȘȑȜȜİȚȥȘȚĮIJȡȫȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮıIJȚȢȣʌȠįȠȝȑȢțĮȚ
ıIJȠ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ıIJȠȞ IJȠȝȑĮ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ǾĭȊȂǹȉǿȍȈǾȍȈǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀȅȈȀǿȃǻȊȃȅȈ
ȉĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ĮʌȩȐȝİıȠțĮȚȑȝȝİıȠțȩıIJȠȢȉȠʌȡȫIJȠĮijȠȡȐıIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȤȒijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢȣȖİȓĮȢ
ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠȗȘȝȓȦıȘȢ IJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ İȞȫ IJȠ įİȪIJİȡȠ ĮijȠȡȐıIJȚȢ
ĮȞĮȡȡȦIJȚțȑȢȐįİȚİȢțĮȚIJȘȞĮȪȟȘıȘIJȦȞĮʌȠȣıȚȫȞĮʌȩIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘ
ȝİȓȦıȘIJȘȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮȚIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȤȒȤĮȝȘȜȒȢʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȢȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞțĮȚ
IJȘȞİʌĮȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȇĮȣIJȠʌȠȪȜȠȣ
ȈIJȠȞȤȫȡȠIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞįȪȠțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢțȚȞįȪȞȦȞʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİ
IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ Ǿ ʌȡȫIJȘ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ IJĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȐ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ȉĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȑțijĮȞıȒ IJȠȣȢ İȞȫ IJĮ
įİȪIJİȡĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȠȟİȓĮțĮȚ ȕȓĮȚĮİȝijȐȞȚıȒIJȠȣȢȝİĮʌȡȩȕȜİʌIJȠ
IJȡȩʌȠȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢĬȀ
ȉȚȢIJİȜİȣIJĮȓİȢįİțĮİIJȓİȢıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİIJȠǻȚİșȞȑȢīȡĮijİȓȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌİȡȓʌȠȣıIJĮ
İțĮIJȠȝȝȪȡȚĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȤȐȞȠȣȞ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ ȜȩȖȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢȆĮʌȐȗȠȖȜȠȣȋțĮȚĮȣIJȠȓȠȚȜȩȖȠȚȠijİȓȜȠȞIJĮȚıIJȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
ȅȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ĮȣIJȠȓ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮ
șȫȡĮțȠȢ ȩʌȠȣ țĮȚ ʌİȡȚșȐȜʌȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝİ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ įȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ʌȡȠıȕȠȜȒȢ IJȠȣȢ Įʌȩ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ țĮȚ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ
ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠțȓȞįȣȞȠİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢʌȠȜȣĮȞșİțIJȚțȒȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚįȪıțȠȜȠȞĮ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıșİȓ.UXXQHU et al, 2001).
Ǿ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȠȤȒȢ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ IJȩıȠ ıIJȠȣȢ
ĮıșİȞİȓȢȩıȠțĮȚıIJȠȚĮIJȡȠȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȑȤİȚĮȞĮijİȡșİȓȦȢțȓȞįȣȞȠȢ
ĮʌȩıȤİįȩȞȩȜİȢIJȚȢȤȫȡİȢIJȠȣțȩıȝȠȣĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮĮʌȩIJȘȞİʌȓʌIJȦıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
ıIJȘȞ țȐșİ ȤȫȡĮǾʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ ıİĮȣIJȠȪȢIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚıĮijȫȢ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘȩIJĮȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮıșİȞİȓȢıIJȠȣȢȠʌȠȓȠȣȢįİȞȑȤİȚįȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓȘȞȩıȠȢ
(Menzies et al, 2007).
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘıIJȘȞǼıșȠȞȓĮİȡİȣȞȒșȘțĮȞʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ
ȝİIJĮȟȪ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮIJȐ IJȠ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ țĮȚ ǼȡİȣȞȒșȘțĮȞ ȠȚ țĮIJĮȖİȖȡĮȝȝȑȞİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞįȣȐıIJȘțĮȞ ȝİ IJĮ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȚĮțȐ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮȞșİțIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐıIJȘțİ ıIJȘȞ
ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȒ ĮȖȦȖȒ .UXXQHU et al Ǿ İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ
IJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞȣȖİȓĮȢijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȒIJĮȞȑȦȢijȠȡȑȢȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȘĮʌȩĮȣIJȒ
IJȠȣ ȖİȞȚțȠȪ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȠȪ Ȉİ ȝȓĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒ ıȘȝĮıȓĮ IJȘȢ
ıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣțĮȚIJȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢİʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮȢIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
įȚİȟȒȤșȘıIJȘȞǿĮʌȦȞȓĮȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮȝİIJĮȟȪʌĮșȠȜȩȖȦȞțĮȚIJİȤȞȚțȫȞ
ȍȢ ȠȝȐįĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ ıIJȘȞ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıĮȞ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȞ ȦȢ
įȚȠȚțȘIJȚțȩʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩțĮȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıİʌĮȞİʌȚıIJȘȝȚĮțȐIJȝȒȝĮIJĮʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȒȢ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ6XJLWDHWDOǹʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞĮijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚĮȞțĮȚȘİʌȓʌIJȦıȘ
IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ıȤİIJȚȗȩIJĮȞ ȝİ IJȠ İʌȐȖȖİȜȝĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȓıȘ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ įȪȠ
ȠȝȐįȦȞ ȕȡȑșȘțİ ȩIJȚ Ș İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȒȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ
159
160
ǼǿȈǹīȍīǿȀǹīǿǹȉǹǼȆǹīīǼȁȂǹȉǿȀǹǹȉȊȋǾȂǹȉǹȀǹǿȃȅȈǾȂǹȉǹ
ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȠĮȞĮIJȩȝȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ IJİȤȞȚțȫȞ ʌȠȣ ıȣȝȝİIJİȓȤĮȞ ıİ ȞİțȡȠȥȓİȢ ȒIJĮȞ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘĮʌȩĮȣIJȒIJȘȢȠȝȐįĮȢİȜȑȖȤȠȣǹȣIJȒȘĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘİʌȓʌIJȦıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
ıȣıȤİIJȓıIJȘțİ ȝİ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJĮ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȐ IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ ǹȣIJȐ IJĮ
İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȩIJȚȠȚ İȚįȚțȑȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢıIJĮʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
IJȝȒȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ȩʌȠȣ įȚİȞİȡȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ ĮȣIJȠȥȓİȢ șȑIJİȚ ıİ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ țȓȞįȣȞȠ IJȠ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ ȑțșİıȘ IJȠȣ ıIJȘȞ
İȞİȡȖȒijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘțĮȚĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȑȞĮȞıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩțȓȞįȣȞȠ6XJLWDHW
al, 1990).
ȈIJȚȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ Ș ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ȦȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢțȓȞįȣȞȠȢĮʌȩIJȘȞįİțĮİIJȓĮIJȠȣ6HSNRZLW]ǹʌȩIJȩIJİ
ȑȤȠȣȞ İijĮȡȝȠıIJİȓ ĮȡțİIJȐ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȝİ țȪȡȚȠ
ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ İȞįȠȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȒ IJȘȢ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘ IJȩıȠ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ıIJȠ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ IJȦȞ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȦȞ -HQVHQ et al ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș ĮȞİʌĮȡțȒȢ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȦȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș
İʌȓįȡĮıȘ IJȠȣ ȚȠȪ +,9 ıIJȘȞ İʌĮȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȠįȒȖȘıĮȞ ıIJȘȞ
İȝijȐȞȚıȘ ĮȞșİțIJȚțȫȞ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȣĮȞșİțIJȚțȫȞ ıIJİȜİȤȫȞ IJȠȣ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȠȣ IJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ įİțĮİIJȓĮȢ IJȠȣ 6HSNRZLW] ȆȚȠ
ʌȡȩıijĮIJĮ Ș İȝijȐȞȚıȘ İțIJİIJĮȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȜȣĮȞșİțIJȚțȫȞ ıIJİȜİȤȫȞ șȑIJİȚ ıİ ıȠȕĮȡȩ
țȓȞįȣȞȠIJȘįȘȝȩıȚĮȣȖİȓĮțĮȚĮȣIJȩĮʌȠįȓįİIJĮȚțȣȡȓȦȢıIJȘȞĮȞİʌĮȡțȒİijĮȡȝȠȖȒ
IJȦȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ :ULJKW et al ǹȞ țĮȚ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ IJȘȢ
ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ İȞİȡȖȒȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȚıȝȑȞȠȢ ȦȢ
ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌĮȡȐ Įʌȩ ȩIJȚ İȓȞĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȖİȞȚțȩ
ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞȝİȜȑIJİȢʌȠȣȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȩIJȚıİȝİȡȚțȑȢȤȫȡİȢȝİȤĮȝȘȜȒ
İʌȓʌIJȦıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣįİȞįȓȞİIJĮȚȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȘıȘȝĮıȓĮıIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ
ȠȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢȣȖİȓĮȢĮʌȩĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠ%DXVVDQR et al, 2011).
ȈİȝȚĮȝİIJĮ-ĮȞȐȜȣıȘʌȠȣİȓȤİȦȢıțȠʌȩȞĮįİȓȟİȚIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠʌȠȣįȚĮIJȡȑȤİȚIJȠ
ȚĮIJȡȠȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩıİįȚȐijȠȡİȢȤȫȡİȢĮʌȩIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚ
Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȒIJĮȞ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠȢ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȠ ȖİȞȚțȩ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ İȣȡȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞȩIJȚȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘĮʌȠIJİȜİȓıĮijȫȢȑȞĮȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩțȓȞįȣȞȠȖȚĮ
ĮȣIJȩȞ IJȠȞ țȜȐįȠ Ǿ İȚıĮȖȦȖȒ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİȚȫȞİȚ IJȘȞ
İIJȒıȚĮ İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ȝİ ȤĮȝȘȜȒ
ȝİıĮȓĮțĮȚȝİȖȐȜȘİʌȓʌIJȦıȘIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮīȚ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠȜȩȖȠșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ȞĮ İʌȚįȚȫțİIJĮȚ Ș ȑȖțĮȚȡȘ įȚȐȖȞȦıȘ țĮȚ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮțȣȡȓȦȢ IJȦȞ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȑȜİȖȤȠȚȖȚĮIJȚȢ
ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ĮȞșİțIJȚțȒȢ țĮȚ İȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐ ĮȞșİțIJȚțȒȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ %DXVsano et al,
2011).
ǹʌȩȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘıIJȚȢǾȆǹȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣȤȡȠȞȚțȠȪįȚĮıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ-1998
ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJĮ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮ
İȓȤİ ȝİIJĮIJȡȠʌȒ șİIJȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJȠȢ ıIJȘȞ İȟȑIJĮıȘ İȓIJİ ʌȡȚȞ IJȘȞ
ȑȞĮȡȟȘ IJȘȢ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ İȓIJİ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚȐ IJȘȢ /DUVHQ et al ȍıIJȩıȠ įİȞ
ȕȡȑșȘțİ ȩIJȚ Ș İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝİ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ĮȪȟȘıİ IJȠȞ țȓȞįȣȞȠ
ȝİIJĮIJȡȠʌȒȢIJȘȢįİȡȝȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢǼʌȓıȘȢįİȞȕȡȑșȘțİįȚĮijȠȡȐıIJȚȢĮȜȜĮȖȑȢIJȠȣ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ įİȡȝȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ
ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚıİıȣȤȞȒİʌĮijȒȝİIJȠȣȢĮıșİȞİȓȢțĮȚĮȣIJȠȪȢʌȠȣįİȞȑȤȠȣȞțĮșȩȜȠȣ
İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȅȚ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣıȤİIJȓıșȘțĮȞ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȜȜĮȖȒ IJȘȢ
įİȡȝȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ƞ İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȩȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ Ƞ ȤĮȝȘȜȩȢ ȝȚıșȩȢ
țĮȚ Ș ȝİȖȐȜȘ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJĮȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȒȢ ȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ıIJȠ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȩ
ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘȢ Įʌȩ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ İȓȞĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ țȠȚȞȠIJȚțȩȢ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȢțĮȚȩȤȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ/DUVHQHWDO
Ǿ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ıIJȠ ǾȞȦȝȑȞȠ ǺĮıȓȜİȚȠ ıİ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ
İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȦȝȑȞİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢİIJȘıȓȦȢıIJĮȝȑıĮIJȘȢįİțĮİIJȓĮȢIJȠȣțĮȚ
Ș ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȘȢ ȖȞȫıȘȢ IJȠȣ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȜȩȖȦ IJȠȣ ȤİȚȡȚıȝȠȪ ȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞȦȞ Įʌȩ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȣȜȚțȫȞ țĮȚ țĮȜȜȚİȡȖİȚȫȞ ȠįȒȖȘıİ ıİ ȝȚĮ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȘ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ
İʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣȝİIJĮȟȪİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮțĮȚ
ıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȞİțȡȠȥȓĮȢ&ROOLQV*UDQJHȍıIJȩıȠȘİʌĮȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘIJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȣȥȘȜȩȢ İʌȚʌȠȜĮıȝȩȢ IJȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ȠȡȠșİIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ
țĮșȫȢțĮȚȠȚȞȑİȢIJİȤȞȚțȑȢıIJȘȞİȡȖĮıIJȘȡȚĮțȒIJİȤȞȠȜȠȖȓĮĮȣȟȐȞȠȣȞIJȘȞİʌȓʌIJȦıȘ
IJȘȢȞȩıȠȣȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJĮİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮțĮȚıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȞİțȡȠȥȓĮȢ
İȞȫȘIJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞȘİȝijȐȞȚıȘʌȠȜȣĮȞșİțIJȚțȫȞıIJİȜİȤȫȞIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣĮȣȟȐȞİȚĮțȩȝȘ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠIJȠȞțȓȞįȣȞȠțȐȞȠȞIJȐȢIJȠȞĮțȩȝȘʌȚȠıȠȕĮȡȩ3HDUVRQ et al, 1992).
ȊʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚȩIJȚʌİȡȓʌȠȣȤȚȜȚȐįİȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJĮİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮıIJȠǾȞȦȝȑȞȠ
ǺĮıȓȜİȚȠ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ȝȚțȡȠȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ
ʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞĮıșȑȞİȚĮ6HZHOO
ȈIJĮİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮțĮȚıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȞİțȡȠȥȓĮȢȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝİIJĮįȠșİȓ
ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ İȚıʌȞȠȒȢ IJȦȞ ȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞ Įʌȩ ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ĮʌȠȟȘȡĮȝȑȞĮ ȣȜȚțȐ
Įʌȩ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪȢ ȩʌȦȢțȠȥȓȝĮIJĮțĮȚIJȡȣʌȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȩȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮȩȡȖĮȞĮțĮȚ
ĮʌȩIJȘȞİʌĮijȒȝİȝȠȜȣıȝȑȞĮȣȜȚțȐțĮȚİʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ&ROOLQVDQG*UDQJe, 1999).
ȉĮ ʌIJȪİȜĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȝİȖȐȜȠȣȢ ĮȡȚșȝȠȪȢ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȚįȓȦȞ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȝȑșȠįȠȚ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ įȚİȟȐȖȠȞIJĮȚ İțIJȩȢ IJȠȣ
İȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞĮȝİĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮȞĮțĮIJĮȜȒȖȠȣȞıIJȘȞ
İʌȚȝȩȜȣȞıȘIJȘȢİȟȦIJİȡȚțȒȢİʌȚijȐȞİȚĮȢIJȠȣijȚĮȜȚįȓȠȣDzIJıȚIJȠȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠIJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚıIJȠİȟȦIJİȡȚțȩIJȦȞȝȑıȦȞıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢțĮȚıİȐȜȜİȢ
İʌȚijȐȞİȚİȢ ȩʌȦȢ ijȐȞȘțİ Įʌȩ ȝȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȕȡȑșȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ
ȝȣțȠȕĮIJȘȡȓįȚȠ ȣʌȒȡȤİ ıIJȠ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȩ Įʌȩ ijȚĮȜȓįȚĮ ıȣȜȜȠȖȒȢ $OOHQ Darrell, 1983).
ǻİȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮȞĮijȠȡȑȢȖȚĮIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩIJȚȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚȝİ
IJȠȞȤİȚȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞȣȜȚțȫȞĮȜȜȐȘıȦıIJȒʌȡĮțIJȚțȒİȓȞĮȚȘȤȡȒıȘȖĮȞIJȚȫȞțĮIJȐIJȘ
ıȣȜȜȠȖȒ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ȣȜȚțȠȪ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıİ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ
İȟȦʌȞİȣȝȠȞȚțȒȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚȝİIJȠȞȚȩ+,93HDUVRQ et alIJĮ
ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȐ įİȓȖȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȣȜȜȑȖȠȞIJĮȚ ȩʌȦȢ IJĮ ȠȪȡĮ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌȪȠȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌİȡȚȑȤȠȣȞ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚĮ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ įİȞ ʌȑijIJİȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ IJȩıȠ IJȠȣ
161
162
ĮȣIJȩȢ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ĮȣȟȐȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ țĮȚ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ
ȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢțĮȚİȜȑȖȤȠȣIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣıIJȠȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȩʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ$QJ et al,
2008).
ȂİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ įȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȑțșİıȘȢțĮȚȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢĮʌȩijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘİȓȞĮȚȠȚȚĮIJȡȠȓʌĮșȠȜȠȖȠĮȞĮIJȩȝȠȚ
țĮȚȠȚȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȑȢǼʌȓıȘȢIJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȦȞİȡȖĮıIJȘȡȓȦȞșİȦȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚĮȞȒțİȚ
ıIJȠ ȝİıĮȓȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ Įʌȩ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ įȚȩIJȚ ĮȞ țĮȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ
ȐȝİıȘ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȑȜșȠȣȞ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȐ
įİȓȖȝĮIJĮĮʌȩĮıșİȞİȓȢȝİijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ$QJ et al, 2008).
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȠȪ ʌȠȣ ıȣȜȜȑȖİȚ IJȠ įİȓȖȝĮȩıȠțĮȚIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJĮİȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚĮ
ʌȠȣIJȠįȚĮȤİȚȡȓȗİIJĮȚ$OOHQDQG'DUUHOO
ȉĮįİȓȖȝĮIJĮʌIJȣȑȜȦȞıȣȞȒșȦȢȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚıİșİȡȝȚțȒİʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮĮȜȜȐĮȣIJȒ
ȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮȝȘȞİȟȠȣįİIJİȡȫıİȚIJĮȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚĮ$OOHQȉĮȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚĮ
IJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌĮȡĮȝİȓȞȠȣȞ ȕȚȫıȚȝĮȖȚĮĮȡțİIJȑȢȘȝȑȡİȢıIJĮįİȓȖȝĮIJĮ
ʌIJȣȑȜȦȞ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ ȩIJĮȞ Ș șİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ - ȕĮșȝȫȞ
ȀİȜıȓȠȣțĮȚȑȦȢįȪȠİȕįȠȝȐįİȢȩIJĮȞȘșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓĮİȓȞĮȚıIJȠȣȢȕĮșȝȠȪȢȍȢ
İț IJȠȪIJȠȣ ĮȣIJȐ IJĮ įİȓȖȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚșĮȞȫȢ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ ȖȚĮ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȞĮ ijȣȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚ Ȓ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ țȜİȚıIJȐ ĮİȡȠıIJİȖȒ įȠȤİȓĮ
(Collins and Grange, 1999).
ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ ʌİȡİIJĮȓȡȦ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪȞ IJȘȞ İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ
ȣʌȠȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚIJȠįİȓȖȝĮʌIJȣȑȜȦȞīȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮİȐȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚȘȝȑșȠįȠȢ
IJȠȣijȦıijȠȡȚțȠȪȞĮIJȡȓȠȣȖȚĮIJȘȞȠȝȠȖİȞȠʌȠȓȘıȘțĮȚIJȘıȣȖțȑȞIJȡȦıȘȣʌȐȡȤİȚȘ
IJȐıȘ IJȠ ȝİȓȖȝĮ ȞĮ ȟȘȡĮȞșİȓ ȖȡȒȖȠȡĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȚȠȤȒ IJȠȣ ȜĮȚȝȠȪ IJȠȣ įȠȤİȓȠȣ ıIJȠ
ȠʌȠȓȠȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚIJȠįİȓȖȝĮțĮȚIJȠȠʌȠȓȠİțIJȓșİIJĮȚȝİIJȠȐȞȠȚȖȝĮıIJȠȞĮȑȡĮǵIJĮȞ
ĮȣIJȩ ȖȓȞİȚ IJĮ ȕĮțIJȒȡȚĮ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ĮȑȡĮ țĮȚ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșȠȪȞ
ĮİȡȠȜȪȝĮIJĮ İțIJȩȢ İȐȞ ȜȘijșȠȪȞ IJĮ țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȝȑIJȡĮ țĮIJȐ IJȠȞ ȤİȚȡȚıȝȩ țĮȚ
İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȠȞ įİȚȖȝȐIJȦȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ȞİțȡȠȥȓĮȞİțȡȠIJȠȝȒ IJȦȞ
ʌȞİȣȝȩȞȦȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚțȓȞįȣȞȠȢȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢĮʌȩIJȠȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠIJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ
&ROOLQV *UDQJH ȂȚĮʌĮȜĮȚȐȑȡİȣȞĮ ȑįİȚȟİ ȩIJȚȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ
ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȦȞijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ıIJȠ ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıIJȠȣȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢ ȞİțȡȠȥȓĮȢ ȩʌȠȣ ȕȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȞ ȠȚ ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ ȖȚĮ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘ 0HDGH
ȈİĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞĮȠȚijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȚıĮȖȦȖȒIJȠȣȢıIJȘȞȚĮIJȡȚțȒıȤȠȜȒ
İȓȤĮȞ İȟİIJĮıșİȓ ȖȚĮ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȝİ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ĮȜȜȐ ȩIJĮȞ
İʌĮȞĮȜȒijșȘțİȘİȟȑIJĮıȘijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚțȐʌȠȚȠȚĮʌȩIJȠȣȢijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢİȓȤĮȞįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȩ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ țĮȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣ įİȪIJİȡȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ ȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ
ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪıĮȞıİȚȡȐȝĮșȘȝȐIJȦȞıIJȘȞʌĮșȠȜȠȖĮȞĮIJȠȝȓĮ0HDGH
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮȝİIJĮȟȪİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞȣȖİȓĮȢȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚİȓȤĮȞİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJİȓțĮIJȐIJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ȠȚ ȝȚıȠȓ İȓȤĮȞ ȝİIJĮIJȡȠʌȒ
įİȡȝȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȢ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ ȤȚȜȚȠıIJȫȞ Ȓ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ țĮȚ IJȠ ȤȚȜȚȠıIJȐ Ȓ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ ĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȒșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ Ƞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȠ İʌȓʌİįȠ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢȑțșİıȘȢ7DQ et al, 2002).
ȉȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚıIJȠĮțIJȚȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩIJȝȒȝĮİȞȩȢȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠȣʌȚșĮȞȫȢ
ȞĮ ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİȖȐȜȠ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ įȚȩIJȚ İțIJȩȢ IJȠȣ ȩIJȚ Ș
ĮțIJȚȞȠȖȡĮijȓĮ șȫȡĮțȠȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ʌȜȑȠȞ ĮȟȚȩʌȚıIJȦȞ ȝİșȩįȦȞ
įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ IJȠ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıİ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ ȑȞĮȞ ʌȠȜȪ
ȝİȖȐȜȠĮȡȚșȝȩĮıșİȞȫȞĮʌȩıȤİįȩȞȩȜĮIJĮIJȝȒȝĮIJĮİȞȩȢȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠȣțĮȚȩȜȦȞ
IJȦȞȘȜȚțȚȫȞ7DQDQG.DPDUXO]DPDQ
DzȤİȚ ijĮȞİȓ Įʌȩ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȩIJȚ Ƞ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȝȩȜȣȞıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ȝȣțȠȕĮțIJȘȡȓįȚȠ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ĮȣȟȐȞİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJĮ
ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȣʌȘȡİıȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȐȝİıȘ İʌĮijȒ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ǼʌȓıȘȢ
Ǿ ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ șȞȘIJȩIJȘIJĮ ȜȩȖȦ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȝİȚȫșȘțİ įȡĮȝĮIJȚțȐ IJȠȞ
ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠ ĮȚȫȞĮ țĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ Įʌȩ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠȣ ȠįȒȖȘıİ ıIJȘ ȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȘĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ
ȩIJȚıIJȠǻȣIJȚțȩțȩıȝȠȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘįİȞĮʌȠIJİȜİȓʌȜȑȠȞįȘȝȩıȚȠțȓȞįȣȞȠ/HII et
alǹȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚȑȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȜȩȖȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȠȞȠʌȠȓȠĮȡțİIJȑȢȚĮIJȡȚțȑȢıȤȠȜȑȢ
ȑʌĮȥĮȞȞĮıȣȝʌİȡȚİȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘıIJȘįȚįĮțIJȑĮIJȠȣȢȪȜȘ+XEHUDQG
0LOOHUǼʌȓıȘȢıİȝȓĮȝİȜȑIJȘȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢıİijȣȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ
ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ıİ ȑȞĮ ıȪȞȠȜȠ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ȐȞȦ IJȠȣ įİȞ ȑȜĮȕĮȞ IJȘ
ıȦıIJȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮ%XUG et al ȊʌȐȡȤȠȣȞʌȠȜȜȑȢȝİȜȑIJİȢʌȠȣȣʌȠįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ
ȩIJȚ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ įȚĮȖȞȫıIJȘțĮȞȝİIJȐ șȐȞĮIJȠ țĮȚ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ IJȠ
IJȦȞ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȑȤĮıĮȞ IJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣȢ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ ȠȚ ȚĮIJȡȠȓ IJȠȣȢ
įİȞ ȣʌȠʌIJİȪșȘțĮȞ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ıIJȠȞ ȀĮȞĮįȐ ȑȤİȚ
ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȚȤșİȓȩIJȚȑȞĮȢĮȣȟĮȞȩȝİȞȠȢĮȡȚșȝȩȢșĮȞȐIJȦȞȜȩȖȦijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ
ıIJȘȞȜĮȞșĮıȝȑȞȘįȚȐȖȞȦıȘ(QDUVRQ et al 1978).
ǾijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘʌȡȠțĮȜİȓʌȠȜȜȠȪȢșĮȞȐIJȠȣȢʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮĮʌȠijİȣȤșȠȪȞțȣȡȓȦȢ
İʌİȚįȒ įİȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ įȚȐȖȞȦıȘ ʌĮȡȐ IJȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ Ș ȞȩıȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ șİȡĮʌİȪıȚȝȘ
(Katz et alǾĮʌȠIJȣȤȓĮįȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢıIJȚȢ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮİȓȞĮȚȠĮʌȠțȜİȚıȝȩȢIJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢĮʌȩIJȘįȚĮijȠȡȚțȒįȚȐȖȞȦıȘʌȞİȣȝȠȞȓĮȢ
ʌȠȣ įİȞ ĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȓșȘțİ ıIJȘȞ ıȣȞȒșȘ șİȡĮʌİȓĮıİıȣȞįȣĮıȝȩȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠșȣȝȓĮ
ĮʌȠįȠȤȒȢ IJȘȢ įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȚıIJȠȜȠȖȚțȑȢ ĮʌȠįİȓȟİȚȢ Ȉİ țȐʌȠȚȠȣȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ
ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓ ʌĮȜȚȐ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ĮȜȜȐ Ș ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ
İʌĮȞİȝijȐȞȚıȒȢIJȘȢȦȢȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮȜȠȓȝȦȟȘįİȞȣʌȐȡȤİȚȠȪIJİȦȢȣʌȩȞȠȚĮİȚįȚțȐ
ıIJȠȣȢĮıșİȞİȓȢʌȠȣĮȞȒțȠȣȞıİȠȝȐįİȢȝİʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢǾıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȘȢ
įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȘȞȩıȠȢȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮșİȡĮʌİȣșİȓİȐȞįȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓĮȜȜȐȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ ĮʌȠȕİȓ ȝȠȚȡĮȓĮ ıIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ ʌȠȣ įİȞ įȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓ DzȞĮ ȐIJȠȝȠ ȝİ
ȝȠȜȣıȝĮIJȚțȒ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ įȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮįȫıİȚ IJȘ
ȞȩıȠȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮıİȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣįİȞȑȤȠȣȞĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘșİȓȖȚĮIJȘȞijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
Ȉİ ȝȚĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ IJȠ țĮIJȐ ʌȩıȠ ȠȚ ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ ȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢ ȒIJĮȞ
İȞȒȝİȡȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ ʌȠȣ
ıȣȝȝİIJİȓȤĮȞ ȝȩȞȠ IJȠ ȑįİȚȟİ ȩIJȚ ȖȞȫȡȚȗİ ȩIJȚ Ș ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚ
ĮİȡȠȖİȞȫȢțĮȚȝȩȞȠIJȠȖȞȫȡȚȗİIJȠȩIJȚȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİȕĮțIJȒȡȚĮ
163
164
īȃȍȈǼǿȈǿǹȉȇȍȃȀǹǿȃȅȈǾȁǼȊȉȍȃ
ȈȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ IJȠ ȝȩȞȠ ȖȞȫȡȚȗİ ȩIJȚ Ș
įȚȐȖȞȦıȘIJȘȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȘȞțȜȚȞȚțȒİȚțȩȞĮIJȘįİȡȝĮIJȚțȒįȠțȚȝĮıȓĮ
țĮȚIJȘȞĮțIJȚȞȠȖȡĮijȓĮșȫȡĮțȠȢǼʌȓıȘȢȝȩȞȠIJȠijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚȖȚĮIJȠ
İȝȕȩȜȚȠțĮIJȐIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣțĮȚȝȩȞȠIJȠȖȞȫȡȚȗİȩIJȚIJĮıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȝijĮȞȚıIJȠȪȞ ȩIJĮȞ ȝİȚȦșİȓ Ș ĮȝȣȞIJȚțȒ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȪ
ǺĮıȚȜȩʌȠȣȜȠȢțĮȚıȣȞ
Ȉİ ȝȓĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ
İʌȚıIJȘȝȫȞijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȠȚijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢİȓȤĮȞȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮʌȠıȠıIJȐȖȞȫıȘȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȘ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ IJȡȩʌȠȣȢ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ
ȤȦȡȓȢȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚįȚĮijȠȡȐȝİIJĮȟȪȖȣȞĮȚțȫȞțĮȚĮȞįȡȫȞĮȞțĮȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢĮʌȩIJȚȢ
ʌȚȠIJİȤȞȚțȑȢİȡȦIJȒıİȚȢʌȠȣıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȝİIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘĮʌĮȞIJȒșȘțĮȞıȦıIJȐıİ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ İȚįȚțȠIJȒIJȦȞ $O-Jabri et al,
2006).
ȈİȝȓĮȑȡİȣȞĮȝİIJĮȟȪijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȠijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚȖȞȫȡȚȗİȩIJȚȘ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȝİIJĮįȓįİIJĮȚȝȑıȦIJȦȞıIJĮȖȠȞȚįȓȦȞʌȠȣʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȚțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮ
IJȠȣȕȒȤĮIJȠȣijIJİȡȞȓıȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚIJȘȢȠȝȚȜȓĮȢțĮȚıİĮȣIJȠȪȢʌȠȣĮʌȐȞIJȘıĮȞșİIJȚțȐ
ijȐȞȘțİȩIJȚıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠȑʌĮȚȟİȘțȜȚȞȚțȒIJȠȣȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮĮȜȜȐȩȤȚȘıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒ
IJȠȣȢ ıİ ıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ ȂİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ ijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȓȤĮȞ ıȣȝȝİIJȐıȤİȚ ıİ ıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ
ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ Ș ıȦıIJȑȢ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıIJȠ İȞȫ IJĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ įİȞ İȓȤĮȞ
ıȣȝȝİIJȐıȤİȚ ıİ ıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮ ȠȚ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ IJȠȣȢ ȒIJĮȞ ıȦıIJȑȢ ıIJȠ ȂİIJĮȟȪ
IJȦȞijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢʌȠȣĮȞȑijİȡĮȞȩIJȚİȓȤĮȞİțIJİșİȓıİİȞİȡȖȩijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
IJȠĮȞȑijİȡİȩIJȚįİȞȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıİȝȐıțĮȉĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮțȜȚȞȚțȒȢİȝʌİȚȡȓĮȢ
ıȣıȤİIJȓıIJȘțĮȞ ȝİ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ ĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJȚțȫȞ ȝȑıȦȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘ
ȖȞȫıȘȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮʌȠȣʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞIJĮĮIJȠȝȚțȐȝȑIJȡĮʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢȈİĮȣIJȒ
IJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ ʌȠȜȪ ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ IJȘȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ įİȞ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ țĮȜȐ IJȘȞ
ȜȠȓȝȦȟȘĮʌȩ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘțĮȚȠȚįȚĮȜȑȟİȚȢȖȚĮIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘįİȞİʌĮȡțȠȪȞȖȚĮȞĮ
ĮȜȜĮȤșȠȪȞȠȚʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢʌȠȣȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ7HL[HLUD et al, 2008).
ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌĮȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȘȢ ȞȩıȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įİțĮİIJȓĮ IJȠȣ IJȠ İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞȖȚĮ
IJȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘțĮȚIJȘȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞȣȖİȓĮȢıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞȩıȠ
ȑȤİȚĮȣȟȘșİȓȉȩıȠȠȆĮȖțȩıȝȚȠȢȅȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȢȊȖİȓĮȢȩıȠțĮȚȠȚįȚȐijȠȡȠȚİșȞȚțȠȓ
ijȠȡİȓȢʌȠȣİȓȞĮȚȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJĮȜȠȚȝȫįȘȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮȑȤȠȣȞİțįȫıİȚȣȜȚțȩʌȠȣ
ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ıİ ȝȚĮ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ țĮȚ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȜȩȖȦ IJȠȣ ȩIJȚ ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
ȜȐșȘıIJȘįȚȐȖȞȦıȘțĮȚIJȘșİȡĮʌİȓĮțȣȡȓȦȢȜȩȖȦIJȘȢȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚ
țĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ȞȩıȠ ȈIJȚȢ ǾȞȦȝȑȞİȢ ȆȠȜȚIJİȓİȢ IJȘȢ ǹȝİȡȚțȒȢ
ȚįȡȪșȘțİȑȞĮȢijȠȡȑĮȢȖȚĮIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȝİıțȠʌȩIJȘȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘIJȦȞijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȫȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ ȑIJıȚ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȘijșİȓ țĮȚ IJİșİȓ ȣʌȩ ȑȜİȖȤȠ Ș ȞȩıȠȢ
(Manangan, Jarvis, 2000).
ȈİȝȚĮȑȡİȣȞĮʌȠȣįȚİȟȒȤșȘıIJȚȢǾȆǹIJȠȝİIJĮȟȪijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȕĮıȚțȒIJȠȣȢȖȞȫıȘıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘțĮȚIJȠʌȩıȠıȓȖȠȣȡȠȚȞȚȫșȠȣȞȠȚ
ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ ȩIJĮȞ ijȡȠȞIJȓȗȠȣȞ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝİȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮ Ȓ İȞİȡȖȒ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ijȐȞȘțİ
ȩIJȚ ıȤİįȩȞ IJȠ IJȦȞ ijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞ İȓȤİ ıȣȝȝİIJȐıȤİȚ ıİ IJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞ ȝȓĮ įȚȐȜİȟȘ
ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪıİ IJȘȞ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ țĮȚ IJȠ İȓȤİ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚ Ȓ
ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢįȚĮȜȑȟİȚȢıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȚȢȠįȘȖȓİȢȖȚĮIJȘijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȈȤİįȩȞȩȜȠȚȠȚ
ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢȖȞȫȡȚȗĮȞIJȦȞĮİȡȠȖİȞȒIJȡȩʌȠȝİIJȐįȠıȘȢIJȘȢȞȩıȠȣİȞȫIJȠ İȟĮȣIJȫȞ
įİȞ ȖȞȫȡȚȗİ IJȘ ıȦıIJȒ ȝȑșȠįȠ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȞȘȢ Ȓ ȩIJȚ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ%&*įİȞİȓȞĮȚĮȞIJȑȞįİȚȟȘıIJȘȞįİȡȝȠĮȞIJȓįȡĮıȘȁȚȖȩIJİȡȠĮʌȩIJĮ
IJȦȞıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞȖȞȫȡȚȗİȩIJȚIJȠIJȦȞĮıșİȞȫȞȝİȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ
șĮ ĮȞĮʌIJȪȟȠȣȞ İȞİȡȖȐ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ țȐʌȠȚĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣȢ ȩIJĮȞ IJȠ
ĮȞȠıȠʌȠȚȘIJȚțȩIJȠȣȢıȪıIJȘȝĮșĮȑȤİȚİȟĮıșİȞȒıİȚȖȚĮțȐʌȠȚȠȜȩȖȠǼʌȓıȘȢıIJȚȢ
ǾȆǹ IJȠ İȝȕȩȜȚȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘȢ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıIJȠ İșȞȚțȩ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
İȝȕȠȜȚĮıȝȫȞ įȚȩIJȚ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ʌİȡȚʌȜȑțİȚ IJȘȞ İʌȚIJȒȡȘıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȞȩıȠ ȂİIJĮȟȪ
IJȦȞıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞıİĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞĮȠȚįİȞȒIJĮȞȖȘȖİȞİȓȢǹȝİȡȚțĮȞȠȓțĮȚ
ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ İȟ ĮȣIJȫȞ ȜȐȝȕĮȞĮȞ ijȐȡȝĮțĮ țĮȚ IJȠ İȓȤİ įȚĮȖȞȦıșİȓ ȝİ
ȜĮȞșȐȞȠȣıĮ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ IJȠ İȓȤİ ȜȐȕİȚ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ țĮȚ IJȠ
İȓȤİİȝȕȠȜȚĮıIJİȓțĮIJȐIJȚȢijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȢ-DFNVRQ et al, 2007).
ǵıȠȞĮijȠȡȐIJȚȢʌİʌȠȚșȒıİȚȢIJȦȞijȠȚIJȘIJȫȞʌȠȣıȣȝȝİIJİȓȤĮȞıİĮȣIJȒIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞĮ
ijȐȞȘțİ ȩIJȚ IJȠ įȚĮijȦȞȠȪıĮȞ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȐʌȠȥȘ ȩIJȚ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȝȘįĮȝȚȞȒ ĮȞȐȖțȘ
ȖȚĮ ʌİȡİIJĮȓȡȦ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȜȩȖȦ IJȠȣ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ȝİȖȐȜȘ
ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣȢ ıİ ĮȣIJȒ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș ʌȜİȚȠȥȘijȓĮ IJȦȞ ıȣȝȝİIJİȤȩȞIJȦȞ
șİȦȡȠȪıİ ȩIJȚȘ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘȒIJĮȞȑȞĮıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩțȠȝȝȐIJȚIJȘȢ
ĮțĮįȘȝĮȧțȒȢ IJȠȣȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ Ǿ ȝȑșȠįȠȢ ȩȝȦȢ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ ıİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘ
ijȣȝĮIJȓȦıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ijȠȚIJȘIJȑȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȑıȦ įȚĮȜȑȟİȦȞ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ İȞİȡȖȒȢ
įȚįĮıțĮȜȓĮȢ-DFNVRQ et al, 2007).
165
166
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OCCUPATIONAL RISKS
OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
IN A SPECIAL CHEST DISEASES HOSPITAL
Ǽ*LDRXULGLǼȃHQDand T.C. Constantinidis
Programm of Postgraduate Studies Health and Safety in Workplace. Organized by
Medical School of Democritus University of Thrace (in cooperation with Departments of
Public Health and Nursing A, Athens Technological Educational Institute), Laboratory of
Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Medical School of Democritus University of
Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
Abstract: Tuberculosis, constitutes a threat for the public health, since 10 million
cases of tuberculosis and 2 million deaths are observed worldwide every year.
This is due to the large numbers of immigration from the developing to the
developed countries and also due to the ease of transport through travels.
Tuberculosis constitutes an occupational hazard for doctors and nurses since they
are often exposed to active tuberculosis during their work. However, the lack of
Occupational Physicians as well as the lack of protecting measures may pose this
staff to even greater hazard and therefore, interventions in every organizational
level are necessary in an effort to protect both the medical staff and the general
public against tuberculosis, and of course try to eliminate the disease.
Verer S., van Loenhout-Rooyackers JH., Bwire R., Anneevan-Bavel JA et al. (2005).
Tuberculosis in children who are contacts of immigrant tuberculosis patients. Eur Respir J; 26:126132
WHO and ILO (2005). Number of work-related accidents and illnesses continues to increase. Join in
call for prevention strategies, 2005 http://www.who.int/2005/pr18/en/index.html
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http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563802_eng.pdf
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drugs blocking tumor necrosis factor. Adverse events with biologics. report. Ann Rheum
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on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. Lancet 30;373(9678)1861-73.
169
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 155-170 170
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įȚİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒȢȝĮȢȝİȜȑIJȘȢ [2].
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ȤİȚȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞİʌȓİįȐijȠȣȢĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞȫıIJİȠȚıȣȞIJȘȡȘIJȑȢIJİȤȞȚțȠȓȞĮ
țĮIJȑȤȠȣȞ ȜİʌIJȠȝİȡİȓȢ ȖȞȫıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ įȚİȡȖĮıȓİȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚıțİȣȒ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ıIJȘȞ IJȡȠȤȚȠįȡȩȝȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȠ
ijȠȣȜȐȡȚıȝĮ IJȦȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȫȞ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ȤȡȒıȘ IJȦȞ ȣȜȚțȫȞ ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘȢ İʌȓ
İįȐijȠȣȢ [3] ǼʌȓıȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ıİ țȐșİ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȞĮ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚ țĮȚ Ƞ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȢĮıIJȐșȝȘIJȠȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢıIJȠʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ
ȩIJĮȞ İȟİIJȐȗİIJĮȚ Ș ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ șȑȝĮIJĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮȣIJȒ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ ʌȡȠıȝİIJȡİȓIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ Ș țȠȪȡĮıȘ Ș ʌȓİıȘ Įʌȩ ʌȡȠșİıȝȓİȢ IJȠ
ȐȖȤȠȢ Ș ĮʌȩıʌĮıȘ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠıȠȤȒȢ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ Ș ijIJȦȤȒ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ
İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢȘĮįȚĮijȠȡȓĮțĮȚȘȑȜȜİȚȥȘʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘȢ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢ ıİ ıȣȞȒșİȚȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓİȢ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒ
ĮȞȐȖțȘȘȖȞȫıȘIJȠȣʌȦȢȠĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȢĮıIJȐșȝȘIJȠȢʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJȘȞ
ĮʌȩįȠıȘțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ [4].
ǹȈĭǹȁǼǿǹǼīȀǹȉǹȈȉǹȈǼȍȃ
ȅȚ İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ıİ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȞ IJĮ
ȣʌȩıIJİȖĮIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİʌȚıțİȣȒȢțĮȚIJȚȢȖȡĮȝȝȑȢʌIJȒıİȚȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞǾțȐșİ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒ ȕȐȡįȚĮ ȑȤİȚ IJĮ įȚțȐ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮȜİȓĮ ȝİ IJĮ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ
ȣʌİȪșȣȞȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ijȪȜĮȟȘ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ ǵȜİȢ ȠȚ ȖȡĮȝȝȑȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ
ȕȐįȚıȘȢ ʌİȗȫȞ İȟȩįȠȣ ijȦIJȚȐȢ İȓȞĮȚ țĮȜȐ ȕĮȝȝȑȞİȢ Ǿ İʌȚțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȗȦIJȚțȒȢ ıȘȝĮıȓĮȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ıȦıIJȒ ĮʌȡȩıțȠʌIJȘ
țĮȚĮıijĮȜȒİȡȖĮıȓĮ [3].
īȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ Ƞ ȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȩȢ ȠȚ IJİȤȞȚțȠȓ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȞ ȕĮıȚțȑȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ ȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȠȪ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȞĮ İțIJȚȝȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠȣ
ȡİȪȝĮIJȠȢIJȩıȠıIJȠȞĮȕȠȘșȐİȚıIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȩıȠțĮȚıIJȠʌȠȣĮȡȤȓȗİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚ
țĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȒ Ș ȤȡȒıȘ IJȠȣ ǻȪȠ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ İʌȚįȡȠȪȞ ıIJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȩIJĮȞ
ĮȞĮijİȡȩȝĮıIJİ ıIJȠȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȩ ȅ ijȩȕȠȢ țĮȚ Ș ȣʌİȡ-İȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘ ȆȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗȠȞIJĮȚİȟȓıȠȣțĮȚȞĮįȓȞİIJĮȚIJȠțĮIJȐȜȜȘȜȠİʌȓʌİįȠİȝʌȚıIJȠıȪȞȘȢȫıIJİȞĮ
ȝȘȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞĮțȡĮȓİȢțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢțĮȚıIJȚȢįȪȠʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȖȚĮIJȓIJȩIJİȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ
ȞĮ ĮʌȠȕȠȪȞ ȝȠȚȡĮȓİȢ Ǿ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ıȦıIJȒȢ İțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ıIJȘȞ
ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ıȦıIJȒȢ ȖȞȫıȘȢ Ǿ ȣʌİȡİțIJȓȝȘıȘ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȐȜȘȥȘ ȡȓıțȠȣ ȅ
IJİȤȞȚțȩȢʌȠȣįİȞİțIJȚȝȐıȦıIJȐIJȚȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢIJȠȣȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȠȪĮȡȖȐȒȖȡȒȖȠȡĮ
șĮțĮIJĮıIJİȓșȪȝĮIJȘȢȘȜİțIJȡȚțȒȢİȞȑȡȖİȚĮȢȈȣȞİʌȫȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓIJİ
ıIJİȞȐ Ș țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȦȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȚțȫȞ ȣȜȚțȫȞ Ǿ İʌȚıțİȣȒ Ȓ ĮȞIJȚțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȦȞ
țĮIJİıIJȡĮȝȝȑȞȦȞȣȜȚțȫȞșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȖȓȞİIJĮȚʌȐȞIJĮʌȡȚȞĮʌȩțȐșİȤȡȒıȘIJȠȣȢ
ǵʌȦȢțĮȚȠȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȩȢȑIJıȚțĮȚIJĮʌİʌȚİıȝȑȞĮĮȑȡȚĮĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞȑȞĮİȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȩ
İȡȖĮȜİȓȠ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ Įȡțİȓ ȞĮ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ
țĮIJȐȜȜȘȜİȢ ȠįȘȖȓİȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ İȚįȐȜȜȦȢ ıİ ĮȞIJȓșİIJȘ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ țĮșȓıIJĮȞIJĮȚ
172
īȚĮ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȘȢ İȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒȢ ȝİȜȑIJȘȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıĮȝİ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ȜȐȕȠȣȝİ ĮʌȩȥİȚȢ ȖȞȫȝİȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ İȝʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȦȝȑȞİȢ ĮȞIJȚȜȒȥİȚȢ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJĮ
İȡȖĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ ıİ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ
ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȆȚȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ IJȘȞ įİțĮİIJȓĮ ȝİIJĮȟȪ - ıİ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ
ȝİȖȐȜȘȢ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫıĮȝİ Įʌȩ IJĮ ĮȡȤİȓĮ
ĮȞĮȖȖİȜȓĮȢİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȘȢȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮȢʌȡȠȢIJȠǿȀǹ [5].
ȉȠ İȡȖĮȜİȓȠ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ıIJȘȞ ʌĮȡȠȪıĮ ȑȡİȣȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJȠ įİȜIJȓȠ
țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȑȞĮ İȚįȚțȩ ȑȞIJȣʌȠ ʌȠȣ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ
IJȣʌȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞĮİȡȦIJȒȝĮIJĮȖȚĮIJȘıȣȜȜȠȖȒʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȫȞįİįȠȝȑȞȦȞIJȠȣİȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒ țĮȚ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘIJȦȞĮȚIJȓȦȞʌȠȣIJȠʌȡȠțȐȜİıĮȞIJȠȞ
İȞIJȠʌȚıȝȩIJȘȢȕȜȐȕȘȢIJȘȞ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘʌȠȣĮʌĮȚIJȒșȘțİțĮȚIJȘȞȑțȕĮıȘIJȘȢțĮșȫȢ
țĮȚIJȠȞIJȩʌȠțĮȚIJȠȤȫȡȠʌȠȣȑȖȚȞİIJȠĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ [5].
ȂȑıȦIJȠȣįİȜIJȓȠȣįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțİİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȩʌȡȦIJȩțȠȜȜȠțĮȚȘȑȡİȣȞĮįȚİȟȒȤșȘ
ȕȐıİȚ IJȦȞ ʌȚȠ țȐIJȦ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȫȞ ijȪȜȠ ȘȜȚțȓĮ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ȝȚıșȦIJȒ İȡȖĮıȓĮ
ȝȚıșȦIJȩȢ Ȓ ȐȝȚıșȠȢ ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ ıIJȘȞ ȘȝȑȡĮ IJȠȣ ȝȒȞĮ IJȘȞ ȫȡĮ
IJȘȢȘȝȑȡĮȢIJȠȞIJȩʌȠIJȠȣĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȤȫȡȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢȕȠȒșİȚİȢIJȘȞ
ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȒȒȩȤȚʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘIJȘȞijȪıȘțĮȚIJȚȢĮȚIJȓİȢIJȠȣĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȞȣȜȚțȩ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮʌȠȣʌȡȠțȜȒșȘțİIJȠĮIJȪȤȘȝĮIJȠİȓįȠȢIJȠȣIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪIJȠȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪıIJȠıȫȝĮțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢIJȠțIJȓȡȚȠʌȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘIJȠĮIJȪȤȘȝĮǾıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȒ
İʌİȟİȡȖĮıȓĮȑȖȚȞİȝİIJȠıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȩʌĮțȑIJȠ6366 ver. 16.06.
ǹʌȩ IJȠ įİȜIJȓȠ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢ ıȣȖțİȞIJȡȫșȘțĮȞ ĮʌĮȞIJȒıİȚȢ ĮIJȩȝȦȞ ʌȠȣ
ȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮİțIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞIJȠȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠʌȠıȠıIJȩİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚIJȠ
İȞȫĮȞIJȓșİIJĮIJȠȝȚțȡȩIJİȡȠIJȠȉȠʌȠıȠıIJȩIJȦȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚĮȞȐ
ȑIJȠȢĮʌȩIJȠțĮȚijșȐȞİȚȝȑȤȡȚțĮȚȝİȝȑıȠȩȡȠʌİȡȓʌȠȣ
ıIJȠ ,0 ȉȠ ȑIJȠȢ ȖȑȞȞȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ țȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȠȣ - ȝİIJĮȟȪ - İIJȫȞ ǵȜȠȚ ȠȚ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚʌȠȣȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȒIJĮȞİȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢȣʌȘțȠȩIJȘIJĮȢȅȚİȚįȚțȩIJȘIJİȢ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȒIJĮȞ Į ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȓ ȩʌȦȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩȢ
țȚȞȘIJȒȡȦȞȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞįȚİȣșȣȞIJȒȢįȚĮțȡȓȕȦıȘȢʌȠȚȩIJȘIJȠȢȤȘȝȚțȩȢ
İijĮȡȝȠıIJȒȢİʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȒȢȝȘțĮIJĮıIJȡȠijȚțȠȪİȜȑȖȤȠȣİʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȒȢįȚĮțȡȓȕȦıȘȢ
ȕ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȤȡȫıIJİȢ İȜĮıȝĮIJȠȣȡȖȠȓ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ İʌȚijĮȞİȚĮțȫȞ įȚİȡȖĮıȚȫȞ
ıȚįȘȡȠȣȡȖȩȢ - ıȣȖțȠȜȜȘIJȒȢȘȜİțIJȡȠȞȚțȩȢIJİȤȞȓIJȘȢįȠȝȒȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞIJİȤȞȓIJȘȢ
ȠȡȖȐȞȦȞ ĮʌȜȩȢ IJİȤȞȓIJȘȢ Ȗ țĮIJĮıțİȣĮıIJȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ țĮȜȠȣʌȚȫȞ İȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞ
ȚȤȞĮȡȓȦȞ į įȚĮȤİȚȡȚıIJȑȢ țĮȚ įȠțȚȝĮıIJȑȢ ȩʌȦȢ įȚĮȤİȚȡȚıIJȒȢ ĮʌȠșİȝȐIJȦȞ
ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝĮIJȚıIJȒȢ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ İȚįȚțȩȢ ʌȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢ ,9 İțʌĮȚįİȣȩȝİȞȠȚ ȅǹǼǻ,
įȠțȚȝĮıIJȑȢ ʌĮȡİȜțȠȝȑȞȦȞ İ İȡȖȐIJİȢ ȩʌȦȢ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȜȩȖȠȢ ʌȣȡȠıȕȑıIJȘȢ
ȝȘȤĮȞȠȣȡȖȩȢ ȝȐȖİȚȡĮȢ ʌȜȪȞIJȘȢ ȖȡĮıĮįȩȡȠȢ ȠȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȟȣȜȠȣȡȖȩȢ ȠįȘȖȩȢ
İȡȖȐIJȘȢ țȠȣȗȓȞĮȢ ĮʌȜȩȢ İȡȖȐIJȘȢ ıIJ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ȩʌȦȢ VHFXULW\
IJİȤȞȚțȠȓʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢȣʌȘȡİıȓĮİțIJȚȝȒıİȦȞİʌȩʌIJȘȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȒȢ
țĮȚȗıȣȞIJȘȡȘIJȑȢȩʌȦȢıȣȞIJȘȡȘIJȒȢȥȣțIJȚțȫȞȝȘȤĮȞȫȞİijȠįȚĮıȝȩȢıȣȞIJȘȡȘIJȒȢ
țIJȘȡȚĮțȫȞİȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ [6].
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȑıȠȣȝİ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȟȠȣȝİIJȘȞİȝijȐȞȚıȘIJȦȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞȝȑıĮ
ıIJȠȤȡȩȞȠȜȒijșȘțĮȞȣʌȩȥȘȠȚȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢIJȦȞȝȘȞȫȞʌȠȚȠȝȒȞĮİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚIJĮ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮIJȦȞȘȝİȡȫȞIJȠȣȝȒȞĮʌȠȚĮȘȝİȡȠȝȘȞȓĮİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚIJĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ
ĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘȢȫȡĮȢIJȘȢȘȝȑȡĮȢʌȠȣİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚĮȣIJȐǼȟİIJȐıĮȝİİʌȓıȘȢIJȠȞIJȩʌȠ
ıİıȤȑıȘȝİĮȞĮȣIJȩȢİȓȞĮȚİȞIJȩȢIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣIJȘȢİʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢȒİțIJȩȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
ıIJȠțIJȓȡȚȠİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚȘȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
DZȜȜȠȚ ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȚ ʌȠȣ IJȑșȘțĮȞ ıIJȠ įİȜIJȓȠ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌĮȡȠȤȒ ʌȡȫIJȦȞ
ȕȠȘșİȚȫȞıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚȘȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȒȒȩȤȚʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȑıIJȘıĮȞ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ Ș ijȪıȘ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȤȦȡȚıȝȑȞȘ ĮȞȐ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ Ƞ ȣȜȚțȩȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȠ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ IJȠ İȓįȠȢ IJȠȣ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪțĮȚIJȑȜȠȢIJȠȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣıȫȝĮIJȠȢʌȠȣİʌȒȜșİȠIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢȩʌȦȢ
ȤȦȡȓıIJȘțĮȞĮȞȐțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢıIJȠįİȜIJȓȠțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢ
Ǿ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒ - ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ȝİȜȑIJȘ ȝĮȢ ʌȠȣ ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ įİȜIJȓȠ
ĮȞĮȖȖİȜȓĮȢ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȠ țIJȓȡȚȠ ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ İȝijĮȞȓıIJȘțİ IJȠ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮIJȓșİIJĮȚȦȢIJȑIJȠȚĮʌĮȡȩIJȚıIJȠȓįȚȠțIJȓȡȚȠȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮİȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚįȚȐijȠȡİȢ
173
174
İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞĮ Ȓ țĮȚ ȝȠȚȡĮȓĮ īȚĮ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ıȦıIJȒ Ș ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȦȞ ʌİʌȚİıȝȑȞȦȞ
ĮİȡȓȦȞ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ İʌȚșİȫȡȘıȘ IJȦȞ ıȦȜȒȞȦȞ ĮİȡȓȦȞ ȞĮ İȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚ
įȚĮȡȡȠȑȢ ȞĮ ıȣȞIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ĮįȚȐȕȡȠȤĮ ȣȜȚțȐ ȞĮ ıIJİȖȞȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ȜİțȐȞİȢ
ĮʌȠıIJȡȐȖȖȚıȘȢ ȞİȡȠȪ Ƞ ĮȑȡĮȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȚĮ ȕĮijȒ ȞĮ ijȚȜIJȡȐȡİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚȖȚĮțĮșĮȡȚıȝȩȤȑȡȚĮȡȠȣȤȚıȝȩȢȞĮȝȘȞȖȓȞİIJĮȚȥİțĮıȝȩȢıİ
ȐȜȜİȢ ʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗİIJĮȚ ȐȜȜȠ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ ȠȚ ıȦȜȘȞȫıİȚȢ ȞĮ
İȜȑȖȤȠȞIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ İȣșİȓĮıȘ ȖȚĮ IJȣȤȩȞ įȚʌȜȫȝĮIJĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠșȘțİȪȠȞIJĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ įİȞ
ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ [4].
ȈȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȡȩȜȠȖȚĮIJȘȞĮıijȐȜİȚĮıIJĮȣȜȚțȐʌĮȓȗİȚȘıȒȝĮȞıȘIJȠȣ©įȚĮȝĮȞIJȚȠȪª
ȝȚĮ İIJȚțȑIJĮ ʌȠȣ įȘȜȫȞİȚ ʌȠȚĮ ȣȜȚțȐ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩȝİĮıijȐȜİȚĮ
ȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮȑȞĮȤȦȡȚıȝȑȞȠıİIJȑııİȡĮIJȝȒȝĮIJĮ - ȤȡȫȝĮIJĮıȤȒȝĮʌȠȣțȐșİȑȞĮ
IJȝȒȝĮ - ȤȡȫȝĮįİȓȤȞİȚIJȘȞİȣijȜİțIJȩIJȘIJĮțȩțțȚȞȠIJȘȞĮȞIJȚįȡĮıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȀȓIJȡȚȞȠ
IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮȂʌȜİ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ İȚįȚțȠȪȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢȁİȣțȩȖȚĮțȐșİİʌȚȕȜĮȕȑȢȣȜȚțȩ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ȝȚĮ ʌȚȠ ȜİʌIJȠȝİȡȒȢ İțįȠȤȒ ȖȚĮ IJĮ șȑȝĮIJĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ȤȘȝȚțȫȞ
ȣȖȡȫȞİȓȞĮȚIJȠĭȪȜȜȠĮȞȐȜȣıȘȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȣȜȚțȫȞȆĮȡȑȤİȚʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢȖȚĮIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢ IJȦȞ ȣȜȚțȫȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮțȡȚȕȒ ʌȡȠȑȜİȣıȒ IJȠȣȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ
ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȚĮıijĮȜȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ıIJȚȢ
İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢțĮȚİʌȚıțİȣȒȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ [4].
ǵȜİȢ ȠȚ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȚ ȘȜİțIJȡȚıȝȩȢ ʌİʌȚİıȝȑȞĮ ĮȑȡȚĮ ȣȜȚțȐ ʌȡȠȢ
ȤȡȒıȘ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞ IJȚȢ ĮȡȤȑȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİʌȚıțİȣȒȢțĮȚıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞǺȐıİȚĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞĮȡȤȫȞ
įȚĮıijĮȜȓȗİIJĮȚ Ș țĮȜȪIJİȡȘ įȣȞĮIJȒ țĮȚ Ș ĮʌȡȩıțȠʌIJȘ İțIJȑȜİıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚȫȞ
ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ įȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȚ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȜĮȤȚıIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ țȐșİ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ [4].
ǼȇǼȊȃǾȉǿȀǾǼȄǼȉǹȈǾ
ȐȜȜİȢ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ Ș İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJȠ İȓįȠȢ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȠ
ıȘȝİȓȠ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȠȪ Ș ʌĮȡȠȤȒ Ȓ ȩȤȚ ʌȡȫIJȘȢ ȕȠȒșİȚĮȢ ǹȣIJȩ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ ȩIJȚ
ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȐIJȠȣȜȐȤȚıIJȠȞȘʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJĮıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘȢțIJȚȡȓȠȣȝİȠʌȠȚĮįȒʌȠIJİȐȜȜȘȢ
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒȢȒʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣİȓȞĮȚʌȠȜȪȤĮȝȘȜȒȆĮȡȐIJĮȪIJĮȑȖȚȞİʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮıIJȘȞ
ȝİȜȑIJȘ ȝĮȢ ȞĮ įȫıȠȣȝİ țȐʌȠȚİȢ ıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢ IJȠȣ țIJȚȡȓȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȢ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȉĮ ıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠțȠȝȓıĮȝİ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑȡİȣȞĮ IJȦȞ įİȜIJȓȦȞ ĮȞĮȖȖİȜȚȫȞ
ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞȑȤȠȣȞȦȢİȟȒȢ
- ȉĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ ȝİȖȐȜȘ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ İțİȓȞĮ ʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞ ȜȓȖĮ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȞ įȘȜĮįȒ ĮțȩȝȘ IJȘȞ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ıIJȘȞ
IJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢİȞȫİȞIJȪʌȦıȘʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȠıȤİIJȚțȐ
ȝİȖȐȜȠȢĮȡȚșȝȩȢĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞıİȐIJȠȝĮȝİțĮȚȤȡȩȞȚĮʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ
Ȉİ ȖİȞȚțȑȢ ȩȝȦȢ ȖȡĮȝȝȑȢ Ș ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ ȜȓȖȠ İʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ IJȘȞ İȝijȐȞȚıȘ IJȦȞ
ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ıȤİįȩȞ țĮIJĮȝİȡȚıȝȑȞȘ țĮȚ İȟȚıȠȡȡȠʌȘȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘȞ ʌȐȡȠįȠ
IJȦȞİIJȫȞĮʌȩȝȑȤȡȚĮȞȐȑIJȠȢ
- ȍȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ İʌȠȤȚțȒ țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ ıȣȝʌİȡĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ țȐʌȠȚĮ
ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡȘİʌȠȤȒIJȠȣȑIJȠȣȢȒ ȝȒȞĮȢȩʌȠȣȞĮİȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚȝȚĮİȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ
ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮİȝijȐȞȚıȘȢĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ.
- ȍȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ ȘȝȑȡĮ IJȠȣ ȝȒȞĮ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ
ʌĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚȩIJȚȝİȖȐȜĮʌȠıȠıIJȐİȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢȘȝȑȡİȢIJȠȣȝȒȞĮțĮȚ
ʌȚȠıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢʌȑȞIJİȘȝȑȡİȢIJȠȣȝȒȞĮ-İȞȫțĮșȫȢIJİȜİȚȫȞİȚ
Ƞ ȝȒȞĮȢ IJĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ʌȑijIJȠȣȞ ȝȑȤȡȚ țĮȚ ʌȜȒȡȠȣȢ İȟȐȜİȚȥȘȢ ǹIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ İʌȓıȘȢ
įİȞʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJȚȢĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢȘȝȑȡİȢ-17, 20-İțȐıIJȠȣȝȘȞȩȢ
- ȉȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȩıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘȞ ȫȡĮ IJȘȢ
ȘȝȑȡĮȢ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȚȢIJȠȝİıȘȝȑȡȚ ıIJȚȢIJȠʌȡȦȓ
ıIJȚȢ IJȠ ʌȡȦȓ țĮȚ ıIJȚȢ IJȠ ȝİıȘȝȑȡȚ ǼʌȓıȘȢ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮșİȦȡȘșȠȪȞȠȚȫȡİȢıIJȚȢIJȠʌȡȦȓıIJȚȢ
IJȠȝİıȘȝȑȡȚțĮȚ ıIJȚȢIJȠʌȡȦȓdzııȠȞȠȢıȘȝĮıȓĮȢįİȓȤȞȠȣȞȠȚ
ĮʌȠȖİȣȝĮIJȚȞȑȢȕȡĮįȚȞȑȢțĮȚȞȣțIJİȡȚȞȑȢȫȡİȢ.
- ȅȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠıIJİȓ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȖİȞȞȘȝȑȞȠȚȝİIJĮȟȪIJȠȣ-ȝİIJĮȟȪ-İIJȫȞʌȠıȠıIJȩ-įȘȜĮįȒ
ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȩIJȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞȜȚȖȩIJİȡĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮıİȞȑȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ
- ȂİȖȐȜĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ țĮIJȐ ıİȚȡȐ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ Įʌȩ IJĮ
ȜȚȖȩIJİȡĮ ıIJĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ȠȚ ȘȜİțIJȡȠȜȩȖȠȚ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȠȚ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ
įȠȝȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȠȚ ȤȡȫıIJİȢ ȠȚ İȜĮıȝĮIJȠȣȡȖȠȓ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ
ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮȠȚȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȓĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ
- ȂİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ İȞIJȩȢ IJȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ IJȘȢ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢ Ȓ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȞȫ ȑȤȠȣȝİ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ıIJȘȞ
įȚĮįȡȠȝȒĮʌȩțĮȚʌȡȠȢIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮıİȝȚțȡȩʌȠıȠıIJȩ
- ȉĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȚıȣȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ
ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞĮȞȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚıİʌȠıȠıIJȩțĮȚȝȩȞȠȑȞĮıȤİIJȚțȐȝȚțȡȩʌȠıȠıIJȩ
ȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİIJȡȠȤĮȓȠȒıİĮIJȪȤȘȝĮİțIJȩȢȤȫȡȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
- ȍȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȚȢ ʌȡȫIJİȢ ȕȠȒșİȚİȢ ıİ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȑȞĮ ȝİȖȐȜȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ IJȦȞ
IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚıȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȚĮIJȡİȓȠ ʌȠȣ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ ıIJȚȢ İȖțĮIJĮıIJȐıİȚȢ
IJȠȣ ĮİȡȠįȡȠȝȓȠȣ IJȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ İȞȫ ȑȞĮ ȐȜȜȠ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİ ȝİIJĮȖȦȖȒ IJȠȣ ıİ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȩ ȤȫȡȠ
ȉȑȜȠȢȝȚțȡȩʌȠıȠıIJȩIJȦȞʌȡȫIJȦȞȕȠȘșİȚȫȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚıIJȠȤȫȡȠ
IJȠȣĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢțĮȚıİțȑȞIJȡȠȣȖİȓĮȢ
- ȂİIJȐIJȚȢǹ¶ǺȠȒșİȚİȢȝȚțȡȩʌȠıȠıIJȩİȚıȒȤșȘıİȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠİȞȫIJȠ
ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠʌȠıȠıIJȩįİȞȤȡİȚȐıIJȘțİȞȠıȠțȠȝİȚĮțȒʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ
- Ǿ ijȪıȘ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȤȦȡȚıȝȑȞȘ ıIJȚȢ ĮțȩȜȠȣșİȢ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ Į
ʌIJȫıİȚȢĮIJȩȝȦȞĮʌȩȪȥȠȢȕʌIJȫıİȚȢĮIJȩȝȦȞıIJȠȓįȚȠİʌȓʌİįȠȖȠȜȚıșȒıİȚȢ
țĮIJȐȡȡİȣıȘȢ țĮȚ țIJȣʌȒȝĮIJĮ Įʌȩ ʌȓʌIJȠȞIJĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ į ʌȡȩıțȡȠȣıȘ ıİ
ıIJĮșİȡȐ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ țĮȚ țIJȪʌȘȝĮ ıİ Ȓ Įʌȩ țȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ İ ıȣȝʌȓİıȘ
ȝȑıĮ Ȓ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıİ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ ıIJ ȣʌİȡʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ Ȓ țȠʌȚȫįİȚȢ țȚȞȒıİȚȢ ȗ
ȑțșİıȘıİȒİʌĮijȒȝİĮțȡĮȓİȢșİȡȝȠțȡĮıȓİȢȘȑțșİıȘıİȒİʌĮijȒȝİȘȜİțIJȡȚțȩ
ȡİȪȝĮ ș ȑțșİıȘ ıİ Ȓ İʌĮijȒ ȝİ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ Ȓ ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓĮ Ț ȐȜȜİȢ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ șȑıĮȝİ țĮȚ ȝȚĮ IJİȜȚțȒ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮ ȩʌȠȣ IJȠ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮțĮIJĮȜȒȟİȚıİșȐȞĮIJȠȀĮIJȐIJȘȞijȪıȘȒIJȠĮȓIJȚȠIJȠȣĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ
ʌȦȢ IJȠ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ ıIJĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȩıțȡȠȣıȘ ıİ
ıIJĮșİȡȐĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮțĮȚțIJȪʌȘȝĮıİȒĮʌȩțȚȞȠȪȝİȞĮĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮȂİIJȐ
İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȠȚʌIJȫıİȚȢĮIJȩȝȦȞĮʌȩȪȥȠȢțĮȚʌIJȫıİȚȢĮIJȩȝȦȞıIJȠȓįȚȠ
İʌȓʌİįȠ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ İʌȓıȘȢ ȣȥȘȜȩ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȣȞ ȠȚ ıȣȝʌȚȑıİȚȢ
ȝȑıĮ Ȓ ĮȞȐȝİıĮ ıİ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞĮ țĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
(11,1%).
- ȉȠ ȣȥȘȜȩIJİȡȠ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ȣȜȚțȩȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮȢ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȚȠ
İȪțȠȜȠȢ ȖȚĮ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ ȜȠȚʌȩȢ İȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ ǹȝȑıȦȢ ȝİIJȐ
İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮ IJĮ ȣȜȚțȐ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ
ĮțIJȚȞȠȕȠȜȓİȢțĮȚIJĮȝȑıĮȝİIJĮijȠȡȐȢȠĮȞȣȥȦIJȚțȩȢİȟȠʌȜȚıȝȩȢ
țĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȉȑȜȠȢ ȣȥȘȜȩ İʌȓıȘȢ ʌȠıȠıIJȩ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ıĮȞ
ȝȑıȠ ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘȢ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ IJȠ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢȝȘIJĮȟȚȞȠȝȘșȑȞIJİȢȜȩȖȦȑȜȜİȚȥȘȢıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ
- ȍȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİȚ IJȘȞ ȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȘ ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ ıİ
țĮIJȐȖȝĮIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ƞ țĮȡʌȩȢ țĮȚ IJĮ įȐțIJȣȜĮ ǹțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ IJȠ ȐțȡȠ ʌȩįȚ
țĮȚ Ș țİijĮȜȒ ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ȕȜȐȕȘ ıIJȘȞ ʌȠįȠțȞȘȝȚțȒ
țĮȚIJȘȞȐȡșȡȦıȘIJȠȣȖȩȞĮIJȠȢIJȠȣȢȫȝȠȣȢIJȠȣȢ ȠijșĮȜȝȠȪȢ
IJȘıʌȠȞįȣȜȚțȒıIJȒȜȘĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘțȞȒȝȘ
- ȍȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌȠȣıȣȞȑȕȘțĮȞIJĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮȑȤȠȣȝİȝİȖȐȜȘ
ıȣȤȞȩIJȘIJĮ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıIJȠ țȣȡȓȦȢ țIJȓȡȚȠ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ ıİ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ıIJĮ
țIJȓȡȚĮİțIJȩȢ IJȠȣıȣȖțȡȠIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
175
176
ȈȊǽǾȉǾȈǾ- ȈȊȂȆǼȇǹȈȂǹȉǹ
ǼȆǿȁȅīȅȈ
ȉȠİȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȩʌȦȢȒįȘȑȤȠȣȝİIJȠȞȓıİȚĮʌȠIJİȜİȓıȘȝİȓȠȑȡİȣȞĮȢȖȚĮȩȜİȢ
IJȚȢİʌȠȤȑȢțĮȚțĮȚȡȠȪȢțĮșȫȢȑȤİȚȝİȖȐȜȘıȘȝĮıȓĮȞĮIJĮȣIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȝİțȐșİĮȜȜĮȖȒ
ıİ țȐșİ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȩ ȤȫȡȠ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȑIJıȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȣȝİ IJĮ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJĮ
ȝȑIJȡĮ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ țĮȜȪIJİȡȘ įȣȞĮIJȒ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ ȂȚĮ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢİȓȞĮȚıĮijȑıIJĮIJĮȘIJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞIJȚșȑȝİȞȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȆĮȡȐ
IJĮȪIJĮ ȩȝȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ ȞĮ ȣʌİȡİțIJȚȝȐIJĮȚ Ș İȡȖĮıȓĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖİȓIJĮȚ Ƞ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢıİȜȐșȘIJȑIJȠȚĮʌȠȣȠįȘȖȠȪȞıIJȠĮʌİȣțIJĮȓȠĮȣIJȩȖİȖȠȞȩȢ
ȈIJȘ įȚİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒ ĮȣIJȒ ȝİȜȑIJȘ İȟİIJȐıĮȝİ țĮIJȐ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩ ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȢ ʌȑȡĮIJȦȞ
ıȣȞȘșȚıȝȑȞȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ ʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮ țĮȚ ȘȜȚțȓĮ IJȩʌȠȢ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ İȓįȠȢ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJİȢ ȈțȠʌȩȢ ȝĮȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȩȤȚ ĮʌȜȐ ȞĮ șȑıȠȣȝİ ȞȑİȢ
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ țĮȚ ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȞĮ įȚİȡİȣȞȒıȠȣȝİ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȠȜȚıIJȚțȐ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȩțȜȘıȘİȞȩȢĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȩıȠțĮIJȐIJȘȞĮȚIJȓĮȩıȠțĮȚțĮIJȐIJȠĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ
ȈȣȞİʌȫȢʌȑȡĮȞIJȦȞİIJȫȞʌȡȠȨʌȘȡİıȓĮȢȝĮȢİȞįȚȑijİȡİȞĮįȠȪȝİțĮȚIJȘȞİʌȠȤȚțȒ
țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ İȞȩȢ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȞ ȘȝİȡȠȜȠȖȚĮțȒ țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ IJȠȣ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒIJȠȣțĮIJȐIJȘȞįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢȘȝȑȡĮȢȂĮȢİȞįȚȑijİȡİȞĮıȣȝʌİȡȐȞȠȣȝİȩIJȚ
ȠȚȞİȩIJİȡȠȚİȡȖȐIJİȢİȓȞĮȚțĮȚĮȣIJȠȓʌȠȣʌȡȠijȣȜȐııȠȞIJĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȠȣ
ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ĬİȦȡȠȪȝİ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ IJȘȞ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȒIJȠȣİȓįȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢʌĮȡȩIJȚıIJȠȞȓįȚȠȤȫȡȠıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ
İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȠȜȜȠȓ țĮȚ įȚȐijȠȡȠȚ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ țĮȚ IJİȤȞȚțȠȓ ǻİȞ ʌĮȡĮȜİȓȥĮȝİ ȞĮ
ȝİȜİIJȒıȠȣȝİ țĮȚIJĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚİțIJȩȢIJȠȣİȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪȤȫȡȠȣȘ
ȝİIJȐȕĮıȘ ıIJȠȞ ȤȫȡȠ Ȓ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȤȫȡȠ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ IJȠȞȓıȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩIJȘIJȐIJȠȣȢȑıIJȦțĮȚĮȞIJĮʌȠıȠıIJȐİȝijȐȞȚıȒȢIJȠȣȢİȓȞĮȚȝȚțȡȐ
ǹțȩȝȘșİȦȡȠȪȝİıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩȞĮįȫıȠȣȝİȑȞĮıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȩıIJȠȚȤİȓȠıIJȘȞȑȡİȣȞȐȝĮȢ
ʌȠȣ ȞĮ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȚȢ ʌȡȫIJİȢ ȕȠȒșİȚİȢ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ įȚİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ IJȠȣ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ ǼȓȞĮȚ
ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȝȚĮ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ țĮȚ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȝȚĮ IJȑIJȠȚĮ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ
ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞȞĮȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚIJȚȢʌȡȫIJİȢȕȠȒșİȚİȢıİȚĮIJȡİȓȠʌȠȣȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
țĮȚȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓțĮȞȠȞȚțȐİȞIJȩȢIJȠȣȤȫȡȠȣIJȘȢİʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢĭȣıȚțȐȘȝİIJĮȖȦȖȒ ıİ
ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ ʌȐȞIJĮ țĮȚ ʌĮȞIJȠȪ șİȦȡİȓIJĮȚ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘ ĮȜȜȐ Ș ʌȡȠıijȠȡȐ ıIJȠȞ
İȡȖȐIJȘ țĮȚ țĮIJ¶İʌȑțIJĮıȘ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȡȫIJȦȞ ȕȠȘșİȚȫȞ țĮȚ
İȜĮȤȚıIJȠʌȠȚİȓIJȠȣȢʌȠȜȪıȠȕĮȡȠȪȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢʌȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠțȪȥȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȕȠȘșȐ IJĮ ȝȑȖȚıIJĮ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ IJȘȢ
ȠʌȠȚĮıįȒʌȠIJİıȠȕĮȡȒȢȒȝȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢʌȠȣʌȡȠțĮȜİȓIJĮȚıİȑȞĮȞİȡȖȐIJȘ
ȅȚʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠȚʌȠȣĮijȠȡȠȪȞIJȘȞijȪıȘIJȠȣĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȠȞȣȜȚțȩʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓ IJȠ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ IJȠ ȝȑȡȠȢ IJȠȣ ıȫȝĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗİIJĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ șİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ
İȟȓıȠȣıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȠȓȖȚĮIJȘȞįȚİȟĮȖȦȖȒIJȘȢȑȡİȣȞĮȢțĮȚȠįȘȖȠȪȞıİİȟȓıȠȣıȠȕĮȡȐ
țĮȚȠȣıȚȫįȘıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮ
ǹʌȩIJĮıȣȝʌİȡȐıȝĮIJĮȜȠȚʌȩȞʌȠȣțĮIJĮȜȒȟĮȝİțĮIJȐIJȘȞįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘIJȦȞįİȜIJȓȦȞ
ĮȞĮȖȖİȜȚȫȞ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫıĮȝİ IJȘȞ ȖİȞȚțȒ ĮȡȤȒ ȩIJȚ IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
İȝijĮȞȚıIJİȓ țĮȚ ȞĮ İȟĮȡIJȘșİȓ Įʌȩ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ țĮȚ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣȢ țĮȚ
177
ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ ȆȚıIJİȪȦ ȝĮȢ ȩȝȦȢ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚȘ țĮȜȪIJİȡȘįȣȞĮIJȒĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘĮȣIJȠȪ
IJȠȣ ĮʌȡȩȕȜİʌIJȠȣ ijĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ıȣȞİȤȒȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȡȩıțȠʌIJȘ İȟȑIJĮıȘ țȐșİ
ʌIJȣȤȒȢ ȝȑıĮ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ Ș IJȒȡȘıȘ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ IJȚșȑȝİȞȦȞ
țĮȞȠȞȚıȝȫȞĮȞȐȜȠȖĮʌȐȞIJĮȝİIJȠȞİȡȖĮıȚĮțȩȤȫȡȠ
ǾțȪȡȚĮİȞIJȪʌȦıȘʌȠȣĮʌȠțȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİĮʌȩĮȣIJȒȞIJȘȞİȡİȣȞȘIJȚțȒȝĮȢȝİȜȑIJȘİȓȞĮȚ
ȩIJȚ įİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȖİȞȚțȐ Ș ȑȡİȣȞĮ ȞĮ IJİȜİȚȫȞİȚ ʌȠȣșİȞȐ ʌȐȞȦ ıİ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘȞ IJȩıȠ
ȗȦIJȚțȒ țĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȒ IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ ʌIJȣȤȒ įȘȜĮįȒ IJȠ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ Ǿ ıȣȞİȤȒȢ ȝİȜȑIJȘ țĮȚ įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ ȩȜȦȞ IJȦȞ ʌȚșĮȞȫȞ ĮȣIJȫȞ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ Ș įȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȦȞ ʌȠȣ ʌȚșĮȞȩȞ ȞĮ İʌȘȡİȐıȠȣȞ IJȠ
ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ıİ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȒȡȘıȘȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȖȡĮȝȝȑȢ ʌIJȒıİȚȢ
İȓįȠȢ ĮİȡȠıțȐijȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȚ įȚȐijȠȡȠȚ IJİȤȞȓIJİȢ țĮȚ IJİȤȞȚțȠȓ țȐ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ȤȦȡȓȢ ĮȡȤȒ țĮȚ IJȑȜȠȢ ȝȚĮ ıȣȞİȤȒȢ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ʌȠȣ
ʌȐȞIJĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȦșİȓ IJȘȞ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȖȞȫıȘ ȑȞĮ
ȕȒȝĮ ʌȚȠ ȝʌȡȠıIJȐ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ʌȠȣ ʌȐȞIJĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ ıȣȞİȤȒ
İȖȡȒȖȠȡıȘțĮȚȩȤȚıİİijȘıȣȤĮıȝȩȂȩȞȠȑIJıȚȩȜİȢȠȚȑȡİȣȞİȢțĮȚȠȚʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞİȟȑIJĮıȘIJȠȣİȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢșĮȑȤȠȣȞʌȚȐıİȚIJȩʌȠ [6].
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ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǹșȒȞĮ
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İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȉȠȝȑĮȢ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ IJȘȢ
ǼșȞȚțȒȢȈȤȠȜȒȢǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
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ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞțĮIJȐIJȠȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȠȣǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠȣȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠȣĬȡȐțȘȢǻȆĬȝİ
IJȘıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘIJȦȞIJȝȘȝȐIJȦȞǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹ
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INE-*6(($'('<ǹșȒȞĮ
26. ȀȡȢİįȟȔİșȣȇțĮȚ ȇȃʍȒȢȡȣ µȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ¶Ǻ¶ȑțįȠıȘǹșȒȞĮ
ǼțįȩıİȚȢǴįȡȣȝĮǼȣȖİȞȓįȠȣ
7. ǼȑȨȜȡȤ Ǻ µȋȡȠȞȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ șİȝĮIJȚțȩȢ țĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢ ȞȠȝȠșİIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıȤİIJȚțȫȞ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ȣȖȚİȚȞȒ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ - ǹșȒȞĮ ǼțįȩıİȚȢ
ǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
27. ȁȧIJijȑȜȡȣȀ.ȉįȢįĴȪʍȡȤȝȡȣȄ īİȞȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚʌȡȩȜȘȥȘİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣǼǼȡȖǻıİȜİʌ
8. ȃįȜȢȓȣ ǺȚįȟȑIJțȡȣ, ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠȣȢ
ǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȠȪȢȤȫȡȠȣȢȉǼǿȀȠȗȐȞȘȢ
29. Ȃțȟȡȫ Ǻ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ İʌȚįȘȝȚȠȜȠȖȓĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ǺȒIJĮ ǿĮIJȡȚțȑȢ
İțįȩıİȚȢǹșȒȞĮ
9. ȇțȢʍȔȟțį ĭıȡİȬȢį ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ȀĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒ ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ǹIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıİ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ
ȞĮȣʌȘȖİȓȦȞǼʌȩʌIJȘȢįȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
30. ȃįȜȢȪʍȡȤȝȡȣǻȄijȡȤȟțȑȣĬȅȤİȒį - ȁțȜıȞȒȟșǺ ȈȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢIJȠȝȑĮİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢțĮȚ
ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢȣȖİȓĮȢȝİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȠȪIJȝȒȝĮIJȠȢǼȈǻȊ-ȉǼǿǹșȒȞĮ-09.
10. ȉțȞțijȘȓȣ ǺȚįȟȑIJțȡȣ ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǼȚįȚțİȣȩȝİȞȠȢ IJȘȢ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ǹIJȪȤȘȝĮ IJȘȞ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮ įİțĮİIJȓĮ ıİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ İʌȚıțİȣȒȢ ĮİȡȠıțĮijȫȞ ȉȠȝȑĮȢ
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢțĮȚǺȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢIJȘȢǼșȞȚțȒȢȈȤȠȜȒȢǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖİȓĮȢ
31. ȂĮȡĮȖțȩȢȃǼȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ-ǺĮıȚțȑȢĮȡȤȑȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢıİȝȚȞȐȡȚĮȝȚțȡȒȢįȚȐȡțİȚĮȢıIJ
țȪțȜȠȢȀȚȜțȓȢ
11. ȌįijȘȡʍȡȫȝȡȤ ȁ ǼȒIJʍȡțȟį ǻȚʌȜȦȝĮIJȚțȒ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȣȖİȓĮ ıIJĮ İȡȖȠIJȐȟȚĮ-Ǿ
ıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȘȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ
12. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ ȃȠȝȠșİIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȐȡșȡĮ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ
İȜȐȤȚıIJİȢʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢȤȫȡȠȣİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞĮʌȩIJȠȞșȩȡȣȕȠ
13. ǼȢȔȖįȣ ȉ ǾȡȢȞʍȑ ȁ ȁȡȤȜȡȤȝȑȜș ĭ ȂİșȠįȠȜȠȖȚțȩȢ ȠįȘȖȩȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İțIJȓȝȘıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ Ș İțį ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
14. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ, ǼȖȤİȚȡȓįȚȠȃȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
15. ȁȡȤȜȡȤȝȑȜșĭǼȡȟijȑȣȉ ȊȖİȓĮțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮıİİȡȖĮıȓĮȢijȠȡIJȠİțijȩȡIJȦıȘȢıİȜȚȝȐȞȚĮ
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
16. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ, ȈȣȜȜȠȖȚțȩ, ĬȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ȕ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
17. ǽȂȀȄȋǺǽ ȈȣȜȜȠȖȚțȩ ĬȑȝĮIJĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ Ȗ
țĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
18. ǺȝıȠȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ǽ ȀȓȞįȣȞȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȘȜİțIJȡȠıȣȖțȩȜȜȘıȘ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
19. ǼȢįȜȪʍȡȤȝȡȣǻ ȂȑIJĮȜȜĮțĮIJİȡȖĮıȓĮ-ıȣȖțȩȜȜȘıȘțȓȞįȣȞȠȚȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ
ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
20. ȊIJțȢȬȟșȣ Ȁ ȇįʍįİȑȜș Ǻ ĬıȧȢȗțȑİȡȤ ǽ ǻȠȣȜİȪȠȞIJĮȢ ıİ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ
ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
21. ĭıȡİȧȢȑijȡȣȇ ǼʌȓțĮȚȡĮșȑȝĮIJĮȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢțĮȚİțIJȓȝȘıȘįȚĮțȚȞįȪȞİȣıȘȢ
ıIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮ-ĬȩȡȣȕȠȢǻȚįĮțIJȚțȑȢȈȘȝİȚȫıİȚȢȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȠȪȆȡȠȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢǼijȘȡȝȠıȝȑȞȘǻȘȝȩıȚĮ
ȊȖİȓĮǼȈǻȊǹșȒȞĮ
22. ȈȓȗįȣȀȇȝțȑȜįȣȇ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮĮʌȩʌIJȫıİȚȢǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢīȈǼǼǹșȒȞĮ
179
28. ȂșȠȡȤȢțȬijșȣȀ ǼȡȖĮIJȚțȒȃȠȝȠșİıȓĮȃȠȝȚțȒǺȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘ
32. ȄțȜȡȝįȜȡʍȡȫȝȡȤ - ȉijıĴȑȟȡȤ ǿ ȅ İțıȣȖȤȡȠȞȚıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȫȞ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǻǼǼıİȜİʌ
33. ȇįʍįİȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ȃ (2003) ȅ ıIJȩȤȠȢ IJȘȢ İȖȖİȞȠȪȢ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȠȣ ȉİȤȞȚțȠȪ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȑțįȠıȘǼȁǿȃȊǹǼȉİȪȤȠȢıİȜ-6.
34. ȉǽȇǽ DzțșİıȘ ȆİʌȡĮȖȝȑȞȦȞ ȈǼȆǼ ȑIJȠȣȢ ȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠ ǹʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȢ țĮȚ
ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ- ȈȫȝĮǼʌȚșİȫȡȘıȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȈǼȆǼǹșȒȞĮ
35. ȉʍȤȢȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ Ĭ ȊȖİȓĮ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ ȈȣȞșȒțİȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ ǼȟİȜȓȟİȚȢ țĮȚ
ʌȡȠȠʌIJȚțȑȢ
36. ȈȪȞIJĮȖȝĮ ȉȠ ĮȖĮșȩ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİIJĮȚ ıİ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ ıȣȞIJĮȖȝĮIJȚțȑȢ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ țĮȚ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮıIJĮȐȡșȡĮʌĮȡ ʌĮȡțĮȚʌĮȡ
37. ȊIJȪȥįȣȁȇıijȢȔİșȣǺȆȡȫIJİȢǺȠȒșİȚİȢ - ǺĮıȚțȑȢīȞȫıİȚȢǼțį. ȁȪȤȞȠȢǹșȒȞĮ
38. ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȉİȪȤȠȢ ǿĮȞȠȣȐȡȚȠȢ-ĭİȕȡȠȣȐȡȚȠȢ-ȂȐȡIJȚȠȢ ȉȡȚȝȘȞȚĮȓĮȑțįȠıȘǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȣȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
39. ȋʍȡȤȢȗıȔȡ ǽȢȗįIJȔįȣ Ȝįț ȁȡțȟȧȟțȜȬȟ ǺIJĴįȝȔIJıȧȟ ǼʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ ȤȘȝȚțȑȢ ȠȣıȓİȢ ıIJȠȣȢ
ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ǹıijĮȜȓıİȦȞ-īİȞȚțȒ ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘ
ȈȣȞșȘțȫȞțĮȚȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
40. ȋʍȡȤȢȗıȔȡ ǽȢȗįIJȔįȣ Ȝįț ȁȡțȟȧȟțȜȬȟ ǺIJĴįȝȔIJıȧȟ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼȚįȚțȒȑțįȠıȘȖȚĮIJȠǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩȑIJȠȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚȣȖİȓĮȢıIJȠȤȫȡȠ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢȊʌȠȣȡȖİȓȠǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ-ǻȚİȪșȣȞıȘȈȣȞșȘțȫȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹșȒȞĮ
41. ǿȝȔįȣȊIJįȞȡȤIJȪʍȡȤȝȡȣ ȉȠșİıȝȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠǹȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘȢIJȠȣǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮțĮȚıIJȚȢǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȑȢȀȠȚȞȩIJȘIJİȢȆȡĮțIJȚțȐȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣȖȚĮIJȘȞǹıijȐȜİȚĮȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚ
ȊȖİȓĮ ıIJȠ ȋȫȡȠ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȆȡȠȠʌIJȚțȑȢ ıIJĮ ȆȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ ǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒȢ
ȅȜȠțȜȒȡȦıȘȢ-ǿĮȞȠȣĮȡȓȠȣ 1993.
42. http://ygieini-asfaleia.pblogs.gr/391184.html
43. http://agency.osha.eu.int/ ± Agency for Health and Safety at Work, Bilbao
180
44. www.eval.at - Health and Safety in Austria
45. ȅįȘȖȓĮ ǼȅȀ IJȘȢ ȘȢ ǿȠȣȞȓȠȣ ȈȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ʌȡȠȫșȘıȘIJȘȢȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢIJȘȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮǼǼ/
183/29Ǧ6Ǧ89.
46. ȅįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀIJȘȢȘȢǿȠȣȞȓȠȣīȚĮIJȘıȣȝʌȜȒȡȦıȘIJȦȞȝȑIJȡȦȞʌȠȣĮʌȠıțȠʌȠȪȞ
ıIJȠȞĮʌȡȠĮȖȐȖȠȣȞIJȘȕİȜIJȓȦıȘIJȘȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚ IJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
ȝİıȤȑıȘİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȤȡȩȞȠȣȒȝİıȤȑıȘʌȡȩıțĮȚȡȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢǼǼ/Ǧ7Ǧ91.
47. ĭǼȀǹ¶ǼȜȐȤȚıIJȠȢȤȡȩȞȠȢĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȢIJİȤȞȚțȠȪĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢțĮȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȪİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
İʌȓʌİįȠ ȖȞȫıİȦȞ țĮȚ İȚįȚțȩIJȘIJĮ IJİȤȞȚțȠȪ ĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ȖȚĮ IJȚȢ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ İțȝİIJĮȜȜİȪıİȚȢ țĮȚ
İȡȖĮıȓİȢIJȠȣȐȡșȡȠȣʌĮȡȐȖȡĮijȠȢIJȠȣȃȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
48. DZȡșȡ ȃ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ȃ ȃ ȃ Ȇǻ ĭǼȀ$ǺĮıȚțȩȢȞȩȝȠȢʌİȡȓ©<ȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞª
49. DZȡșȡĮțĮȚȆǻ(ȜȐȤȚıIJİȢʌȡȠįȚĮȖȡĮijȑȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚȣȖİȓĮȢʌȠȣʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮ
İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJĮʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȐȒțȚȞȘIJȐİȡȖȠIJȐȟȚĮıİıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘʌȡȠȢIJȘȞȠįȘȖȓĮ(2.
50. DZȡșȡȠ IJȠȣ ȃ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌȚijȪȜĮȟȘ IJȦȞ įȚĮIJȐȟİȦȞ IJȠȣ Ȑȡșȡ IJȘȢ ȀȊǹ
ʌȠȣțȣȡȫșȘțİȝİIJȠȐȡșȡȠIJȠȣȃȘȠʌȠȓĮʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİȚȩIJȚ©ȅȚ
įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȐȡșȡȦȞ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ȃ įİȞ İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȠǻȘȝȩıȚȠȃȆǻǻțĮȚ
IJȠȣȢ ȅȉǹ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘ įȚȠȚțȘIJȚțȒ țȪȡȦıȘ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıIJȓȝȠȣ ǹȞIJȓ İʌȚȕȠȜȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJȓȝȠȣ Ƞ
ǼʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȒȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢıȣȞIJȐııİȚĮȚIJȚȠȜȠȖȘȝȑȞȘȑțșİıȘIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȣʌȠȕȐȜȜİȚıIJȠȣȢȊʌȠȣȡȖȠȪȢ
ȆȡȠİįȡȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȀȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠȞ ȠȚțİȓȠ ȊʌȠȣȡȖȩ țĮȚ ĮȞĮțȠȚȞȫȞİȚ ıIJȠȞ
ȆȡȠȧıIJȐȝİȞȠ IJȘȢ ȊʌȘȡİıȓĮȢ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ĮijȠȡȐ ȅȚ ĮʌȠijȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ İțįȓįȠȞIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ȊʌȠȣȡȖȩ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮIJĮșȑȝĮIJĮIJȘȢʌĮȡĮȖȡȐijȠȣĮ
IJȠȣȐȡșȡȠȣIJȠȣʌȚȠʌȐȞȦȞȩȝȠȣȩIJĮȞĮijȠȡȠȪȞIJȠ
ǻȘȝȩıȚȠȒȃȆǻǻİțįȓįȠȞIJĮȝİıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘțĮȚIJȠȣȊʌȠȣȡȖȠȪȆȡȠİįȡȓĮȢIJȘȢȀȣȕȑȡȞȘıȘȢțĮȚȩIJĮȞ
ĮijȠȡȠȪȞIJȠȣȢȅȉǹȝİıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘțĮȚIJȠȣȊʌȠȣȡȖȠȪǼıȦIJİȡȚțȫȞª
51. Ȇǻ ĭǼȀ ǹ ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ
įȚĮIJȡȑȤȠȣȞ ȜȩȖȦ IJȘȢ ȑțșİıȘȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȠ șȩȡȣȕȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıİ ıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘ ʌȡȠȢ IJȘȞ
ȠįȘȖȓĮǼȅȀ
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ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȐȜȜİȢįȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢª
54. 1999-Ȇǻ ĭǼȀǹ ȉȡȠʌȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȠȣ Ȇǻ 0ȑIJȡĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ
IJȘȢĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮIJȐIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮıİıȣȝȝȩȡijȦıȘȝİIJȚȢȠįȘȖȓİȢ
(2. țĮȚ (2. $ țĮȚ IJȠȣ Ȇǻ Į ȆȡȠıIJĮıȓĮ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ
İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıİ ĮȝȓĮȞIJȠ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ǹ ȩʌȦȢ ĮȣIJȩ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ Ȇǻ ǹ
OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS
IN REPAIR AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY
DURING THE DECADE 2000-2010
A. Simitzis, V. Makropoulos and A. Xydea - Kikemeni
Laboratory of Occupational and Industrial Hygiene, National School of Public Health,
Athens, Greece.
Abstract: Research of labor accident is conducted through studies written by the
use of questionnaires as well as by the use of preexistent data gathered by major
enterprises. This present research combines both ways of study. Major repairing
aircrafts industry gathered data by using questionnaires made by its own, in order
to be able to investigate labor accident within its personnel. These data in a earlier
phase would be announced to Social Security Foundation. This study found these
records and conducted its own research about labor accident during the decade
between 2000-2010. This research turn down to prove that people manifested
greater frequency in accidents are those who have few years of previous
employment. Yet big percentages in accidents happen to aircrafts engineers, to
sheetmetal shop worker and brushers. Most accidents in clarity happen within the
area of the enterprise where there first aids are granted (within the infirmary of the
facilities). Finally most particular reason causing accidents seems to be collision to
firm objects and bump to or from moving objects. Labor accident value is known to
reflect either to enterSULVH¶VHFRQRP\DVZHOODVODERUIRUFHHIILFLHQF\7KHUHIRUHLWV
study comes to conclusions that not only expand knowledge to security and
hygiene issues during labor but place new rules, renew older boundaries and
follows modern needs and demands as well. Research studies of labor accident as
many as piled do not stop assumed as of vital importance due to fact that
knowledge needs relative to labor accident constantly renewed and updated.
55. DZȡșȡȠ ʌĮȡ ȃ ĭǼȀ ǹ¶ ©ȀȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩȢ įȚȐȜȠȖȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
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56. 2005-Ȇǻ 176 ĭǼȀ: 227/2005: ȀȡĮįĮıȝȠȓ.
181
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 171-182 182
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hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 183-192 183
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Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ʌĮȡĮʌȠȝʌȑȢ IJȠȣ ȩʌȠȣ ıȘȝİȚȫȞİȚ ıȤİIJȚțȐ IJȠ ȑȡȖȠ IJȠȣ ȆȜȓȞȚȠȣ IJȠȣ
ǻİȪIJİȡȠȣ - ȝȋ 1DWXUDOLV +LVWRULD ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ țİȓȝİȞĮ IJȠȣ ǹȜ-ȇĮȗȓ įȚİȣșȣȞIJȒ IJȠȣ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠȣ IJȘȢ ǺĮȖįȐIJȘȢ ȆĮȡȠȝȠȓȦȢ İʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ țĮȚ IJȠ
ȑȡȖȠ IJȠȣ /RXLV /HZLQ 7KH 8QWRZDUG (IIHFWV RI 'UXJV ʌȠȣ ȕȡȓșİȚ Įʌȩ
ıȤİIJȚțȐȚıIJȠȡȚțȐʌĮȡĮįİȓȖȝĮIJĮȉȑȜȠȢİıIJȚȐȗİȚıIJȠȑȡȖȠIJȦȞ-HDQ-Pierre Dupuy &
6HUJH .DUVHQW\ /¶ LQYDVLRQ SKDUPDFHXWLTXH șİȦȡȫȞIJĮȢ ȩIJȚ ĮȣIJȠȓ
įȘȝȚȠȪȡȖȘıĮȞ IJȠȞ ȩȡȠ ĮȞ țĮȚ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȩ ȩIJȚ Ș ȜȑȟȘ ʌȡȦIJȠȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțİ
ĮʌȩȝȚĮǺȡİIJĮȞȓįĮȞȠıȠțȩȝĮıIJĮIJȑȜȘIJȠȣȠȣĮȚ
ȀĮIJȐ IJȠȞ ǿȕȐȞ ǴȜȜȚIJȢ ȠȚ ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ ıIJĮ ĮȓIJȚĮ ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ șȞȘıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ĮʌȠȡȡȑȠȣȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ijșȘȞȫȞ țĮȚ ĮʌȜȫȞ ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞ
ȝȑIJȡȦȞĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢIJȠȣȢʌȠȜȓIJİȢʌĮȡȐĮʌȩIJȘșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘIJȦȞ
ȖȚĮIJȡȫȞ ʌȠȣ ȚįȓȦȢ ıIJȠȞ Ƞ ĮȚ ĮıțȠȪȞ IJȘȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȝİ ĮțȡȚȕȐ ȝȑıĮ țĮȚ
ĮʌȡȩıȦʌȠ IJȡȩʌȠ ʌȡȠțĮȜȫȞIJĮȢ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ʌȩȞȠ İʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢ țĮȚ ĮȡȡȫıIJȚİȢ țĮȚ
ĮʌȠįȓįȠȞIJĮȢ țȐșİ ıįȐȜȝĮ Ȓ ĮȕȜİȥȓĮ IJȠȣȢ ıİ IJİȤȞȚțȐ ȗȘIJȒȝĮIJĮ ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ Ƞ
țȫįȚțĮȢ įİȠȞIJȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ IJȠȪȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ ĮijȠȪ İijȩıȠȞ įİȞ ʌȡȠțĮȜȠȪȞ
ȕȜȐȕȘ Įʌȩ ʌȡȩșİıȘ įİȞ țĮIJĮįȚțȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJĮ ıȠȕĮȡȩIJİȡĮ ȜȐșȘ
ǵȝȦȢ ĮȣIJȒ Ș țȜȚȞȚțȒ ȚĮIJȡȠȖİȞȑıȘ İʌİțIJİȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ
ȚĮIJȡȠȖȑȞİıȘ ȝİIJĮIJȡȑʌȠȞIJĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓIJİȢ ıİ ȐȕȠȣȜȠȣȢ țĮIJĮȞĮȜȦIJȑȢ
ȣȖİȚȠȞȠȝȚțȒȢ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢ İȞȫ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȠʌȡȠıȦʌȠʌȠȚİȓ ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȚțȐ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȚțȒȚĮIJȡȠȖȑȞİıȘIJȠȣȢȝĮȗȠʌȠȚİȓțĮȚIJȠȣȢĮʌȠıIJİȡİȓĮʌȩİțİȓȞȠȣȢIJȠȣȢ
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ʌĮIJȡȠʌĮȡȐįȠIJȠȣȢIJȡȩʌȠȣȢįȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȠȪȢĮȞȐȜĮȩʌȠȣȕȠȘșȠȪıĮȞȖȚĮĮȚȫȞİȢ
ıIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘIJȠȣʌȩȞȠȣIJȘȢĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮȢțĮȚIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣDzIJıȚIJȩıȠȘȣȖİȓĮ
ȩıȠ țĮȚ Ș ĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮ İȝʌȠȡİȣȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȠ
İțȝİIJȐȜȜİȣıȘȢǹȣIJȒȩȝȦȢȘ ȐıțȘıȘIJȘȢȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢİȓȞĮȚĮȞIJȚʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȒİijȩıȠȞ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȘȕȜȐȕȘʌĮȡȐȦijȑȜİȚĮ
ȆĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ IJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ ıIJȚȖȝȒ ʌȠȣ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȝĮȢ țĮșȚıIJȐ İȣȐȜȦIJȠȣȢ țĮȚ
ȐȡȡȦıIJȠȣȢ ȝĮȢ İȖțȜȦȕȓȗİȚ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮȣIJȠıȣȞIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ țĮIJĮįȚțȐȗȠȞIJĮȢ ıȣȜȜȒȕįȘȞ
țȐșİİȞĮȜȜĮțIJȚțȒȝȠȡijȒșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢȝİIJĮȟȪIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞțĮȚIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȞȠıȘȜİȓĮțĮȚ
IJȘȞĮȜȜȘȜȠʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘDzIJıȚİȞȚıȤȪİȚIJȘȞİȟȠȣıȓĮIJȠȣȖȚĮIJȡȠȪʌȠȣȑȤİȚĮʌȠțIJȒıİȚ
ʌȜȑȠȞ țȪȡȠȢ ĮȞȐȜȠȖȠ IJȠȣ ȞȩȝȠȣ țĮȚ IJȘȢ șȡȘıțİȓĮȢ ĮijȠȪ ȝȩȞȠ Ș ©İʌȓıȘȝȘª
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȞȠȝȚȝȠʌȠȚİȓIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȠȡȓıİȚ IJȚ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮ IJȚ ȣȖİȓĮ țĮȚ ʌȠȚĮ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ
İȞįİȓțȞȣIJĮȚ ǹȣIJȒ Ș ȜȠȖȚțȒ ĮȣȟȐȞİȚ ıȣȞİȤȫȢ IJĮ țȡĮIJȚțȐ ȑȟȠįĮ ȖȚĮ įȚȐȖȞȦıȘ
ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȖȡĮijİȚȠțȡĮIJȓĮ ıİ ʌȠıȐ įȣıĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ IJȘȢ
ĮȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘȢʌȠȣȘ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒʌȡȠıijȑȡİȚǼȓȞĮȚijĮȞİȡȩȩIJȚIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮıȣȞIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ
ȝİ ȩıȠ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠȣȢ ȐȡȡȦıIJȠȣȢ ȝİ țĮȜȒ ±țĮIJȐ ʌȡȠIJȓȝȘıȘ±
ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȞĮȜȦșȠȪȞ ȩıȠ IJȠ įȣȞĮIJȩȞ ĮțȡȚȕȩIJİȡİȢ įȚĮȖȞȫıİȚȢ țĮȚ
șİȡĮʌİȓİȢțĮȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮijȐȡȝĮțĮțĮȚȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢǹȣIJȐȩȝȦȢįİȞİȟȣʌȘȡİIJȠȪȞ
IJȠȣȢĮıșİȞİȓȢʌȠȣȖȓȞȠȞIJĮȚʌİȚȡĮȝĮIJȩȗȦĮțĮȚʌĮșȘIJȚțȠȓįȑțIJİȢȤȦȡȓȢįȚțĮȓȦȝĮ
ĮȣIJȠįȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢIJȘȢțĮIJȐıIJĮıȒȢIJȠȣȢǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞĮȣIJȒȘʌȡĮțIJȚțȒʌĮȡĮIJİȓȞİȚIJȘȞ
ȐȡȡȦıIJȘ ȗȦȒ ʌȠȣ ȤȡȒȗİȚ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ įİȞ İʌȚįȑȤİIJĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȒ Ș ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȝİȓȦıȘȢ IJȠȣ
țȩıIJȠȣȢ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢ IJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ĮȞIJȚıIJȑțİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȕĮıȓȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓIJİȢ ʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞ ©İțʌĮȚįİȣIJİȓª ȞĮ İȞĮʌȠșȑIJȠȣȞ ȩȜİȢ IJȚȢ İȜʌȓįİȢ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ȝİȖȐȜİȢ
ʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢIJȠȣȢı¶ĮȣIJȩĮȞȓțĮȞȠȚʌȚĮȞĮİȞİȡȖȒıȠȣȞĮȣIJȩȞȠȝĮțĮȚȠȡșȠȜȠȖȚțȐ
DzIJıȚIJȠțȩıIJȠȢȝİȖĮȜȫȞİȚįȣıĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȚįȓȦȢȖȚĮIJĮijIJȦȤȐțȡȐIJȘȒȖȚĮIJĮțȡȐIJȘ
ȝİ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ĮįȪȞĮȝİȢ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȓİȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ țĮșȫȢ Ƞ ıIJȩȤȠȢ ʌȠȣ
İʌȚIJȒįİȚĮİȓȤİȠȡȚıIJİȓțĮȚȑȤİȚțĮIJĮțIJȘșİȓİȓȞĮȚȘțȡĮIJȚțȒȚĮIJȡȚțȒʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȖȚĮ
ȩȜȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢ ıİ İʌȚȕȜĮȕİȓȢ Ȓ ȩȤȚ IJȠȝİȓȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ DzIJıȚ ȩȝȦȢ IJȠ
ȤȡȒȝĮ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓ ıİ ȕȐȡȠȢ IJȩıȠ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȠįȚȐșİıȘȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ
Ȉ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠʌȜĮȓıȚȠİȚıȕȐȜȜȠȣȞIJĮȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȐijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȐıțİȣȐıȝĮIJĮȝİIJȘȞ
ȣʌȩıȤİıȘȞĮįȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮıȫȝĮIJȐȝĮȢȥİȣįȫȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȐțĮȚĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐ
ȖȚĮ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝȚĮ ijİȞȐțȘ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȓ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȠȪIJİ ĮȡțİIJȠȓ ıİ ĮȡȚșȝȩ ȠȪIJİ
ĮȡțİIJȐįȚĮıțȠȡʌȚıȝȑȞȠȚȖȚĮȞĮIJȘįȚĮȜȪıȠȣȞȉĮįİijȐȡȝĮțĮȝİİʌȚʌȜȠțȑȢıIJȘȞ
ȣȖİȓĮȝĮȢİȟĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞȞĮʌȡȠȦșȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȚȢȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓİȢțĮȚIJĮijİȡȑijȦȞȐ
IJȠȣȢ IJȠȣȢ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȩIJĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȖȞȦıIJȑȢȠȚȕȜĮʌIJȚțȑȢıȣȞȑʌİȚȑȢIJȠȣȢ
ȝȩȞȠ țĮȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țȑȡįȘ ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ IJĮ ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȐ ıțİȣȐıȝĮIJĮ
ȩȜȠ țĮȚ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜĮıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ĮțȡȚȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ İȞȫ ȠȚ ȠȣıȓİȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
ȕȠȘșȒıȠȣȞĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȐIJȠȞȐȞșȡȦʌȠİȓȞĮȚȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐȒIJȠʌȠȜȪǹȜȜȐ
Ș ʌȠȜȣijĮȡȝĮțȓĮ İȞIJȐııİIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȘȢ ȣȜȚțȒȢ İȣįĮȚȝȠȞȓĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ʌȠȜȓIJȘȢ
ȑȤİȚȝȐșİȚȞĮĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȩȠįȠȝİĮȣIJȩȞIJȠȞIJȡȩʌȠ
ȉȠȤİȚȡȩIJİȡȠȩȝȦȢİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȠȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȓʌĮȡĮțȚȞȘȝȑȞȠȚĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒİȟȠȣıȓĮ
țĮȚİįȡĮȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȢIJȠįȚțȩIJȠȣȢțȪȡȠȢʌȚıIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJȘȞĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮȒIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮIJȦȞ
ʌȠȜȚIJȫȞ țĮIJȘȖȠȡȚȠʌȠȚȫȞIJĮȢ IJȠȣȢ İțȠȪıȚĮ Ȓ ĮțȠȪıȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ȖȑȞȞȘıȒ IJȠȣȢ Ȓ
ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ʌȡȚȞ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȒȞ țĮȚ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȠ șȐȞĮIJȩ IJȠȣȢ ȂȐȜȚıIJĮ İʌİȝȕĮȓȞȠȣȞ
ĮıȪıIJȠȜĮ ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ȤİȚȡȠȣȡȖȚțȐ ʌĮȡȐ țĮȚ ʌȑȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ ȝĮȢ
ȀĮIJİȟȠȤȒȞ įİ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ʌȠȣ įȑȤİIJĮȚ ȐȤȡȘıIJİȢ ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢ İȓȞĮȚ IJĮ ȖȘȡĮIJİȚȐ ʌȠȣ
ȑȤȠȣȞȚĮIJȡȚțȠʌȠȚȘșİȓțĮIJȐțȩȡȠȞȉȩIJİȠȚȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚįİȞİȓȞĮȚʌȜȑȠȞʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȠȓ
ĮȜȜȐ İȟĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȤȡȒıȚȝȠȚ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ıIJȒȡȚȟȘ IJȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ǺȑȕĮȚĮ Ș
ȚĮIJȡȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ĮʌİȚȜİȓ țĮȚ IJĮ ȕȡȑijȘ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ IJȡȑijȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ
ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȠʌȠȚȘȝȑȞȠȖȐȜĮȖȚĮȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȝȘIJȑȡİȢDZȡĮȩȜȠIJȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ İȟȣʌȘȡİIJİȓ IJȘȞ ĮȖȠȡȐ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȣʌȠıțȐʌIJȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ IJȦȞ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ
ǼȞ IJȦ ȝİIJĮȟȪ Ș ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ʌȜȐıĮȡİ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȜȐȕİȚ IJȐȤĮ IJȘ
ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮ ȠʌȩIJİ ©ȠȚ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚ ȝİIJĮIJȡȑʌȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ ĮȡȡȫıIJȠȣȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
ȐȡȡȦıIJȠȚª ıİȜ țĮșȚıIJȫȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ İȣșȪȞȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ĮIJȠȝȚțȩ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ıİ
ȤİȚȡĮȖȫȖȘıȘĮʌȩIJȠțȡȐIJȠȢǵȝȦȢȘʌȡȩȖȞȦıȘȩıȠțĮȚȘįȚȐȖȞȦıȘİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȐ IJȘ ıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȐ IJȦȞ ʌȠȜȚIJȫȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȐ ȥȣȤȚțȐ țĮȚ ıȣȞĮțȩȜȠȣșĮ
ıȦȝĮIJȚțȐ ıIJȚȖȝĮIJȓȗȠȞIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȫȞIJĮȢ ȦȢ ĮȣIJȠİțʌȜȘȡȠȪȝİȞȘ
ʌȡȠijȘIJİȓĮ ȆĮȡ¶ ȩȜĮ ĮȣIJȐ Ș ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȒ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ įİȞ ĮȜȜȐȗİȚ IJȠ ʌȡȠıįȩțȚȝȠ
İʌȚȕȓȦıȘȢ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐ ǹʌȜȫȢ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȘ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȑIJıȚ țȚ ĮȜȜȚȫȢ įİȞ ȑȤİȚ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ȈIJȘȞ ȓįȚĮ
țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓțĮȚȘĮȞĮțȐȜȣȥȘȒİijİȪȡİıȘțĮȚȞȠȪȡȖȚȦȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞțĮȚ
įȚĮIJĮȡĮȤȫȞIJȦȞȠʌȠȓȦȞȘʌȡĮțIJȚțȒįȚȐȖȞȦıȘȕȡȓșİȚȚĮIJȡȚțȫȞıijĮȜȝȐIJȦȞĮijȠȪ
ʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȑȢİʌȚȞȠȒıİȚȢ
ǹȜȜȐIJȠȤİȚȡȩIJİȡȠİȓȞĮȚȩIJȚȠȚʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȑȢİȟİIJȐıİȚȢȒșİȡĮʌİȓİȢİʌȚȕĮȡȪȞȠȣȞIJȠȞ
ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ĮȞIJȓ ȞĮ IJȠȞ ȕȠȘșȠȪȞ İȞȫ įİȞ ĮʌȠįİȚțȞȪİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȠʌȠȚȠįȒʌȠIJİ
ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮșİIJȚțȩȒĮȡȞȘIJȚțȩțĮIJȐIJȠȞSiegel C.M. (1966), The Uselessness of
3HULRGLF([DPLQDWLRQ$UFKLYHVRI(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWKȀĮȚȝȐȜȚıIJĮı¶ĮȣIJȩȞIJȠ
ijĮȪȜȠ țȪțȜȠ țĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȠȚ İțʌĮȚįİȣIJȚțȠȓ țĮȚ ȐȜȜȠȚ įȘȝȩıȚȠȚ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȓ ȞĮ
ıȣȝȝİIJȐıȤȠȣȞ İʌȚIJİȜȫȞIJĮȢ țĮșȒțȠȞIJĮ ȐıȤİIJĮ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠ ĮȞIJȚțİȓȝİȞȩ IJȠȣȢ ĮȜȜȐ
İȣȤĮȡȓıIJȦȢİʌȚȝİȡȚȗȩȝİȞȠȚIJȘįȚĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȒİȟȠȣıȓĮʌȠȣIJĮȟȚȞȠȝİȓțĮȚıIJȚȖȝĮIJȓȗİȚ
DzIJıȚ IJȠ ȐIJȠȝȠ ȣʌȠIJȐııİIJĮȚ ĮțȩȝĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ıIJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ
İʌȚȕĮȡȣȞșİȓ ĮȣIJȒ ȝİ ȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȐ ĮIJȠȝȚțȐ ȞȠıȒȜȚĮ İȞȫ ʌĮȡĮįȩȟȦȢ ʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚ
ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȐȖȚĮȩȜȠȣȢ
ǵȝȦȢ IJȠ ȑıȤĮIJȠ ȘșȚțȐ țȠȝȝȐIJȚ IJȘȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢ IJȠĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİıIJȠ
șȐȞĮIJȠ ʌȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJĮ IJȡȑȤȠȞIJĮ ȒșȘ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ıȣȝȕİȓ ıIJȠ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ Ǽțİȓ Ƞ
ȖȚĮIJȡȩȢ įȚĮȤİȚȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ȩȜĮ IJĮ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȐ ȝȑıĮ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ĮʌȠIJȡȑȥİȚ ȑȞĮ
ĮȞĮʌȩijİȣțIJȠijȣıȚțȩȖİȖȠȞȩȢȝİȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȩıțȠʌȩIJȠȣȞĮȝȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȘșİȓȖȚĮ
ȠȜȚȖȦȡȓĮİȞȫȠȚʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚȑȢIJȠȣĮʌȜȫȢʌĮȡĮIJİȓȞȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȖȦȞȓĮțĮȚIJȠȞʌȩȞȠ
ǹȣIJȒ Ș ȜȠȖȚțȒ İȣȞȠİȓ ȕȑȕĮȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠȞȠȝȚȠȪȤȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ țĮIJȐ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠIJİıIJĮȞIJȚțȒ
ȘșȚțȒʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚȝȑȤȡȚIJȘȞIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮʌȞȠȒIJȠȣȢȀĮȚijȣıȚțȐȠȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȓ
ĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌĮȓIJȘıȘ ĮȣIJȒ IJȦȞ ©ʌİȜĮIJȫȞª IJȠȣȢ İȞșĮȡȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ
185
186
ĮȣIJĮʌȐIJȘ ȩIJȚ Ƞ ĮıșİȞȒȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȦșİȓ ıIJȠ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ ǹȜȜȐ ȓĮıȘ įİȞ
İʌȚIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ ȩʌȦȢ įİȓȤȞȠȣȞ IJĮ ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ĮijȠȪ ȠȚ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ȝȑıĮ ıIJȠ
ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌȠțȠȝȝȑȞȠȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȠȚțİȓȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ıȣȞȒșİȚȑȢ
IJȠȣȢ țĮȚ ȑIJıȚ İʌȚȕĮȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȚ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠ ȥȣȤȚțȐ țĮȚ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȐ ǵȝȦȢ Ș
ĮȣIJĮʌȐIJȘıȣȞİȤȓȗİIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȓȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİȩIJȚȘȚĮIJȡȚțȒȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțȐȞİȚșĮȪȝĮIJĮțĮȚ
ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȩȝĮıIJİ IJȠȣȢ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ ȦȢ ȝȐȖȠȣȢ - șİȡĮʌİȣIJȑȢ ʌȠȣ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ
țĮIJȠȡșȫıȠȣȞ IJĮ ĮțĮIJȩȡșȦIJĮ ǹȣIJȒ Ș ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐ ĮțȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚİȓ IJȚȢ
ĮIJȠȝȚțȑȢ įȣȞȐȝİȚȢ ĮȣIJȠǸĮıȘȢ țĮȚ ȝİIJĮIJȡȑʌİȚ IJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ıİ ȘįȠȞȠȕȜİȥȓİȢ IJȘȢ
ȣʌȠIJȚșȑȝİȞȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ĮijĮȚȡȫȞIJĮȢ IJȠȣȢ IJȘȞ ĮȟȚȠʌȡȑʌİȚĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
İȜİȣșİȡȓĮİʌȚȜȠȖȒȢ
ǵȝȦȢ Ƞ ʌȠȜȜĮʌȜĮıȚĮıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ĮıșİȞȫȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȫȞ Ȓ ȩȤȚ ȫșȘıİ IJȠȣȢ
ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮȕȚȕȐıȠȣȞ IJȠ ʌȜİȩȞĮıȝĮ ıİ ȐȜȜĮ İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJĮ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ıIJȘȡȚȤșİȓȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮȉȫȡĮʌȚĮʌȠȣȩȜȠȚİȓȝĮıIJİįȣȞȘIJȚțȐĮıșİȞİȓȢ
ȠȖȚĮIJȡȩȢȦȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȘȝĮIJȓĮȢ - İʌȚıIJȒȝȠȞĮȢșȑIJİȚIJȠȝĮțȡȚȞȩıIJȩȤȠIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢȖȚĮ
ȞĮ IJȘȞ İʌȚįȚȫȟȠȣȝİ İȞȫ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ ȝĮȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȪİȚ țĮȚ ȝĮȢ ĮʌĮȜȜȐııİȚ Įʌȩ
țȐșİİȣșȪȞȘĮȞĮțȘȡȪııȠȞIJĮȢIJȠȞȐȡȡȦıIJȠıİ©șȪȝĮȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞª
ȆĮȜĮȚȩIJİȡĮ ĮȣIJȠȓ ȠȚ ȐȡȡȦıIJȠȚ ĮʌĮȜȜȐııȠȞIJĮȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȈȒȝİȡĮ Ș
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒțĮȜİȓIJĮȚȞĮIJȠȣȢțĮIJĮıIJȒıİȚȚțĮȞȠȪȢʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȐİijİȣȡȓıțȠȞIJĮȢȝȐȜȚıIJĮ
IJȘȞȐʌȠȥȘȩIJȚȘİȡȖĮıȓĮİȓȞĮȚșİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȒIJȘıIJȚȖȝȒʌȠȣȘȚĮIJȡȚțȒİʌȦȝȓȗİIJĮȚIJȠ
ȡȩȜȠIJȠȣİʌȩʌIJȘȒİȜİȖțIJȒȖȚĮIJȘȞİȟȣʌȘȡȑIJȘıȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞIJȐȤĮǺȑȕĮȚĮ
țȐʌȠIJİȘȚĮIJȡȚțȒ İȟȣʌȘȡİIJİȓIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣȢȩʌȦȢıIJȘīİȡȝĮȞȓĮIJȠȣȠȣĮȚ
©ȠʌȩIJİȘȣȖİȓĮȑȖȚȞİȘµȝȩȞȘʌİȡȚȠȣıȓĮ¶IJȠȣİȡȖȐIJȘțĮȚȩijİȚȜİȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJİȣIJİȓȝİ
țȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȐȝȑıĮªıİȜʌĮȡĮʌȠȝʌȒȆĮȡȠȝȠȓȦȢıȣȞȑȕȘıIJȘȈȠȕȚİIJȚțȒ
DzȞȦıȘ ȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȓ ĮȞĮʌȡȠıȐȡȝȠıĮȞ IJȠȞ ȠȡȚıȝȩ IJȘȢ ĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
ȤȠȡȘȖȒıȠȣȞ ȐįİȚİȢ ĮıșİȞİȓĮȢ ıIJȠȣȢ țĮIJĮțȠȣȡĮıȝȑȞȠȣȢ İȡȖȐIJİȢ ıİȜ ʌĮȡĮʌȠȝʌȒǹȜȜȐțĮȚıIJȚȢįȪȠʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢȠȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȓİȞȒȡȖȘıĮȞȝİIJȐĮʌȩ
țȣȕİȡȞȘIJȚțȒ ıȪıIJĮıȘ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ʌȠȣ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫȞİȚ IJȘȞ ȣʌĮȖȦȖȒ IJȠȣȢ ıIJĮ țȑȞIJȡĮ
İȟȠȣıȓĮȢIJĮȠʌȠȓĮțĮȚİȟȣʌȘȡİIJȠȪȞĮȞİȞįȠȓĮıIJĮDzIJıȚȘȚĮIJȡȚțȒȝİIJĮȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚıİ
©ȣʌİȡȠʌIJȚțȩ ȘșȚțȩ İȖȤİȓȡȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ įȚĮijȘȝȓȗİȚ IJȘ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒ İʌȑțIJĮıȘ ıĮȞ
ʌȩȜİȝȠİȞĮȞIJȓȠȞȩȜȦȞIJȦȞȕĮıȐȞȦȞªıİȜİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȚıȠʌİįȫȞİȚIJȠȣȢ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȠȪȢ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ȚįȚĮȚIJİȡȩIJȘIJİȢ IJȦȞ ĮȞșȡȫʌȦȞ ȣʌȠIJȐııȠȞIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ ıIJȘ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȒĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘIJȘȢșİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ
ȈIJĮ ȓįȚĮ IJİȤȞȚțȐ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ Ƞ ʌȩȞȠȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ĮʌȠıIJİȡİȓIJĮȚ IJȠ
©İȖȖİȞȑȢʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȠȣȞȩȘȝĮªțĮȚȞĮİȝʌȠįȓȗȠȞIJĮȚȠȚȝȐȗİȢ©ȞĮțĮIJĮȡȚȠȪȞIJĮȚ
IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ ȩIJĮȞ ʌȠȞȠȪȞª ıİȜ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡȠȤȒ ȚıȤȣȡȫȞ ijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȫȞ
ʌĮȣıȓʌȠȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠțȠȚȝȓȗȠȣȞ IJȩıȠ IJȠ ıȫȝĮ ȩıȠ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤȒ ǼȟȐȜȜȠȣ Ș
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȞȠȝȓȗİȚ ȩIJȚ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİIJȡȒıİȚ țĮȚ ȞĮ İʌĮȜȘșİȪıİȚ IJȠȞ ʌȩȞȠ ĮȞ İȓȞĮȚ
ȖȞȒıȚȠȢ Ȓ ʌȡȠıʌȠȚȘIJȩȢ ȀȚ ȩȝȦȢ țȐșİ ʌȩȞȠȢ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȜȘșȚȞȩȢ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩȞ ʌȠȣ IJȠȞ
ĮȚıșȐȞİIJĮȚțĮȚțȐșİʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȩȢȑȤİȚIJȠȣȢįȚțȠȪȢIJȠȣIJȡȩʌȠȣȢȖȚĮȞĮȕȠȘșȒıİȚıIJȘ
įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȒ IJȠȣ ȝİ ijȣıȚțȐ ȝȑıĮ țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ ĮȜȜȘȜȠȕȠȒșİȚĮȢ
ǺȑȕĮȚĮ Ș ĮȡȤȒ IJȘȢ įȚĮıIJȡȑȕȜȦıȘȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ IJȠȣ ʌȩȞȠȣ ȟİțȓȞȘıİ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ
ȃIJİțȐȡIJʌȠȣįȚĮȤȫȡȚıİIJȘȞȥȣȤȒĮʌȩIJȠıȫȝĮțĮȚĮʌĮȓIJȘıİIJȘȞʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮIJȘȢ
ʌȡȫIJȘȢĮʌȩIJȚȢȕȜȐȕİȢIJȠȣįİȪIJİȡȠȣıĮȞȞĮʌȡȩțİȚIJĮȚȖȚĮȝȚĮȝȘȤĮȞȒʌȠȣįİȞ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ Ȟ¶ ĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ IJȚȢ ʌȡȠİȚįȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ıİȜ ǵȝȦȢ Ș
İȟȐȜİȚȥȘ IJȠȣ ʌȩȞȠȣ ȝĮȢ ĮʌȠıIJİȡİȓ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȑȞIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ ȗȦȒȢ İȞȫ ȝĮȢțȐȞİȚȞĮ
ȞȠȝȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȑȤȠȣȝİ ȩȡȚĮ țĮȚ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢ DzIJıȚ ĮȚıșĮȞȩȝĮıIJİ
ʌĮȞIJȠįȪȞĮȝȠȚİȞȫİȓȝĮıIJİıİĮʌȠıȪȞșİıȘıİȜ
Ȉ¶ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ ȣʌİȚıȑȡȤȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮ ʌȠȣ İʌȑȗȘıĮȞ ʌĮȡȐ IJȚȢ
ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢIJȘȢīĮȜȜȚțȒȢǼʌĮȞȐıIJĮıȘȢȞĮIJĮİȟĮȜİȓȥİȚįȓȞȠȞIJĮȢȤȡȒȝĮIJĮıIJȚȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢȖȚĮȞĮʌİȡȚșȐȜʌȠȣȞȠȚȓįȚİȢIJȠȣȢĮıșİȞİȓȢIJȠȣȢǵȝȦȢȣʌİȡȓıȤȣıĮȞ
IJĮ ȖİȞȚțȐ șİȡĮʌİȣIJȚțȐ ȚįȡȪȝĮIJĮ ȑȞĮȞIJȚ IJȦȞ İȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȦȞ ȩʌȠȣ ȕĮıȚȜİȪİȚ
țȣȡȚĮȡȤİȓ Ƞ ȖȚĮIJȡȩȢİȞȫȕĮıȚȜİȪİȚ țĮIJĮȜȒȖİȚȠĮıșİȞȒȢǼțİȓȘĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮ
ȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İʌȓțİȞIJȡȠ İȞȫ Ƞ ȐȡȡȦıIJȠȢ ʌİȡȚijȡȠȞİȓIJĮȚ ȆȐȞIJȦȢ ȠȪIJİ İțİȓ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚȚıȩIJȘIJĮĮijȠȪțĮȚİțİȓĮȞIJĮȞĮțȜȐIJĮȚȘIJĮȟȚțȒįȚĮıIJȡȦȝȐIJȦıȘǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢ
ȠıȣȖȖȡĮijȑĮȢįİȞĮȞĮȜȪİȚʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦʌȫȢĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚĮȣIJȒȞIJȘȞĮȞȚıȩIJȘIJĮ
ʌȑȡĮĮʌȩIJȘįȚĮʌȓıIJȦıȘ
ȈIJȠ ȓįȚȠ ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİIJĮȚ țĮȚ Ƞ șȐȞĮIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ įȚĮįȠȤȚțȑȢ ijȐıİȚȢ ıIJȘȞ
ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȒ IJȠȣ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ IJȚȢ İȚțĮıIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡĮıIJȐıİȚȢ ĮʌȠțĮȜȪʌIJİȚ IJȘȞ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȒ IJȠȣ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ ʌĮȡȑȝȕĮıȘȢ IJȠȣ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪ DzIJıȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ©ȤȠȡȩ IJȦȞ
ȞİțȡȫȞªIJȠȣȠȣĮȚIJȠ©ȤȠȡȩIJȠȣșĮȞȐIJȠȣªIJȘȢǹȞĮȖȑȞȞȘıȘȢțĮȚIJȘȞİȚțȩȞĮIJȠȣ
ĮțȩȜĮıIJȠȣ İIJȠȚȝȠșȐȞĮIJȠȣ ȖȑȡȠȞIJĮ IJȘȢ īĮȜȜȚțȒȢ ǼʌĮȞȐıIJĮıȘȢ ijIJȐıĮȝİ ıIJȘȞ
ĮʌİȚțȩȞȚıȘ IJȠȣ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪ IJȠȣ Ƞȣ ĮȚ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠȕȐȜİȚ ȦȢ ĮȞIJȓʌĮȜȠȢ IJȦȞ
șĮȞĮIJȘijȩȡȦȞ İʌȚįȘȝȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ıIJȠȞ ȖȚĮIJȡȩ IJȠȣ Ƞȣ ĮȚ ʌȠȣ
ʌĮȡİȝȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚȝİIJĮȟȪĮȡȡȫıIJȠȣțĮȚșĮȞȐIJȠȣțĮȚIJİȜȚțȐıIJȠșȐȞĮIJȠȣʌȩİȞIJĮIJȚțȒ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ʌĮȡĮțȠȜȠȪșȘıȘ ıIJȠ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠ ȩʌȠȣ ȠȚ ıȣȖȖİȞİȓȢ ȕȜȑʌȠȣȞ IJȠȞ ȠȚțİȓȠ
IJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJİȜİȣIJĮȓĮijȠȡȐȗȦȞIJĮȞȩ
ȆȫȢȜȠȚʌȩȞșĮȝʌȠȡȠȪıİȞĮĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȚıIJİȓĮȣIJȒȘțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘıIJȠıȪȞȠȜȩIJȘȢ
ǹȡȤȚțȐȞĮijȡȠȞIJȓıȠȣȝİIJȠʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞʌȠȣȝĮȢșȡȑijİȚțĮȚIJȠĮȞĮʌȞȑȠȣȝİİȓȞĮȚȘ
ʌȚȠ ijșȘȞȒ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȒ țĮȚ ȡȚȗȚțȒ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ǵȝȦȢ įİ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮijȒıȠȣȞ ȠȚ
ʌȠȜȓIJİȢ IJȠ ıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ țĮȚ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȘȢ ȞȑĮȢ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȝȩȞȠ ıIJȠȣȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ĮȜȜȐ ȞĮ ȠȡȖĮȞȦșȠȪȞ țĮȚ ȞĮ ʌȚȑıȠȣȞ IJȘȞ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒ İȟȠȣıȓĮ ȖȚĮ
ʌĮȡȠȤȒșİȡĮʌİȚȫȞʌȠȣȞĮİȓȞĮȚİʌĮȡțİȓȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮİȟĮȞIJȜȠȪȞIJȠȞȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩȉĮ
ȐIJȠȝĮİȟȐȜȜȠȣȝʌȠȡȠȪȞțĮȚʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮʌȡȠıIJĮIJȑȥȠȣȞIJȠȤȡȩȞȠʌȠȣʌĮȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȞ
ȣȖȚİȓȢ©ȣȖȚİȚȞȩȢȤȡȩȞȠȢªȫıIJİȞ¶ĮʌȠȝĮțȡȪȞȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘȖȚĮʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ ȀĮȚ
ȩIJĮȞȑȡșİȚİțİȓȞȘȘȫȡĮȞ¶ĮʌĮȚIJȒıȠȣȞIJȘȞĮȣIJȠȞȠȝȓĮțĮȚIJȘȞĮȣIJȠįȚȐșİıȒIJȠȣȢ
ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ țĮIJĮȜȒȟȠȣȞ ȑȖțȜİȚıIJȠȚ ıİ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓĮ ǻİȪIJİȡȠȞ Ș ȚıȩIJȚȝȘ
ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȘȝĮȓȞİȚȩIJȚȘijȡȠȞIJȓįĮIJȠȣİȞȩȢįİșĮİȓȞĮȚIJȩıȠĮțȡȚȕȒ
ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ĮʌȠıIJİȡİȓ ĮȞȐȜȠȖȘ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ȐȜȜȠ ȉȡȓIJȠȞ ȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ
įȘȝȩıȚȠȚ ȑȜİȖȤȠȚ țĮȜȪIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ ʌȠȜȓIJİȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ įȚĮıijĮȜȚıIJİȓ ȩIJȚ IJȠ
ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȣȖİȓĮȢ İȟȣʌȘȡİIJİȓ IJȠȣȢ ĮıșİȞİȓȢ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȢ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮȞĮțȠȪijȚıȘ
țĮȚ ȩȤȚ İȚțȠȞȚțȒ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮ ǹȣIJȩ ıȘȝĮȓȞİȚ ȩIJȚ ȑȞĮ įȦȝȐIJȚȠ ȞȠıȠțȠȝİȓȠȣ ȖİȝȐIJȠ
Įʌȩ ʌĮȞȐțȡȚȕĮ ȝȘȤĮȞȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȜȫȢ ʌĮȡĮIJİȓȞȠȣȞ ȝȚĮ İʌȫįȣȞȘ ȗȦȒ įİȞ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒ ȕȠȒșİȚĮ īȚ¶ ĮȣIJȩ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ Ș ĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ ȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚ
ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐĮʌȩIJȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢȠȪIJİțĮȞIJȠȣȢʌȜȑȠȞİȟİȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȠȣȢȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚ
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İȟȐȜȜȠȣĮʌȜȫȢȚĮIJȡȚțȠʌȠȚȠȪȞİʌȚʌȜȑȠȞIJȘȗȦȒȝĮȢȉȑIJĮȡIJȠȞȘȠȡșȠȜȠȖȚțȒțĮȚ
ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȡȡȫıIJȚĮȢ IJȠȣ ʌȩȞȠȣ țĮȚ IJȠȣ șĮȞȐIJȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒİȓȞĮȚıĮȞȞĮʌİȡȚȝȑȞȠȣȝİĮʌȩȝȚĮȤȘȝȚțȒĮȞȐȜȣıȘȞĮȝĮȢįȚĮijȦIJȓıİȚȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ĮȚıșȘIJȚțȒ ĮȟȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȑȡȖȠȣ IJȑȤȞȘȢ ǹȞIJȓșİIJĮ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȑıİȚ Ș ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȞĮ
ȕȠȘșȒıİȚ ĮȜȘșȚȞȐ IJȠȞ ĮıșİȞȒ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮȞĮțIJȒıİȚ IJȠȞ ĮȞșȡȦʌȚıIJȚțȩ IJȘȢ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȐșİȚ İț ȞȑȠȣ ȞĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ İȟĮIJȠȝȚțİȣȝȑȞȘ șİȡĮʌİȓĮ
ĮȞIJĮʌȠțȡȚȞȩȝİȞȘıIJȚȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢĮȞȐȖțİȢǼȟȐȜȜȠȣĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒȓĮıȘȝʌȠȡİȓ
ȞĮ ʌȡȠȑȜșİȚ ȝȩȞȠ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İʌȚȜȠȖȒ İțİȓȞȘȢ IJȘȢ șİȡĮʌİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ IJĮȚȡȚȐȗİȚ ıIJȘȞ
ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣĮȡȡȫıIJȠȣțĮIJȐIJȠȞOtto Lippross (1969), Logik und Magie in
GHU 0HGL]LQ ıİȜ ȆȑȝʌIJȠȞ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȐ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȠȚ ʌȠȜȓIJİȢ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ
İȞȘȝİȡȦȝȑȞȠȚȠȚįĮʌȐȞİȢȚıȩIJȚȝĮțĮIJĮȞİȝȘȝȑȞİȢȠȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȓȞ¶ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȠȪȞIJĮȚĮʌȩ
IJȠȣȢʌȠȜȓIJİȢțĮȚțĮȞİȓȢȞĮȝȘȞȠȝȓȗİȚȩIJȚȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȒʌȡȩȠįȠȢİȓȞĮȚʌĮȞȐțİȚĮ
ʌȠȣȝʌȠȡİȓȞĮțȐȞİȚșĮȪȝĮIJĮĮȞIJȓșİIJĮʌȡȠȢIJȘijȣıȚțȒİȟȑȜȚȟȘ
ǵȝȦȢ IJȠ ʌȜȑȠȞ ȕĮșȪ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ İȓȞĮȚ ȩIJȚ Ƞ țȩıȝȠȢ ȝĮȢ ĮȜȜȐȗİȚ IJȩıȠ ȖȡȒȖȠȡĮ
ʌȠȣȠȚĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȚȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȠȓįİȞʌȡȠȜĮȕĮȓȞȠȣȞȞĮʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıIJȠȪȞīȚ¶ĮȣIJȩIJȠ
ȜȩȖȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȟĮȞĮʌȐȡȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ȝĮȢ ıIJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ ȝĮȢ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ
țĮȜȜȚİȡȖȒıȠȣȝİIJȘȞʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȒȝĮȢȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȞ¶ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȝİIJȚȢįȣıțȠȜȓİȢ
ȞĮİȞıțȒȥȠȣȝİʌȐȜȚıIJȘijȪıȘțĮȚıIJȠȞʌȜȘıȓȠȞțĮȚȞĮșȑıȠȣȝİʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢ
ıIJĮ İʌȠȞȠȝĮȗȩȝİȞĮ ʌȡȠȚțȚıȝȑȞĮ ȝȣĮȜȐ ʌȠȣ ȟİijİȪȖȠȣȞ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȟȣʌȘȡȑIJȘıȘ
IJȦȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ĮȞĮȖțȫȞ ȈȓȖȠȣȡĮ șĮ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ IJİșȠȪȞ ȩȡȚĮ ıIJȠ ȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȩ
IJȡȩʌȠ ȗȦȒȢ IJȩıȠ ıIJȘȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ȩıȠ țĮȚ ıIJȠȣȢ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ IJȠȝİȓȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȢ
įȚĮȕȓȦıȘȢĮȜȜȐțȣȡȓȦȢȠȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮȝȐșİȚȞ¶ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓȗİȚIJĮijȣıȚțȐ
IJȠȣȩȡȚĮțĮȚȞĮȝȘȞȑȤİȚȣʌİȡȕȠȜȚțȑȢʌȡȠıįȠțȓİȢȠȪIJİĮʌȩIJȘȞIJİȤȞȚțȒȠȪIJİĮʌȩ
IJȘȞ İʌȚıIJȒȝȘ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȝȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȣʌȠȤİȓȡȚȩ IJȠȣȢ ȂȩȞȠ ȑIJıȚ Ƞ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢ șĮ
ȟĮȞĮȖȓȞİȚ IJȠ țȑȞIJȡȠ IJȠȣ ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȠȪ İțİȓȞȠȢ Ƞ ijȣıȚțȩȢ ȐȞșȡȦʌȠȢʌȠȣșĮțȡȓȞİȚ
ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮ țĮȚ șĮ ĮʌȠijĮıȓȗİȚ ȘșȚțȐ țĮȚ ȝİIJȡȚȩijȡȠȞĮ IJȚȢ İȟİȜȓȟİȚȢ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ IJȚȢ
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ȉȠ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ȕȚȕȜȓȠ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ Ȟ¶ ĮȞĮıȪȡİȚ ʌȠȜȜȐ Įʌȩ IJĮ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ
ǴȜȜȚIJȢ ʌȠȣ IJȫȡĮ ʌĮȡȠȣıȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ʌȚȠ įȚĮțȡȚIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ıİ ıȣȝijȦȞȓĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȞĮ ȤĮȡȐȟİȚ Ƞ ȅȝʌȐȝĮ ǹȜȜȐ IJĮ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐ
ıȣȝijȑȡȠȞIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ IJİȡȐıIJȚĮ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȝİ ȞĮ İȜʌȓȗȠȣȝİ ȩIJȚ țȐIJȚ șĮ ĮȜȜȐȟİȚ
ıIJȘȞȐıțȘıȘIJȘȢȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢǹıijĮȜȫȢȝİȡȚțȠȓșĮĮȞIJȚIJİȓȞȠȣȞȩIJȚįİȝĮȢĮijȠȡȐIJȚ
ȖȓȞİIJĮȚIJȩıȠȝĮțȡȚȐĮʌȩȝĮȢǻȣıIJȣȤȫȢȩȝȦȢȠȚȓįȚİȢʌȡĮțIJȚțȑȢȝİIJĮijȑȡșȘțĮȞ
țĮȚ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ țĮȚ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ ʌȠȣ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗİȚ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ IJȠ ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ IJȘȢ
İșȞȚțȒȢ ĮȞȑȤİȚĮȢ DZȡĮ įİȞ İȓȞĮȚ țĮșȩȜȠȣ ĮȞİįĮijȚțȩ ȞĮ ȖȞȦȡȓȗȠȣȝİ ʌȫȢ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖİȓIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮȫıIJİȞĮIJȠijȑȡȠȣȝİʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJĮȝȑIJȡĮȝĮȢ
ǺǿǺȁǿȅīȇǹĭǿǹ
ǵȝȝțijȣȀȖȑȟ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȃȑȝİıȘǾǹʌĮȜȜȠIJȡȓȦıȘIJȘȢȊȖİȓĮȢȃȘıȓįİȢ
MEDICINE AT THE SERVICE OF WORK
THE CURRENT AFFAIRS
OF IVAN ILLICH ©MEDICAL NEMESISª
M.K. Konstantinidou
Laboratory of History of Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace,
Greece.
Abstract: There has been 35 years since the publication of ©Medical Nemesisª by
Ivan Illich (1976, Random House, Inc. Greek edition 2010, ȃȘıȓįİȢ, Thessalonica,
translated by B. Tomanas). The book is worldwide known for the use of the term
©iatrogenesisª, although the British nurse Florence Nigthingale (1820-1919) first
XVHGWKHZRUG%XWWKHERRNLVDOVRNQRZQEHFDXVHRIWKHDXWKRU¶VVHYHUHFULWLFLVP
against the doctors and the way they are practicing medicine, as their main goal is
the profits and the establishment of their power over the people. So they are
exploiting the patients and the state, by forcing them to spend more and more
about medical care and prevention. This is burdening catastrophically the poor
countries or the less strong economies, as the Greek one. More than that, the
people are losing their independence and also the benefits of nature and their
cultural identity by the invention of the industrial production. So the problem is
becoming political. Therefore the people should react and retake the responsibility
of their health and the right to make choices by themselves about the way of been
cured.
Bloche Gregg (2011), The Hippocratic Myth: Why Doctors are Under Pressure to Ratio Care,
Practice Politics and Compromise their Promise to Heal, Palgrave Macmillan.
Bunker J.P., Ivan Illich and Medical Nemesis, J Epidemiol Community Health, 2003; 57:927.
Illich Ivan, Death undefeated, BMJ, 1995; 311:1652-3.
Illich Ivan, Medical Nemesis, Lancet 1974; i:918-21.
Illich Ivan, Pathogenesis, Immunity and the Quality of Public Health, Qualitatine Health Research,
Feb 1995, Vol. 5, Issue 1.
191
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 183-192 192
Ȇ©ǻǺȉȀȂȀǺȉǺȄĭȈǺȁǺȉªȊȎȄǿȇǺ
ȉȊȀȉǺȈȌǽȉȊȆȋǽȀȁȆȉȊȆȋǺȀȎȄǺ
ȆĮȡȠȣıȓĮıȘ IJȘȢ ǼțįȠıȘȢ Ǻʍijȡȟ ȉȔȟȜȝıȢ ȅ ȕĮıȚȜȚȐȢ ǹȞșȡĮțĮȢ (ȉȓIJȜȠȢ
ʌȡȦIJȠIJȪʌȠȣ: Sinclair Upton, King Coal). ȂİIJȐijȡĮıȘ ǻįIJțȝıȔį ȇįʍįȢȓȗį
ȈȪȖȤȡȠȞȘǼʌȠȤȒ ııǹșȒȞĮ
ǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢ
ȆȡȩȖȡĮȝȝĮȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞȊȖȚİȚȞȒțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȆĬ
ıİıȪȝʌȡĮȟȘȝİIJĮȉȝȒȝĮIJĮǻȘȝȩıȚĮȢȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚȃȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȒȢǹǯ ȉ.Ǽ.ǿ. ǹșȒȞĮȢ).
ȉȠ ȡİĮȜȚıIJȚțȩ ȝȣșȚıIJȩȡȘȝĮ ©ȅ ȕĮıȚȜȚȐȢ ǹȞșȡĮțĮȢª ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİȚ IJȘ ȗȦȒ țĮȚ IJȚȢ
ıȣȞșȒțİȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJĮ ĮȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȐ ȠȡȣȤİȓĮ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ IJȠȣ ȀȠȜȠȡȐȞIJȠ IJȠ ȈȣȞșȒțİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ ȠįȒȖȘıĮȞ ıIJȘȞ ȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘ țĮȚ ȖȑȞȞȘıȘ IJȦȞ ʌȡȫIJȦȞ
ıȦȝĮIJİȓȦȞ ĮȞșȡĮțȦȡȪȤȦȞ ȝİ ĮʌȫIJİȡȠ ıțȠʌȩ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠțȒȡȣȟȘ ĮʌİȡȖȚĮțȫȞ
țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘ įȚİțįȓțȘıȘ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ įȚțĮȚȦȝȐIJȦȞ ȆȘȖȒ ȑȝʌȞİȣıȘȢ
IJȠȣıȣȖȖȡĮijȑĮĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞȠȚįȚțȑȢIJȠȣİʌȚıțȑȥİȚȢıİIJȩʌȠȣȢİȟȩȡȣȟȘȢȐȞșȡĮțĮ
țĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠįȚțĮıIJȚțȫȞĮʌȠijȐıİȦȞ
ȉĮ ȠȡȣȤİȓĮ IJȠȣ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ ʌȑȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ıIJȠȑȢ İȟȩȡȣȟȘȢ ʌİȡȚİȜȐȝȕĮȞĮȞ
ʌİȡȚijȡĮȖȝȑȞİȢIJȚȢȠȚțȓİȢIJȦȞĮȞșȡĮțȦȡȪȤȦȞțĮȚIJĮȜȓȖĮțĮIJĮıIJȒȝĮIJĮȚįȚȠțIJȘıȓĮȢ
IJȘȢİIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢĮʌȩIJĮȠʌȠȓĮȒIJĮȞȣʌȠȤȡİȦȝȑȞȠȚȞĮʌȡȠȝȘșİȪȠȞIJĮȚIJĮʌȐȞIJĮțĮIJ¶
ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮǾİȓıȠįȠȢIJȠȣțĮIJĮȣȜȚıȝȠȪİȜİȖȤȩIJĮȞĮʌȩİIJĮȚȡȚțȠȪȢijȪȜĮțİȢ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠIJȡȠʌȒİȚıȩįȠȣțĮȚIJȘȞȕȓĮȚĮİțįȓȦȟȘĮȞİʌȚșȪȝȘIJȦȞȝȘİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞ
ıIJĮȠȡȣȤİȓĮțĮȚıȣȞįȚțĮȜȚıIJȫȞ
ȂȚıșȠȜȠȖȚțȐȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚıIJĮȠȡȣȤİȓĮįİȞʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȞIJĮȞȦȢİȡȖȐIJİȢȩʌȦȢșĮ
ȒIJĮȞĮȞĮȝİȞȩȝİȞȠĮȜȜȐȦȢİȡȖȠȜȐȕȠȚ
©ȅ ĮȞșȡĮțȦȡȪȤȠȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȞĮȢ ȝȚțȡȩȢ İʌȚȤİȚȡȘȝĮIJȓĮȢ ȑȞĮȢ İȡȖȠȜȐȕȠȢ ʌȠȣ
ĮȞĮȜȐȝȕĮȞİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ įȠȣȜİȚȐ ȝİ ȩȜĮ IJȘȢ IJĮ ȑȟȠįĮ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ʌȚșĮȞȩIJȘIJİȢ
țȑȡįȠȣȢȒȗȘȝȓĮȢȉȠĮijİȞIJȚțȩIJȠȣȣʌȠįİȓțȞȣİIJȠȝȑȡȠȢțĮȚĮȣIJȩȢĮȞĮȜȐȝȕĮȞİȞĮ
ȕȖȐȜİȚĮʌȩİțİȓIJȠȞȐȞșȡĮțĮțĮȚȞĮʌȜȘȡȫȞİIJĮȚʌİȞȒȞIJĮʌȑȞIJİıİȞIJȢȖȚĮțȐșİIJȩȞȠ
țĮșĮȡȠȪ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ Ȉİ ȝİȡȚțȐ ȝȑȡȘ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įȠȪȜİȣİ țĮȜȐ ıİ ȐȜȜĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
įȠȪȜİȣİ ȖȚĮ ȕįȠȝȐįİȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ țĮIJȐijİȡȞİ ȞĮ ȟȠijȜȒıİȚ ȠȪIJİ IJȠȞ ȜȠȖĮȡȚĮıȝȩ
ıIJȠȝĮȖĮȗȓª
ǼȓȞĮȚʌȡȠijĮȞȑȢȜȠȚʌȩȞȩIJȚȠİȡȖȠįȘȖȩȢİȓȤİIJȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȞĮİȣȞȠİȓȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ
ijȚȜȒıȣȤȠȣȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚȠįȩIJİȢ IJȠȣ ĮȞĮșȑIJȠȞIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ ijȜȑȕİȢ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ
įİȞ șĮ IJȠȣȢ țȩıIJȚȗĮȞ ʌȠȜȜȑȢ ȘȝȑȡİȢ ĮijȚȜȠțİȡįȠȪȢ ȕȠȣȡIJıȓıȝĮIJȠȢ ȩʌȦȢ
ȠȞȠȝĮȗȩIJĮȞ ȠȚ İȡȖĮıȓİȢ țĮșĮȡȚıȝȠȪ IJȘȢ ʌȑIJȡĮȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȐȝİıȘ Ș
ʌȡȩıȕĮıȘıIJȠȞȐȞșȡĮțĮ.
ǹʌȩIJĮİȚıȠįȒȝĮIJĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȫȞĮijĮȚȡȠȪȞIJĮȞȠȚįĮʌȐȞİȢİȞȠȚțȓȠȣıİıʌȓIJȚĮIJȘȢ
İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢȑȞĮįȠȜȐȡȚȠIJȠȝȒȞĮȖȚĮIJȠȖȚĮIJȡȩIJȘȢİIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢȘĮȝȠȚȕȒIJȠȣȝĮțȡȚȞȠȪ
ʌȡȠȖȩȞȠȣIJȦȞıȘȝİȡȚȞȫȞȚĮIJȡȫȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢIJȩIJİİʌȚȕȐȡȣȞİIJȠȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠțĮȚȩȤȚ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 193-196 193
IJȘȞ İȡȖȠįȠıȓĮ ȝȚıȩ įȠȜȐȡȚȠ ȖȚĮ IJȠ țĮșȐȡȚıȝĮ IJȦȞȡȠȪȤȦȞ țĮȚ ʌİȞȒȞIJĮ ıİȞIJȢ
ȖȚĮIJȠIJĮȝİȓȠĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢțĮȚĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢȅșİıȝȩȢIJȦȞȕĮȡȑȦȞțĮȚĮȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞ
İȟȑȜİȚʌİ țĮȚ ĮȞIJ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪ ȣʌȒȡȤİ ȑȞĮȢ ȣʌȠIJȣʌȫįȘȢ ijȠȡȑĮȢ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ǼʌȚʌȡȩıșİIJĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȣʌȠȤȡİȦȝȑȞȠȚ ȞĮ İʌȚȕĮȡȪȞȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ ʌȡȠȝȒșİȚİȢ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJİȢ
ȖȚĮIJȘȞİțIJȑȜİıȘIJȠȣȑȡȖȠȣIJȠȣȢȤȦȡȓȢȞĮȝʌȠȡȠȪȞȞĮțĮșȠȡȓıȠȣȞIJȠȝȑȖİșȠȢțĮȚ
IJȠțȩıIJȠȢIJȠȣȢ
DzIJıȚ ©ȋȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȠȪıİ ȝʌĮȡȠȪIJȚ ȒIJĮȞ ȣʌȩȜȠȖȠȢ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȘ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮ
țȐșİIJȑȜȠȢIJȠȣȝȒȞĮĮȜȜȐĮȞȖȚȞȩIJĮȞȜȐșȠȢıIJȠIJȑȜȠȢIJȠȣȝȒȞĮįİȞİȓȤİțĮȞȑȞĮ
įȚțĮȓȦȝĮ İʌĮȞȩȡșȦıȘȢ ȉȠȣ ȤȡȑȦȞĮȞ ȑȞĮ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ ʌȠıȩ ȦȢ ȑȟȠįĮ
ıȚįȘȡȠȣȡȖİȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ įȚĮIJȘȡȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ İȡȖĮȜİȓĮ IJȠȣ ıİ țĮȜȒ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ ȩȝȦȢ
ĮȞĮțȐȜȣʌIJİ ʌȦȢ țȐșİ ȝȒȞĮ IJȠȣ ĮijĮȚȡȠȪıĮȞ ȑȞĮ Ȓ įȪȠ įȠȜȐȡȚĮ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ȜȠȖĮȡȚĮıȝȩ IJȠȣ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ĮȞ įİȞ İȓȤİ ʌİȡȐıİȚ ȠȪIJİ Įʌ¶ ȑȟȦ Įʌȩ IJȠ
ıȚįȘȡȠȣȡȖİȓȠª
ȅȚİȡȖȐIJİȢIJȑȜȠȢțĮȜȠȪȞIJĮȞȞĮıȣȞİȚıijȑȡȠȣȞȑȞĮʌİȞȚȤȡȩȝȑȡȠȢIJȠȣİȚıȠįȒȝĮIJȩȢ
IJȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠ țȒȡȣȖȝĮ IJȠȣ ĮȚįİıȚȝȩIJĮIJȠȣ ǹȣIJȩ ıIJȚȖȝȐIJȚȗİ IJȠȞ ĮȝĮȡIJȦȜȩ
ĮȜțȠȠȜȚıȝȩ ʌȠȣ ȐȜȜȦıIJİ ȝİȚȫȞİȚ IJȘȞ ʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ĮijȒȞȠȞIJĮȢ ıIJȠ
ĮʌȣȡȩȕȜȘIJȠIJȘȞİțȝİIJȐȜȜİȣıȘțĮȚIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮįȚțȓĮDzȝȠȚĮȗİȞĮʌȘȖȐȗİȚĮʌȩ
IJȚȢİʌȚIJĮȖȑȢȩȤȚIJȠȣĬİȠȪĮȜȜȐIJȠȣȕĮıȚȜȚȐǹȞșȡĮțĮ ©ǼȝİȓȢșȑȜȠȣȝİIJȠʌĮȡȩȞ
İıİȓȢ țȡĮIJȒıIJİ IJȠ ȝȑȜȜȠȞ ǼȝİȓȢ șȑȜȠȣȝİ IJȠ ıȫȝĮ İıİȓȢ țȡĮIJȒıIJİ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤȒ
ǻȚįȐȟIJİ IJȠȣȢ ȩIJȚ șȑȜİIJİ ȖȚĮ IJȠȞ ʌĮȡȐįİȚıȠ ȩıȠ ȝĮȢ İʌȚIJȡȑʌİIJİ ȞĮ IJȠȣȢ
țĮIJĮȜȘıIJİȪȠȣȝİıIJȘȖȘª
ȅȣıȚĮıIJȚțȩʌȜȒȖȝĮıIJȠİȚıȩįȘȝĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞıIJĮȠȡȣȤİȓĮȐȞșȡĮțĮȒIJĮȞȘ
țȜȠʌȒ ʌȠȣ ȖȚȞȩIJĮȞ ıIJȠ ȗȪȖȚıȝĮ IJȦȞ ȕĮȖȠȞȚȫȞ ȀĮȚ țĮIJĮȖȖİȜȜȩIJĮȞ țȜȠʌȒ įȚȩIJȚ
ıIJȘȞ ʌȜĮIJijȩȡȝĮ IJȠȣ ȗȣȖȓıȝĮIJȠȢ ȕȡȚıțȩIJĮȞ ȝȩȞȠ İțʌȡȩıȦʌȠȢ IJȘȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ
ʌĮȡȩȜȠ ʌȠȣ Ƞ ȞȩȝȠȢ ȑįȚȞİ IJȠ įȚțĮȓȦȝĮ ȪʌĮȡȟȘȢ İȜİȖțIJȒ ıIJȠ ȗȪȖȚıȝĮ Įʌȩ
ʌȜİȣȡȐȢ İȡȖĮIJȫȞ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ ȩIJȚȠȚ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠȚ șĮ țȐȜȣʌIJĮȞ IJȘȞ ĮȝȠȚȕȒ
IJȠȣ ©ĬĮ įİȤȩIJĮȞ ȐȡĮȖİ ʌȠIJȑ ȑȞĮȢ ȝĮȞȐȕȘȢ ʌİȜȐIJȘ Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ șĮ IJȠȣ
ʌȡȩIJİȚȞİ ȞĮ ȗȣȖȓıİȚ Ƞ ȓįȚȠȢ IJȠ İȝʌȩȡİȣȝȐ IJȠȣ ĮijȠȪ ʌȡȫIJĮ țȜİȓįȦȞİ IJȠ
ȝĮȖĮȗȐIJȠȡĮȑȟȦĮʌȩIJȠțĮIJȐıIJȘȝȐIJȠȣª
ȅȚİȡȖȠȞȠȝȚțȠȓțȓȞįȣȞȠȚIJȠȣİȞȜȩȖȦİʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢİȓȞĮȚʌȡȠijĮȞİȓȢǻȠȪȜİȣĮȞȝİ
IJȠ țİijȐȜȚ țĮȚ IJȠȣȢ ȫȝȠȣȢ ȖİȡȝȑȞȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ȤȑȡȚĮ țȡİȝĮıȝȑȞĮ IJȩıȠ ʌȠȣ ©ȩIJĮȞ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢ IJȠȣȢ ȑȕȜİʌİ IJȠ ıȠȪȡȠȣʌȠ ȞĮ ȕȖĮȓȞȠȣȞ Įʌȩ IJȘ ıIJȠȐ ȞȩȝȚȗİ ȩIJȚ ȒIJĮȞ
ijȐȜĮȖȖĮ ȝʌĮȝʌȠȣȓȞȦȞª ȉȠ ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ țȐʌȠȚĮ ȝȑȜȘ IJȘȢ ȠȝȐįĮȢ ȑʌȡİʌİ ȞĮ
įȠȣȜİȪȠȣȞ ȖȚĮ ȫȡİȢ ȟĮʌȜȦȝȑȞĮ ıIJȠ ʌȜȐȚ IJȠȣȢ ʌȡȠıȑįȚįİ İʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȑȢ
ȚįȚȠȝȠȡijȓİȢ ȉȠ ȝȩȞȠ įȚĮșȑıȚȝȠ ȝȑıȠȞ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȒIJĮȞ ȑȞĮ ȗİȣȖȐȡȚ
ȖȐȞIJȚĮ IJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ ȩȝȦȢ ıȣȞȒșȦȢ ȑȜȚȦȞİ țĮIJȐ IJȘ įȚȐȡțİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȘȝȑȡĮȢ ȅ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ ȣijȓıIJĮIJȠ İțșȑıİȚȢ ıİ ıțȩȞȘ țĮʌȞȩ Įʌȩ ȝʌĮȡȠȪIJȚ țĮȚ ĮȑȡȚĮ
DzȞȠȚȦșĮȞIJȡȠȝİȡȩțȐȥȚȝȠıIJĮȝȐIJȚĮĮʌȩIJȘıțȩȞȘțĮȚIJȠĮįȪȞĮȝȠijȦȢ
ȈIJȚȢİȚıȩįȠȣȢIJȦȞıIJȠȫȞȣʌȒȡȤĮȞȝİȖȐȜȠȚĮȞİȝȚıIJȒȡİȢȠȚȠʌȠȓȠȚĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞĮȞ
IJȘȞ ȣȖȡĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ ĮȑȡĮ țĮȚ ȟȒȡĮȚȞĮȞ IJȘ ıțȩȞȘ IJȠȣ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ ȝİ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ ȞĮ
ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ țȓȞįȣȞȠȢ ȑțȡȘȟȘȢ ĮțȩȝȘ țĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮʌȜȒ IJȡȚȕȒ IJȦȞ ijIJȣĮȡȚȫȞ īȚĮ IJȘȞ
194
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȠȣĮȞȦIJȑȡȦțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȘȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮʌȡȠȑȕȜİʌİȥİțĮıȝȩIJȠȣȠȡȣȤİȓȠȣ
ȝİ ıțȩȞȘ Įʌȩ ʌȜȓșİȢ Ƞ ȠʌȠȓȠȢ įİȞ ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȪȞIJĮȞ ıȤİįȩȞʌȠIJȑ©ĬȣȝȩIJĮȞ
ȩIJȚ ȝȚĮ ijȠȡȐ ıIJȘ ȗȦȒ IJȠȣ Ƞ ȞȩȝȠȢ İijĮȡȝȩıIJȘțİ dzIJĮȞ țȐIJȚ ȝİȖȐȜȠȚ ʌȠȣ șĮ
ȑțĮȞĮȞ İʌȚIJȒȡȘıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȘ IJȘȢ İʌȓıțİȥȘȢ ȑȖȚȞİ ȜİʌIJȠȝİȡȒȢ
İțıIJȡĮIJİȓĮ ȥİțĮıȝȠȪ ǹȣIJȩ ȩȝȦȢ ȑȖȚȞİ ʌȡȚȞ ʌȠȜȜȐ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ IJȫȡĮ IJȠ ȝȘȤȐȞȘȝĮ
ȒIJĮȞțȐʌȠȣijȣȜĮȖȝȑȞȠįİȞȒȟİȡİțĮȞİȓȢʌȠȣțĮȚțĮȞİȓȢįİȖȞȫȡȚȗİıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȠȞ
ȥİțĮıȝȩªȅȚĮȞșȡĮțȦȡȪȤȠȚİțIJȓșİȞIJĮȞıİʌȜİȚȐįĮIJȠȟȚțȫȞĮİȡȓȦȞȉȠȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ
İʌȚȕȜĮȕȑȢ ijĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȒIJĮȞ IJȠ ȣįȡȩșİȚȠ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠıȑįȚįİ ıIJȠ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞ ȝȚĮ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȒ ȝȣȡȦįȚȐ ȤĮȜĮıȝȑȞȠȣ ĮȣȖȠȪ țĮȚ ȑIJıȚ ȖȚȞȩIJĮȞ İȪțȠȜĮ ĮȞIJȚȜȘʌIJȩ
ȊʌȒȡȤİ ĮțȩȝȘ IJȠ IJȡȠȝİȡȩ ©ĮȑȡȚȠ IJȠȣ ʌȞȚȖȝȠȪª ȐȠıȝȠ țĮȚ ʌȚȠ ȕĮȡȪ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ
ĮȑȡĮ ȈȣȤȞȐ ȠȚ İȡȖȐIJİȢ ȑʌİijIJĮȞ ıİ ȜȒșĮȡȖȠ țĮȚ ȐȞ įİȞ ȕȡȚıțȩIJĮȞ țȠȞIJȐ IJȠȣȢ
țȐʌȠȚȠȢıȣȞȐįİȜijȠȢțĮIJȑȜȘȖĮȞȉȑȜȠȢIJȠȜİȖȩȝİȞȠĮȑȡȚȠIJȘȢijȦIJȚȐȢȝʌȠȡȠȪıİ
ȞĮțĮIJĮıIJȡȑȥİȚȠȜȩțȜȘȡȠIJȠȠȡȣȤİȓȠțĮȚȞĮıțȠIJȫıİȚįİțȐįİȢȐȞȩȤȚİțĮIJȠȞIJȐįİȢ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢ
īȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ IJȦȞ ĮȞȦIJȑȡȦ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ȣʌȒȡȤİ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȢ ʌȣȡȩıȕİıȘȢ țĮȚ
İȞIJȠʌȚıȝȠȪĮİȡȓȦȞțȐIJȚıĮȞIJȠȞıȘȝİȡȚȞȩIJİȤȞȚțȩĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢȩȝȦȢ
ĮȣIJȩȢ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮȗİ ȖȚĮ ȝȚĮ ʌȜİȚȐįĮ ȜȩȖȦȞ ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕĮȞȠȝȑȞȘȢ IJȘȢ ȝȑșȘȢ ȉȩIJİ
©ȑȕȜİʌİțĮȞİȓȢĮȞșȡȫʌȠȣȢȞĮȖțȡȚȞȚȐȗȠȣȞțĮȚȞĮȕȜĮıIJȘȝȠȪȞțĮșȫȢțĮIJȑȕĮȚȞĮȞ
IJȚȢ ıIJȠȑȢ țĮIJȩʌȚȞ İȞIJȠȜȒȢ IJȘȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ ȂʌȠȡİȓ țȐʌȠȚȠȚ Įʌȩ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ȞĮ İȓȤĮȞ
ȖȠȞĮIJȓıİȚĮʌ¶IJȠȞʌȠȞȠțȑijĮȜȠțĮȚȞĮʌĮȡĮțĮȜȠȪıĮȞȞĮȕȖȠȣȞȑȟȦȩȝȦȢȓıȦȢȠ
İʌȚțİijĮȜȒȢ ȞĮ ȝȘȞ IJȠȣȢ ȑįȚȞİ IJȘȞ ȐįİȚĮ ȖȚĮIJȓ ȐȞ ȑʌȡİʌİ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİȚ țȐIJȚ IJȑIJȠȚȠ ȠȚ
ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌȠȚșĮijȠȕȠȪȞIJĮȞțĮȚșĮȗȘIJȠȪıĮȞİʌȓıȘȢȞĮijȪȖȠȣȞª ȅȚıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȑȢIJȘȢ
İʌȠȤȒȢ ȑįİȚȤȞĮȞ ȩIJȚ İIJȘıȓȦȢ ȠțIJȫ ȝİ İȞȞȑĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȓȜȚȠȣȢ İȡȖȐIJİȢ ȐȞșȡĮțĮ
ȑȕȡȚıțĮȞ ȕȓĮȚȠ șȐȞĮIJȠ İȞȫ IJȡȚȐȞIJĮ ʌİȡȓʌȠȣ IJȡĮȣȝĮIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȞ ıȠȕĮȡȐ Ǿ
İȡȖȠįȠıȓĮıȣȞȒșȦȢșİȦȡȠȪıİIJĮĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮĮʌȩIJȠțĮĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠȣȜȐșȠȣȢ
ȍıIJȩıȠ Ș ʌȡȠıijȠȡȐ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢĮʌȩʌȜİȣȡȐȢIJȦȞȜĮȧțȫȞıIJȡȦȝȐIJȦȞʌĮȡȑȝİȞİ
ĮȝİȓȦIJȘ ǹȓIJȚȠ ĮȣIJȒȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞIJȓijĮıȘȢ ȖȚĮ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ș ıȣȞĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȘȢ
țĮIJȦIJİȡȩIJȘIJȐȢIJȠȣȢ
ȉȠȤȡȑȠȢIJȦȞİȟĮșȜȚȦȝȑȞȦȞİȡȖĮIJȫȞȞĮʌȡȠıijȑȡȠȣȞIJȘȞĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘʌȡȫIJȘȪȜȘ
ȖȚĮIJȘȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȓĮıĮȞIJȘȝȠȞĮįȚțȒįȚțȒIJȠȣȢıȣȝȕȠȜȒıIJȠȞʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȩȘȑȜȜİȚȥȘ
ʌĮȚįİȓĮȢ țĮȚ șȑȜȘıȘȢ ȖȚĮ țȐIJȚ IJȠ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȩ Ȉİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ
ĮʌȩįȠıȘȢ IJȠȣ ĮȚIJȓȠȣ IJȘȢ ıIJȦȚțȒȢ ĮʌȡĮȟȓĮȢ IJȘȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ IJȐȟȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȫȞ
İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȣıĮİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȚțȡȚIJȚțȒIJȠȣȢıIJȐıȘȑȞĮȞIJȚIJȘȢȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢĮțȩȝȘțĮȚıİ
İȣȞȠȧțȑȢ ȖȚ¶ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ DzIJıȚ Ș ȡȘIJȒ ĮʌĮȖȩȡİȣıȘ IJȘȢ ʌĮȚįȚțȒȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ʌȠȣ ȓıȤȣİ țĮȚ IJȩIJİ įİȞ ĮʌȑijİȣȖİ İʌȚțȡȚIJȚțȐ ıȤȩȜȚĮ IJȠȣ IJȪʌȠȣ ©ȀȐʌȠȚȠȢ șĮ
ȑʌȡİʌİ ȞĮ ȕȐȜİȚ ȜȓȖȠ ȝȣĮȜȩ ıİ ĮȣIJȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ ȑijIJȚĮȤȞĮȞ IJȠȣȢ ȞȩȝȠȣȢ īȚĮIJȓ ȐȞ
ȒșİȜĮȞ ȞĮ ĮʌĮȖȠȡİȪıȠȣȞ ıIJĮ ʌĮȚįȚȐ ȞĮ İȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJĮ ȠȡȣȤİȓĮ șĮ ȑʌȡİʌİ
ıȓȖȠȣȡĮ ȞĮ ȕȡȠȣȞ ȐȜȜȠȞ IJȡȩʌȠ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ IJĮ IJĮǸıȠȣȞª ȅȚ įȣıȝİȞİȓȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȑȢ
ıȣȞșȒțİȢ țĮȚ Ș ʌĮȡȐțĮȝȥȘ IJȘȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ ȖȑȞȞȘıĮȞ IJȘȞ ȚįȑĮ IJȘȢ įȚİțįȓțȘıȘȢ
ĮįȡȫȞĮʌȠȗȘȝȚȫıİȦȞıIJĮșȪȝĮIJĮİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ©DzʌȡİʌİȞĮȣʌȐȡȤİȚ
ȑȞĮȢȞȩȝȠȢʌȠȣȞĮIJıĮțȓȗİȚțȩțțĮȜĮȖȚĮțȐșİİȡȖȐIJȘʌȠȣıțȠIJȫȞİIJĮȚıIJȠȠȡȣȤİȓȠ
ȞĮįȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȠȗȘȝȓȦıȘȤȚȜȓȦȞįȠȜĮȡȓȦȞĮʌȠȖȩȞȠȣȢIJȠȣĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮȖȚĮIJȠʌȠȚȠȢ
195
İȣșȣȞȩIJĮȞ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ ȉȩIJİ șĮ ȑȕȜİʌİȢ ʌȫȢ șĮ ȑIJȡİȤĮȞ ȠȚ ȣʌİȪșȣȞȠȚ ȞĮ
ȕȡȠȣȞ IJȠ ijȐȡȝĮțȠ İȞȐȞIJȚĮ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮıȣȞȒșȚıIJȠȣȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢª ǾįȚİțįȓțȘıȘ ȩȝȦȢ
ȕĮıȚțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ įȚțĮȚȦȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȡȠıȑțȡȠȣİ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞȣʌĮȡȟȓĮ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȫȞ
įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȚțȐ İțȜİȖȝȑȞȦȞ șİıȝȚțȫȞ ȠȡȖȐȞȦȞ Ǿ IJȠʌȚțȒ ĮıIJȣȞȠȝȓĮ ȒIJĮȞ ȝȚĮ
ȝȠȡijȒ İIJĮȚȡȚțȒȢ ʌȠȜȚIJȠijȣȜĮțȒȢ Ƞ įȒȝĮȡȤȠȢ ȒIJĮȞ IJĮȣIJȩȤȡȠȞĮ ȣȥȘȜȩȕĮșȝȠ
ıIJȑȜİȤȠȢ IJȘȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ IJȠ ȓįȚȠ ıȣȞȑȕĮȚȞİ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ țȡĮIJȚțȠȪȢ İʌȚșİȦȡȘIJȑȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ țĮȚ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ȅȚ ȠȡȖĮȞȦȝȑȞİȢ ıȣȞĮșȡȠȓıİȚȢ țĮȚ Ș
ıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒ ıİ ıȦȝĮIJİȓĮ ȠįȘȖȠȪıĮȞ IJȠȣȢ ıȣȝȝİIJȑȤȠȞIJİȢ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȩȜȣıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ
įȚȐ IJȘȢ ȕȓĮȢ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘ ǵıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘ įȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘ İʌİįİȓțȞȣİ İȝijĮȞȒ
ȡĮșȣȝȓĮ țĮȚ ĮȞĮȕȜȘIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ ıIJȘȞ ĮȟȚȠȜȩȖȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȩʌȠȚȦȞ țĮIJĮȖȖİȜȚȫȞ ȑijIJĮȞĮȞ
ı¶ĮȣIJȒȞ Ȉİ ĮȣIJȩ ıȣȞȑIJİȚȞİIJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩIJȚȠȚIJİȜİȣIJĮȓİȢIJȚȢʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢijȠȡȑȢ
ȒIJĮȞʌȡȠijĮȞȫȢȩȤȚĮȕȐıȚȝİȢĮȜȜȐĮIJİțȝȘȡȓȦIJİȢİȡȤȩIJĮȞıİĮȞIJȓșİıȘȝİĮȣIJȑȢ
IJȦȞ șİıȝȚțȫȞ İȜİȖțIJȚțȫȞ ȠȡȖȐȞȦȞ ȝȚĮ țĮȚ Ș İȪȡİıȘ IJİțȝȘȡȓȦȞ ıİ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
İȜȜİȓȝȝĮIJȠȢ įȘȝȠțȡĮIJȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮʌĮȖȩȡİȣıȘȢ ıȣȜȜȠȖȚțȫȞ İȞİȡȖİȚȫȞ țĮșȓıIJĮIJȠ
ıȤİįȩȞĮįȪȞĮIJȘ
Ǿ ĮijȠȡȝȒ Ș ȠʌȠȓĮ ȠįȒȖȘıİ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȫIJȘ ĮʌİȡȖȚĮțȒ țȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȓȘıȘ ıIJĮ ȠȡȣȤİȓĮ
IJȠȣ İȞ ȜȩȖȦ ȑȡȖȠȣ ȒIJĮȞ Ș ȣʌȠȕȐșȝȚıȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞ ȝȚĮȢ ʌȣȡțĮȖȚȐȢ ıIJȠ
ȠȡȣȤİȓȠIJȠȣȕĮıȚȜȚȐǹȞșȡĮțĮȝİIJȘıȣȞĮțȩȜȠȣșȘȣʌȠȕȐșȝȚıȘIJȦȞİʌȚʌIJȫıİȦȞ
IJȘȞĮʌȩțȡȣȥȘIJȠȣĮȡȚșȝȠȪIJȦȞșĮȞȩȞIJȦȞțĮȚIJȘȞʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮʌİȚșĮȞĮȖțĮıȝȠȪ
IJȦȞIJȡĮȣȝĮIJȚȫȞIJȠȣİȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢȞĮıȣȝȕȚȕĮıIJȠȪȞȑȞĮȞIJȚʌȠȜȪȝȚțȡȠȪ
ȤȡȘȝĮIJȚțȠȪĮȞIJȚIJȓȝȠȣȒİȞȩȢİȚıȚIJȘȡȓȠȣİʌȚıIJȡȠijȒȢıIJȘȞʌĮIJȡȓįĮIJȠȣȢ
Ǿ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒ IJȘȢ İIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ ȞĮ ĮʌȠijȪȖİȚ ȞĮ ʌȡȠȕİȓ ȑȖțĮȚȡĮ ıIJȘ įȚȐıȦıȘ IJȦȞ
İȖțȜȦȕȚıȝȑȞȦȞ įȚȩIJȚ Ș ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ ĮȞİȝȚıIJȒȡĮ ĮʌȠȝȐțȡȣȞıȘȢ IJȦȞ IJȠȟȚțȫȞ
ĮİȡȓȦȞ șĮ ıȣȞIJİȜȠȪıİ ıIJȘȞ țĮȪıȘ ȝİȖȐȜȘȢ ʌȠıȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȠȡȣțIJȠȪ ȣȜȚțȠȪ țĮȚ Ș
İʌȚȜȠȖȒ ȞĮ ıijȡĮȖȚıIJİȓ IJȠ ȠȡȣȤİȓȠ ȝȑȤȡȚ ȞĮ ıȕȒıİȚ Ș ijȦIJȚȐ ȑįİȚȟİ ȩIJȚ
ʌȡȠIJİȡĮȚȩIJȘIJĮȒIJĮȞȠʌȜȠȪIJȠȢțĮȚȩȤȚȘĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȘȗȦȒ
īȚĮ IJȠ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȐįȠȟȠIJȑȜȠȢĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞʌȡȫIJȦȞĮʌİȡȖȚĮțȫȞțȚȞȘIJȠʌȠȚȒıİȦȞțĮȚ
IJȘȞȝȚțȡȒĮȡȤȚțȐțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒĮʌȒȤȘıȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞĮȚIJȘȝȐIJȦȞİȣșȣȞȩIJĮȞțĮȚȘ
ıĮijȒȢIJĮȟȚțȒįȠȝȒIJȘȢĮȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢȝİIJȘȞȐȡȤȠȣıĮIJȐȟȘȞĮʌȚıIJİȪİȚ
İȞįȩȝȣȤĮʌȦȢ©IJȠȖİȖȠȞȩȢȩIJȚȠȚȜĮȧțȠȓȐȞșȡȦʌȠȚĮıȤȒȝĮȚȞĮȞȩıȠȝİȖȐȜȦȞĮȞ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ĮʌȩįİȚȟȘ İȝȕȡȚșȒ țĮȚ ĮįȚȐıİȚıIJȘ IJȘȢ țĮIJȦIJİȡȩIJȘIJȐȢ IJȠȣȢ ĮʌȑȞĮȞIJȚ
ıIJȠȣȢȓįȚȠȣȢțĮȚıIJȘȞIJȐȟȘIJȠȣȢª
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 193-196 196
ȋĬǽȀǺ ȁǺȀ ǽȈĬǺȉȀǺ ȉǽ ǽȀȁȆȄǽȉǺȄǺȊǿȄȋĮǿȂȀȆ
HȜȓĮȢȋĮIJȗȐțȘȢ
EȡȖĮıIJȒȡȚȠǿıIJȠȡȓĮȢIJȘȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢȉȝȒȝĮǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢǻȘȝȠțȡȓIJİȚȠȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠĬȡȐțȘȢ
ȆİȡȓȜȘȥȘ DzȤȠȣȞʌİȡȐıİȚȤȡȩȞȚĮĮʌȩIJȘȞȑțįȠıȘIJȠȣȕȚȕȜȓȠȣIJȠȣ,YDQ Illich
©ǿĮIJȡȚțȒ ȃȑȝİıȘ Ǿ ǹʌĮȜȜȠIJȡȓȦıȘ IJȘȢ ȊȖİȓĮȢª 5DQGRP +RXVH ,QF
İȜȜȘȞȚțȒȑțįȠıȘȝİȝİIJȐijȡĮıȘǺȉȠȝĮȞȐȃȘıȓįİȢĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘȝİIJȘȞ
ȠʌȠȓĮ ȑȖȚȞİ İȣȡȑȦȢ ȖȞȦıIJȩȢ Ƞ ȩȡȠȢ ©ȚĮIJȡȠȖȑȞİıȘª ȩȡȠȢ ʌȠȣ țĮșȚİȡȫșȘțİ
İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȐ ȑȞĮȞ ĮȚȫȞĮ ȞȦȡȓIJİȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȘ ǺȡİIJĮȞȒ ȞȠıȠțȩȝĮ )ORUHQFH
Nightingale (1820- ȀȚ ȩȝȦȢ ĮȣIJȒ Ș ȝİȜȑIJȘ İȟĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓțĮȚȡȘ
țĮșȫȢ İȖİȓȡİȚ IJȠȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȘȝĮIJȚıȝȩ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJĮ ıȣȝijȑȡȠȞIJĮ ʌȠȣ İȟȣʌȘȡİIJİȓ Ș
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ șȑȝĮ ʌȐȞIJĮ İʌȓțĮȚȡȠ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȠȣ ȠʌȠȓȠȣ șȑIJİȚ İʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȐ IJȘȞ
ĮȞȐȖțȘ İȟȠȡșȠȜȠȖȚıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ įĮʌĮȞȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ȗȒIJȘȝĮ ıIJȠ ȠʌȠȓȠ
ʌȡȠıʌĮșİȓ ȞĮ ȕȡİȚ ȜȪıȘ Įʌȩ țĮȚȡȩ IJȠ İȜȜȘȞȚțȩ țȡȐIJȠȢ ǼȚįȚțȐ Ș
įȚĮʌȡĮȖȝȐIJİȣıȘIJȠȣ,OOLFKȝĮȢʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȞĮĮȞĮșİȦȡȒıȠȣȝİIJȚȢĮʌȩȥİȚȢȝĮȢȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ IJȠȣ Ƞȣ ĮȚ ȈȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮ Ƞ ıȣȖȖȡĮijȑĮȢ șİȦȡİȓ ȩIJȚ ȠȚ
ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȠȓ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȓ ȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȑȢ-IJȡȚİȢ ȖȡĮijİȚȠțȡȐIJİȢ İȣȞȠȠȪȞ IJȠ
țȩıIJȠȢʌȡȠȢȩijİȜȠȢIJȦȞȚįȓȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚȫȞİȞȫʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮȝĮȢȑȤȠȣȞ
ĮʌȠȟİȞȫıİȚ Įʌȩ IJȠ ĮȖĮșȩ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ ǵȝȦȢ Ș ʌȡȠijĮȞȒȢ İȞIJĮIJȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȘȢ
ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ijȡȠȞIJȓįĮȢ ĮȜȜȠȚȫȞİȚ IJȘ ijȪıȘ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ʌȠȜȚIJȚıȝȚțȒ ȝĮȢ IJĮȣIJȩIJȘIJĮ İȞȫ
ĮțȩȝĮțĮȚȠȚȓįȚȠȚȠȚȖȚĮIJȡȠȓĮȞIJȚȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚIJȘȞĮȞȐȖțȘĮȣIJȠıȣȖțȡȐIJȘıȘȢʌȠȣ
ȩȝȦȢ įİȞ İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȣȞ ĮijȠȪ șĮ ıȒȝĮȚȞİ ıȣȡȡȓțȞȦıȘ IJȘȢ İȟȠȣıȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ȉȠ
ʌȡȩȕȜȘȝĮ țĮIJȐ IJȠȞ ,OOLFK ȑȤİȚ ȜȐȕİȚ ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȑȢ įȚĮıIJȐıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȐȡĮ ȠȚ ȓįȚȠȚ ȠȚ
ʌȠȜȓIJİȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȞİȡȖȠʌȠȚȘșȠȪȞțĮȚȞĮȠȡȓıȠȣȞIJȚȤȡİȚȐȗȠȞIJĮȚțĮȚıİʌȠȚȠ
ȕĮșȝȩ ȚıȩIJȚȝĮ ȖȚĮ ȩȜȠȣȢ țĮȚ įȚĮijȣȜȐııȠȞIJĮȢ ʌĮȡȐȜȜȘȜĮ IJȠ įȚțĮȓȦȝĮ ȖȚĮ
İȟĮIJȠȝȚțİȣȝȑȞİȢ İʌȚȜȠȖȑȢ DzIJıȚ șĮ ĮȞIJȚIJİșȠȪȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ȖȚĮIJȡȠȪȢ ʌȠȣ IJȠȣȢ
ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȦʌȓȗȠȣȞ ȝĮȗȚțȐ țĮȚ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıIJȚțȐ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓȠȚ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȠȪȞ IJȘȞ İʌȫįȣȞȘ
ȝĮțȡȠȘȝȑȡİȣıȘIJȦȞĮıșİȞȫȞȦȢĮȞȫIJİȡȘIJȘȢĮȣIJȠįȚȐșİıȒȢIJȠȣȢǹȣIJȩİȟȐȜȜȠȣ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ țĮIJȐȤȡȘıȘ IJȘȢ İȟȠȣıȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ țĮșȫȢ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ IJİȓȞȠȣȞ ȞĮ ȝĮȢ ʌİȓıȠȣȞ
ȩIJȚȠȚıȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢʌĮșȠȖȑȞİȚİȢIJȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪȞĮIJȠȝȚțȑȢĮįȣȞĮȝȓİȢȝĮȢ
ȅ ǿȕȐȞ ǴȜȜȚIJȢ (1926- ȖȚȠȣȖțȠıȜĮȕȚțȒȢ țĮIJĮȖȦȖȒȢ ǹȣıIJȡȚĮțȩȢ ijȚȜȩıȠijȠȢ
țĮȚ țȠȚȞȦȞȚȠȜȩȖȠȢ ʌȠȜȪȖȜȦııȠȢ Įʌȩ ȞİĮȡȒ ȘȜȚțȓĮ ıʌȠȪįĮıİ ȤȘȝİȓĮ ıIJȘ
ĭȜȦȡİȞIJȓĮțĮȚȚıIJȠȡȓĮıIJȠǽȐȜıȝʌȡȠȣȖțDzȖȚȞİțȜȘȡȚțȩȢȝİIJȐĮʌȩıʌȠȣįȑȢıIJȠ
īȡȘȖȠȡȚĮȞȩ ȆĮȞİʌȚıIJȒȝȚȠ IJȠȣ ǺĮIJȚțĮȞȠȪ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝİIJȑȕȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮȝİȡȚțĮȞȚțȒ
ȒʌİȚȡȠĮȡȤȚțȐıIJȘȃȑĮȊȩȡțȘțĮȚĮʌȩIJȠıIJȠȂİȟȚțȩȦȢȚİȡȦȝȑȞȠȢ
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hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 197-200
198
HEALTH AND WORK IN PICTURES, WORLDWIDE
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199
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 197-200 200
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ǿȀĮȡįĮȝȐIJȘȢ țĮȚ ǻȌȐȜIJȘȢ
ȈȪȜȜȠȖȠȢʌȡȠȢȆİȡȚıIJȠȜȒȞIJȦȞǼȜȦįȫȞȃȩıȦȞ
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 201-208
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ǾİȜȠȞȠıȓĮİȞǼȜȜȐįȚ. ǹșȒȞĮ
203
204
205
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207
208
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hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 185-224
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hƵgeƟa ƥƱƣơƳiơ
ǼȆǿȈȉǾȂȅȃǿȀǾ ǼȀǻȅȈǾ ȉǾȈ ǽȂȂǿȄȀȁǿȉ ǽȊǺȀȈǽȀǺȉ ȀǺȊȈȀȁǿȉ Ȋǿȉ ǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉȁǺȀ ȇǽȈȀǻǺȂȂȆȄȊȆȉ
ȈǼȈȊȃǼȇīǹȈǿǹ ȂǼȉȅȆȇȅīȇǹȂȂǹȂǼȉǹȆȉȊȋǿǹȀȍȃȈȆȅȊǻȍȃȋĬȀǽȀȄǿ ȁǺȀǺȉĮǺȂǽȀǺ ȊǿȉǽȈĬǺȉȀǺȉ
ȊȆȃȆȉ3 ȉǼȊȋȅȈ2
EDITORIAL
0ǹȎȅȈ- ǹȊīȅȊȈȉȅȈ2012
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ ƪơƩ Ɔƌ.ƊƎ.ƕ.Ƃ.Ɔ.
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ǺĮȡȑȦȞțĮȚǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞİȓȞĮȚİȞįİȚțIJȚțȒĮȞȣʌĮȡȟȓĮȝİȜİIJȫȞĮʌȩIJȘȞʌȜİȣȡȐ
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ǺǹǼǹȞ ȣʌȒȡȤİıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȒIJĮȞȞȠȝȚțȩȢțĮȚȩȤȚIJİȤȞȚțȩȢĮıijĮȜİȓĮȢİȓIJİ
ȚĮIJȡȩȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȆȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢIJȑșȘțİIJȠșȑȝĮIJȘȢʌȜȒȡȠȣȢĮʌȠȣıȓĮȢȝȑIJȡȦȞțĮȚIJĮțIJȚțȫȞ
ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȚȢįȚȐijȠȡİȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓİȢȀȚȩȝȦȢȠ
ijȣıȚțȩȢıȪȝȕȠȣȜȠȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞIJȦȞİȡȖȠįȠIJȫȞIJȦȞĮȣIJȠĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȝİȞȦȞĮȜȜȐțĮȚ
IJȦȞĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȫȞijȠȡȑȦȞȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚȖȚĮIJȠȜȩȖȠĮȣIJȩȞIJȠǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İįȫ țĮȚʌȐȞȦĮʌȩİȓțȠıȚȤȡȩȞȚĮȑȤİȚȠȜȠțȜȘȡȫıİȚʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡİȢ
Įʌȩ İțĮIJȩ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ İȓIJİ ĮȞĮıțȠʌȚțȑȢ İȓIJİ ĮțȩȝĮ țĮȚ ȝİ ȤȡȒıȘ İȝʌİȚȡȚțȫȞ įİįȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȖȚĮ
ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚİʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJĮǾıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒIJȦȞǼȚįȚțȫȞǿĮIJȡȫȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ıİȩȜİȢĮȣIJȑȢIJȚȢȝİȜȑIJİȢįİȞİȓȞĮȚįȚȩȜȠȣıȣȝȕȠȜȚțȒĮijȠȪȝİșȠįȚțȐʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȞIJȠʌȓȗİȚIJȘ
ıȤȑIJȚıȘ IJȦȞ ʌİȡȚȕĮȜȜȠȞIJȚțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ȤȫȡȠȣȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ
ȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȦȞǼȓȞĮȚĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮʌȠȣșĮĮʌĮȚIJİȓȘȓįȚĮȘțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮĮȜȜȐșİıȝȚțȐ
țĮȚ Ș ȆȠȜȚIJİȓĮ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȠȣ ĭȠȡȑĮ ǹıijȐȜȚıȘȢ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ ȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
İȪȡȣșȝȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮIJȠȣțĮșİıIJȫIJȠȢIJȦȞǺĮȡȑȦȞțĮȚǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚȖȚĮIJȘȞ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ıIJȠ ıȪȞȠȜȠ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ȀĮȜȪʌIJȠȞIJĮȚ ȑIJıȚ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ ĮȞȐȖțİȢ IJȘȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢ ıİ ȝȚĮ ʌİȡȓȠįȠ ʌȠȣ ȠȚ įȚİșȞİȓȢ įȣıȤİȡİȓȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
ıIJȠİʌȓʌİįȠ IJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢİʌȚȕȐȜȜȠȣȞIJȘȞİʌȓIJĮıȘIJȘȢIJİȤȞȚțȒȢțĮȚȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢǹȣIJȒ
İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȠȡİȓĮ ʌȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȠ ȞĮ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȒıİȚ țĮȚ IJȠ ǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ ȆȡȩțİȚIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ
ȜİȦijȩȡȠĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘȢȩıȠțȚȐȞȝȠȚȐȗİȚİʌȚțĮȚȡȚțȐȞĮʌĮȓȡȞİȚȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐıIJİȞȦʌȠȪȅȚ
ĮȞȐȖțİȢIJȘȢțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚĮȣIJȑȢʌȠȣȠȡȚȠșİIJȠȪȞIJȚȢįȡȐıİȚȢIJȠȣıIJȠȞIJȠȝȑĮIJȦȞİȡİȣȞȫȞ
țĮȚ ȝİȜİIJȫȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘ IJȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ıIJȠȞ IJȠȝȑĮ IJȘȢ
țĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘȢ țĮȚ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıIJİȜİȤȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ įȘȜĮįȒ ȂİȜȫȞ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȫȞ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ȉİȤȞȚțȫȞ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮȚ
ǼȚįȚțȫȞǿĮIJȡȫȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǾʌİȡȚijİȡȚȠʌȠȓȘıȘIJȦȞįȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ țĮȚȠʌĮȞİȜȜĮįȚțȩȢIJȠȣȢ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮȢİʌȚȕȐȜȜİȚȚıȩȡȡȠʌȘĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘIJȦȞȆĮȡĮȡIJȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȠȣǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠȣȝİįȡȐıİȚȢ
ʌȠȣȞĮıȣȞȐįȠȣȞȝİ IJȚȢIJȠʌȚțȑȢĮʌĮȚIJȒıİȚȢȈIJȘȞțĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘĮȣIJȒȞȘǼǼǿǼȆȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
ĮȡȦȖȩȢ ȅȚ ǼȚįȚțȠȓ ǿĮIJȡȠȓ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȉİȤȞȚțȠȓ ǹıijĮȜİȓĮȢ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȞĮ įȚĮįȡĮȝĮIJȓıȠȣȞ
ʌȠȜȪıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȡȩȜȠ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ İȟȣʌȘȡİIJȘșȠȪȞȠȚțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJİȢǼțIJȩȢțȚȐȞ
șİȦȡİȓțĮȞİȓȢȩIJȚȠȚĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJİȢĮȣIJȑȢįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȒșȘțĮȞIJİȤȞȘIJȐ
ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȅ țĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ İȓȞĮȚǼȚįȚțȩȢǿĮIJȡȩȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢǹȞĮʌȜȘȡȦIJȒȢȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢıIJȘȞǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒ
ǻȆĬțĮȚȆȡȩİįȡȠȢIJȘȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢIJȘȢǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ.
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 225
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EDITORIAL
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ ƪơƩơƭƥƱƣƟơ
ȆȠȜȜȑȢ ʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ İțʌȠȞȒșȘțĮȞ ıIJȘȞ įİțĮİIJȓĮ IJȠȣ ʌȡȠıʌȐșȘıĮȞȞĮįȚİȡİȣȞȒıȠȣȞıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐıIJȐįȚĮțĮȚıȣȝʌİȡȚijȠȡȑȢ
ʌȠȣ İțįȘȜȫȞȠȣȞ ȐȞİȡȖĮ ȐIJȠȝĮ ȈȪȖȤȡȠȞİȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ İʌȚȕİȕĮȚȫȞȠȣȞ ȩIJȚ Ș ĮȞİȡȖȓĮ
ʌȡȠțĮȜİȓȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȐijĮȚȞȩȝİȞĮȩȝȠȚĮȝİĮȣIJȐIJȘȢĮʌȫȜİȚĮȢȩʌȦȢȖȚĮʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ
șȐȞĮIJȠȢ ıIJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮ įȚĮȗȪȖȚȠ IJİȡȝĮIJȚıȝȩȢ ıȤȑıȘȢ țȜʌ ȅȚ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ
ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚıİȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣİȓȤĮȞİȡȖĮıȓĮțĮȚıIJȘıȣȞȑȤİȚĮĮʌȠȜȪșȘțĮȞ
ȈȣȞȠʌIJȚțȐȘȥȣȤȠȜȠȖȚțȒįȠțȚȝĮıȓĮıIJȘȞȠʌȠȓĮȞijĮȓȞİIJĮȚȞĮȣʌȠȕȐȜȜȠȞIJĮȚIJĮȐIJȠȝĮ
ʌȠȣȑȤĮıĮȞIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣȢʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİIJĮȚȦȢİȟȒȢ
‡ ȉȠ ʌȡȫIJȠ ıIJȐįȚȠ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ĮȓıșȘıȘ IJȠȣ ıȠț įȘȜĮįȒ Ƞ ȐȞİȡȖȠȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ
ʌȚıIJȑȥİȚ ȩIJȚįİȞȑȤİȚʌȜȑȠȞįȠȣȜİȚȐ
‡ ȉȠįİȪIJİȡȠıIJȐįȚȠİȓȞĮȚȘȐȡȞȘıȘIJȠȣȖİȖȠȞȩIJȠȢțĮȚȑȞĮĮȓıșȘȝĮĮȚıȚȠįȠȟȓĮȢȉȠ
IJİȜİȣIJĮȓȠĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıIJȘȞʌȡȠıįȠțȓĮIJȠȣĮIJȩȝȠȣȩIJȚșĮȕȡİȚįȠȣȜİȚȐıȪȞIJȠȝĮ
‡ ȉȠ IJȡȓIJȠ ıIJȐįȚȠ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ ȝİȡȚțȑȢ İȕįȠȝȐįİȢ Ȓ ȝȒȞİȢ İʌȓȝȠȞȘȢ ĮȞĮȗȒIJȘıȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢİȓȞĮȚıȣȝʌIJȫȝĮIJĮȐȖȤȠȣȢĮʌĮȚıȚȠįȠȟȓĮțĮȚʌȠȜȜȑȢijȠȡȑȢțĮIJȐșȜȚȥȘ
ȅıȠȞ ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘȞ ȥȣȤȚțȒ ȣȖİȓĮ IJĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ Įʌȩ ʌİȡȚȖȡĮijȚțȑȢ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ
įȚĮȤȡȠȞȚțȐ İȜİȖȤȩȝİȞİȢ țȜȚȞȚțȑȢ ȝİȜȑIJİȢ İȓȞĮȚ İȞįİȚțIJȚțȐ IJȠȣ ȣȥȘȜȠȪ įİȓțIJȘ
ıȣıȤİIJȚıȝȠȪ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȥȣȤȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ıȣȝʌIJȦȝĮIJȠȜȠȖȓĮȢ ȅȚ ʌȡȩıijĮIJİȢ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȑȢ ĮȞĮIJĮȡĮȤȑȢ Ș ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ȡİțȩȡ IJȠȣ
ĮʌȠțȜİȚıȝȠȪȑȤȠȣȞțİȞIJȡȓıİȚIJĮȝȑıĮİȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȢıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȠțĮIJȐʌȩıȠȞĮȣIJȑȢȠȚ
ĮȜȜĮȖȑȢ șĮ ȠįȘȖȒıȠȣȞ ıİ ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȦȞ ĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȚȫȞ ǹʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮȞĮıțȩʌȘıȘ IJȘȢ
ȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢ țĮIJȐ IJȚȢ IJİȜİȣIJĮȓİȢ įȪȠ įİțĮİIJȓİȢ ʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚ ȩIJȚ ȝȚĮ ȚıȤȣȡȒ ıȤȑıȘ
ȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȘȢ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȓĮȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȓĮȢ ǹȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ IJĮ
ʌĮȡĮțȐIJȦıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮĮʌȩIJȘȞʌİȡȚȠȤȒ9LFWRULDIJȘȢǹȣıIJȡĮȜȓĮȢȉȠ-72
țĮȚ ıİ ʌȜȘșȣıȝȩ ĮȞȐ ȐȞįȡİȢ ȠȚ ĮʌȩʌİȚȡİȢ ĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȓĮȢ ȒIJĮȞ Ǿ
țĮIJĮȞȠȝȒ ĮȣIJȫȞ IJȦȞ ĮȞįȡȫȞ ʌȠȣ ĮʌȠʌİȚȡȐșȘțĮȞ ȞĮ ĮȣIJȠțIJȠȞȒıȠȣȞ ȒIJĮȞȦȢİȟȒȢ
ǻȚİȣșȣȞIJȑȢ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢ ȐIJȠȝĮ ǼȚįȚțİȣȝȑȞȠȚ İȡȖȐIJİȢ ǹȞİȚįȓțİȣIJȠȚ
İȡȖȐIJİȢ ǹȞİȡȖȠȚ Ǿ ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘ İʌȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȠȣ ĮȜțȠȠȜȚıȝȠȪ ȝİIJĮȟȪ IJȦȞ
ĮȞȑȡȖȦȞĮʌȠIJİȜİȓȝȚĮĮįȚĮȝijȚıȕȒIJȘIJȘʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȘȠʌȠȓĮʌȑȡĮĮʌȩIJȠȩIJȚįİȞ
ĮʌȑȤİȚʌȠȜȪĮʌȩIJĮʌȜĮȓıȚĮİȞȩȢȜȠȖȚțȠȪıȣȞİȚȡȝȠȪĮʌȠIJİȜİȓıȣȝʌȑȡĮıȝĮʌȜȒșȠȣȢ
İȡİȣȞȫȞțĮȚȝİȜİIJȫȞȈȣȞİʌȫȢʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚȘĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȦȞțĮIJȦIJȑȡȦįȡȐıİȦȞ
‡ ȘȤȡȒıȘIJȘȢĮʌȫȜİȚĮȢIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢȦȢȑȞĮȢĮʌȩIJȠȣȢįȚĮȖȞȦıIJȚțȠȪȢįİȓțIJİȢȖȚĮ
IJȠȞĮȜțȠȠȜȚıȝȩ
‡ įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮ țĮȚ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ ıȣȞİȡȖȚțȫȞ įȡȐıİȦȞ IJȦȞĮȡȝȠįȓȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞțĮIJȐȡIJȚıȘ
țĮȚIJȘȞĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘȝİIJȠȣȢĮȡȝȩįȚȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ IJȠȣĮȜțȠȠȜȚıȝȠȪ
‡ İʌĮȞİȟȑIJĮıȘ IJȠȣ ȞȠȝȚțȠȪ ʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣ ʌȠȣ ıȣȞįȑİȚ IJȘȞ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ĮʌĮıȤȩȜȘıȘ
‡ ıIJȠȤİȣȝȑȞȘ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ įȡȐıİȦȞ țĮȚ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ ʌȩȡȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮȞIJȚȝİIJȫʌȚıȘ IJȠȣ
ĮȜțȠȠȜȚıȝȠȪıİʌİȡȚȠȤȑȢȝİȣȥȘȜȒĮȞİȡȖȓĮ
ǾĮȞĮıțȩʌȘıȘIJȘȢȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıĮȢȕȚȕȜȚȠȖȡĮijȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȘıȤȑıȘĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢțĮȚțĮȡțȓȞȠȣ
ĮʌȠįİȚțȞȪİȚ IJȘȞ ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ȚıȤȣȡȒȢ ıȪȞįİıȘȢ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ țĮȚ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ
ȆĮȡĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚ ĮȪȟȘıȘ IJȠȣ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ İȝijȐȞȚıȘȢ țĮȡțȓȞȠȣ ıIJȠȣȢ ĮȞȑȡȖȠȣȢ ȩIJĮȞ Ș
ĮȞİȡȖȓĮțȣȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚĮʌȩȦȢȘȠʌȠȓĮįȚĮIJȘȡİȓIJĮȚıIJĮșİȡȒȖȚĮȝİȖȐȜȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩ
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įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ İȓıȠįȠ ıIJȘȞ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮ ʌȠȣ ȝȐȜȚıIJĮ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJȘ Įʌȩ
ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ ȩʌȦȢ Ș țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ IJȐȟȘ IJȠ țȐʌȞȚıȝĮ Ș țĮIJĮȞȐȜȦıȘ ĮȜțȠȩȜ țĮȚ Ș
ıȣȞȣʌȐȡȤȠȣıĮ ȞȩıȠȢ ȅ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ IJȦȞ İIJȫȞ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ İʌȘȡİȐȗİȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȐ IJȘȞ
ʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȗȦȒȢıȦȝĮIJȚțȒȥȣȤȚțȒțĮȚıȣȞȠȜȚțȒʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȗȦȒȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJĮʌȠıȠıIJȐ
ʌĮȤȣıĮȡțȓĮȢ IJȦȞ ĮȞȑȡȖȦȞ ȠȚ ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ȐȞİȡȖȠȚ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȤİȚȡȩIJİȡȘ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȥȣȤȚțȒȣȖİȓĮțĮȚıȣȞȠȜȚțȒʌȠȚȩIJȘIJĮȗȦȒȢȑȤȠȣȞįİȝİȖĮȜȪIJİȡȠǻȂȈĮʌȩȩıȠȣȢȒIJĮȞ
ȐȞİȡȖȠȚ ȜȚȖȩIJİȡȠ Įʌȩ ȤȡȩȞȚĮ Ȉİ ıȤȑıȘ ȝİ IJȘȞ ʌĮȤȣıĮȡțȓĮ ʌȡȠȕȐȜȜİȚ Ș
ĮȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮ įȚĮȝȩȡijȦıȘȢ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖȚțȫȞ įȚĮȤİȓȡȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ İȜİȪșİȡȠȣ ȤȡȩȞȠȣ ıİ
ȐIJȠȝĮʌȠȣʌĮȡĮȝȑȞȠȣȞıIJȘȞĮȞİȡȖȓĮȈİȩIJȚĮijȠȡȐIJȘȞİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȘȢĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢıIJȠ
țĮȡįȚĮȖȖİȚĮțȩ Ș ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒ IJȘȢ İʌİȞȑȡȖİȚĮ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒȢ IJȘȢ ʌĮȤȣıĮȡțȓĮȢ
IJȠȣ țĮʌȞȓıȝĮIJȠȢ IJȠȣ ȐȖȤȠȣȢ țĮȚ IJȠȣ ıIJȡİȢ İȓȞĮȚ ʌȡȠijĮȞİȓȢ ǵȝȦȢ ĮȞ țĮȚ ȠȚ
ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȑȢİʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢıIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȗȦȒțĮȚIJȘȞȥȣȤȚțȒȣȖİȓĮʌȠȣʌȡȠțȪʌIJȠȣȞĮʌȩ
IJȘȞĮȞİȡȖȓĮșİȦȡȠȪȞIJĮȚİʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȫȢĮʌȠįİțIJȑȢıȒȝİȡĮȝȚĮʌȚșĮȞȒĮȚIJȚĮțȒıȤȑıȘ
ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮʌȫȜİȚĮȢ șȑıİȦȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ıȦȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ İȟĮțȠȜȠȣșİȓ ȞĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓșȑȝĮįȚĮȝȐȤȘȢǶıIJİȡĮĮʌȩIJȘȞĮȞĮıțȩʌȘıȘıİȚȡȐȢȝİȜİIJȫȞıȤİIJȚțȫȞȝİ
IJȚȢ İʌȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ IJȘȢ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ ıIJȠȣȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ țĮȡįȚĮȖȖİȚĮțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ıȣȝʌİȡȚȜȒijșȘțİ ʌȜȒșȠȢ ȝİȜİIJȫȞ įȘȝȠıȚİȣȝȑȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȝȑȤȡȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ IJĮ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ ȑįİȚȟĮȞ ȩIJȚ ıİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ʌİȡȚʌIJȫıİȚȢ ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȫȢ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȑȢ
ıȣıȤİIJȓıİȚȢ ȕȡȑșȘțĮȞ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮȪȟȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ İʌȚʌȑįȦȞ ȤȠȜȘıIJİȡȩȜȘȢ Ȓ
ıȣıIJȠȜȚțȒȢțĮȚįȚĮıIJȠȜȚțȒȢĮȡIJȘȡȚĮțȒȢʌȓİıȘȢĮȜȜȐȘțȜȚȞȚțȒıȘȝĮıȓĮIJȦȞİȞȜȩȖȦ
İȜĮijȡȫȞȝİIJĮȕȠȜȫȞ İȓȞĮȚĮȝijȓȕȠȜȘDzIJıȚijȐȞȘțİʌȦȢȘĮʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢȦȢ
İȞȩȢ ĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJȠȣ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮ țĮȡįȚĮȖȖİȚĮțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȓ IJȠȣ
ʌĮȡȩȞIJȠȢĮįȚțĮȚȠȜȩȖȘIJȘǾĮȞİȡȖȓĮȦȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩijĮȚȞȩȝİȞȠİȓȞĮȚįȣȞĮIJȩȞȞĮʌȜȒȟİȚ
ȩȤȚ ȝȩȞȠ ȐȝİıĮ IJȘȞ ȣȖİȓĮ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ȑȝȝİıĮ ȝİIJĮıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ țȡȓıȚȝİȢ ȝİIJĮȕȜȘIJȑȢ
ıȤİIJȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ țĮȚ IJȘȞ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒ ȠȝĮȜȩIJȘIJĮ ǵıȠȞ
ĮijȠȡȐ IJȘ ıȤȑıȘ IJȘȢ ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ ȝİIJĮİȡȖĮIJȚțȐĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮİȓȞĮȚțĮIJ¶ĮȡȤȒȞʌȡȠijĮȞȑȢ
ȩIJȚȠȐȞİȡȖȠȢįİȞİțIJȓșİIJĮȚıİİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢțĮȚȠȚȩȡȠȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩȢ
țȓȞįȣȞȠȢțĮȚİȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮįİȞȑȤȠȣȞİȝijĮȞȒıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘȝİIJȘȞĮȞİȡȖȓĮȆĮȡ¶ȩȜĮ
ĮȣIJȐ ȩȝȦȢ Ș ĮȞİȡȖȓĮ ȦȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȩ ijĮȚȞȩȝİȞȠ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ İȜĮıIJȚțȩIJİȡİȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȑȢ
ıȤȑıİȚȢ țĮȚ ĮȓȡİȚ IJĮ șİIJȚțȐ ĮʌȠIJİȜȑıȝĮIJĮ IJȠȣ ijĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣ IJȠȣ ȣȖȚȠȪȢ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȠȣ
ȈȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ ĮȣIJȩ Ƞ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȢ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ȖȚĮ ȝĮțȡȪ ȤȡȠȞȚțȩ įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ ıIJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣ IJİȓȞİȚ ȞĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȣȖȚȑıIJİȡȠȢ ȀĮȚ ĮȣIJȩ ȖȚĮIJȓ Ș ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȒ
ıȣȞİʌȐȖİIJĮȚĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘİȡȖĮıȚĮțȒʌİȓȡĮțĮȜȒȖȞȫıȘIJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞțȚȞįȪȞȦȞ
IJȠȣ ȤȫȡȠȣ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌȠȣ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ İʌĮȡțȒ ʌȡȠijȪȜĮȟȘ țĮȚ İțIJȑȜİıȘ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȣʌȩ ȠȡșȑȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ ȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ Ȉİ ʌİȡȚȩįȠȣȢ ʌȠȣ IJĮȖİȞȚțȐʌȠıȠıIJȐ
ĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚȣȥȘȜȐȣʌȐȡȤİȚȝİȖȐȜȘʌȡȠıijȠȡȐțĮȚȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘȗȒIJȘıȘȖȚĮİȡȖĮıȓĮ
ǹȣIJȩ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıIJȘȞ İȜĮıIJȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ țĮȚ įİȞ ȕȠȘșȐ IJȘȞ
ȝĮțȡȠȤȡȩȞȚĮ ʌĮȡĮȝȠȞȒ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ IJȠȣȢ ȝİȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȢ IJȘȞ
İȣİȡȖİIJȚțȒİʌȓįȡĮıȘIJȠȣĮȞȦIJȑȡȦijĮȚȞȠȝȑȞȠȣȉȑȜȠȢıİʌİȡȚȩįȠȣȢȣȥȘȜȒȢĮȞİȡȖȓĮȢ
İȓȞĮȚİȟĮȚȡİIJȚțȐʌȚșĮȞȩȞĮȣʌȠIJȚȝȐIJĮȚȘĮȟȓĮIJȘȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢțĮȚȞĮțĮIJĮıIJȡĮIJȘȖİȓIJĮȚȘ
IJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞȣȖȚİȚȞȒȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢ țĮȚ ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
ȅ țǻȋĮįȩȜȚĮȢ İȓȞĮȚȚĮIJȡȩȢǼʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȩȢȈȣȞİȡȖȐIJȘȢIJȠȣȆȡȠȖȡȐȝȝĮIJȠȢȂİIJĮʌIJȣȤȚĮțȫȞȈʌȠȣįȫȞ
ȊȖȚİȚȞȒ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ Ƞ ĬȀ ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ǹȞĮʌȜȘȡȦIJȒȢȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢıIJȘȞǿĮIJȡȚțȒȈȤȠȜȒǻȆĬ.
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EDITORIAL hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ ƪơƩ ƥươƣƣƥƫƬơƴƩƪƯƟ ƪƟƭƤƵƭƯƩ
Ǿ ȑȜȜİȚȥȘ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ țĮȚ ĮʌȠIJİȜİıȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ȠįȘȖİȓ ıİ İȡȖĮIJȚțȐ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚİȢ ĮȞĮʌȘȡȓİȢ
țĮȚıİĮʌȫȜİȚİȢįȣıIJȣȤȫȢțĮȚĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȦȞȗȦȫȞ
ǵȜĮĮȣIJȐȑȤȠȣȞIJİȡȐıIJȚȠțȩıIJȠȢ
ȑȢȐįİȚİȢțȩıIJȠȢĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ
ȝİȓȦıȘʌĮȡĮȖȦȖȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțȜʌ
țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ
ǾțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘĮȣIJȒȠijİȓȜİIJĮȚıİȝȚĮıİȚȡȐʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢʌȠȣıȣȞȠȥȓȗȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞİȜȜȚʌȒ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȘȢȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢțĮȚIJȦȞțĮȞȠȞȚıȝȫȞȊǹǼıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢțĮȚıIJȠȞ
İȜȜȚʌȒ ȑȜİȖȤȠ IJȘȢ İȡȖȠįȠIJȚțȒȢ İȣșȪȞȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȜİȖțIJȚțȠȪȢ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȠȪȢ IJȠȣ
țȡȐIJȠȣȢ
Ǿ ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒ țȐȜȣȥȘ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ʌȑȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ țȐȜȣȥȘ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȖȚĮ ȑȟȠįĮ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢ ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢ țĮȚ ıȪȞIJĮȟȘȢ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ
ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚıIJȘȞʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞȈȒȝİȡĮȣijȓıIJĮIJĮȚıȤİIJȚțȒȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȘȠʌȠȓĮȩȝȦȢįİȞ
ȑȤİȚ İijĮȡȝȠıIJİȓ İʌĮȡțȫȢ İȞȫ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢ ʌȜİȣȡȑȢ įİȞ țĮȜȪʌIJȠȞIJĮȚ İʌĮȡțȫȢ țĮȚ
ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȐ ʌȤ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓĮ ĮȣȟȠȝİȓȦıȘȢ ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȦȞ țĮȜȪȥİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ʌĮȡȑȤȠȞIJĮȚ
ıIJȠȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠțȜʌ
Ǿ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮ İȞȩȢ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ©ǹıijȐȜȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
ȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣªıIJȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢȚțĮȞȠȪȞĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢțĮȚʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒȢIJȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢĮʌȠIJİȜİȓĮȞĮıIJĮȜIJȚțȩʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJĮıIJȚȢįȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ
ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ țĮȚ ıȣȞIJȘȡİȓ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐʌIJȣȟȘ ʌĮșȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ
țĮIJĮıIJȐıİȦȞ
ȈIJȘ ıȣȞȑȤİȚĮ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ȝȚĮ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ĮȞȐįİȚȟȘȢ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ʌȜİȣȡȫȞ țĮȚ
țȦįȚțȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȚȤİȓȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȘ įȚİșȞȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ıȤİIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȘȞ
İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȑIJȠȚȠȣ İȓįȠȣȢ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıİ ȐȜȜİȢ ȤȫȡİȢ ȍıIJȩıȠ ıIJĮ ʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ
ȩȡȚĮ IJȠȣ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠȣ țİȚȝȑȞȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ ijĮȞİȡȩ ȩIJȚ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡȠȪȞ ȞĮ ĮȞĮȜȣșȠȪȞ ıİ
ȕȐșȠȢȩȜİȢȠȚʌȜİȣȡȑȢȅıȤİįȚĮıȝȩȢİȞȩȢȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȠȣıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ĮʌĮȚIJİȓȝȚĮ
ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȘıȤİIJȚțȒȝİȜȑIJȘȖȚĮIJȠȗȒIJȘȝĮ
ǿıIJȠȡȚțȒĮȞĮįȡȠȝȒǹȞĮȖțĮȚȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣțȜȐįȠȣ
ȈIJȠįİȪIJİȡȠȝȚıȩIJȠȣȠȣĮȚȫȞĮĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȠȣȢȡȣșȝȠȪȢİțȕȚȠȝȘȤȐȞȚıȘȢIJȘȢțȐșİ
ȤȫȡĮȢ ȐȡȤȚıİ ȞĮ șİıȝȠșİIJİȓIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ǻȣIJȚțȒǼȣȡȫʌȘȘȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮțĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮıIJȠȣȢȤȫȡȠȣȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ȉȠʌİȡȚİȤȩȝİȞȠIJȦȞıȤİIJȚțȫȞȞȠȝȠșİIJȘȝȐIJȦȞIJȦȞĮȞİʌIJȣȖȝȑȞȦȞȕȚȠȝȘȤĮȞȚțȐȤȦȡȫȞ
IJȘȢ İʌȠȤȒȢ įȚȑʌİIJĮȚ Įʌȩ ʌĮȡȩȝȠȚĮ ȜȠȖȚțȒ țĮȚ İıIJȚȐȗİȚ țȣȡȓȦȢ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖȠįȠIJȚțȒ
İȣșȪȞȘȝȑıĮĮʌȩįȪȠȐȟȠȞİȢĮIJȠȞȐȟȠȞĮIJȘȢʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİ IJȚȢ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ İțİȓȞİȢ ʌȠȣ ıIJȠȤİȪȠȣȞ ıIJȘ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ IJȦȞ
ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȕ ıIJȠȞ ȐȟȠȞĮ IJȘȢ ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȢ țȐȜȣȥȘȢ IJȦȞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ ȝİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ ʌȠȣ țĮșȠȡȓȗȠȣȞ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ
228
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 228-235
İȡȖȠįȠIJȚțȑȢ ʌĮȡȠȤȑȢ ıİ ȤȡȒȝĮ țȣȡȓȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȣȢ ʌĮșȩȞIJİȢ ıIJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ
İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢȒʌȡȠȢIJȠȣȢįȚțĮȚȠȪȤȠȣȢIJȠȣȢ
ȈIJĮįȚĮțȐ ȑȦȢ țĮȚ IJȠ Ș ȖİȞȚțȒ ĮȣIJȒ ĮȞIJȓȜȘȥȘ İȟİȚįȚțİȪİIJĮȚ ıİ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȠ
ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȩʌȜĮȓıȚȠʌȠȣıȣȖțİțȡȚȝİȞȠʌȠȚİȓIJȘȞİȡȖȠįȠIJȚțȒİȣșȪȞȘȦȢʌȡȠȢIJȠıțȑȜȠȢ
IJȘȢ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ țĮșȫȢİʌȓıȘȢ
țĮȚȦȢʌȡȠȢĮȣIJȩIJȘȢĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȢțȐȜȣȥȘȢțĮIJĮȡȤȐȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ
țĮȚ ĮȡȖȩIJİȡĮ ȝȚĮȢ ıİȚȡȐȢ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ ĮȟȚȠȜȠȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȑȢ țĮȚ
İȟȠȝȠȚȫȞȠȞIJĮȚĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȐȝİIJĮİȡȖĮIJȚțȐĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJĮ
ǹȣIJȒ IJȘ ȜȠȖȚțȒ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȠȪȞ țĮȚ IJĮ ʌȡȫIJĮ İȜȜȘȞȚțȐ ȞȠȝȠșİIJȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȐȝİıĮȒȑȝȝİıĮȝİIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȣȖİȓĮțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮ
ȅȃ©ȆİȡȓȝİIJĮȜȜİȓȦȞªIJȠȣİțIJȩȢIJȠȣȩIJȚĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚıİȖİȞȚțȑȢįȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢʌȠȣ
ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ țȣȡȚȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘ ȤȡȒıȘ țĮȚ IJȚȢ ʌĮȡĮȤȦȡȒıİȚȢ IJȦȞ ȝİIJĮȜȜİȓȦȞ
ʌȡȠȑȕȜİʌİ İʌȓıȘȢ ijȩȡȠ İʌȓ IJȠȣ țĮșĮȡȠȪ ʌȡȠȧȩȞIJȠȢ IJȦȞ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞ
ʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșİȓȑȞĮĮʌȠșİȝĮIJȚțȩțİijȐȜĮȚȠȖȚĮIJȘȞʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘțĮȚIJȘȞ
ȕȠȒșİȚĮIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚȫȞIJȠȣȢıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ȉȠȝİIJȠȞȩȝȠǺȍȂǹıȣıIJȐșȘțİȝİİȚıijȠȡȑȢIJȦȞȚįȚȠțIJȘIJȫȞIJȦȞȝİIJĮȜȜİȓȦȞȖȚĮ
IJȘȞʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȫȞıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘįȣıIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢIJȠ©ȉĮȝİȓȠȂİIJĮȜȜİȣIJȫȞª
IJȠȠʌȠȓȠĮȞĮȜȐȝȕĮȞİȞĮțĮȜȪȥİȚȑȞĮȝȑȡȠȢIJȦȞıȣȞIJȐȟİȦȞʌȠȣȤȠȡȘȖȠȪȞIJĮȞıIJȠȣȢ
ʌĮșȩȞIJİȢĮʌȩIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮıIJĮȝİIJĮȜȜİȓĮțĮȚȝİIJĮȜȜȠȣȡȖİȓĮ
ȅ ȃ IJȠȣ ©Ȇİȡȓ İȣșȪȞȘȢ ʌȡȠȢ ĮʌȠȗȘȝȓȦıȚȞ IJȦȞ İȟ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ İȞ IJȘ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ ʌĮșȩȞIJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȫȞª İțIJȩȢ IJȦȞ ȐȜȜȦȞ ʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİȚ IJȘȞ ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘ IJȠȣ
İȡȖȠįȩIJȘȞĮțĮIJĮȕȐȜȜİȚĮʌȠȗȘȝȓȦıȘțĮȚȑȟȠįĮȞȠıȘȜİȓĮȢțĮȚțȘįİȓĮȢıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ
İȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢȒșĮȞȐIJȠȣĮʌȩİȡȖĮIJȚțȩĮIJȪȤȘȝĮȐȡșȡȠ†
ȂİIJȠȃIJȠȣįȚİȣȡȪȞİIJĮȚIJȠıȣȞIJĮȟȚȠįȠIJȚțȩįȚțĮȓȦȝĮ©İțIJȩȢIJȦȞİțȕȚĮȓȦȞ
ıȣȝȕȐȞIJȦȞʌĮșȩȞIJȦȞªțĮȚıIJȠȣȢ©ʌĮșȩȞIJİȢİțIJȘȢİȜȜİȓȥİȦȢĮIJȝȠıijĮȚȡȚțȠȪĮȑȡĮ Ȓ
ȑȞİțĮĮȞĮșȣȝȚȐıİȦȞĮıijȣțIJȚțȫȞȒįȘȜȘIJȘȡȚȦįȫȞĮİȡȓȦȞȦȢȝȠȜȣȕįȓĮıȘȢª
ȉȠȥȘijȓıIJȘțİȠʌȡȫIJȠȢȞȩȝȠȢȖȚĮIJȚȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȑȢĮıijĮȜȓıİȚȢȠȃ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮIJȠȣȞȩȝȠȣĮȣIJȠȪȒIJĮȞȘįȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȓĮțĮIJȐIJȘįȚȐȡțİȚĮIJȘȢįİțĮİIJȓĮȢIJȠȣ
IJȦȞ İʌȚȝȑȡȠȣȢ IJĮȝİȓȦȞ ĮıijĮȜȓıİȦȞ įȚȐijȠȡȦȞ țȜȐįȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȩʌȦȢ
IJȣʌȠȖȡȐijȦȞȝȣȜİȡȖĮIJȫȞțĮʌȞİȡȖĮIJȫȞĮȡIJİȡȖĮIJȫȞțȜʌ
ȂİIJȘȞȥȒijȚıȘIJȠȣȃ©ʌİȡȓțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞĮıijĮȜȓıİȦȞªțĮȚIJȘȞȓįȡȣıȘIJȠȣ
ǿȀǹ IJȠ İȞıȦȝĮIJȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȠ ȞİȠıȪıIJĮIJȠ ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȩ ijȠȡȑĮ ȩȜİȢ ȠȚ
ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȑȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȑȢ įȡȐıİȚȢ ʌȠȣ ıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒ
ȣȖİȓĮ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮ ȈIJȠ ȞȩȝȠ ĮȣIJȩ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİIJĮȚ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȫIJȘ ijȠȡȐ ıIJȘȞ İȜȜȘȞȚțȒ
ʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮ țĮIJȐȜȠȖȠȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȞȩıȦȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ ʌȑȡĮȞ IJȘȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑIJȡȠȣ ȝȚĮȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢ Ƞ ȞȩȝȠȢ ȠȡȓȗİȚ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒ
ʌĮȡȐȝİIJȡȠIJȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢȞȩıȠȣǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞıIJȠȞȩȝȠʌİȡȚȖȡȐijȠȞIJĮȚȠȚİȚįȚțȑȢ
ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȤȠȡȒȖȘıȘ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡȠȤȫȞ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ ȖȚĮ IJȠȣȢ ʌĮșȩȞIJİȢ ıIJȘȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮ
Ȃİ IJȚȢ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ Ș ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ
ȞȩıȠȢ țĮȚ İȡȖĮIJȚțȩ ĮIJȪȤȘȝĮ İȞIJȐııİIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ȤȡȘȝĮIJȠįȩIJȘıȘ IJȘȢ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢ
ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ ĮʌĮȜȜȐııȠȞIJĮȢ ȑIJıȚ IJȠȞ İȡȖȠįȩIJȘ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘ țĮIJĮȕȠȜȒȢ
ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠȣȖȚĮIJȘȞțȐȜȣȥȘIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȈIJȠȐȡșȡȠIJȠȣȓįȚȠȣ
ȞȩȝȠȣ ʌİȡȚȖȡȐijİIJĮȚ Ș ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ IJȘȞ ȠʌȠȓĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮĮȞĮȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚIJȠǿȀǹ
țĮȚȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮȠȚijȠȡİȓȢIJȘȢțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȒȢĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ
229
ǼȓȞĮȚȐȟȚȠȜȩȖȠȣȞĮĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȝİȩIJȚțȐșİȝȠȡijȒȤĮȡIJȠȖȡȐijȘıȘȢIJȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ İȞİȡȖȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ įȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ ǿȀǹ ĮʌȑIJȣȤİ
İijȩıȠȞȩʌȦȢʌȡȠțȪʌIJİȚĮʌȩIJȠȣȢ©ǹʌȠȜȠȖȚıȝȠȪȢIJȠȣǿįȡȪȝĮIJȠȢªĮijİȞȩȢȠȣįİȝȓĮ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮ ĮȞĮȖȞȦȡȓıIJȘțİ ĮijİIJȑȡȠȣ țȐșİ ʌȡȠȜȘʌIJȚțȒ įȡȐıȘ IJȠȣ
ǿįȡȪȝĮIJȠȢ ȒIJĮȞ İıIJȚĮıȝȑȞȘ țĮIJȐ țȪȡȚȠ ȜȩȖȠ ıİ ȞȠıȒȝĮIJĮ ʌȠȣ ĮijȠȡȠȪıĮȞ IJȘ
įȘȝȩıȚĮȣȖİȓĮțĮȚȝȩȞȠ
DzIJıȚıİȝȚĮʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮȝİȓȦıȘȢIJȦȞıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞĮʌȩIJȘȞȑȞIJȠȞȘțĮȚıȣȞİȤȒȑțșİıȘ
IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȠȣȢ ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȠȪȢ ʌĮȡȐȖȠȞIJİȢ IJȠȣ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȠȪ ʌİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ IJȠ
ȝİ IJȠȞ ǹȃ șİıʌȓıIJȘțİ Ƞ șİıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ǺĮȡȑȦȞ țĮȚ ǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞ
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ ǺǹǼ ʌȠȣ ȓıȤȣıİ Įʌȩ İijȩıȠȞ țȣȡȫșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ ȃ
īȚĮ ȞĮ ȑȤȠȣȞ IJȘ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȡȩȦȡȘȢ ĮȜȜȐ ʌȜȒȡȠȣȢ ıȣȞIJĮȟȚȠįȩIJȘıȘȢ ȠȚ
İȞIJĮȖȝȑȞȠȚ ıIJȠ șİıȝȩ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ țĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ ȝĮȗȓ ȝİ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖȠįȩIJİȢ
ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȠ ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠ İʌĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠ ǹȣIJȒ Ș ʌȡȩıșİIJȘ İȚıijȠȡȐ ʌȠȣ ȑȤİȚ
İʌȚȕȜȘșİȓ ȖȚĮ ȞĮ İȟȚıȠȡȡȠʌȒıİȚ IJȘȞ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒ İʌȚȕȐȡȣȞıȘ IJȦȞ IJĮȝİȓȦȞ ĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚ
ıIJȠİʌȓIJȦȞĮʌȠįȠȤȫȞȣʌȑȡIJȠȣțȜȐįȠȣıȪȞIJĮȟȘȢIJȠȣǿȀǹțĮȚıIJȠȣʌȑȡ
IJȦȞİʌȚțȠȣȡȚțȫȞIJĮȝİȓȦȞįȘȜĮįȒıȣȞȠȜȚțȐĮʌȩIJȚȢȠʌȠȓİȢʌȠıȠıIJȚĮȓİȢ
ȝȠȞȐįİȢȕĮȡȪȞȠȣȞIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢțĮȚȠȚȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢIJȠȣȢİȡȖȠįȩIJİȢ
Ǿ ijȪıȘ țĮȚ Ș ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮ IJȠȣ șİıȝȠȪ IJȦȞ ǺĮȡȑȦȞ țĮȚ ǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞȘ ʌȡȩȕȜİȥȘ İȚįȚțȒȢ ʌȡȠıIJĮıȓĮȢ ȝİ İȟȚıȠȡȡȠʌȘIJȚțȩ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȒȡĮ ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮIJȠȣțȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȠȪıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮȈIJȘ
ȡȓȗĮIJȠȣșİıȝȠȪIJȦȞǺǹǼȕȡȓıțİIJĮȚȘʌȡȩșİıȘĮʌȠIJȡȠʌȒȢIJȘȢijșȠȡȐȢĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȘȢ
İʌȚįİȓȞȦıȘȢIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȝİIJȘȞʌĮȡȠȤȒIJȘȢįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮȢʌȡȩȦȡȘȢ
ıȣȞIJĮȟȚȠįȩIJȘıȘȢİʌİȚįȒĮțȡȚȕȫȢİțIJȚȝȐIJĮȚȩIJȚȘİʌȓȝĮțȡȩȞıȣȞȑȤȚıȘIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
ıİ ȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ijșȠȡȠʌȠȚȐ İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJĮ İȖțȣȝȠȞİȓ ıȠȕĮȡȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
țĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ƞ șİıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ǺǹǼ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȝȚĮ ʌȡȦIJȩȜİȚĮ ȝȠȡijȒ ©ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȢ țȐȜȣȥȘȢ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣª ȘȠʌȠȓĮİʌȚȕĮȡȪȞİȚȩȝȦȢțĮȚIJȠȞİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠ
ǼʌȚıȘȝĮȓȞİIJĮȚ ȩIJȚ IJȠ ȣʌȒȡȟİ ȝȚĮ ʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚĮ ıIJȘȞ țĮIJİȪșȣȞıȘ șȑıʌȚıȘȢ
ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȢ țȐȜȣȥȘȢ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȝİ IJȘȞ țĮIJĮȕȠȜȒ İȡȖȠįȠIJȚțȒȢ
İȚıijȠȡȐȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȠȣ DZȡșȡȠȣ IJȠȣ ȃǻ ©Ȇİȡȓ IJȡȠʌȠʌȠȚȒıİȦȢ țĮȚ
ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫıİȦȢ IJȘȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ ʌİȡȓ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȫȞ ĮıijĮȜȓıİȦȞª Ǿ ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȒ ĮȣIJȒ
ȡȪșȝȚıȘ ıȣȝʌȜȘȡȫșȘțİ ȝİ IJȠ Ǻǻ ©Ȇİȡȓ İȚıijȠȡȐȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣªıIJȚȢįȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢIJȠȣȠʌȠȓȠȣȠȡȓȗİIJĮȚȩIJȚ©ȣʌȩȤȡİȠȚțĮIJĮȕȠȜȒȢIJȘȢİȚıijȠȡȐȢ
ĮȣIJȒȢİȓȞĮȚȠȚĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȞIJİȢȝȚıșȦIJȠȪȢȣʌĮȖȩȝİȞȠȣȢİȚȢIJȘȞĮıijȐȜȚıȘIJȠȣǿȀǹªǾ
İȚıijȠȡȐ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚ ıIJȠ İʌȓ IJȦȞ ĮʌȠįȠȤȫȞ IJȦȞ
ȝȚıșȦIJȫȞ ĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȣȝȑȞȦȞ ıIJȚȢ ȠȡȚȗȩȝİȞİȢ Įʌȩ IJȠ ȞȩȝȠ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȕĮȡȪȞİȚ
ĮʌȠțȜİȚıIJȚțȐIJȠȞİȡȖȠįȩIJȘ
ȉȠȃǻțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȠǺǻșİıʌȓȗȠȣȞİʌȓıȘȢIJȠȣȢȩȡȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢ
ʌȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢ țĮIJĮȕȠȜȒȢ ȝİȚȦȝȑȞȘȢ Ȓ ĮȣȟȘȝȑȞȘȢ İȚıijȠȡȐȢ İijȩıȠȞ ıIJĮ
ȞȠȝȠșİIJȒȝĮIJĮ ĮȣIJȐ ıȣȞįȑİIJĮȚ ȐȝİıĮ IJȠ ȪȥȠȢ IJȘȢ İȚıijȠȡȐȢ ȝİ IJȠȞ ĮȡȚșȝȩ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ İțįȘȜȫȞȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȚȢ
ȣʌȩȤȡİİȢțĮIJĮȕȠȜȒȢIJȘȢİȚıijȠȡȐȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ
ȅȚ ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢ ȡȣșȝȓıİȚȢ IJȠȣ ©ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣª ʌȠȣ
ʌȡȠȑȕȜİʌĮȞ ȠȚ įȚĮIJȐȟİȚȢ IJȦȞ ʌȡȠĮȞĮijİȡȩȝİȞȦȞ ȃȠȝȠșİIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȠʌȠȓİȢ
ĮʌȠIJİȜȠȪıĮȞȑȝȝİıȘʌĮȡȠȤȒȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȫȞțȚȞȒIJȡȦȞȖȚĮIJȚȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢȝİıIJȩȤȠIJȘȞ
230
IJȒȡȘıȘIJȦȞțĮȞȩȞȦȞȊȖİȓĮȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢțĮȚIJȘȕİȜIJȓȦıȘIJȦȞıȣȞșȘțȫȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
İȜȐȤȚıIJĮ ȤȡȘıȚȝȠʌȠȚȒșȘțĮȞ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȐȟȘ țĮȚ IJİȜȚțȐ țĮIJĮȡȖȒșȘțĮȞ ȝİ IJȘȞ † IJȠȣ
ȐȡșȡȠȣIJȠȣȃ
ȂȚĮȝİȜȑIJȘȖȚĮIJȘȞĮʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘIJȘȢİijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢIJȦȞʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦșİıȝȚțȫȞʌȡȠȕȜȑȥİȦȞ
șĮ ȒIJĮȞ ıțȩʌȚȝȘ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ıȣȞȠȜȚțȒ ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ıIJȠ ȗȒIJȘȝĮ IJȘȢ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ȈIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠIJȦȞȤȦȡȫȞIJȘȢǼǼȘĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒțȐȜȣȥȘIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ IJȘȞ țȚȞȘIJȒȡȚĮ įȪȞĮȝȘ IJȦȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒȢ IJȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢǼȞȚıȤȣIJȚțȩıIJȠȚȤİȓȠĮȣIJȒȢIJȘȢȐʌȠȥȘȢİȓȞĮȚțĮȚIJȠ
ȖİȖȠȞȩȢ ȩIJȚ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ įȚĮʌȚıIJȫȞİIJĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ ȑȜȜİȚȝȝĮ ıIJȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
©įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢțĮȚțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢIJȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢªǼȓȞĮȚ
ȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȩȩIJȚıIJȘȞǼȣȡȦʌĮȧțȒDzȞȦıȘIJȦȞȖȚĮIJȠțĮIJĮȖȡȐijȘțĮȞ
ʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȚțȐ ĮȞȐ ĮıijĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ İȞȫ ıIJȘȞ ǼȜȜȐįĮ Ƞ ȝȑıȠȢ İIJȒıȚȠȢ ȩȡȠȢ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ İȓȞĮȚ ĮȞȐ ĮıijĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢȖȚĮIJȘȞʌİȞIJĮİIJȓĮ
2004 - 2008, įȘȜĮįȒijȠȡȑȢțȐIJȦĮʌȩIJȠȝȑıȠİȣȡȦʌĮȧțȩȩȡȠ
ȉȠȣʌȠIJȣʌȫįİȢțĮȚĮʌȠıʌĮıȝĮIJȚțȩȃǻțĮȚǺǻȝȩȞȠȖȚĮIJȠȣȢ
ĮıijĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢ IJȠȣ ǿȀǹ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȢ țȐȜȣȥȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ıIJȘȞǼȜȜȐįĮȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȐįİȞİijĮȡȝȩıșȘțİ
ǹʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮĮȣIJȫȞIJȦȞȣıIJİȡȒıİȦȞİȓȞĮȚȘİʌȚȕȐȡȣȞıȘIJȦȞǹıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȫȞȉĮȝİȓȦȞ
țĮȚ IJȠȣ țȠȚȞȦȞȚțȠȪ ıȣȞȩȜȠȣ ȖİȞȚțȩIJİȡĮ ȝİ IJȠ țȩıIJȠȢ IJȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ
ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞȠȚİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢįİȞȑȤȠȣȞʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩțȓȞȘIJȡȠȖȚĮ
IJȘ ȜȒȥȘ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ Ǿ İʌȑȞįȣıȘ ıİ țĮȚȞȠIJȠȝȚțȐ ȝȑIJȡĮ įİȞ ĮʌȠijȑȡİȚ ȐȜȜĮ
ȠijȑȜȘ ʌȑȡĮ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ IJȒȡȘıȘ IJȦȞ ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȫȞ įȚĮIJȐȟİȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ IJȠȣ
țȩıIJȠȣȢIJȦȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ
īȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ țĮȚ ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘ ıȣȝȕȠȜȒ
ıIJȘȞțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒIJȘȢǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢʌȡĮȖȝĮIJȚțȩIJȘIJĮȢțĮșȫȢİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚȖȚĮIJȠıȤİįȚĮıȝȩ
IJȠȣ ȝİȜȜȠȞIJȚțȠȪ ȤȐȡIJȘ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ İʌȚIJĮțIJȚțȒ ĮȞȐȖțȘ
ıȒȝİȡĮ Ș İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ İȞȩȢ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦȝȑȞȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ IJȠȣ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȢȣʌȩȥȘIJȘȞİȝʌİȚȡȓĮ țĮȚĮʌȩIJĮʌȡȩIJȣʌĮIJȦȞ
ȤȦȡȫȞIJȘȢǼǼ
ȅȚĮʌȠįȑțIJİȢIJȦȞȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞʌȠȣșĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚȠțȜȐįȠȢĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣșĮİȓȞĮȚȠȚİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȚțĮșȫȢțĮȚȠȚİȡȖȠįȩIJİȢȈIJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢțĮȚIJȚȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚİȢIJȠȣȢȠțȜȐįȠȢșĮʌĮȡȑȤİȚıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞİȢȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢʌȠȣșĮıȤİIJȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ȝİIJȘįȚĮijȪȜĮȟȘIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢIJȠȣȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢșĮțĮȜȪʌIJİȚĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȐ
țȐșİ ȝȠȡijȒ țĮȚ İȓįȠȢ İȡȖĮIJȚțȠȪ ĮIJȣȤȒȝĮIJȠȢ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ĮıșȑȞİȚĮȢ ȩʌȦȢ
İʌȓıȘȢ țĮȚ țȐșİ ȝȠȡijȒ ȕȚȠȜȠȖȚțȒȢ ȕȜȐȕȘȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮ
İȞȚıȤȪȠȞIJĮȢ ȑIJıȚ țĮȚ ȣʌȠıIJȘȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȢ IJȚȢ įȚĮįȚțĮıȓİȢ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢ ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢİʌĮȞȑȞIJĮȟȘȢıȣȞIJĮȟȚȠįȩIJȘıȘȢ
ȈIJȠȣȢ İȡȖȠįȩIJİȢ Ƞ ijȠȡȑĮȢ șĮ ʌĮȡȑȤİȚ țȐșİ įȣȞĮIJȒ ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘ ȕȠȒșİȚĮ țĮȚ
IJİȤȞȠȖȞȦıȓĮıİıȤȑıȘȝİIJȘȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȘȢȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢȖȚĮIJȘȞȣȖİȓĮțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮ
İȞȚıȤȪȠȞIJĮȢȑIJıȚIJȚȢʌȡȠıʌȐșİȚİȢIJȦȞİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȕİȜIJȓȦıȘIJȦȞıȣȞșȘțȫȞ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȉȠ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȩ țȓȞȘIJȡȠ ʌȠȣ șĮ ıȤİIJȓȗİIJĮȚ ȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȣȟȠȝİȓȦıȘ IJȠȣ
ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠȣ ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȜȘȡȫȞİȚ Ƞ İȡȖȠįȩIJȘȢ ĮȞȐȜȠȖĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ IJȘȢ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢ IJȠȣ ıȣȖțȡȚIJȚțȐ ȝİ IJȚȢ ȣʌȩȜȠȚʌİȢ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ
IJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
231
ȂȑıĮĮʌȩIJȘįȚIJIJȒĮȣIJȒıȣȝȕȠȜȒįȚĮıijĮȜȓȗİIJĮȚȘİȞįȣȞȐȝȦıȘIJȦȞįȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞIJȘȢ
ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ȝİ ȠȡĮIJȩ ĮʌȠIJȑȜİıȝĮ IJȘ ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ IJȦȞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ ȦȢ ıȣȞȑʌİȚĮ IJȘȢ ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȫȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ
IJȘȢĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒȢțȐȜȣȥȘȢIJȦȞșȣȝȐIJȦȞİȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ
ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞȠȚțȠȖİȞİȚȫȞIJȠȣȢțĮșȫȢİʌȓıȘȢİʌȚIJȣȖȤȐȞİIJĮȚțĮȚȘȝİȓȦıȘIJȠȣ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪțȩıIJȠȣȢIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣʌȠȣİʌȚȕĮȡȪȞİȚȐȝİıĮțĮȚȑȝȝİıĮ
IJȠȣȢİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢIJȠȣȢİȡȖȠįȩIJİȢțĮȚȩȜȘIJȘȞțȠȚȞȦȞȓĮ
ȆȩȡȠȚ
ǹʌȠIJİȜİȓ įȚİșȞȒ ʌȡĮțIJȚțȒ ± ĮʌȠįİțIJȒ ȩȝȦȢ țĮȚ İȞıȦȝĮIJȦȝȑȞȘ ıIJȠ ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȩ
ʌȜĮȓıȚȠ IJȘȢ ȤȫȡĮȢ ȝĮȢ ʌȠȣ įȚȑʌİȚ ȑıIJȦ țĮȚ ©İȞ IJȘ ȖİȞȑıİȚª IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ IJȠȣ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȩʌȦȢʌȡȠȕȜȑʌİIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠȃǻțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȠǺǻ
ȃ ± IJȠ ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣĮȞIJȓșİIJĮĮʌȩȩIJȚ
ıȣȝȕĮȓȞİȚȝİIJĮĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡĮȖȚĮțȠȚȞȒȞȩıȠĮȞĮʌȘȡȓĮțĮȚıȪȞIJĮȟȘȞĮİʌȚȝİȡȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ
ıIJȘȞİȡȖȠįȠIJȚțȒʌȜİȣȡȐȤȦȡȓȢıȣȝȝİIJȠȤȒIJȘȢİȡȖĮIJȚțȒȢʌȜİȣȡȐȢțĮȚIJȘȢʌȠȜȚIJİȓĮȢ
ȈIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ ȑȤİȚ ȒįȘ șİıʌȚıșİȓ ȝİ IJȠ ȃǻ țĮȚ IJȠ Ǻǻ țĮȚ
ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚİȞȚıȤȪȝİIJȠȃȘİȚıijȠȡȐİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȘȠʌȠȓĮ
ĮȞȑȡȤİIJĮȚıIJȠİʌȓIJȦȞĮʌȠįȠȤȫȞIJȦȞĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȣȝȑȞȦȞțĮȚțĮIJĮȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚıIJȠǿȀǹ
ĮʌȩȝȚĮıİȚȡȐİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞ
ȂİIJĮıȤȘȝĮIJȓȗİIJĮȚ IJȠ ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ ĮȞĮȜȠȖȚțȩ țĮIJȐ
țȜȐįȠțĮȚțĮIJȐİʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘțĮȚİʌİțIJİȓȞİIJĮȚıİȩȜȠȣȢIJȠȣȢİȡȖȠįȩIJİȢȖȚĮIJȠıȪȞȠȜȠ
IJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ IJȠȣȚįȚȦIJȚțȠȪțĮȚįȘȝȠıȓȠȣIJȠȝȑĮțĮȚıIJȠȣȢĮȣIJȠĮʌĮıȤȠȜȠȪȝİȞȠȣȢ
țĮȚİȜİȪșİȡȠȣȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȓİȢʌȡȠĮȚȡİIJȚțȐıİȝȚĮʌȡȫIJȘijȐıȘ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞʌĮȡȑȤİIJĮȚȘįȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮIJȘȢįȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘȢıȪȝijȦȞĮȝİ IJȠȖȞȦıIJȩʌȡȩIJȣʌȠ
ʌȠȚȞȒȢ - İʌȚȕȡȐȕİȣıȘȢ PDOXV - ERQXV ȝİ ȕȐıȘ įİȓțIJİȢ ʌȠȣ șĮ IJİțȝȘȡȚȫȞȠȣȞ IJȘ
ȕİȜIJȓȦıȘ Ȓ ȤİȚȡȠIJȑȡİȣıȘ IJȦȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ȦȢ țȓȞȘIJȡȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ʌİȡĮȚIJȑȡȦ
ȜȒȥȘȝȑIJȡȦȞȖȚĮIJȘȞʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒțĮȚʌȡȩȜȘȥȘIJȘȢİȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
țĮȚȕȑȕĮȚĮIJȘȞİȟȠȚțȠȞȩȝȘıȘʌȩȡȦȞĮʌȩIJȠȉĮȝİȓȠ
ȈİțȐșİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘIJĮıIJĮșİȡȐĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡĮȕȐıȘȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚIJȑIJȠȚĮʌȠȣ
ȞĮİȟĮıijĮȜȓȗȠȣȞIJȘȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȕȚȦıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮIJȠȣțȜȐįȠȣĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣıIJȘȤȫȡĮȝĮȢĮȞİȟȐȡIJȘIJĮĮʌȩIJȣȤȩȞįȚĮțȣȝȐȞıİȚȢIJȠȣȢ
ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚȩIJȚIJȠȖĮȜȜȚțȩıȪıIJȘȝĮĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
ʌȠȣ ĮıijĮȜȓȗİȚ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ İȓȤİ ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȑȟȠįĮ ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ ʌȡȠȢ
IJȠȣȢĮıijĮȜȚıȝȑȞȠȣȢIJȠȣİȟĮȚȡȠȣȝȑȞȦȞIJȦȞȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȫȞİȟȩįȦȞIJȠȣįȚȢİȣȡȫ
IJȠȣ ǹǼȆ ȉȠ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȠ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ıIJȘȞ ǿIJĮȜȓĮ İȓȤİ ȑȟȠįĮ țĮȚ ıIJȘ
īİȡȝĮȞȓĮIJȠȣǹǼȆ
ȇȩȜȠȢ- ǹʌȠıIJȠȜȒIJȠȣĭǹǼȀ
Ǿ ĮʌȠıIJȠȜȒ IJȠȣ ©ȀȜȐįȠȣ ǹıijȐȜȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ ȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣª İȓȞĮȚ
ʌȡȦIJĮȡȤȚțȐ Ș ʌȡȠĮȖȦȖȒ IJȘȢ İȡȖĮıȚĮțȒȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȦȞ
įȚĮįȚțĮıȚȫȞ IJȘȢ ȆȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ Ș ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒ țȐȜȣȥȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ Ș ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ
232
ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠıIJİȓ ȕȜȐȕȘ ʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘ ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ țȐȜȣȥȘ ĮʌȠįȠȤȫȞ ȖȚĮ ĮʌȠȣıȓĮ
ĮʌȩİȡȖĮıȓĮıȣȞIJĮȟȚȠįȩIJȘıȘİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣțĮȚȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢțȜʌ
ǹȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩIJİȡĮ Ƞ țȜȐįȠȢ șĮ ıȣȞİȚıijȑȡİȚ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȦIJȠȖİȞȒ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ
ıIJȒȡȚȟȘȢIJȦȞİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞĮIJȠȝȚțȐȒțĮȚțȜĮįȚțȐȝİIJİȤȞȠȖȞȦıȓĮȖȚĮIJȘȞİțIJȓȝȘıȘ
IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ țȚȞįȪȞȦȞ țĮȚ IJȘ ȜȒȥȘ IJİȤȞȚțȫȞ ȝȑIJȡȦȞ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠijȣȖȒ țĮȚ
ȝİȓȦıȘ IJȠȣȢ ȝȑıȦ IJȘȢ İȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȢ ʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘȢ țĮȚ İțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮȚ ȝȑıȦIJȠȣ
ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪțȚȞȒIJȡȠȣȖȚĮȝİȓȦıȘIJȦȞĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȦȞ
ȅ țȜȐįȠȢ șĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİ ıIJȠȤİȣȝȑȞİȢ ȑȡİȣȞİȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȦȞ
İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞʌȤțȜĮįȚțȑȢ
ȉȑȜȠȢ șĮ ıIJȠȤİȪİȚ ıIJȘȞ İʌĮȞȑȞIJĮȟȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȠȣ ȑȤȠȣȞ ȣʌȠıIJİȓ ȕȜȐȕȘ ±
ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ IJȘȞ ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȠȣȢ ± țĮȚ IJȘȞ İʌĮȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ ȖȚĮ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩİʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩ
ȆȡȠIJȐıİȚȢȖȚȐIJĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐIJȠȣĭǹǼȀ
ȆĮȡȠȤȑȢIJȠȣĭǹǼȀ
ǹıijȐȜȚıȘ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ȞȠıȘȝȐIJȦȞ ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐ
ĮȞĮijȑȡİIJĮȚ
‡ ȆȡȠıȦȡȚȞȒ ĮȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮ ʌȡȠȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮ ʌȜȒȡȘȢ țȐȜȣȥȘ ȞȠıȘȜİȓȦȞ
ȚĮIJȡȠijĮȡȝĮțİȣIJȚțȒȢʌİȡȓșĮȜȥȘȢĮʌȠȣıȓĮĮʌȩIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİĮʌȠįȠȤȑȢțȜʌ
‡ȂȩȞȚȝȘĮȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮʌȡȠȢİȡȖĮıȓĮIJĮĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮȝİIJĮĮȞĮijİȡȩȝİȞĮʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦȖȚĮ
IJȘȞ©ʌȡȠıȦȡȚȞȒĮȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮªțĮȚİʌȚʌȜȑȠȞȝİȡȚțȒȒʌȜȒȡȘȢ ıȪȞIJĮȟȘĮȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ȝİIJĮțIJȚțȒİʌĮȞİȟȑIJĮıȘȒİijȐʌĮȟʌȠıȩĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȠʌȠıȠıIJȩĮȞȚțĮȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
‡ ǹʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ țĮȚ İʌĮȞȑȞIJĮȟȘ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȚțȒ ĮʌȠțĮIJȐıIJĮıȘ İʌĮȞİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘ
ĮʌȫȜİȚİȢĮʌȩĮʌȠįȠȤȑȢıİʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘĮȜȜĮȖȒȢİʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢȖȚĮȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȤȡȠȞȚțȩ
įȚȐıIJȘȝĮ İʌĮȞȑȞIJĮȟȘıIJȘȞİȡȖĮıȓĮțȜʌ
‡ĬȐȞĮIJȠȢʌĮȡȠȤȑȢʌȡȠȢIJȠȣȢįȚțĮȚȠȪȤȠȣȢ
ȉĮ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȦȞ ʌĮȡĮʌȐȞȦ ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞ ĮȞĮȜȣIJȚțȩIJİȡȘ ȝİȜȑIJȘ
ȍıIJȩıȠ ıİ țȐșİ ʌİȡȓʌIJȦıȘ IJȠ țȡȚIJȒȡȚȠ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ʌȜȒȡȘȢ țȐȜȣȥȘ IJȦȞ
șȣȝȐIJȦȞ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ țĮȚ IJȘȢ
ȠȚțȠȖȑȞİȚĮȢIJȠȣȢ
ǼʌȚʌȜȑȠȞ Ƞ ĭȠȡȑĮȢ ǹıijȐȜȚıȘȢ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ ȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ĭ.ǹ.Ǽ.Ȁ. șĮ ȑȤİȚ IJȘȞ
ȣʌȠȤȡȑȦıȘ ȣȜȠʌȠȓȘıȘȢ įȡȐıİȦȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ țĮȚ ȑȡİȣȞĮȢ ıİ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝİ IJȠ
ǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ
ȀĮșȠȡȚıȝȩȢĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȦȞ
ȈȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȚıȤȪȠȣȞ ıȒȝİȡĮ ıIJĮ ʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡĮ
İȣȡȦʌĮȧțȐ țȡȐIJȘ ȝİ įȚĮijȠȡȠʌȠȚȒıİȚȢ ȦȢ ʌȡȠȢ IJȠȞ IJȪʌȠ IJȠȣȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ
ıȣȖțİțȡȚȝȑȞĮȤĮȡĮțIJȘȡȚıIJȚțȐIJȠȣȢ
DzȞĮ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ʌȠȣ İijĮȡȝȩȗİIJĮȚ ıİ ȝȚĮ ȐȜȜȘ ȤȫȡĮ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȝİIJĮijİȡșİȓ
ĮȣIJȠȪıȚȠ ıIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ ȤȦȡȓȢ ȞĮ ȜȘijșȠȪȞ ȣʌȩȥȘ ȠȚ ȚįȚĮȚIJİȡȩIJȘIJȑȢ IJȘȢ ĬĮ
ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ȩȝȦȢ ȞĮ ȣȚȠșİIJȘșȠȪȞ İʌȚȜİțIJȚțȐ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ įȚĮijȩȡȦȞ ıȣıIJȘȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȠȣ
233
İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıİ įȚĮijȠȡİIJȚțȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ țĮȚ șĮ ȝʌȠȡȠȪıĮȞ ȞĮ ʌȡȠıĮȡȝȠıIJȠȪȞ ıIJȘ
ȤȫȡĮȝĮȢĮʌĮȚIJİȓIJĮȚʌİȡİIJĮȓȡȦįȚİȡİȪȞȘıȘȖȚĮIJȠȗȒIJȘȝĮĮȣIJȩ
ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȣȝİ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞĮ Įʌȩ IJĮ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ ʌȠȣ ʌȡȠIJİȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȚ
ȣʌȩȥȘȖȚĮIJȠȞțĮșȠȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȦȞ
IJȘȢ ȉȠ țȡȚIJȒȡȚȠ IJȠȣ ȝİȖȑșȠȣȢ İȓȞĮȚ ıȘȝĮȞIJȚțȩ țĮșȫȢ ıIJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ Ș ʌȜİȚȠȥȘijȓĮ
IJȦȞ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞ İȓȞĮȚ ȂȂǼ ȅ įİȓțIJȘȢ İʌȓʌIJȦıȘȢ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıIJȠȞ
țȜȐįȠ Ƞ įİȓțIJȘȢ ıȠȕĮȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ įİȞ ȣʌȠȜȠȖȓȗİIJĮȚ ĮȣIJȒ IJȘ ıIJȚȖȝȒ țĮȚ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ
ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȩʌȠȣ ĮȣIJȐ ȣʌȐȡȤȠȣȞ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ ıIJȠȚȤİȓĮ ȑțșİıȘȢ ıİ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ
İȡȖĮıȚĮțȑȢıȣȞșȒțİȢ
įȚİȡİȣȞȘșȠȪȞ ȠȚ ıȤİIJȚțȠȓ įİȓțIJİȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ıİ İʌȓʌİįȠ İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢ Ǿ
İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ ȝİ ȕȐıȘ IJȠȞ țȜȐįȠ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȒȢ įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ IJȠ ȝȑȖİșȠȢ IJȘȢ
İʌȚȤİȓȡȘıȘȢįİȞĮȡțİȓȖȚĮȝȚĮȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒȚİȡȐȡȤȘıȘIJȠȣĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȠȣǼȓȞĮȚijĮȞİȡȩ
ȩIJȚ ıİ įȣȠ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ȓįȚȠȣ ȣʌȠțȜȐįȠȣ țĮȚ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤȠȣ ȝİȖȑșȠȣȢ Ș ȜȒȥȘ Ȓ ȩȤȚ
ȝȑIJȡȦȞȊǹǼİʌȘȡİȐȗİȚIJİȜȚțȐIJȠȕĮșȝȩİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ
ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐ IJĮ ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤĮ ʌȠıȠıIJȐ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮȕȐȜȜȠȣȞ ȠȚ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ
ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ıIJȚȢ įȚȐijȠȡİȢ İȣȡȦʌĮȧțȑȢ ȤȫȡİȢ țȣȝĮȓȞȠȞIJĮȚ
ĮʌȩȑȦȢțĮȚĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȘȞțĮIJȘȖȠȡȓĮțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȈİȠȡȚıȝȑȞİȢȤȫȡİȢIJĮ
ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡĮIJȦȞİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞİʌȘȡİȐȗȠȞIJĮȚĮʌȩIJȠțȩıIJȠȢIJȦȞĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞțĮȚIJȦȞ
ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞIJȠʌȡȠȘȖȠȪȝİȞȠȑIJȠȢ
ȆȡȠIJİȓȞİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȤİȚ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮ įȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘȢ IJȠȣ ĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȠȣ IJȠ ȜİȖȩȝİȞȠ
bonus - PDOXV ıȪıIJȘȝĮ ȕĮıȚıȝȑȞȘ ıIJȘȞ ĮʌȩįȠıȘ ȊǹǼ IJȠȣ ȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȠȪ țȜȐįȠȣ
ʌȠȣ ĮȞȒțȠȣȞ ȠȚ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ IJȘȢ ĮIJȠȝȚțȒȢ ĮʌȩįȠıȒȢ IJȠȣȢ ȫıIJİ ȞĮ
įȘȝȚȠȣȡȖȘșȠȪȞȠȚțȠȞȠȝȚțȐțȓȞȘIJȡĮȖȚĮȕİȜIJȓȦıȘıİșȑȝĮIJĮȊǹǼ
Ǿ įȚĮțȪȝĮȞıȘ IJȦȞ ĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȦȞ İțIJȩȢ Įʌȩ țȓȞȘIJȡȠ ȖȚĮ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘ ȖȓȞİIJĮȚ țĮȚ ȖȚĮ
ȜȩȖȠȣȢįȚțĮȚȠıȪȞȘȢ
ȅȚİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢʌȠȣțȠıIJȓȗȠȣȞʌİȡȚııȩIJİȡȠıIJȠıȪıIJȘȝĮșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȜȠȖȚțȐȞĮȑȤȠȣȞ
ĮȞIJȓıIJȠȚȤİȢȤȡİȫıİȚȢțĮȚIJȠĮȞIJȓıIJȡȠijȠȅĭǹǼȀțĮȜȪʌIJİȚțĮȚIJȘȞĮıIJȚțȒİȣșȪȞȘțĮȚ
ʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮįȚİȡİȣȞȘșİȓȘțĮșȚȑȡȦıȘİȚįȚțȠȪİʌĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠȣȖȚȐIJȚȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢʌȠȣ
İȝʌȜȑțȠȞIJĮȚıIJȘȞȅįȘȖȓĮ6HYH]R
ȆȡȠȨʌȠșȑıİȚȢȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ
īȚĮIJȘȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮİȞȩȢıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣȕĮıȚțȒ
ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮ ĮʌȠIJȓȝȘıȘȢ IJȦȞ ıȣȞșȘțȫȞ ȊȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȚȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢʌȡȠțİȚȝȑȞȠȣȞĮțĮșȠȡȚıIJȠȪȞțĮȚIJĮıȤİIJȚțȐĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡĮ
ʌȠȣ șĮ ʌȜȘȡȫȞȠȣȞ ȠȚ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ țĮȚ ȞĮ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ȣʌȐȡȟİȚ ıȪıIJȘȝĮ
İʌĮȞĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪIJȠȣȢĮȞȐȜȠȖĮȝİIJȘȞİʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮ
ȂȚĮ IJȑIJȠȚĮ įȣȞĮIJȩIJȘIJĮ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ ȝİIJĮȟȪ ȐȜȜȦȞ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȘȢ ȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ
Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȑȢ İțIJȚȝȒıİȚȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȣʌȠįȠȝȑȢ
ȣʌȠıIJȒȡȚȟȘȢȖȚĮʌȡȠıįȚȠȡȚıȝȠȪȢȕȜĮʌIJȚțȫȞʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞțȜʌ
ǼʌȓıȘȢ Ș İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȠȪ ʌȜĮȚıȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȊȖİȓĮ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮ ıIJȘȞ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓĮʌĮȡĮȓIJȘIJȘʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘİȞȓıȤȣıȘȢIJȘȢ ĮțȠȜȠȣșȓĮȢ©įȚȐȖȞȦıȘȢ
ĮȞĮȖȞȫȡȚıȘȢțĮȚțĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒȢªIJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞȩʌȦȢİʌȓıȘȢțĮȚȖȚĮ
234
IJȘȞ ʌȜȘȡȑıIJİȡȘ țĮIJĮȖȡĮijȒ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ ĮȞȐ țȜȐįȠ ĮȜȜȐ țĮȚ ıİ
İʌȓʌİįȠĮIJȠȝȚțȫȞİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȦȞ
ǻİȞ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ʌĮȡĮȜİȓȥȠȣȝİ IJȘȞ ĮȞȐȖțȘ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȠȪ İȜȑȖȤȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ĮȡȝȩįȚİȢ
ȣʌȘȡİıȓİȢıȤİIJȚțȐȝİIJȘȞİijĮȡȝȠȖȒIJȦȞȝȑIJȡȦȞȊȖİȓĮȢțĮȚǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢıIJȘȞǼȡȖĮıȓĮ
țĮȚ IJȠȞ ȑȜİȖȤȠ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ĮıijȐȜȚıȘ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ʌȤ
ʌȡȠȕȜȒȝĮIJĮ ȝİ ĮȞĮıijȐȜȚıIJȠȣȢ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȝİ İȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢ ȝİ įİȜIJȓȠ ʌĮȡȠȤȒȢ
ȣʌȘȡİıȚȫȞ ʌȠȣ İȝijĮȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȚ ȦȢ İȟȦIJİȡȚțȠȓ ıȣȞİȡȖȐIJİȢ İȞȫ ıIJȘȞ ʌȡȐȟȘ ĮıțȠȪȞ
İȟĮȡIJȘȝȑȞȘİȡȖĮıȓĮ țȜʌțȐ
H ĮȞȐȖțȘ ĮȣIJȒ ʌİȡȚȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚ IJȘȞ İȞįȣȞȐȝȦıȘ IJȦȞ İȜİȖțIJȚțȫȞ ȝȘȤĮȞȚıȝȫȞ ıİ
ĮȞșȡȫʌȚȞȠ įȣȞĮȝȚțȩ țĮȚȝȑıĮĮȜȜȐțĮȚIJȠȞʌȡȠıĮȞĮIJȠȜȚıȝȩIJȠȣȢıIJȠȞȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȩ
ȑȜİȖȤȠȕȐıİȚIJȘȢțİȓȝİȞȘȢȞȠȝȠșİıȓĮȢ
ǺĮıȚțȒ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ ȠȣıȚĮıIJȚțȒȢ țĮȚ ȩȤȚ IJȣʌȚțȒȢ ȜİȚIJȠȣȡȖȓĮȢ İȞȩȢ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ
ĮıijȐȜȚıȘȢ IJȠȣ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ İȓȞĮȚ Ș įȚĮıijȐȜȚıȘ IJȘȢ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒȢ IJȘȢ
ȞȠȝȠșİIJȚțȒȢ ĮʌĮȓIJȘıȘȢ ȖȚĮ ʌȜȘȡȦȝȒ ıȤİIJȚțȠȪ ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡȠȣ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ İȡȖȠįȩIJİȢ
ȜĮȝȕȐȞȠȞIJĮȢ ȣʌȩȥȘ IJȘȞ ĮȡȞȘIJȚțȒ İȝʌİȚȡȓĮ ʌȠȣ țĮIJĮȖȡȐijİIJĮȚ ıȒȝİȡĮ ıİ ĮȣIJȩ IJȠȞ
IJȠȝȑĮ ʌȤ ʌȫȢ ȑȤİȚ İijĮȡȝȠıIJİȓ ȑȦȢ ıȒȝİȡĮ Ƞ șİıȝȩȢ țĮȚ ʌȠȪ ȠįȘȖȠȪȞIJĮȚ IJĮ
ĮıijȐȜȚıIJȡĮ).
īȚĮ IJȠȞ țĮșȠȡȚıȝȩ IJȦȞ ĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȦȞ ʌȡȠȨʌȩșİıȘ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ ĮȞĮȜȠȖȚıIJȚțȫȞ
ȝİȜİIJȫȞ IJȠȣ țȩıIJȠȣȢ IJȦȞ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮıșİȞİȚȫȞ țĮȚ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ ıIJȠȣȢ
įȚȐijȠȡȠȣȢ țȜȐįȠȣȢ țĮșȫȢ țĮȚ Ș ȪʌĮȡȟȘ İȝʌİȡȚıIJĮIJȦȝȑȞȦȞ İȡİȣȞȫȞ ȣȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ
ĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ǼʌȓıȘȢIJĮʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȚĮțȐıȣıIJȒȝĮIJĮʌȠȣʌĮȡȑȤȠȣȞıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȑȢʌȜȘȡȠijȠȡȓİȢȖȚĮIJȠȞ
ĮȡȤȚțȩțĮșȠȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞĮıijĮȜȓıIJȡȦȞțĮȚIJȣȤȩȞįȚĮțȣȝȐȞıİȚȢIJȠȣȢșĮʌȡȑʌİȚȞĮİȓȞĮȚ
ıĮijȒ țĮȚ ĮȟȚȩʌȚıIJĮ ǿįȚĮȓIJİȡĮ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İijĮȡȝȠȖȒ IJȠȣ ıȣıIJȒȝĮIJȠȢ ERQXV - malus,
ĮʌĮȚIJȠȪȞIJĮȚıȣȝʌȜȘȡȦȝĮIJȚțȐıIJȠȚȤİȓĮȝİįİȚȖȝĮIJȠȜȘʌIJȚțȐDXGLWVțĮȚʌȡȠıįȚ-ȠȡȚıȝȩ
ȕȜĮʌIJȚțȫȞʌĮȡĮȖȩȞIJȦȞıIJȚȢİʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ
ȈȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮIJȠȣǼȁ.ǿȃ.Ȋ.ǹ.Ǽ. ȝİIJȠȞĭ.ǹ.Ǽ.Ȁ.
ȉȠ Ǽȁ.ǿȃ.Ȋ.ǹ.Ǽ. ıIJĮ ʌȜĮȓıȚĮ IJȦȞ țĮIJĮıIJĮIJȚțȫȞ ıIJȩȤȦȞ IJȠȣ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıȣȝȕȐȜȜİȚ
ȝȑıĮĮʌȩȝȚĮʌȐȖȚĮıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȝİIJȠȞĭ.ǹ.Ǽ.Ȁ
ǼȞįİȚțIJȚțȐ ĮȞĮijȑȡȠȞIJĮȚ ȠȡȚıȝȑȞȠȚ IJȠȝİȓȢ ıȣȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ıIJȠȞ IJȠȝȑĮ IJȘȢ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ
ȝȑıȦIJȘȢİȞȘȝȑȡȦıȘȢʌȜȘȡȠijȩȡȘıȘȢțĮȚİțʌĮȓįİȣıȘȢțĮșȫȢțĮȚIJȘȢȠȡȖȐȞȦıȘȢ
ıIJȠȤİȣȝȑȞȦȞ ʌȡȠȖȡĮȝȝȐIJȦȞ ʌȡȩȜȘȥȘȢ ȚĮIJȡȚțȒȢ țĮȚ IJİȤȞȚțȒȢ İțʌȩȞȘıȘ
ȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȚțȫȞ İȡȖĮȜİȓȦȞ ʌȤ İțIJȓȝȘıȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ȠįȘȖȚȫȞ țĮȚ
ʌȡĮțIJȚțȫȞ ȊȖİȓĮȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ ıIJȘȞ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮ ȝİ ȑȝijĮıȘ ıIJȚȢ ȝȚțȡȠȝİıĮȓİȢ
İʌȚȤİȚȡȒıİȚȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ İȜȐIJIJȦıȘ IJȘȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ ıȣȞİȚıijȠȡȐ ıIJȚȢ
įȚĮȡțİȓȢĮȞĮȜȠȖȚıIJȚțȑȢȝİȜȑIJİȢİțʌȩȞȘıȘțȜĮįȚțȫȞİȡİȣȞȫȞȣȖİȓĮȢțĮȚĮıijȐȜİȚĮȢ
ȉİȤȞȚțȒOȝȐįĮǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ
Ǿ ȉİȤȞȚțȒ 2ȝȐįĮ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓIJĮȚ Įʌȩ IJȠȣȢ țț Ȉ ǻȡȓȕĮ Ĭ ȀȠȣțȠȣȜȐțȘ Ǽ īİȦȡȖȚȐįȠȣ Ȃ
ǹȞĮȜȣIJȒ Ǻ ǻȡĮțȩʌȠȣȜȠ țĮȚ ĬȀ ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘ ıIJȠ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȩ ǿȞıIJȚIJȠȪIJȠ ȊȖȚİȚȞȒȢ țĮȚ ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȢ IJȘȢ
ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǼȁǿȃȊǹǼ.
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ 3(2): 228-235
EDITORIAL
hƵgeƟa@ƥƱƣơƳiơ ƳƥƪơƨƥƳƴƾƲƃƂƆ
Ǿ șȑıȘ IJȦȞ ǼȚįȚțȫȞ ǿĮIJȡȫȞ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ʌĮȡĮȝȑȞİȚ ȟİțȐșĮȡȘ ȩʌȦȢ İȓȤİ įȚĮIJȣʌȦșİȓ
ȒįȘ Įʌȩ IJȚȢ ȝİ ĮʌȩijĮıȘ IJȠȣ ǻȚȠȚțȘIJȚțȠȪ ȈȣȝȕȠȣȜȓȠȣ IJȘȢ ǼȜȜȘȞȚțȒȢ
ǼIJĮȚȡİȓĮȢ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ IJȘȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ ȆİȡȚȕȐȜȜȠȞIJȠȢ ʌȠȣ įȘȝȠıȚİȪșȘțİ ıIJȠ ʌȡȫIJȠ
ijȪȜȜȠ IJȘȢ ʌİȡȚȠįȚțȒȢ ȑțįȠıȘȢ IJȘȢ ǼǼǿǼȆ ©ȅ șİıȝȩȢ IJȦȞ ǺĮȡȑȦȞ țĮȚ
ǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ ĮʌȠIJİȜİȓ ȖȚĮ IJȘ ȤȫȡĮ ȝĮȢ IJȘ ȕĮıȚțȒ İȜȐȤȚıIJȘ
ĮıijĮȜȚıIJȚțȒıȣȝȕȠȜȒıIJȠȞʌİȡȚȠȡȚıȝȩIJȦȞıȣȞİʌİȚȫȞIJȠȣİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪțȚȞįȪȞȠȣ
țĮȚIJȘȢʌȡȫȚȝȘȢijșȠȡȐȢIJȘȢȣȖİȓĮȢIJȦȞİȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞȝİȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮȕĮȡȚȑȢĮȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȑȢ
țĮȚİʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢıȣȞșȒțİȢİȡȖĮıȓĮȢª
ǾȝİșȠįȠȜȠȖȓĮʌȠȣʌȡȩIJİȚȞİȘǼǼǿǼȆįȚĮIJȣʌȫșȘțİ İʌȓıȘȢȝİıĮijȒȞİȚĮıIJȘȞȓįȚĮ
ʌȡȠıȑȖȖȚıȘ ©Ǿ İȟȑIJĮıȘ IJȘȢ İʌȚțȚȞįȣȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ - ĮȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȩIJȘIJĮȢ ȝȚȐȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJȠȢ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ ıIJȘȡȓȗİIJĮȚ ıİ ȣʌȠțİȚȝİȞȚțȐ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ ĮȜȜȐ ȝʌȠȡİȓ țĮȚ
ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ IJİțȝȘȡȚȫȞİIJĮȚ ĮȞIJȚțİȚȝİȞȚțȐ ȝİ İʌȚıIJȘȝȠȞȚțȐ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ ǼȚįȚțȩIJİȡĮ Į IJȘ
ıIJĮIJȚıIJȚțȒ ȑȡİȣȞĮ įİȓțIJİȢ ȖİȞȚțȒȢ ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ țĮȚ șȞȘıȚȝȩIJȘIJĮȢ țȜʌ ȕ
įİȓțIJİȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȒȢ ȞȠıȘȡȩIJȘIJĮȢ ĮȡȚșȝȩȢ İȡȖĮIJȚțȫȞ ĮIJȣȤȘȝȐIJȦȞ țĮȚ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞțĮȚȖIJȘȝİȜȑIJȘIJȦȞȣijȚıIJȐȝİȞȦȞıȣȞșȘțȫȞİȡȖĮıȓĮȢıİ
ıȤȑıȘȝİİșȞȚțȐȒįȚİșȞȒʌȡȩIJȣʌĮʌȠıȠIJȚțȑȢțĮȚʌȠȚȠIJȚțȑȢȝİIJȡȒıİȚȢ- İțIJȓȝȘıȘIJȠȣ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣ Ǿ ȝİȜȑIJȘ țĮȚ IJĮ țȡȚIJȒȡȚĮ İijĮȡȝȩȗȠȞIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ȕȐıȘ
įȡĮıIJȘȡȚȠIJȒIJȦȞ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ ȝİ ȩȝȠȚİȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ țĮȚ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ
țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢª
Ȉİ ȐȜȜȠ ıȘȝİȓȠ Ș ȓįȚĮ ĮʌȩijĮıȘ İʌȚıȒȝĮȚȞİ ȩIJȚ Ș ǼǼǿǼȆ įİȞ ȝʌȠȡİȓ ȞĮ įİȤșİȓ
©įȚĮȤȦȡȚıȝȩıIJĮǺǹǼĮȞȐȝİıĮıİİȡȖĮȗȩȝİȞȠȣȢʌȠȣİȡȖȐȗȠȞIJĮȚıİȓįȚİȢıȣȞșȒțİȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢ țĮȚ İțIJȓșİȞIJĮȚ ıİ ȓįȚȠȣȢ İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪȢ țȚȞįȪȞȠȣȢ ȖȚĮ IJȘȞ ȊȖİȓĮ țĮȚ
ǹıijȐȜİȚĮȚįȚȦIJȚțȠȓțĮȚįȘȝȩıȚȠȚȣʌȐȜȜȘȜȠȚIJȠȣȓįȚȠȣțȜȐįȠȣªȩʌȦȢįȘȜĮįȒȓıȤȣİ
ȖȚĮ IJȠ ȞȠıȘȜİȣIJȚțȩ ʌȡȠıȦʌȚțȩ ȝȑȤȡȚ IJȘ įȚĮIJȪʌȦıȘ IJȠȣ ȆȠȡȓıȝĮIJȠȢ IJȘȢ ǻȚĮȡțȠȪȢ
ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒȢȀȡȓıȘȢǺǹǼ
ǼʌȚʌȡȠıșȑIJȦȢ ıȪȝijȦȞĮ ȝİ IJȘȞ ǼǼǿǼȆ ©ȆȡȠȕȐȜİȚ Ș ĮȞȐȖțȘ įȚİȪȡȣȞıȘȢ IJȠȣ
șİıȝȠȪ țĮȚ ıİ ȐȜȜȠȣȢ țȜȐįȠȣȢ ȝİIJȐ Įʌȩ IJȘ ıȤİIJȚțȒ IJİțȝȘȡȓȦıȘ ȩʌȦȢ țĮȚ Ș
ĮȞĮȞȑȦıȘIJȠȣțĮIJĮȜȩȖȠȣIJȦȞİʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȫȞĮıșİȞİȚȫȞª
Ȃİ IJȚȢ țĮIJİȣșȪȞıİȚȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ ȜİȚIJȠȪȡȖȘıİ Ș ǻȚĮȡțȒȢ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒ ȀȡȓıȘȢ ǺĮȡȑȦȞ țĮȚ
ǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞIJȠȞȓȗȠȞIJĮȢıIJȠȆȩȡȚıȝȐ IJȘȢIJȘȞĮȞȣʌĮȡȟȓĮȝİȜİIJȫȞȅȚ
ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ İʌȚȕȐȜȜİIJĮȚ ȞĮ ȠȜȠțȜȘȡȦșȠȪȞ Įʌȩ IJȠȞ ĭȠȡȑĮ ǹıijȐȜȚıȘȢ
ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȠȪ ȀȚȞįȪȞȠȣ ıİ ȩʌȠȚȠȞ ȠȡȖĮȞȚıȝȩ ȑȤİȚ IJȘ ıȤİIJȚțȒ IJİȤȞȠȖȞȦıȓĮ ȈIJȚȢ
ȝİȜȑIJİȢ ĮȣIJȑȢ Ƞ ȡȩȜȠȢ IJȦȞ ǼȚįȚțȫȞ ǿĮIJȡȫȞ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ İȓȞĮȚ țȣȡȓĮȡȤȠȢ ĮijȠȪ IJȠ
İȞįȚĮijȑȡȠȞ İıIJȚȐȗİIJĮȚ ıIJȘ ıȣıȤȑIJȚıȘ IJȘȢ ȣȖİȓĮȢ IJȦȞ İȡȖĮȗȠȝȑȞȦȞ ȝİ IJȚȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ
İȡȖĮıȓĮȢȅȚȝİȜȑIJİȢĮȣIJȑȢįİȞĮijȠȡȠȪȞȝȩȞȠIJĮ©İʌĮȖȖȑȜȝĮIJĮȝİȚįȚĮȓIJİȡĮȕĮȡȚȑȢ
ĮȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȑȢ țĮȚ İʌȚțȓȞįȣȞİȢ ıȣȞșȒțİȢ İȡȖĮıȓĮȢª ĮȜȜȐ ʌȡȑʌİȚ ȞĮ ĮʌȠIJȚȝȒıȠȣȞ IJȠȞ
İʌĮȖȖİȜȝĮIJȚțȩ țȓȞįȣȞȠ ʌȑȡĮȞ IJȦȞ ǺǹǼ ǹȣIJȒ İȓȞĮȚ Ș ȠȣıȚȫįȘȢ ıȣȝȕȠȜȒ IJȘȢ
ǻȚĮȡțȠȪȢ ǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒȢ ȀȡȓıȘȢ ǺĮȡȑȦȞ țĮȚ ǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞ ǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ ĮijȠȪ IJȘȞ
ʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒĮʌȩijĮıȘIJȘȞȤȡİȫȞİIJĮȚțĮȚIJȘȞȜĮȝȕȐȞİȚȝȩȞȘȘʌȠȜȚIJȚțȒȘȖİıȓĮ
ĬȀȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ
O ț ĬȀ ȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȓįȘȢ İȓȞĮȚ ǼȚįȚțȩȢ ǿĮIJȡȩȢ ǼȡȖĮıȓĮȢ ǹȞ ȀĮșȘȖȘIJȒȢ ȉȝ ǿĮIJȡȚțȒȢ ǻȆĬ țĮȚ
ȆȡȩİįȡȠȢIJȘȢǻȚĮȡțȠȪȢǼʌȚIJȡȠʌȒȢȀȡȓıȘȢǺĮȡȑȦȞțĮȚǹȞșȣȖȚİȚȞȫȞǼʌĮȖȖİȜȝȐIJȦȞ
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Κατέβασμα

νεα αστροφυσικη συνεργασια ελλαδας-η.π.α.- γερμανιας-ινδιας

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Press Siroe (greek), performances in Athens, June 2014

ΦΕΚ Β΄ 2035/22.8.2013

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Σ” RACTS - Φαινόμενον

Η προκήρυξη για μεταποίηση και εμπορία ιχθυηρών