Caratteristiche comunicative e linguistiche in bambini con BES Andrea Marini Universita’ degli Studi di Udine IRCCS “E. Medea”, Ass.ne “La Nostra Famiglia” IRCSS Santa Lucia, Roma [email protected] 1 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Di cosa parleremo? Ø Concetto di competenza Ø Strutture e processi del linguaggio Ø Caratteristiche Ø Ø comunicative in Disturbi Specifici del Linguaggio Disturbi dello Spettro Autistico 2 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Prima di cominciare … Ø Concetto di Competenza Ø Competenza l l Implicito à Implicito Esplicito à Implicito Ø Competenza l l Implicita Esplicita Esplicito à Esplicito Implicito à Esplicito 3 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 The contribution of linguistics: Linguistic structures 4 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø Phonetic competence Ø Phonologic competence Ø Discrimination [r] vs. [l] in English and Japanese infants 5 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø Phonetic competence Ø Phonologic competence Ø Morpho-phonologic competence Ø Morphologic competence Ø Morpho-syntactic competence 6 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø Phonetic competence Ø Phonologic competence Ø Morpho-phonologic competence Ø Morphologic competence Ø Morpho-syntactic competence Ø Syntactic competence 7 7 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø Phonetic competence Ø Phonologic competence Ø Morpho-phonologic competence Opinion 10 TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Agent A Box 3. The pe Situation model Ø Morphologic competence Semantic Syntactic Ø Phonological Morpho-syntactic competence Input Output Ø Utterance A Syntactic competence Semantic competence Aligned representations Utterance B Output Input Ø Vol.8 No.1 Janu Phonological Dijksterhuis a automatically t automatic per neurophysiolo firing of mirror the psycholog links in control speech. For exa painful injury a expression [39 foot shaking a they are conver adopt the othe been demonst their posture [4 linking differen tially the same Syntactic Ø Ø Pragmatic competence Text/Discourse competence Such routiniz and idioms [1 ticular intera production p ambiguity res Semantic Situation model Agent B TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Automatic al Figure 1. This diagram illustrates how parity of output and input leads to the alignbehaviour ex ment of internal representations between two agents (A and B). The horizontal Although we arrow between utterances indicates the evidence we have for alignment of output and input. The small vertical arrows represent internal flow of information; the context of lan large the flow of information between the interlocutors. 8 vertical arrows represent Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 appea anisms This scheme incorporates the channels of alignment at different linguistic levels. 8 Modelli cognitivi dell’elaborazione del linguaggio Ø Ø Ø ØØ 9 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Due dimensioni nell’elaborazione del linguaggio Dimensione microelaborativa Ø Dimensione macroelaborativa Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø (Glosser and Deser, 1990; Davies et al., 1997; Marini et al., 2005) 10 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Dimensione microelaborativa ü elaborazione fonetica ü elaborazione fonologica ü elaborazione morfofonologica ü elaborazione morfologica ü elaborazione semantico-lessicale ü elaborazione morfosintattica Ø ü elaborazione sintattica ü Elaborazione lessicale Elaborazione frasale ØØ elaborazione semantico-frasale 11 Ø Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Dimensione macroelaborativa Ø elaborazione ü ü ü Contestualizzazione del linguaggio Informatività Generazione di inferenze Ø elaborazione ü Ø ü pragmatica testuale/discorsiva Elaborazione strutturale del discorso Generazione di modelli mentali Ø ØØ 12 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Specific language impairments: past and future directions 13 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Overview of the presentation Ø Specific Language Impairments: facts and classifications Ø SLI: linguistic profiles Ø SLI: theoretical accounts Ø SLI: anatomo-functional correlates Ø SLI: genetic correlates Ø Future directions 14 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Specific Language Impairments: facts and classifications 15 15 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Incidence Ø 5% - 8% pre-school children (Tomblin et al. 1997; Newbury et al., 2010) Ø 3% - 10% school-age children (Nation, 2005) International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition [ICD-10] 16 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Are there sub-groups of children with SLI? Ø Functional Ø Linguistic classification (e.g., ICD-10) classifications (Rapin & Dunn, 2003; vad der Lely et al., 2005) 17 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 How important is the level of PIQ for the diagnosis of SLI? 18 18 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Specific Language Impairments: linguistic profiles 19 19 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø Phonetic/Phonological profile l Articulatory difficulties (younger children) l Difficulties in phonological categorization (Bird e Bishop, 1992) l Difficulties in phonological discrimination especially with rapidly presented auditory stimuli (Tallal, 2004; Tallal e Piercy, 1975) l Deficient rapid temporal processing (e.g., Tallal and Piercy, 1978; Oram Cardy et al., 2005) 20 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø Phonetic/Phonological Ø Lexical profile & Morphosyntactic profile 21 21 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Assessment of linguistic abilities in Italian children with Specific Language Impairment Andrea Marini a,b,∗ , Alessandro Tavano b , Franco Fabbro a,b a b University of Udine, Udine, Italy IRCCS “E. Medea: La Nostra Famiglia”, San Vito al Tagliamento (Pn), Italy a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 4 October 2007 Received in revised form 1 April 2008 Accepted 16 May 2008 Available online 23 May 2008 Keywords: SLI Language Narratives Neurolinguistics a b s t r a c t This study aims to describe in detail the linguistic skills of a large group of SLI participants. Particular atte tion is paid to the analysis of age-related effects on their linguistic performance and to whether a linguis assessment of a narrative task can capture language impairments that might not be adequately point out by standardized neuropsychological tests assessing linguistic functions. The narratives produced 62 children diagnosed with SLI with mixed expressive–receptive disorders were compared to those pr vided by a group of 195 children with Typical Language Development matched for chronological age a level of formal education. Furthermore, an age-related groups’ performance analysis has been perform in order to determine possible correlations between patients’ ages and types of language impairme The SLI participants produced an amount of words comparable to that produced by the control grou albeit in a simpler fashion, as their narratives were teeming with omissions and/or substitutions of bou and free morphemes. These data suggest that the domains of morphosyntax and syntax were particula impaired. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve 1. Introduction Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a developmental disorder with unknown aetiology. It is characterized by language delay in children with otherwise normal physical, intellectual and cognitive development (Bishop, 1997; Cipriani & Chilosi, 1995; Leonard, 1998). Children diagnosed with SLI do not usually present any additional hearing problems, frank neurological deficits, or severe emotional disorders. However, recent investigations suggest that subtle auditory deficits reducible to temporal processing capacity may be present in at least some SLI children (Bishop22& Mcarthur, 2005; Joanisse & Seidenberg, 1998; Segers & Verhoeven, 2005). Fur- Language Impairment may present with a wide range of differe disturbances in language processing, depending on the linguis level (phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semant or even pragmatic) or the modality of language use (linguis comprehension vs. production) that can be selectively compr mised. One approach to dealing with this heterogeneity involv the identification of clinical subtypes of SLI (Bishop, 1997, 200 Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999; Nation, 2005; Rapin & Allen, 198 For example, the 10th Edition of the International Classificati of Diseases (ICD-10) distinguishes the following amongst 4 diffe ent subgroups of Specific Language (1) specific Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguisticiImpairment: nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 spee articulation disorder (ICD-10 code: F80.0), characterized by sele Assessment of linguistic abilities in Italian children with Specific Language Impairment 2820 Andrea Marini a,b,∗ , Alessandro Tavano b , Franco Fabbro a,b a A. Marini et al. / Neuropsychologia 46 (200 University of Udine, Udine, Italy IRCCS “E. Medea: La Nostra Famiglia”, San Vito al Tagliamento (Pn), Italy Table 6 Results of the linguistic analysis of the speech samples b statistica rection a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t A post SLI TLD Article history: This study aims to describe in detail the linguistic skills of a large group of SLI participants. Particular atte Received 4 October 2007 effect w tion is paid to the analysis of age-related effects on their linguistic performance and to whether a linguis Words 70.5 (33.6) 71.4 (31.8) Received in revised form 1 April 2008 assessment of a narrative task can capture language impairments that might not be adequately point Accepted 16 May measure out by standardized neuropsychological functions. The narratives produced Speech rate* 2008 77.9 (28.5) tests assessing linguistic 109.9 (30.8) Available online 23 May 2008 62 children diagnosed with SLI with mixed expressive–receptive disorders were compared to those pr (9)with Typical Language Development .2 (.7)matched for chronological % Phonological paraphasias* rate). age a vided by a group of 195 4.8 children Keywords: level of formal education. Furthermore, performance analysis has been perform 1.3 (2.2) an age-related groups’.4 (1) % Semantic paraphasias* SLI Clear in order to determine possible correlations between patients’ ages and types of language impairme Language * % Omissions of content words 28.2 (18.6) 1.9 to(5.6) The SLI participants produced an amount of words comparable that produced by the control grou Narratives of lexica albeit in a simpler fashion, as their narratives were teeming with omissions and/or substitutions of bou Neurolinguistics % Omission of function words* 11.1 (20) 1.8 (5.9) and free morphemes. These data suggest that the domains of morphosyntax and syntax were particula phasias * % Substitution of free morphemesimpaired. 1.6 (2.1) .3 (.8) © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserve that the 1 (1.5) .3 (1.1) % Substitution of bound morphemes* of age) Mean length of utterance* 6 (1.5) 7.7 (2.3) Syntactic complexity* .8 (.3) 1.3 (.3) (p < .003 1. Introduction Language Impairment may present with a wide range of differe disturbances in language processing, depending on theparti linguis SLI Asterisks (*) indicate when the group-related difference is significant. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a developmental disorder level (phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semant with unknown aetiology. It is characterized by language delay in or even pragmatic) or the modality of languagesignifica use (linguis children with otherwise normal physical, intellectual and cognicomprehension vs. production) that can be selectively compr of seman tive development (Bishop, 1997; Cipriani & Chilosi, 1995; Leonard, mised. One approach to dealing with this heterogeneity involv 1998). Children diagnosed with SLI do not usually presentfor any Control the identification of clinical subtypes of SLI (Bishop, 1997, 200 are presented in two distinct tables (Table 4) and SLI ferences additional hearing problems, frank neurological deficits, or severe Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999; Nation, 2005; Rapin & Allen, 198 participants (Table emotional disorders. However,5). recent investigations suggest that For example, the 10th Edition of the International Classificati organiza subtle auditory deficits reducible to temporal processing capacity of Diseases (ICD-10) distinguishes the following amongst 4 diffe Asbe present shown in some Table 6, (Bishop clear-cut group-related differences may in at least SLI children ent subgroups of Specific Language (1) specific spee 23& Mcarthur, Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguisticiImpairment: nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Wo tion 2005; Joanisse & Seidenberg, 1998; Segers & Verhoeven, 2005). Fur- articulation disorder (ICD-10 code: F80.0), characterized by sele Ø Phonetic profile Ø Phonological Ø Lexical profile and Morphosyntactic profile Ø Narrative profile 24 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 25 25 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 26 26 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 27 27 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 28 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 29 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Specific Language Impairments: Theoretical accounts 30 30 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Domain specific vs. domain general accounts 31 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Domain specific accounts (i.e., linguistic) 32 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 An example ... Ø Specific grammar deficit leading to a delay in setting the parameters of the grammatical system (van der Lely, 2005; Rice et al., 1995) 33 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Domain general accounts are more plausible 34 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Factors affecting SLI Ø Poor auditory perception and temporal auditory processing (e.g., Tallal et al., 1985) 35 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Speed of processing Ø Type of Study à MEG Ø Subjects à 10 healthy adults; 40 (aged 8 to 17) with different diagnoses (Autism, SLI, Asperger, normally developing) Ø Task à listen to sequences of two tones (40ms each) delivered with a pause of 150ms 36 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 * 37 * Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Factors affecting SLI Ø Poor auditory perception and temporal auditory processing (e.g., Tallal et al., 1985) Ø Reduced verbal WM capacity (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Chiat, 2001; Ellis Weismer & Evans, 2002; Montgomery & Evans, 2009; Baird et al., 2010) 38 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Working memory 39 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 40 40 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 41 41 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 42 42 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 43 43 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Factors affecting SLI Ø Poor auditory perception and temporal auditory processing (e.g., Tallal et al., 1985) Ø Reduced verbal WM capacity (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Chiat, 2001; Ellis Weismer & Evans, 2002; Montgomery & Evans, 2009; Baird et al., 2010) Ø Deficits in executive functions and attention (e.g., im- Bolter et al., 2006; Marton, 2008) 44 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Factors affecting SLI Ø Poor auditory perception and temporal auditory processing (e.g., Tallal et al., 1985) Ø Reduced verbal WM capacity (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Chiat, 2001; Ellis Weismer & Evans, 2002; Montgomery & Evans, 2009; Baird et al., 2010) Ø Deficits in executive functions and attention (e.g., im- Bolter et al., 2006; Marton, 2008) Ø Weaknesses in procedural memory (e.g., Ullman & Pierpoint, 2005) Ø Neurobiological factors 45 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Click here to view linked References 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 nection syndromes such as conduction aphasia) and a series tions based on diffusio of distant ‘hodological’ effects on each node of the network (as Together with a synopsis in the case of diaschisis) (von Monakow, 1914). atlas could help clinicia Recent correlates advancesof in functional et al.,past 2003) and directions white matter anatomy in Neuroanatomical specific language(Friston impairments: and future diffusion (Basser et al., 2000; Catani et al., 2002; Jones, 2008; process. Tania Buiatti1, Andrea Marini 1,2* Neurobiological factors 1 Human Science Department, University of Udine, Udine, Italy 2 IRCCS “E. Medea: La Nostra Famiglia”, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy PLANUM TEMPORALE PERISYLVIAN REGIONS LEFT INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS BASAL GANGLIA * Corresponding Author: Andrea Marini, Ph.D. Department of Human Sciences, University of Udine Via Margreth, 3 – 33100 Udine (Italy), (Submitted) Phone: +39 335 5393224. e-mail: [email protected] 46 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Factors affecting SLI Ø Poor auditory perception and temporal auditory processing (e.g., Tallal et al., 1985) Ø Reduced verbal WM capacity (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1990; Chiat, 2001; Ellis Weismer & Evans, 2002; Montgomery & Evans, 2009; Baird et al., 2010) Ø Deficits in executive functions and attention (e.g., im- Bolter et al., 2006; Marton, 2008) Ø Weaknesses in procedural memory (e.g., Ullman & Pierpoint, 2005) Ø Neurobiological factors Ø Genetic factors 47 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Concordance of language Genetic factors disorders Ø Monozygotic twins (70-96%) Ø D i z y g o t i c twins (46-69%) (Dale et al., 2003; Bishop et al., 1995; Lewis & Thompson, 1992; Tomblin & Buckwalter, 1998) 48 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ø FOXP2- encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of other genes (Spiteri et al., 2007; Vernes et al., 2007; Konopka et al., 2009; Newbury, 2010) l CNTNAP2 - chomosome 7q l ATP2C2 - chomosome 16q l CMIP - chomosome 16q 49 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 La comunicazione verbale nei Disturbi dello Spettro Autistico Andrea Marini Università di Udine IRCCS “E. Medea”, Ass.ne “La Nostra Famiglia” IRCSS Santa Lucia, Roma [email protected] 50 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Autismo ➢ Disordine pervasivo dello sviluppo ● ● ● ● ● insorgenza precoce mancata maturazione dell’area socio-affettivoemotiva disturbi nella comunicazione ed interazione interpersonale isolamento sociale con più o meno marcato estraneamento dalla realtà spesso inizialmente diagnosticati come sordi perché non reagiscono se chiamati 51 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Autismo o autismi? ➢ Esistono modi diversi di vivere la condizione dell’autismo ➢ Più che di autismo sarebbe il caso di parlare di spettro autistico (Wing, 1992) 52 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Soggetto Diagnosi Età cronologica Età mentale Scolarità Sesso Caso 1 Asperger 9 anni, 10 mesi 9 4 M Caso 2 Autismo 10 anni, 2 mesi 7 4 M Caso 3 Autismo 10 anni, 1 mese 7 3 F Caso 4 Asperger 10 anni, 1 mese 10 4 M Tabella 7.12 – Tabella con i dati relativi ai 4 bambini con disturbi dello spettro autistico. ! ! ! ! 53 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Produzione Caso 1 Caso 2 Caso 3 Caso 4 Denominazione 61 43** 34** 69 Fluenza Semantica 16** 14 14 68 Fluenza Fonologica 2** 4 8 23 Completamento di Frasi 13 2** 9 14 Narrazione–Parole 71 28** 51 87 Narrazione–Fluenza 75* 47** 34** Narrazione–Lunghezza Media per Enunciato 6 3** 4 8,7 Narrazione–%Parafasie Semantiche 2* 4** 2 0,3 Narrazione–%Paragrammatismi 0 7** 1 0,6 Narrazione–%Frasi Complete 50 9** 49 77,7 66** 59* 36** 88,1 18 32** 39** 4,4 Narrazione–%Informatività Lessicale Narrazione–%Errori di Coerenza Globale 54 144 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Comprensione Caso 1 Caso 2 Caso 3 Caso 4 % Discriminazione Fonologica 100% 30%** 100% 100% Comprensione Lessicale 37 20** 26* 38 Comprensione Grammaticale 38 5** 18** 38 Giudizio Grammaticale 13 4** 7** 15 Comprensione di Espressioni Idiomatiche 7 4 2 8 Comprensione della Prosodia Linguistica 9 1** 4 11 Comprensione della Prosodia Emotiva 12 4** 3** 12 Tabella 7.14 – Il profilo emerso dalla somministrazione dei test di comprensione linguistica ai 55 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ripetizione Caso 1 Caso 2 Caso 3 Caso 4 Ripetizione di Parole 15 14* 14* 15 Ripetizione di Non Parole 14 7** 12** 15 12** 5** 8** 16** Ripetizione di Frasi in età scolare bella 7.15 – Il profilo emerso dalla somministrazione dei test di ripetizione ai quattro bamb con disturbi dello spettro autistico. 1 asterisco ( * ) indica una performance uguale inferiore a - 1,5 ds rispetto ai dati del campione normativo. 2 asterischi ( **) indicano u 56 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 Ne volete sapere di più? 2008 57 Marini_Disturbi comunicativi e linguistici nei BES - 31 ottobre 2014 GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE!!! 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