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1
PRE Results Report
About the Publication
PRE Results Report
RYM Oy
Unioninkatu 14, 4th floor
FI-00130 Helsinki, FINLAND
Tel. +358 40 514 6181
Email: anssi.salonen(at)rym.fi
Website: http://rym.fi
Copyright 2014 RYM Oy
All rights reserved
2
Table of Contents
4
About PRE
5
Facts and Figures
7
PRE Partners
8
Scientific International Evaluation
15
Key Results of the PRE Program From the Industry’s Point of View
19
Self-Assessment
20
Success Stories
38
Work Packages
54
Analysis of the Results
60
Results Cards
206 Publications
3
PRE Results Report
About PRE
BIM is Revolutionizing Construction Practices
with Finland Leading the Way
The just finished PRE program of RYM Oy, the SHOK company for the built
environment, strengthens Finland’s position as the global leader in BIM
(Building Information Management) research and introduction. BIM can
improve construction quality, productivity and customer service radically.
The PRE (Built Environment Process Re-Engineering) program carried out in
2010–2014 involved 37 companies and 6 research institutes. With support from Tekes,
they invested a total of about € 21.8 million in the development of new BIM (Building
Information Management) based procedures and business models.
Significant results were achieved in the development of technologies and concepts
supporting open BIM-based cooperation models and distributed management and
sharing of information. The globally pioneering research by Tekla and Aalto University
was made in this field of development.
Requirements, instructions and a data transfer format for modeling were created for
the infrastructure sector, all of which together speed up the breakthrough of BIM. BIMbased tools and processes were also developed and tested in practice which can
improve supply chain management and work safety considerably in every kind of
construction processes.
An interactive operational model based on ”knotworking” was created in cooperation
with the Institute of Behavioural Sciences at University of Helsinki and the SimLab of
Aalto University to enable effective utilization of BIM at the most important phases of
construction management, design and building.
BIM allows more effective land use planning, visualization of design solutions and
zoning. The BIMCITY research projects included various city modeling experiments and
used augmented reality tools in the visualization of design alternatives.
Mobile work has transformed the principles and practices of work environment
management. The NewWoW work package studied the impacts of the change and
created new tools for improved efficiency and productivity of offices. The
driver company of the work package, Rapal Oy, is taking advantage of this cutting-edge
know-how in its rapidly growing US subsidiary.
The program consists of six thematic work packages (driver company in
parentheses):
1. Model Nova – Use of BIM during property´s life cycle from the owner´s
perspective (Senate Properties)
2. NewWOW – Changing nature and requirements of knowledge work and their
impact on management of an organization and spaces (Rapal Oy)
3. BIMCON – BIM-based product data management in the delivery chain of
industrialized building (Skanska Oy)
4. DRUM - Entity data models and standards (Tekla Oyj)
5. Infra FINBIM – Future innovation-based delivery chain of the infra sector (VR
Track Oy)
6. BIMCity – Platform for dissemination, evaluation and development of
community-level built environment digital models (FCG Oy)
4
PRE Results Report
Facts and Figures
Public Funding
Cost Distribution by Work Package
5
Financial Summary
6
PRE Results Report
PRE Partners
Companies
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko Oy
AX-Konsultit Oy
CGI Oy
Consolis Technology Oy Ab
Destia Oy
FCG Finnish Consulting Group Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Finnmap Infra Oy
Granlund Oy
ISS Palvelut Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
Liikennevirasto
Micro Aided Design Oy
NCC Rakennus Oy
NCC Roads Oy
Parma Oy
Progman Oy
Pöyry CM Oy
Pöyry Finland Oy
Rakennustieto Oy
Ramboll Finland Oy
Rapal Oy
Ruukki Construction Oy
Saint-Cobain Weber Oy Ab
Senaatti-kiinteistöt
Sito Oy
Skanska Oy
Solibri Oy
SRV Yhtiöt Oyj
Tekla Oyj
Terramare Oy
Tietoa Finland Oy
Vianova Systems Finland Oy
VR Track Oy
WSP Finland Oy
YIT Rakennus Oy
Research Partners
Aalto-korkeakoulusäätiö
Helsingin yliopisto
Metropolia Ammattikorkeakoulu Oy
Oulun yliopisto
Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT
TTY-Säätiö
7
PRE Results Report
Scientific International Evaluation
Summary
The just finished PRE program of RYM Oy, the SHOK company for the built environment,
strengthens Finland’s position as the global leader in BIM research and introduction.
BIM can improve construction quality, productivity and customer service radically.
The PRE (Built Environment Process Re-Engineering) program carried out in 2010–2014
involved 37 companies and 6 research institutes. With support from Tekes, they
invested a total of about €21.8 million in the development of new BIM (Building
Information Management)based procedures and business models.
“
PRE strengthens Finland’s position as the global leader in BIM
research and introduction
Arto Kiviniemi
Professor, University of
Liverpool
The most significant results from the viewpoint of international research were achieved
in the Model Nova work package coordinated by Senate Properties. An interactive
operational model based on ”knotworking” was created in cooperation with the
Institute of Behavioural Sciences at University of Helsinki and the SimLab of Aalto
University to enable effective utilization of BIM at the most important phases of
construction management, design and building.
Internationally notable is also the DRUM concept developed for distributed data
management and information interchange by Tekla and Aalto University. The globally
pioneering research of Tekla has made it the leader in international Open BIM
development.
The most significant PRE results nationally were attained in promoting the introduction
of BIM in the infrastructure sector. The InfraModel format for open data exchange was
developed in Finland for that purpose and general infrastructure sector BIM
requirements are under preparation.
Utilization of BIM in property use and maintenance has been studied little in the PRE
program and generally in BIM studies across the world. Since the potential benefits are
very big, it would be very useful to start strong research program in an Asset
Information Management.
Introduction
PRE (Built Environment Process Re-engineering) was the first research programme of
RYM Oy in 2010-2013. Its aim is to create totally new procedures and business models
for the real estate, construction and infra sectors. They will be more user-centred and
supported by product model-based data management over the entire life cycle of the
real estate, infrastructures and communities in question. The adoption of new business
processes allows a significant increase in productivity and quality.
The PRE programme consisted of 6 work packages each led by an industrial partner:
WP1 Model Nova – Use of BIM during property's life cycle from the owner's
perspective, lead Senate Properties
WP2 NewWOW – Changing nature and requirements of knowledge work and their
impact on management of an organization and spaces, lead Rapal Oy
WP3 BIMCON – BIM-based product data management in the delivery chain of
industrialized building, lead Skanska Oy
WP4 DRUM - Entity data models and standards, lead Tekla Oyj
WP5 Infra FINBIM – Future innovation-based delivery chain of the infra sector, lead
VR Track Oy
WP6 BIMCity – Platform for dissemination, evaluation and development of
8
community-level built environment digital models, lead FCG Oy
I was asked to evaluate the results from the international perspective; how well has the
programme achieved its aims in the global context, which are the most important
results of the programme and which are issues where I see potential for improvements
in the future research activities and programmes.
Evaluation method and limitations
The evaluation is based on several sources: 1) Work package presentations in the PRE
Result Seminar 18th November 2013 in Finland, 2) result cards, i.e. short result reports
of each project in each work package and programme web site[1], 3) self evaluation
report of the work packages, 4) evaluation report of the research, practical and
knowledge contributions, 5) list of publications, and 6) a short Google Scholar study of
the visibility and impact of the publications in PRE programme, finalised on 6th June
2014.
My own professional background is in architectural design and my main research
competence is related to integrated building information modelling (BIM). In addition, I
have been personally interacting with some projects in WP1, WP3 and WP4, which
naturally has given me more insights of those projects. However, I believe that the
interactions reflect rather the international activity and visibility of those projects than
just my personal interest areas. Nevertheless, these limitations should be noted when
interpreting this report.
Observations and comments of work packages
WP1 Model Nova – Use of BIM during property's life cycle from the owner's
perspective
In the Model Nova work package (New Business Model based on Process Network and
Building Information Modeling) the potential of BIM has been studied from the
standpoints of behavioural sciences and business processes. Benefits are sought for
the entire life cycle of the built environment and across the value network.
In general this Model Nova package is in my opinion clearly the best work package of
the PRE programme in the international research viewpoint. All in all this work package
has published almost 50 % of all publications of the programme and 80% of the journal
articles.
“
Model Nova package is in my opinion clearly the best work package of
the PRE programme in the international research viewpoint.
"Knotworking" and "BIM Meets Social Sciences" themes in the Model Nova work
package has produced excellent results and the Finnish research in these areas,
especially CRADLE in Helsinki University and SIMlab in Aalto University, is in the
international forefront. This is a truly multidisciplinary theme creating new insights of
the drivers, barriers and impacts of the changes in technology and business
environment in the AECOO (Architectural, Engineering, Construction and Owning &
Operation) industry.
There has already been two international workshops around the theme "BIM Meets
Social Sciences”. In addition Aalto University's SIMlab has collaborated with Stanford
University's CIFE (Center for Integrated Facility Engineering) which is clearly one of the
leading research institute in this research area.
WP2 NewWOW – Changing nature and requirements of knowledge work and
their impact on management of an organization and spaces
The NewWoW (New Ways of Working) work package is aimed at providing
understanding of the changing nature and demands of knowledge work and their
impacts on facility management and productivity of organisations. New work space
solutions have been developed using BIM in response to the increasing interactiveness
and project nature of knowledge work.
9
The central themes were 1) demands of work and changes in it, 2) impact of ways of
working and work space arrangements on productivity and sustainable development,
and 3) use of BIM in management that support new ways of working."
WP2 is very different in almost all aspects compared to all other work packages. Based
on the available information it seems that WP2 concentrated quite strongly to direct
business development of the participating companies.
“
NewWoW is aimed at providing understanding of the changing nature
and demands of knowledge work
WP2 has very few projects and based on the result cards it has not published very
actively; 4 conference papers and 3 book chapters. On the positive side, all publications
are in English and this is the only WP that has written chapters on books, which are
academically stronger merits than conference papers. In addition, the collaboration
with the Stanford University (Renate Fruchter) is an indication of good international
level in project #5 (The success of a new concept to support distributed work – the
office of choice).
WP3 BIMCON – BIM-based product data management in the delivery chain of
industrialized building
The aim of the BIMCON work package was to create a comprehensive product data
management system for industrialised building based on the use of BIM in the
integration and management of data of the parties to the supply chain. The goal was to
improve the organisation of the operational process of construction which will increase
the productivity and profitability of supply chains.
WP3 continues the long and strong Finnish research and development efforts related to
the use of BIM in construction. It has not opened any totally new research issues, but
continued to gain new knowledge in the impacts of BIM in constructability, productivity,
safety, sustainability and supply chain management.
“
...new knowledge in the impacts of BIM in constructability,
productivity, safety, sustainability and supply chain management
The international collaborators have been Georgia Tech and Brescia University, from
which the former is without doubt one of the globally leading research institutes in BIM
area and the collaboration with them indicates high academic quality.
WP4 DRUM - Entity data models and standards
The aim of the DRUM (Distributed transactional BIM) work package was to develop
transaction-based data transfer methods and technology that enable utilisation of BIM
in actual building processes. The key themes dealt with include software architecture
that supports transaction-based data management, transaction distribution systems
and application interfaces.
"Semantic Linking of Building Information Models" and the work related to it has been
from the technical viewpoint a refreshing new proposal to solve the model server
problems currently preventing efficient sharing of BIM data. Using common web
technologies would bring much more interest and potential resources in the research
and commercial BIM development.
One of WP4 presentations, "Web-based BIM – distributed sharing and utilization of
building information", in the PRE programme Result Seminar in November 2013 was in
my opinion the best presentation in the event. The research provided a fresh view into
solving current technical problems in the centralised model server development. In
addition, the work did not start from scratch but was built on the previous work in the
development of IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) standard.
10
“
Using common web technologies would bring much more interest and
potential resources in the research and commercial BIM development
This work in the cross-model linkage using distributed web technologies has already led
into two international LDAC (Linked Data in Architecture and Construction) workshops
and strongly growing international interest and collaboration. In addition, as a part of
WP4 Tekla has taken a leading role in the international development of Open BIM and
collaboration platforms for the industry.
WP5 Infra FINBIM – Future innovation-based delivery chain of the infra sector
The vision of the Infra FINBIM work package was that in 2014 the big infrastructure
owners will order only BIM-based service. The aim was systemic change where
traditional sequential thinking is replaced by intelligent BIM-based service production
that considers the entire life cycle and all sub-areas, actors and functions.
The Infra FINBIM work package is an outstanding example of the radical change in the
markets. Efficiency and productivity can be increased significantly when highly
advanced technology is exploited fully. Participation of the biggest infra client (Traffic
Agency) and leading sector companies in the research program created sufficient
critical mass for bringing about a change in the sector.
“
An outstanding example of the radical change in the markets
WP5 has really changed the way the Finnish infra-sector collaborates, not only in the
research and development, but also in their work practises. In my opinion WP5 has
created on the national level the most important results of the PRE programme both in
the short and long term. However, compared to the national impact it has only limited
international merit.
WP6 BIMCity – Platform for dissemination, evaluation and development of
community-level built environment digital models
BIMCity (Simulation platform for IFC based technologies and solutions) aimed at 1)
defining and creating a common functional environment for land use and construction
databases, 2) establishing information model as a way of conduct in land use planning
(e.g. building inspection, planning, interaction with concerned parties), 3) improving
exchange of information between different sectors of planning and thus accelerating
processes concerning land use, and 4) developing an open environment for business
concepts serving land use and construction.
Work in BIMCity was strongly based on pilot projects, which represent different levels of
planning starting from regional dimensions through city plans down to construction of
individual buildings, as well as interaction and data exchange between these levels."
“
BIMCity was strongly based on pilot projects, which represent
different levels of planning
The documented goals of WP6 are somewhat more open than in the other work
packages. The publications include relatively many "non-traditional" documents, i.e.
videos in YouTube and other platforms, but also a reasonable amount traditional
conference papers. There is also one master's thesis. However, as stated later in this
report, lack of journal publications is a general short-coming in the whole PRE
programme. International collaboration or participation in the development of
international standards would have been extremely important.
General observations of the PRE programme
11
The programme team has classified the impacts of the projects into four categories:
1. What is the behavioural change of end users (human/organizations)?
2. What is the resulting systemic change in customer interface and value network?
3. How the latest technologies foster the change of the whole branch's business
paradigm?
4. What is the change of the business models of Built Environment?
The categorisation was done by the PRE management team for all 58 projects in the
PRE programme. As Figure 1 indicates the work packages have quite clear differences in
their focus, which indicates good programme structure. In total the main focus of the
PRE programme is slightly in #3 (How the latest technologies foster the change of the
whole branch's business paradigm?) which is recognised in 50% of all projects. The
second emphasis is in #2 (What is the resulting systemic change in customer interface
and value network?) which is recognised in 41% of all projects.
All aspects are naturally important, but my opinion, supported by the international
interest in WP1 results, is that the social science and value network aspects of BIM need
more emphasis in the further research.
Figure 1: Impact categories of projects by work package
Figure 2: PRE programme results by project phase
Figure 2 represents the results of the PRE programme categorised by lifecycle phases.
Almost half of the results are related to design phases (47.3%) and only 4% are related
to the use and maintenance. This indicates the persistent problem that has been in the
global BIM research for almost for two decades; BIM is still seen as a technology for
design and construction, and the research related to the operation and maintenance is
almost totally missing, although it is much more important part of the lifecycle of built
environment. This problem has created a wicked circle; it is difficult to convince the
owners and end-users of the importance and value of BIM and because of that they are
12
not interested in participating in the research and development efforts in this area. It
would be extremely important to move from BIM (Building Information Modelling) to
AIM (Asset Information Management) and focus the future research and development
efforts in this area.
Publications and citations
Figure 3: Distribution by publication language and type, comparison of list of
publications and result cards
In total the projects in the PRE programme have produced 77...87 publications
depending on the source. Majority of the publications are conference papers (31...27),
only relatively few are journal articles (5) and book chapters (3), which can be
considered as a short-coming in the programme in the international comparison.
Table 1: Total number of publications, comparison of list of publications and result
cards
I also tested several searches using Google Scholar looking for publications which were
done in the work packages of PRE programme. This search resulted in total 154 hits,
from which only 38 were actually related to the PRE programme. The findings were
about 50% of the publications listed in the result cards or list of publications. From
these articles majority, 23 articles were written in Finnish (60.5%) and 15 in English
(39.5%).
The most cited articles in the Google Scholar search were:
Kerosuo Hannele, Miettinen Reijo, Mäki Tarja, Paavola Sami, Korpela Jenni and
Rantala Teija (2012) Expanding uses of building information modeling in life-cycle
construction projects. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and
Rehabilitation, Volume 41, Supplement 1, pages 114-119. 9 citations (WP1)
Abdullah Haris, Rinne Mikko, Törmä Seppo and Nuutila Esko (2012) Efficient
matching of SPARQL subscriptions using Rete. Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM
Symposium on Applied Computing, pages 372-377. 9 citations (Partially
supported from PRE programme, WP4)
Rinne Mikko, Törmä Seppo and Nuutila Esko (2012) SPARQL-Based Applications for
RDF-Encoded Sensor Data. In the proceeding of 5th International Workshop on
Semantic Sensor Networks. 7 citations (Partially supported from PRE programme,
WP4)
The Google Scholar findings support my personal opinion that internationally the two
most important work packages in the PRE programme have been WP1 Model Nova and
WP4 DRUM. In WP1 the internationally most interesting results are related to the
13
Knotworking concept and "BIM Meets Social Sciences" theme and in WP4 to the
Semantic Linking of Building Information Models.
The results of the Google Scholar search are in clear contradiction with the information
in the result cards and list of publications. It seems that about 50 % publications have
not acknowledged PRE programme, which makes the programme and also RYM
internationally less visible than it should be.
It would be important to raise the awareness of RYM and its programmes
internationally. Therefore it would be advisable to include the requirement to
acknowledge the funding programme in all publications, which is a normal international
practice and, as said, mandatory for example in USA and UK.
Some of the work packages have not been publishing much in English although the
results would be both interesting and important internationally. Although it is clear that
communication with the Finnish companies requires publications in Finnish, from the
international viewpoint the emphasis of research publications should be in English.
Some work packages have produced several Master thesis. This is a typically Finnish
phenomenon. In many countries Masters thesis are not allowed as a part of research
projects and therefore these results would be ignored in most international
evaluations. At least the best results of the thesis should be brought systematically into
international forums through conference papers or journal articles in collaboration with
the supervisors.
The focus in publications has clearly been in conference papers. While presenting new
ideas and networking in the conferences is extremely important part of international
collaboration, the projects should have produced clearly more journal articles and
reviewed chapters in books or complete books. Cross-organisational and -disciplinary
authoring could be improved significantly and this could produce more innovative
insights.
14
PRE Results Report
Key Results of the PRE Program from the
Industry's Point of View
Summary and Future Prospects
The successful and broad-based research conducted in the PRE program has helped
Finland maintain its position as a global leader in the research and deployment of BIM.
In infrastructure construction modeling we have even been able to increase our lead.
However, the situation is changing because in many countries, such as the UK, the
government is actively promoting BIM as a way to improve considerably the
productivity of construction.
The most significant results of the PRE program from the perspective of industry were
achieved in the development of technologies and concepts supporting open BIM-based
cooperation models and distributed management and sharing of information.
Requirements, instructions and a data transfer format for modeling were created for
the infrastructure sector, all of which together speed up the breakthrough of BIM. BIMbased tools and processes were also developed and tested in practice which can
improve supply chain management and work safety considerably. In the future, the
results of the PRE program can also be used in many ways in interactive land use
planning and reform of work environments.
Ilkka Romo
Vice President, R&D at
Skanska Oy, Chairman of the
PRE Program Steering Group
In Finland, BIM expertise has for quite a long time been based on the development
work of leading software houses and top design and construction sector enterprises.
The PRE program complemented and provided new insights for this research
cooperation. Nevertheless, effective deployment of the research results is also needed
before they can have the desired effect on the productivity of construction and the
profitability of companies. For this reason, it is essential that the research results
produce concrete product development projects and the companies that participated in
the program, and Tekes, play central roles in their launching.
On the other hand, sufficient research input in BIM must be ensured also after the PRE
program. It is vitally important for the productivity and competitiveness of construction
– especially when the market outlook is bleak.
Introduction and Bases of Evaluation
The objective of the first research program of RYM Oy, the PRE program (Built
Environment Process Re-Engineering) implemented in 2010–2014, was to create
completely new procedures and business models for the real-estate, construction and
infrastructure sector. The basis of their development was increasingly user-driven
procedures supported by BIM-based data management during the entire life cycle of
properties, infrastructure and communities. The aim of the new business processes
was to improve productivity and quality considerably.
The program consisted of six thematic work packages:
1. Model Nova – Use of BIM during property´s life cycle from the owner´s
perspective
2. New Wow – Changing nature and requirements of knowledge work and their
impact on management of an organization and space
3. BIMCON – BIM-based product data management in the delivery chain of
industrialized building
4. DRUM – Entity data models and standards
5. Infra FINBIM – Future innovation-based delivery chain of the infra sector
6. BIMCity - Platform for dissemination, evaluation and development of
community-level built environment digital models
15
The work packages were made up so that their contents would complement and
support each other. The result was a rather comprehensive and representative crosssection of the utilization of BIM at different stages of built environment processes both
in building and infrastructure construction.
My assessment of the results of the PRE program is based on the information I received
from the work package leaders and experiences from the BIMCON work package led by
Skanska.
Examples of the Results of the PRE Program
GOALS
RESULTS
New procedures and
business models
BIM-based knotworking and spearhead alliance
cooperation modelNew office space design concepts that
support new work methods and efficient use of spaceBIMbased cost-optimizing design of an asphalt pavement
More user-driven
procedures
BIM-based cooperation in common spaces
Virtual visualization solutions in land use planning
Product model-based
data management
over the entire life
cycle of properties,
infrastructure and
communities
Web of Data Technology for distributed data management
and exchangeModelling requirements and instructions for
the infrastructure sector as well as international
standardization based on the InfraModel data exchange
formatTools that enable use of modeling in calculation of
carbon footprint
Improvement of
productivity and
quality
Tools that enable use of modeling in
supply chain management
quantity survey
improvement of work safety
assessment of constructability
Harmonization of the Lean Approach and Last Planner
production control system with BIM tools
BIM-based machine control in infrastructure construction
BIM-based open cooperation means more effective
processes
Part of the PRE research and projects focused on the development of processes more
from the point of view of social action than technology. A process that exploits
modeling cannot become more effective if new technology is used the old way.
According to the research results, the biggest benefits of modeling to date have been
achieved in the areas of visualization of projects, quantity data and inspection of
designs. Efforts were made to expand the field to various implementations of cost and
energy simulations.
The elimination of activities that do not add value according to the Lean approach and
mutual cooperation between the parties were underlined, for instance, by the
harmonization of the Last Planner production control system and knotworking with BIM
tools.
One result of the research work in the PRE program was also a new project type, the
spearhead alliance, that requires close cooperation between clients, designers and
implementers and efficient and carefully planned use of BIM tools. This kind of an
operational model also requires working in shared team premises. This BIM based
operational model not only helps improve the management of the overall process but
also takes the end user better into account and creates clear added value for the
owners in production.
16
BIMs will soon be managed and shared online
The technologically most advanced R&D took place in the DRUM work package of Tekla
and Aalto University. It studied and developed solutions for genuinely distributed
information management and sharing in construction projects. It resulted in the
concept of an open operational model which allows linking BIMs and sharing of
information online quickly in real time. The information sharing is based on the newly
developed Web of Data Technologies.
The new distributed operational model is more compatible with the distributed
organizational model of construction projects and reduces the number of errors in
design. Instead of being stored in centralized model servers, information can be found
and shared easily online.
Web-based BIMs can be linked to any other information available online, building
information can be shared openly with users and software developers, and use of the
model between work phases can be streamlined and made easier. Dialogue between
users and software developers improves the quality of BIMs and promotes innovation
and new ways of using the models.
BIMs can trigger a leap in productivity in the infrastructure
sector
The Infra FINBIM work package conducted ground-breaking, goal-oriented and practical
research in the development of modeling guidelines, standards and practices of the
infrastructure sector. The research results have had a major impact on the wider
introduction of modeling in public infrastructure projects, thanks especially to the active
participation of the Finnish Transport Agency. Together with a few big cities it
implemented several pilot projects during the program to further develop and test the
requirements and guidelines of modeling.
One concrete research result concerned design and implementation of asphalt
pavements that optimize costs by using BIM and machine control automation. The
solution is based on laser scanning of an existing surface. The laser scanning method is
also useful in monitoring the condition and wear of roads and optimizing the timing of
repairs.
The wider introduction of model-based machine control makes all civil engineering
more efficient and enables a significant productivity leap in the sector. The use of
models in infrastructure construction requires developing the compatibility of the
design process and tools, as well as data management solutions and related tools. One
of the major benefits of model-based design is attained in quantity surveying which
becomes more effective and accurate and will in the future enable model-based
procurement.
Processes must be developed in both infrastructure and building construction so that
all advantages of BIM can be used in all phases of the process, from design input data,
actual designs and quantities derived from them to construction and the subsequent
maintenance phase. In the future, model-based as-built data will be a significant factor
in making the maintenance of infrastructure networks more effective.
Better control of supply chains and work safety
The BIMCON work package tested the applicability of design-build subcontracting of
precast concrete panels to the modeling process and tools. This procedure allows the
supplier of building elements to adapt designs more accurately to its own
manufacturing even if the general COBIM modeling requirements and guidelines of the
sector are used. Shared use and synchronization of used software must nevertheless
be improved so that both the supplier and the main structural designer can be sure of
the compatibility and up-to-dateness of their designs.
17
Another central research theme was the analysis of designs to assess constructability. A
model was developed for assessing constructability during the project from several
different points of view. It improves the efficiency of construction and work safety by
eliminating structures that are difficult to implement.
The improvement of work safety is one of the most important focuses in the
construction sector. Consequently, the analysis and design of work safety as a whole
was one of the main research subjects. Automatic analysis of the need of fall
protections and their positioning in designs were also developed in this context. The
utilization of modeling in the improvement of work safety requires further research and
development by software suppliers.
Modeling can also be exploited in many ways in supply chain management. One tested
solution allowed using a model to monitor the different stages of precast concrete
panels from design to manufacture and installation on site. The method offers all
parties to a project a transparent view of the project schedule which reduces risks and
the need of buffer times.
The modeling of building elements on the product level has largely been limited to
detailed modeling of products related to the frame phase while the interior work phase
products have mainly been evaluated generally on the structural type level. With certain
architectural design softwares, however, it is possible to go much further. For example,
detailed modeling of the surface materials of a bathroom enables clearer specification
of commercial products and steering of procurement with the model.
Tools for calculation of carbon footprint
Calculation of the carbon footprint was also developed in the BIMCON research which
expedites and promotes the consideration of environmental issues in design. An overall
solution for this purpose is yet to be found, so approaches dependent on the modeling
software must still be used. Yet, the research showed that the method works.
The researches also addressed company-specific product data management in
modeling software as well as more generic data management and the transition
through general design, product selection and specification and construction to
maintenance and the requirements of the later phases of the life cycle. This approach
worked with the products of some companies, such as steel frame structures, but there
is no clear-cut general solution for model-based maintenance and life cycle
management.
Graphic tools for land use planning and refurbishment of
work environments
BIM also allows more effective land use planning, visualization of design solutions and
zoning. The BIMCITY research projects included various city modeling experiments and
used augmented reality tools in the visualization of design alternatives. Virtual
visualization tools develop rapidly along with new technologies and will in the near
future become common methods of communication between design teams, clients and
users. They also give residents and other people affected by construction better
possibilities to participate in the process and are likely to reduce misunderstandings
and related complaints at the zoning phase.
The New Wow work package examined how new design concepts of office premises
enhance work in offices or offer distance work opportunities. This is only natural since
all types of teams need communication, cooperation, or, alternatively, peace and quiet
to concentrate on their work. New activity-based concepts are entering the market,
making the use of spaces more efficient. The main thing then is the visualization and
illustration of solutions in advance with modeling tools.
18
PRE Results Report
Self-Assessment
A self-assessment of PRE took place in the spring 2014. The number of participants was
22/23. The average score of the ten questions (see figure) was 5.2.
The average score of first three questions, categorized as “Quality and relevance”, was
5.3. The next four, in “Resources and collaboration”, scored 5.2. The last three,
under “Value-Added”, resulted in an average of 5.1.
Participants were reasonable satisfied with the outcomes. This result confirms the
notion that companies and research organisations have been working actively. Work
packages and enterprises have encouraged each other in numerous meetings and
presentations during the program.
The survey was conducted online.
19
Success Stories
20
PRE Results Report
BIM Based Management of Road Networks
Improves Efficiency
Using Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be divided in three
procedures in road maintenance process. First procedure is similar to a
typical BIM process when building new infrastructure. Second one is
maintenance sectors’ own model for to handle one maintenance site or
even whole road network. The third procedure is to know, how to store
and use, during maintenance phases, the InfraBIM data produced when
designing and constructing new infrastructures.
The first developed procedure concluded that typical InfraBIM-model can be copied
easily to maintenance and road rehab process by using same kind of model than
typical construction process is using.
The second procedure showed that InfraBIM-model is possible to be created typical
structure improvement site-projects, where designer needs lots of information to
get the best possible solution.
The third procedure there result will be done in future when more BIM-models of
new roads will be ready to store and handled for maintenance use. Maintenance
BIM was exploring first two procedures, but also developing future scenarios for the
third procedure type.
Adding the BIM-based designing phase to the paving process offers numerous
opportunities to employ new methods and principles compared to the traditional
paving approach.
Model-based designs that exploit geographic information can be executed with
machine-control procedures of different grades. In its most exact form, the machine is
controlled by fully automatic machine control. Because the procedure is currently
rather expensive and time consuming, we tested whether the machine control codes
could be transferred into the site by using palmtops (PDA device). Then the locationbased designs are realized by steering the vehicles manually.
From 3D-road scanning to 3D-milling (PowerPoint presentation)
Authors:
Kimmo Laatunen, VR Track Oy
Manu Marttinen, NCC Roads
Tiina Perttula, Finnish Transport Agency
Consortium:
21
Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment
Destia Oy
Finnish Transport Agency
Finnmap Consulting Oy Infra
NCC Construction Ltd
22
PRE Results Report
By Means of BIM Radical Improvements to
Productivity, Quality and Safety
The main objective of BIMCON work package was to develop a
comprehensive product data management procedure for industrialized
construction process that is based on usage of building information
model (BIM) for common data management in the supply chains.
The general aim was to encourage the construction branch to adopt rapidly ICT in
construction supply networks.
Productivity with information models and mobile devices
Building information modeling, or BIM, provides good opportunities for improving
productivity in the construction sector. A 3D plan includes essential information on a
construction project’s materials and product components; the quality of design
improves and project parties receive the information they need electronically.
Construction feasibility and production-technical solutions are developed with the help
of a model. Measuring from drawings, susceptible for errors, and time-consuming
calculations are eliminated. Mobile devices on site enhance site management activities,
improve communication and increase productivity.
Safety on site improves
A well modeled plan is introduced to the site. Occupational safety is improved by the
modeling of railings and fall protection. An area model shows the locations of storage
areas, machinery, cranes and dangerous tasks. The model is used in inducting workers
to the site. A well designed site leads to better order and safety, which also increases
productivity.
Work methods in the construction sector changing
An information model collects information from different design areas and production
into one place. Using models, different design alternatives are analyzed in advance.
Indoor air conditions and energy consumption are simulated in order to find optimal
solutions. Carbon footprint will be one criterion. Procurement and manufacture of
product components will become more efficient and flawless. Schedule and cost
information will be connected to projects. A model provides project parties with a joint
interface. The potential for developing productivity and quality is enormous, and a
technological breakthrough is already underway.
23
Author:
Ilkka Romo, Skanska Oy
Consortium:
Skanska Oy
Parma Oy
Rautaruukki Corporation
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Tekla Corporation
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Aalto University
VTT Technical Research Center of Finland
24
PRE Results Report
Future Building Information Models Are
Managed on the Web
Finnish BIM-related DRUM research has resulted in a concept that
enables linking building information models and sharing the information
online quickly and on time. The new distributed way of working is better
suited to match the distributed organization model of construction
projects and will reduce design errors.
This research challenged the predominant idea of managing building information
through one centralized model. A combination model that contains all building
information is too heavy to utilize within the intensive information management and
cooperation process needed for construction. DRUM was a sub-project under the PRE
research program of SHOK Group’s RYM Oy led by Tekla Oy and supported by Aalto
University as the main research partner.
“Although the creation of building information models has enormously developed and
become more efficient in Finland and around the world, the utilization of the data
contained in the models among the construction project parties is still largely in its
infancy,” says Seppo Törmä of Aalto University, researcher in charge of the project.
“At the moment, retrieving information from a single model is toilsome. Handling a
complete model is hard if you only need to pick out an individual object using, for
example, a mobile device. Extra data is often in conflict with the most up-to-date
information, which accumulates problems to the user of the model,” says Jukka
Suomi of Tekla that is leading the project.
The result of the DRUM research is an open concept that is based on linking, managing
and sharing building information over the Internet as a way of working.
“Instead of locating the information on certain model servers, it can be easily found and
shared on the Web. This makes utilizing the information natural to the different
disciplines,” says Törmä.
An open concept advances innovation and development
According to the new concept, the building information model consists of smaller
sectional models that are linked with each other and can be put into design as well as
updated separately over the Internet. As a result, there are less conflicts between the
models created by different project parties.
Thanks to the Web-based way of working, building information models can be
connected with any other data found on the Internet, the building information can be
openly shared among its users and with software developers, and the use of models
between project phases can be made streamlined and easier.
25
“The dialog between the model users and software developers improves the quality of
the models and advances innovation as well as new ways to utilize the models,” says
Suomi.
Concrete results expected in approximately three years
The DRUM results are expected to proceed into practice in a few years. The new
concept has been partially tested at Skanska.
“We expect the results to realize in the construction industry in 2 to 3 years as software
houses start applying the concept that has been developed,” says a participant of
DRUM, development director Ilkka Romo of Skanska.
The long-term objective of DRUM is to improve the overall productivity of construction
projects through information management and the capability to share it. This is a way
reduce errors, for example, so that no time is needed to settle them.
DRUM’s results have been noticed internationally: BuildingSMART has been interested
in the results, among others, and they will be presented in the European Construction
Technology Platform (ECTP) conference in Brussels in June. The results will also be
presented in the European Conference on Product and Process Modeling (ECPPM)
conference arranged in Vienna in September.
In the end of May, Aalto University and Tekla will organize an international scientific
workshop in Espoo, Finland, and an international network of researchers is forming
around the topic.
About DRUM
*DRUM (Distributed Transactional BIM) research is part of Finnish RYM Oy’s PRE (Built
Environment Process Re-engineering) program that consists of two parts of research.
DRUM was kicked off in November 2010 and was concluded in April 2014. Tekla has
acted as the leader of DRUM with Aalto University as the main research partner. Other
participants include Skanska, Solibri, CGI, M.A.D. and Progman Oy. Some of the
research was contracted to Georgia Tech and the Technical Research Centre of Finland
VTT.
For more information, please contact:
Seppo Törmä, researcher, Aalto University, tel. +358 50 3160979, email [email protected]
Jukka Suomi, product manager, Tekla Oy, tel. +358 40 510 3101, email [email protected]
Ilkka Romo, development director, Skanska Oy, tel. +358 50 5201 596, email [email protected]
Web technology opens a whole new market for information management
About Tekla
With its software, Tekla Corporation drives the evolution of digital information models
and provides thus more and more competitive advantage to the construction and
infrastructure industries. Tekla has customers in nearly 100 countries, offices in 15
countries and a worldwide partner network. Tekla head office is located in Espoo,
Finland. The company was established in 1966, and it is one of the first software
companies in Finland. Tekla Corporation became part of Trimble Navigation Ltd in July
2011.
26
PRE Results Report
INFRAMODEL 3 Data Exhange Format Will Come
into General Use
Inframodel is an open data exchange format based on the international
LandXML standard developed in Finland. The Finnish Transport Agency
will require use of Inframodel 3 (IM3) in all its projects launched after
May 1, 2014. Large Finnish cities also aim to introduce Inframodel 3 this
year.
A uniform content for the latest version of the Inframodel was created in the
InfraFINBIM work package of the RYM PRE program, as well as guidelines for data
exchange related to input data and design and implementation models. It has also
been tested and piloted in actual projects. General modeling requirements and
guidelines for the infrastructure sector have been developed simultaneously and sector
nomenclature has been expanded to support BIM.
- The Finnish Transport Agency requires use of the IM3 format in all design and
implementation projects. In principle, this requirement applies to material handed over
to the client. That ensures that the data are in software-independent open format
available to all those involved in the project’s follow-up design and construction, says
Tiina Perttula, BIM Development Manager at the Finnish Transport Agency.
- The Inframodel 3 format will be put to systematic use in the infrastructure sector this
year. It is already being made use of in many design programs on the market as well as
in measurement, machine control and inspection applications. The crucial factor,
however, is that large public clients demand its introduction, says Juha Liukas of SITO
Oy who has led the IM3 introduction project.
Liukas emphasizes the need of continuous development since modeling features and
methods change quickly. Preliminary specifications for upcoming versions of the
Inframodel format have already been made. The aim is to publish this year the
specification for version 3.1 which contains certain new features. Maintenance and
development will continue under the buildingSMART Infrastructure Business Group.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
Tiina Perttula, Finnish Transport Agency, tiina.perttula[at]liikennevirasto.fi, tel. +358 40
517 6789
Juha Liukas, Sito Oy, juha.liukas[at]sito.fi, tel. + 358 40 725 8103
27
PRE Results Report
Knotworking boosts decision-making and
productivity
The BIM-based knotworking model tested in pilot projects can boost
construction sector productivity and project management considerably. It
allows resolving conflicts effectively even before they erupt and selecting
the most clever plan or mode of operation from a larger number of
options.
Knotworking has already been adopted by many sectors to bring together the parties to
a project and top experts to solve a common problem and ensure attainment of goals.
The method has been developed by the Center for Research on Activity, Development
and Learning (CRADLE) at University of Helsinki under Professor Yrjö Engeström.
– The social environment is in a constant state of flux as the actors change frequently.
“Human agency capital,” consisting of both clients and users, is becoming a decisive
competitive advantage. It allows staff and clients to take ownership of the operation in
question and its development and ”do before they’re told,” Engeström emphasizes.
– Problems and conflicts must not be feared but turned into a tempting challenge. We
are used to talking openly about problems only in narrow circles. We embellish our
language when speaking to clients although we should be open and straight.
Information transfers effectively to serve as a basis for
decision-making
The CRADLE research group led by Professor Reijo Miettinen, which also includes
Hannele Kerosuo, Tarja Mäki and Jenni Korpela,studied the applicability of
knotworking in construction projects in the Model Nova work package managed by
Senate Properties. The possibilities knotworking provides especially in making the BIMbased construction process more effective were tested in three pilot projects: two
schools and one hospital renovation. The results were encouraging.
– Direct interaction, intensity and the speed at which information could be transferred
and results provided to decision-makers topped the list. Reaction to alternatives was
easy and the client had a much easier time creating an overall view, the construction
experts summed up.
– Knotworking is applicable particularly when project requirements are complex. The
essential features of knotworking are quick and graphic information exchange and
creation of common understanding. They facilitate and speed up decision-making and
commit the parties to the common goal, says Marko Rajala, Managing Director of
Tietoa Finland Ltd.
28
BIM provides an excellent starting point for knotworking. However, everything does not
have to be modeled and analyzed since the knot group can evaluate alternative
solutions quickly on the basis of the experience and intuition of available experts.
Visualization is certainly important also then!
An essential part of knotworking is to define the information required to make the right
decision and determine the key performance indicators (goals and requirements) based
on which decisions are made. These goals, their development and realization are
monitored at knots and during knotworking. The difference compared to the typical
situation today where no one has a good overall picture, i.e. does not know what the
partner is doing, is considerable. The decision-maker is confounded when answers to
the same question differ between actors.
Better chance to analyze a larger number of alternatives
The traditional approach in construction is to analyze one to three alternatives and
choose one for closer analysis. That takes at least a couple of weeks. Pilot studies
indicated that knotworking and BIM use enable analyzing 15–20 alternatives in a couple
of days.
– In the future, the pace will become even faster: tools already under development will
e.g. enable interactive examination of 100–200 alternatives with respect to energy
efficiency. People at Stanford have estimated the number of analyzed alternatives to go
even as high as 20,000. That, however, requires supercomputers, says Tuomas Laine
of Granlund Ltd.
Such a huge number of alternatives cannot be analyzed by traditional means. New
solutions are required that allow screening alternatives and choosing the most
appropriate ones for detailed analysis. Such solutions already exist: e.g. different
sensitivity analyses are used to select parameters that appear most important and
visualization technology is available as a cloud service.
Based on research and pilot studies, new technology is needed especially in automated
space design, cost control and related more efficient and automated BIM use,
particularly in early phase cost estimations, as well as for energy and environmental
solutions.
What is knotworking?
Knotworking is close cooperation between various actors and experts in connection
with the design and construction process of buildings. Its aim is to make use of the best
expertise of participants proactively, at the right place and time, which provides the
best outcome with the best cost-effectiveness. Tasks normally performed consecutively
by different special sectors are squeezed into tighter schedules and done concurrently
which speeds up the building process.
Higher level knots interconnect with the stages and decision-making process of the
construction project which improves the process quality and speeds up its
implementation and related decision-making through close cooperation between
experts. At project team-level knots experts representing different sectors come
together to solve critical tasks and problems occurring at various stages of the
construction project.
The working group consists of the most appropriate persons for each knot. The group
lives, changes and comes together as needed; it determines its own makeup, modes
and methods of work, and has neither an assigned leader nor a permanent
organization. Knotworking is fast paced: when information exchange between experts
and utilization of expertise is immediate, assessment of different alternatives and
feedback is quick.
See result cards:
New Advances in Building Design by Knotworking Concept
Multi KPI Analysis
BIM from the Social Science Perspective
The Spearhead Project Model
Better Decisions with Visual Metrics
29
PRE Results Report
Optimized space management can be a hot
export product
Mobile knowledge work has revolutionized the principles and practices of
facility management. The New Wow work package of the PRE program
examined the impacts of change as well as created new tools that allow
increasingly effective and productive use of facilities. The driver company
of the work package, Rapal Oy, exploits this new knowledge through its
rapidly growing U.S. subsidiary.
The New WoW research program led by Rapal developed, tested and evaluated various
tools and methods intended especially for the evaluation of space utilization. The
resulting knowledge provides management a good idea of the current situation and the
potential for its improvement. The methods were tried out at Rapal and five other
organizations that participated in the work package.
Rapal Oy has launched software that includes the necessary tools for facility
management, property maintenance and construction projects. According to Rapal, the
Optimaze.net service has enabled its clients to save as much as 10 to 50% in annual
space costs.
The program is modular and includes financial, rental and space management modules
as well as modules for environmental accounting, real estate portfolios and evaluation
of space utilization.
The development of the Optimaze.net service in international markets will be boosted
by the merger of the U.S. Co3 Group into Optimaze Inc., a Rapal subsidiary operating in
California, in early 2013. The latter has been engaged in market research for a year and
a half:
- The sector is presently very hot in the U.S. We aim to get 50 clients by the year-end,
but pleasant surprises are quite possible. Intensive marketing will start this fall. Sales
will focus initially on one service module, the others will be included later, says Jyrki
Kalavainen, President of Optimaze Inc.
We have to be able to identify different users of spaces and
their work methods
The results of the studies of the New WoW work package indicate that better
understanding of the ways in which people work is required – especially why and how
they have chosen them, how they work together, and how they use technical tools.
Such factual information makes it possible to develop the work environment in a more
productive and environmentally friendly direction.
30
A study led by Senate Properties focused on change in the government work
environment. The aim was to create a user-centric design tool for sustainable work
environment development. Practical solutions were studied from five viewpoints:
sustainable mobility, productivity, well-being, procurement and use.
Communication is key in preparing for change. It makes people ready for change even
before a project is launched. Successful communication requires understanding what
motivates people to act in a sustainable manner. Four different behavioral profiles
based on identified motivations were created. They were evaluated and developed with
experts of Senate Properties. The profiles were used to create use scenarios which took
into account different states of mind and the primary reasons for accessing a website.
That revealed existing stumbling blocks and special needs along the access path.
The workspace is selected on the basis of the day’s work
The premises of ISS Palvelut Oy (ISS Services) in Lahti were designed so as to allow each
employee to choose freely the workspace best suited for the work at hand. The
premises have spaces for team work, making and receiving calls and working with
laptops. Results were collected through observation, interviews and questionnaires.
The conclusions drawn strongly support the importance of participatory preparation.
Discussions are to be had during reorganization of work and spaces, drawing of plans
and deployment of spaces. The smooth functioning of the company infrastructure, such
as data connections and printers, also proved extremely important. Thus, teaching staff
to use new technology and tools is of utmost importance. As premises change,
attention must also be paid to work methods.
Meters based on number of users for measuring energy
consumption of premises
A study by Granlund and VTT tested methods that measure the energy consumption of
premises in relation to the number of users. Various sensors and related technologies
are under intense development, and reliable and economical methods are being
introduced. They will allow measurements based on the number of persons to become
a good means of sustainable, economical and automatically controlled real-time
management of energy and space use.
According to the study, the currently used measurement technology is still expensive
and unreliable. After it develops sufficiently, we can expect savings in both heating and
ventilation. Building safety will also increase. Questions about privacy and loss of
comfort as a result of possible denser building remain open.
Technology is expected to be sufficiently accurate and affordable in a few years. Until
then, it is best to dimension and design on a kWh/m2 basis, the study concludes.
31
PRE Results Report
Safer Construction Through BIM
BIM-based design improves considerably the safety of a building over its
life cycle – from the construction phase to the maintenance of the
occupied building. When standards and regulations are defined by
programs, inspection and design may in the future be automatic at all
phases of work, says Research Scientist Kristiina Sulankivi at VTT
Technical Research Centre.
BIM has generally been thought to bring savings mainly by streamlining the work
process, reducing waste, and eliminating errors. Yet, as significant savings can also be
achieved through improved occupational safety: after all, a quarter of all work-related
fatal accidents in Finland occur at construction sites – mainly as a result of falls from
heights. The study on BIM-based safety inspections and planning that was part of the
RYM Oy BIMCON work package investigated this issue. The results were encouraging
and create good preconditions for commercialization.
For instance, the planning and modeling of a safety system to prevent falls and related
4D scheduling require a lot of man-hours which is why automation allows substantial
savings. An existing prototype tool that can identify risky site locations and provides
appropriate protections for them has been developed further on the basis of a Finnish
case study. Simplified or quite highly detailed instructions for the appropriate structure
of safety railings can be provided based on the user’s needs.
The prototype makes use of the Tekla Project Status Visualization tool. It enables
visualization of safety plans at various phases of construction as well as presentation of
the model, permanent and temporary building elements, and safety equipment.
The prototype has great potential of becoming a key tool of the safety plan prepared
jointly by the production planner, the contractor and the structural engineer. Modeling
rules related to safety need to be developed further and the number of safety
equipment alternatives increased prior to its field testing.
– A software developer could commercialize the prototype based on identified industry
needs and best practices, and eventually integrate it into a BIM-based modeling or
model checking software, Sulankivi emphasizes.
Safety saves time and money
An example of the significance of timely safety planning for construction site costs in
the United States:
32
Inspection of the model designed by an architect revealed the need to put dozens of
eyebolts in a certain railing for attaching safety equipment. The equipment was used
for a certain period, was then dismantled as unnecessary, and the bolts were taken out
spending a lot of time and effort. The whole process could have been easily avoided
had the architect designed the railing a little less than two inches higher.
The same principle also applies to finished buildings since safety equipment is also
needed by maintenance people.
BIM also brings savings by making scheduling and workflow more sensible – the only
aim should not be to avoid medical expenses. When the model can be rotated on the
display as desired, all interested parties can easily be shown the right places, and safety
equipment can be installed where needed at the appropriate time. Unnecessary work is
also avoided – especially if the model automatically inspects and plans: Manual
inspection is both slow and error-prone!
BIM changes our approach to safety. In the future, BIM-based safety planning is bound
to be part of construction planning providing great opportunities for software
developers.
33
PRE Results Report
The Citizen Portal Speeds up Zoning and
Regional Planning
Regional planning, which affects all of us, is often agonizingly slow and
far removed from the citizens’ sphere of influence. The BIMCity work
package of the PRE program presages a major change in that respect.
New social media applications and visualization methods like ”augmented
reality” turn citizens from subjects of interaction into participants and
move things forward at an unprecented speed.
Integration of different processes has been routine in land use planning which
provides a good starting point for networking. When decision making is opened by
visualizing alternatives e.g. by means of augmented reality – by transferring a plan to a
tablet for viewing on site – the end user is also much better positioned to come to a
fact-based understanding of the issue at hand and publicly present it.
Openness is a must for co-design to work which, again, requires common rules of the
game. Their formulation is a key task that must be done to allow the broad and
effective introduction of a citizen portal. Various pilot projects of the work package have
collected a lot of data and experiences which need to be processed further. The format
in which the data are to be transferred for common use must also be decided.
- A shared environment where data exchange is possible must be established, and the
softwares of different producers must be made able to talk to each other. And as the
scale widens, the landscape architect and the road planner must also be able to
exchange data, stress Professor Jarmo Laitinen of Tampere University of Technology
and Anssi Savisalo, Head of Department at FCG Finnish Consulting Group Oy.
Skilled process modeling produces great savings in time and money by shortening
process times and improving work efficiency. It is not rocket science: modeling is
capable of optimizing quite basic things such as cooperation between road planning
and zoning. The entire work culture of construction will change when flow of
information between professionals and the public – the end users – becomes actual
reality.
Billnäs ironworks 2011, client: Town of Raasepori Illustration of proposed hotel concept
in a delicate cultural landscape. AR technology was used on tours to the site with the
town council and with museum authorities. (Photos: FCG Oy)[/caption]
Modeling will also lower other barriers including those between the data exchange
formats of building and infrastructure construction as they relate to e.g.
international buildingSMART cooperation in which Finland is heavily involved.
Both the carbon footprint and the building permit
application will be impacted
The aims will be set high. After all, town plans play a crucial role in the attainment of
already set climate targets. The ”smart city” still lies in the distant future. So far, we have
34
focused only on building-specific solutions.
Whether constructing a building, a road, or a city, the target changes continually as the
work proceeds. We must be able to identify the data required at each stage and know
how to transfer it the right way and in the appropriate format. Work on integration of
design formats and softwares has continued for over three years and is not about to
end any time soon.
- The identification, visualization in the appropriate format, and utilization of key data as
the process proceeds is an enormous undertaking that is nowhere near completion.
The type of paving used on a street is not very essential, but the traffic flowing over it
can be, says Janne Porkka of VTT.
The BIMCity work package studied the electronic records management and building
supervision BIM of the City of Järvenpää. Experiences from the construction of a fishing
port, again, were collected based on the streets and buildings built or commissioned by
one actor. That provided a great opportunity to practice data exchange with all
involved. Virtual spaces were tested at several places and the user feedback assures
that they are here to stay.
- ”Social BIM 2.0” is still under development, but BIM models will replace conventional
documents already in the near future and urban planning will become a truly
transparent process where the end user is involved as a real actor, Porkka believes.
35
PRE Results Report
Web Technology Opens a Whole New Market
for Information Management
According to latest research, the most practical and productive way to
benefit from building information modeling is to combine the process
with web technologies based on linked data.
Building information modeling and management are no longer considered a process of
centralizing all building-related data to a single model but rather a distributed, linked
network of models published for various purposes by the various disciplines involved in
a construction project. The point of latest research is to start utilizing linked machinereadable semantic data to control the project information workflow more efficiently.
Distributed Transactional BIM
Distributed Transactional BIM, DRUM, is a logical next step for developing BIM
collaboration further and it offers great future-development possibilities. This could be
a huge breakthough towards cloud-based management and operation of the actual
building in the future, even if this kind of development was not the target of this
program to begin with.
Latest research results from DRUM studies in Finland support the idea of keeping data
records saved at construction project parties’ own computers and organizing the links
between them using web technologies as routers. Up-to-date building data thus stays
distributed among its publishers and no other parties are able to touch their formats,
only to retrieve relevant information for their own purposes.
Web brings BIM to a much larger group of users
Distributed building information by utilizing web technology may open a whole new
market for information management. Internet is available to everybody while the IFC
(Industry Foundation Classes) standard currently in use requires many kinds of special
expertise and tools that only few possess.
Bringing BIM on the Web exposes it to a larger, more diverse group of users, enables
relating various external information to buildings, and creates new kinds of
applications. At best, this may mean an increase in innovation and activity comparable
to mobile phones and social media.
36
DRUM-Distributed Transactional BIM
Consortium
Tekla Corporation
Logica Finland
M.A.D (Micro Aided Design) Oy
Progman Oy
Skanska Oy
Solibri Oy
Aalto University
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
VTT Technical Research Center of Finland
37
Work Packages
38
PRE Results Report
Work Packages
The program consists of six thematic work packages (driver company in
parentheses):
1. Model Nova – Use of BIM during property´s life cycle from the owner´s
perspective (Senate Properties)
2. NewWOW – Changing nature and requirements of knowledge work and their
impact on management of an organization and spaces (Rapal Oy)
3. BIMCON – BIM-based product data management in the delivery chain of
industrialized building (Skanska Oy)
4. DRUM - Entity data models and standards (Tekla Oyj)
5. Infra FINBIM – Future innovation-based delivery chain of the infra sector (VR
Track Oy)
6. BIMCity – Platform for dissemination, evaluation and development of
community-level built environment digital models (FCG Oy)
39
PRE Results Report
WP1 Model Nova
New Business Model Based on Process Network
and Building Information Modeling, BIM
The overall aim of the Model Nova work package was to study technology-mediated
activities, processes and business models based on BIM and an operating culture that
provide added value across the whole value network of the built environment. The
main research themes were (1) to-be BIM process, (2) lean and integrated practices, and
(3) contract models. In the end, the major focus of the research shifted to the lean and
integrated practices. This focus emerged from both, the specific practical needs of the
participating companies and the research interests of the researchers. Model Nova
broadened the perspective of BIM research strongly towards social sciences and
cultural-historical activity theory.
From the numerous interesting results in Model Nova, the following three intertwined
results tell a comprehensive story about the Model Nova research as a whole; (1) team
co-location, (2) knotworking, and (3) visual metrics.
First of all, while researching the to-be BIM process, it became clear that a successful
BIM utilization requires deeper collaboration and interaction between project
participants in different project phases. One way to increase interaction is to bring all
project participants to the same location to work for the project. In the United States for
example, team co-location has successfully been used in complex hospital projects
utilizing integrated project delivery (IPD). Following this lead, Model Nova researchers
traveled to California to further study the advantages and disadvantages of team colocation from different stakeholder perspectives. According to the findings, full colocation enables faster and more accurate knowledge flow and problem solving
through overhearing of conversations and intentional over-communication from
overlapping meeting structure. It also greatly reduces latency in decision making and
facilitates cross-disciplinary innovation due to the quick and easy access of the team
when needed. As a downside, it is a distracting environment for any work that requires
high concentration such as design work.
Second, while studying team co-location, we realized that full co-location is rarely
feasible in Finland where projects are smaller and most project participants work on
several projects at the same time. A lighter version but still tapping the benefits of full
co-location needed to be found. We decided to taste our own medicine and co-located
the Model Nova research team to a remote destination for three days. After intensive
brainstorming we co-created a concept of knotworking which utilizes partial team colocation in specific project phases. Knots are well-planned and focused working
sessions that enable the integration of dispersed expert knowledge and skills to
optimize and coordinate design solutions through intensive collaboration. In Model
Nova, knotworking was piloted in three real-life projects. Successful knotworking
requires a process of determining specific tools and an action plan of a knot, planning
of the individual and collective work procedures, and designing visual metrics for the
comparison of alternative solutions for the client. A team leader is needed to facilitate
the discussion and ensure the coherent outcomes of the knot.
Finally third, visualizing information and knowledge was also researched in Model Nova
as knotworking requires simple visual metrics to enable fast decision making with
participants from various backgrounds. In the knotworking pilot projects, various
measurement and visualization methods were defined to support the design process to
meet the set requirements. The findings indicate that the availability of up-to-date and
visual information will create greater possibilities to see the whole scope of the project
which leads to more efficient decision making. Easy visual comparison between
alternative solutions helps focusing on the best possible solution to fulfill the needs of
the end user and client. Multi KPI (key performance indicator) analysis with different
visualization strategies was also studied. The idea is to analyze a radically larger set of
alternatives from many different KPI perspectives in order to reach an optimal solution.
Combining knotworking with visual metrics, multi KPI analysis and optimization can
40
lead to breakthrough performance in BIM-based construction projects over the whole
building life cycle.
Model Nova participants
Senate Properties
Lemminkäinen
NCC
SRV
Finnmap Consulting
Granlund
Pöyry CM
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Tietoa Finland
Aalto University / SimLab
University of Helsinki / CRADLE
International partners and research collaboration
Aalto University, Finland (Real Estate Business, REB)
DPR Construction, USA
HOLISTEEC (EU project)
Nordic Defence Estate BIM Group
Stanford University, USA
GPC - Global Projects Center
CIFE - Center for Integrated Facility Engineering)
University of Reading, UK
University of Salford, UK
41
PRE Results Report
WP2 NewWow
New Ways of Working
Goals
The goal of NewWoW research is the creation of concepts, implementation
management models, and key metrics for high-performance and sustainable new ways
of working.
Knowledge work is increasingly done as an interaction work. It is characterized by
information seeking and utilization, creation and sharing of ideas, and collaborative
team and project work. There is a growing need to achieve a comprehensive
understanding of the changing nature and requirements of knowledge and
collaborative work, their productivity drivers and metrics, and the new work and
workplace management needs.
The industrial partners of NewWoW see a growing global business opportunity in
providing services to organizations that are transforming their workplaces into flexible,
adaptable, and collaborative learning environments.
The results of NewWoW
RAPAL: In order to gain understand how people work we found that it is useful to
combine the space utilization measurements with other data including information on
key performance indicators (sqm/ppl, costs/ppl, CO2/ppl), employees’ ways of working
and collaboration as well as their well-being and productivity. By combining and crossanalysing data collected through these different methods we can create a credible
business case to support fact based decisions on work environment development,
including different development scenarios and their effects on costs, emissions and
well-being.
Senate Properties and Finnish governmental actors have created nationwide
governmental workplace concepts since 2007. The aim of these concepts is that the
workplace management and development in regional offices is done in line with
commonly agreed coherent rules outlined in the nationwide concept. The workplace
concepts align individual workplace projects to the strategic aims of the Finnish state.
These aims include a decrease in real estate costs and meeting the aims of modern
knowledge work.
GRANLUND: The new model of work life including the third time and space is called
the expansive model. It expands the scope of the study from the work place to all
activities of knowledge workers and from the work hours to all time spent in work
related actions. The model is only a proposal and a hypothesis, which should be
validated and tested.
ISS: The most concrete outcome of this journey is the business unit with a team in
place handling this sort of customerships of developing working environment. It is
worth underlining that ISS remains as a FM service company. It is unlike that core
strategy is changed remarkably because of these new openings. All learnings so far
although are well aligned with the original target of taking ISS somewhat higher in the
food chain of providing value adding service solutions to all it's customers.
The results of the Lahti pilot case contribute to the development of methods that
support a continuous and dynamic transformation of the work environment, explicit
choices employees make concerning place, technology, and work processes. This
encourages an integrated approach that brings space management, ICT management,
and business processes together taking into account the end user perspective and
evolving needs.
Three pilots Case (VTT, ISS, and Granlund): An additional research question based on
the findings from the literature review and experiences of participating organizations
42
introducing NewWoW programs was added. The “8th” research question: “What aspects
of the social environment enhance or disrupt knowledge work?” was specified at the
individual, team, firm and societal levels: Are there aspects of your work environment,
which affect your personal life? What aspects of teamwork enhance or disrupt your own
work? What company policies or practices enhance or disrupt your own work? What
national policies or practices enhance or disrupt your own work? A multi-method
approach eventually developed to address the updated research plan. At first a web
survey, designed and rolled out by VTT to Finnish employees of the three organizations
(VTT, ISS, Granlund). As a further research tool, group interviews were also carried out.
The survey participants were selected by organisations’’ NewWoW representatives from
a pool of employees that had been introduced to New Ways of Working, in some way.
Figure: The categories of the NewWOW (Aaltonen & al. 2012 VTT TECHNOLOGY 177)
TUT: New ways of working can have an impact on employees’ job satisfaction,
motivation and productivity for example, through improved work-life balance. In
addition to knowledge work productivity and well-being, the rationales for
implementing new ways of working from the organizational perspective are related to
cost and resource savings. With different kinds of space usage, it is possible to use the
organization’s resources and especially space more efficiently. This naturally leads to
reduced occupancy costs, for example, there can more employees per one desk in a hot
desk solution. Working from home reduces travel costs and at the same time takes into
account the sustainability aspect reducing the carbon footprint caused by commuting.
The lessons learned are in great deal the same challenges that organizations have been
facing without any change process towards new ways of working. In the organization
looking for a sustainable change, the challenges turn into problems to solve. The
unsolved problems are hinderers for change. Furthermore, the problems with
interactions e.g. people-processes-tools should all be solved at once to avoid
jeopardizing the anticipated impact.
43
Figure: Granlund prototype consept (VTT TECHNOLOGY 178)
NewWow industrial and research partners
Rapal Oy (project leader), Granlund Oy, ISS Palvelut Oy, Senate Properties, Tampere
University of Technology and VTT
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PRE Results Report
WP3 BIMCON
BIM-based Product Data Management in the
Industrialised Construction Supply Chain
Goals
The research goals of work package BIMCON were focused on:
1. BIM (Building Information Model) -based information flow through project
phases and between participants in construction
2. Procedures and tools for contractors and suppliers to integrate product and
production data into this flow
3. Take a full advantage of new re-engineering tools
Figure: Information management during building process
was the research theme in BIMCon.
Results
The key results of BIMCON work package are divided in 5 research areas:
development of BIM-based precast concrete element supply chain process,
buildability analysis,
automated safety checking with BIM model,
model based data and process for carbon footprint calculation and
product data management in BIM.
Supply chain process
In precast element supply process the development covered procurement and
tendering ofprecast concrete, precast detailing and supply management procedures.
The new procedure aims to take advantage of BIM, as well as precast manufacturer’s
expertise by transferring BIM-based precast engineering and detailing from the chief
structural engineer to the precast supplier. Additionally, the design process becomes
more efficient, as a result of eliminating unnecessary production and distribution of
drawings, and decreased need for design changes particularly at the end of the precast
detailing process.
In supply chain management a new method was created for exchanging status
information of individual precast elements using a model based tool and cloud based
45
service. The degrees of readiness, as well as planned and actual dates for the design,
fabrication, delivery and installation phases were exchanged between the project
stakeholders in a pilot project. A link was created between the fabricator’s ERP and the
cloud service in order to automatize the exchange of the information with the
production model at site.
Figure: Precast concrete status transfer architechture in
construction projects.
Buildability
The evaluation of buildability is previously based on tacit knowledge within construction
industry. Buildability concept was formed to a more explicit and measurable function
with quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods that can be applied systematically.
A BIM-based tool for calculating the Buildability Score was developed. At the project
level, the improvement of buildability can be estimated and developed by a
combination of the visual inspection of BIMs and the buildability score. The
development of review processes and evaluation methods for a project-specific
buildability provided essential tool for companies in construction industry to improve
productivity.
Safety
Automation of BIM-based safety checking and planning was explored with encouraging
experience. A prototype tool was developed for automated fall prevention planning
46
based on Tekla Structures model. The tool detects fall hazards and adds preferred fall
prevention system based on an existing BIM and 4D schedule in the model. The
resulting safety plan is flexible and adjustments by a safety expert are possible.
Automation accelerates modelling and visualization of temporary safety related
installations at site which will improve occupational safety.
Figure: Automated safety checking tool helps to recognise
falling risk places.
Carbon footprint
The results show how the generic and specific product information can be used in BIMbased design software and utilized in design processes for sustainable buildings and
especially in embodied carbon footprint assessment of buildings. The carbon footprint
calculation and management process was defined and information exchange interface
between carbon footprint calculation service and modelling software was developed.
The results points out also the needs and data sources for generic and specific product
information in BIM-based design. Results clarify the role of product information in
different design phases, defining carbon footprint value and the level of needed
accuracy. Also examples of typical generic values and evaluation of variations were
presented.
Product data management
The aim was to identify product data management (PDM) systematics in construction
and recommend future development needs to building product libraries, focusing on
the functional shortcomings and data processing deficiencies found in current libraries.
As a result roadmaps are proposed for product library implementation. The role of
standardisation in implementing BIM-compatible product libraries is highlighted. The
present product libraries are still software-specific ad hoc product applications. The
need for open standard product libraries is apparent on a global level. The current use
of BIM often focuses on the production and coordination of design information,
although it is said that BIM will bring benefits to the whole value chain throughout the
building life cycle. Coherent product libraries could help establish viable new services
and better building products.
BIMCon industrial and research partners
Skanska Oy (project leader), Rautaruukki Oyj, Parma Oy, Consolis Technology Oy Ab,
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy, Tekla Oyj, VTT and Aalto University.
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PRE Results Report
WP4 DRUM
Web of Building Data
A Web-based approach to publish and manage building information
online in a distributed manner emerged as the central result from the
DRUM work package of RYM PRE. It turned out that this Web of Building
Data approach has the potential to make the building information much
more usable across different stakeholders and in new innovative
applications. In the future networked society where Web is becoming
central to everything the ability to connect building information to other
data and make it easily accessible greatly increases its value.
The decentralized, Web-based approach conforms well to existing organizations and
practices in construction industry, and can be adopted without major changes in
existing processes of construction projects. Cross-model linking can support interenterprise workflows, information aggregation for analyzes and summaries, and
advanced change management protocols. It enables the linking of building information
models to and from external data sources, and open access to relevant parts of
building data over the lifecycle of a building. It has a great potential to foster the
evolution of a building-related data and.
One of the main advantages of Web of Building Data is the compatibility with
distributed nature of building industry and building projects. Data related to the
building produced and maintained by numerous different parties cannot be managed
in a centralized manner nor with point-to-point file-based exchanges. Distributed
publication is more scalable to large number of parties and datasets as it requires
neither huge central servers nor a quadratic number of point-to-point exchanges.
Distributed publication has also low adoption threshold since simultaneous changes to
existing processes are not necessary. The master data remains in the native models of
the BIM tools which is important for flexible change management. The distributed
online publication of datasets combines the advantages of the other approaches: easy
publishing and clear ownership of data.
The most important characteristics of Web of Building Data are granular publishing and
linking between datasets. All objects that had a GUID in an IFC model, can be directly
and efficiently accessed using the corresponding URI. Individual objects in different
models that describe the same physical entity, can be linked across the datasets. This
means, firstly, that published objects can be referred to in external datasets,
documents, and messages. Secondly, it implies that the complete dataset does not
need to be transferred to - and processed by - parties that only need to access small
parts of it. Granular publishing and linking between datasets are important enablers for
workflow functionalities that need to access only particular properties of individual
entities distributed in different datasets. The size of the complete model is not a
significant problem since the complete model does not need to serialized into one huge
file but is only accessed in a piecemeal fashion.
The information accessible through the links can be used in many innovative
ways.When published online, a read-only version of a dataset can be made easily
accessible to different parties using standard Web tools. In addition, the published
dataset is always the most recent version of the model and the same one for all parties.
This will alleviate the problems of obsolete or incompatible versions, even though it
does not totally remove them. Since the data is semantic there are opportunities to
develop sophisticated automated functionalities in a generic manner. Various kinds of
checking, comparison, filtering, aggregation, notification, and integration tools and
services can be implemented. All kinds of interesting patterns of data can be queried
since the relations and properties of objects are commonly known.
48
Web of Building Data approach has a great potential in improving the current inefficient
document based building processes. The new technology for delivering the up-to-date
information between building process stakeholders can enable development of
efficient information based processes in the construction industry. The ongoing
research, standardization and development activities around Web of Data technology
gives a reason to believe that the potential will be realized in future.
49
PRE Results Report
WP5 Infra FINBIM
Future innovation-based delivery chain of the
infra sector
Goals
The goal of Infra FINBIM research was to develop and realize a new information
modelling and automation based process and model, in which the intelligent and
information contents of different models needed can be created, used and utilized
throughout the infra construction, maintenance, rehabilitation and maintenance
process and work phases. The process reaches and extends the whole life cycle of the
main infra products, i.e. highways, railways, fairways and bridges. The aim was to create
and establish a systemic change into infra sector in Finland, which is needed to enable
and support the comprehensive development and utilization of information modelling
and automation potentials and possibilities. Also, the aim was to develop international
competiveness into Finnish infra companies, other infra participants and research
organizations.
Results
The key results in InfraFINBIM work package are:
Infra BIM common modelling guides 2014 for infra projects
Inframodel Open information exchange format
Infra structures – numbering and naming
BuildingsSmart Finland will publish General Inframodel requirements 2014. Large infra
sector owners have stated requirements to start to use BIM in infra projects from 2014.
Requirements create a shared vision how to model infraprojects in different phases.
Finnish Transport Agency requires the use of Inramodel3 format in all new road
building projects now. Also big finnish towns are going to start to use the format from
2014. A Wide implementation activity between clients and industrial partners has been
launched.
As a result of BIM in infra projects the use of 3-D machine control systems in real sites
has increased a lot in Finland during the PRE program. It is possible to improve the
quality of design by the aid of BIM method. Also it’s possible to improve productivity,
cut time and save costs by BIM based 3-D machine control in construction. However
BIM process still needs to be improved and tested. High quality BIM models need more
collaboration with designers and clients. Site employees needs to be educated to use
new tools and to commit to BIM.
50
51
PRE Results Report
WP6 BIMCity
Simulation Platform for IFC Based Technologies
and Solutions
Goals
The goals in BIMCity workpackage were:
A common operation environment for databases in the land use planning and
construction: Kunta-GML, KRYSP, BIMCon and SADe.
To consolidate the information models in building control, city planning and
collaboration between project parties
To develop information exchange and interaction between owners, authorities and
inhabitants
To create a platform for services for construction and land use planning
To visualise information models: the use of virtual reality and augmented reality
The key results of BIMCity
Virtual environment, social media and augmented reality were piloted extensively in
use cases from real ongoing planning projects. The use of opportunities yielded a
number of conference papers and presentations. Virtual methods were tested in
several pilots and processes. Augmented reality pilots have already led to commercial
business.
The conceptualization and piloting of Information models in building control and
technical design and planning generated thesis reports and practical pilot use cases
(City of Järvenpää and FCG). Information needs of different partners and process
phases were clarified in workshops. The results have already implemented in operation
modes and collaborative planning.
Parametric land use planning was tested in case Sibbesborg and regional
environmental information for planning was produced in two bachelor reports.
Parametric land use planning methods, based on data models, still need further
conceptualization and piloting.
Figure 10 Planning levels in BIMCity pilot projects
52
BIMCity industrial and research partners
FCG Finnish Consulting Group (project leader)
WSP
Solibri
Vianova
AX Konsultit
Micro Aided Design Ltd
Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
Tampere University of Technology
VTT
53
Analysis of the Results
54
PRE Results Report
Analysis
CHARTS - LEVEL OF CHANGE - BUILDING PROCESS - BUSINESS PROCESS
The following graphs summarize the number of results cards in three points of view.
Links to the respective data tables are included.
TABLES
Level of Change
Building Process
Business Process
Level of Change / Research Question
See the table
Building Process
See the table
55
Generic Business Process
56
PRE Results Report
Results Categorized by the Scope of Change
WP = Work Package
Title = Title of the Result Card
1...4 = Scope of change when implementing the result (see list)
Area = Application area of the result
Level 1 – Behavioral change of end users (human/organizations)
Level 2 – Systemic change in customer interface and value network
Level 3 – Latest technologies fostering the change of the whole branch’s business paradigm
Level 4 – Change of the business models of Build environment
WP
WP1
Title
4D Time Schedule Management with a Structural Model
WP1
WP1
Assessoing Alternatives for Using BIM to Manage Initial Information in
Building Renovation
Better Decisions with Visual Metrics
WP1
WP1
BIM from the Social Science Perspective
BIM Management as an Integral Part of the Project
2
WP1
BIM Process Redefined: Identification of Tasks and Intensive Collaboration
Points
Challenges and Benefits of Building Information Modeling in Construction
Projects
2
WP1
Developing the AEC Industry Through Intensive Collaboration Between
Universities and Companies
2
WP1
Diminishing the Government’s Carbon Footprint with Nationwide Workplace
Concepts
WP1
WP1
Early Phase Energy Analysis
Enhancing the Value Creation of Service Processes through Lean Management
2
WP1
WP1
WP1
WP1
Influence of Team Co-location and Contracts on Collaboration in IPD
Last Planner in Design Management
Multi KPI Analysis
New Advances in Building Design by Knotworking Concept
2
2
2
2
WP1
WP1
WP1
WP1
Social Perspective to Collaboration in Construction Projects
The Spearhead Project Model
User Involvement In Building Design Results In Better User Satisfaction
Utilizing BIM in Maintenace
WP1
WP1
WP2
WP2
WP2
WP2
Utilizing Building Information Models in Construction Phase
Who Should Coordinate BIM-design?
Building Occupancy and Energy Efficiency
New Ways of Working for Judicial Administration
Optimaze.net Snapshot – An All-inclusive Service to Guide Decision-making in
Work Environment Development
System for Effective Space Utilization Management
The Success of a New Concept to Support Distributed Work – The Office of
Choice
User Profiles As Tools For Developing Sustainable Services And Solutions
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
BIM Boosts Buildability
BIM-based Automated Safety Checking and Planning
BIM-based Supply Chain Management of Precast Concrete Elements
Comprehension and Development of Constructability
Comprehensive BIM Integration into Ruukki Construction Business Process
Detailed Modelling Enables Use of BIM on Sites in Interior Construction Phase
Development of BIM Libraries and Software Modules
WP3
Future Perspectives on Product Data Management in Building Information
Modeling
Improving the Constructability of the Frameworks and Work Safety in
Residential Buildings by Utilizing BIM
Model Based Data and Process for Carbon Footprint Calculation
Possibilities of BIM in Public Construction Procurement
Precast Concrete Status Transfer In Construction Projects: ERP And ESB Based
Solution
WP1
WP2
WP2
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
1
2
3
3
4
3
1
1
BIM applications
2
Design and project management
3
Social perspective and collaboration in projects
Design and project management
3
Design and project management
3
Whole supply chain
Social perspective and collaboration in projects
3
New ways of working
3
BIM applications
Design and project management
4
3
2
2
2
Procurement models
Design and project management
Design and project management
Social perspective and collaboration in projects
Social perspective and collaboration in projects
Procurement models
Social perspective and collaboration in projects
BIM applications
3
3
3
1
1
1
Area
BIM applications
Whole supply chain
Design and project management
Space management
New ways of working
Space management
2
2
2
2
Space management
New ways of working
1
1
New ways of working
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
Constructability and safety
Constructability and safety
Whole supply chain
Constructability and safety
Whole supply chain
BIM applications
BIM applications
3
BIM model technology
3
Constructability and safety
3
3
3
BIM applications
Procurement models
Whole supply chain
WP3
State-of-the-Art Analysis of Product Data Definitions Usage in BIM
3
BIM model technology
WP3
3
BIM applications
WP3
WP4
WP4
Supplier’s Precast Detailing as Part of BIM-based Design and Construction
Process
The Key Challenges and Possibilities of BIM-based Supply Chain Management
Building Information Management as Linked Data
Change Detection in BIM Models – Computing Diffs Between Versions
3
3
3
Whole supply chain
BIM model technology
BIM model technology
WP4
WP4
Opening BIM to the Web – IFC-to-RDF Conversion Software
Principles of Cross-Model Linking
3
3
BIM model technology
BIM model technology
WP4
The Use of Electronic Document Management and Information Modeling in
Building Supervision
Workflow Collaboration in a Distributed Model Environment
BIM and Building Permit Practices – Case Tampere
WP4
WP5
2
2
2
Digital permits and supervision
3
BIM model technology
Digital permits and supervision
WP5
WP5
BIM Process Model for Dredging works
BIM-based Design of Asphalt Paving Helps to Optimize the Procedures and
Reduce Total Costs
3
3
BIM in infra construction
BIM in infra construction
WP5
WP5
Education Sector Pushing InfraBIM to Practice
Enhancing BIM Process Between Designing and Construction in Civil
Engineering
3
3
BIM in infra construction
BIM in infra construction
WP5
WP5
Improved Efficiency and Process Change in Infra Construction Projects
Industry Wide Procedures for Common Model-based Processes
3
3
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
Intelligent Road Condition Monitoring and Maintenance Planning
Model Based Infra Construction
Modelling Guidelines for Integrated Information Management
Procurement of BIM-based Services
3
3
3
3
WP5
WP6
WP6
Procurement of Model Based Transport Infrastructure
Blending Built Environment Information Flows
Efficient Inter-participant Communication with Virtual Models
WP6
WP6
WP6
Enhancing BIM for Better Customer Orientation with Social Perspective
Mapping Land Use Management at Scale
Mobile Augmented Reality
WP6
Procedural Modeling in Land Use Planning
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
4
4
4
4
BIM in infra construction
BIM in infra construction
BIM in infra construction
BIM in infra construction
BIM in infra construction
Procurement models
3
Procurement models
Land use planning tools and methods
Land use planning tools and methods
3
3
Social perspective and collaboration in projects
Land use planning tools and methods
Land use planning tools and methods
3
Land use planning tools and methods
57
PRE Results Report
Results Categorized by the Building Process
WP = Work Package
Title = Title of the Result Card
1...7= Process scope of the result (see list)
1 - Programming
2 - Preliminary design
3 - Design
WP
Title
WP1
WP1
4D Time Schedule Management with a Structural Model
Assessing lternatives for Using BIM to Manage Initial Information in Building
Prog
4 - Procurement
5 - Site process
6 - Commissioning / Handing over
7 - FM & Infra Management / Use
Prel. des. Design
Procur.
Site
Comm.
1
1
1
1
WP1
Renovation
Better Decisions with Visual Metrics
1
1
1
WP1
WP1
BIM from the Social Science Perspective
BIM Management as an Integral Part of the Project
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP1
BIM Process Redefined: Identification of Tasks and Intensive Collaboration Points
1
1
1
1
WP1
Challenges and Benefits of Building Information Modeling in Construction Projects
1
1
1
1
1
WP1
Developing the AEC Industry Through Intensive Collaboration Between Universities
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP1
WP1
and Companies
Diminishing the Government’s Carbon Footprint with Nationwide Workplace
1
1
1
1
Early Phase Energy Analysis
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Use
1
1
1
1
WP1
WP1
WP1
Enhancing the Value Creation of Service Processes through Lean Management
Influence of Team Co-location and Contracts on Collaboration in IPD
Last Planner in Design Management
1
WP1
WP1
Multi KPI Analysis
New Advances in Building Design by Knotworking Concept
1
1
WP1
Social Perspective to Collaboration in Construction Projects
1
1
1
1
1
WP1
WP1
WP1
The Spearhead Project Model
User Involvement In Building Design Results In Better User Satisfaction
Utilizing BIM in Maintenace
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP1
WP1
Utilizing Building Information Models in Construction Phase
Who Should Coordinate BIM-design?
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP2
Building Occupancy and Energy Efficiency
1
1
1
WP2
WP2
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP2
WP2
New Ways of Working for Judicial Administration
Optimaze.net Snapshot – An All-inclusive Service to Guide Decision-making in Work
Environment Development
System for Effective Space Utilization Management
The Success of a New Concept to Support Distributed Work – The Office of Choice
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP2
WP3
WP3
User Profiles As Tools For Developing Sustainable Services And Solutions
BIM Boosts Buildability
BIM-based Automated Safety Checking and Planning
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP3
WP3
WP3
BIM-based Supply Chain Management of Precast Concrete Elements
Comprehension and Development of Constructability
Comprehensive BIM Integration into Ruukki Construction Business Process
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP3
WP3
WP3
Detailed Modelling Enables Use of BIM on Sites in Interior Construction Phase
Development of BIM Libraries and Software Modules
Future Perspectives on Product Data Management in Building Information
Modeling
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP3
Improving the Constructability of the Frameworks and Work Safety in Residential
Buildings by Utilizing BIM
Model Based Data and Process for Carbon Footprint Calculation
Possibilities of BIM in Public Construction Procurement
Precast Concrete Status Transfer In Construction Projects: ERP And ESB Based
Solution
State-of-the-Art Analysis of Product Data Definitions Usage in BIM
Supplier’s Precast Detailing as Part of BIM-based Design and Construction Process
The Key Challenges and Possibilities of BIM-based Supply Chain Management
Building Information Management as Linked Data
Change Detection in BIM Models – Computing Diffs Between Versions
Opening BIM to the Web – IFC-to-RDF Conversion Software
Principles of Cross-Model Linking
The Use of Electronic Document Management and Information Modeling in
Building Supervision
Workflow Collaboration in a Distributed Model Environment
BIM and Building Permit Practices – Case Tampere
BIM Process Model for Dredging works
BIM-based Design of Asphalt Paving Helps to Optimize the Procedures and Reduce
Total Costs
Education Sector Pushing InfraBIM to Practice
Enhancing BIM Process Between Designing and Construction in Civil Engineering
Improved Efficiency and Process Change in Infra Construction Projects
Industry Wide Procedures for Common Model-based Processes
Intelligent Road Condition Monitoring and Maintenance Planning
Model Based Infra Construction
Modelling Guidelines for Integrated Information Management
Procurement of BIM-based Services
Procurement of Model Based Transport Infrastructure
Blending Built Environment Information Flows
Efficient Inter-participant Communication with Virtual Models
Enhancing BIM for Better Customer Orientation with Social Perspective
Mapping Land Use Management at Scale
Mobile Augmented Reality
Procedural Modeling in Land Use Planning
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP4
WP4
WP4
WP4
WP4
WP4
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP6
WP6
WP6
WP6
WP6
WP6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
58
PRE Results Report
Results Categorized by Generic Value Chain Processes
WP = Work Package
Title = Title of the Result Card
1...4 = Process
1 - Innovation
2 - Customer Management
3 - Operational
4 - Regulatory and Environmental
Innovation
Customer
Operational
Management
1
1
WP
Title
WP1
WP1
4D Time Schedule Management with a Structural Model
Assessing Alternatives for Using BIM to Manage Initial Information in Building Renovation
WP1
WP1
WP1
Better Decisions with Visual Metrics
BIM from the Social Science Perspective
BIM Management as an Integral Part of the Project
WP1
BIM Process Redefined: Identification of Tasks and Intensive Collaboration Points
1
WP1
Challenges and Benefits of Building Information Modeling in Construction Projects
1
WP1
WP1
Developing the AEC Industry Through Intensive Collaboration Between Universities and
Regulative
and Envir.
1
1
1
1
WP1
WP1
WP1
Diminishing the Government’s Carbon Footprint with Nationwide Workplace Concepts
Early Phase Energy Analysis
Enhancing the Value Creation of Service Processes through Lean Management
Influence of Team Co-location and Contracts on Collaboration in IPD
1
1
WP1
WP1
Last Planner in Design Management
Multi KPI Analysis
1
1
WP1
New Advances in Building Design by Knotworking Concept
1
WP1
WP1
Social Perspective to Collaboration in Construction Projects
The Spearhead Project Model
1
1
WP1
WP1
User Involvement In Building Design Results In Better User Satisfaction
Utilizing BIM in Maintenace
WP1
WP1
WP2
WP2
Utilizing Building Information Models in Construction Phase
Who Should Coordinate BIM-design?
Building Occupancy and Energy Efficiency
New Ways of Working for Judicial Administration
WP2
WP2
WP2
WP2
Optimaze.net Snapshot – An All-inclusive Service to Guide Decision-making in Work
Environment Development
System for Effective Space Utilization Management
The Success of a New Concept to Support Distributed Work – The Office of Choice
User Profiles As Tools For Developing Sustainable Services And Solutions
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
BIM Boosts Buildability
BIM-based Automated Safety Checking and Planning
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
WP3
BIM-based Supply Chain Management of Precast Concrete Elements
Comprehension and Development of Constructability
Comprehensive BIM Integration into Ruukki Construction Business Process
Detailed Modelling Enables Use of BIM on Sites in Interior Construction Phase
Development of BIM Libraries and Software Modules
Future Perspectives on Product Data Management in Building Information Modeling
Improving the Constructability of the Frameworks and Work Safety in Residential Buildings
by Utilizing BIM
Model Based Data and Process for Carbon Footprint Calculation
Possibilities of BIM in Public Construction Procurement
Precast Concrete Status Transfer In Construction Projects: ERP And ESB Based Solution
State-of-the-Art Analysis of Product Data Definitions Usage in BIM
Supplier’s Precast Detailing as Part of BIM-based Design and Construction Process
WP3
WP4
WP4
WP4
WP4
The Key Challenges and Possibilities of BIM-based Supply Chain Management
Building Information Management as Linked Data
Change Detection in BIM Models – Computing Diffs Between Versions
Opening BIM to the Web – IFC-to-RDF Conversion Software
Principles of Cross-Model Linking
WP4
The Use of Electronic Document Management and Information Modeling in Building
Supervision
Workflow Collaboration in a Distributed Model Environment
WP4
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
BIM and Building Permit Practices – Case Tampere
BIM Process Model for Dredging works
BIM-based Design of Asphalt Paving Helps to Optimize the Procedures and Reduce Total
Costs
Education Sector Pushing InfraBIM to Practice
WP5
WP5
WP5
Enhancing BIM Process Between Designing and Construction in Civil Engineering
Improved Efficiency and Process Change in Infra Construction Projects
Industry Wide Procedures for Common Model-based Processes
WP5
WP5
WP5
WP5
Intelligent Road Condition Monitoring and Maintenance Planning
Model Based Infra Construction
Modelling Guidelines for Integrated Information Management
Procurement of BIM-based Services
WP5
WP6
WP6
WP6
Procurement of Model Based Transport Infrastructure
Blending Built Environment Information Flows
Efficient Inter-participant Communication with Virtual Models
Enhancing BIM for Better Customer Orientation with Social Perspective
WP6
WP6
WP6
Mapping Land Use Management at Scale
Mobile Augmented Reality
Procedural Modeling in Land Use Planning
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
59
!
!
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!
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!
!
!
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Results Cards
WP1 – Model Nova
!
60
PRE Results Report
4D Time Schedule Management with a
Structural Model
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
4D, BIM, scheduling,
structural model
PARTICIPANTS
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Lemminkäinen Infra
CONTACT
Design, fabrication, delivery and erection of structural elements of a building
construction project can be monitored and steered with a 4D structural model. Last
Planner –method combined with a building information model creates a pull system for
building production complying with the status of the building site.
RESULTS
4D time schedule module links components in 3D model with activities from design,
procurement and construction schedules. 4D model consists of input data of design,
fabrication, delivery and erection target dates of structural elements and the follow-up
of those dates in a 3D building information model.
Parties involved in the framework case project were structural engineering office,
software supplier, precast supplier, steel supplier, framework erection contractor and
site management of the main contractor. Time schedule dates of these participants
were updated in the structural model and the framework supply chain was followed up
to date from design to erection. With 4D structural model: (1) framework assembly
order was planned, (2) location-based scheduling was generated by using Tekla CM
Task Manager and Tocoman TCM Planner, (3) structural engineering schedule was
controlled, (4) production schedule was created and controlled, (5) erection of
framework was followed-up, (6) location-based quantities were taken off, (7) locationbased task planning was carried out. Last Planner method was adopted for 6-8 weeks
scheduling and controlling to ensure the pull mechanism of the supply chain.
EFFECTS
Integrated time management (design – fabrication – installation) for framework in a
building project can be generated and controlled effectively and visually with 4D
building information model. Main contractor and the whole supply chain are all the
time aware over the status on the site and sub-contractors and suppliers are able to
deliver the right elements and components just in time to the right place. At its best cooperating with 4D structural model creates an agile LEAN production system.
FUTURE
It is possible to manage model-based LEAN production system. Also delivery and
logistics of structural elements and their punctual transportation can be adjusted to
avoid useless and unfavorable storage on the building site. First of all this requires
specification of consistent and agreed procedures for communication and data transfer
between the participants of the supply chain. And before we can talk about LEANproduction system with a pull mechanism it also requires that the structural model
used on the building site follows the fabrication of structural elements in real time.
Karppinen, Annikki
Tauriainen, Matti
MORE INFO
Halonen, A. (2013).
Tuotannon aikataulutuksen
vaatimukset rakennemallille.
Diplomityö. Aalto-yliopisto,
Rakennustekniikan laitos
(The requirements of
production scheduling for
structural model. Master’s
Thesis. Aalto University,
Departmnent of Civil and
Sructural Engineering) (In
Finnish)
Uusitalo, H. (2013).
Tietomallipohjaisen
määrienhallinnan
hyödyntäminen
rakennustuotannossa.
Diplomityö, Tampereen
teknillinen yliopisto,
Rakennustekniikan
koulutusohjelma (Quantity
61
management in building
information model based
construction project.
Master’s Thesis. Tampere
University of Technology,
Department of Civil
Engineering) (In Finnish)
62
PRE Results Report
Assessing Alternatives for Using BIM to Manage
Initial Information in Building Renovation
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
BIM, building renovation,
information management,
inventory model, model
maintenance
PARTICIPANTS
Senate Properties
CONTACT
Information loss is a major problem in many industries and especially in the
construction industry. One way to improve information sharing and reduce
information loss is employing Building information modeling, BIM. By using inventory
models, the initial information requirements in renovation projects can be managed
and information quality can be controlled.
RESULTS
Because model requirements vary from case and project phase to another, the
characteristics needed in a model should be evaluated on a case-by-case and phaseby-phase basis. In general, inventory models should be created as early as possible
when the need for a model is established. Models should be created for the needs of
the current project phase and for the designer involved, not for future phases. The
project architect should create a spatial model of only the building spaces to manage
and check initial information in the need evaluation phase. The project structural
engineer should create a building frame model in the conceptual design phase to
manage the structural properties and dimensions of the building. Other inventory
models can be created in accordance with particular requirements.
Helander, David
MORE INFO
Helander, D. (2014).
Assessing alternatives for
using building information
models to manage initial
information in building
renovation projects. Master’s
Thesis. Aalto University.
Mäläskä, M. (2011).
Elinkaarihankkeen
ylläpitomalli (In Finnish).
Master’s Thesis, Tampereen
teknillinen yliopisto.
EFFECTS
Better decisions can be made through understanding the initial information
requirements of building renovation projects. A lack of information leads to risky
decisions which may result in higher costs. The findings of this research are also useful
in emphasizing the importance of up-to-date information. With up-to-date
information, projects can be started faster because all necessary information for leaner
processes is at hand at an earlier point. Good documentation improves the division of
responsibilities and thus reduces the amount of disagreements between project
stakeholders.
FUTURE
The information needs of an inventory model are defined in this research. The
information needed in facility management and the useful minimum information
requirements of as-built models have been studied by Mikko Mäläskä. Future research
should study and determine who provides and is responsible for the information in
the as-built model and in which phase of the construction project should the data be
63
collected. The useful minimum content of as-built models is also needed for model
maintenance. Further research is needed for creating model maintenance processes.
Another research topic would be the linking of information between facility
management information management systems. According to the conclusions of this
thesis, currently IFC-models cannot be used for managing information in Senate
Properties facility management systems. These systems need to be compatible and
integrated in order to have accurate and up-to-date information.
64
PRE Results Report
BIM from the Social Science Perspective
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
activity theory, BIM research,
development, experiments,
implementation, social
science, utopia
PARTICIPANTS
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
The social scientific research on the uses of BIM is growing. BIM enables and requires
novel collaborative ways of working which need to be developed in local interventions
and experiments. The CRADLE research group (from the University of Helsinki) has
been developing activity theoretical perspective on BIM research taking influences
from social scientific literature. The approach analyzes stakeholders' collaboration in
terms of object- and outcome oriented (purposeful) activity systems (see the figure
above).
RESULTS
BIM research has for long concentrated on technological and managerial perspectives.
It is important to go behind rhetorical-promotional dimensions of BIM, or even ”BIM
utopias” and study BIM use in local and real life settings. The CRADLE research group
has studied evolving and potentially expansive uses of BIM in different phases
of construction project and the building life-cycle (at the different design phases,
construction phase, and from the point of view of maintenance). New ways of
organizing interorganizational collaboration such as knotworking and the
implementation of Last Planner have been developed. Results of these experiments
have been analyzed and presented in various conference papers and journal articles.
Two international workshops have been organized by University of Helsinki and
University of Salford on “When social science meets lean and BIM” (December 2012,
and November 2013).
EFFECTS
BIM research is using approaches and concepts, for example, from science and
technology studies, information systems research, innovation studies, and from
cultural historical psychology. BIM refers to a complex set of technologies, standards,
and ways of organizing interorganizational collaboration, the development of which is
analyzed with such concepts like information infrastructure, boundary objects, or
mediating artefacts.
BIM research is not just using concepts developed in previous research but it is also
giving interesting means for developing new approaches on the use of modern digital
technology and how it is changing existing ways of working. BIM research can then
provide new insights, on the use of various kinds of digital tools and artefacts
in interorganizational collaboration. The interventions and experiments analyzed
influence to new forms of collaboration.
FUTURE
There is a clear need to change construction projects from working within disciplinary
”silos” to have more efficient and planned collaboration with different stakeholders.
BIM technologies are giving more and more means to change existing ways of working.
The experiments of BIM use can further this process by studying local experiments and
different ways of organizing BIM uses. They will be extended to different phases of the
construction process.
Paavola, Sami
MORE INFO
Miettinen, R. & Paavola, S.
(2014) Beyond the BIM
utopia: Approaches to the
development and
implementation of building
information modeling.
Automation in Construction
43, 84-91.
Kerosuo, H., Miettinen, R.,
Mäki, T., Paavola, S.,
Korpela, J., & Rantala, T.
(2012). Expanding uses of
building information
modeling in life-cycle
construction projects. Work:
A Journal of Prevention,
Assessment and
Rehabilitation 41
(Supplement 1/2012), 114119.
Paavola, S., & Miettinen, R.
(2013) Digital artefacts of
collaboration? Building
information modeling as a
multifunctional
instrumentality. A paper at
the EGOS 2013 (Colloquium
of the European Group for
65
Organizational Studies),
4.-6.7.2013, Montreal,
Canada.
Mäki, T., Paavola, S.,
Kerosuo, H., & Miettinen, R.
(2012). Tietomallintamisen
käytöt rakentamisessa.
Konsepti –
toimintakonseptin
uudistajien verkkolehti, 7(12).
Miettinen, R., Kerosuo, H.,
Korpela, J., Mäki, T. &
Paavola, S. (2012) An activity
theoretical approach to BIMresearch. In Gudni
Gudnason & Raimar Scherer
(Eds.) eWork and eBusiness
in Architecture, Engineering
and Construction (pp. 777781). Proceedings of the
European Conference on
Product and Process
Modelling (ECPPM) 2012,
Reykjavik, Iceland, 2527.7.2012. London: Taylor &
Francis Group.
66
PRE Results Report
BIM Management as an Integral Part of the
Project
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
BIM, BIM coordinator, BIM
management, coordination,
information management
PARTICIPANTS
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
Pöyry CM Oy
Tietoa Finland Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
Rajala, Marko
MORE INFO
More systematic planning of BIM management helps to realize the benefits and make
BIM an integral part of the project. This leads to improved transparency and more
efficient management of targets and requirements during the project. New procedures
will be further tested in pilot projects.
Common BIM Requirements
2012
RESULTS
As the outcome of the research project, there will be a range of more detailed
procedures, demands, instructions and recommendations related to BIM management.
Also the common BIM requirements will be further defined. Project work processes
and particularly practices related to BIM coordinator’s role will be sharpened up so that
the coordinator is better able to support the work of the design team, project design
management and decision making. The research project will also provide
recommendations for ordering a BIM project and for execution of project risk
management. It will also facilitate the supply of specialized services, such as fulfilment
of sustainable development targets.
67
EFFECTS
BIM can be realized efficiently in a project. There is an improved transparency in a BIM
project. It is possible to show comprehensively what effects BIM has on a project.
Design management is faster and easier. There is a more efficient management of
targets and requirements during the project. Decision-making is supported by
information that is of higher standard and more explicit. New benefits can be
exploited during the construction.
FUTURE
The companies that have participated in the research program will utilize its results in
several pilot projects.
68
PRE Results Report
BIM Process Redefined: Identification of Tasks
and Intensive Collaboration Points
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
BIM, collaboration, process,
tasks
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University / SimLab
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
NCC Oyj
Pöyry CM Oy
Senate Properties
SRV Oyj
Tietoa Finland Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
The tasks and intensive collaboration points for the collaborative BIM process have
been identified. This helps project stakeholders to plan and manage their BIM-based
collaboration better. Practical implementation and further definition of the new work
processes are required on a specific project level.
CONTACT
RESULTS
The process simulation case studies identified the following major challenges in
current BIM-based processes: (1) need to increase communication and interaction
between different stakeholders, (2) need to co-define the BIM-based process before
the work starts, (3) need to agree on the goals for the BIM usage, and (4) need to define
modeling accuracy and level of detail between disciplines. To answer these needs the
traditional design and construction process has been redefined from the perspectives
of BIM-related tasks and intensive face-to-face collaboration points, i.e. knots.
In the preliminary general process (figure below, click for a larger view), potential knots
have been defined from schedule, stakeholder and goal perspectives. A total of seven
different knots were identified for the decision making: (1) programming, (2) design
preparation, (3) preliminary design, (4.1) basic design (fixed part), (4.2) basic design
(modifiable part), (5.1) detailed design (fixed part), and (5.2) detailed design (modifiable
part).
Lehtinen, Teemu
MORE INFO
Lavikka, R., Smeds, M. and
Smeds, R. (2012) Towards
coordinated BIM based
design and construction
process (ECPPM 2012
Conference)
Common BIM Requirements
2012
Zip-process method (in
Finnish)
EFFECTS
The shortcomings in the current process have led to scheduling and phasing
misalignment in the design phase, and lower than expected benefits from BIM in the
Latva-Mäenpää, H. (2014)
Tietomalleista
tiedonhallintaan –
Asukasmuutokset
rakennusliikkeen
omaperusteisessa
asuntotuotannossa
(Diplomityö)
69
construction phase. The redefined process with the tasks and seven knots as intensive
collaboration points answers these needs. Combining the high level understanding of
BIM based tasks, the specific knots required, and the process descriptions for
collaborative solution development and change resolution, will help owners,
designers, and contractors manage their collaboration and competence needs better.
For example, the zip-process approach can be used as a method to co-define the
shared BIM process in a project (more info on the zip-process in Finnish on the right).
BIM has also huge potential in managing changes initiated by the customer in different
kinds of construction projects (see Latva-Mäenpää 2014 in Finnish on the right).
Simulation project report:
Case Martti Ahtisaaren koulu
(in Finnish)
Simulation project report:
Case Musiikkitalo (in Finnish)
Process charts
FUTURE
The different knots in the process need to be further tested, implemented in practice,
and redefined as needed. Tasks descriptions need updating over time and on a specific
project level.
70
PRE Results Report
Challenges and Benefits of Building Information
Modeling in Construction Projects
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
benefit, case, challenge,
collaboration, construction,
design collaboration,
implementation, Last
Planner, PPP, process, Site,
system failure, use
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University / SimLab
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
Pöyry CM Oy
Senate Properties
Tietoa Finland Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
Big challenges in using building information modeling in construction projects are
software limits, insufficient models and lack of skills. To implement BIM, the
construction industry should think it as a systemic process innovation and create a
common operation model. Better cooperation between designers is needed.
Requirements of work need to be identified beforehand.
CONTACT
RESULTS
There are still many challenges in using building information modeling in construction
projects. BIM software has technical limits and compatibility problems. Interaction,
institutional failure, attitude and low skills in modeling hinder BIM implementation.
Many challenges relates to quality of modeling. Models don’t include all needed
information, information is wrong or clash detection feature is not used properly.
Because of tight time schedule and improper control, faults and lack of information
isn’t noticed until in construction phase. However, BIM is seen as a useful way to
improve visualization, help to create information and check design.
Korpela, Jenni
MORE INFO
Korpela, J.
(2011) Tietomallintamisen
hyödyt ja haasteet
rakennushankkeen eri
hankeosapuolten
näkökulmasta.Diplomityö,
Rakennustekniikan laitos,
Aalto-yliopiston
insinööritieteiden
korkeakoulu: Espoo.
Korpela, J. (2012).
Tietomallintamisen
käyttöönoton haasteet
rakennushankkeessa. Konse
pti – Toimintakonseptin
uudistajien verkkolehti 7 (12).
71
Kerosuo, H., Kokkonen, A.,
Lehtinen. T., Mäki, T.,
Palomäki., J. Smeds, M.
(2011)State-of-the-art.
Haastattelututkimus 0102/2011. Model Nova.
Matala, S. (2013)
Implementation of the
systemic process innovation
BIM in Finnish construction
industry – Sructural system
failure approach. Master’s
Thesis, Degree Program in
Information Networks, Aalto
University School of Science:
Espoo.
EFFECTS
Mäki, T., Paavola, S.,
Kerosuo, H., & Miettinen, R.
(2012). Tietomallintamisen
käytöt
rakentamisessa. Konsepti –
Toimintakonseptin
uudistajien verkkolehti 7 (12).
The construction industry should think BIM as a systemic process innovation that is
implemented. To improve coordination, a common operation model is needed.
Participants have to share a clear picture about content of models, level of details and
policy for checking models. Participants need sufficient source information for doing
their job, which requires collaboration between designers. One tool for developer to
manage and control design is Last Planner –method, which can help to identify the
requirements of work and to fix the target of the near future.
FUTURE
Software development and training in use of building information models help in
utilizing modeling in larger scale. In a project, a common operation model and
methods for better collaboration improves quality of models. Through this, main
benefits of modeling can be achieved.
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PRE Results Report
Developing the AEC Industry Through Intensive
Collaboration Between Universities and
Companies
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
facilitation, intervention,
Learning, research, social
science, trust, Universitycompany collaboration
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University / SimLab
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
NCC Oyj
Pöyry CM Oy
Senate Properties
SRV Oyj
Tietoa Finland Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
Collaboration between the companies and the universities enabled the development
of new BIM-related business models and ways of working in the AEC industry.
Industrial partners adapted the role of developers and the researchers facilitated
innovation creation and promoted new innovative ways of working through research
and interventions. The intensive collaboration between the AEC industry and the
universities could be considered as an important resource for innovation and learning
in future projects.
CONTACT
RESULTS
The intensive collaboration between the companies and the universities began with
facilitated discussions performed by the universities. Facilitated discussion enhanced
the creation of shared meanings and common knowledge among the participants.
These resulted into new ideas of development for the AEC industry and new process
maps were created to BIM use in practice.
Kerosuo, Hannele
In addition, the universities carried out experimentations and developed BIM use
through different interventions with the companies. As a result ideas for new ways of
working were realized such as the method of knotworking in the collaboration
between the companies and the universities.
Kokkonen, Anne
MORE INFO
Matala, S. and Kokkonen, A.
(2013): Universities playing in
the construction field: how
the universities can facilitate
collaboration for systemic
process innovation. (CIB,
World Building Congress in
Australia)
73
EFFECTS
The collaboration promoted trust, learning, creating and sharing knowledge among
the participants of the Model Nova work package. University-company collaboration
has enabled the articulation and appropriation of research results for operational and
strategic levels.
The facilitated conversations organized by the universities created trust between
participants. The quality of development and the verification of research conclusions
have improved because of the intensive collaboration and joint process of innovating
between the companies and the universities.
FUTURE
The intensive company and university collaboration created a network of experts in
the Finnish AEC industry. The network enables the implementation of new BIM-related
business models and work practices as well as the innovative and practical projects in
the future.
The industry benefits of the students who have gained practical R&D expertise
through working with real companies and realistic development issues in projects.
They have also gained practical BIM expertise that is valuable in the future.
74
PRE Results Report
Diminishing the Government’s Carbon Footprint
with Nationwide Workplace Concepts
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
concept, new ways of
working, public sector,
Senate Properties, service,
sustainable, user based,
workplace management
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
Senate Properties
CONTACT
Several Finnish government’s administrations have created nationwide workplace
concepts for their network of agencies. These concepts give guidelines for designing
workplaces for modern knowledge workers as well as service channels for the
customers – citizens and organizations.
Sundqvist, Anne
RESULTS
The philosophy behind the government’s nationwide workplace concepts is
sustainable and thus the concepts outline many sustainable workplace solutions. A
content analysis of all the governmental concepts exposed the elements of sustainable
workplace solutions.
Sustainable workplaces and services should be managed in a way that they
1. reduce unnecessary traveling and commuting
2. enable workers and customers to act in a sustainable
manner
3. utilize the space in a effective manner while also
support productive processes
4. create well-being for all user-groups
5. take sustainability into account in sourcing and
designing new environments
Rasila, Heidi
MORE INFO
Sundqvist, A. & Rasila, H.
(eds.) (2014) Sustainable
Workplace Management –
Senate Properties’ Final
Report (link will be added
later).
Rasila, H., Sundqvist, A. &
Jylhä, T. (2014) Managing
workplaces towards
sustainability. CIB Facilities
Management Conference,
21-23 May 2014, Technical
University of Denmark,
Copenhagen, Denmark (link
will be added later).
75
EFFECTS
After implementation phase, workplace concepts diminish the government’s carbon
footprint and improve employee and customer experience. Furthermore they result in
increased productivity in operations and savings in facility costs.
FUTURE
At the moment concepts are in the beginning of the implementation phase. With
careful implementation that takes sustainability into account, the government’s
administrations can make a huge impact. Successful implementation will require
enhanced communication, change management and multi-professional collaboration.
76
PRE Results Report
Early Phase Energy Analysis
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
big room, collaboration,
design concept, Energy,
Energy analysis, full service,
knowledge management
PARTICIPANTS
NCC Oyj
Optiplan
CONTACT
The early phase energy analysis will be beneficial for the project throughout its life
cycle. When energy design is integrated to Full Service Design concept and Big Room
team work methods are used, energy design supports project management even more
comprehensively.
RESULTS
Optiplan has been developing energy design process within actual design projects.
Through the case projects it has been noticed that the most beneficial for the energy
analysis is to set the focus point to the beginning of the project.
The most accurate and cost-effective energy analysis is accomplished with early
integration between energy design and the design process. Goals for the energy design
can be reached if the targets for the project have been set in the beginning of the
design process. Therefore it is important that both the targets and the energy analysis
are considered in the start of the design process.
Energy analysis is based on Building Information Modeling. Accurate BIM models
enable energy analysis results that will be beneficial for the project managing. The
architectural BIM might not always be valid for the energy calculation COBIM 2012
requirements. From the energy design perspective the right timing of the energy
calculation is more important than using a complete architecture model. Therefore the
provider of the energy analysis must create a separate geometry model that fulfils the
COBIM 2012 requirements if architecture’s model cannot be used.
Lijeström, Kimmo
MORE INFO
http://rym.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/M
odel-Nova-BIG-ROOMKKosonen-20140227-2.pdf
New advances in Building
Design by Knotworking
Concept
Better decisions with visual
metrics
77
En ergy an al y si s p ro cess
EFFECTS
When the energy design is made accurately at the right time it supports the project
management. When the energy design is integrated to the design process the most
challenging energy efficiency goals can be reached cost-effectively. This requires
accurate BIM model where the spaces are modelled. The results of the energy analysis
can be too speculative if the energy calculations are based only on very simplified
model.
En ergy mo d el l i n g
FUTURE
Requirements for the building energy efficiency will be more challenging to reach in
the future. It is possible to take over these challenges with accurate energy design that
is integrated with design process. The most important parts for effective energy design
process are goal setting, accurate building modeling, rightly timed energy calculations
and team work.
In order to achieve comprehensive and versatile energy analysis in the future, the
flexibility adaptations and changing needs of solutions, buildings and features should
be considered better in energy calculation software.
In t egrat i o n t o d esi gn co n cep t , Bi g R o o m
78
PRE Results Report
Enhancing the Value Creation of Service
Processes through Lean Management
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
customer value, lean
management, service
process, value creation
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
Senate Properties
CONTACT
According to lean management, process standardisation is one of the key elements
when developing production processes. This research focuses on a process that
develops solutions for agencies according to the principles of the government. The
process owner, namely Senate Properties, aims to create value for several customers
via the process: for the local agency and its employees, for particular ministry (/ies) and
for the state, to name a few. The results of this research identified development factors
based on lean management. For real estate organisations, lean management offers a
new business model to enhance their business performance through customer value
generation.
Jylhä, Tuuli
RESULTS
For the business, the research provided three outcomes: (1) a generic model of the
studied service process to demonstrate how the process proceeds, (2) a making-do
analysis illustrates the interruptions generated by incomplete information, and (3) the
development factors summarise the lean management-based analysis in the studied
service process. Next, the outcomes are briefly presented.
First, the generic model of the studied service process is illustrated in the figure below.
The process is divided into two: strategic discussion between strategic partners and
local work with local customer. Stated guidelines, made decisions, etc. impact the
proceedings in both parts. For example, Government Premises Strategy sets
constraints on the service process. The strategy discussion begins when there is a need
for change. In the discussion, current and future needs of the customer are evaluated
and potential solutions are found and discussed with the customer. After the process
owner and the customer have agreed on the solution on macro level and agreed how
to proceed in the service process, the process shifts to the next part: the local work
with the local customer begins. This part comprises many potential services of the
process owner to achieve the agreed goal. The process is paced with standard tasks in
order to start, conduct and finish different types of services in a timely and efficient
manner. As an outcome, certain documents are delivered to the process owner (and
customer) to make the investment decision. The closing time for the studied service
process is challenging to define: it depends on the context of the service. Sometimes it
might end when the lease agreement is signed, sometimes after the interior design is
finished.
Karjalainen, Auli
MORE INFO
Jylhä, T., Rasila, H. and
Karjalainen, A. (2014)
Making-do – Illusion of
Effective Service Process, CIB
Facilities Management
Conference, 21-23 May 2014,
Copenhagen (link to paper
will be added later).
Jylhä, T. and Karjalainen, A.
(2014) Enhancing Facility
Service Processes in
Government Offices through
Standardisation, in the
proceedings of International
Group for Lean
Construction, 23-27 June
2013, Oslo (link to paper will
79
be added later).
Rest of the papers and
related links will be added
later.
The making-do analysis illustrates how the information streams are disturbed. Makingdo refers to activities that are performed although the information is incomplete or
not available (Koskela 2004). Due to incomplete information, a lot of unnecessary work
(=waste) is done. This was also noticed in the case service processes. For example, due
to incomplete information unnecessary contracts were structured and negotiated and
unnecessary designs were bought and drafted. All this requires a great deal of effort
that at the end of the process was unnecessary (=waste). More information on the
making-do analysis can be found in a paper of Jylhä, Rasila and Karjalainen (2014).
The analysis based on lean management identified three development factors in the
studied service process. First, to provide accurate customer value a clearer distinction
should be made between needs and the solution. Sometimes the customer might
think that a solution, for example an own room, is a need, although the real need
might be to be able to do work that requires concentration. Therefore, there is a risk
that the solution is provided because it is required, not because it is needed. Second,
due to the many stakeholders, the service process must handle many needs and
requirements. The success of matching these needs and requirements along the
process is heavily dependent on how the process has been structured; for example,
whose needs and requirements are taken into account and in which phase? Finally,
value creation could be enhanced by more accurate synchronisation of the service
process. There is a lot going on in the service process and each project manager has
his/her style to synchronise the activities. In the future, more research is needed to
develop methods to synchronise the process.
The final report of the research is planned to be published in the form of a scientific
paper in the Proceedings of the 22nd annual meeting of International Group for Lean
Construction.
EFFECTS
The business value of the results is in the utilisation of lean theories: it provides a new
mindset to improve the productivity and value creation in real estate business. In this
research, the generic model of the service process assisted in the standardization of
the selected service process and illustrated the power of standardization. In addition,
making-do (=waste) was recognized in the service process in order to minimize it and,
thus, to streamline the service process. In addition, lean theories assist in identifying
how processes are synchronised and how they could be improved.
FUTURE
In the future, more best practices should be standardized into the service process. The
results indicate that in order to enhance the value creation, more best practices are
80
needed to separate the needs from solutions, to avoid making-do and to synchronise
the activities in the service process.
81
PRE Results Report
Influence of Team Co-location and Contracts on
Collaboration in IPD
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
big room, collaboration,
contracts, IPD, team colocation
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University / SimLab
Stanford University /
CIFE
CONTACT
Full co-location facilitates faster and more accurate knowledge flows between project
participants. Understanding these benefits helps to decide how to utilize co-location in
projects. Future work should try to understand how to reach the benefits with partial
co-location and virtual collaboration.
RESULTS
Team co-location and multi-party contracts have been considered an essential part of
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and collaborative BIM process. Using a mixed method
of interviews and file usage logs we investigated how bilateral vs. multi-party contracts
and full vs. partial co-location affected collaboration in IPD. Under a multi-party
contract (Project A in orange color in figure below), the roles got blended and architect
interaction increased from the design to build phase. Partial co-location increased the
architect file usage activity. The owner was less involved especially during the build
phase. Full co-location enabled faster and more accurate knowledge flow and problem
solving through overhearing of conversations and intentional over-communication
from overlapping meeting structure.
Lehtinen, Teemu
MORE INFO
Bushnell, T., Lehtinen, T.,
Kokkonen, A., Lavikka, R.,
Neelappa, A. & Senescu, R.
(2013) Collaboration and
contracts in Integrated
Project Delivery – Exploring
the roles of owners and
architects (CO-CREATE 2013
Conference)
Lehtinen, T. (2013) What is so
integrated about Integrated
Project Delivery? Exploring
the role of integration
mechanisms in IPD projects
(EPOC 2013 Conference)
Lavikka, R., Smeds, R. &
Jaatinen, M. (2013) Solving
cross-disciplinary problems
in co-located temporary
multi-organizations (COCREATE 2013 Conference)
82
EFFECTS
The findings reveal how different contract structures and different degrees of team colocation affect collaboration in IPD projects, especially from the owner and architect
perspective. Knowing these effects will lead to a better understanding on what type of
a contract an owner should adopt in an integrated project and how it affects different
roles and collaboration over the project life cycle. In addition, understanding the
benefits of full co-location helps to decide how to plan and utilize team co-location in
different projects. Full co-location helps the project participants from different
organizations to learn how to work with each other and create a collaborative project
culture. It also greatly reduces latency in decision making and problem solving and
facilitates cross-disciplinary innovation due to the quick and easy access of the team
when needed.
FUTURE
Additional work is needed in expanding the analysis to all project participants and
comparing the findings with other multi-party and bilateral contract IPD projects to
obtain a sufficient sample size for generalization. In addition, more work is needed in
understanding the holistic role of team co-location in IPD projects. Virtual
communication technologies can replace some of the need for co-located work in the
future. It is crucial to understand how to enable fast and accurate knowledge flow in
virtual settings.
83
PRE Results Report
Last Planner in Design Management
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
BIM, collaboration,
coordination, culturalhistorical activity theory,
design collaboration, design
management,
implementation,
intervention, knowledge
management, Last Planner,
Learning, scheduling
PARTICIPANTS
Last Planner tools in design management keep the design process in schedule. Last
Planner tools advance the knowledge sharing between the designers and increase the
commitment to the common goal.
RESULTS
The new scheduling tool (a scheduling sheet) was adapted from the Last Planner®
System to avoid expected delays during the design and construction of a building
project. Last Planner® System is a production planning system designed to produce
predictable work flow and rapid learning in programming, design, construction and
commissioning of projects.
The project manager used the LPS scheduling tool for writing up short-term tasks for
each design discipline in design meetings. Members of the design team were
responsible for commenting and adding tasks to the plan whilst the plan was being
elaborated. The resulting short-term plans were sent to the designers after each
meeting and feedback on the completion of the tasks was provided during the
subsequent LPS meetings. In each meeting, new tasks were amended on the excel
base.
EFFECTS
Last Planner scheduling tools enable proactive design.
Designers’ commitment to execute the design tasks in time was increased in the
project meetings.
The collaboration between designers in the project team was increased.
Design tasks were completed in time.
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
Mittaviiva Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
Mäki, Tarja
Karppinen, Annikki
MORE INFO
Kerosuo, H. Mäki, T.
Codinhoto, R. Koskela, L. &
Miettinen, R. (2012). In time
at last-Adaption of Last
Planner tools for the design
phase of a building project.
In I. D. Tommelein & C.L.
Pasquire. (Eds.), 20th Annual
Conference of the
International Group of Lean
Construcion. Are We Near a
Tipping Point? 1031-1041.
San Diego: Montezuma
Publishing.
Mäki, T. Korpela, J. &
Kerosuo, H. (2012). Last
Planner tietomallinnetun
hankkeen
suunnittelunohjauksessa.
Rakentajain kalenteri 2013.
[Last Planner in design
management of a project
based on information
modeling. In Finnish]
Helsinki: Rakennustieto Oy.
84
Kinnari, J. (2013)
Suunnitelmien
yhteensovittaminen ja
tiedonvaihdon tarpeet
tietomallinnetussa
rakennushankkeessa.
Diplomityö. Espoo: Aaltoyliopisto, Rakentamistalous.
Percentages of speech turns of the project manager, the main designer and other
designers in a traditional design meeting and Last Planner meetings.
Number of open commitments and fixed commitments committed in a traditional
design meeting and Last Planner meetings.
85
Number of completed, non-completed and partially completed commitments.
FUTURE
Existing Last Planner tools should be further developed for design management and
should be integrated with other scheduling tools used in construction industry. The
social effects of implementation of Last Planner ® System for design management
requires further research.
86
PRE Results Report
Multi KPI Analysis
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
analysis, decision making,
energy efficiency,
knotworking, optimization,
sensitivity
PARTICIPANTS
Successful building project needs sufficient feedback for the decision making. To find
optimal solution(s) a large number of alternatives should be produced and analyzed
from many different KPI (key performance indicator) point of view. Currently only a
few alternative solutions are analyzed in the early stages of design. By introducing the
new knotworking concept together with building information modeling (BIM) the
piloting showed an increase of 10x in the amount of analyzed alternatives. By adding
new technology in a format of Multi KPI analysis the number of analyzed alternatives
can increase 100..1000x compared to the current situation.
Granlund Oy
CONTACT
RESULTS
The developed multi KPI analysis environment includes determination of the design
variables (parametrization), producing the alternative solutions, efficient simulation of
energy efficiency and indoor conditions and a variety of different analysis methods for
selection of the optimal design alternative(s).Sensitivity analysis is one of the analysis
methods that is used to determine significance of the determined variables with
respect to the energy related KPI’s. In building energy simulation applications a
random sampling method with min. 80 samples is sufficient for the sensitivity analysis.
New software prototype for automated generation of the building design samples was
developed as a part of the parametrization module.
For additional decision making analysis an interactive Web based visualization
environment was developed. It gives the decision maker versatile possibilities to
evaluate and learn about the generated solutions. The decision making analysis
consists of different user-driven ways to visualize main results from different KPI and
parameter point of view: scatter diagram, hyper-radial visualization, parallel coordinate
plot and radar chart. See picture below about filtering by KPI and parameters or video
about Multi KPI analysis here: Visual analysis.
EFFECTS
Laine, Tuomas
Järvinen, Tero
MORE INFO
http://ises.eu-project.info/
Idman T., Master thesis 2013
By introducing multi KPI analysis in the early phases of design the building
performance can be effectively analyzed and optimazed in a totally new way. This
supports also collaboration in projects with new contract models (Alliance, IPD) or
working methods (knotworking).
FUTURE
The work was done in collaboration with RYM PRE Model Nova and ISES-project
(FP7 European Union Funding for Research & Innovation). The prototype software
implementation will continue in ISES until November 2014.
87
88
PRE Results Report
New Advances in Building Design by
Knotworking Concept
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
big room, case,
collaboration, data
visualization, design
collaboration, design
management, design
process, intervention,
knotworking, life cycle,
metrics, social science,
sprint, User
PARTICIPANTS
Knotworking enables integration of various parties’ expert knowledge and skills to
optimize and coordinate design solutions through intensive co-operation. Knots
enhance sharing of information and expertise in solving of complex design objects
and processes that are poorly understood. Refinement of co-working processes gives
us new prospects to provide excellent and target-oriented engineering projects.
RESULTS
Aalto University / SimLab
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
Pöyry CM Oy
Senate Properties
Tietoa Finland Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
A new collaboration concept “knotworking” was co-created to upgrade process
efficiency and quality of the end product through increased interaction, negotiation
and mutual understanding of distributed design partners. Knots were organized to
develop solutions to complex design tasks and to enable the client’s efficient decisionmaking, fully utilizing BIM and analysis tools. Knotworking is a flexible co-operation
model for mastering unstable objects and processes in pursuing intersecting activities.
Knotworking necessitates a process of determining specific tools and an action plan of
a knot, planning of the individual and collective work procedures, and designing the
metrics for the comparison of alternative solutions for the client. A team leader is
needed to facilitate the discussion and ensure coherent outcomes of the knot.
Members of the knot are motivated on solving specific problems of certain design
processes.
Kerosuo, Hannele
Karjalainen, Auli
MORE INFO
EFFECTS
www.helsinki.fi/cradle/bim/I
CCEPM_2013_KNOTWORKIN
G_re-submitted.pdf
89
One of the most beneficial outcomes of knotworking was commitment to goals and
solutions that were defined together. Knotworking increased common understanding
between team members about complex objects and other disciplines’ opportunities to
contribute to their solution.
Adoption of BIM gives a possibility to visualize the outcomes for a client’s decisionmaking and get direct feedback from the client during the knots. Information transfer
between participants of the knot speeds up. Restrictions between organizations
become smaller and parties focus on value creation for customers. This is an ongoing,
active learning process.
To bring the design team together using knotworking enables the integration of the
various parties of a design process.
FUTURE
Kerosuo, H., Korpela, J.,
Lallimo, J. & Mäki, T. (2014)
Solmutyöskentely osana
Senaatin tilaratkaisu- ja
investointiprosessia.
Raportti.
BIM process redifined:
identification of tasks and
intensive collaboration
points
Better decisions with visual
metrics
Knotworking model may have a significant impact on increasing the productivity in the
whole industry and promote the adoption of BIM.
The next step could be to develop knotworking as partial co-location by using virtual
collaboration tools. From the project’s perspective, both face-to-face and virtual
collaboration should be optimally used. Further research on implementation of
knotworking on pilot projects is needed.
90
PRE Results Report
Social Perspective to Collaboration in
Construction Projects
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
collaboration, construction,
practice, project, social
activity
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University / SimLab
CONTACT
Kokkonen, Anne
Novel collaborative methods, such as lean principles and co-located work, require new
management competence to enhance inter-organizational collaboration. If we want to
create successful collaboration between companies, we need to consider collaboration
not only as knowledge-sharing operation but also as socially created activity that
occurs in practices. More multi-disciplinary research is needed to better understand
and manage inter-organizational collaboration in complex construction projects.
RESULTS
Practice-based learning theory offers a possibility to approach construction projects
with considering social aspect and the practices of collaboration activities. To map this
theory, it can be divided into five different concepts that define the phenomenon: (1)
participating, (2) power, (3) producing meaning, (4) context, and (5) becoming a
practitioner. These concepts can be seen as tools for understanding different
dimensions of collaboration and learning in projects. At the moment, a conducted
systematic literature review indicates that research with a practice-based learning
theory approach in the context of construction projects has been published scarcely.
MORE INFO
Kokkonen, A. (2013) What
have we learned about the
social aspect in learning in
the context of construction
projects by now? A review of
the earlier studies (7th
Nordic Conference on
Construction Economics and
Organisation 2013)
91
EFFECTS
Social dimension and the actual practices of collaboration should be considered in the
management of collaboration in construction projects. This means understanding how
people interact with each other, how people have different interests which affect
collaboratively created tasks, how knowledge is created through discussion, how the
specific professional experience affect collaboration, and how the knowledge in
collaboration is connected to the specific context.
At the management level, providing face-to-face interactions can raise trust between
participants and more mutuality in knowledge creation. The different interests of
stakeholders can be aligned with contracts and a shared goal can be achieved by
promoting best-for-the-project thinking. As every project is different and each project
organization has its own practices, mapping barriers to inter-organizational
collaboration enables creating more fitting shared practices for a specific project.
FUTURE
We need more knowledge about the social aspect and the actual practices of
collaboration to better manage the collaboration between different organizations in
projects. Fortunately, the studies of this kind are increasing. However, the
phenomenon is complicated and needs careful articulation by the researchers.
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PRE Results Report
The Spearhead Project Model
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
BIM, collaboration, delivery
model, knotworking, lean
management, project
management
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
Aalto University / SimLab
GRADLE
REG
Senate Properties
University of Helsinki
The spearhead project model is a new project delivery model for managing especially
challenging projects. It enhances collaboration between all stakeholders across the
extended project organization. Project delivery models similar to the spearhead project
model are expected to become more common in future as the significance of
collaboration is amplified by more and more efficient tools for design and analysis.
CONTACT
RESULTS
The development of the spearhead project model has been influenced by Senate
Properties’ participation in the PRE program. The new model facilitates the use of
methods studied in Model Nova such as knotworking and lean management. The
model is named after and developed for Senate Properties’ spearhead projects. These
are projects recognized as especially challenging due to financial concerns, technical
considerations, client requirements or new project implementation techniques.
Karhu, Juhani
Hartikainen, Unto
MORE INFO
Jylhä T., Karjalainen A. (2014).
Enhancing the Value
Creation of Service Processes
through Lean Management.
PRE
Kerosuo H. (2014) New
advances in Building Design
by Knotworking Concept.
PRE
The spearhead project model allows for an alliance contract between the project
owner and the construction service provider but can be partially utilized in traditional
93
contracts as well. The model’s basic assumption is that in traditional contract models,
even though the project owner’s risk is contractually transferred to the contractors, the
project owner will eventually have to pay the true cost of construction one way or
another. Moreover, the contractual methodology of risk transferal results in the
contractor’s efforts being directed towards averting contractual risks, when it should
be focused on delivering a healthy, functional building on budget and according to
schedule. The traditional risk transferal model results in divided instead of shared
interests.
In the spearhead project model, the project owner carries the financial and scheduling
risk. A central innovation is a fee scheme geared towards enhancing collaboration. The
construction service provider’s earnings consist of a guaranteed fixed commission
(maximum 6%) and bonuses (amounting to 6%) that are evaluated in eight categories:
staying in budget, completion according to schedule, worker safety, grey economy
prevention, construction quality, precision in cost estimation, speed of construction
error correction, and customer experience.
All consultants work on fixed hourly rates up to their respective target prices which are
set during the tendering process and based on the consultants’ bids. When and if the
target price is reached, the consultant’s rate becomes dependent on the overall project
cost staying in budget. In addition, a bonus of an agreed upon percentage (≈5%) of a
consultant’s target price may be awarded if the project stays in budget. This motivates
the consultants to focus on working towards solutions that will ensure that the project
stays in budget. It also encourages their collaboration, since the project cost is largely a
result of their collective effort.
EFFECTS
The spearhead project model is an effective device for ensuring budget discipline and
facilitating collaboration in projects. It also places heavy emphasis on the owner’s cost
estimation and target setting capabilities. Because it rewards the construction service
provider for not only budget discipline but also quality factors, it has the effect of
promoting sustainable construction as well. The model itself is adaptable to both
renovation and new construction. It is best suited for owners that have a long term
interest in their buildings. The collaboration enhancing aspect of the model has the
effect of untying the knots in information exchange between the project parties. These
knots are in part caused by the lack of formal practices for the use of modern design
methods such as BIM.
FUTURE
Each new generation of design tools seems to offer more and more ways for
94
communication to happen. Also, each new paradigm in ICT seems to be shorter lived
than the previous one. In this environment, it is doubtful that formal practices for the
use of new tools will ever again be able to fully catch up with the changing
environment. Developing delivery models that are not dependent on formal practices
is thus a step forward in sustainable development. The spearhead project model can
be seen as a starting point for developing other delivery models that emphasize
cooperation and for strategies that make use of these models.
95
PRE Results Report
User Involvement In Building Design Results In
Better User Satisfaction
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
building design, case, Codesign, collaboration, design
management, design
process, ethnography,
knowledge management,
Learning, User, user
collaboration, user
involvement
PARTICIPANTS
Architect Firm Aarne von
Boehm
Onerva Mäki school
Senate Properties
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
The role of users has become focal in the area of building design. The studies and
everyday experiences highlight user involvement as a valuable source of information,
particularly in the very early phases of design. The claim of this study is, however, that
the involvement of users as an early information source is incomplete and should be
approached as long-term co-design between the users and designers. The involvement
requires new expertise from the user to coordinate the design process and ability to
develop tools for communicating the hidden practice-related aims. In this study, a
four-year trajectory of the school building co-design between users and designer was
explored.
RESULTS
The findings are based on interviews, observational data from design meetings and
user group meetings and documents of the user participation. The results reveal that
the user involvement in design may be successfully expanded to cover the whole
design phase. The tools to support communicating and developing the design
combine the conceptual user needs and designers’ expertise. The users need architect’s
drawings and expertise to concretize the design frames and possibilities, whereas the
architect needs users’ modeling and conceptualizations for new solutions. The
challenges of massive user involvement with several perspectives are related to
organizing and coordinating the co-design forums and tools.
Lallimo, Jiri
MORE INFO
Lallimo, J. (2014). From
pedagogical ideas to a
school building: analysis of
user involvement in building
design. Paper presented in
ARCOM, The Association of
Researchers in Construction
Management –conference, 13 September 2014,
Portsmouth UK.
96
EFFECTS
An effectively managed user participation in design, leads to better user satisfaction.
The Design capturing the true needs of the users results as effectiveness due to the
reduced amount of modifications and deficiencies of designs, which cause expensive
delays and changes during the construction phase and problems for maintenance.
FUTURE
The existing models and knowledge to plan and coordinate a diversified and longterm user participation as a co-design partner are insufficient. The results of this study
will be further tested and modified to support the design of buildings as learning and
working spaces, which require extensive user knowledge.
97
PRE Results Report
Utilizing BIM in Maintenance
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
as-built model, facility
management, FM,
information management,
maintenance, software
PARTICIPANTS
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
NCC Oyj
Senate Properties
Tietoa Finland Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
BIM use in maintenance and FM is seen as a possibility. BIM can be used in
visualization, designing renovations and work planning as well as simulatios, e.g.
energy consumption. Utilizing full benefits of BIM requires technical feasibility of the
transfer of the information, changes in contracts as well as organizing updating of the
models during the construction and maintenance phases. Stepwise integration to FM
and maintenance information systems may be the way forward. Next steps for
developing would be testing COBie standard in Finland.
RESULTS
BIM use in maintenance and FM requires updated as-built models, which can be
presumed in contracts. Use cases for maintenance models are visualization of the
building, information about spaces and group of spaces, information management of
building elements and construction types, visualizing HVAC systems and catchment
areas, managing device card information and navigating and localization. The
information needed in maintenance systems needs to be defined and updating of BIM
models has to be organized. In maintenance need of updating the models should be
evaluated every third year.
EFFECTS
FM and maintenance information systems are an essential part of building information
management. Many of the maintenance manuals are seen difficult to use and utilizing
BIM in daily work requires software that is easy to use. A possible way is transferring
information from models to software already used in FM and maintenance. This
requires technology to transfer needed information from software to another. New
maintenance manuals and information systems should be tested on pilot projects to
ensure their suitability and functionality.
Korpela, Jenni
MORE INFO
Korpela, J. ja Miettinen, R.
(2013) BIM in facility
management and
maintenance: the case of
Kaisa library of Helsinki
University. In: Smith, S D
(Ed.) and Ahiaga-Dagbui, D D
(Ed.), Proceedings 29th
Annual ARCOM Conference,
2-4 September 2013,
Reading, UK, Association of
Researchers in Construction
Management., 47–56.
Mäläskä, M. (2011)
Elinkaarihankkeen
ylläpitomalli. Diplomityö.
Tampere: Tampereen
teknillinen yliopisto,
Rakennustekniikan laitos.
FUTURE
FM and maintenance information systems are an essential part of building information
management. Many of the maintenance manuals are seen difficult to use and utilizing
BIM in daily work requires software that is easy to use. A possible way is transferring
98
information from models to software already used in FM and maintenance. This
requires technology to transfer needed information from software to another. New
maintenance manuals and information systems should be tested on pilot projects to
ensure their suitability and functionality.
99
PRE Results Report
Utilizing Building Information Models in
Construction Phase
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
benefit, BIM, case, challenge,
construction phase,
construction planning,
construction site, design
collaboration, ethnography,
initial information, inventory
model, life cycle, process,
site manager, Universitycompany collaboration,
YTV2012
PARTICIPANTS
Lemminkäinen Oyj
NCC Oyj
Skanska Oy
University of Helsinki/
CRADLE
CONTACT
BIM is actively used on Finnish construction sites. The prerequisites for using models
in the construction phase include accuracy of the information content, suitability of
the tools for site conditions, well-planned procedures and collaboration with
designers and the ability of managers to use information and communication
technology.
RESULTS
The findings reveal what the daily work of a site manager consists of and how building
information models are used and utilized in construction planning and management.
In addition, the findings pinpoint what the main prerequisites for and challenges of
using BIM in construction site management are and how these challenges (e.g. flaws
and errors in the information content or lack of mobile tools) are solved on
construction sites. The findings were based on interviews and ethnographic
observation data of site managers’ work.
BIM is actively used on construction sites and it is found beneficial for site managers’
daily work. The use of models varies depending on the job description and position of
a person. However, models are mainly used for attending to one’s own tasks. In some
sites, models are also used as part of meetings or other collaborative work to support
conveying information, perceiving the big picture of separate designs, and to
coordinating tasks. The models help in detecting shortcomings in constructability and
in illustrating implementation of work. They also enable planning for production and
steering on the basis of information included in the models (e.g. planning and steering
timetable- and procurement-related issues). The main prerequisite for using the
models in construction planning and management are the accuracy and consistency of
the models and traditional design documents. What is also needed are well-planned
procedures and collaboration with the designers, mobile tools to help transfer the
information to the site, and the managers’ ability to use information and
communication technology.
Mäki, Tarja
Parkkinen, Ani
MORE INFO
Mäki, T. (2014). Site
managers’ daily work and
the uses of BIM in
construction site
management. Submitted
Journal of Construction
Management and
Economics.
Parkkinen, A. (2013).
Requirements concerning
use of building information
models in construction
planning and construction
phases.
http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fife201402211567
Niemi, H. (2011) Tietomallien
käyttö elinkaarihankkeiden
suunnittelu- ja
toteutusvaiheissa.
Diplomityö. Espoo: Aaltoyliopisto, Rakentamistalous.
Uusitalo, H. (2013)
Tietomallipohjaisen
määrienhallinnan
hyödyntäminen
100
rakennustuotannossa.
Diplomityö. Tampere:
Tampereen teknillinen
yliopisto,
Rakennustuotanto.
NCC Rakennus Oy &
Metropolia (2014)
Tietomallien hyödyntäminen
työnjohdon tehtävissä yhteistyöprojekti.
EFFECTS
The use of models on a construction site changes the work of the site management.
The models illustrate the designs and the implementation of the work being done
better than traditional designs. The use of models also improves the quality of design
work and changes the collaboration between designers and the management of the
site. Through this, the effects are reflected on the steering of work and on the
construction work itself. As it is now, the modeled information cannot fully be
capitalized on sites for the construction work itself, or for steering of construction
work; this leads to the utility gained from the models to remain inadequate.
FUTURE
The existing BIM tools and information contents should be further developed to better
serve construction planning and site management. The implementation of BIM tools in
site management, construction work and collaboration between site managers and
designers also requires further research and development of new collaboration
practices.
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PRE Results Report
Who Should Coordinate BIM-design?
WORK PACKAGE
WP1 - Model Nova
KEYWORDS
BIM, BIM coordinator,
collaboration, design
coordination, design
management
PARTICIPANTS
Arkkitehtitoimisto Perko
Oy
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Granlund Oy
Lemminkäinen Oyj
CONTACT
Coordination of BIM-design is not a limited task for one coordinator but a function for
the whole construction project team. BIM-based design and construction require
collaboration and consensual procedures for data transfer and usage. Cooperative
team-work is needed in a whole construction value chain.
RESULTS
Karppinen, Annikki
Coordination of BIM-design is strongly related to project management and organizing
BIM tasks. Utilization of BIM-based design and construction consists of a wide range of
tasks. Accomplishing those tasks creates success for the construction project. In the
beginning of the project the BIM related tasks shall be organized and professionals in
design, engineering, cost calculation, scheduling and site management shall undertake
these BIM related tasks and bring their competence to the BIM-based process.
Information content requirements for architectural, structural and MEP models must
be defined in the context of time schedule management. This definition requires
practical experience and must be done by professionals from the whole construction
value chain. Also viewpoint of quantity and cost calculations and information needed
for site management must be taken into consideration. BIM-design roadmap and need
for data exchange between different parties in the project must be specified in shortterm planning during the project in co-operation with the whole project-team.
Perko, Tomi
MORE INFO
FUTURE
Niemi, H. (2011). Tietomallien
käyttö elinkaarihankkeiden
suunnittelu- ja
toteutusvaiheessa.
Diplomityö, Aalto-yliopisto,
Rakennustekniikan laitos.
(BIM-based design and
construction in PPP-projects.
Master’s Thesis, Aalto
University, Department of
Civil and Structural
Engineering) (In Finnish)
Use of BIM changes the old working habits and generates new tasks and
responsibilities to most of the participants in a construction project. In the near future
the new roles and tasks can be clarified and partly standardized when all of the parties
learn smooth team-play with BIM. However, the fast development of BIM-software
and the possibilities they create makes it necessary to constantly update methods and
procedures of design and project management to follow the development.
Kinnari, J. (2014).
Suunnitelmien
yhteensovittaminen ja
tiedonvaihdon tarpeet
tietomallinnetussa
rakennushankkeessa.
EFFECTS
It is possible to create functional building information models to serve the whole
construction value chain. However, it requires that all the designated parties
participate in creating the adaptable models and support utilization of the models thru
the construction project. Conditions of contracts contributing BIM co-operation are
also required.
102
Diplomityö, Aalto-yliopisto,
Rakennustekniikan laitos.
(Design coordination and
the needs for information
exchange in BIM-projects.
Master’s Thesis, Aalto
University, Department of
Civil and Structural
Engineering) (In Finnish)
Niskakangas, V.
(forthcoming).
Tietomallinnetun
rakennushankkeen
suunnittelun ohjaus.
Diplomityö, Tamoereen
teknillinen yliopisto,
Rakennustekniikan
koulutusohjelma (Design
management in a BIMtechnology enabled
construction project.
Master’s Thesis, Tampere
University of Technology,
Department of Civil
Engineering) (In Finnish)
Mäki, T. (2014). Multidsiciplinary talk of design
problems in construction
site meetings, University of
Helsinki, Institute of
Behavioural Sciences
103
Results Cards
WP2 – NewWoW
104
PRE Results Report
Building Occupancy and Energy Efficiency
WORK PACKAGE
WP2 - NewWow
KEYWORDS
energy efficiency, indicator,
NewWoW, occupancy, office
building, sustainability
PARTICIPANTS
Granlund Oy
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Methods to monitor building occupancy were tested, the effects on energy
consumption evaluated and indicators of energy efficiency taking occupancy into
account compared. Occupancy sensor technologies are an emerging field with fast
development, and reliable and cheap solutions can be expected soon. Once
occupancy data is easily available, people related energy metrics would be
recommended in order to give incentive for sustainable and cost-effective use of
energy and spaces, optimizing building automation systems and facility use in real
time based on occupants’ presence.
RESULTS
During this study methods to monitor building occupancy were tested. It was found
out that current technologies are still unreliable, expensive or obtrusive. Combined
with walkthroughs, reliable results were obtained in office case studies. The results
show that occupancy levels are typically low during a normal office day (below 50%)
and the peaks occur usually before and after lunch. Simulated effects of alternative
occupancy profiles show only a minor increase in energy consumption for a higher
occupancy profile. The results depend on the building automation systems in use and
the influence is more important in summer than in winter. A higher occupancy profile
gives lower energy efficiency when kWh/m2 is used while the opposite is through
when that metric is corrected by total spent person hours or utilization rate. People
related metrics are recommended to give incentive for a more sustainable and costeffective use of energy and facilities.
Huovila, Aapo
MORE INFO
Huovila, A., Tyni, A. &
Dooley, K., 2013. “Building
occupancy as an aspect of
energy efficiency”. In:
Proceedings of SB13
Conference in Dubai on
December 8-10 2013. 8
pages.
Dooley, K., 2011. “New Ways
of Working: Linking Energy
Consumption to People”. In:
SB11 Helsinki World
Sustainable Building
Conference Proceedings,
Helsinki 18-21 October 2011.
7 pages.
EFFECTS
Reliable data on building occupancy is useful for many purposes. Room occupancy
could be optimised in real time allowing savings in facility related costs and energy
use. Lower space needs lead to lower amount of energy embodied in building
materials and lower need to heat and ventilate spaces. Accurate occupancy monitoring
would also allow optimisation of building automation systems to further boost the
savings in energy and money. Information on people’s presence is also useful for
security purposes. However, two issues always need to be considered carefully: 1) too
tight space planning can deteriorate occupants’ well-being and productivity and 2) the
use of presence data can lead to privacy issues. The use of occupancy corrected energy
efficiency metrics would allow fairer peer comparisons of energy efficiency that could
lead to a positive behavioral change with more sustainable energy and space use.
105
FUTURE
Occupancy sensor technologies are developing quickly and reliable and relatively
cheap solutions can be expected in the coming years. Once the technology is
affordable and reliable, the use of people related energy efficiency measures would be
recommended. It is still recommended to use kWh/m2 in building design for comparing
physical properties of buildings. In operation phase that metric should be corrected by
occupancy rate or the sum of spent person hours whenever possible.
106
PRE Results Report
New Ways of Working for Judicial Administration
WORK PACKAGE
WP2 - NewWow
KEYWORDS
concept, dialogue methods,
Distributed and mobile
work, ICT, new ways of
working, research, systems
usability, work practice,
work space
PARTICIPANTS
Ministry of Justice
Senate Properties
Tampere University of
Technology
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
Several Finnish government administrations have created nationwide workplace
concepts for their network of agencies. These concepts give guidelines for designing
and managing workplaces for modern knowledge workers as well as service channels
for the customers – citizens and organizations. Here the focus is on possibilities of ICT
and new ways of working in judicial administration. Six completed tasks gave insight
into how employees should be involved in renewing work spaces and activities with a
strong emphasis on ICT. A mobile demonstrator and an anticipation dialogue method
were developed to facilitate concept development and implementation in the future.
RESULTS
This research gave insights to how new ways of working could and should be adopted
when the traditional working environment changes to multifunctional work spaces.
Developing ICT and work spaces should both be interlinked with developing work
activities and new ways of working. This study showed that employees representing all
different work profiles should be involved – with correct timing and extent – in all
phases starting from the first steps of creating a concept, modifying it, piloting it, and
finally participating in organized training and in taking new solutions into use. A
mobile demonstrator (see figures below) and an anticipation dialogue method, which
were developed in this study, showed their potential in facilitating the dialogue
between employees and concept planners. The demonstrator also presented an idea
of the floor plan based calendar and room reservation system.
CONTACT
Laarni, Jari
Aaltonen, Iina
MORE INFO
Laarni, J. & Aaltonen, I.
(2014). Anticipation dialogue
in participatory design, 16 p.
Teoksessa: Katherine Blashki
& Pedro Isaías (Eds.),
Emerging Research and
Trends in Interactivity and
the Human-Computer
Interface. IGI Global, 580 p.
Ylikauppila, M., Väätänen, A.,
Laarni, J. & Välkkynen, P. (in
press). Mobile solutions for
the new ways of working
era. In: P. Kommers, P. Isaias
& T. Issa (Eds.) Social Media
Prospects. Routledge.
Laarni, J. & Aaltonen, I.
(2012). Anticipation dialogue
method in activity-driven
design of ICT tools.
Proceedings of IADIS
International Conference on
Interfaces and HumanComputer Interaction 2012.
In IADIS International
Conference ICT, Society and
Human Beings 2012. IADIS
International Conference
2012, Part of the IADIS Multi
Conference on Computer
107
Science and Information
Systems 2012, MCCSIS 2012,
21 – 23 July 2013, Lisbon,
Portugal. P. 191 – 195.
Laarni, J, Aaltonen, I,
Järnström, H, Määttä, H. &
Nykänen, E. (2013)
Development of Theoretical
Tools for the Analysis of
Knowledge Intensive Work.
In Proceedings of IADIS
International Conference on
Interfaces and HumanComputer Interaction 2013.
IADIS International
Conference 2013, Part of the
IADIS Multi Conference on
Computer Science and
Information Systems 2013,
MCCSIS 2013, 24 – 26 July
2012, Prague, Czech
Republic. P. 21 – 28.
EFFECTS
The results have been directly applied in the implementation of the nationwide work
environment concept for public administration and in its further development. The
mobile demonstrator has promoted a quite lively discussion about the usefulness of
mobile solutions in different professions of public administration. The anticipation
dialogue method has been successfully used in knowledge elicitation in different
application domains.
FUTURE
The change-over from personal workstations towards on-demand flexible work spaces
is going on. Multifunctional work spaces should have integrated technologies and
features that support changing purposes of use. Also, employees’ high acceptance and
motivation are key enablers for effective utilization of configurable work spaces in the
future. Active dialogue with all stakeholders and participatory design approach will be
essential tools for ensuring successful steps towards new ways of working.
Contact person: Jari Laarni ([email protected])
108
PRE Results Report
Optimaze.net Snapshot – An All-inclusive Service
to Guide Decision-making in Work Environment
Development
WORK PACKAGE
WP2 - NewWow
KEYWORDS
new ways of working, space
utilization, sustainability,
work environment
development
PARTICIPANTS
Rapal Oy
CONTACT
Raij, Anna-Leena
Rapal participated in the RYM SHOK New Ways of Working research project in order to
explore what information is needed to guide fact based decision-making in work
environment development. We developed, tested and evaluated different tools and
methods focusing especially on different space utilization measurement techniques.
These techniques were combined with expertise in environmental calculation and
space occupancy cost management which resulted in the development of unique
Snapshot service that provides information of an organization’s current work
environment’s performance and produces a business case for work environment
development.
Kaarlehto, Tuomas
RESULTS
MORE INFO
Space utilization measurements provide an organization with a good understanding
on how its space is actually used and what is the potential for improvement. This
information is crucial when an organization wants to understand the current state of
their work environment but also, or even more crucially, when considering changes in
their work environment. We tested these different tools and methods within our own
organization as well as with five pilot organizations, of which four are members of the
RYM SHOK NewWoW work package.
Rapal Oy
Work environment
development
While space utilization rates turned out to be a useful eye-opener for the
management, they do not tell you why space is used as it is. If we want to harvest the
potential of inefficient space use we must look into other factors than just utilization
rates. We must understand how people work and should work, how they collaborate
and use technology and how all these areas could be improved to make a more
sustainable work environment- one that support business goals, where employees
thrive and that is environmentally sound.
The Snapshot service was born as these different dimensions were
combined. Sn ap sh o t p ro d u ces a real i st i c p i ct u re o f a w o rk en v i ro n men t ’ s
cu rren t st at e an d u n v ei l s i t s h i d d en p o t en t i al . From the business point of
view, the service creates an understanding of the potential of the work environment
and ways of working to support future development. The project gives the HR
function an understanding of the employees’ current and preferred ways of working
and their effect on the development of the work environment. For the CRE function,
109
the project provides crucial information on the organization’s actual space utilization
as well as information supporting facilities optimization and development. The project
also improves understanding of how IT tools can be utilized and developed.
EFFECTS
In order to gain this understanding, we found that it is useful to combine the space
utilization measurements with other data including information on key performance
indicators (sqm/ppl, costs/ppl, CO2/ppl), employees’ ways of working and
collaboration as well as their well-being and productivity. By combining and crossanalyzing data collected through these different methods we can create a credible
business case to support fact based decisions on work environment development,
including different development scenarios and their effects on costs, emissions and
well-being. As similar data is gathered from several different organizations,
bencmarking and comparison is easy. The Snapshot service allows organizations to
view their performance compared to other organizations.
As depicted in the following picture, graphics of the work environment’s current
performance are produced during the Snapshot project. The performance of the
organization’s current work environment is analyzed from the viewpoints of its ways
of working, space utilization, CO2 emissions and occupancy costs. All these
dimensions are compared to the computational potential of the work environment.
Based on the key performance indicators depicted in the earlier picture, work
environment scenarios are created. In the Snapshot project, we produce three
alternative work environment scenarios and depict their effects on costs,
environmental effects and work well-being. “Moderate densification” brings about few
changes to the organization, yet its impacts are notable. “Optimized flexibility” and
“radical modernization” include significant organizational changes that lead to
significant savings in occupancy costs and notably diminishes an organization’s CO2
emissions.
110
FUTURE
As an end result of the Optimaze.net Snapshot project, a roadmap for work
environment development is provided. The business case produced in the project
provides information on the investments, benefits, cash flow and risks related to work
environment development. Based on the alternative scenarios created in the Snapshot
project, an organization is able to start a work environment development project
based on accurate facts.
In 2013, Rapal acquired the intellectual property rights of the Pattern Book consulting
method created by Co3, a U.S. based company specialized in work environment
development. The Pattern Book will be integrated as a part of Optimaze.net software
for premise management. This combination comprises a unique offering in the field of
work environment development. Read more about the acquisition here.
Watch a video of the work environment development process.
Watch a video of the development of work environments.
111
PRE Results Report
System for Effective Space Utilization
Management
WORK PACKAGE
WP2 - NewWow
KEYWORDS
facility management,
property management,
space efficiency, space
utilization
PARTICIPANTS
Rapal Oy
CONTACT
Turunen, Jari
In the market, there are several solutions for property cost management. However, the
space efficiency of properties has thus far drawn less attention. Alongside the RYM PRE
research program, Rapal independently developed a patented invention for space
efficiency management.
MORE INFO
RESULTS
Optimaze.net is a property management software developed by Rapal that offers tools
for cost-effective and sustainable work environment development. Inspired by the
RYM PRE research program, Rapal’s product development team developed a new,
complementary way of monitoring and managing space efficiency.
The new system allows a user to log into a monitoring device that registers the user on
a workstation and sends space usage information to a property management software
in which the user’s status is updated accordingly. The user can also utilize the
monitoring device to gain access to the property management software in which the
user is able to reserve an available workstation for own use.
The system developed by Rapal can be used to efficiently monitor and manage space
utilization. The system is particularly useful as a means to improve the space efficiency
of meeting rooms and other reservable workstations.
Properties may involve two types of workstations: fixed workstations reserved for
designated people, and freely reservable workstations. For example, people who travel
a lot do not necessarily need a fixed workstation but can choose from available
workstations according to their needs. A company with properties in several locations
can utilize the monitoring system to allow their employees to reserve workstations
from whichever location. For instance, an employee normally working in Helsinki can
use the system to book a workstation from another city during a business trip.
The status of workstations and users is always up-to-date in the server’s management
system. When a user reserves a workstation, its status is altered from available to
112
reserved. Then, as the user logs into the workstation, its status is changed from
reserved to occupied. When the user logs off, the workstation’s status is altered to
either reserved or available.
EFFECTS
The system produces illustrative graphics on the organization’s actual space utilization.
The software can be used to produce several reports on space utilization efficiency on
a monthly, daily or even hourly basis. This information can be used to improve an
organization’s space efficiency and consequently reduce its space costs.
FUTURE
The results indicate that by gathering up-to-date information on space utilization, it is
possible to significantly improve space utilization and consequently reduce space
costs.
In the future, the invention may form a platform for “the Internet of devices
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PRE Results Report
The Success of a New Concept to Support
Distributed Work – The Office of Choice
WORK PACKAGE
WP2 - NewWow
KEYWORDS
Distributed and mobile
work, Knowledge work, new
ways of working, office
design
PARTICIPANTS
A new office concept was designed at ISS to better support open and collaborative
new ways of working at ISS Lahti office. The goal of the space design was to create an
office of choice; a functional and engaging work environment, where employees may
choose the space according to the task at hand and the desired individual or team
process. The new office concept included open mobile and team stations; a phone and
laptop-lounge; a quick meeting point and a quiet cube. The success of the remodeling
effort and functionality of the new work environment from the knowledge worker
perspective was studied by utilizing field observations, interviews and questionnaires.
ISS
Stanford University
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
RESULTS
The research results highlight the importance of participatory design in deploying new
work environments. Defining the purpose and meaning of new work spaces, and
discussing and explaining them to the employees during the design, remodeling, and
move-in stages of the new work environment is needed to ensure the commitment of
the personnel. Clear guidelines on how to use the new spaces and creating excitement
among the users of the new work environment is important as well as creating clear
standards, work and interaction practices, norms and policies that maximize the use
and functionalities of the new work environment.
ICT solutions should be linked with organizational infrastructure standards and work
processes, which is why the reliability of infrastructure, e.g., Internet, WiFi and printers
becomes crucial. The results also highlight the importance of training all employees to
use the new ICT, e.g., video conference tools in meeting rooms. Fostering and
supporting new social media, web conferencing ICT and work practices that link
knowledge workers between other regional offices and the ISS headquarter helps to
ensure knowledge transfer, reduction of response latency, accelerate problem solving,
as well as stronger sense of identity and belonging. Understanding the relation
between BBI – bricks / physical, bits / ICT virtual, and interaction and work practices /
social spaces and implementing it in an integrated fashion should be the starting point
of work environment design.
Fruchter, Renate
MORE INFO
Fruchter, R., Medlock, L.,
Kincho, H.L., Määttä, H.,
Nykänen, E., Mattila, P. &
Ståhlberg, A., 2014: NewWow
ISS Lahti Pilot Case Study.
VTT TECHNOLOGY X.
Kopijyvä Oy: Kuopio. 88
pages. (Forthcoming, august
2014)
114
EFFECTS
The research results highlighted the importance of focusing on the development of the
way of operating, not only on the facilities – the collaboration with HR and IT is
essential. The experiences from the new office design in Lahti office have been seen as
a successful and an important starting point for the renewal of other ISS regional
offices. ISS has created a team consisting of facility designers, HR and IT and have
actively begun to collaborate in new office design projects, for example in the regional
offices of Oulu, Tampere and Turku. The team collaborates closely with managers,
superiors and the personnel at the offices in designing new solutions. The Lahti case
provided new insights for supporting the design process, and the methods
(workshops, interviews and observations) have been utilized in the recent design
cases. The Lahti case has also contributed to the evolution of the organizational
culture, which is important in implementing new ways of working. There has been
progress in changing the mindset from traditional office setting towards flexible work
practices.
FUTURE
The support of management is seen as a key enabler in diffusing the new ways of
working mentality. Regional design cases like the Lahti office can provide internal
visibility and enhance the understanding of the need for renewal of work places to
support distributed work in organizations.
115
PRE Results Report
User Profiles as Tools for Developing
Sustainable Services and Solutions
WORK PACKAGE
WP2 - NewWow
KEYWORDS
Change management, new
ways of working, profiling,
service, sustainability,
workplace
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
MottoWasabi
Senate Properties
CONTACT
Sundqvist, Anne
Söderlund, Natalie
MORE INFO
Several Finnish government’s administrations have created nationwide workplace
concepts for their network of agencies. These concepts give guidelines for designing
workplaces for modern knowledge workers as well as service channels for the
customers – citizens and organizations. One aim of these concepts is to have more
sustainable governmental workplaces. One step towards this is communicating the
sustainable ways of working to to the governmental employees.
Sundqvist, A. & Rasila, H.
(2014) Sustainable
Workplace Management –
Senate Properties’ Final
Report
RESULTS
User profiles are used for studying the individual motivations that make us think and
act sustainably and adapt new ways of working. Different driving motivations were
found through user studies, such as a fear of consequences, avoiding a bad conscience,
a personal disadvantage or discomfort, or giving a bad impression of yourself. Four
main profiles (figure above) were found and placed on a profile map with two axes:
1. Motivation axis where the motivation driver moves from threat to benefit.
2. Attitude axis where the attitude moves from belief to indifference.
The user profiles are provocative characters and we can identify ourselves with
different profiles depending on the situation.
EFFECTS
In implementation phase of the national workplace concepts, it is crucial to reach the
116
masses and to get individuals to change their thinking and behavior. To reach the
masses efficient web-based tools much be developed. To reach the individuals
participatory processes must be designed. Profiles help to communicate the value of
sustainable workplace concepts and new ways of working to different kinds of
individuals.
FUTURE
The next step is to create a web-based platform for workplace users to communicate
the sustainable new ways of working. The platform is meant both for individual
employees but also the decision makers in the organizations.
117
Results Cards
WP3 – BIMCON
118
PRE Results Report
BIM Boosts Buildability
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
Assessment, BIM,
Buildability, Constructability,
Methodology
PARTICIPANTS
The use of building information models in projects encourages the development of
buildability at design offices and construction sites. Improved buildability intensifies
the use of both designers’ and contractors’ resources. The development of review
processes and evaluation methods for a project-specific buildability would be useful
for companies in construction industry.
Aalto University
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Skanska Oy
CONTACT
RESULTS
The evaluation of buildability is previously based on tacit knowledge within
construction industry. Forming buildability to a more explicit and measurable
concept quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods that can be applied
systematically will be needed. A BIM-based tool for calculating a numeric value for
buildability, the b u i l d ab i l i t y sco re, was developed. At the project level, the
improvement of buildability can be estimated and developed by a combination of the
visual inspection of BIMs and the buildability score.
Puttonen, Jari
Saari, Arto
MORE INFO
The recognized need for the co-operation between designers and site practitioners
during early development and design stages resulted in a draft of the cooperational b u i l d ab i l i t y rev i ew p ro cess based on the research carried out.
Patrik Laakso.2012. Methods
for measuring and
developing buildability in a
building information model
-based environment.
Master’s Thesis (In Finnish).
Aalto University, Department
of Civil and Structural
Engineering.
EFFECTS
Previous researches abroad have established a direct association of buildability with
lowering cost and time, increasing quality and safety, and reducing amount of
changes in construction projects.
Establishing company level buildability programs based on the partnership between
119
design and construction companies, the buildability objectives can be defined for
design solutions and building processes. In the project level, the use of resources
(human, material, money, time) will be intensified and the productivity will be
increased.
From the project sponsor’s point of view the predictability of a project will be
enhanced.
FUTURE
Before implementing the buildability assessment methods developed, additional
testing of the methods in different types of building projects is recommended.
Building services system criteria and the use of integrated BIM will be developed. The
use of 4D/5D BIM and simulations to support the buildability evaluation process will
also be studied.
120
PRE Results Report
BIM-based Automated Safety Checking and
Planning
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, construction, planning,
rule-based checking, safety
PARTICIPANTS
Georgia Tech USA
Skanska Oy
Tekla Oyj
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Automation of BIM-based safety checking and planning was explored with
encouraging experience in BIMCON-project. Automation accelerates modelling and
visualization of safe construction procedures. Prototype tool can be developed to a
real tool for construction planning professionals, the final target in future being to
effectively plan construction work and promote site safety.
RESULTS
Sulankivi, Kristiina
Potential of automating BIM-based safety checking and planning has been explored,
and limitations of a prototype software was investigated in a Finnish case study
project. As a result of automation a rough fall prevention plan can be done fast based
on Tekla Structural model. The tool detects fall hazards and adds preferred fall
prevention system based on an existing BIM and its 4D schedule in the model. The
resulting safety plan is flexible as it allows manual adjustment by a safety expert. A
detailed model for safety elements, e.g. guardrail posts, was successfully integrated to
the tool, showing that options can be provided for users that wish simplified or
detailed model views of safety equipment.
Teizer, Jochen
Further work was found necessary, such as developing the modeling rules and adding
more safety equipment options before the tool can be tested in field by construction
professionals.
MORE INFO
BIMCON project
Utilization of BIM-based
Automated Safety Checking
in Construction Planning.
Sulankivi, K., Zhang, S.,
Teizer, J., Eastman, C. M.,
Kiviniemi, M., Romo, I.,
Granholm, L. (2013). In CIB
publication 388: Proceedings
of Safety and Health in
Construction. CIB World
Building Congres,
Brisbane May 2013.
121
EFFECTS
BIM is changing the way safety can be approached. Based on previous research,
manual fall protection modelling and 4D visualization remains complicated and labor
intensive with current BIM-based tools. Automation of the procedure has potential to
remarkable accelerate the process.
BIM-based safety checking and planning tool and tested procedure own potential to
become excellent in assisting a safety specialist’s task to recognize occupational safety
hazards proactively and make BIM-based safety plans, and to visualize construction
procedures including both permanent building parts and temporary safety equipment.
FUTURE
The developed prototype software has high potential to become a practical tool for
safety checking and modelling in building construction planning. A software developer
could commercialize the prototype based on identified industry needs and best
practices, and eventually integrate it into a BIM-based modeling or model checking
software. As a result, BIM would become more efficient while promoting occupational
safety and health. The final goal is, that with help of the BIM-based tool the safety
planning is part of the standard building construction planning process in the future.
An additional goal of a “Safe BIM
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PRE Results Report
BIM-based Supply Chain Management of Precast
Concrete Elements
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, Precast concrete
elements, Status
information, Supply chain
management
PARTICIPANTS
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Parma Oy
Skanska Oy
Tekla Oyj
CONTACT
The design, fabrication, delivery, and installation information shared to the cloud
service by the project stakeholders provides a more transparent information flow
through the supply chain. The method will make following the progress of a
construction project much simpler. The exchange of status information creates the
foundation for a production control system within a construction project.
RESULTS
The degrees of readiness, as well as planned and actual dates for the design,
fabrication, delivery and installation phases are exchanged between the project
stakeholders using the model-based method. The method was tested in the pilot
project, where status information was presented in the modeling tool and shared to
the other stakeholders by using the cloud service. A link was created between the
manufacturer’s ERP and the cloud service in order to automatize the exchange of the
fabrication information. The status information is presented in the model by use of
color-coded visualization.
Nissilä Jaakko
MORE INFO
PRE
BIMCON
EFFECTS
The experiences of the method are very encouraging. The reliable exchange of the
status information substantially improves the information flow between the
stakeholders. The project stakeholders are able to follow the daily progress of the
construction project. This up-to-date shared information helps stakeholders to react
promptly to any changes in the project schedule and, if necessary, to alter their own
production in response.
FUTURE
Utilizing the shared status information is seen to be highly advantageous. In the
future, the use of information exchange will be naturally bound to the other processes
through the forming of a production control system. The exchange of status
information will help to control processes as well as the construction schedule. On the
construction site, the increasingly widespread use of tablet computers provides new
and more direct opportunities to utilize the information exchange; for example in
placing an order. The method has proven itself to be very efficient and it will therefore
be put into operation in Skanska construction projects in the near future.
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PRE Results Report
Comprehension and Development of
Constructability
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
assessment method, BIM,
Buildability, Constructability,
design phase
PARTICIPANTS
In Finland the concept of buildability or constructability is poorly studied and
understood between project parties. The aim of the research was the development of
constructability knowledge during the design and construction stages in building
projects. Especially at the design stage, the co-operation between parties should be
intensified and made possible.
RESULTS
Architects, structural and MEP designers described constructability as an object of
faultless drawings, and a process to produce building drawings that could be carried
easily out on site. Contractors and engineer-to-order producers described
constructability as the efficiency of construction and production work. According to
the interviews, the visual inspection of drawings and BIMs, and BIM clash check were
means to promote constructability. When assessing the constructability, the use of
building information modeling clarified constructability significantly better than
traditional 2D drawings and other building specifications. The professional experience
of designers was in significant role assessing constructability in the design stage but
the systematic assessment approach and methods were missing.
Aalto University
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Parma Oy
Ruukki Construction Oy
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Ab
Skanska Oy
CONTACT
Puttonen, Jari
Tauriainen, Matti
MORE INFO
EFFECTS
The assessment of constructability will be changed to the design stage from the
beginning of the construction stage. Co-operation for good constructability will be
Tauriainen, M. & Mero A-K. &
Lemström A. & Puttonen J. &
Saari, A. 2012. The
development of
constructability using BIM as
an intensifying technology.
In Gudnason & Scherer
(Eds), eWork and eBusiness
in Architecture, Engineering
and Construction, p. 713716.
Anna-Kaisa Mero. 2012.
Buildable design and its
appraisal by the building
124
intensified. In the building project, the objectives and importance of the good
constructability must be brought out by both the designers and the contractors.
Constructability will be assessed immediately at the design stage using architectural
and structural BIMs. The assessment will be made both visually (quality based) and
analytically (quantity based). The methods for the development of constructability will
be created, assessed and developed during the whole design stage. In the assessment
team of constructability there has to be the sufficient representation of contractors’
and engineer-to-order producers’ staff during the design stage to pay attentions to the
requirements of the building site, site conditions and construction safety.
FUTURE
information modeling.
Master’s Thesis (In Finnish).
Aalto University.
Kati Forsblom. 2013.
Assessment of buildability
during architectural and
building services design.
Master’s Thesis (In Finnish).
Aalto University.
The new contract forms such as Alliance and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) make
designers’ and contractors’ co-operation possible for the development of
constructability during the design stage. Special attention should be paid for the use
of BIMs in the assessment of constructability. The assessment of constructability of
building service design should be developed.
125
PRE Results Report
Comprehensive BIM Integration into Ruukki
Construction Business Process
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, collaboration, design,
modelling
PARTICIPANTS
Ruukki Construction Oy
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
A comprehensive BIM process for a steel contractor was identified, analysed and
developed in tender and in production phase, especially BIM integration into
production ERP and project management systems. Business benefits of BIM
deployment are achieved by streamlining the information flow in design-build
services. Agile dissemination of the new and developing information management
methods will give competitive edge to Ruukki Construction.
Vaara, Ilkka
RESULTS
The main result is a re-engineered information flow and processing for seamless
integration of design, production and installation information of a steel contractor.
Building information modelling is a crucial methodology in this new process. The
following findings were identified for deployment of the new process:
BIM P ro cess mu st b e i n t ro d u ced an d i n st ru ct ed
With the adequate understanding and competence the project participants will
contribute the comprehensive BIM process and take apart to development of it.
Kiviniemi, Markku
MORE INFO
Co mp u l so ry t ask s mu st b e d ef i n ed an d resp o n si b i l i t i es set
To ensure the key tasks to be carried out in time in unified process those tasks need to
be pointed out and persons in charge must be named.
A co n t i n u o u s i mp l emen t at i o n an d u p d at i n g p ro ced u re i s n eed ed
The common business management procedures can’t respond fast enough as new BIM
tools are developed. For maintaining BIM process in operations a company needs
continuous and specialized implementation and updating procedure. This procedure
requires the support of the management.
126
EFFECTS
The project team can access to more rich and real time information and the team can
make more informed decisions much earlier. This will have a significant impact on
project cost and schedule.
Implementing a company level BIM process enables the development, testing, ideating
and disseminating best practises by increasing number of active individuals in
different phases of business process.
An advanced and up to date BIM process will give company a competition advantage
in implementing new technology in larger scale. In an international company the
development of the BIM process have to be organized and supported. This clarifies the
developing a systematic collaboration at project level with other participants and
produce added value to the client.
127
FUTURE
BIM technologies are still under heavy evolvement process and agility and
responsiveness is needed in continuous implementation. In the future increased
potential of other project discipline’s BIM information will compel companies to create
workflows to share the needed information within a project.
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PRE Results Report
Detailed Modelling Enables Use of BIM on Sites
in Interior Construction Phase
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
accurate modeling, BIM,
construction site, detailing,
interior construction, MTS
products
PARTICIPANTS
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Ab
Skanska Oy
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Sulankivi, Kristiina
Opportunities of detailed modelling of building parts and surfaces build in interior
construction phase were explored in a residential Case building project. Test trials
show detailed 3D geometry, accurate product information and quantity lists, and new
kind of visualizations related to building parts built in-situ on site from standard
products. As a result of the detailed modelling, 2D drawing will be reduced. At the
construction site, less time is needed for evaluating the quantities of surface materials,
material waste is decreased, and the model together with new kind of illustrative 3D
presentations and 2D documents can be used in a mobile device as well. Developing
the model content towards the information needs of interior construction is a step
forward in the utilization of BIM on building construction sites and collecting as-built
data.
RESULTS
Use of models on building sites in frame construction phase has grown rapidly, but
when the project proceeds to the interior construction phase, design information is
searched mainly from the traditional scattered 2D drawings and documents. That’s
because the current modelling accuracy is not sufficient to obtain the information
directly from the architectural model. In BIMCON project, needs of site staff were
studied in workshops and meetings, and possibilities related to detailed modelling of
made-to-stock products (MTS) investigated by modelling experiments and
demonstrations within a case building project. The identified first relevant product
groups for research and testing were facades, partition walls, wet room space surfaces,
and a floor heating system (trademark Comfort). However, the test trials focused on
the wet room spaces and masonry partition walls utilizing the latest available
modelling tools as effectively as possible. 3D-geometry of selected standard products
and surfaces were modelled in detailed level using ArchiCAD 17 modelling software
and building materials specified more accurately than traditionally. As a result, new
kinds of visualizations were got directly from the model, which could also be utilized
MORE INFO
ArchiCAD 17 BIMx Hypermodel for viewing in iPad
(Demo model, VTT 2014,
BIMx Docs needed for
viewing the whole content,
free BIMx for viewing 3D
only)
Download: BIMCON
hypermalli FI
(In Finnish, for iPad only)
Download: BIMCON hypermodel EN
(partly in English, for iPad
only)
129
for mobile viewing on site.
Mobile BIMx Hyper-model (Demo, VTT)
Demonstrations also show accurate quantity take-offs produced from the detailed
models. For example, lists including number of different kind of calcium silicate blocks
(CSU blocks) and block diagrams were obtained directly from the model after
modelling the masonry walls block by block using Saint Gobain Weber’s add-on for
ArchiCAD modelling software.
Masonry walls modelled using Saint Gobain Weber’s add-on for ArchiCAD.
Quantities of various ceramic tiles in a wet room space (bathroom, toilet, sauna) was
obtained accurately both as square meters and as number of articles together with
accurate building product identification data. In addition, the IFC data exchange was
successful to both a model checking software (Solibri) and a structural modelling
software (Tekla Structures).
EFFECTS
As a result of detailed modelling of MTS products the drawings and details, as well as
accurate lists of quantities and product information are obtained for interior
construction directly from the model. In addition, a new range of illustrative 3D
presentations can be produced, to support the actual construction work at site.
Producing drawings directly from the 3D model’s geometry reduces the need to
supplement drawings in the 2D, in such cases as wall diagrams and details, for
instance. At the same time the need to manually update the drawings is reduced,
which also reduces the possibility of errors. Usability of architectural models at sites
will be improved and less time is needed for manual calculation of exact quantities of
MTS products. Also the material waste is intended to be reduced on construction sites,
and getting accurate quantity information directly from the model supports this
objective. Additionally, in a detailed model the design and modelling shortcomings
and errors are easier to detect visually.
Accurate modelling requires new kind of skills and cooperation at the end of design
process (in design development and construction documentation completion). The
designer must have more knowledge of the work order, methods and solutions at the
130
specific construction site. In practice, information exchange between the site staff and
the architect is needed more than traditionally, in order that the detailed modelling is
based on right and accurate information and modelling is done correctly. When the
content of the architectural model meets the needs, it can be utilized in interior
construction phase, as the structural models are already used in frame construction
phase.
FUTURE
The use of building information models on sites is growing rapidly, as well as the
utilization of mobile devices. Developing content of BIM to meet the information
needs in interior construction phase is a step forward in the utilization of the models
at the site. In prefabrication, modelling related to precast concrete, for example, is
already more accurate than the modelling of building parts constructed in-situ on site
from MTS products. Detailed structural modelling of e.g. precast walls serve the
manufacturer’s cost calculation, production planning and manufacturing. The same
kind of benefits can be achieved at site related to in-situ construction, if the
information content of the models is developed. It is also a step towards the better
management of as-built data, if the model is updated accordingly to realized material
and product choices. Currently it’s not common to record or link manufacturer specific
information to BIM.
Building product manufacturers and sub-contractors will be asked to provide models
corresponding to their products or construction work they are responsible to. In
practice, this so-called partial model may be, for example, a model of partition walls to
be combined with project’s other designs for use at site, and to serve as as-built
information in facility management. Modelling software have already developed to
support detailed modelling better than previously, and they these features are
developing more user-friendly. Also the availability and variety of pre-modelled 3D
objects is increasing rapidly.
Detailed IFC-model of masonry walls in Tekla Structures.
In the future, data in building specification and BIM needs to be integrated in reliable
and dynamic way to provide accurate product information that is easier to find and
manage than currently in the document-based procedures. In addition, there is still
need for a practical solution to identify the building products and materials included
in a BIM-based design, and the solution should be able to serve the different needs of
different actors in the construction projects.
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PRE Results Report
Development of BIM Libraries and Software
Modules
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, modelling, MTS
products, standard products
PARTICIPANTS
Finnmap Consulting Oy
M.A.D.
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Ab
Skanska Oy
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
The main objective of the project was to develop the use of standard products in 3D
modeling. At least in bigger projects use of models has become a standard procedure,
but use of standard products in them has been close to zero, at least until now.
Modeling of standard products such as blocks, flooring screeds and wall plasters
makes for example the detailed planning, evaluation of quantities and logistics a lot
easier. With detailed modeling it’s possible to produce plans that are easier to read on
construction site and therefore minimize the risk of errors.
RESULTS
Rajala, Tomi
Pyysalo, Markku
MORE INFO
www.e-weber.fi
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy Ab manufactures a broad range of standard products such as
façade plasters, flooring, tiling and masonry products, Leca(r)blocks and Kahi brics and
blocks. In BIMCON project we had two goals. First one was to create structure type
libraries for most commonly used modeling software, which on architectural design in
Finland are Graphisoft ArchiCAD and Autodesk Revit. Libraries contain 43 different
Weber structure types, including floor, wall and roof structures. The second goal was
to create ‘Weber Leca® ja Kahi-harkot’, add-on to Graphisoft ArchiCad. This add-on
includes most of Leca® and Kahi blocks and it’s a tool for detailed modeling of
masonry walls.
132
‘Weber Leca® ja Kahi-harkot’, add-on
EFFECTS
It’s possible to improve the construction quality with detailed modeling of standard
products. 3D presentations are easier to interpret and from 3D model it’s possible to
get multiple presentations. It can also be possible to use 3D model on site with a
mobile devise. Risks to misinterpretations and mistakes decreases. Weber 3D modeling
libraries provide accurate and up to date information about products and construction
solutions. Libraries include links to product cards, work instruction, environmental
declaration etc. which ensures that latest information is available on construction site.
In addition, with ‘Weber Leca® ja Kahi-harkot’, add-on it’s possible toe get accurate list
of quantities and it gives a possibility to reduce material waste.
Display of GDL Object settings. ‘Weber Leca® ja Kahi-harkot’, add-on.
FUTURE
In the future we are planning to improve and widen our add-ons and libraries.
Software is also getting better and in the future it’s possible to include more product
133
data information in for example structure types and gdl-objects. Environmental impact
data is one of the features that is high on the priority list.
Interior Kahi-block wall
134
PRE Results Report
Future Perspectives on Product Data
Management in Building Information Modeling
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, Data Collection, journal
article, Product Information,
Product Library, Supply
chain management
PARTICIPANTS
University of Liverpool
Johanna Kuusisto
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Product data libraries provide the basis to support diverse national classification
systems and different languages. The aim was to identify PDM systematics and
recommend future development needs to building product libraries, focusing on the
functional shortcomings and data processing deficiencies found in current libraries.
The research question was: how advanced companies use product information and
what research the international academia is conducting on the subject? The analysis is
based on identified PDM methods, which are generic product data definitions; generic
requirements and the collection of as-built product data. Trends and risks related to
the use of BIM in the management of product information were identified based on
questionnaire answers from distinguished experts.
RESULTS
A literature review of state-of-the-art practices of BIM within the construction industry
was conducted including product libraries, supply chains, guidelines, industry tools
and practices, and general use of BIM. Findings from the literature review were
complemented with insights from the academia and industry by obtaining data
through focused questionnaires conducted in Spring 2011 with experts who were
chosen based on their prestige and reference.
As a result of the studies performed, roadmaps are proposed for product library
implementation globally. The role of standardisation in implementing BIM-compatible
product libraries is highlighted. The current use of BIM often focuses on the
production and coordination of design information. The use of BIM in the
management of product information is not common and in many aspects not well
known (Taylor and Bernstein, 2009; East, 2011).
Palos, Salla
Kiviniemi, Markku
MORE INFO
Citation:
Salla Palos, Arto Kiviniemi,
Johanna Kuusisto, (2014)
“Future perspectives on
product data management
in building information
modeling
Several research and development projects in co-operation with the construction
industry have strived to deliver coherent product libraries for the past decade. The
present product libraries are still software-specific ad hoc product applications. The
need for open standard product libraries is apparent on a global level. The current use
of BIM often focuses on the production and coordination of design information,
although it is said that BIM will bring benefits to the whole value chain throughout the
building life cycle. Coherent product libraries could help establish viable new services
135
and better building products.
EFFECTS
The first challenge of developing coherent product libraries is related to the
standardisation of data structures and data content. There are a vast number of
product categories in the building industry. The second challenge is commercial.
Building product manufacturers are not interested in developing extensive library
information unless it is a viable business case for them, the critical mass of data in a
neutral format. Shared product data also need to be feasible in design software,
material requirements planning (MRP) applications, and facility management (FM)
applications.
FUTURE
The industry is encouraged to put effort into creating an interoperable single source
product database for any BIM software from different vendors. Interoperability is one
of the key elements in the development and commissioning of product data
management. Interoperability is important to BIM due to its capability to allow data
exchange between different programs via a common set of business procedures, same
file formats and software protocols while covering the whole building life cycle as well
as considering the needs of different shareholders.
Among the most advanced software-specific libraries known by the research team are
applications that include extensive coverage of commercial products in their market
areas. These programs for product databases cover both product data attributes and
functional properties of real products. It is still a relatively unusual feature in BIM
software for objects to be dynamic parts of building systems. Research on product
data management in BIM becomes useful to the industry when the results are adopted
by commercial software vendors as part of their products and by product
manufacturers as their information supply platform.
Openness between all parties and clear identification and publication of the
requirements for tools are needed to achieve the goal. The use of a neutral file format
like the IFC for data exchange or bSDD for data storage could serve a wider audience,
though it might limit the responsiveness to the iterative nature of design. The receiving
applications would need to be able to support “model merging” with IFC data for this
to work. This is not a widespread capability. The joint evaluation of existing solutions
and tools provides a common starting point for the development of new instruments
and determining future research activities. Participation by all interested parties from
software and hardware industries, research institutes and the construction industry is
most welcome.
136
PRE Results Report
Improving the Constructability of the
Frameworks and Work Safety in Residential
Buildings by Utilizing BIM
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, Buildability,
Constructability,
development, safety, Site
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
Skanska Oy
CONTACT
The development of constructability is an umbrella concept covering design,
construction, and manufacturing methods and factors to improve construction
performance and efficiency. These methods include the coordination and
rationalization of design information, the standardization of design solutions and
work methods, the prefabrication of elements, considering safety on site, and
employing visualization tools and BIMs.
RESULTS
Saari, Arto
The main goals of the researches were I) to enhance the efficiency of frame works, and
II) to facilitate BIM based safety planning and management of residential building
projects. Development proposals concerning constructability and the use of BIM were
created. These proposals included the fluency of information transfer, the
standardization of the design solutions, the teamwork between designers and the
production team and increasing the use of BIMs on site. Critical spots during the
frameworks were also listed.
For the development of safety management and planning several features for the
future BIM software were identified and divided into properties. Examples of desired
functionality were also suggested.
Tauriainen, Matti
MORE INFO
Mikko Raikaa. 2011.
Requirements of BIM
software for work safety
planning on construction
site. Master’s Thesis (In
Finnish). Aalto University,
Department of Civil and
Structural Engineering.
EFFECTS
It is possible to enhance the efficiency, constructability and occupational safety of a
residential building project with the help of building information modeling. The use of
Aamos Lemström. 2012.
Improving the
constructability of the
framework in residential
buildings by utilizing
building information
modeling. Master’s Thesis (In
Finnish). Aalto University.
Department of Civil and
Structural Engineering.
137
BIMs also adds value in production planning and on site. Before being able to fully
benefit from its’ use further development of software and training will still be required.
FUTURE
Internationally the use of BIMs for the development of constructability and safety
planning is still at the very beginning. Therefore the needs of the early adapters of
ideas should be taken care of and the requirements should be carefully tested in pilot
projects, laboratories and companies.
138
PRE Results Report
Model Based Data and Process for Carbon
Footprint Calculation
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM processes, construction,
data management,
sustainability assessment
and carbon footprint
PARTICIPANTS
Parma Oy
Rautaruukki Oyj
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Ab
Skanska Oy
Tekla Oyj
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
The outcome will show how the generic and specific product information can be
integrated to design software and utilized in design processes for sustainable buildings
and especially in embodied carbon footprint assessment of buildings.
CONTACT
RESULTS
The project defines processes, creates prototype and describes solutions for
information exchange in sustainability management of buildings.
The result points out the needs and data sources for generic and specific product
information in Building Information Model (BIM) based design. It clarifies the role of
product information in different design phases, defining carbon footprint value and
the level of it but also gives an examples of typical generic values and evaluation of
variations. Suggested processes related to the embodied carbon footprint calculation
using BIM tools for carbon footprint management.
The carbon footprint was under consideration because of its importance and because
the data also exists for the demonstration. Even then the methodology and processes
are valid also for the assessments of other environmental impact categories within BIM
based construction.
EFFECTS
Successful design for sustainable buildings requires integrated methods which provide
the process with easy-to-use and comprehensive product information.
Calculation and simulation facilities must enable the comparison of design options
and enable designers to understand the effects of changes from the environmental
aspect automatically or with reasonable extra work.
Comprehensive product information should be able to be integrated with design
software and building information models (BIMs) but also with inside of enterprise
resource planning and calculation systems.
Vares, Sirje
MORE INFO
http://www.rym.fi/en/progra
ms/builtenvironmentprocess
reengineeringpre/bimcon/
VTT Report, Tutkimusraportti
VTT-R-01180-13 ’Tuotetiedon
käyttö tietomallinnuksessa
esi-merkkinä
ympäristövaikutusten
laskenta’, Vares, S., Sulankivi,
K., Palos, S., Kojima, J.,
Kiviniemi, M., Tuomisto, M.
73 p. + app. 2 p. (in Finnish)
Final report will be available
in 5/2014.
The target group was mainly designers, but also product manufacturers, database
producers, software houses, consultants and researches.
FUTURE
It is believed that BIM based process development encourages manufacturers to
139
produce specific environmental impact data related to their products and solutions;
enables designers to make sustainability assessments and solution comparisons from
early design and through the design till construction; and promotes owners to make
complete sustainability verifications by exploiting BIM models.
140
PRE Results Report
Possibilities of BIM in Public Construction
Procurement
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, e-Procurement, model
checking, public
procurement, tendering
PARTICIPANTS
University of Brescia
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Building Information Modelling (BIM) was studied within the public construction
procurement scenario, analysing the current situation and further development
possibilities, especially how to adopt model checking in tendering. Results can help
both public clients and bidders to find out new strategies to improve efficiency. In the
future the BIM-based approach needs to be integrated in e-procurement process to
fully take advantage of its potentialities.
Bolpagni, Marzia
RESULTS
The state of art related to the current implementation of BIM within public
procurement, especially in tendering was studied. Examples show how BIM has been
used in public procurement in Denmark, Norway, Finland, Canada and UK. Moreover,
the available BIM-based tools and future possibilities of BIM, as well as several
procurement methods have been analysed to find out the most suitable procurement
methods to fully advantage potential of BIM in public procurement process. The
results point out what is possible to check by now thanks to BIM-based tools and how
to translate traditional manually checked requirements into rule-sets prone to
effectively evaluate the compliance between client’s requirements and bidder’s offers.
Finally, e-procurement platforms were found to own potential to become very useful
to support the public procurement process and they can be integrated with BIM.
Sulankivi, Kristiina
MORE INFO
Bolpagni, M. (2013). The
implementation of BIM
within the public
procurement. A modelbased approach for the
construction industry. VTT
Technology report: 130
ISBN ISBN 978-951-38-80583.
Checking the compliance between bidder’s proposal and client’s requirements.
EFFECTS
141
Recently the European Directive for public procurement has been updated and it
includes the possibility to require BIM. For this reason clients must be aware of this
innovative approach to manage profitable tenders. The results can help public clients
to understand possibilities, limits and challenges of BIM implementation within public
construction procurement. Thanks to the BIM adoption, the tendering can be more
efficient and transparent. Indeed, Model Checking tools can support the jury’s work,
reducing subjective evaluations and checking offers in a detailed level. For this reason,
in comparison to a traditional approach, BIM-based tenders give the possibility to gain
remarkable improvements both to public clients and to bidders, who can self-evaluate
their offers before the final submission.
FUTURE
Recently more and more public sectors have been paying close attention to save cost
and, at the same time, improve efficiency. Thus, some public clients are adopting new
strategies, one of these being Building Information Modelling, which forces all the
parties involved in the process to adopt a collaborative approach reducing
inefficiencies. The utilisation of BIM in tendering will improve the selection of the best
bidder and the comparison of several proposals in a more effective and objective way
with help of BIM-based model checking tools. Public procurement methods can be
improved to take advantage of BIM and e-procurement platforms, which are expected
to be developed to fully integrate BIM, giving the possibility to efficiently manage data
in a BIM-based procurement process.
142
PRE Results Report
Precast Concrete Status Transfer in
Construction Projects: ERP and ESB Based
Solution
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
ERP, ESB, Information
modeling, Status
information, Supp
PARTICIPANTS
CGI Suomi Oy
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external
management of information across the organization, but those have not become
common in overall supply chain management (SCM) of construction companies. One
of the reasons is that information management has been decentralized to project
organizations and different domains. The aim is to implement centralized information
management solution for SCM starting with status information management.
Kiviniemi, Markku
RESULTS
The results consist of the concept for the ERP and ESB (Enterprise Service Bus) based
approach including IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) propertysets for information
transfer. In the concept ERP stores and manages the information content. ESB
integration platform is used for publication of services, communicating with data
warehouse, routing, filtering and transformations of transferred information. It
guarantees that up-to-date data is available for all participants in the network. For
status information transfer ESB utilizes publish/subscribe method. A web-based IFC 3D
viewer can be applied for visualizing ERP information as 3D presentation, e.g. building
part statuses with colours. Following figure presents developed ERP and ESB based
concept.
A general ERP system will be configured to be used as the extended procurement ERP
of the construction company. It is intended to store and handle needed precast
product information, target schedules and status information. ERP default features are
utilized: project management, task and product structures, part catalogues and in
element fabrication production management.
Backman, Jere
MORE INFO
Törmä S., Backman J.,
Kiviniemi M., Aro J. & Nissilä
J. 2014. Three methods for
exchanging status
information of building
elements. 8 pages.
Submitted 1.4.2014 to 10th
European Conference on
Product & Process Modelling
– ECPPM 2014.
143
Information exchange use cases were developed for information transfer of precast
element main product information, target schedules and statuses. IFC propertyset
attributes were introduced to be able to manage the needed precast element and
status data. The defined information was exported in ifcXML format from the
structural BIM model designed with Tekla Structures. Required XSLT’s were used by ESB
to filter out extra information to minimize message payloads for more efficient
information exchange.
EFFECTS
The information content of a BIM will provide common assembly and product
information listing for stakeholders in a supply chain and a centralized information
management system will help suppliers to interchange this information. The ERP is for
storing and managing the information and ESB as configurable interface to transfer
information with stakeholders in a construction project. An ESB process is the
backbone of information exchange between stakeholders in a supply chain. For the
ontology and format of information to be transferred, the IFC (Industry Foundation
Classes) is promoted for open standards in construction.
By harmonizing and exchanging building element status information, it is possible to
improve transparency and right timing of the supply chain which will improve overall
productivity. Participants can update statuses and receive status information according
to their needs using their applications and systems connected to the ESB connectors.
FUTURE
The status management is one area of BIM based information management in supply
chain. It is limited and understandable development area for linking stakeholders’
systems and creating needed understanding for further development. Next steps will
include the development of operative functionalities to support supply chain activities
between participants.
The forming of the network must be straightforward process. The configuration of
automated information exchange has to be simple at construction project level. The
needed ICT and ontology interfaces should be common in networked construction
branch. More research is needed to identify how to create such branch level
systematics while the traditional uniformity of construction management methods has
been started to differentiate.
144
PRE Results Report
State-of-the-Art Analysis of Product Data
Definitions Usage in BIM
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
Conference proceedings,
Harmonization, Product
Data, Product Data
Management, Standards
PARTICIPANTS
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Palos, Salla
Large number of product types, national codes, classification systems; and the need to
support multiple languages, cause construction industry supply chains to be more
fragmented than in manufacturing industry. Product libraries entail some essential
information contents, which have been recognized as: identification, classification,
composition and performance. Product data significance is found from its availability
through the life cycle of the building. The life cycle availability point of view is
emphasized in product library applications and software interoperability. Software has
to be able to identify the terms of product comparability within searches and data
exchange, and instance them into software objects. To enable the software vendors
and product manufacturers to output interoperable data, BIM based procedures
require commonly agreed information exchange methods.
RESULTS
The primary idea was to clarify state-of-the-art BIM based product data definition
methods and evaluate what benefits can be realized in construction supply chains. The
paper discussed why product data definitions are required and why the requirements
should be translated into standards for manufacturer’s product data sharing and
software developers’ applications. Building elements and products are currently
planned with software included or ad hoc objects. Based on designer’s best knowledge
some products are chosen and written down in documents as examples of
requirements. The suggested products are changed during procurement process
without returning the updated data neither for the designers nor the as-designed
product model with as-built data. Important product data is lost during the
procurement process or it is non-existent after the design process.
The need for harmonization of different systems depends on e-commerce or product
data offering site where the identification and classification systems are different. The
data structuring method is dependent on what kind of organization is the maintainer
of the data base and what interests the organization represents. The product data
offering organizations vary from 3rd party neutral operators to business driven
software vendors.
BIM related product data definitions usage and information exchange
management was analysed. Productive development of building product data usage
requires standardization and common agreements of the process. Enhanced flow
of process and improved data exchange between different stakeholders (client,
designer, contractor, manufacturer, user, maintenance organization) induce quality in
Kiviniemi, Markku
MORE INFO
Citation:
eWork and eBusiness in
Architecture, Engineering
and Construction
ECPPM 2012
Edited by Gudni Gudnason
and Raimar Scherer
CRC Press 2012
Pages 397–403
Print ISBN: 978-0-415-621281
eBook ISBN: 978-0-20307796-2
DOI: 10.1201/b12516-63
http://www.crcnetbase.com/
doi/abs/10.1201/b12516-63
145
building total performance. Re-engineering of process, relevant tools and
determination of data contents in product libraries produce improved information
management in construction process. The product data exchange process requires
concrete solutions, which enable data exchange within the building information
model. The main goal in product data definition systems is to enable user to define
standard products and requirements, utilize the system in procurement process and
upload data into the as-built model. The key questions in operational product data
libraries are how supplier’s commercial product can be chosen based on general
product data, who is responsible for the validity of the product data, and how detailed
product data can be collected and transferred into the as-built model.
EFFECTS
Supply chain management (SCM) using building information models (BIM) is not
common in the construction industry, thus many aspects of it are not well known.
Large number of different product types, national codes, classification systems; and
the need to support multiple languages, cause construction industry supply chains to
be more fragmented and less stable than in manufacturing industry. The need for
advanced product libraries and BIM based implementations are in demand due to
increasing requirements concerning life cycle assessment and environmental impact
neutrality of buildings. New prospects for systematic project information management
arise from the use on BIM, because of the structured information content.
FUTURE
Product libraries entail some essential information contents, which have been
identified as identification, classification, composition and performance. Product data
significance is found from availability through the life cycle of the building. The life
cycle availability point of view is emphasized in applications used with product
libraries and their ability to communicate. Software has to be able to define terms for
comparability of products with searches, transfer or directly receive data, instance it
into the application’s own product model. The industry needs a common
understanding about the classification of products and building parts, which already
exists in automation and machinery industry.
146
PRE Results Report
Supplier’s Precast Detailing as Part of BIM-based
Design and Construction Process
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, design process, designmanufacture contract,
precast detailing, structural
design
PARTICIPANTS
Finnmap Consulting Oy
Parma Oy
Skanska Oy
Tekla Oyj
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
BIM-based precast detailing carried out by wall panel fabricator was successfully
integrated into the BIM-based design and construction process. Thanks to BIM and
design-manufacture contract, special needs of manufacturing were better taken into
account in precast detailing, there were remarkable less design changes than
traditionally, and unnecessary drawings were eliminated. In the future, the need to
combine manufacturer-specific models increases in construction projects, and this is
expected to become easier as BIM-based software develope.
CONTACT
RESULTS
Precast supplier’s BIM-based detailing was integrated into the BIM-based structural
engineering in a pilot building project without any significant problems. Process
description “Modelling process in design-manufacture contract of precast partition wall
panels
Sulankivi, Kristiina
EFFECTS
The new procedure aims to take advantage of BIM, as well as precast manufacturer’s
expertise by transferring BIM-based precast engineering and detailing from the chief
structural engineer to the precast supplier. If compared to the traditional procedures in
Finland, the identified benefits of the developed BIM-based approach include taking
the needs of manufacturing better into account in precast detailing, and
increased product development opportunities in prefabrication industry.
Additionally, the design process becomes more efficient, as a result of eliminating
unnecessary production and distribution of drawings, and decreased need for design
changes particularly at the end of the precast detailing process.
Räisänen, Markku
MORE INFO
BIMCON project
Betonielementtien BIMpohjainen tuoteosakauppa,
Case
väliseinäelementit. Kristiina
Sulankivi in cooperation
with Parma,
Skanska, Finnmap and Tekla.
VTT Research report
(Tutkimusraportti VTT-R03335-13), In Finnish.
147
FUTURE
There will be more supplier/manufacturer-specific independent BIM-based design in
construction projects in the future. As a result, there will be also more individual, socalled partial models in one building project. Modelling software will be developed to
better support combining and sharing these partial models and IFC-based data
exchange, which will facilitate and make it easier to integrate supplier’s BIM-based
design to the project’s model-based design process. In addition to developing BIMbased tools, there is also need to test described new BIM-based approach in more
complex construction projects and also for other products beside precast wall panels.
148
PRE Results Report
The Key Challenges and Possibilities of BIMbased Supply Chain Management
WORK PACKAGE
WP3 - BIMCON
KEYWORDS
BIM, building construction,
Supply chain management
PARTICIPANTS
Parma Oy
Rautaruukki Oyj
Saint-Gobain Weber Oy
Ab
Skanska Oy
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
The key challenges and possibilities of BIM-based supply chain management were
studied and clarified as the first task of BIMCON project. Real problems experienced by
the industry partners representing the main contractor, steel frame supplier, precast
concrete fabricator, and standard building product manufacturer were studied
involving operative bodies committing them to exploit the research results in their
projects in the future, influencing on the effectiveness of construction in practice. The
found seven key development areas were used for allocating the development work in
relevant direction, but provides also information for further research to advantage BIM
more effectively in the future.
Kiviniemi, Markku
RESULTS
The main target of BIMCON project was to develop BIM-based product data
management procedures for the supply chains in industrialised construction process.
Based on facts related to special features of construction industry, such as extensive
use of subcontractors and fragmented nature of the industry, the key challenges and
possibilities for BIM-based supply chain management was studied during the first year.
As a result of numerous workshops, interviews, working meetings, and analyses, seven
key areas related to challenges and possibilities of BIM were identified being: 1) Design
management 2) Identification of construction products and building parts digitally in
various systems 3) Utilisation of BIM in cost estimation and tendering process 4)
Providing accurate product and quantity information to site staff 5) Improving logistics
of incoming materials on site 6) Recording and saving as-built-data into BIM or
database, and 7) Legal status of BIM-based information in construction projects. This
result has been used as the basis for research carried out during 2012-2013.
EFFECTS
Lots of information needs to be exchanged during the construction project between
different parties in the supply chain. However, the same challenges in the information
exchange processes do not apply to construction as other industries. Identifying the
main problems, challenges and possibilities of BIM-based processes in building
construction projects was a method to allocate the BIMCON development work in
relevant direction, but provides information for further research as well related to use
of BIM in construction supply chain. Real problems experienced by the industry
partners representing the main contractor, steel frame supplier, precast concrete
fabricator, and standard building product (MTS, made-to-stock) manufacturer were
studied involving operative bodies committing them to exploit the research results in
Kuusisto, Johanna
MORE INFO
Managing building
information and client
requirements in construction
supply chain – constructor’s
view. Nummelin, Johanna;
Sulankivi, Kristiina;
Kiviniemi, Markku;
Koppinen, Tiina. Conference
Proceedings of CIB W078 –
W1022011 joint conference.
Sophia Antipolis, FR, 26 – 28
Oct. 2011. CIB; CSTB (2011)
149
their projects in the future. All improvements taken into use in real construction
projects related to product data management procedures influences on the
effectiveness of construction by decreasing the need of entering the same information
multiple times into different systems, and decreasing need to interpret data manually,
for instance.
FUTURE
Taking full advantage of BIM in construction supply chain management requires more
research and further development, as well as more pilot testing in real construction
projects. Further opportunities exists related to how product information is collected
from BIMs to supply chain, how this information is exploited during the design and
construction process, and how the as-built data is collected from the site back to the
models to serve maintenance. As a result of the research carried out, there is general
understanding of the techniques and tools that are needed, but the most remarkable
future challenges include how to get the new BIM-based procedures into wide use and
standardized in the construction industry, for instance.
150
Results Cards
WP4 – DRUM
151
PRE Results Report
Better Decisions with Visual Metrics
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
BIM, co-operation, data
visualization, decision
making, metrics
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University / SimLab
Finnmap Consulting Oy
NCC Oyj
Tietoa Finland Oy
CONTACT
Visual metrics support co-working, enable efficient decision making and enhance
transparency in projects.
RESULTS
A knowledge base for company-level and project-level metrics was developed by
surveying metrics applicable in project-based business. Result is a table of suitable
metrics for projects. Research was done also to define metrics and visualizations that
enhance inter-company co-operation. Measurement and visualization methods were
defined to support design process to meet the set requirements. The emphasis was on
metrics that promote alternative solutions and knotworking during the design process.
Rajala, Marko
MORE INFO
Kivelä, J. (2013) Tiedon
havainnollistaminen osana
tietomallintavaa
rakennushanketta
(Diplomityö)
Anttonen, A. (2012)
Rakennusprojektin
suorituskyvyn mittaaminen
(Kandidaatintyö)
EFFECTS
152
The results indicate that the availability of up-to-date and visual information will
create greater possibilities to see the whole scope of the project which again enables
more efficient decision making. The use of defined metrics will enhance project-level
co-operation and knotworking. Decisions are based on transparent data. This creates
better commitment and increases efficiency. Defined visual metrics emphasize
comparison between alternative solutions and helps focusing on the best possible
solution to full fill the needs of the end user.
Project summary
FUTURE
Defined metrics help co-operation projects in start-up phase and support alliance
projects tendering competitions. Nationally adopted measurement systems will make
project comparison easier in different phases. Benefits of BIM usage will be
highlighted. Shared terminology and definition of the measurement system support
shared processes.
153
PRE Results Report
Building Information Management as Linked
Data
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
BIM, Linked Data, Workflows
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
CGI Suomi Oy
M.A.D.
Progman
Skanska Oy
Solibri Oy
Tekla Oyj
CONTACT
Linked Data technologies enable Web-based, distributed, and interlinked management
of building information models in a manner conforming to the fragmented and
loosely coupled nature of building projects. Cross-model linking can be used to
support advanced cross-enterprise workflows; moreover, the approach enables the
connection to/from external data sources on the Web. While more work is needed, the
Linked Data approach shows clear potential to solve the long lasting problem of
controlled sharing and distributed management of BIM models in building projects.
RESULTS
While the use of discipline-specific BIM design tools has greatly improved the
productivity and quality of individual design tasks, the problem of u t i l i zi n g t h e
gen erat ed i n f o rmat i o n i n o t h er t ask s (to enable smooth cross-enterprise
workflows) remains unsolved.
Efficient task-specific cross-enterprise use of models requires knowledge of how local
entities are linked to entities in remote models. Two traditional solution proposals are
(1) to co mp aremodels against each other (visually or with model checking tools), or (2)
to f u si o n the models into one centralized model. Neither of these solves the
workflow problems in practice.
Törmä, Seppo
MORE INFO
Törmä, S., Oraskari, J., &
Hoang, N. V. (2012).
Distributed transactional
building information
management. LDAC 2012, 9.
Törmä, S. (2013). Semantic
Linking of Building
Information Models, ICSC
2013.
Distributed Systems Group,
Aalto University
We present a more flexible approach based on (3) ex p l i ci t cro ss- mo d el l i n k i n g of
entities. The models remain as they are but linksets between the models are
maintained. This approach can be implemented using the Linked Data technologies
designed for loosely coupled management of interlinked datasets.
EFFECTS
154
Cross-model linking can be utilized in a variety of cross-enterprise workflows. It can
support access to relevant information in other models, aggregat i o n of information
from several models, propagation of st at u s i n f o rmat i o n across parties,
and man agemen t o f ch an ges that affect multiple models.
Linking achieves these benefits in a manner that the master data is in the n at i v e
mo d el s t h at remai n i n d ep en d en t . The roundtrip problem of the centralized
solution can be avoided.
The use of Linked Data technology fits to the loosely coupled and fragmented nature
of building projects. In addition, it brings BIM to the Web: models can be easily linked
also to (and from) external information, and the application development
environments are familiar to developers, thus boosting innovations.
FUTURE
The concept of BIM as Linked Data is in line with future development of the Web of
Data that will increasingly contain st ru ct u ral d at a about geography, building codes,
infrastructure, services, components and materials. New t o o l s an d ap p l i cat i o n s to
manage and interlink data on the Web are emerging.
The existing BIM tools should develop cap ab i l i t i es t o creat e, p u b l i sh an d u se
l i n k s. For instance, if design is created with a reference model, the links between the
two models could be created and published by the design tool; also status
information based on existing links could be visualized to the designer.
155
PRE Results Report
Change Detection in BIM Models – Computing
Diffs Between Versions
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
BIM, Change management,
Linked Data
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
CGI Suomi Oy
M.A.D.
Progman
Skanska Oy
Solibri Oy
Tekla Oyj
CONTACT
Efficient change management requires a capability to detect what has changed from
one model version to another. This is very difficult with IFC models since they largely
consist of anonymous entities that do not have GUIDs. The problem remains when IFC
models are converted to RDF but the uniform graph structure allow to solve it by
creating unique names for anonymous nodes based on their unique environment in a
graph. This solution make the computation of differences between model versions
simple, and is an important enabler for more complex change management protocols.
RESULTS
Building projects are characterized by f ragmen t at i o n and f req u en t ch an ges: there
are multiple interrelated models produced by different parties, and each model can
change at any point of the design process. Efficient change management requires tools
to detect changes in one model and determine their impacts on other models. A basic
enabler for this is the capability to co mp u t e d i f f s between model versions. However,
this turns out to be very difficult with IFC models where most entities
are an o n y mo u s, i.e., do not have a GUID.
The problem of anonymous nodes remains even when an IFC model is brought to
Web and converted into an RDF graph. However, the u n i f o rm grap h structure makes
it possible to create unique names for entities based on their unique environment in
the graph. The solution is based on collecting enough information from the
environment that allows the computation of a u n i q u e ch eck su m (and thus identity)
to an entity.
Oraskari, Jyrki
MORE INFO
Törmä, S., Oraskari, J., &
Hoang, N. V. (2012).
Distributed transactional
building information
management. LDAC 2012, 9.
Törmä, S. (2013). Semantic
Linking of Building
Information Models, ICSC
2013.
Distributed Systems Group,
Aalto University
156
EFFECTS
When correctly used, the solution to name the blanks based on their environment
producesu n i q u e names within a model, and keeps the name (almost) st ab l e from
one version to the next. It is therefore simple to compute the differences between two
versions of the model, since only the names (and related facts) that have changed
need to be included in the difference set. However, as the name depends on the
environment of a node, there are some additional nodes in the difference set, but the
overall size still remains very small.
The capability to compute differences can be used
in n o t i f i cat i o n s, sy n ch ro n i zat i o n of multiple instance of the same model, and in
analysis tools that aim to u n d erst an d t h e ch an ges.
FUTURE
The naming functionality is in the process of experimental study with a larger set of
IFC models and model versions.
Change management is an important area in cross-enterprise workflows in building
projects. The support for change detection enables further research and development
on change management protocols in real-world building projects.
157
PRE Results Report
Opening BIM to the Web – IFC-to-RDF
Conversion Software
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
BIM, IFC, Linked Data, OWL,
RDF
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
CGI Suomi Oy
M.A.D.
Progman
Skanska Oy
Solibri Oy
Tekla Oyj
CONTACT
BIM can be brought to the Web by converting IFC models into RDF graphs. The models
become accessible from the Web, they can be processed and queried in more flexible
ways, and they can be interlinked using the Linked Data technologies. Bringing BIM to
Web enables it to take advantage of the fast evolution of the Web and the emerging
services and data sources.
RESULTS
Vu Hoang, Nam
BIM models exported to IFC can be converted into representations that are used in the
domain Web of Data (Linked Data) as follows:
MORE INFO
IF C
L i n k ed Dat a
Id en t i t y
GUID
URI
Sch ema
EXPRESS
OWL
Dat a
Part21
RDF
Access
-
HTTP
Q u eri es
-
SPARQL
Törmä, S., Oraskari, J., &
Hoang, N. V. (2012).
Distributed transactional
building information
management. LDAC 2012, 9.
Törmä, S. (2013). Semantic
Linking of Building
Information Models, ICSC
2013.
Download IFC2RDF
Converter
The conversion is mostly unproblematic. The resulting models can be stored in RDF
stores or RDF files. RDF stores brings additional functionalities since models become
accessible over the Web and can be queried with SPARQL (an SQL-like query language
for graphs).
Distributed Systems Group,
Aalto University
In DRUM work package a IFC-to-RDF conversion software was written. It is efficient
and configurable, and has an application programming interface (API).
EFFECTS
The emergence of new business processes and workflows in building projects requires
more flexible and loosely coupled ways of managing the models created in different
design disciplines. When BIM models are published according to Linked Data principles
on the Web, the result is a significantly more flexible and rich way to utilize the
information contained in the models than the traditional model file exchange between
158
parties.
Conversion of IFC data to RDF brings several advantages. The URIs contain information
about the location of the dataset, HTTP provides access to the data, and IFC converted
to OWL makes it possible to manipulate the data according to standard schema. The
models can be interlinked using the Linked Data technologies.
FUTURE
The converter is configurable and research about the most suitable configurations for
real-world settings is required. The capability to reverse convert models will tie the RDF
graphs more closely to IFC models, and the existing IFC visualization and model
checking tools can be utilized.
159
PRE Results Report
Principles of Cross-Model Linking
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
BIM, Contract, Linked Data,
Use case
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
CGI Suomi Oy
M.A.D.
Progman
Skanska Oy
Solibri Oy
Tekla Oyj
CONTACT
A detailed walkthrough of a use case of cross-model linking was carried in the DRUM
work package. The focus was on three models created of a minimal ‘building’
consisting of a wall, door, two pipes, and a duct. The analysis of the use case produced
a set of principles for cross-model linking that will guide the future development of
systems that generate, maintain and utilize cross-model links.
RESULTS
The use case concerns a minimal ‘building’ consisting of a wall, a door, two pipes, and
a duct. Three models was created – architectural (ArchiCAD), structural (Tekla
Structures), and MEP (MagiCAD). Based on the analysis of three change scenarios, the
following principles for cross-model linking were identified:
1. L i n k s at t w o l ev el s: Links exist (1) between models and (2) between
instances of the models in linksets.
2. L i n k set gen erat i o n act i v i t i es: Model level links define the instance-level
link creation actions, such as use as a reference model, or clash checking.
3. L i n k set s at t w o en d s: Instance-level links can be created by both parties;
thus there are two linksets with different owners for each model-level link.
4. P u b l i c l i n k set s: Linksets should be public, that is, readable by other parties,
as often one party can benefit from the links created by another.
5. R i ch l i n k set s: The original models should be left untouched, and linksets
should contain all connections between the models: simple links, requests,
acknowledgements, and conflicts.
6. In d ep en d en t l i n k set s u t i l i zat i o n : Linksets should be utilized
independently by both parties: E.g., the impact of a change should be
determined by both affected parties using their own expertize.
Törmä, Seppo
MORE INFO
Törmä, S., Oraskari, J., &
Hoang, N. V. (2012).
Distributed transactional
building information
management. LDAC 2012, 9.
Törmä, S. (2013). Semantic
Linking of Building
Information Models, ICSC
2013.
Distributed Systems Group,
Aalto University
EFFECTS
The use case and the selected change scenarios were analyzed in the DRUM work
package in a series of expert workshops. The detailed development of the models and
scenarios increased the understanding of the possibilities and challenges in crossmodel linking. The principles were identified as a result of considering alternatives and
desired functionalities in change management processes.
The principles suggest an implementation of cross-model linking based on l o cal l y
mai n t ai n ed buto p en l y p u b l i sh ed linksets, which are determined based on the
model-level links. The approach fits well with the available L i n k ed Dat a
t ech n o l o gi es and the manner in which dataset descriptions and linksets are
managed and published. The basic implementation technologies are thus directly
160
available and conform to the Web-based structural data representations.
FUTURE
The principles suggest an important area of work. Information about the mo d el - l ev el
l i n k s – the models to be created and their relations – can be obtained
from co n t ract s b et w een p ro j ect p art i es. The use of contract information would
enable the practical realization of the linking approach.
To be practical, linkset generation activities need to be su p p o rt ed b y BIM t o o l s.
Natural points to create links are when the design in made based on a reference
model, when clash checking provides information of spatial overlaps, or when a void
provision process is carried out.
161
PRE Results Report
The Use of Electronic Document Management
and Information Modeling in Building
Supervision
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
automated code checking,
BIM, Electronic archiving and
document management,
permit application
procedures
PARTICIPANTS
CGI Suomi Oy
City of Järvenpää
Kuntien Tiera Oy
Metropolia University of
Applied Sciences
Planix Oy
Solibri Oy
CONTACT
Master of Engineering Thesis made for Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied
Sciences is focusing on electric handling of building permitting process utilizing e.g.
BIM files in automated code checking.
RESULTS
This thesis was written for the building supervision office of the City of Järvenpää
under the supervision of professionals from the following companies: Solibri Oy,
Planix Oy, CGI Suomi Oy and Kuntien Tiera Oy. The building supervision office of the
City of Järvenpää is aiming to proceed to permanent electronic document management
and permit application processes. This process requires development of a stable user
interface and data archiving platform for customers and officials. The aim of this thesis
was to examine the possibility to use electronic document management and
information modeling in building supervision. The use of information modeling in
permit application procedures was studied.
Vastamäki, Jouni
Kulusjärvi, Heikki
MORE INFO
http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk
EFFECTS
162
The information used in this manual is a collection of legislation, literature and
comments from the top professionals in the field. Thus the thesis can also help other
municipalities to develop their own methods for permanent electronic document
management and permit application processes.The building supervision office of the
City of Järvenpää has been a part of SADe project and its preceding KRYSP-project. In
this thesis, the electronic signature was also discussed. The information modeling
based inspection can be applied to the inspection of the national building code and its
regulations and guidelines. Electronic inspection routines for the most important
regulations and guidelines have been evaluated with Solibri Model Checker software.
FUTURE
A gradual move from a document based process to BIM based Automated Code
Checking will make the permitting process more efficient. It will also dramatically
reduce the use of paper and its ecological impact. The agreement of archiving
electronic documents and BIM files is a necessary next step that enable municipalities
to start requiring BIM files. Specific requirements for BIM files are being developed and
will be published in the near future.
163
PRE Results Report
Workflow Collaboration in a Distributed Model
Environment
WORK PACKAGE
WP4 - DRUM
KEYWORDS
BCF, BIM, collaboration,
Drum, GUID, IFC, model,
Workflow
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
M.A.D.
Progman
Solibri Oy
Tekla Oyj
CONTACT
DRUM project is focused on how to share information and models between
participants during a building project. Currently, sharing and communicating has been
informal and unreliable based upon sharing files and various forms of messages. The
idea of DRUM is that each building component from a distributed partial model can be
monitored using it’s own unique identifier. These identifiers are used by the
International BIM Collaboration Format (BCF). BCF was originally developed by Solibri
and Tekla to address communication issues and problems found in the design. In this
project, the use of BCF has been studied further for model management purposes.
Granholm, Leif
Kulusjärvi, Heikki
MORE INFO
RESULTS
During the project, research has been done for BCF to also cover regular workflow
transactions not only for issues and problems. This has been achieved by extending
the schema for semantic data in addition to the natural language covered by current
BCF (1.0) version. This allows for an automatic process when receiving messages
between participants. As an example, it was studied how to manage and share the
void provisions required by MEP and Electrical components for building components.
These developments also enable BCF to be used for sharing status information
between designer, contractor, and precast fabricator and contributed in development
of version 2.0 of BCF. BCF 2.0 has been recently adopted as an official international
buildingSMART standard.
EFFECTS
As the DRUM concept is based on one way published information, the use of BCF 2.0
is essential to allow formal semantic exchange of information about change requests
in the project. This simplifies information and workflow management and facilitates
easier transformation to a model based process.
All transactions and communication are automatically recorded and documented
which makes the process auditable.
FUTURE
Workflow engine services will be required in the future. This can be achieved either by
an internal engine, integration with existing engines or both.
164
The results point towards more possible use cases for workflow collaboration, which
leads to more implementation in different kinds of software, not just BIM software.
165
Results Cards
WP5 – Infra FINBIM
166
PRE Results Report
BIM and Building Permit Practices – Case
Tampere
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
BIM, building permit,
building supervision
PARTICIPANTS
AX-Konsultit Oy
City of Tampere Building supervision
office
Helsinki Metropolia
University of Applied
Sciences
Solibri Oy
Tampere University of
Technology
CONTACT
The program defined the building permit process of city of Tampere and Tampere’s
supervision of building office were given suggestions on how to enhance their
building permit process. The possibility to use an electrified building permit is now
being examined in the building supervision office and it is expected that city of
Tampere is aiming to procure an electric permit service in the near future. This can
offer opportunities to unify building permit practices between Tampere and the
surrounding municipalities.
RESULTS
Aro, Teuvo
The program defined the building permit process of city of Tampere, examining
current practices and activities that could possibly be streamlined and electrified in the
future. The study also examined the use of building information model checks as a
part of building permit process. On the basis of this analysis, Tampere’s supervision of
building office were given suggestions on how to enhance their building permit
process.
MORE INFO
EFFECTS
Tampereen
rakennuslupaprosessin
sähköistäminen
Rakennuslupaprosessin
kehittäminen
The program presented Tampere’s building supervision office new standpoints on how
to provide their service in the future. The possibility to use an electrified building
permit is now being examined in the building supervision office and it is expected that
city of Tampere is aiming to procure an electric permit service in the near future. All in
all, building supervision office’s current operation is now thoroughly analyzed. Further
development programs are also a possibility.
FUTURE
Tampere’s building supervision office has been introduced to electric building permit,
which can offer opportunities to unify building permit practices between Tampere and
the surrounding municipalities. This kind of unification could bring synergy benefits,
resulting a more efficient and customer-friendly permit process.
167
PRE Results Report
BIM Process Model for Dredging Works
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
automation, dredging
PARTICIPANTS
Mericon Oy
Meritaito Oy
Terramare Oy
The Finnish Transport
Agency
University of Oulu
CONTACT
A new unique Infra BIM based process model has been developed for dredging
industry. The process model can be utilized worldwide in all of the dredging works
and projects.
Leinonen, Tapio
RESULTS
Most essential in the Dredging BIM process model is to transfer the information, which
is binding the parties. This will be done electrically using 3D information models
throughout the total operation chain. An important result of the project is also the
documentation of the current dredging work process in Finland that has not been
done in the past.
In the new dredging BIM process model, special initial information model is created
based on 3D underwater surveys and other investigations. The initial information
model will be transferred to designer. The design of new water way will be performed
using specialized modeling method, which creates a design model. For production
purposes a specified production model will be transferred and utilized in the dredging
automation systems used. During the production, specific as-built models based on
measured data will be created, and transferred to the utilization in maintenance of the
waterways and further in the control of water traffic. As-built and maintenance models
are based on real measured data which deviates from corresponding road- and railway
models. During the usage and maintenance period continuous 3D control surveys will
be performed, these survey results are further saved to the maintenance model.
In addition, detailed modeling specifications as well as the nomenclature and
numbering of part models have been developed. Also an extension for the next
open inframodel schema has been suggested adding the needed parts and features to
the schema from the dredging side.
EFFECTS
By implementing the new BIM process model for dredging works, the work process can
be speeded up and achieve financial savings in dredging projects. The result is an
important step in the continuous development of automation and robotics for
dredging industry.
FUTURE
Open information transfer using the newest Inframodel extension will be a new
challenge also for dredging industry. The saving and transferring of measured
information needs to be studied more due to the typical extent of measurement data
and information content. The transferring of infra models to automated dredging
Heikkilä, Rauno
MORE INFO
Heikkilä, R. & Leinonen, T. &
Paukkeri, H. & Virtanen, H.
(2014) Development of the
BIM based Modelling
Process for Dredging Works.
ISARC’2014, The
31st International
Symposium on Automation
and Robotics in
Construction and Mining, 911 July, 2014, Sydney, NSW,
Australia, 5 p.
Leinonen, T. & Heikkilä, R.
(2014) Merenpohjan
ruoppauksen mallipohjaisen
toimintaprosessin
kehittäminen ja pilotointi
(Dredging BIM –tulosraportti.
Tutkimusraportti, Built
Environment Process ReEngineering, InfraFINBIM, 54
s.
168
monitoring systems needs software development and programming work from the
industry.
169
PRE Results Report
BIM-based Design of Asphalt Paving Helps to
Optimize the Procedures and Reduce Total
Costs
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
asphalt concrete, BIM,
InfraBIM, machine control,
mobile mapping, paver,
paving
PARTICIPANTS
FINNMAP Infra Ltd
NCC Roads Ltd
Sito Ltd
CONTACT
Adding the BIM-based designing phase to the paving process offers numerous
opportunities to employ new methods and principles compared to the traditional
paving approach.
Pienimäki, Markku
RESULTS
In the FINBIM work package, principles were defined to employ model-based
designing (InfraBIM) into pavement design.
The prerequisite for BIM design is to gain information about the current state of the
site. The most common way to gain this information is mobile mapping the site with
equipment that has been installed into a vehicle (mobile laser scanner mapping). This
mapping produces a point cloud chart, from which the inventory model of the site is
analyzed and processed.
The current conditions of the site is determined with the inventory model , and
possibly by using other measurements e.g. FWD, GPR. The needs for new pavement
are designed based on the current state and specifications for the site. Based on e.g.
the overall costs, we are able to optimize different paving procedures, and the extent
to which they are to be employed (milling, levelling or laying new asphalt surfacing).
Model-based designs that exploit geographic information can be executed with
machine-control procedures of different grades. In its most exact form, the machine is
controlled by fully automatic machine control. Because the procedure is currently
rather expensive and time consuming, we tested whether the machine control codes
could be transferred into the site by using palmtops (PDA device). Then the locationbased designs are realized by steering the vehicles manually.
Niemi, Petri
MORE INFO
www.infraBIM.fi
Maintenance BIM, Results
report 2012
Intelligent road condition
monitoring and
maintenance planning
170
During the FINBIM in numerous paving pilot projects mobile laser mapping, modelbased designing and machine controlling were tested.
EFFECTS
Based on the pilot site experiences we observed that mobile laser mapping can be
used to calculate an exact, rich in information and illustrative 3D-model of the road
surface.
Managing the model visually with the PDA device and it’s speciallly programmed
interface in the site was successful. The data can also be transferred to an open Google
Earth environment and viewed with generally available software. Model based design
was successful in the various different environments that were tested. The condition
and damages on the site are evaluated, and different realization solutions can be
tested in the designing. The realizations can be optimized based on different criteria.
Experiences from the pilot projects proved that with the help of an exact initial data
model, very exact mass calculations can be made based on the designed planning
model. Modeling was able to produce exact cost evaluations for the construction
already in the designing phase. Less resources were needed to manage the execution
and the actual construction which reduced total costs.
The method enables a detailed longitudinal and latitudinal analysis of unevenness
and depressions on the site. Exploring the alternative options allows evaluation of
repair solutions, and for example focusing the available resources especially to
problematic sections on the road. In addition, road safety increases and life span
(maintenance cycles) lengthens more effectively than with traditional pavement
principles, further reducing costs.
Transferring planning models into machine control system works well and the machine
controlling itself runs well and accurately. Moreover, level milling was successful
according to quality control calculations as well.
171
Example analysis of point cloud data.
FUTURE
The accuracy and effectiveness of mobile laser mapping will increase in the near
future. It is also likely that the number of mapping realizers will grow. More
instructions on the collecting of point clouds and other initial data, as well as on
responsibility issues are needed.
Rut as a parameter can be determined from the mobile mapping data, and retaining it
as a paving management parameter is advisable. In the future, it would be advisable to
examine the possibility to replace profile measurements with mobile laser mapping.
In the future, it would also be advisable to investigate in more detail the replacement
of IRI values with the point cloud based calculations of the longitudinal and
transversal changes on the road.
The infrastructure design systems do not yet completely support the procedures
required in asphalt paving design, e.g. different damage evaluations must be made
outside the systems. The design standards for maintenance tasks should also be
discussed and directed within the infra branch of business.
172
PRE Results Report
Education Sector Pushing InfraBIM to Practice
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
education, InfraBIM,
modelling
PARTICIPANTS
Aalto University
Metropolia University of
Applied Sciences
Tampere UAS
Tampere University of
Technology
University of Oulu
Results of the study indicate that infrastructure sector transition to the BIM based
environment cannot be expressed without development of education sector. Industry
participation and contribution are key to the development of quality of the BIM
education. In future, the InfraBIM education can be noteworthy export service and a
new way of education.
CONTACT
RESULTS
The study shows that the traditional education environment is not applicable to
support the InfraBIM education needs. Competence of the lecturers is inadequate
which is caused by a shortage of education materials and lecturers’ skills. It is clear that
university level education needs to develop parallel with the InfraBIM introduction
and close industry collaboration is required. Recommendations for the education
sector of the study include:
Jäväjä, Päivi
The co-operation between educational sector and industry .
A data bank is needed (Portal of InfraBIM data models from several piloting
projects) for the harmonizing education material of educational institutions.
Education should include overall and the lifecycle mindset of InfraBIM.
International co-operation is needed in the global development of education
Further research for the education method is clearly needed.
Raitanen, Nina
MORE INFO
Metropolia InfraBIM
education website
EFFECTS
EHI (Education Hub for InfraBIM) was founded when the PRE-program was running. At
the beginning of the EHI activity was given a call for companies to participate in the
education tasks. 47 per cent of companies reported to its interest to give their
contribution to educational activities. The feedback of the industry clearly highlighted
need for the interaction between educational institutions and industry.
173
With close industry collaboration and EHI method implementation, a new InfraBIM
apprenticeship education is developed. It was granted public funding (OKM) and will
start in January 2014 for professionals in Helsinki, Tampere and Oulu. The InfraBIM
education is implemented with participation of five biggest construction education
universities in Finland (Metropolia UAS, Tampere UAS, Aalto University, Tampere
University of Technology, Oulu University).
FUTURE
It is obvious that InfraBIM requires developing and reforming of higher education in a
new way. InfraBIM can be compared with the introduction of a new era that will
change the whole infrastructure in the global construction industry. InfraBIM
education is important for producing BIM competent skilled workforce, and it will act
as a base for revisiting and reengineering Finnish Infra education in the future.
174
PRE Results Report
Enhancing BIM Process Between Designing and
Construction in Civil Engineering
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
BIM, machine control,
production control
PARTICIPANTS
3D Systems
All Infra FINBIM partners
Destia Oy
Espoon kaupunki
Hohtolabs
Sitech
Vianova Systems Finland
Ltd.
CONTACT
Machine control has been part of work sites for several years, used in parallel with
traditional building methods. Advantages of machine control and using BIM have been
undisputed. Our near future target is adopt use of BIM comprehensively in our
construction projects. For contributing this target we have done our own researches,
pilot projects and took part to national development projects.
RESULTS
Lemminkäinen Infra Oy has participated to InfraFINBIM scheme in order to develope
common Bim-procedures and gather more knowledge in this area for companys
own intentions. In InfraFINBIM scheme the main focus of Lemminkäinen Infra Oy has
been in procuring, removing obstacles, designing and construction.
Lemminkäinen Infra Oy has tested results from InfraFINBIM in many projects. For
example at Bassenkylä Lemminkäinen Infra Oy has monitored BIM-based turn-key
contract and tried new application for project management. The main aim at
Bassenkylä was to development BIM process by observing problems and questions
which occurred at usage of BIM and machine control. Also the guide made for quality
controlling for using BIM and machine control, was tested in this project, where the
new streets and water supply were built to challenging terrain. Guide for creating final
design model made in InfraFINBIM, was also used in designing phase. Results from
Bassenkylä showed, that BIM process still needs to be improved. For example high
quality of the BIM should be required in every project to ease work at construction
site. One of the emerged questions was, how to get all employees of the work site to
commit to BIM-based building. The usage of new BIM-based system KUURA made the
quality controlling and data transmission easier to buyer and contractor during the
project. Below is the BIM process chart at Bassenkylä.
Pohjola, Juha
Törmänen, Petteri
MORE INFO
Scholary and master’s
thesises:
Utilisation of building
information models in
production organisation of
foundation engineering,
Häkkinen
L: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tt
y-201210091318
Developing BIM-based
operations model for the
main contractor in a road
building project, Törmänen
P.
Usage of machine control in
civil engineering projects,
Määttänen M.
175
Lemminkäinen Infra Oy has also tested new 3D machine control systems at Vt 13,
where new waiting lane were built and the existing layer of asphalt were improved.
Optimizing the usage of asphalt mass and milling, by using 3D machine control and
BIM at asphalt miller and paver showed, that results were more accurate comparing to
traditional working methods. Below is the picture from 3D machine controlled miller.
These pilots and other projects have been part of the scholary and master’s thesis.
These thesises have been concentrated to improve use of machine control, quality of
the BIM and co-operation between client, contractor and designer. Lemminkäinen
Infra Oy has also developed own operation model based on these thesises.
EFFECTS
Clear progress can be seen as the result of pilots and other research projects:
Bim-processes in generally and inside of the company have developed.
More knowledge and procedures to steer the planning process.
New ways to work with clients and designers.
New ways to manage production control.
New ways to work with different branches of business.
Continuous BIM education and already over 40 person are educated to use BIM.
Use of machine control in construction projects has multiplied in two years.
Better work efficiency (time, cost and material savings).
FUTURE
The aim is to increase advantage of the BIM-knowledge in planning process, steering in
planning process, masscalculation, workflow planning, machine control and quality
176
control. Lemminkäinen Infra Oy is going to start new pilot projects, where is meant to
try out new applications and working methods based on BIM. On construction
projects in future, Lemminkäinen Infra Oy is going to develop BIM co-operation with
project participants like subcontractors, designers, client etc.
177
PRE Results Report
Improved Efficiency and Process Change in Infra
Construction Projects
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
InfraBIM, operation, pilot
projects, process change
PARTICIPANTS
All Infra FINBIM partners
CONTACT
Pilot projects developed utilization purposes for BIM, clarified the precision levels of
modelling, and confirmed that obtained efficiency benefits are significant. Modelling
guidelines were created as a practical guide using experiences from all pilot parties.
New operation modes and tools will be developed in the future steered by the project
level modelling needs.
RESULTS
The essential utilization purposes of BIM were clarified especially in road-, railway-,
street-, building design and construction phases. Model based co-operation and
interaction situations have evolved. Results are based on findings and observations
from collective development work and about 30 pilot projects. Material produced in
the pilot projects is compiled into a map based pilot portal developed in the
InfraFINBIM project.
Perttula, Tiina
MORE INFO
Plans of pilot projects
available inInfraBIM
webpage.
The utilization purposes of BIM are depicted in the BIM plan. These purposes can
include:
Visualization: communication with external interest groups, or internal
communication and information exchange inside the project
Finding conflicts between design branches or between existing constructions and
design
Verifying the quality of construction: connecting the quality requirements of
building elements into the model (in the future)
Improving the quality of procurement
Controlling the production: connecting the model to time schedule and budget
(4D-5D-modeling)
Life cycle management of data
178
EFFECTS
The development of modelling software speeded up with the help from pilot testing
experiences. Modelling requirements were defined accordant with the purpose of use
found through pilots.
Individual efficiency benefits have also been observed and measured in the pilots
dealing with process optimization. The general bases of efficient activities in BIMbased integrated process have been identified. This confirms that transition towards
large-scale use of BIM is a potential way to increase productivity.
FUTURE
Continuing the collective piloting in the field and the company based piloting to
ensure the usability of BIM guidelines. Following topics need more attention:
Development of new utilization purposes, definitions and specifications using
piloting as an innovation process.
Development of new tools and ways to operate.
Process enabled efficiency is a result area which has to be monitored and
measured more accurately on project level in the near future.
179
PRE Results Report
Industry Wide Procedures for Common Modelbased Processes
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
guidelines, inframodel,
model-based processes,
modelling
PARTICIPANTS
All Infra FINBIM
participants
CONTACT
Development and implementation of guidelines, classifications and data transfer
standards supporting information modelling. The first industry wide steps taken in the
systemic change: transition towards information management and model-based
operations. Key procedures will set the direction towards common model-based
process and business for the whole infrastructure development industry.
Laatunen, Kimmo
RESULTS
MORE INFO
The industry in the field of infrastructure development has harmonized its procedures
in model based design and construction.
In order to enable the re-engineering of processes the Infra FINBIM consortium has
developed:
InfraBIM Classification system for data model content information
InfraBIM Terminology
Common modelling guidelines
New use cases for information management
Inframodel specification extension and its implementation in software
National education program for model-based infra construction
Common InfraBIM portal with best practice samples from projects
Potential benefits of modelling during design, construction, operation and
maintenance
Infra FINBIM project and
published materials are
available at InfraBIM
website.
Read latest news about the
development of inframodel
data enhance.
The results are based on common development efforts and results and observations
of over 30 pilot projects in infrastructure design, construction and maintenance.
The Finnish Inframodel specification has been successfully introduced as an integral
part of the information modelling standardization for buildings and built environment
managed by the buildingSMART International.
180
EFFECTS
In the beginning of Infra FINBIM approximately 30 experts were deeply involved with
infra-modelling in Finland, at the moment we have over 500 of them. Procedures and
practices were harmonized in design, construction and partly in maintenance.
Effects towards international standardization: Finnish developers of Inframodel are
internationally seen as key players in further development of the BIM standards for
infrastructure sector. Relations are intensive with international research and
development communities e. g. building SMART International, IAARC, IABSE, CIB IDDS
and ECPPM.
Infra FINBIM project has successfully deepened the capabilities of clients to procure
model based services and of suppliers to respond and deliver. Software developers
have enhanced their capabilities to develop closely together with the industry the
functionalities needed in integrated modelling process based on open standards.
FUTURE
Process re-engineering will be further expanded in all life cycle phases and
deepened in use cases. Development efforts will be executed in close
collaboration with all stakeholders
Continued active contribution to international standardization
Creation of opportunities for exporting services by strengthening the international
competitive edge
181
PRE Results Report
Intelligent Road Condition Monitoring and
Maintenance Planning
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
BIM, maintenance, process
PARTICIPANTS
Using BIMs can be divided in tree procedures in road maintenance process. First
procedure is similar to a typical BIM process when building new infrastructure. Second
one is maintenance sectors’ own model for to handle one maintenance site or even
whole road network. The third procedure is to know, how to store and use, during
maintenance phases, the InfraBIM data produced when designing and constructing
new infrastructures.
Centre for Economic
Development
Destia Oy
FINNMAP Infra Ltd
NCC Roads Ltd
Ramboll Finland Ltd.
Sito Ltd
Tekla Oyj
The Finnish Transport
Agency
Transport and the
Environment
University of Oulu
Vianova Systems Finland
Ltd.
CONTACT
RESULTS
The first developed procedure concluded that typical InfraBIM-model can be copied
easily to maintenance and road rehab process by using same kind of model than
typical construction process is using (see main image).
The second procedure showed that InfraBIM-model is possible to be created typical
structure improvement site-projects, where designer needs lots of information to get
the best possible solution (see image 1).
The third procedure there result will be done in future when more BIM-models of new
roads will be ready to store and handled for maintenance use. Maintenance BIM was
exploring first two procedures, but also developing future scenarios for the third
procedure type.
Marttinen, Manu
MORE INFO
InfraBIM webpage
Modelling in
maintenance (in Finnish)
182
EFFECTS
In the first procedure the rehab model was giving better accuracy, fasterconstruction
time and cost saving comparing to traditional process on sites, with more accuracy
where needed (for example when building new and maintaining old at the same time).
In the second procedure the created visual interface was helping designer and builder
to perceive all needed information and fit design better to the site, compared to a
traditional process. The new way of handling maintenance process was also
supporting a new way to communicate between different parties and ensuring that no
data was getting lost during the process.
FUTURE
In future challenges and possibilities are:
to know when to use typical building process in maintenance and when the
traditional process is more effective (see main image).
to copy procedures tested in maintenance pilots (see image below) to everyday use
even to whole road network.
and to figure how to store huge amount of new InfraBIM data and use it
effectively in road maintenance field.
183
184
PRE Results Report
Model Based Infra Construction
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
as-built, construction,
design, infrastructure,
machine control
PARTICIPANTS
Destia Oy
Lemminkäinen Infra
NCC Roads Ltd
Terrasolid
CONTACT
The use of 3D machine control systems in infra construction is known for its verified
benefits – we have several years experince in that. Yet, there have been some
serious obstacles that slows down the adoption of new model based technologies and
their wide possibilities. Lack of discipline construction design requirements for model
based construction and insistence of traditional quality control procedures should not
be among of those anymore.
Nurminen, Pasi
RESULTS
Destia’s most remarkable project results:
1. Specifications and requirements for road and railway design structural models:
explicit guidelines for designers and an easy procurement tool for infra owners. A
practical guide for producing an exhaustive and continuous model, ready and
compatible for use of machine control systems. Includes major earth and layer
structures.
Jaakkola, Mika
MORE INFO
Model based production
and quality assurance in
Riippa-Eskola RU2 railway
construction project
2. Specifications and requirements for model based quality control procedure:
guidelines for process utilizing 3D models and machine control systems in as-built
measurements. The process and its requirements have been studied and developed in
several pilot projects. The latest pilot project is Riippa-Eskola RU2 railway project of 85
M€, where model based QC is in use and approved by the customer.
185
3. Comprehensive model based road rehabilitation process: from initial model to 3Dguided pavement. The first study within the Kt51 motorway project 2012 showed that
mobile laser scanning can create a reliable initial model which was a basis for
optimized design for model-based milling. The second pilot within the Vt13 road
rehabilitation project 2013 included the design and construction of the third lane as
well as the repair of the pavement’s shape entirely. The accurate, up-to-date initial
model was the basis for design and all actions done. All work phases used model and
3D-machine control. The quality was exceptionally good and got excellent feedback
from the customer.
EFFECTS
New specifications and requirements for model based infra sector design and
construction are needed. Guidelines are practical and functional: they are piloted
within several projects.
Written guidelines are available tools for infra owners’ procurement. Exhaustive
guidelines will eliminate misunderstandings and conflicts caused by them. They will
point out the level of quality customer demands.
Better designs and continuously modelled structures will help infra contractors to
adopt and use machine control and the other model based tools. Surveying is
also easier and more reliable. Mass calculations are more reliable. Model based quality
control reduces waste work, increaces productivity and safety.
Model based road rehabilitation provides better quality and cost-effectiveness.
FUTURE
The infrastructure owners play a significant role: using common guidelines and
requirements uncompromisingly in their procurement will result in better designs,
better chances to take advantage of new technology, better outcome and better
productivity.
The Common InfraBIM Guidelines will be published by Building Information Ltd. and
maintained as effort of buildingSMART Finland Infra community.
186
PRE Results Report
Modelling Guidelines for Integrated Information
Management
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
guidelines, InfraBIM,
management, modelling
PARTICIPANTS
All Infra FINBIM
participants
CONTACT
Mäkelä, Harri
Set of guidelines harmonize the common practises in design and delivery of
infrastructure development. It makes it possible to achieve the benefits related to
model-based information management and eliminate some traditional problems.
More guidelines are to be developed as industry wide collaboration.
MORE INFO
InfraBIM website
RESULTS
The Common InfraBIM Guidelines were co-created as hands-on experience together
with the network of all key stakeholders . Phases and process areas were studied in
open piloting cases. Therefore the guidelines are widely accepted and easy to
implement as rules for the common practice. High commitment to operate within the
rules enables to achieve the already known means for efficiency, and to recognize new
ones.
Principles of improving the process:
Model-based gathering of initial data
Model-based review of quantity take off. Cost knowledge is based on planned
quantities. (payment basis or cost estimate)
Model-based gathering of as-built data
Model-based management and leadership of design. The design phases deliver
design models.
All project parties are able to communicate better
Efficient utilization of on-site machine automation. Production requires
continuous models.
During the development work the needed change in project business has been
understood broadly: InfraBIM (ingl. data models, modelling and process management)
is about efficient use of the existing technological applications and devices, and
making the current processes more efficient.
EFFECTS
Shared common understanding about the benefits of model-based integrated
187
practices has increased. Common practises in management of digital data and
information models make the total project execution more efficient, as all actors and
disciplines get the same understanding of the scope of the actions.
The benefits of common modelling practices are seen wider as only in connection to
on-site machine automation. This leads the disciplines towards more integrated
working practices already in design phases, which cumulates the benefits to all
following phases of the delivery chain. Benefits achieved are e.g. minimizing loss of
information between phases, more effective design and efficient construction
processes and a better quality of project outcome.
FUTURE
The Common InfraBIM Guidelines will be published by Building Information Ltd. and
maintained as effort of building SMART Finland community. Guidelines will be
deployed by all stakeholders in infrastructure development and new guidelines will
be developed as common efforts.
At the moment also other stakeholders, not involved directly to Infra FINBIM project,
have started to develop model based practices. This enables the whole industry wide
transition. Inter-organizational knowledge on InfraBIM is demanded in the future by
all stakeholders of the project-based business. Guidelines are developed for project
management, requirements, initial data, planning, structural models, quality
assurance, quantity takeoff, cost calculation and visualisation.
188
PRE Results Report
Procurement of BIM-based Services
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
construction, design, InfraB,
InfraBIM, innovation,
process, procurement
PARTICIPANTS
All Infra FINBIM
participants
CONTACT
The common modelling requirements and task specifications produced in the Infra
FINBIM project support procurement. Rigorous procurement is based on
understanding the model-based way of operation, but does not change the
procurement process itself. Procurement helps to enable and strengthen the
emergence of real innovation.
RESULTS
Common InfraBIM guidelines form a base that
procurement documents can lean on. Procurement of BIM
is not dependent on any specific procurement model.
The initial data model is procured early enough in the
beginning of phases, and then updated into the next
phase. The procurement can also be included in the
assignment of the phase. The basic rule of the extent and
precision level of modelling is: what is designed, can and
must be modelled.
Definition (BIM plan) is made trilaterally based on design
principles, design software and common InfraBIM
guidelines. Copyright questions include decisions on which
materials to submit, in what form, who owns the
information and has rights to use. Precision levels and the
principles of modelling in different phases must be
recognised. Owner reviews that procedures are in order.
Niskanen, Jari
MORE INFO
Infra FINBIM project and
published materials are
available at InfraBIM
website.
189
EFFECTS
The quality of procurement documents in BIM projects has increased. Successful
procurement is based on common modelling requirements, task specifications and
understanding the model-based way of operation, but BIM does not change the
procurement process itself.
1. Initial data model describes a new way of operation that assures that no
relevant data is lost. Also inside of the process relevant data is transferred from
actor to another without any loss of data.
2. Weightings of the design process is modified to the earlier design phases,
model based quantity calculations provide material efficiency and the control
of mass economy is more secure.
3. The permit process is significantly more user friendly and the content clear to
all parties, when interaction situations proceed fluently visualizing the plan
with model technology. The process is more transparent to decision-makers.
4. Verified benefits of machine automation can be adopted easier. Design models
provide data more efficiently directly to work machines and quality assurance
can be done model-based.
FUTURE
The whole life cycle of the project is seen in procurement, and this needs further
considerations. Documentation is always the starting point of the next procurement
phase. Procurement helps to enable and strengthen the emergence of real innovation.
190
PRE Results Report
Procurement of Model Based Transport
Infrastructure
WORK PACKAGE
WP5 - Infra FINBIM
KEYWORDS
BIM, communications,
construction, decision
making, design,
infrastructure, process
PARTICIPANTS
All Infra FINBIM partners
CONTACT
Finnish Transport Agency (FTA) has taken major steps to use the BIM for infrastructure.
We have studied many different parts of processes concerning design and construction
phases and have now good understanding of what possibilities BIM offers to large
public clients.
RESULTS
Finnish Transport Agency had many different pilots in Infra FINBIM program. At early
stage it was clear that main focus in pilot projects were in construction planning phase
and in construction phase. Also one important part were bridges and other hard
structures such as retaining walls. These were studied in 20 different projects of our
own. Totally there were over 30 pilot projects in Infra FINBIM program.
The most valuable results at this point are
the issue of modelling has been raised in strategic goals
the use of modelling in pilot projects has been successfull
some major investments have been decided to be designed and built with BIM
based technologies
education of personnel of FTA has increased
communication has improved
guidelines for procurement have been made
model based processes have been developed
Perttula, Tiina
Tirkkonen, Timo
MORE INFO
http://portal.liikennevirasto.f
i/sivu/www/f/urakoitsijat_su
unnittelijat/tietomallit
One major result was the importance and role of initial data model especially when
designing in city areas where a lot of existing structures are. The accuracy of initial data
set the accuracy of the design itself. The initial data model is the main factor if the goal
is to improve productivity in the infra sector.
FTA is the largest infra owner in Finland and also largest client for the infra sector.
When looking at procurement it’s important to have guidelines to define in the tender
phase what to model and how to model. In Infra FINBIM those guidelines were made.
FTA also made own guidelines about how to procure infrastructure models. As a public
client it is important to have open standards to exchange data between different
project phases. Inframodel 3 data format was created and it covers most relevant
structural elements in the infra sector. It was implemented in three different software
programs. The first classification for infrastructure was made.
In 2013 communication was increased heavily. Until 2013 infra BIM was familiar to a
very small amount of people. FTA organized three different training sessions to its own
personnel to increase knowledge.
EFFECTS
The results show that it is possible to improve processes regarding initial data
191
collection and organizing. It is also possible to put requirements on data itself. Instead
of wanting 2d documents (hard copy) it is also justified to have design files in open
data format (inframodel 3 and ifc)
We do not have enough experience in many parts of our processes. It is important to
recognize that we still need case studies and education.
Different types of registers have been surveyed, next step is to open discussion
between data owners. How to maintain and share data. There are some overlaps in
registers. Quality of data may not be valid and in many cases metadata does not exist.
It is important to see how data flows through processes.
As the biggest infra client in Finland we have real impact in the infrastructure sector
activities and during 2014 we are moving towards Infra FINBIM vision.
FUTURE
Understanding the importance of data management will expand in the future. Now it
is seen that today’s registers are not future registers. Leading with information grows.
As a direct result quality comes better.
In the future it is possible to work only model based. There is still need for 2d images
in the near future but the 2d images could be more conceptual. In the long run the aim
is to exchange data between different phases, software and registers. This still needs
research, development and collaboration within the infra industry.
The next needs are
Educations (personnel and partners)
Communications – collaboration
Registers (updated)
electronic archives
open standards
192
Results Cards
WP6 – BIMCity
193
PRE Results Report
Blending Built Environment Information Flows
WORK PACKAGE
WP6 - BIMCity
KEYWORDS
BIM, decision making,
design, GIS, information
management, land use
planning
PARTICIPANTS
Tampere University of
Technology
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
CONTACT
Taking charge of built environment information across the scales involved is hard but
doable, and definitely worth the effort. Combining information into multidisciplinary
urban scale models enables designers, planners, decisions makers and everyone else
concerned to better share an understanding about the environment and to work
together towards more sustainable solutions in more meaningful ways. In time
gamification of these virtual environments may well yield new channels of
interaction between different parties with more positive overtones than the existing
ones.
Laitinen, Jarmo
RESULTS
The information flows from various disciplines dealing with built environment
information manifest as a set of standards. Standards such as IFC, LandXML and
KuntaGML can be perceived as a continuum from building scale to regional scale
information with each standard suited to particular information content and spatial
representation. Building scale information in IFCs exist in Cartesian space with one real
world coordinate while regional scale information in KuntaGML is defined through real
world coordinates with elevation as an attribute. In between them is information
related to large scale infrastructure networks using LandXML and particularly the
Finnish Inframodel implementation. These standards are well developed and widely
used because they cater for clearly defined design disciplines and solve day-to-day
communication problems. Somewhat outside the scope of everyday industry use are
standards such as CityGML and KML that may rise supplement those already in use –
CityGML offers a way to compile and store regional models mainly for purposes of
land use planning and KML is intended for sharing and linking virtual models across
the internet.
Malmi, Juho
MORE INFO
Malmi J. (2014) Alueen
tietomalli? – Alueidenkäytön
tiedonhallinnan tilanne
rakennussuunnittelun
näkökulmasta. Diplomityö,
Arkkitehtuurin laitos,
Tampereen teknillinen
yliopisto. Tampere.
(valmistuu syksy 2014)
Malmi J. (2013) Muistio – IFCtiedonsiirron valmiudet
rakennustiedon ja
aluetiedon välillä. BIMCity.
Malmi J. (2012) Muistio –
Paikkatiedon ja
194
rakentamisen tietomallien
standardit. BIMCity.
Porkka J., Harviainen T.
(2014) Efficient interparticipant communication
with virtual models. PRE
In light of the discussion above, it seems unlikely that there will be a uniting standard
for all built environment information. Instead, software for managing information
coming from various sources is starting to appear. This type of software can provide an
inter-disciplinary bridge for information to pass. One example of such software
is Novapoint Virtual Map from Vianova to which support for the construction
industry’s IFC standard was developed in parallel to PRE research.
EFFECTS
It now seems plausible that in near future the totality of built environment
information can be managed using a set of open standards with the aid of specialized
management software. The most obvious business opportunities in software
development are indeed already being pursued. The development also has the effect
of clarifying the roles in built environment information management because it
enables a designer to work with a standards close to their own field and creates clear
cut niches for information management services to develop as well.
FUTURE
Once the built environment information management has shifted enough to open
standards, a world of solutions may be built on top of the managed content. This may
include services ranging from on demand data visualization to public announcements
and civil feedback platforms. The services may be highly interactive as well, including
virtual worlds and augmented reality solutions.
195
PRE Results Report
Efficient Inter-participant Communication with
Virtual Models
WORK PACKAGE
WP6 - BIMCity
KEYWORDS
collaboration, feedback,
virtual environment, virtual
reality
PARTICIPANTS
FCG Finnish Consulting
Group Ltd.
M.A.D.
Metropolia University of
Applied Sciences
Solibri Oy
Vianova Systems Finland
Ltd.
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
WSP Finland Ltd.
Efficient communication is a requisite for successful projects. Through visual
communication during design review meetings we detected that participants had
better change to contribute decision making. Virtual applications enable partners of
varied backgrounds understand content and give their best to developing sustainable
and usable living environments.
CONTACT
RESULTS
Effective communication is a major challenge for large land use and urban area
development projects. BIMCity work package has studied in ‘Experimental virtual
environment’ task means to utilize virtual models in design review communication
between project participants.
We have collected feedback from meetings in two pilot projects, Inkilänportti retail
area plan and Finnoo-Kaitaa conceptual plan. The meetings where held at V TT’ s
‘ In n o v at i o n K i t ch en ’ . Based on the sample of 24 answers, nearly all meeting
participants (88%) felt they benefitted from using virtual model and had interest to use
technology again. Moreover, majority (67%) felt that visualization significantly helps in
understanding plans, and thus, means better grounds for contributing decisions.
Porkka, Janne
Harviainen, Tatu
MORE INFO
Co n f eren ce p ap er
1: Porkka, J., Jung, N., Jäväjä,
P., Suwal, S., Savisalo, A.,
Päivänen, J. & Sireeni, J.,
2012,
196
EFFECTS
Empirical findings indicate positive attitude towards the technology uptake. Many
companies involved recognized the potential during the project and started
considering design practices, processes and related applications.
The approach presented is based on utilizing two software. Vianova’s Novapoint
Virtual Map has been used as a platform to combine plans from various designers into
a one combined model. Vianova contributed significant software development in
parallel to research. We had a custom-build version for virtual space that has support
to present infrastructures and buildings (IFC format).
Solibri’s Model Checker software has been examined in automated content checking
context. We have considered electronic building permit procedures in virtual space. We
are also planning to test gesture-based navigation as an intuitive user interface in
meeting context.
FUTURE
Multi-user virtual reality is a very promising channel for collaboration and
participation. There is clear benefits in visualization in a meeting context. More effort
has to be put in future to consider work practices in order to harness full potential of
technologies. Performed promising work has already lead to continuation in other
research projects.
197
PRE Results Report
Enhancing BIM for Better Customer Orientation
with Social Perspective
WORK PACKAGE
WP6 - BIMCity
KEYWORDS
BIM, customer orientation,
end-user participation, social
interaction, social media
PARTICIPANTS
FCG Finnish Consulting
Group Ltd.
Metropolia University of
Applied Sciences
Vianova Systems Finland
Ltd.
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
WSP Finland Ltd.
CONTACT
A new emergent era of information technology applications, social media, is reforming
the way people communicate and share ideas. Social applications are efficient channel
to support formal business process collaboration with the import of tacit and
unstructured knowledge. Many industry examples in this paper have already
demonstrated that social networking extends use of the traditional data with end-user
participation feedback, leading to increased customer satisfaction.
RESULTS
Customer orientation has slowly been recognized in construction industry, aiming to
provide better quality and customer satisfaction. Many say not focusing enough to
customers causes problems, and thus BIMCity work package has studied means to
enhance social perspective to BIM.
A new social applications era is reforming the way people communicate nowadays.
These technologies generate a network effect in turning passive content consumers
into active content producers. Digitalization of processes is changing also the work
culture in construction industry. For the industry, social media is a promising
opportunity to open communication between the professionals and audiences. We
have demonstrated possible changes in every-day work life through a future
knowledge worker scenario. The second social media generation, 3d virtual
environment, provides easy commenting feature to collect comments, opinions and
feedback. When extended with social plugin, BIM applications enable easy model
sharing automatically to social tools for feedback, resulting in a strengthened customer
satisfaction.
EFFECTS
Data in urban planning and construction projects is usually exchanged with formal
and specialized applications, like BIM or GIS based tools. The new “Social BIM 2.0”
platform is socially triggered way to improve work methods with active end-user
participation. Service oriented businesses are rapidly including these tools to enhance
communicationtowards their customers, whereas market oriented businesses widely
adopt its use for finding new customers. The construction industry has now an
opportunity to utilize customer-driven work practices through visual social
applications in projects to communicate with experts and audiences.
The forthcoming years will reveal whether the industry is ready for a strategic
Jäväjä, Päivi
Porkka, Janne
MORE INFO
Co n f eren ce p ap er
1: Porkka, J., Jung, N.,
Päivänen, J., Jäväjä, P. &
Suwal, S., 2012,
198
changetowards transparent larger audiences with new business communication
landscape. Crowdsourcing capabilities to plan the neighborhood can be next ‘killer
app’ in city development. Social applications are easy way to connect large audience,
people with similar interests.
FUTURE
“Social BIM 2.0” is still at the stage of theoretical development and we hope to see
integrated practices combining BIM to social media applications actively used in
projects in the future.
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PRE Results Report
Mapping Land Use Management at Scale
WORK PACKAGE
WP6 - BIMCity
KEYWORDS
environmental monitoring,
information management,
land use planning
PARTICIPANTS
Tampere University of
Technology
CONTACT
Laitinen, Jarmo
Mapping the Finnish land use management system has revealed that the building
blocks for a spatial data infrastructure with nearly lossless, cumulative and future
proof information capture capabilities are already in place. In the short term utilizing
that infrastructure will help in reducing wasted effort and enabling informed decision
making. In future this will lead to more reliable managing of infrastructural
complexities.
RESULTS
At national level, land use planning system is the legal framework that aims to ensure
efficient, just, and sustainable organization of land use and building. In Finland the
land use planning system is perceived as consisting of land use planning and land use
and construction processes. In addition to these there are multiple environmental
monitoring processes that feed information into the land use management system. We
have dubbed the aggregate the land use management system.
Malmi, Juho
MORE INFO
Malmi J. (2014) Alueen
tietomalli? – Alueidenkäytön
tiedonhallinnan tilanne
rakennussuunnittelun
näkökulmasta. Diplomityö,
Arkkitehtuurin laitos,
Tampereen teknillinen
yliopisto. Tampere.
(valmistuu syksy 2014)
Malmi J. (2014) Raportti –
Rakennusvalvontojen tehty
yhteistyö BIMCitytyöpaketissa. BIMCity
Malmi J., Teittinen T. &
Laitinen J. (2012) Semantic
data in Finnish land use
management system. eWork
and eBusiness in
200
The land use management system receives environmental information and acts upon
it producing environmental changes and updated information. The system is
controlled by environmental needs, data infrastructure, and statutes. The information
is processed and changes executed by a various forms of collaboration by land
owners, authorities and the involved.
Architecture, Engineering
and Construction: ECPPM
2012, 357.
All stages of the Finnish land use management process are at the moment already
using semantic data formats. Some gaps in information flow exists between
organizations and data formats, largely due to regulative issues and underdeveloped
interdisciplinary software market. However, the situation is already improving thanks
to active software industry and some well informed public officials. Experiences from
the construction industry show that improvements in data infrastructure and in
particular in design tools, information exchange and data management go hand in
hand with the ability to manage complexity.
EFFECTS
Adopting a holistic perception of land use management puts Finland in a good
position for developing design tools and information management solutions. The
main beneficiaries of this development will be the public sector and the software
industry around land use planning and construction. The public sector benefits from
increased reliability and availability of information as well reduced waste in its
processes. The software industry benefits from being close to one of the first holistic
land use management data infrastructures in the world.
FUTURE
In future land use planning can be done more reliably, above and below ground, in
3D, based on the accurate multidisciplinary information captured by the system
currently in the making. This will hopefully lead not only to more efficient and
comfortable cities with better functioning fringes and help rural areas to remain lively
but also to ensure that pieces of nature are not ruined unnecessarily.
201
PRE Results Report
Mobile Augmented Reality
WORK PACKAGE
WP6 - BIMCity
KEYWORDS
Augmented Reality, BIM,
urban planning
PARTICIPANTS
FCG Finnish Consulting
Group Ltd.
Vianova Systems Finland
Ltd.
VTT Technical Research
Centre of Finland
Mobile Augmented Reality was employed in three different cases for visualizing land
use plans for city officials and residents. Users felt that AR visualization helped them in
the decision making and understanding 3D plans. This pioneering work has lead also
to commercial projects and products.
CONTACT
RESULTS
Woodward, Charles
MORE INFO
Conference article at
ECPPM2012:
http://virtual.vtt.fi/virtua
l/proj2/multimedia/medi
a/publications/ECPPM20
12_User%20Evaluation%
20of%20Mobile%20AR%2
0in%20Architecural%20Pl
anning-final.pdf
Video / Case
Billnäs http://youtu.be/w
vSPzG7AqLY
Video / Case Kämp
Tower http://youtu.be/c1
DUkVhqVsM
VTT’s mobile Augmented Reality solutions, implemented on Nokia phones and
Windows tablets, were used for visualization of building plans in three real use cases:
1) hotel plans in Billnäs iron works site at Raseborg, 2) Kämp Tower plans in Jätkäsaari,
Helsinki, and 3) wind generator farm in Pörtom, Närpes. The first two cases with city
officers as users were performed in 2012, being apparently the first times in the world
when mobile AR have been applied for real decision making in land use planning. The
third visualization in Närpes 2013 was directed more generally to local residents,
farmers etc. who could thus evaluate the effect of new construction plans to their
VTT Augmented Reality
Home
Page www.vtt.fi/multime
dia
Novapoint VDC
Live:http://live.vianova.fi
202
living environments. Along with VTT’s application, also Vianova’s mobile AR
system Novapoint VDC Live running on iPad was used in the pilot at Närpes.
EFFECTS
in new land use cases in Finland and abroad.
The participants in the
example cases used the
mobile AR system along with
paper visualizations of the
plans and evaluated the
usefulness and overall
strengths and weaknesses of
the AR system. The results
indicate that AR was found
to be a highly useful
instrument to visualize
building plans in a holistic
and intuitive way, from the
first-person point of view.
The system facilitated
decision making and
enriched the understanding
of the plan, thus having a
clear additional value over
traditional printout-based
visualizations. Each of the
use cases lead to ordering of
further mobile AR tours
around the site, as well as to
employment of the system
FUTURE
In the future, we expect mobile AR will become a standard tool for both city officials
and residents to evaluate and better understand new building plans and alternatives.
Mobile AR enables people to view building plans in an easy and intuitive way, at any
chosen viewpoint. Interaction with residents, land owners and other stakeholders is
often a key issue in building and land use planning. Better understanding of the plans
can lead not only to more democratic society, but can also have significant economic
impact by means of reducing costly complaint times related to land use proposals.
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PRE Results Report
Procedural Modeling in Land Use Planning
WORK PACKAGE
WP6 - BIMCity
KEYWORDS
city model, cityengine,
participative design,
procedural modeling, urban
planning
PARTICIPANTS
Sipoon kunta
WSP Finland Ltd.
CONTACT
Recent software developments allow the technology of procedural modeling to be
adopted in problem domains dealing with urbanism. The technology has enabled the
creation of a production tool especially suitable for early stage land use planning. The
produced tool has been used for probing the land use potentials of extensive areas
and analyzing the impacts on the cityscape.
RESULTS
The project resulted in an urban plan creation tool built on the ESRI CityEngine
platform using its Computer Generated Architecture (CGA) scripting language. The
script file was designed as a general purpose planning tool. For example it can be used
to create 3D-buildings algorithmically based on FAR-values given as input and report
the resulting building volumes. The script file together with the general experience
gained from using the tool in Sibbesborg master planning project form the core results
of the experiment.
Viinikka, Jussi
MORE INFO
http://www.wspgroup.com/f
i/Tervetuloa-WSP-Finlandinsivuille/
http://www.sibbesborg.net/
http://www.esri.com/softwar
e/cityengine
The produced tool was also successfully applied in a citizen participation seminar
organized as a design charrette during the Sibbesborg project. The efficiency of
procedural modeling enabled the consultants to alter the plans in real-time based on
the feedback given by the participants to the seminar.
EFFECTS
The technology made it possible to estimate the building volume potential of the
Sibbesborg development area much more accurately than is possible through
conventional master planning tools such as zoning maps. Also as all the calculation
work regarding building volumes, parking requirements and other metrics is
performed programmatically a lot of time is saved to be used on the actual planning
decisions. All this translates to improved quality of plans and the possibility to rapidly
try out alternative urban planning scenarios.
As the plans created with the produced tool exhibit a lot more detail than
conventional zoning maps their impact is much easier to understand. From a citizen
participation perspective the tangibility of the plans is highly important and results in
more feedback and collaboration in the planning process.
204
FUTURE
The experiment was a success and WSP Finland plans to use the technology in
forthcoming projects.
The script file produced during the Sibbesborg project will form the backbone also for
future work, but will likely see improvements and alterations as needs arise. From a
process point of view the potential of the technology to improve the integration
between different planning disciplines seems promising. Multidisciplinary urban
scenario planning is inevitably becoming more integrated and more rapid.
205
Publications
206
PRE Results Report
WP1 Model Nova
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Kerosuo, H., Korpela, J. Miettinen, R., Mäki, T., Paavola, S., (2012) Challenges of Expansive
Uses of Building Information Modeling in Construction Projects. Journal of Producao,
Special Issue, in print. [PDF]
Kerosuo, H., Miettinen, R., Mäki, T., Paavola, S., Korpela, J. and Rantala, T. (2012).
Expanding uses of building information modeling in life-cycle construction projects. Work:
A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 41 (Supplement 1/2012), 114-119.
[PDF]
Kerosuo, H. Miettinen, R. Paavola, S. Mäki, T. & Korpela, J. (2015). Challenges of the
expansive uses of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Construction Projects.
Production Journal (In press). (Ask the submitted draft from the first author)
Kerosuo, H. Mäki, T. & Korpela, J. (In review) Knotworking and visibilization of learning in
inter-organizational collaboration of designers in building design. Journal of Workplace
Learning.
Kokkonen, A. & Alin, P. (2014) Practice-based learning in construction projects: A literature
review. Submitted to Construction Management and Economics journal (Produced within
RYM PRE and CoCoNet projects).
Korpela, J., Miettinen, R., Salmikivi, T., Ihalainen, J. (2014) BIM in facility management and
maintenance – the case of the Center for Properties and Facilities of the University of
Helsinki. An article manuscript submitted for Construction Management and Economics.
Mäki, T. (2014). Site managers’ daily work and the uses of BIM in construction site
management. Submitted Journal of Construction Management and Economics.
Lehtinen, T. (2012) Boundaries matter – The pros and cons of vertical integration in BIM
implementation. In: J. Frick and B. Laugen (Eds.): APMS 2011, IFIP AICT 384, pp. 571–578.
Miettinen, R. & Paavola, S. (2014) Beyond the BIM utopia: Approaches to the development
and implementation of building information modeling. Automation in Construction, 43,
(pp. 84-91). [PDF]
207
PRE Results Report
ARTICLES
Korpela, J. (2012). Tietomallintamisen käyttöönoton haasteet rakennushankkeessa.
Konsepti – Toimintakonseptin uudistajien verkkolehti 7 (1-2). [in Finnish] [PDF]
Lehtinen, T. (2012) Tieto hallinnassa ja työkalut toimivat - Tarvitsemme vain uuden tavan
toimia. Lehtiartikkeli Model Nova -projektista, 1/2done (1/2012).
Mäki, T. (2012). Rakentamisen tietomallintaminen -tutkimushankkeen esittely. Konsepti –
Toimintakonseptin uudistajien verkkolehti 7 (1-2). [in Finnish] [PDF]
Mäki, T. Korpela, J. & Kerosuo, H. (2012). Artikkeli. Last Planner tietomallinnetun hankkeen
suunnittelunohjauksessa. Rakentajain kalenteri 2013. Helsinki: Rakennustieto Oy. [PDF]
Mäki, T. (2014). 411 suunnitteluun liittyvää keskustelun avausta. Submitted Rakentajain
kalenteri 2015. Helsinki: Rakennustieto Oy. (Pyydä tutkijalta viimeisin versio)
Mäki, T., Paavola, S., Kerosuo, H., & Miettinen, R. (2012). Tietomallintamisen käytöt
rakentamisessa. Konsepti – Toimintakonseptin uudistajien verkkolehti 7 (1-2). [in Finnish]
[PDF]
Valli, M. (2013) IPD ja Solmumalli: Talotekniikka edellä kustannussäästöjä hakemaan.
Lehtiartikkeli perustuen Auli Karjalaisen ja Teemu Lehtisen haastatteluun, Talotekniikka
(04/2013).
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Bushnell, T., Lehtinen, T., Kokkonen, A., Lavikka, R., Neelappa A. & Senescu R. (2013)
Collaboration and contracts in Integrated Project Delivery – Exploring the roles of owners
and architects in The Boundary-Crossing Conference on Co-Design in Innovation, eds.
Smeds, R. & Irrmann, O., Unigrafia Oy, Helsinki, Finland. Co-Create conference June 16-19,
2013, Espoo, Finland, pp. 163-174.
Jylhä, T. and Karjalainen, A. (2014) Enhancing Facility Service Processes in Government
Offices through Standardisation, in the proceedings of International Group for Lean
Construction, 23-27 June 2013, Oslo (link to paper will be added later).
Jylhä, T., Rasila, H. and Karjalainen, A. (2014) Making-do – Illusion of Effective Service
Process, CIB Facilities Management Conference, 21-23 May 2014, Copenhagen (link to
paper will be added later).
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Kerosuo, H. (2013) From External to Internalized Coordination – An excel sheet as means
of re-meditation of coordination in building design. An abstract submitted and accepted
to the Nordic Iscar 2013 (The sixth Nordic Conference on Cultural and Activity Research),
12.-14.6.2013, Kristianstad University, Sweden.
Kerosuo, H. TRANSFORMING COLLABORATION WITH 3D INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(BIM) IN BUILDING DESIGN. Work – Continuities and Disruptions in Modern Life. First
interdisciplinary Conference on Work, 21–23 August 2013, Turku, Finland.
Kerosuo, H, & Mäki, T. (2012) Contradictions and learning in organizational processes.
Submitted full paper to Conference for Organisational Learning, Knowledge and
Capabilities OLKC 2012, Valencia, Spain 04/2012. [Ask the last draft from the author]
Kerosuo, H. Miettinen, R. Mäki, T. Paavola, S. Korpela, J. and Rantala, T. Expanding uses of
Building Information Modeling in life-cycle construction projects. The 18th World Congress
on Ergonomics, February 12-16, 2012, in Recife, Brazil. [Presentation]
Kerosuo, H. Mäki, T. & Korpela, J. (2013). Knotworking – A novel BIM-based collaboration
practice in building design projects. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on
Construction Engineering and Project Management, Orange County, California, 9-11,
January, 2013. [PDF]
Kerosuo, H. Mäki, T. & Korpela, J. Knotworking in the Collaboration between Designers,
Users and Other Stakeholders. FERA Conference on Education 2012. INTEREST GROUP
Activity Theory in Education and Work [Presentation]
Kerosuo, H., Mäki, T., Codinhoto, R., Koskela, L. & Miettinen, R. (2012). In Time at LastAdaption of Last Planner Tools for the Design Phase of a Building Project. In I. D.
Tommelein & C.L. Pasquire. (Eds.), 20th Annual Conference of the International Group of
Lean Construction. Are We Near a Tipping Point? (pp. 1031-1041). San Diego: Montezuma
Publishing. [PDF]
Kerosuo, H., Mäki, T. & Korpela, J. (2013) Knotworking in and for collaboration between
designers in building design. Conference paper submitted to RWL8 - 8th International
Conference on Researching Work and Learning, University of Stirling UK, 19-22 June 2013,
"'The visible and invisible in work and learning". [PDF]
Kerosuo, H., Mäki, T., & Korpela, J. (2012) Windows to collaborative uses of BIM: Emerging
breakpoints of coordination in BIM-mediated construction design. A paper at the EGOS
2012, 2.-7.7.2012, Helsinki, Finland. [Ask the last draft from the author]
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Kokkonen, A. (2013) What have we learned about the social aspect in learning in the
context of construction projects by now? A review of the earlier studies. In the
proceedings of 7th Nordic Conference on Construction Economics and Organisation 2013,
Trondheim, Norway, 12-14.6.2013.
Kokkonen, A. (2012) Exploring socially structured knowledge in the construction industry.
A conference paper in the proceedings of IFKAD-KCWS 2012 - Matera, Italy, 13-15 June
2012.
Korpela, J. (2013) Sähköiset järjestelmät kiinteistön huoltomiehen työssä. An article to be
published in proceedings Työelämän tutkimuspäivät 2013 conference "Työelämän
tutkimuspäivien konferenssijulkaisuja" [in Finnish]
Korpela, J. & Kerosuo, H. (2014) Working together in a knot: the simultaneity and pulsation
of collaboration in an early phase of building design. A paper accepted to be presented in
The Association of Researchers in Construction Management –conference (ARCOM), 1-3
September 2014, Portsmouth UK.
Korpela, J. ja Miettinen, R. (2013) BIM in facility management and maintenance: the case of
Kaisa library of Helsinki University. In: Smith, S D (Ed.) and Ahiaga-Dagbui, D D (Ed.),
Proceedings 29th Annual ARCOM Conference, 2-4 September 2013, Reading, UK,
Association of Researchers in Construction Management., 47–56. [PDF]
Lallimo, J. (2014). From pedagogical ideas to a school building: analysis of user
involvement in building design. A paper accepted to be presented in The Association of
Researchers in Construction
Management –conference (ARCOM), 1-3 September 2014, Portsmouth UK.
Lavikka, R., Smeds, M. and Smeds, R. (2012) Towards coordinated BIM based design and
construction process in eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and
Construction, eds. Gudnason, G. & Scherer, Raimar. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
London, UK. The 9th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling July 25-27,
2012, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 513-520.
Lavikka, R., Niku, T. & Lehtinen, T. (2013). Bringing the design team together: coordinating
inter-organizational design work using an agile co-working method.In S. Kajewski, K.
Manley & K.Hampson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International CIB World Building
Congress. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
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Lavikka, R., Smeds, R. & Jaatinen, M. (2013) Solving cross-disciplinary problems in colocated temporary multi-organizations in The Boundary-Crossing Conference on CoDesign in Innovation, eds. Smeds, R. & Irrmann, O., Unigrafia Oy, Helsinki, Finland. CoCreate conference June 16-19, 2013, Espoo, Finland, pp. 383-394.
Lehtinen, T. (2011) The role of vertical integration when implementing a systemic process
innovation: A case comparison on implementing building information modeling (BIM) in
the Finnish construction industry. In: Frick, J. (ed.): Advances in production management
systems – Value networks: Innovation, technologies and management. Proceedings of the
APMS 2011 conference: Stavanger, Norway, September 26-28, 2011 (Produced within RYM
PRE and ECPIP Finland projects).
Lehtinen, T. (2014) Did we all just agree? Probing joint decision making in relational project
delivery arrangements. Engineering Project Organization Conference 2014, Devil’s Thumb
Ranch, Colorado, USA, July 29-31, 2014 (Produced within RYM PRE and CoCoNet projects).
Lehtinen, T. (2013) What is so integrated about Integrated Project Delivery? Exploring the
role of integration mechanisms in IPD projects. Engineering Project Organization
Conference 2013, Devil’s Thumb Ranch, Colorado, USA, July 9-11, 2013.
Lehtinen, T. (2012) Increasing integration in construction projects: A case study on a PPP
project adopting BIM. In Gudni Gudnason & Raimar Scherer (Eds.) eWork and eBusiness in
Architecture, Engineering and Construction (pp. 439-446). Proceedings of the European
Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM) 2012, Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2527, 2012. London: CRC Press/London (Taylor & Francis Group). 958 p.
Levitt, R., Algiers, A., Hall, D., Lehtinen, T. & Padachuri, P. (2014) The impact of IPD
elements on adoption of integral innovations. Engineering Project Organization
Conference 2014, Devil’s Thumb Ranch, Colorado, USA, July 29-31, 2014 (Produced within
RYM PRE and CoCoNet projects).
Matala, S. (2013) Barriers to co-create a new industry paradigm – systemic failures
hindering BIM implementation in Finnish construction industry. In the The BoundaryCrossing Conference on Co-Design in Innovation, eds. Smeds, R. & Irrmann, O., Unigrafia
Oy Espoo, Finland, Co-Create conference June 16-19, 2013, Espoo, Finland, pp. 265-276.
Matala, S. and Kokkonen, A. (2013) Universities playing in the construction field: how the
universities can facilitate collaboration for systemic process innovation. In S. Kajewski, K.
Manley & K.Hampson (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International CIB World Building
Congress. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
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Miettinen, R., Kerosuo, H., Korpela, J., Mäki, T. & Paavola, S. (2012) An activity theoretical
approach to BIM-research. In Gudni Gudnason & Raimar Scherer (Eds.) eWork and
eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (pp. 777-781). Proceedings of the
European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM) 2012, Reykjavik, Iceland,
July 25-27, 2012. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Balkema (Taylor & Francis Group). [PDF]
Mäki, T. (2014). Multi-disciplinary talk on design issues in construction site meetings. A
paper accepted to be presented in The Association of Researchers in Construction
Management –conference (ARCOM), 1-3 September 2014, Portsmouth UK.
Mäki, T. (2013) Site manager's daily work and the uses of BIM in construction site
management. A short conference paper submitted and accepted to the EGOS 2013
(Colloquium of the European Group for Organizational Studies), 4.-6.7.2013, Montreal,
Canada.
Mäki, T. (2013) Site Manager's work and BIM-related collaboration on Construction site.
Conference paper submitted to RWL8 - 8th International Conference on Researching Work
and Learning, University of Stirling UK, 19-22 June 2013, "'The visible and invisible in work
and learning"
Mäki, T. (2013) Site managers' daily work and the uses of BIM in construction site
management. An abstract submitted and accepted to the Nordic Iscar 2013 (The sixth
Nordic Conference on Cultural and Activity Research), 12.-14.6.2013, Kristianstad
University, Sweden.
Mäki, T. ja Kerosuo, H. (2013) Site managers' uses of building information modeling on
construction sites. In: Smith, S D (Ed.) and Ahiaga-Dagbui, D D (Ed.), Proceedings 29th
Annual ARCOM Conference, 2-4 September 2013, Reading, UK, Association of Researchers
in Construction Management., 611–621. [PDF]
Paavola, S. (2013) Digital artefacts of collaboration. Presentation at When social science
meets lean and BIM –workshop, 25.-26.11.2013, University of Helsinki
Paavola, S. (2013). Digitaaliset työvälineet ja työn uudenlainen konkreettisuus
suunnittelijoiden yhteistyössä. Esitelmä Työelämän tutkimuspäivillä 7.-8.11.13, Tampere.
Paavola, S. & Miettinen, R. (2014) Mediation with digital artefacts – building information
modeling in design collaboration. A presentation at ISCAR2014 – The 4th Congress of the
International Society for Cultural and Activity Research, 29.9.-3.10.2014, Sydney, Australia.
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Paavola, S. & Miettinen, R. (2013) Mediation in the age of information technology: Building
information modelling as multifunctional instrumentality. A presentation at the Nordic
Iscar 2013 (The sixth Nordic Conference on Cultural and Activity Research), 12.-14.6.2013,
Kristianstad University, Sweden.
Paavola, S., & Kerosuo, H. (2012) Combined uses of building information models in
building design. A paper presented at the 4S/EASTT conference 17.-20.10.2012,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Paavola, S., & Miettinen, R. (2012) Beyond a technological utopia: incremental
development and multifunctionality of building information modeling (BIM). A paper at
the EGOS 2012, 2.-7.7.2012, Helsinki, Finland.
Paavola, S., & Miettinen, R. (2013) Digital artefacts of collaboration? Building information
modeling as a multifunctional instrumentality. A paper at the EGOS 2013 (Colloquium of
the European Group for Organizational Studies), 4.-6.7.2013, Montreal, Canada.
Paavola, S., Kerosuo, H. & Korpela, J. (2012) Multi-organizational BIM use and changes in
design collaboration. Presentation at When social science meets lean and BIM –workshop,
3.-4.12.2012, University of Salford, England.
Paavola, S., Kerosuo, H. & Korpela, J. (2013) Ways of organizing design collaboration with
the building information modelling technologies. Conference Paper accepted to the CoCreate 2013 (Boundary-Crossing Conference on Co-Design in Innovation), 16.-19.6.2013,
Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Paavola, S., Kerosuo, H., & Mäki, T, Korpela, J. & Miettinen, R. (2012) BIM technologies and
collaboration in a life-cycle project. In Gudni Gudnason & Raimar Scherer (Eds.) eWork and
eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (pp. 855-862). Proceedings of the
European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM) 2012, Reykjavik, Iceland,
July 25-27, 2012. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Balkema (Taylor & Francis Group). [PDF]
Master’s THESES and Bachelor’s THESES
Anttonen, A. (2012) Rakennusprojektin suorituskyvyn mittaaminen. Kandidaatintyö,
Tuotantotalouden koulutusohjelma, Aalto-yliopiston perustieteiden korkeakoulu: Espoo.
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Halonen, A. (2013). Tuotannon aikataulutuksen vaatimukset rakennemallille. Diplomityö.
Aalto-yliopisto, Rakennustekniikan laitos (The requirements of production scheduling for
structural model. Master’s Thesis. Aalto University, Departmnent of Civil and Sructural
Engineering) (In Finnish)
Helander, D. (2014). Assessing alternatives for using building information models to
manage initial information in building renovation projects. Master’s Thesis. Aalto
University.
Idman T. 2013. Parametrization of energy simulation and development of energy-efficient
building design, analysis and decision making process (in Finnish), Master thesis. Aalto
University.
Kinnari, J. (2014). Suunnitelmien yhteensovittaminen ja tiedonvaihdon tarpeet
tietomallinnetussa rakennushankkeessa. Diplomityö, Aalto-yliopisto, Rakennustekniikan
laitos. (Design coordination and the needs for information exchange in BIM-projects.
Master’s Thesis, Aalto University, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering) (In
Finnish)
Kivelä, J. (2013) Tiedon havainnollistaminen osana tietomallintavaa rakennushanketta
(Diplomityö). Aalto-yliopisto, Arkkitehtuurin laitos.
Korpela, J. (2011) Tietomallintamisen hyödyt ja haasteet rakennushankkeen eri
hankeosapuolten näkökulmasta. Diplomityö, Rakennustekniikan laitos, Aalto-yliopiston
insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu: Espoo.[PDF]
Larsson E. (2012) LVI-tietomallien tarkkuustaso ja tietosisältö (Level of Detail and
Information Content of HVAC Building Information Models). Diplomityö, Aalto-yliopisto,
Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu, Energiatekniikan laitos.
Latva-Käyrä, M. (2013) Organisaatioiden väliset yhteistyömenetelmät
rakennusprojekteissa. Kandidaatintyö, Informaatioverkostojen koulutusohjelma, Aaltoyliopiston perustieteiden korkeakoulu: Espoo.
Latva-Mäenpää, H. (2014) Tietomalleista tiedonhallintaan – Asukasmuutokset
rakennusliikkeen omaperusteisessa asuntotuotannossa (Diplomityö). Tampereen
teknillinen yliopisto, Arkkitehtuurin laitos. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty-201404101143
Löfgren, J. (2013) Challenges in building information modeling process and multi-party
agreement related solutions for them: Insights from a collaborative workshop for BIM
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pioneers in Finland. Master’s Thesis manuscript, Degree Program in Industrial Economics,
Aalto University School of Science: Espoo.
Matala, S. (2013) Implementation of the systemic process innovation BIM in Finnish
construction industry – Sructural system failure approach. Master’s Thesis, Degree
Program in Information Networks, Aalto University School of Science: Espoo.
Mäläskä, M. (2011) Elinkaarihankkeen ylläpitomalli. Diplomityö. Tampereen teknillinen
yliopisto, Rakennustekniikan laitos.
Niemi, H. (2011). Tietomallien käyttö elinkaarihankkeiden suunnittelu- ja
toteutusvaiheessa. Diplomityö, Aalto-yliopisto, Rakennustekniikan laitos. (BIM-based
design and construction in PPP-projects. Master’s Thesis, Aalto University, Department of
Civil and Structural Engineering) (In Finnish)
Niku, T. (2013) Knowledge transfer through agile co-working methods in construction
project networks. Master’s Thesis, Degree Program in Information Networks, Aalto
University School of Science: Espoo.
Niskakangas, V. (2014). Tietomallinnetun rakennushankkeen suunnittelun ohjaus.
Diplomityö, Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, Rakennustekniikan koulutusohjelma (Design
management in a BIM-technology enabled construction project. Master’s Thesis, Tampere
University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering) (In Finnish)
Parkkinen, A. (2013). Rakennuksen tietomallien hyödyntämisen edellytykset rakentamisen
valmistelu- ja rakennusvaiheessa (Requirements concerning use of building information
models in construction planning and construction phases) Diplomityö. Lappeenrannan
teknillinen yliopisto. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201402211567
Sinisalo J. (2012) Tietomallipohjaisen energia-analyysin mahdollisuudet LVI-suunnittelussa
(The usage of BIM based energy analysis in HVAC design). Diplomityö, Aalto-yliopisto,
Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu, Energia- ja LVI-tekniikan koulutusohjelma.
Uusitalo, H. (2013). Tietomallipohjaisen määrienhallinnan hyödyntäminen
rakennustuotannossa. Diplomityö, Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, Rakennustekniikan
koulutusohjelma (Quantity management in building information model based
construction project. Master’s Thesis. Tampere University of Technology, Department of
Civil Engineering) (In Finnish)
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SEMINAR AND WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS
Kerosuo, H. Kaksoisärsytyksen menetelmä muutostoimijuuden vahvistamisen tukena?
Presentation in Aikuiskasvatustieteen tutkijatapaaminen. Teemaryhmä: Toimijuuden
vahvistaminen aikuisten elämänkentillä, University of Turku, 6-7.2.2014.
Kerosuo, H. (2013) Development of knotworking for building design. Presentation at
Building information modelling (BIM) meets activity theory –workshop, 30.4.2013,
University of Helsinki
Kerosuo, H. (2013) Development of Knotworking for Building Design. Presentation at
When social science meets lean and BIM –workshop, 25.-26.11.2013, University of Helsinki
Kerosuo, H. Miettinen, R. & Korpela, J. Ascending from Abstract to Concrete and Practical
Experimentation: The Case of Knoworking in Construction Design. Presentation in Evald
Ilyenkov – Prospects and Retrospects in Philosophy and Psychology – symposium 15-16,
april 2014, University of Helsinki.
Kerosuo, H., Mäki, T. & Korpela, J. (2012) Solmutyöskentely suunnittelijoiden yhteistyössä
rakennusteollisuudessa. Innovaatiot, työ ja oppinen -teema, Kasvatustieteen päivät,
Helsinki, 22.-23.11.2012. [Presentation in Finnish]
Korpela, J. & Miettinen, R. (2013) BIM and the maintenance activity. Presentation at
Building information modelling (BIM) meets activity theory –workshop, 30.4.2013,
University of Helsinki
Miettinen, R. (2011) Activity theory and BIM research. A presentation in University of
Salford, 25.11.2011, England.
Miettinen, R. (2011) Toiminnan teorian ja yhteiskuntatieteiden näkökulma BIMtutkimukseen. Esitys PRE-ohjelman seminaarissa Tietomallintamisen haasteet ja
rakentamisen muutos, 9.12.2011, Helsingin yliopisto.
Miettinen, R. (2014) Artifact in activity theory. A presentation in the workshop ”Artifacts,
practice and knowledge elaboration: an interdisciplinary perspective”, 7.3.2014, Nice,
France.
Miettinen, R. & Paavola, S. (2012) Sociology of expectations and reality of BIM
implementation.
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Presentation at When social science meets lean and BIM –workshop, 3.-4.12.2012,
University of Salford.
Miettinen, R., Paavola, S. & Smeds, M. (2012) Knotworking – Integrative collaboration
practice. A poster at the SHOK Summit 2012 seminar, 26.4.12 in Helsinki.
Mäki, T. (2012) A site manager’s daily work and the uses of BIM in construction site
management. Presentation at When social science meets lean and BIM –workshop, 3.4.12.2012, University of Salford.
Mäki, T. (2012) BIM työnjohdon työvälineenä. Innovaatiot, työ ja oppinen -teema,
Kasvatustieteen päivät, Helsinki, 22.-23.11.2012. [in Finnish]
Mäki, T. (2013) BIMin käyttö rakennustyömaalla. A presentation in BIM työmailla –
seminaari AMK ja yliopistojen rakennus- ja infra-alan opetushenkilöstölle -seminar
November 2013, Vantaa.
Mäki, T. (2013) Digitaalisten 3D-mallien käyttö (BIM) rakennustyömaan työnjohdon työssä.
A presentation in Työelämän tutkimuspäivät 2013, 6-7 November, Tampere. [in Finnish]
Mäki, T. (2013) Last Planner in Design Management. Presentation at When social science
meets lean and BIM –workshop, 25.-26.11.2013, University of Helsinki
Mäki, T. (2014) Last Planner in Design Management. An abstract and a presentation in
Social Sciences meet BIM and Lean -workshop December 2013, Helsinki.
Mäki, T. (2014) Last Planner in Design Management. A presentation in BIM for Lean workshop April 2014, Espoo.
Mäki, T. (2014). Multi-disciplinary talk on design issues in construction site meetings. A
presentation in KASVA-seminar May 2014, Helsinki.
Mäki, T. (2013) Site manager's daily work and the uses of BIM in construction site
management. A presentation in CRADLE Summer School, August.2013, Helsinki.
Mäki, T. (2013). Tietomallien käyttö rakennustyömaan tuotannonsuunnittelussa ja
ohjauksessa. A paper submitted and a presentation in KASVA-seminar May 2013, Helsinki.
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Mäki, T. (2014). Tietomallien käyttöönoton mukanaan tuomat oppimishaasteet
rakennustyömaan toiminnassa. Presentation in Aikuiskasvatuksen tutkijatapaaminen
2014. February 2014, Turku.
Mäki, T. (2011). Tietomallintamisen hyödyt ja haasteet työmaan toteutuksessa. A
presentation in Itä-Suomen rakentajaseminaari 2011. June 2012, Mikkeli.
Mäki, T. Korpela, J. & Kerosuo, H. Tietomallintamisen käyttö rakentamishankkeessa.
Helsingin yliopisto, Science Day 22.9.2011. [Presentation in Finnish]
WP2 New Wow
REPORTS
Aaltonen, I., Laarni, J. & Tammela, K. (2014) Envisioning e-justice for criminal justice chain
in Finland, (submitted)
Aaltonen, Iina; Ala-Kotila, Paula; Järnström, Helena; Laarni, Jari; Määttä, Hannamaija;
Nykänen, Esa; Schembri, Ingrid; Lönnqvist,Antti; Ruostela, Jenna; Laihonen, Harri;
Jääskeläinen, Aki; Oyue, Joe; Nagy, Gabor. State-of-the-Art Report on Knowledge WorkNew Ways of Working. VTT Technology 17. Espoo 2012. 106 s. + liitt. 9 s.
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2012/T17.pdf
Fruchter, R., Medlock, L., Kincho, H.L., Määttä, H., Nykänen, E., Mattila, P. & Ståhlberg, A.,
2014: NewWow ISS Lahti Pilot Case Study. VTT TECHNOLOGY 176. 88 p. ISBN 978-951-388263-1. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2014/T176.pdf
Nykänen, E., Laarni, J. Määttä, H., Raij, A., Sundqvist, A., Lonka, H., Mattila, P. & Palvalin, M. August 2014. New
ways of working: Summary of Pilot Cases. VTT TECHNOLOGY 177. 32 p. ISBN978-951-38-8278-5
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2014/T177.pdf
Laarni,J., Miiluniemi, T., Nykänen, E., Schembri, I. Richert, H. August 2014: New ways of
Working: Case Study summary report. VTT TECHNOLOGY 178. 61 p. + app 11 p. ISBN978951-38-8279-2.
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2014/T178.pdf
Laarni, J. & Aaltonen, I. (2014). Anticipation dialogue in participatory design, 16 p.
Teoksessa: Katherine Blashki & Pedro Isaías (Eds.), Emerging Research and Trends in
Interactivity and the Human-Computer Interface. IGI Global, 580 p.
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Rasila, H. & Jylhä, T. (2014) The many faces of office noise – case contact center, Facilities,
accepted for publication.
Sundqvist, A. & Rasila, H. (eds.) (2014) Sustainable Workplace Management – Senate
Properties’ Final Report (link will be added later).
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Dooley, K. (2013): “Organizational behavior: Business Model for a Profitable and
Sustainable Future”. Presented at the Motiva/Sitra international conference Behave.
Dooley, K., 2011. “New Ways of Working: Linking Energy Consumption to People”. In: SB11
Helsinki World Sustainable Building Conference Proceedings, Helsinki 18-21 October 2011.
7 pages.
Huovila, A., Tyni, A. & Dooley, K., 2013. “Building occupancy as an aspect of energy
efficiency”. In: Proceedings of SB13 Conference in Dubai on December 8-10 2013. 8 pages.
Jylhä, T., Rasila, H.& Karjalainen, A. (2014) Making-do – Illusion of Effective Service
Processes. CIB Facilities Management Conference, 21-23 May 2014, Technical University of
Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Laarni, J, Aaltonen, I, Järnström, H, Määttä, H. & Nykänen, E. (2013) Development of
Theoretical Tools for the Analysis of Knowledge Intensive Work. In Proceedings of IADIS
International Conference on Interfaces and Human-Computer Interaction 2013. IADIS
International Conference 2013, Part of the IADIS Multi Conference on Computer Science
and Information Systems 2013, MCCSIS 2013, 24 – 26 July 2012, Prague, Czech Republic. P.
21 – 28.
Laarni, J. & Aaltonen, I. (2012). Anticipation dialogue method in activity-driven design of
ICT tools. Proceedings of IADIS International Conference on Interfaces and HumanComputer Interaction 2012. In IADIS International Conference ICT, Society and Human
Beings 2012. IADIS International Conference 2012, Part of the IADIS Multi Conference on
Computer Science and Information Systems 2012, MCCSIS 2012, 21 – 23 July 2013, Lisbon,
Portugal. P. 191 – 195.
Rasila, H. S & Jylhä, T. (2014) New Service Development in Public Sector Tenant-Landlord
Context. European Real Estate Society Conference, 25-28 June, Bucharest, Romania.
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Rasila, H., Sundqvist, A. & Jylhä, T. (2014) Managing workplaces towards sustainability. CIB
Facilities Management Conference, 21-23 May 2014, Technical University of Denmark,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ruostela, J. & Lönnqvist, A. (2013), "Exploring More Productive Ways of Working",
International Conference on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy, Dubai,
United Arab Emirates, January 30-31, 2013.
Ruostela, J., Lönnqvist, A. (2013), “Exploring More Productive Ways of Working”, World
Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Science Index 73, 7(1), 611
- 615. International Conference on Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy,
Dubai, United Arab Emirates, January 30-31, 2013.
Ruostela, Jenna; Lönnqvist, Antti; Palvalin, Miikka; Vuolle, Maiju; Ahokas, Maija; Ikkala,
Anna-Leena. "Improving Knowledge Work Productivity through 'New Ways of Working':
Case Rapal", International Forum on Knowledge Asset Dynamics. In: Schiuma, Giovanni;
Spender, JC; Yigitcanlar, Tan (ed.). Proceedings of IFKAD-KCWS 2012, 7th International
Forum on Knowledge Asset Dynamics, 13-15 June, 2012, Matera, Italy 2012, Matera, Italy.
1098-1115.
Vuolle, M., Palvalin, M., Lönnqvist, A. "Methods for analyzing the impacts of New Ways of
working", International Conference on Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management &
Organisational Learning – ICICKM 2014 Sydney, November 6-7, 2014.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Laihonen, H., Jääskeläinen, A., Lönnqvist, A., Ruostela, J., (2012), "Measuring the
Productivity Impacts of New Ways of Working", Journal of Facilities Management, Vol. 10,
No. 2, pp. 102–113.
Palvalin et al. (2014) SmartWoW – a tool for knowledge work performance analysis.
Submitted for IJPPM special issue. Journal article.
Palvalin, M., Vuolle, M., Jääskeläinen, A., Laihonen, H., Lönnqvist, A. (2014), “SmartWoW –
Constructing a tool for knowledge work performance analysis”, International Journal of
Productivity and Performance Management, Accepted.
Rasila, H., Jylhä, T. & Sundqvist, A. (2014) Opportunities and Challenges of Workplace
Concept Creation in Finnish Government Workplaces, Journal of Corporate Real Estate,
accepted for publication.
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Ruostela, J., Lönnqvist, A., Palvalin, M., Vuolle, M., Patjas, M., Raij, A. L. (2014), "‘New Ways
of Working’as a tool for improving the performance of a knowledge-intensive company",
Knowledge Management Research & Practice.
Ruostela et al. (2014) ‘New Ways of Working’ as a tool for improving the performance of a
knowledge-intensive company. Accepted for KMRP.
Ylikauppila, M., Väätänen, A., Laarni, J. & Välkkynen, P. (in press). Mobile solutions for the
new ways of working era. In: P. Kommers, P. Isaias & T. Issa (Eds.) Social Media Prospects.
Routledge.
MASTER’S THESES
Maija Ahokas (2011): New Ways of Working – Requirements and Modifications to a
Corporate Real Estate Management Software.Master’s Thesis . Aalto University School of
Engineering.
Elisa Hautamäki (2012 ). kiinteistötiedon hallintajärjestelmien hyödyntäminen
työympäristön toimivuuden ja ympäristötehokkuuden mittaamisessa. Aalto University
School of Engineering.
Friström , S. A measurement tool for space usage decision-making in municipal social
work. Master thesis. Aalto University School of Engineering. 2013
Tammela, K. (2012) Manifestations of Social Capital between two Professional Groups,
Aalto School of Economics, Master’s Thesis.
Münster, I. Master thesis: Corporate Real Estate Management in Knowledge Intensive
Organizations – Current Challenges and the Future. Aalto University School of
Engineering.
Nisula, J. Master thesis. Measuring profitability of strategic facility management. Aalto
University School of Engineering.
Ruostela, J. Master thesis. Improving knowledge work productivity through new ways of
working. Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto. 2012.
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WP3 BIMCON
REPORTS
Bolpagni, M. (2013). The implementation of BIM within the public procurement. A modelbased approach for the construction industry. VTT Technology report: 130 ISBN ISBN 978951-38-8058-3.
http://www.vtt.fi/vtt_show_record.jsp?target=julk&form=sdefe&search=71022
Sulankivi, K. in cooperation with Parma, Skanska, Finnmap and Tekla (2013).
Betonielementtien BIM-pohjainen tuoteosakauppa, Case väliseinäelementit. VTT Research
report (Tutkimusraportti VTT-R-03335-13), In Finnish
Vares, S., Sulankivi, K., Palos, S., Kojima, J., Kiviniemi, M., Tuomisto, M. (2013). Tuotetiedon
käyttö tietomallinnuksessa esimerkkinä ympäristövaikutusten laskenta. VTT
Tutkimusraportti : VTT-R-01180-13, 75 s. + liitteet 2 s.
Vares, S., Häkkinen, T., Sulankivi, K. (2014). Tietomallipohjainen
ympäristövaikutuslaskenta. (ei vielä julkaistu, yrityksissä kommentointikierroksella oleva
VTT_raportti)
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Jussila, Ari; Kiviniemi, Markku; Talvitie, U. (2012). Piloting a new information sharing
method in a construction supply chain. eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering
and Construction. Proceedings of the European Conference onProduct and Process
Modelling 2012 , ECPPM 2012, ss. 707 - 712. European Conference on Product and
Process Modelling, ECPPM 2012, Reykjavik, 25 - 27 July 2012. doi:978-041562128-1
Olsson, T.D., Savisalo, A.T., Hakkarainen, M. & Woodward, C. User evaluation of mobile
augmented reality in architectural planning. Conference article at ECPPM2012.
http://virtual.vtt.fi/virtual/proj2/multimedia/media/publications/ECPPM2012_User%20Eval
uation%20of%20Mobile%20AR%20in%20Architecural%20Planning-final.pdf
Palos, S. State of the art analysis of product data definitions usage in BIM. eWork and
eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction ECPPM 2012. ISBN: 978-0-41562128-1
Sulankivi, K., Tauriainen, M., Kiviniemi, M. (2014). Safety aspect in constructability analysis
with BIM. Proceedings of CIB W099 International Conference Achieving Sustainable
Construction Health and Safety, Lund, Sweden, 2 - 3 June 2014. Lund University, Sweden.
P. 586 – 596.
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Sulankivi, K., Zhang, S., Teizer, J., Eastman, C. M., Kiviniemi, M., Romo, I., Granholm, L.
(2013). Utilization of BIM-based Automated Safety Checking in Construction PlanningIn
CIB publication 388: Proceedings of Safety and Health in Construction. CIB World Building
Congres, Brisbane May 2013.
Sulankivi, K. (2014). BIM promoting construction site safety: Industry examples. Innovation
Reports on Buildings and the Built Environment for Planning, Design, Engineering,
Construction, Manufacturing, Management, Maintenance, Use and Deconstruction. CIB
Innovation webinar May 7, 2014: Using BIM to Enhance Construction Safety and Health.
International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB).
Available on-line: http://www.cibworld.nl/site/innovation.html
Tauriainen, M. & Mero A-K. & Lemström A. & Puttonen J. & Saari, A. 2012. The
development of constructability using BIM as an intensifying technology. In Gudnason &
Scherer (Eds), eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, p. 713716.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Palos, S., Kiviniemi, A., Kuusisto, J. (2014) “Future perspectives on product data
management in building information modeling”, Construction Innovation: Information,
Process, Management, Vol. 14 Iss: 1, pp.52 – 68.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=14714175&volume=14&issue=1&articleid=17101450
S. Zhang, K. Sulankivi, M. Kiviniemi, I. Romo, C.M. Eastman, J. Teizer. BIM-based Fall Hazard
Identification and Prevention in Construction Planning. . Journal article, Safety Science
01/2014.
Häkkinen, T., Kuittinen, M., Ruuska, A., Nusrat, J. 2014 Modular Carbon Assessment for
Buildings Prepared for Journal: Architectural Engineering and Design Management
Master’s THESES
Lemström, A. 2012. Improving the constructability of the framework in residential
buildings by utilizing building information modeling. Master’s Thesis (In Finnish). Aalto
University. Department of Civil and Structural Engineering.
Forsblom, Kati. 2013. Assessment of buildability during architectural and building services
design. Master’s Thesis (In Finnish). Aalto University.
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Laakso, P. 2012. Methods for measuring and developing buildability in a building
information model -based environment. Master’s Thesis (In Finnish). Aalto University,
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering.
Mero, Anna-Kaisa. 2012. Buildable design and its appraisal by the building information
modeling. Master’s Thesis (In Finnish). Aalto University.
Nissilä, J. 2013. Development of the BIM-based supply chain management of precast
concrete elements. Master’s Thesis (In English), University of Oulu.
Raikaa, M. 2011. Requirements of BIM software for work safety planning on construction
site. Master’s Thesis (In Finnish). Aalto University, Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering.
Sironen, A. 2014. Rakennesuunnittelijan tuottaman tietomallin BEC-määräluetteloiden
luotettavuus betonielementtirakennuksen tarjousvaiheen määrälaskennassa. Diplomityö.
Aalto-yliopisto, Rakennetekniikka.
Bolpagni, M. (2013). The implementation of BIM within the public procurement. A modelbased approach for the construction industry. Master’s Thesis (In English), Università degli
Studi di Brescia (University of Brescia, Italy).
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELS
Sulankivi, K. (2014). Demo model: Detailed architectural wet room model. ArchiCAD 17
BIMx Hyper-model for viewing in iPad. (In Finnish, and another mainly in English).
https://bimx.graphisoft.com/HypermodelDetail/LoadDetails/31547
https://bimx.graphisoft.com/HypermodelDetail/LoadDetails/31551
WP4 DRUM
Törmä, S., Oraskari, J., & Hoang, N. V. (2012). Distributed transactional building
information management. LDAC 2012, 9.
Törmä, S. (2014). Web-based BIM – Rakennustietomallien hallinta linkitettynä tietona.
Tekla Suunta 2014.
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Rinne, M. and Törmä, S. and Nuutila, E. (2012). SPARQL-Based Applications for RDFEncoded Sensor Data, Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor
Networks, International Semantic Web Conference. Boston, MA.
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Rinne, M. and Nuutila, E. and Törmä, S. (2012). INSTANS: High-Performance Event
Processing with Standard RDF and SPARQL, Poster in Proceedings of the 11th
International Semantic Web Conference, Boston, MA.
Törmä, S., Backman, J., Kiviniemi, M., Aro, J., and Nissilä, J. (2014). Three Methods for
Exchanging Status Information of Building Elements, 10th European Conference on
Product & Process Modelling (ECPPM 2014), Wien, AU.
Törmä, S. (2013). Semantic Linking of Building Information Models, IEEE Seventh
International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC 2013), pp.412-419.
Törmä, S. (2014). Web of Building Data - Web of Building Data - Integrating IFC with the
Web of Data, 10th European Conference on Product & Process Modelling (ECPPM 2014),
Wien, AU.
Master’s THESES
Aro, J. (2013). Automated Exchange of Distributed Status Information of Building
Elements. Master’s thesis, Aalto University, School of Science, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering (release 9/2013)
Kuokkanen J. (2013). An assessment of distributed building information management
systems, Master’s thesis, Aalto University, School of Engineering, Structural engineering
and building technology.
WP5 Infra FINBIM
REPORTS
Manninen, A-P., Kärnä, S. (2012). Käyttäjälähtöinen liikenneinfrastruktuuri
mallipohjaisessa toimintaympäristössä. Aalto –yliopisto, Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu.
Tiede+teknologia –julkaisusarja, 14/2012, raportti. ISBN 978-952-60-4793-5 (pdf)
Manninen, A-P., Kärnä, S. (2011). Kansainvälinen state-of-art –selvitys rakennusalan BIM –
käytännöistä. Aalto –yliopisto, Insinööritieteiden korkeakoulu. Tiede+teknologia –
julkaisusarja, työpaperit. ISBN 978-952-60-4280-0 (pdf)
CONFERENCE PAPERS (Refereed by scientific committee of the conference)
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Heikkilä, R. & Leinonen, T. & Paukkeri, H. & Virtanen, H. (2014) Development of the BIM
based Modelling Process for Dredging Works. ISARC’2014, The 31st International
Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining, 9-11 July, 2014,
Sydney, NSW, Australia, x p. Paper Accepted for Publication.
Heikkilä, R. & Marttinen, M. (2013). Development of BIM based Rehabilitation and
Maintenance Process for Roads. ISARC’2013, The 30th International Symposium on
Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining, 11-15 August, 2013, Montreal,
Canada, 7 p.
Heikkilä, R. & Laatunen, K. (2013) Development of BIM and Automation Based Total
Process for Infra Construction. ISARC’2013, The 30th International Symposium on
Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining, 11-15 August, 2013, Montreal,
Canada, 6 p.
Heikkilä, R. & Hovila, J. (2012) National Guidelines for Bridge Information Modeling and
Automation. The 29th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in
Construction, 26 June – 29 June, 2012, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, Abstract p. 66, Full
Paper doi:10.4017/gt.2012.11.02.342.799. Proceedings Full Papers ISG*ISARC2012, ISBN:
978-90-386-3410-4, pp. 6-8.
Heikkilä, R., Heikkilä, J. & Mikkonen, M. (2013) Applicability of An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Surveying to the Measurement of Digital Terrain Model. ISARC’2013, The 30th
International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining, 11-15
August, 2013, Montreal, Canada, 7 p.
Nissilä, J. & Heikkilä, R. & Romo, I. & Malaska, M. (2014) BIM based Schedule Control for
Precast Concrete Supply Chain. ISARC’2014, The 31st International Symposium on
Automation and Robotics in Construction and Mining, 9-11 July, 2014, Sydney, NSW,
Australia, x p. Paper Accepted for Publication.
Hyvärinen, J., Finne, C. (2012). Open InfraBIM: IFCs, LandXML, or...?. Proceedings of ECPPM
2012, eWork and EBusiness in architecture, Engineering and Construction, Reykjavik,
Iceland, July 2012.
Mäkeläinen, T., Hyvärinen, J., Peura, J. (2012). BIM practices and challenges framed –an
approach to systemic change management. Proceedings of ECPPM 2012, eWork and
EBusiness in architecture, Engineering and Construction, Editors: Gudni Gudnason , Prof.
Raimar Scherer. Conference in Reykjavik, Iceland, 25-27 July 2012.
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Hyvärinen, J., Mäkeläinen, T., Peura, J., Rönty, J. (2012). Strategies, Guidelines and Project
Level Leadership as Methods for IDDS Practices in Transition. Proceedings of the 19th CIB
World Building Congress 2013: Construction and Society, Editors: Prof. Stephen Kajewski,
A/Prof. Karen Manley and Prof. Keith Hampson, ISBN 978-0-9875542-0-8.WBC in Brisbane,
Australia, 5-9 May 2013
Kärnä, S., Manninen A-P., Junnonen J-M. (2011). Gathering User and Stakeholder
Information in BIM -based Infrastructure Projects. Proceedings of CIB 2011 Joint
Conference W078 / W102 Computer Knowledge Building, Sophia Antipolis, France, 26-28
October 2011.
Manninen, A-P., Kärnä, S., Nenonen, S. (2011). A new perspective of developing useroriented infrastructure. Proceedings of World Sustainable Building Conference 18 - 21
October, 2011 Helsinki, Finland.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Kärnä, S., Junnonen, J-M., Manninen, A-P., Julin, P., Exploring project participants’
satisfaction in the infrastructure projects. Engineering Project Organization Journal.
Volume 3, Issue 4 (pages 186-197), 2013.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21573727.2013.823083.
Master’s THESES and Bachelor’s THESES (2011-2014)
Autio, J. Infra-alan siirtymisprosessi tietomallintamiseen ylläpitohankkeen näkökulmasta.
Metropolian Ammttikorkeakoulu, 2013.
https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/57055
Brotherus, V. Inframallintamisen hyödyntäminen geoteknisessä suunnittelussa.
Diplomityö 2014. Oulun yliopisto.
Harjula, L. Pohjavahvistusten mallintaminen ja mallinnusvaatimukset väyläsuunnittelussa.
Tampereen teknillinen yliopisto, 2013.
Heikkilä, J. Tietomallipohjaisen automaation kehittäminen rautatien maarakennustyöhön.
Diplomityö 2012. Oulun yliopisto. http://herkules.oulu.fi/thesis/nbnfioulu201305301370.pdf
Häkkinen, L. Tietomallien hyödyntäminen erikoispohjarakentamisen tuotantoorganisaatiossa. (Utilisation of building information models in production organisation of
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foundation engineering.) Master thesis 2012. Tampere University of Technology.
http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tty-201210091318
Kalliomäki, J. Toimintamallin kehittäminen tietomallipohjaisen rakennusprojektin
betonirakenteiden tuotannonsuunnitteluun. Diplomityö 2013. Aalto-yliopisto.
Karhumäki, S. Siltaurakan tarjous- ja rakentamisvaiheen toteutus tietomalliympäristössä.
Diplomityö 2012. Aalto-yliopisto. 65 s.
Karjalainen, A. Avoimen tiedonsiirron kehittäminen siltojen tietomallintamiseen.
Diplomityö 2013. Oulun yliopisto. 86 s.
Kiviniemi, A. Radan tietomallipohjaisen massalaskennan vaatimukset. (Demands for
railways BIM-based mass calculations). Bachelor’s thesis 2014. Tampere University of
Applied sciences. 49 p.
Kekkonen, S. Teräsbetonisillan tietomallinnus. Metropolia Ammattikorkeakoulu, 2013.
https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/57217
Laksola, L. Infra FIN BIM –pilottien tulosten kerääminen, lähtötieto- ja suunnittelupilotit.
Metropolia Ammattikorkeakoulu, 2013.
https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/56955
Leinonen, J. Tieväylien päällysteenkorjauksen tietomallipohjaisen suunnittelu-menetelmän
kehittäminen. Diplomityö 2014. Oulun yliopisto. 78 s.
Leppänen, T. Tietomallinnus infra-alalla : case: Storhemtintien katupilotti. Lahden
ammattikorkeakoulu, 2013. https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/54381
Mattila, A. Siltojen tietomallintamisen ja urakkalaskennan välinen integraatio. Diplomityö
2012. Oulun yliopisto. 79 s.
Ojutkangas, T. Tietomallinnuksen käyttö ja mahdollisuudet Länsimetron
rakennesuunnittelussa. Diplomityö 2012. Aalto-Yliopisto.
Palviainen, V. Tiesuunnitelman tietomallinnus : Valtatie 14 Savonlinnan Laitaatsalmi.
Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulu, 2013.
https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/55279
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Parkkari, J. 3d-tietomalleja hyödyntävän automatisoidun maarakentamisjärjestelmän
kehittäminen. Diplomityö 2011. Oulun yliopisto. 87 s.
Paukkeri, H. Väyläruoppauksen tietomallipohjaisen prosessin kehittäminen. Diplomityö
2012. Aalto-yliopisto. 69 s.
Rimpiläinen, N. Erillisnimikkeistöjen yhdistäminen siltojen tietomallinnukseen. Diplomityö
2014. Oulun yliopisto.
Saifi, H. Integration of building information modeling and finite element analysis in bridge
engineering. Master thesis 2012. Aalto University, School of Engineering.
Schönberg, J. Tierakentamisen maarakennusvaiheen tietomallipohjaisen
laadunvalvontamenetelmän kehittäminen. Diplomityö 2012. Oulun yliopisto.
Sihvola, O. Sillan laatuaineiston integrointi tietomalliin. Diplomityö 2013. Aalto-yliopisto.
Stenius, S. Tien rakennussuunnitteluvaiheen toteutusmallin tietosisällön kehittäminen.
Diplomityö 2011. Oulun yliopisto.
Törmänen, P. Tietomallintamiseen perustuen toimintamallin kehittäminen
väylärakentamishankkeen pääurakoitsijalle. Developing BIM-based operations model for
the main contractor in a road building project, Diplomityö 2014, Oulun yliopisto.
Vilpas, S. Overview on building information modeling in the Finnish infrastructure sector
and a comparison of Information Model Servers. Master’s Thesis 2013. Aalto University,
School of Engineering.
Virtanen, J. Väylähankkeen lähtötietomalli ja sen muodostaminen. Metropolia
Ammattikorkeakoulu, 2012. https://publications.theseus.fi/handle/10024/41296
WP6 BIMCity
REPORTS
Antila, J. “Suunnittelutiedon vaihto suunnittelijan ja tilaajan välillä”, 2013. In Finnish. (Open
PDF)
Malmi J. (2014) Raportti – Rakennusvalvontojen tehty yhteistyö BIMCity-työpaketissa.
BIMCity
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Porkka, J. Harviainen T. (2014) Efficient inter-participant communication with virtual
models.
CONFERENCE PAPERS
Jäväjä, P., Suwal, S., Porkka, J. & Jung, N., 2013, ”Enhancing customer orientation in
construction industry by means of new technology”, 7th Nordic Conference on
Construction Economics and Organization, pp. 215-226. (Open PDF)
Jäväjä, P., Suwal, S., Porkka, J., Savisalo, A. & Kokko, P., 2012 ”Social interaction in urban
planning projects”, CIBW078 2012 conference proceedings, pp. 253-262. (Open PDF)
Olsson T., Savisalo A., Hakkarainen M., Woodward C. "User evaluation of mobile
augmented reality in architectural planning", eWork and eBusiness in Architecture,
Engineering and Construction, Gudnason G. & Scherer R. (eds.), Proc. ECPPM 2012,
Reykjavik, Island, Jul 25-27, 2012, pp. 733-740.
Porkka, J., Jung, N., Jäväjä, P., Suwal, S., Savisalo, A., Päivänen, J. & Sireeni, J., 2012, ”
Increased interaction with multi-user virtual reality in construction projects”, ConVR 2012
conference proceedings, pp. 434-442. (Open PDF)
Porkka, J., Jung, N., Päivänen, J., Jäväjä, P. & Suwal, S., 2012, ”Role of social media in the
development of land use and building projects”, ECPPM 2012 conference proceedings, pp.
847-854. (Open PDF)
Suwal, S., Jäväjä, P. & Porkka, J., 2013 ”Social BIM perspectives”, CIB W78 2013 conference
proceedings, pp. 400-408. (Open PDF)
JOURNAL ARTICLES
Malmi J., Teittinen T. & Laitinen J. (2012) Semantic data in Finnish land use management
system. eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction: ECPPM 2012,
357 s.
Master’s THESES and Bachelor’s THESES
Malmi J. (2014) Alueen tietomalli? – Alueidenkäytön tiedonhallinnan tilanne
rakennussuunnittelun näkökulmasta. Diplomityö, Arkkitehtuurin laitos, Tampereen
teknillinen yliopisto. Tampere. (valmistuu syksy 2014)
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