ISSN 1881-901X INCLUDED IN THIS ISSUE Full Articles 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的バイオマーカー 傍腫瘍性運動障害 Abstracts セロトニンとパーキンソン病:運動機能,気分,精神疾患との関連 他 7 本収載 日本語版 Vol.3 No.3 January 2010 e-mail: [email protected] 日本語版 Vol.3 No.3 January 2010 監修: 水野 美邦 順天堂大学医学部附属 順天堂越谷病院院長 編集委員: 宇川 義一 (五十音順) 福島県立医科大学医学部 髙橋 良輔 京都大学医学研究科臨床神経学教授 神経内科学講座教授 野元 正弘 愛媛大学大学院医学系研究科 病態治療内科教授 梶 龍兒 徳島大学医学部神経内科教授 近藤 智善 公立大学法人和歌山県立医科大学 服部 信孝 順天堂大学医学部脳神経内科教授 神経内科教授 山本 光利 香川県立中央病院神経内科主任部長 Full Articles 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的バイオマーカー 2 傍腫瘍性運動障害 17 Abstracts セロトニンとパーキンソン病: 運動機能,気分,精神疾患との関連 パーキンソン病における衝動行動と強迫行動 27 34 パーキンソン病と多系統萎縮症における 進行性核上性麻痺における小脳病変: 臨床病理学的研究 胃筋電図所見の違い 36 早期パーキンソン病における抑うつ症状の経過 38 28 パーキンソン病患者の衝動性障害・強迫性障害に関する 質問票の妥当性検討 30 パーキンソン病におけるレボドパ空腸内注入:非運動症状 およびQOL への効果に関する予備的多施設共同試験 代謝比率で評価したパーキンソン病患者の大脳皮質の代謝 低下は主に認知機能低下を反映する:[18F]FDG-PET 表紙:代謝指数(MI,黄色)と代替代謝指数(MI*,オレンジ色)の 計算に使用したマスク処理画像(mask) (Movement Disorders, 2009, Vol. 24 No. 10, page 1504) 40 32 Selected from Movement Disorders Vol. 24 No. 9-12, 2009 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的 バイオマーカー Neurochemical Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnosis of Movement Disorders *, ** Brit Mollenhauer, MD and Claudia Trenkwalder, MD * Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany * * 近年,アルツハイマー病やクロイツフェルト - ヤコブ病 経変性疾患では CSF および血中の蛋白質に関する研究 な ど の 神 経 変 性 認 知 症 の 診 断 に 際 し, 脳 脊 髄 液 においてバイオマーカーによる鑑別診断の有用性が検 (cerebrospinal fluid; CSF)中の神経蛋白質の神経化学 討されてきた。パーキンソン病,Lewy 小体型認知症, 的解析が行われるようになってきた。CSF は中枢神経 多系統萎縮症,進行性核上性麻痺,大脳皮質基底核変 系を取り囲むように存在し,CSF 蛋白質の中には,血 性症の臨床診断は,現在でも主に国際分類基準で定義 液由来の蛋白質よりも意義のある脳特異的蛋白質も認 された臨床症状に頼っている。本論文では,これらの運 められている。CSF 中の特異的蛋白質濃度は,中枢神 動障害における CSF バイオマーカーをレビューすると 経系疾患のきわめて有望なバイオマーカーとなりうる。 ともに,神経変性疾患の神経化学的な生前診断に関して 我々は,さらに採取が容易な血中バイオマーカーを確立 最近発表された報告(最近の CSF 中α—シヌクレイン する必要がある。認知症合併の有無にかかわらず,神 に関する知見も含む)について考察する。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1411–1426 Key Word 運動障害,バイオマーカー,脳脊髄液 科学界は国際臨床分類基準の導入を通じ,神経変性疾 最近,National Institute of Neurological Disorders and 患の分類に少なからず努力してきた。特異的で神経防御・ Stroke-Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders(NINCDS- 神経保護効果の期待できる新薬の登場に伴い,神経変性 ADRDA)の AD 作業部会による基準が改訂され,AD の 疾患の正確かつ早期の鑑別診断はとりわけ重要となって バイオマーカーに関しては次のように記載された。 「AD いる。しかし,神経画像検査などの専門的検査(technical のバイオマーカーに関するエビデンスも増えつつあり, investigation)に関するコンセンサスが得られ,多系統萎 これらを新たな AD 診断研究基準に加えることが容認さ 縮症(multiple system atrophy; MSA)の補助的診断基準 れる」3。この研究基準の最新版では,専門的検査(画像 の 1 つとして受け入れられるようになったのは,つい最 検査や CSF 蛋白質検査など)を補助的手段と位置づけて 近のことである。 いる。最近開発された病態特異的アミロイド蛋白質の in 理想的なバイオマーカーとは何かを考えた場合,その条 vivo 画像検査(Pittsburg compound B による)4 も研究基 件として,アルツハイマー病(Alzheimer’ s disease; AD)の 準に取り入れられた。CSF を用いる診断技術はエビデン 「本質的な神経病理学的特徴を検出できること,神経病理 スに基づいており,比較的安価で,広く利用可能である 学的な確定症例で妥当性が確認されていること〔 (AD を にもかかわらず,検討対象となるまでに 15 年を要した 5,6。 検出するための)診断の感度> 80%,他の認知症との鑑 別の特異度> 80%〕 ,信頼性が高く,再現性があり,非侵 襲的で,容易に実施でき,安価であること,少なくとも 2 つの独立した試験で検討されていること」が挙げられる 1,2。 2 CSF バイオマーカー 神経変性疾患では,脳周囲の体液である CSF は腰椎穿 B. Mollenhauer and C. Trenkwalder 刺で採取できる。CSF 組成が脳の生化学的変化をある程 度反映していることは明らかである。 (c)死後ではなく生前のヒトへの腰椎穿刺で得た CSF の 研究,とした。 一般に疾患特異的バイオマーカーは,その疾患の生化 すべての研究に共通する限界として,感度と特異度が 学的特徴〔例えばパーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; 低い,独立したコホートによって結果の再現性が検証さ PD)ではドパミン作動性経路〕 ,神経病理学的特徴およ れていない,疾患特異的な蛋白質もしくは蛋白質パター び / または神経生理学的特徴(例えばシヌクレイノパチー ンの測定方法はごく新しいものである, などが挙げられる。 ではα—シヌクレイン)を反映する。代用マーカーと呼ば れる別のタイプのバイオマーカーは,疾患に特異的な生 化学的,神経病理学的および / または神経生理学的特徴 とは独立した様々な発現パターンを反映する。 神経変性疾患に関連する CSF 蛋白質 タウ蛋白質 CSF における蛋白質動態 リン蛋白質タウ(68 kDa)は微小管の安定化に重要な 役割を果たし,自然状態では折りたたまれていない微小 血液 - 脳(厳密には血液 -CSF)関門を形態学的に捉え 管関連蛋白質である 11。AD における神経原線維変化は, た「漏出(leakage) 」モデルとは対照的に,これを分子流 対をなすらせん状の蛋白フィラメントで,神経細胞の細 速と CSF 流量のより動的なプロセスとして捉える最近の 胞骨格に認められる 12,13。これらの蛋白フィラメントは, 理論により,少なくとも CSF 蛋白質濃度の調節に関する 微小管に関連する不溶性かつ安定性の低分子タウ蛋白ポ 我々の理解は深まった 7。CSF 蛋白質濃度はその起源(血 リマーである 14。微小管への親和性は,潜在する 79 部位 液または脳)に依存し, 血液由来蛋白質濃度は, 脊髄に沿っ の異なるリン酸化によって調節されている 15,16。フィラメ た CSF への受動拡散によって脳室から腰椎腔(lumbar ント状沈着物を伴うヒト疾患の場合,タウ蛋白質は過剰 space)に至るまでの間,持続的に上昇していく 。CSF にリン酸化されているが,これはフィラメント集合に先 が流れるための駆動エネルギーは,動脈血液系と静脈血 立つ初期変化であると考えられる 13,17。 7,8 液系の圧力差で生じる 9。血液 - 脳関門が障害された場合 AD 患者では CSF 総タウ蛋白質(以下,CSF タウ蛋白 には,主として CSF 流量が CSF 中の血液由来蛋白質濃 質とする)濃度が上昇するが,その濃度は 300 ~ 900 pg/ 度を調節することになる。CSF 流量が低下すると,それ mL と研究によって異なっている 18,19。ただし,タウオパ らの蛋白質の分子流速が増加する 8,10。 チー以外の神経変性疾患でも,複数の単独例で CSF タウ 蛋白質濃度の上昇が認められている 20,21。一方,タウオ 方 法 Table 1 に,PD,Lewy 小体型認知症(dementia with パチーであっても正常な CSF タウ蛋白質が検出される場 合もある 22,23。これらの結果から,CSF タウ蛋白質はタウ 関連疾患に特異的な所見ではないと考えられる。 Lewy bodies; DLB) ,MSA,進行性核上性麻痺(progressive クロイツフェルト - ヤコブ病(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; supranuclear palsy; PSP) ,大脳皮質基底核変性症 CJD) 患者のCSFタウ蛋白質濃度は通常1,300 pg/mLを超え, (corticobasal degeneration; CBD)を対象とした CSF バイ 広範な神経細胞喪失による細胞内分画を反映している 24,25。 オマーカーに関する既発表研究の概要を示す。この一覧 さらに,脳卒中のような他の急性神経疾患でも CSF タウ蛋 表はすべての研究を網羅したものではなく,以下の用語 白質濃度の上昇を示すことから,神経細胞喪失のマーカー で検索した PubMed 論文である(2008 年 5 月まで) 。単 としての役割を担っていることが示唆される 26。 一疾患名としての「パーキンソン病(Parkinson disease) 」 CSF タウ蛋白質濃度の測定は,PD ならびに認知症を伴 「Lewy 小体型認知症(dementia with Lewy bodies) 」 「多系 う PD(Parkinson’ s disease with dementia; PDD)と AD と 統萎縮症(multiple system atrophy) 」 「進行性核上性麻痺 の鑑別に役立つ可能性があるが 27,対照群と比べると PD (progressive supranuclear palsy) 」 「大脳皮質基底核変性症 (PDD および PDD の CSF タウ蛋白質の差はわずかである 28 」 , な ら び に「 脳 脊 髄 液 (corticobasal degeneration) 73 例,PD 23 例,非認知症性神経疾患の対照 41 例;カッ (cerebrospinal fluid) 」 。適格基準は, (a)バイオマーカー トオフ値 250 pg/mL での PDD に対する感度 42%,特異度 に焦点を絞った研究, (b)対象患者が 7 名を超える研究, 88%) 。DLB の場合には,CSF タウ蛋白質濃度は AD より 3 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的バイオマーカー CSF DIAGNOSTICS IN MOVEMENT DISORDERS 1413 Table 1 パーキンソン病(PD) ,Lewy 小体型認知症(DLB) ,多系統萎縮症(MSA) ,進行性核上性麻痺(PSP) , TABLE 1. CSF biomarker in Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), 大脳皮質基底核変性症(CBD)の CSF バイオマーカー progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal degeneration (CBD) Marker 4 CSF DIAGNOSTICSPD IN MOVEMENT DISORDERS MSA DLB PSP 1413 CBD 129,130 129 8-hydroxy-20 -deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) in Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), multiple system atrophy (MSA), TABLE 1. CSF biomarker Acetyl choline 126–128 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal degeneration (CBD) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 131,132 133 131 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase 134–139 140 141–143 Marker PD DLB MSA PSP CBD (BChE) 0 129,130 129 8-hydroxy-2 Amino acids -deoxyguanosine and metabolites (8-OHDG), 144–158 159,160 156,158,161 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) Annexin V 162 Acetyl choline 126–128 Bcl-2 protein 163 Angiotensin-converting (ACE) 131,132 133 131 Biogene amine and theirenzyme metabolites 30,132,135,139, 119,120 (30,101,140,164, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase 134–139 140 141–143 155,164–193 165,184,194,195 (BChE) C4d complement protein 196 Amino and acidscGMP and metabolites 144–158 159,160 156,158,161 cAMP 197–201 Annexin V 162 Carnitine 202 Bcl-2 protein 163 Ceruloplasmin 203 Biogene amine Aand 30,132,135,139, 119,120 (30,101,140,164, Chromogranin andtheir B metabolites 204 155,164–193 165,184,194,195 Coenzyme Q-10 205 C4d complement protein 196 Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), phosphorylated 206 cAMP and cGMP 197–201 Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (p-DSIP) Carnitine 202 DJ-1 (PARK7) 207 Ceruloplasmin 203 Dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II (DAP II) 208 Chromogranin 204 Ferroxidase A and B 209 Coenzyme Q-10 205 Ferritin 210,211 210 Delta-sleep-inducing 206 Glial fibrillary acidic peptide protein (DSIP), (GFAP) phosphorylated 30,116 30,116 Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (p-DSIP) Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) DJ-1 (PARK7) 207 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-conjugated GPx 212 Dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase II (DAP II)hormone (GHRH) 208 Growth hormone (GH), GH-releasing 213 Ferroxidase 209 Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) 214 Ferritin 210,211 210 Harman and norharman 215 Glial fibrillary protein (GFAP) 30,116 30,116 Heart-fatty acidacidic binding protein (H-FABP) 93 91–93 Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) Homocarnosine 151 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-conjugated GPx 212 Homocystein 216 Growth hormone (GH), 213 Hydroxyindoleacetic acidGH-releasing (HYDA) hormone (GHRH) 140 Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) 214 Interleukins 217,218 219 Harman and norharman 215 Isoprostanes 220 Heart-fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) 93 91–93 Lysosomal enzymes 221 Homocarnosine 151 Metals 222–228 229 230 Homocystein 216 Methionine-enkephalin 172,231 Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HYDA) 140 Methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines 187,188,232 Interleukins 217,218 219 (2-MDTIQ); (1-MDTIQ, salsolinol); Isoprostanes 220 N-methyl-norsalsolinol Lysosomal enzymes 221 Myelin basic protein (MBP) 30 30,31 Metals 222–228 229 230 Neopterin and biopterin 157,233,234 Methionine-enkephalin 172,231 Neural thread protein 235 236 Methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines 187,188,232 Neurofilaments heavy and light chain (NFL, NFH) 31,115,116 237 101,115,116, 115,116,239 (2-MDTIQ); (1-MDTIQ, salsolinol); 195,238,239 N-methyl-norsalsolinol Neuronspecific enolase (NSE) 30 30,101 Myelin basic protein (MBP) 30 165, 30,31 Neuropeptides 135,139, 165,249 249,250 Neopterin and biopterin 157,233,234 172, 185, 197, Neural thread protein 236 231,235 240–248 Neurofilaments 31,115,116 237 101,115,116, 115,116,239 Neuroserpins heavy and light chain (NFL, NFH) 133 195,238,239 Nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide metabolites 199,210, 251–253 159 210 Neuronspecific enolase (NSE) 30 30,101 Orexin A/hypocretin-1 110 110,254 101,255 110 110 Neuropeptides 135,139, 165,249 249,250 Oxidative stress indices 227 165, 172,208 185, 197, Post-proline cleaving enzyme 231, 240–248 Proteins 14-3-3 256–259 Neuroserpins 133 Reelin 260 260 Nitrite, nitrate, nitric oxide metabolites 199,210,30251–253 159 210 1414 protein B. MOLLENHAUER AND C. TRENKWALDER S100B 20,261 30,101 Orexin A/hypocretin-1 110 110,254 101,255 110 110 Secretogranin II 204 Oxidative stressofindices 227 Soluble forms intercellular adhesion molecule-1 133 Post-proline cleaving enzyme 2081. (Continued ) (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 TABLE Proteins 14-3-3and platelet endothelial cell adhesion 256–259 (sVCAM-1) Reelin 260 260 molecule-1 (sPECAM-1) Marker protein PD DLB MSA PSP CBD S100B 30 20,261 30,101 Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (Cu, Zn, MN) 227,262 212,263 Secretogranin 204 Tau isoforms II 264 264 264 264 Soluble forms of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 133 Tau protein (total) 27,28,31,154, 20,33,39,54,93, 30,101 22,32,271 22,32,56, (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 214,235,265 219,237,261, 271,272 (sVCAM-1) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion 264,266–270 molecule-1 (sPECAM-1) Tau protein phosphorylated 27 39,237,261,264, 271 Movement Disorders, Vol. 24, No.56,271 10, 2009 Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (Cu, Zn, MN) 227,262 212,263 267,270,273–275 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to 213 thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) TNF-alpha 276 Transglutaminase 277 Urate 278 Movement Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009 Vitamins alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E); 154,279,280 194 Thiamine (vitamin B1) Xanthine 278 a-synuclein (total and oligomeric) 74,77–79, 78,281 281 86,281 1414 B. MOLLENHAUER AND C. TRENKWALDER TABLE 1. Marker 1414 (Continued ) PD AND C. TRENKWALDER DLB B. MOLLENHAUER Tau isoforms Tau protein (total) Tau protein phosphorylated Marker 264 264 27,28,31,154, 20,33,39,54,93, Table 1 214,235,265 219,237,261, TABLE 1. (つづき) (Continued ) 264,266–270 27 39,237,261,264, PD DLB 267,270,273–275 264 264 27,28,31,154, 20,33,39,54,93, 214,235,265 219,237,261, 276 264,266–270 277 27 39,237,261,264, 278 267,270,273–275 154,279,280 B. Mollenhauer PSP and C. Trenkwalder MSA CBD 30,101 264 22,32,271 264 22,32,56, 271,272 MSA 271 PSP 56,271 CBD Tau isoforms 264 264 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response to 213 Tauthyrotropin-releasing protein (total) 30,101 22,32,271 22,32,56, hormone (TRH) 271,272 TNF-alpha Transglutaminase Tau 271 56,271 Urateprotein phosphorylated Vitamins alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E); 194 Thyroid-stimulating (TSH) response to 213 Thiamine (vitaminhormone B1) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Xanthine 278 TNF-alpha (total and oligomeric) 276 a-synuclein 74,77–79, 78,281 281 Transglutaminase 277 86,281 Urate 278 b 2-microglobulin 282 Vitamins alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E); 154,279,280 194 b-Amyloid 1-40 20,269 Thiamine1-40* (vitamin B1) b-Amyloid (oxidized) 58,59,266 58,59,266 Xanthine 278 b-Amyloid 1-42 28,54,55,214, 20,33,39,54,219, 55 55,271 56,289 a-synuclein (total and oligomeric) 74,77–79, 78,281 281 265,283 237,270,275 86,281 b-Amyloid peptide pattern 57 57 57 57 57 b 2-microglobulin 282 死後ではなく生前のヒトへの腰椎穿刺で得た CSFthan を対象とし,バイオマーカーに焦点を当てた対象患者 8 例以上の研究のみを掲載した(齧 b-Amyloid 1-40with a biomarker focus, and more Only studies 7 patients were included, as20,269 were studies based only on intra vitam, not post mortem, b-Amyloid 1-40* (oxidized) 58,59,266 gained CSFのみを扱った研究は除外) by lumbar puncture in humans from rodents were 58,59,266 excluded). 歯類の CSF 。 (studies on CSF only b-Amyloid 1-42 28,54,55,214, 20,33,39,54,219, 55 55,271 56,289 265,283 237,270,275 b-Amyloid peptide pattern 57 57 57の方がより小規模である 57 5737,38。 的な共通点であるが,DLB も低く,PD および PDD よりも高い 20(DLB 71 例,AD tau levels in MSA patients (MSA-P and MSA-C) were towards AD by p-tau protein 181 than with total tau shown to be elevated compared to PD, possibly due to protein (DLB n 5 18; AD n 5 23). gained CSF29 by lumbar puncture in humans (studies on CSF only from rodents were excluded). で「DLBaxonal がほぼ確実(probable 分類基準 度は,総タウ蛋白質よりも p タウ蛋白質 181 の方が高い more widespread degeneration inDLB) MSA」と判定 relative 20 5 15; MSA-C n 5 14; PD n 5 35; to PD30 (MSA-P n タウ蛋白質濃度が低い傾向にある Amyloid-b-Peptides 。 18 例,AD 23 例) 。 された患者は,CSF としている 39(DLB 31 sensitivity 95%, specificity 77%) (MSA-P n 5 19; Different of protein Amyloid-b peptides tau levels in MSA patients (MSA-P and MSA-C) were towards AD lengths by p-tau 181 (Ab) than with totalarise tau 最近の研究では,MSA 患者〔パーキンソン型多系統萎縮 PD n 5to31; 76%, specificity 97%). In due CBD, through39enzymatic the23). 120 kDa transmemshown be sensitivity elevated compared to PD, possibly to (DLB n 5cleavage 18; AD of n5 protein 症(parkinsonian variantelevated of multipleCSF system atrophy; MSA-P) アミロイドβペプチド there widespread were slightly tauin protein levels brane amyloid precursor protein (APP) by three differmore axonal degeneration MSA relative 30 compared to controls and PSP patients as reported by および小脳型多系統萎縮症(cerebellar variant of multiple kDa の膜貫通性アミロイド前駆体蛋白質(amyloid ent120secretases, resulting in either carboxyterminally n 5 15; MSA-C n 5 14; PD n 5 35; to PD (MSA-P Amyloid-b-Peptides 22 32 40 31 n 5 12); (CBD n 5 10; PSP (CBD Urakami et al. cleavage truncated or –elongated Ab peptides. sensitivity 95%, specificity 77%) (MSA-P n 5 system atrophy; MSA-C) 〕の CSF タウ蛋白質濃度が PD19; 患 precursor protein; APP)が 3 つの異なるセクレターゼで酵素 Different lengths of Amyloid-b (Ab) This peptides arise nPD5n 27; PSPsensitivity n 5 30; 76%, sensitivity 81, 5 97%). and specificity is divided into an amyloidogenic processing conducted 5 31; specificity In CBD, through enzymatic長さの異なる複数のアミロイドβ(Aβ) cleavage of the 120 kDa transmem者よりも高いことが示されたが,これは PD に比べ MSA で 的に切断されると, 41,42 80% a cut-off of 180 pg/mL); waslevels also by b-secretase (called BACE-1) and b-secretase, there atwere slightly elevated CSFthistaufinding protein brane amyloid precursor protein (APP) by three differ33 30 shown in an independent smallas sample (MSA-P は軸索変性がより広範囲なせいかもしれない ペプチドが産生される。これらはカルボキシル末端側が and a nonamyloidogenic by metalloprocompared to controls and but PSPvery patients reportedset15 by ent secretases, resulting43inprocessing either carboxyterminally 22 (CBD n 5 3; PSP n 5 6). 3132 40 The emerging vary teases called a-secretase. 40 peptides 例, MSA-C 14 35 例;感度 特異度 n 5 95%, 10; PSP n 577%) 12);(MSA-P (CBD Urakami et 例, al. PD(CBD 。この切 短縮もしくは延長された Aβペプチドである truncated or –elongated Ab peptides. This cleavage As hyperphosphorylation of tau protein promotes its in their proneness to aggregate, depending on their 5 27; PSP n 5 30;76%,特異度 sensitivity 81, 5 。Urakami and specificity is divided into an amyloidogenicと呼ばれる)とγセクレ processing conducted 97%) ら 22 19n 例,PD 31 例;感度 断は,βセクレターゼ(BACE-1 44 aggregation through the facilitation process neurofilength and the degree post-translational oxidation. 41,42 80% at a cut-off of 180 pg/mL); this findingofwas also by b-secretase (called ofBACE-1) and b-secretase, 41,42 が報告しているように,CBD では,CSF タウ蛋白質濃度 33 ターゼによるアミロイド産生プロセシング brillary intangles, it is obvious that quantification Amyloid-plaques depositedprocessing in the brain ofと,αセク patients shown an independent but verythe small sample setof and a nonamyloidogenic by metallopro40,45 phosphorylated tau protein in CSF might serve as an mainly consist of carboxytermiwith AD and DLB が対照および レターゼと呼ばれるメタロプロテアーゼによる非アミロ (CBD n 5 3;PSP PSP患者に比べてわずかに高かった(CBD n 5 6). teases called a-secretase.43 The emerging peptides vary even more specific marker for AD apart from neuronal nally-elongated formstoof Ab peptides such as Ab 32 43aggregate, As hyperphosphorylation of tau protein promotes its in their proneness depending on 1-42. their 10 例,PSP3412 例) (CBD 27 例,PSP 30 例;カットオフ に分けられる。切断後に生じる イド産生プロセシング cell loss. For CSF tau protein phosphorylated at threoStudies in transgenic mice have shown that the lack of 44 aggregation through the facilitation process of neurofilength and the degree of post-translational oxidation. 46 値 180181 pg/mL で感度 81%,特異度 80%) 。この所見は, ペプチドは,その長さと翻訳後酸化程度によって凝集傾 nine (p-tau protein 181), Blennow et al. showed, for APP leads to impaired neuronal function. brillary tangles, it is obvious that the quantification of Amyloid-plaques deposited in the brain of patients 33 to 44 the first time in 1995, elevated AD compared In AD 1992, Seubert et al. demonstrated existence of 非常に小規模ではあるが,独立したサンプルセット 。AD および DLBconsist 患者の脳内に沈着するア 向が異なる phosphorylated tau protein in levels CSF in might serve as で an mainly ofthecarboxytermiwith and DLB40,45 27 5 healthy controls and other neurodegenerative diseases. This observation extracellular Ab, including CSF. 40,45 of Ab peptides such as even more specific 3marker for6 例) AD。apart from neuronal nally-elongated forms Ab 1-42. も確認された(CBD 例,PSP は,主として Aβ 1-42 などの Aβ ミロイドプラーク 34epitope phosphorylations of CSF tau protein Different offered new opportunities for developing diagnostic cell loss. For CSF tau protein phosphorylated at threoStudies in transgenic mice have shown that the lack of 23,27,35,36 タウ蛋白質のリン酸化が過剰に亢進すると,神経原線 ペプチドのカルボキシル末端延長型からなる。トランス have been(p-tau analyzed for their value. tests for AD. Initially,neuronal Motter et al. reported signifi46 nine 181 protein 181),diagnostic Blennow et al. showed, for APP leads to impaired function. respect to DLB, the neuropathological overlap cantly decreased levels CSF Ab 1-42theinの欠損が神経 37 patients 維変化の促進プロセスを通してその凝集が加速されるこ ジェニックマウスを用いた研究では,APP theWith first time in 1995, elevated levels in AD compared to In 1992, Seubert et al.ofdemonstrated existence of 27 with AD involves the phosphorylation of tau protein, with AD, compared to 32 neurological disease controls 5 healthy controls and other neurodegenerative diseases. This46。 observation extracellular Ab, including CSF. とから,CSF 中のリン酸化タウ蛋白質の定量化は,神経 機能障害を引き起こすことが示されている 37,38 6 Some of CSF have but to a epitope lesser extent. Since then, there have and 20 nondemented controls. Different phosphorylations CSFstudies tau protein offered new opportunities for などの細胞外にも developing diagnostic 細胞喪失とは別に,AD のより特異的なマーカーとして用 1992 年に,Seubert らはand CSF Aβが revealed a better specificity for the discrimination 23,27,35,36 been several independent multicenter studies replihave been analyzed for34 their diagnostic value. tests for AD. Initially, Motter et al. reported signifi5 。1995 年に Blennow らは,スレ いられる可能性がある 。この観察所見は,AD の 存在することを明らかにした With respect to DLB, the neuropathological overlap cantly decreased levels of CSF Ab 1-42 in 37 patients with AD involves the phosphorylation of tau protein, オニン 181 でリン酸化された CSF タウ蛋白質(p タウ蛋 with AD, compared to 32 neurological disease controls 診断検査法を開発する新たなきっかけとなった。まず 37,38 but 181)濃度は,AD to Disorders, a lesserVol.extent. then, there have and 20 らは,神経疾患の対照群 nondemented controls.6 Since Movement 24, No. 10, 2009Some CSF studies have 白質 患者では健常対照および他の神経 Motter 32 例ならびに非認知症 revealed a better specificity for the discrimination been several independent and multicenter studies repli27 67 例, 非認知症性神経疾患の対照 例) 。興味深いことに, 一部のas39 CSF Only studies with a biomarker focus,41and more than 7 patients were included, were研究では,DLB studies based onlyと onAD intraとの鑑別における特異 vitam, not post mortem, 変性疾患患者よりも高いことを初めて示した 。CSF タ の対照群 20 例に比べ,AD 患者 37 例では CSF の Aβ ウ蛋白質の異なるエピトープのリン酸化については,そ 1-42 濃度が有意に低いことを報告した 6。その後,この成 23,27,35,36 。 の診断的価値が解析されている Movement Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009 績を再現するいくつかの独立した多施設共同研究が報告 タウ蛋白質のリン酸化は,DLB と AD との神経病理学 されている 19。その中には神経病理学的変化との相関を 5 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的バイオマーカー 示す研究もあったが 47,その研究は最適とは言えない死 ト法でも確認されている 57(PD 11 例,PSP 20 例,CBD 後採取 CSF で実施されていた(下記参照) 。脳内の Aβ 12 例,MSA 18 例,DLB 20 例,神経疾患の対照 19 例) 。 プラークが Aβ 1-42 の「巣窟(sink) 」として働き,脳と CSF 間の可溶性 Aβ 1-42 の輸送を妨げるとの理論 6,48 は, Aβ 1-40OX AD 患者で CSF 中の Aβ 1-42 が少ない理由として広く受 け入れられている。 最近,SDS-PAGE/ イムノブロット法により,新規の A βペプチドが同定された。このペプチドは,すでに知ら CSF 中の Aβ 1-42 は従来の ELISA(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)法,免疫沈降質量分析法,ウエス タン/イムノブロット法で測定することができる 。A 6,49,50 れている断片 Aβ 1-40 によく似た生理化学的性質をもつ ことが示されたが,易動度は非定型的であった。その後, このペプチドはαヘリックス構造を有する,Aβ 1-40 の βのドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(sodium dodecylsulfate; 酸化型(Aβ 1-40OX)と同定された 58,59。DLB 患者(21 例) SDS)- ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(polyacrylamide では,PDD 患者(21 例)や非認知症対照群(23 例)に gel electrophoresis ; PAGE)/ イムノブロット法は Wiltfang 比べ Aβ 1-40OX が特異的に上昇することが示されている。 ら 50 によって導入された方法で,Aβペプチドと他の AD 患者では Aβ 1-40OX がやや上昇しているが,DLB と APP 代謝物を電気泳動により分離し,ウエスタン / イム の重複はわずかであるため,DLB では Aβ 1-40OX が独自 ノブロットで超高感度に検出することができる。この方 の病態生理学的代謝を受けているとの議論も成り立つと 法では,8 M 尿素処理を加えることによって 1 つのアミ 考えられる。ただし,これについては独立した研究グルー ノ酸のみが異なる CSF Aβペプチドも分離可能である。 プによるさらなる解明と結果の再現が必要である。Aβ 本 法 で 検 討した結 果,Aβペ プ チド 1-42,1-40,1-39, 1-40OX をマーカーとする診断感度はそれぞれ 81%および 1-38,1-37 が CSF およびその他の細胞外体液中に恒常的 71%であった。 に存在することが明らかになった 。検出限界は,Aβペ 51 プチド 1-40 が 600 pg/mL,Aβペプチド 1-42 が 1 pg/mL CSF および血清中のα—シヌクレイン であった 。アッセイ間およびアッセイ内変動は 10%未 α—シヌクレインは 140 個のアミノ酸からなり,主とし 満であった 。この方法には従来の ELISA 法を上回る価 てシナプス前に存在し,PD と DLB の病理学的特徴であ 値のあることは明らかであるが,複数の独立した研究グ る Lewy 小体や,MSA のグリア細胞質封入体に認められ ループあるいはより多くのサンプルによって結果の妥当 る細胞内凝集体の主要成分である 60,61。約 16 kDa のα— 性が確認されていないため,本法をハイスループット解 シヌクレインをコードする SNCA 遺伝子において,遺伝 析(大量高速解析)に用いるのは適当ではない。 性のパーキンソニズムと認知障害を引き起こす 3 つ(本 52 53 一般に Aβペプチドは翻訳後修飾(特にメチオニン 35 の酸化)を非常に受けやすいため,解析前試料の取り扱 64 いはきわめて重要である(下記参照) 。 認されている 65,66。発症年齢や臨床症状の重症度,とりわ 大部分の研究では,PD 患者の CSF Aβ 1-42 は対照群 と比べ正常ないし軽度低下していると報告されているが, ,新たに SNCA 遺伝子の重複(multiplication)現象が確 け 認 知 機 能 の 低 下は,遺 伝 子 量(duplication ないし triplication)に依存すると考えられる。 (PD 15 例, DLB 患者の CSF Aβ 1-42 は通常低下している 54 α—シヌクレインのホメオスタシスに関する生体内動態 DLB 11 例,対照 19 例) 。PD 患者の CSF Aβ 1-42 濃度は, は様々な代謝イベントによって変化し,この動態に応じて より長期の罹病期間および認知障害の併発に伴って低下 シヌクレイノパチーが促進される 223。α—シヌクレインの する傾向がある (PD 73 例,PDD 23 例,神経疾患の対 動態を変化させる代謝イベントには,合成速度の上昇 68, 照 41 例;カットオフ値 350 pg/mL での PDD に対する感 protofibril(原線維)を生成する変異体の沈着増加 69,セ 。 度 85%,特異度 41%)55(PD 48 例,健常対照 32 例) リン 129 の持続的リン酸化 70,C 末端の短縮,分解の低 このような Aβ 1-42 濃度の低下は,MSA55(MSA 36 例) 下 71 などがある。最近,α—シヌクレインの分解経路が検 に加え, 一部の研究では PSP と CBD でも認められ 55(PSP 討され,プロテオソームあるいはリソソーム活性の関与 15 例) (PSP 18 例,CBD 9 例,神経疾患の対照 43 例; が示された 71-73。細胞内α—シヌクレインが減少する別の AD と比較した場合の感度と特異度は PSP では 43%と 機序として,細胞間腔への放出が考えられる 74。完全長 92%,CBD では 64%と 91%) ,ウエスタン / イムノブロッ のα—シヌクレインは,血漿や調製細胞培養液などの生 28 56 6 論文執筆時)のミスセンス変異が発見されたのに続き 62- B. Mollenhauer and C. Trenkwalder 体試料中において検出されている 73,74。したがって,我々 上昇していることを見出した 242(PD 34 例,非神経疾患 のグループや他の研究者は,細胞外α—シヌクレインの の対照 27 例;感度 51%,特異度 85%) 。 定量化がシヌクレイノパチーの有望なバイオマーカーに なりうると判断している 。 抗体ならびに全α—シヌクレインおよびオリゴマーα— シヌクレインの ELISA 法については,特異性に関してさ 75-78 ヒト CSF 中にα—シヌクレインが存在することは,こ れまでに 2 つの研究で報告されている。1 つ目の研究では, らなる検証が必要であり, 血液および CSF を様々なコホー トで検討する独立した研究も必要である。 α—シヌクレインに対する同一抗体が濃縮と検出に使用さ れたため,非特異的反応である可能性が残されている 79。 心臓由来脂肪酸結合蛋白質 2 つ目の研究では,剖検時に CSF が採取されたため,自 当初,心臓由来脂肪酸結合蛋白質(heart-type fatty acid- 己融解が結果に影響した可能性がある 。CSF 中にα— binding protein; H-FABP)は,CJD の CSF バイオマーカー シヌクレインが存在することの最終的な証明は,アフィ 候補として 2 次元ゲル電気泳動法で同定された 87。脂肪 ニティ濃縮と質量分析によって示された 78。 酸結合蛋白質は,脂肪酸の取り込み,輸送,代謝に関与す 74 腰椎穿刺で採取した CSF に関する複数の独立した横断 る 14 ~ 16 kDa の細胞質蛋白質である。心筋から最初に精 的研究では,PD および DLB 患者の CSF α—シヌクレイン 製された H-FABP は 88,心虚血と脳傷害の生化学マーカー は,対照患者や AD 患者に比べ有意に少ないことがサンド としてすでに評価されている 89。H-FABP は,脳での発現 イッチ ELISA 法による測定で示された (PD 8 例,DLB も含め,広汎な組織分布を示すことが確認されている 90。 55 例,神経疾患の対照 13 例;これとは独立したサンプル CJD 症例では CSF 中 H-FABP 濃度が上昇していること サブセットは PD 5 例,DLB 6 例,健常対照 4 例) (PD が独立した複数の研究グループによって示されているが, 33 例,健常対照 9 例と神経疾患の対照 29 例からなる対照 これは神経変性に起因する可能性が最も高い 87,91。血清 被験者 38 例;受信者動作特性曲線下面積 0.874) 。これら H-FABP 濃度の上昇はすでに DLB と PD で示されており 92 とは別の ELISA 法による研究では,同様の結果は認めら (PD 63 例,DLB 17 例,AD 23 例,神経疾患の対照 10 例; 78 77 。 れなかった (PD 15 例,DLB 15 例,健常対照 55 例) 80 93 (PD DLB と AD を比較した場合の感度 47%, 特異度 91%) 現時点では CSF 中のα—シヌクレインが減少する機序 45 例,PDD 25 例,神経疾患の対照 51 例;DLB と AD を は明らかにされていないが,第 1 にα—シヌクレインの細 比較した場合の感度 71%,特異度 69%,PDD と対照を比 胞内凝集による細胞間腔への放出低下,第 2 に SNCA 遺 較した場合の感度,特異度 64%) ,その原因として心臓交 伝子転写の変化 ,mRNA 発現の変化 ,あるいは蛋白 感神経組織の損傷が考えられる。血清 H-FABP 濃度と 123I- 質プロセシング 70 の変化,第 3 に CSF への血漿α—シヌ メタヨードベンジルグアニン(metaiodobenzyl guanine; クレインの透過低下を伴う CSF 流量増加,第 4 に CSF か MIBG)心筋シンチグラフィーの相関は,血清濃度が交感 らのα—シヌクレインのクリアランス率の上昇 ,第 5 に 神経性組織の損傷を反映することを示している 94。 81 82 83 未知の因子あるいは複数の機序の協同による可能性が考 えられる。 S100B 蛋白質 末梢血漿中のα—シヌクレインに関する研究では,一 S100 蛋白質は,細胞質に存在する 21 kDa の二量体カル 貫した結果が得られていない。Lee らは,市販の ELISA シウム結合蛋白質ファミリーの一員で,星状膠細胞とシュ キットを用いて,PD および MSA では年齢を一致させた 。様々 ワン細胞に認められる 95(Bloomfield96 の総説参照) 健常対照と比べ血漿α—シヌクレイン濃度が上昇してい な機序で細胞間腔に放出される S100B 蛋白質のβアイソ ることを報告した 84(PD 105 例,MSA 38 例,健常対照 マー 97 は,急性神経疾患 98 のみならず神経変性疾患 99,100 51 例) 。一方, Li らはウエスタンブロット法による測定で, においても CSF 中での増加が示されている。S100B 蛋白 PD 患者では健常対照に比べ血漿α—シヌクレイン濃度が 質は一部の DLB 患者でわずかに増加することが示されて (PD 27 例, 健常対照 11 例) 。 低下していることを報告した 85 , いるが 20(DLB 71 例,非認知症性神経疾患の対照 41 例) この不一致は,ELISA 法ではオリゴマーとその他の交差 MSA と PD30(MSA-C 14 例,MSA-P 15 例,PD 35 例; 反応分子も併せて定量されたためと考えられている。一 PD と MSA の鑑別に関する感度 79%,特異度 45%) ,あ 方,El-Agnaf らはオリゴマーα—シヌクレイン特異的 るいは MSA-P と MSA-C101(MSA-P 19 例,MSA-C 26 例) ELISA 法を開発し,PD 患者では対照に比べ血漿濃度が との間で差は認められていない。 7 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的バイオマーカー ヒポクレチン -1(オレキシン -A) アミン代謝物 ヒポクレチン -1 は,外側視床下部ニューロンの小さな 生化学的研究によるとソマトスタチンはドパミン放出 サブセットで産生される 33 アミノ酸からなる神経ペプチ の生化学的機構,ひいては PD の総体的症状に関与して ドで,脳のほぼ全域に広く投射し,睡眠と覚醒の調節に いる可能性があり 118,これを受けて PD,DLB,MSA 患 。ノックアウト 関与している(Zeitzer ら 102 の総説参照) 者の CSF におけるモノアミンとその代謝物が研究されて マウスのデータでは,ヒポクレチン -1 の神経伝達障害と いる。いくつかの研究で,PD および DLB(AD および対 。ナル 照と比較)におけるホモバニリン酸(homovanillic acid; コレプシー患者ではヒポクレチン -1 ニューロン数が減少 HVA)の減少が報告されているが 119(PD 56 例,DLB 14 している 104。臨床的には,ナルコレプシー患者における , 例,対照 34 例)120(AD 58 例,DLB 24 例;死後診断) このニューロンの減少は CSF 中のヒポクレチン -1 濃度の 5- ヒドロキシインドール酢酸(5-hydroxyindole acetic acid; 低下を伴っており,特に脱力発作を併発する患者で著し 5-HIAA)と 3- メトキシ -4- ヒドロキシフェニルエチレン ナルコレプシー様症状との関連が示されている い 。このような減少は,神経変性など 103 ,他の神経 105,106 107 グリコール(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl-ethylene glycol; 学的状態(例えば腫瘍および多発性硬化症)による二次 MHPG)の CSF 濃度は正常ないしわずかに低下すること 性ナルコレプシーでも認められる 106。PD では,変性変 が示されている。 化と Lewy 小体病変は視床下部領域に及ぶ 108,109。 腰椎穿刺による CSF 中のヒポクレチン -1 濃度は,ほと イソプロスタン んどの PD, DLB, MSA, CBD 症例では正常であるが 107(PD イソプロスタンは,フリーラジカル由来の脂質過酸化 7 例およびその他,健常対照 48 例) (PD 62 例,DLB によって生成される安定なプロスタグランジンアイソ 13 例,CBD 7 例) (MSA-P 6 例,MSA-C 6 例,年齢を マーで,酸化的ストレスを反映すると考えられている 121。 一致させた対照) ,PSP 患者 16 例を対象としたある研究 イソプロスタンの代謝物は尿,血漿および CSF 中に認め 。その研究で られ,ヒト体液中のこれらの定量化は,神経変性疾患に 111 111 では,PSP では低下することが示された 110 はヒポクレチン -1 濃度は罹病期間と逆相関していたが, おける生体内酸化ストレスを評価する上で信頼性の高い これは PSP では特定領域に神経変性が広く分布している 基本手段になるとの仮説も提唱されている 122。AD にお ことによると考えられた 110。 いてイソプロスタンは前臨床期や経過観察期も含め広範 に研究されているが 123,124,神経変性性シヌクレイノパ チーに関するデータは未だにわずかしかない 125。 ニューロフィラメント 細胞骨格蛋白質の一員であるニューロフィラメント (neurofilament; NF)はニューロンにのみ発現し,細胞の PD,DLB,MSA,PSP,CBD で実施された CSF 蛋白 質バイオマーカーの研究の一覧を Table 1 に示す。 安定性の維持と,細胞質内粒子や細胞小器官の輸送の円 滑化を担っている。NF は,60 kDa の NF-light(NF-L) , 100 kDa の NF-medium(NF-M) ,110 kDa の NF-heavy (NF-H)の 3 つのサブユニットからなり,糖化,リン酸化 (phosphorylated neurofilament; NFp)などの翻訳後修飾を 複数のバイオマーカーの併用が診断精度の向上に有用 受ける。細胞質内における NF の異常な蓄積や再分布は, であることが,最近の研究で示されている 284,285。今後も, AD や MSA(主として NFp)112,113 および DLB や PD など, 少量の試料で様々なマーカーを同時に測定できる基本手 多くのヒト神経変性疾患で検出されている(Liu ら 114 の 段が増すにつれ,このような併用はますます一般的とな 総説参照) 。 るであろう 286。 CSF 中の NF-L(一部の研究では NFp も)は,PD や他 DLB では,ELISA 法で測定した CSF タウ蛋白質と の神経疾患の対照に比べ MSA と PSP で増加が認めら Aβ 1-42/Aβ 1-37 比の併用は,AD との鑑別において感度 れ (PD 35 例,MSA 36 例,PSP 14 例) (PD 19 例, 115 116 100%, 特異度 92%であった 287。血清マーカーと CSF マー PSP 12 例,MSA 10 例)31(PD 31 例,MSA-P 19 例,感 カーの併用に関しては,血清 H-FABP と CSF タウ蛋白質 度 76 ~ 94%,特異度 83 ~ 97%) ,DLB でも対照に比べ の比は DLB と AD との鑑別において感度 91%,特異度 増加していた 8 複数の CSF バイオマーカーの 併用 (DLB 18 例,非神経疾患の対照 26 例) 。 117 66%であった 285。 B. Mollenhauer and C. Trenkwalder 運動障害における CSF 蛋白質バイオマーカー(具体的 サンドイッチ ELISA など,新たな方法も開発されており, には,Aβ 1-42,NF-L,NF-H,タウ蛋白質,グリア線維 今後,血液によるバイオマーカー検査が発展する可能性 性酸性蛋白質,ニューロン特異的エノラーゼ,S100B 蛋 PD の血液トランスクリプトームマー がある 295,296。さらに, 白質,ミエリン塩基性蛋白質,脳関連蛋白質)に関する カーの妥当性確認の見通しは明るい 297。単核血液細胞は 最近のある総説では,鑑別診断を補助する上で,複数の 血液と脳コンパートメントとの間を行き来して脳の転写 マーカーの併用が有用であることが明らかにされた 。 287 さらに,神経画像検査,神経化学的検査,嗅覚機能検査 など,CSF によらないバイオマーカーと CSF バイオマー カーとの併用も今後重要となる可能性がある 。 の異常状態を末梢に伝えるが 298,これは血液トランスク リプトームに反映されることが示されている。 現時点では個々の患者でカットオフ値を決定できない ため,CSF 解析は運動障害の臨床診断を単に補強する程 164 度である。当分の間,運動障害の CSF および血液バイオ CSF バイオマーカー研究にお ける交絡因子 マーカーについて,エビデンスに基づく研究はあまり出 てこないであろう。また,特に早期,さらには前臨床段 階における診断能力および予後判定能力に関し,大部分 一般に,解析前試料の取り扱いや生物学的交絡因子な のマーカーは未だに疾患非特異的であり,さらに一部の どのいくつかの要因がバイオマーカーの研究結果に影響 マーカーではさらなる妥当性確認が必要である。CSF 中 を与える。不適切な試料処理,遠心分離ステップ,保存 のα—シヌクレインのような有望なバイオマーカーについ 状態(- 80℃以下) , 保存容器(ポリプロピレンを除く)は, ては,臨床分類が同等の独立した大規模サンプルサブ しばしば翻訳後修飾,変性および/または蛋白質喪失の セットでの妥当性確認が必要であり,他の疾患特異的マー 原因となるが,プロテオミクスやその他のバイオマーカー カーについても最適なコホート(剖検で疾患が証明済み) 研究では,凍結解凍サイクルの反復にも考慮する必要が および健常対照で検討する必要がある。 ある 。標準操作手順を決めておくことが望ましい 288 。 289 謝 辞 また死後採取 CSF は,血液や死後自己融解物を混入して いる可能性があるため(死後経過時間による) , バイオマー 本研究は,Dr. W. Jackstaedt Fellowship des Stifterverbandes カー研究には推奨されない。バイオマーカー研究では試 fuer die Deutsche Wissenschaft,米国パーキンソン病協会 料の小さいサブグループを対象とする独立した検証が必 (APDA),Michael J. Fox Foundation の支援を受けた(B.M. に 要であり,マーカーと疾患との誤った関連性が検出され 対して)。 ることを避けるためには異なる研究グループによる実施 が望ましい 290。 これらの交絡因子はすべてに当てはまるわけではなく, 具体的な試料処理や保存条件はマーカー候補ごとに異な 著者の役割 B.M. は本総説の目的とデザインの策定,表の項目の選択, 原稿作成を担当した。C.T. はアイデアの提供と原稿の校閲を 担当した。 ると考えられる。 今後のバイオマーカーの展望 質量分析に基づく新たな方法論は,今後,神経変性疾 患や運動障害の新たなバイオマーカーを見出す上で役立 。 つであろう 290,291(Zetterberg288 の総説参照) 腰椎穿刺のリスクは低いが 292,将来の目標は,末梢血 で神経変性疾患の信頼性の高いバイオマーカーを見つけ ることである。AD のバイオマーカーの領域では,AD は 他の神経変性疾患よりも開発が 10 年先行しているが,血 液バイオマーカーに関してはまだ高い成功率は得られて いない 293,294。ただし,フィルターを用いるアレイ方式の 9 W. Jackstaedt Fellowship des Stifterverbandes fuer die Deutsche Wissenschaft, the American Parkinson Disease Association and Michael J. Fox Foundation (to B.M.). nto account for The definition ptimal.289 Addibe contaminated epending on the ot recommended dation in a small ed in biomarker nt group to avoid d diseases.290 versally applicaconditions may candidate. 88 ARKERS n the basis of new biomarkers ement disorders erberg288]. puncture,292 the r for neurodegeThe biomarker f biomarker dediseases, has not omarkers,293,294 d, arrayed sandfacilitate bloode.295,296 Furthermic markers for hown that monoblood and brain of transcription can be reflected movement disoranalysis as cutr the individual evidence-based for movement disease-nonspeespecially as far nostic and progsing biomarkers ed in independparative clinical pecific markers 10 19. Hulstaert F, Blennow K, Ivanoiu A, et al. Improved discrimination of AD patients using beta-amyloid(1-42) and tau levels in CSF. Neurology 1999;52:1555–1562. 20. Mollenhauer B, Cepek L, Bibl M, et al. Tau protein, Abeta42 Author Roles: B.M. developed the idea and the design of and S-100B protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; the review, did the selection of the items in the table and 19:164–170. wrote the manuscript. C.T. provided ideas and reviewed the 21. Paraskevas GP, Kapaki E, Liappas I, et al. The diagnostic value manuscript. 運動障害の鑑別診断における神経化学的バイオマーカー of cerebrospinal fluid tau protein in dementing and nondementing neuropsychiatric disorders. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2005;18:163–173. 22. Urakami K, Mori M, Wada K, et al. A comparison of tau proREFERENCES REFERENCES tein in cerebrospinal fluid between corticobasal degeneration 1. Trojanowski JQ, Growdon JH. A new consensus report on and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurosci Lett 1999;259: biomarkers for the early antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer 127–129. disease: current status, relevance to drug discovery, and recom23. 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Nitration of man- 傍腫瘍性運動障害 Paraneoplastic Movement Disorders * Robin Grant, MB, ChB, MD, FRCP and Francesc Graus, MD * Edinburgh Centre for Neuro-Oncology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 傍腫瘍性運動障害は癌の転移によるのではなく,自己免 する臨床的な特徴としては,発症が急であること,重症 疫性機序で起こる,稀に見られる合併症である。傍腫 であること,進行が早いこと,治療に抵抗すること,そ 瘍性運動障害でよくみられるのは,小脳症候群,オプソ して傍腫瘍性以外の病因では考えられないほど広汎な クローヌス・ミオクローヌス症候群,大脳基底核障害, 神経学的症状を呈することにある。典型的な症状を示す stiff person 症候群,神経性筋強直症である。通常,こ 患者や,傍腫瘍性抗体を有して疑わしい症状を呈する れらの症候群は癌と診断される前に発現し,単一あるい 患者では,癌を検索すべきである。最初の検索で腫瘍 は複数の血清抗体を伴うことが多い。原因となる多くの がみつからなかった場合には,時間を置いて再度スク 抗 体 が 認 識 さ れ つ つ あ る(Hu,Yo,Ri,CV2, リーニングするのが望ましい。本症に最も良く伴う癌は, amphiphysin,Ma,Ta,Tr,NMDA,mGluR1,PCA2, 肺小細胞癌,乳癌,婦人科領域の癌,精巣癌,リンパ腫, ANNA-3,VGCCA) 。抗体が存在する場合は,基礎疾患 胸腺腫である。早期発見と早期治療によって神経学的 として癌がある可能性が高く,抗体の種類はある特定の 改善が得られる場合があり,癌の予後も改善する可能 腫瘍と密接に結びついている。傍腫瘍性の病因を示唆 性がある。予後は, 腫瘍の種類と治療反応性に依存する。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 12, 2009, pp. 1715–1724 Key Word 傍腫瘍性,小脳性,オプソクローヌス,ミオクローヌス,舞踏病,パーキンソン,stiff person 傍腫瘍性神経症候群は癌の転移によらない,自己免疫 性の合併症で,発症率は全癌患者の 1%未満と稀である。 中枢神経系(central nervous system; CNS)自己抗体が同 定された患者の一部では,運動障害が認められる。 る抗神経抗体は,細胞内に標的があり,おそらく病因で はないと考えられる。 アポトーシスを起こした腫瘍細胞から放出される腫瘍 抗原は末梢リンパ節を灌流する T リンパ球に提示され, CNS 傍腫瘍性症候群では,神経抗原に対する抗体が血 これが複雑な免疫応答のきっかけとなり,その結果 CNS 清および脳脊髄液(cerebrospinal fluid; CSF)中に高レベ 内で類似抗原を発現しているニューロンが攻撃されると ルに検出されることが多い(ただし常に認められるわけ 考えられる 2。 このような機序の例外として, 稀ではあるが, ではない) 。どの抗体が検出されたかにより,基礎疾患と P/Q 型電位依存性カルシウムチャネル抗体(基礎疾患が しての癌がどのような癌であるかを予測でき,またどの 肺小細胞癌の場合) ,あるいは mGluR1 グルタミン酸受容 部位の癌かを推定するのに大きな助けとなる場合がある。 体抗体(基礎疾患がホジキン病の場合)が関与する純粋 しかしどのような神経症候群を呈するかは特異的でない 型小脳変性症例がある 3,4。また,基礎疾患に卵巣奇形腫 ことが多い 1。癌神経抗原(onconeural antigen)は,CNS がある場合には,N- メチル -D- アスパラギン酸受容体 または末梢神経系ニューロンに発現している抗原と同一 (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; NMDAR)抗体が脳炎を引 ないしは関連性があるが,正確な免疫学的・病理学的発 き起こす直接の病因となることがあり,これは治療に反 生機序は未だ不明である。CNS 傍腫瘍性症候群に関連す 応する可能性がある 5。 17 傍腫瘍性運動障害 傍腫瘍性神経症候群の診断に関 するエビデンス も明らかでない場合には,PET スキャンが腫瘍の原発部 約 70%の症例では,癌と診断される前に神経学的所見 ド療法,免疫グロブリン静注(intravenous injection of 位の特定に役立つであろう 7。早期に傍腫瘍性と診断され た場合には,すべての患者に対症療法〔例えばステロイ immunoglobulin; ivIg) ,血漿交換〕を行うべきである 8。 が認められている。傍腫瘍性症候群の診断基準は国際的 に受け入れられ, 合意に達している(Figure 1 参照)6。 「典 傍腫瘍性小脳変性症 型的」および「非典型的」な症状も定義されている。典 型的な症候群は,脳脊髄炎,辺縁系脳炎,亜急性小脳変 臨床像 性症,オプソクローヌス・ミオクローヌス,亜急性感覚 性末梢神経障害(subacute sensory neuronopathy)と慢性 傍腫瘍性小脳変性症は最も頻度の高い CNS 傍腫瘍性 消化管偽閉塞症,Lambert-Eaton 筋無力症候群(Lambert- 症候群の 1 つである。患者は亜急性小脳性運動失調症を Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome; LEMS) ,皮膚筋炎である。傍 呈し,数週間ないし数ヵ月かけて進行して最終的に 6 ヵ 腫瘍性神経症候群に典型的な,あるいは疑わしい症状が 月以内に安定化するが,患者には重度の身体能力障害が 認められた場合には,癌の検索を急ぐべきである(Figure 残る。小脳性運動失調症の 40%は非対称性で,しばしば 1) 。癌がみつかった場合には,血清抗体の同定結果の如 構音障害,上肢の協調障害,眼振を伴う。通常,眼振は 何にかかわらず,傍腫瘍性神経症候群であると確信して 下向眼振であるが,滑動性追従眼球運動の消失やオプソ よい。非典型的な症候群であっても,腫瘍が特定されて クローヌスがみられることもある 9,10。 抗体が存在すれば, その診断は「確実(definite) 」である。 小脳性運動失調症の症状には次の 4 パターンがある。 傍腫瘍性神経症候群が疑われるが,癌がみつからない場 a. 小脳失調以外に,診察で比較的びまん性の脳脊髄炎 合には,臨床的ジレンマが生じる。典型的な症候群を伴 の徴候(例えば,痙攣,気分の変化,人格変化,記 う患者の血清で「性質が十分に明らかにされている(well 憶障害,眼振,舞踏病)を伴うか,辺縁系脳炎または characterised) 」抗体が同定されれば,病因が傍腫瘍性で 感覚性ニューロパチーの併存を認める。血清および あることの裏付けとなる(Table 1) 。 CSF 中に抗 Hu 抗体が認められる場合が多く,通常, 腫瘍のスクリーニング検査として胸部・腹部 CT スキャ 基礎疾患として肺癌が存在する 9-11。 ンを行うが,必要に応じて骨盤超音波検査とマンモグラ b. 女性に発症する純粋型小脳症候群では一般に抗 Yo 抗 フィーも行う。スクリーニング結果が陰性で,他の診断 体がみられ,基礎疾患として乳癌あるいは婦人科領 神経症候群 典型的 腫瘍あり 癌神経抗体 の有無 確実 非典型的 腫瘍なし 癌神経抗体 なし 腫瘍なし 癌神経抗体 あり 癌の危険性高 性質が十分に 明らかにされている 癌神経抗体あり 可能性あり 確実 腫瘍あり 癌神経抗体 なし 性質がある程度 明らかにされている 癌神経抗体あり 可能性あり 癌治療後の改善 もしくは 癌神経抗体あり 可能性あり 確実 Figure 1 傍腫瘍性神経症候群の診断根拠のフローチャート(Graus F, et al: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2004, 75: 1135-1140) 18 41.5 128 Ma2/Ta Amphiphysin AchR Other Membrane NMDAR Synaptic Membrane Nuclear Cytoplasmic Cytoplasmic Synaptic Nuclear Cytoplasmic Cyotplasmic Nuclear Membrane 65, 67 Site Nuclear VGCCA GAD 65 VGKCA Various 290 66 CV2/CRMP-5 ZIC4 and ANNA-3 PCA-2 34, 52, 62 PCA-1 (anti-Yo) unknown 55, 80 ANNA-2 (anti-Ri) Tr 34–40 Antibody ANNA-1 (anti-Hu) Staining pattern Postsynaptic Neuromuscular junction Neuropile None Cerebellar Purkinje cells, dots in molecular layer CNS nuclei Cerebellar Purkinje cells/other neurones Central presynaptic terminals Neuropile Central presynaptic terminals CNS nuclei Oligodendrocyte, neurons Cerebellar Purkinje cell and axons CNS nuclei CNS nuclei 1 peripheral neurones Myasthenia Oro-facial dyskinesias,c Muscle rigidity, dystonia PCD SPS, PCD, extrapyramidal Neuromyotonia PCD PCD PCD SPS, spinal myoclonusb PSP, Parkinsonism PCD, chorea PCD, chorea OMS, PCD Thymoma, Renal SCLC, Thymoma None (90%) SCLC None (50%) Ovary/testicular Teratoma (50%) None (50%) Thymoma Associated cancer Lung (86%) Other (12%) None (2%) Lung (46%) Breast (32%) Other (13%) None (<9%) Ovary/breast (90%) Other (8%) None (2%) Lung (60%) Thymoma (13%) Extrathoracic (23%) None (4%) Testis (53%) Lung (21%) Other (14%) None (12%) Breast (mainly) Lung, ovary None (20%) Hodgkin None (2%) Lung (90%) Lung (90%) Movement disorder PCD, OMS,a epilepsy partialis continuans,b chorea Nil Encephalitis LEMS PEM, BSE PLE PEM, PSN Nil Nil PEM, PSN PLE PEM, PSN Nil BSE PEM, PLE, PSN Associated paraneoplastic syndromes 例外的な患者。オプソクローヌス・ミオクローヌス運動失調症(opsoclonus myoclonus OMA)および肺小細胞癌(small Occasional patients. Most patients with opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia (OMA) and small cellataxia; lung cancer (SCLC) are seronegative. cell lung cancer; SCLC)患者の大部分は血清抗体 b Only a few case reports described. 陰性である。 c b Dyskinesias are part of a more complex encephalopathic syndrome. わずか数例の症例報告のみ。 ANNA, antinuclear neuronal antibody; CNS, central nervous system; PCD, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration; OMS, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome; PEM, paraneoplastic encephac ジスキネジアは,より複雑な脳症症候群の一部である。 lomyelitis; PLE, paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis; PSN, paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy; Tr, anti-Purkinje cell antibody-Tr; BSE, brain stem encephalitis; PCA, anti-Purkinje cell antibody; CV2, crossveinless-2; CRMP5, collapsing response mediator protein-5; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; SPS, stiff person syndrome; ZIC4, zinc finger protein; GAD, glutamic ANNA =神経細胞抗核抗体,CNS =中枢神経系,PCD =傍腫瘍性小脳変性症,OMS =オプソクローヌス・ミオクローヌス症候群,PEM =傍腫瘍性脳脊髄炎,PLE =傍腫瘍性 acid decarboxylase; VGKC, voltage-gated potassium channel; SCLC, small cell lung carcinoma; VGCC, voltage-gated calcium channel; LEMS, Lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome; 辺縁系脳炎,PSN =傍腫瘍性感覚性ニューロパチー,Tr -Tr,BSE =脳幹脳炎,PCA = crossveinless-2,CRMP5 = NMDA GluR, N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor;=抗プルキンエ細胞抗体 NMDAGluR1, N-Methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor =抗プルキンエ細胞抗体,CV2 type 1; AchR, acetylcholine receptor; Ma/Ta, a family of proteins collapsing in response protein-5,PSP =進行性核上性麻痺,SPS = stiff person 症候群,ZIC4 =ジンクフィンガー蛋白質,GAD =グルタミン酸脱炭酸酵素,VGKC =電位依存 expressed neuronsmediator and testes. 性カリウムチャネル,SCLC =肺小細胞癌,VGCC =電位依存性カルシウムチャネル,LEMS = Lambert-Eaton 筋無力症候群,NMDA GluR = N- メチル -D- アスパラギン酸型グル タミン酸受容体,NMDA GluR1 = N- メチル -D- アスパラギン酸型グルタミン酸受容体 1 型,AchR =アセチルコリン受容体,Ma/Ta =ニューロンと精巣に発現する蛋白質ファミリー aa Associated with PNS and autoimmune syndromes Partially characterized antibodies Well characterised Molecular Wt (kD) TABLE 1. Paraneoplastic antibodies and their clinical accompaniments Table 1 傍腫瘍性抗体とその臨床的関連性 R. Grant and F. Graus PARANEOPLASTIC DISORDER 1717 Movement Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 12, 2009 19 傍腫瘍性運動障害 域の癌を伴う。患者の 90%は車椅子生活となる。 生じることがある。多系統萎縮症や遺伝性成人発症型運 c. 純粋型小脳症候群(症例の 93%)はホジキンリンパ 動失調症は,数ヵ月ないし数年という,はるかに緩徐な 腫が確認された患者にみられ,男性のほうが女性より 経過をたどるのが一般的である。 も多い(3:1) 。小脳症候群が腫瘍診断に先行するの MRI は通常早期には正常で,症候群が進展する後期に はわずか 30%である 。血清検査で抗体が認められ なると小脳萎縮がみられる。症例の 80%で CSF に異常が ない場合もあるが,CSF 中に抗 Tr 抗体が検出される みられ,約 1/3 に蛋白質の軽度増加やオリゴクローナル こともある 12。ホジキンリンパ腫では,稀に腫瘍が治 バンドが認められる 10,14。胸部,腹部,骨盤部 CT による 癒して何年も経過したのちに mGluR1 に対する自己抗 予備的検索で腫瘍がみつからなかった場合には,傍腫瘍 体(autoantibody against mGluR1; mGluR1-Ab)が認め 性抗体の同定が診断に役立つ。血清抗体が陽性であれば, られる症例もある 。 運動失調症の病因が傍腫瘍性であることが裏付けられ, 10 9 d. LEMS を随伴する小脳症候群(あるいは,LEMS の臨 床所見がなく,電位依存性カルシウムチャネル抗体 より詳細な評価あるいは経過観察すべき,原発の可能性 が高い腫瘍を指摘できる。 を伴う小脳症候群) 。通常これらの症例では,基礎疾 管理および予後 患として肺小細胞癌がみられる。 通常,患者は数週間ないし数ヵ月間かけて神経学的に悪 病因 化し,重度の身体能力障害となり安定化する。治療による 病理学的所見は小脳プルキンエ細胞のびまん性の消失 神経学的回復の確率ならびに全体的な予後は,抗体と癌の で,周囲の星状グリア細胞の反応性増殖と血管周囲への 種類に左右される。傍腫瘍性小脳性運動失調症を全体と リンパ球浸潤(cuffing)を伴う。脳脊髄炎の一部として して見ると,患者の 14%が改善し,32%が症状が安定し 本症候群が認められる場合には,さらに広汎な CNS の炎 てしまい,54%が増悪する。改善した患者は,いずれも基 症性変化が報告されている 。傍腫瘍性小脳変性症には 礎疾患としての癌に対する抗腫瘍療法によりもとの癌が完 数多くの様々な抗体が関係している(Table 1) 。傍 全寛解に到達した。抗腫瘍療法(免疫抑制療法を併用し 腫瘍性小脳性運動失調症患者 137 例を対象とした研究で てもしなくても)を受けた患者の生存期間は有意に延長し は,38%が抗 Yo 抗体を有し,36%が抗 Hu 抗体,14%が た〔ハザード比(hazard ratio; HR)0.3,95%信頼区間 抗 Tr 抗体,12%が抗 Ri 抗体,4%が抗 mGluR1 抗体を有 (confidence interval; CI)0.1 ~ 0.6,p = 0.004〕9。抗 Yo 抗 13 9,14-16 していた。肺癌を合併した小脳性運動失調症患者では, 体あるいは抗Hu抗体関連の小脳性運動失調症に対しては, 39 例中 16 例(41%)で P/Q 型電位依存性カルシウムチャ 抗腫瘍療法や免疫抑制療法は一般に有効ではない 9,15,16,22。 ネル抗体が上昇していたが,この 16 例のうち LEMS の ただし,稀に奏効例も報告されている 23。抗 Hu 抗体関連 臨床所見を示したのは 7 例のみであった 3。抗 Hu 抗体は 小脳性運動失調症を呈する肺小細胞癌における生存期間 39 例中 9 例(23%)で認められたが,抗 CV2/CRMP5 抗 の中央値は約 7 ヵ月である。抗 Ri 抗体関連小脳性運動失 体,あるいは ANNA-3,PCA-2,amphiphysin などの抗体 調症の症例では,50%が治療により神経学的に改善し,生 陽性者は少なかった 存期間の中央値は 69 ヵ月であった 9。抗 Tr 症候群では, 。同一患者にこれらの抗体のい 3,17-21 くつかが存在する場合もしばしばみられる。 15%で小脳症状の寛解が報告されているが,寛解するのは 通常,比較的若い患者である。小脳失調の症候群と抗体 診断 成人発症の亜急性小脳性運動失調症の鑑別診断は多岐 が存在しても,リンパ腫がみつからないか,腫瘍が良好に 治療できた場合には,小脳症候は消失しうる 12。 にわたる。クロイツフェルト - ヤコブ病や一部の感染性 オプソクローヌス・ミオクロー ヌス症候群 疾患が類似の病態を示す場合がある。アルコールに関連 した小脳性運動失調症や,Wernicke Korsakoff 症候群, ビタミン B12 欠乏症,葉酸欠乏症などの欠乏症は亜急性 の運動失調の経過をとりうる。甲状腺機能低下症や橋本 甲状腺炎などの内分泌疾患も,亜急性の小脳失調徴候を 20 臨床像 オプソクローヌス・ミオクローヌス症候群(Opsoclonus- R. Grant and F. Graus Myoclonus Syndrome; OMS)は,不随意かつ非律動性で, て出現する場合がある。結合組織病,炎症性疾患,連鎖 全方向に振幅の大きな共同性サッケードが認められる無 球菌感染後疾患は傍腫瘍性 OMS に類似した症状を呈し, 秩序な眼球運動と,ミオクローヌスを伴う稀な症候群で いずれの疾患でも精神医学的所見を随伴する可能性があ ある。ミオクローヌスは持続時間が短く,自発的で,通 る。リチウム,アミトリプチリン過量投与,シクロスポリ 常刺激感受性でもある筋収縮(jerk)で,四肢や口蓋・顔 ン毒性,タリウムなどの薬剤によるものを含め,中毒性な 面・喉頭あるいは呼吸筋に認められる。通常,本症候群 いし代謝性脳症も OMS を引き起こすことがある。少数例 は亜急性に発症し,速やかに進行する 24。 ではあるが,糖尿病患者の高浸透圧性昏睡でも OMS をき OMS の原因は発症時年齢により異なる。小児では, たすとの報告がある。他の原因が除外されれば,傍腫瘍 OMS は 6 ヵ月~ 3 歳 の 女 児 の 発 症 頻 度 が 最も高 い。 性 OMS の可能性は非常に高くなる。小児では,全例に対 OMS の発症前に明らかな感染エピソードがなければ,傍 し基礎疾患としての神経堤腫瘍の検索が必要である。抗 腫瘍性 OMS を疑うべきである。50%を超える症例で神 体検査の結果は陰性であることが多い。成人では,画像 経芽細胞腫が確認されているが,その症状は感染後 OMS 検査によって肺小細胞癌,乳癌,または稀ではあるがそ や特発性 OMS と区別できない。自然に寛解する場合もあ の他の癌(腎癌,胃癌,甲状腺癌,膵癌,卵巣癌,リン るが, 再発も多い 。70 ~ 80%の小児に神経学的後遺症, パ腫,胸腺腫,成人神経芽細胞腫,肉腫)が検出される 認知あるいは行動関連の後遺症が長期にわたって残る。 場合がある 28-36。ただし,成人症例では癌の初回検索結果 成人では,ほとんどの症例で OMS が腫瘍の診断に先行 はほとんどが陰性である。患者が 50 歳を超えており,認 する。器質的疾患または感染性の原因を除外すると, 知もしくは行動所見を呈する場合には,傍腫瘍性抗体の OMS は特発性か傍腫瘍性のいずれかである 。年齢中央 血清検査が特に有用となる。さらに,広範な傍腫瘍性脳 値は,ある比較研究では傍腫瘍性群が 66 歳,特発性群 脊髄炎の一部としてオプソクローヌス・ミオクローヌス運 が 40 歳で,傍腫瘍性群には 50 歳未満の患者はいなかっ 動失調症(opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia; OMA)が存在する た 。傍腫瘍性群ではほぼ例外なく脳症がみられ,一部 場合には,抗 Ri 抗体がしばしば同定される 36。抗 Ri 抗 の症例は重度かつ致命的であった。ほとんどの症例で 体は,肺癌,乳癌,子宮頸癌,膀胱癌に伴う事が多い 36。 25,26 27 28 CSF および MRI 脳スキャン所見は完全に正常であるが, 少数例で脳幹と小脳に非特異的変化が認められている 28。 管理および予後 発症は亜急性で,きわめて重症で,患者の 30%は 1 ヵ 病因 月以内に車椅子生活となることが多いが,オプソクロー 傍腫瘍性 OMS 症例の半数では,脳幹または小脳に病 ヌスは自然寛解する場合もあれば,再発と寛解を繰り返 理学的変化は認められていない。ただし,小脳萎縮と血 す経過をとる場合もある。小児では,症例の 70 ~ 80% 管周囲へのリンパ球浸潤(cuffing)を示す症例が報告さ で著しい神経障害,認知障害,行動障害が長期に残り, れている これらは腫瘍を治療しても改善しない 25,26。ただし,神経 。オプソクローヌスは脳幹のオムニポーズ 29,30 ニューロンの障害が原因であると考えられている 31。 芽 細 胞 腫 に 伴う OMS では,副 腎 皮 質 刺 激 ホ ル モン OMS の抗体は小児ではめったに検出されないが,一部の (adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH)や高用量デキサメ 患児はプルキンエ細胞の細胞質と結合する IgM および タゾンパルス療法 37,ivIg または血漿交換 38,39 による治 IgG 抗体をもっている。腫瘍周囲の著明なリンパ球浸潤 療で,良好な臨床的軽快が得られたとの報告が多数ある。 から,腫瘍抗原に対する T 細胞依存性応答とそれに続く オプソクローヌスが消失しても,正式な検査を行うと, B 細胞活性化が裏付けられる 追従眼球運動の異常や,程度は低いものの衝動性眼球運 。特異的自己抗原は同 32-34 定されていない。 動が持続して認められる 26。傍腫瘍性 OMS の成人では, 特に特発性の場合に自然軽快や免疫療法への反応がみら 診断 れることがある 27。抗 CD20 モノクローナル抗体のリツ 小児では,軽度のウイルス性脳炎に罹患した後に OMS キシマブは,補助療法として有用な場合がある 40。成人 が生じる場合がある 24,35。成人では,中脳出血,視床出血, 患者の生存期間は,基礎疾患の腫瘍の反応性とその腫瘍 もしくは腫瘍(例えば, 非ホジキンリンパ腫, 腎癌)に伴っ の予後に左右される。 21 傍腫瘍性運動障害 単独ミオクローヌス(オプソクローヌスを伴わな い) 診断 舞踏病,片側バリスム,ジストニアを引き起こす他の 単独ミオクローヌス(オプソクローヌスを伴わない)は, 原因,特に血管障害,感染症(HIV など) ,全身性エリテ 傍腫瘍性症候群の所見の 1 つとして生じることがある。 マトーデス(systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE) ,代謝性 抗 amphiphysin 抗体をもつ患者の 6%は,臀部,脊柱,四 疾患,薬剤(ラモトリジン,メタドン,リチウムなど)を 肢または横隔膜にミオクローヌスを有し,振戦,ジスト 除外しなければならない 45。舞踏病,片側バリスム,ジ ニア,舞踏病,筋強剛など,その他の運動障害を併発す ストニアを引き起こす血管性または構造的な病変は,通 ることもある 。Amphiphysin 関連のミオクローヌスで, 常,画像検査により除外できる。MRI スキャンは正常ま 基礎疾患の腫瘍として最も頻度が高いのは,肺癌(64%) , たは軽微な大脳基底核異常を示す。ただし,占拠性病変 乳癌(32%) ,黒色腫(4%)である。傍腫瘍性の固有脊 がみられる症例も報告されている 43。場合によっては, 髄性ミオクローヌス(propriospinal myoclonus)が甲状腺 MRI 所見から腫瘍の疑いが浮上することもある。そのた 乳頭癌に伴い発症した事が報告されている。いずれの抗 め,一部の症例では生検も行われている 46。CSF は正常 体も同定されていない 42。 または蛋白質増加を伴う軽度の白血球増多を示し,オリ 41 ゴクローナルバンドが認められる場合もある 47。 傍腫瘍性大脳基底核障害 抗体陽性の頻度が最も高いのは,抗 CRMP5/CV2 抗体 である。この抗体が同定されたとき,基礎疾患の腫瘍と 傍腫瘍性大脳基底核障害は稀であるが,一般に次の型 してよくみられるのが,肺癌(81%) ,腎癌,胸腺腫,リ に分けられる。すなわち,初発症状が運動障害で後によ ンパ腫である 46,48。抗 CRMP5 抗体陽性患者 121 例を対 り広汎な CNS 傍腫瘍性症候群となる運動過多型と,しば 象とした研究では,大部分の患者で多巣性の神経学的徴 しば発熱・意識レベルの低下・痙攣・その他の所見を伴 候が認められた 20。舞踏病は患者の 11%で認められたが, う急性で重症の運動減少型である。 最も多い所見は末梢ニューロパチー(47%) ,自律神経 ニューロパチー(31%) ,小脳性運動失調症(26%) ,亜 臨床像 急性認知症(25%) ,神経筋接合部障害(12%) ,脳神経 傍腫瘍性の舞踏病,片側バリスム,ジスキネジア,ジ ニューロパチー(17%)であった。傍腫瘍性舞踏病と抗 ストニアが報告されている。正確な発症率を示すことは CRMP5/CV2 抗体は,辺縁系脳炎 44 と視神経炎 18 に併存 できないが,発症はきわめて稀である。通常,亜急性に する形で認められている。抗 NMDAR 抗体は,卵巣また 生じ,重度で,急速に進行し,しばしば薬剤抵抗性である。 は精巣奇形腫を有し口腔顔面ジスキネジアとジストニア 傍腫瘍性神経症候群で抗 CRMP5/CV2 抗体陽性の症例で を伴う脳炎症例の一部で同定されている 49。 は,通常,舞踏病が初発症状であると同時に最も顕著な 症状でもある(69%) 。非対称性または一側性である場合 管理および予後 が多いが(31%) ,進行すると 87.5%の患者でより広汎な 舞踏病,ジストニア,ジスキネジアは,通常の治療に CNS 障害がみられるようになる 。傍腫瘍性大脳基底核 は抵抗性の場合が多い。早期に診断された場合には,メ 運動障害を呈する全例で,脳脊髄炎関連の自己抗体がみ チルプレドニゾロン,ivIg あるいは血漿交換による治療 られる。また,精神障害や行動障害 ,辺縁系脳炎 , が妥当であろう。腫瘍に対する化学療法またはメチルプ 視神経炎 レドニゾロン静注で,大脳基底核の症状も改善したと思 18 43 45 44 を伴う場合もある。 われる症例も存在する 44,49,50。 病因 非定型パーキンソン病症状 病理学的所見としては,他の傍腫瘍性神経症候群と同 様に,血管周囲炎とミクログリア活性化が認められてい る。片側バリスムを呈した一例では,MRI で異常が認め られた大脳基底核の生検で,限局性の脳炎性変化が明ら かにされた 。 46 22 臨床像 傍腫瘍性の原因によるパーキンソニズムはいかなる CNS 傍腫瘍性脳脊髄炎でも生じうるが,非常に稀である R. Grant and F. Graus Stiff person 症候群 (Table 1 参照) 。脳幹病変は患者の 53%で認められる 51。 垂直性注視麻痺はよくみられ(60%) ,時に完全外眼筋麻 痺を伴う。一部の患者に運動機能低下,重度筋強剛ある いは蠟屈症を伴う緊張病様所見や,閉眼,発語減少の傾 向が認められた 臨床像 Stiff person 症候群(stiff person syndrome; SPS)は,体 。本症候群は,頭痛,発熱,不安な 幹の筋強剛と間欠的かつ有痛性の攣縮を特徴とする稀な どのウイルス性感染症の前駆症状に似た症状の後に発症 疾患である。自己免疫性,傍腫瘍性,特発性の 3 つの病 することが多く,自律神経不安定症,低換気,高体温を 型が報告されている。SPS は男性よりも女性に多い (30%: 続 発 する場 合もあり,筋 強 剛,しかめ 顔,腹 部 収 縮 70%) 。SPS の類型(variant)には,stiff limb 症候群, (abdominal contraction) ,間欠性ジストニアを伴う 。経 jerking stiff person 症候群,筋強剛とミオクローヌスを伴 過観察中に急速に進行し,原因不明の発熱,末梢ニュー う進行性脳炎(progressive encephalitis with rigidity and ロパチー,CSF 異常を示した後,潜在性の B 細胞リンパ myoclonus; PERM)がある 59。体幹の屈曲を妨げる腰部 腫が検出された亜急性核上性麻痺の症例が報告されてい 脊柱過前彎がみられる場合がある。症状は変動し,睡眠 る 。この男性患者は重度神経障害に伴った合併症のた 中は改善するが,ストレッチング,情動あるいは感覚性 め死亡した。肺がん患者に合併した,パーキンソニズム 刺激によって誘発される。転倒や骨折の原因となりうる や多系統萎縮症の症例も報告されている 攣縮やミオクローヌス反射を併発する場合がある。疼痛 51-53 52 54 。 55-57 を伴うこともある。経過は緩徐であるが確実に進行する。 病因 SPS 症例の 50 ~ 90%では,グルタミン酸脱炭酸酵素 運動減少型の大脳基底核障害の病因は,他の脳脊髄炎 (glutamic acid decarboxylase; GAD)に対する自己抗体が の場合と同様に考えられており, ,大脳基底核の変性が 陽性である。抗 GAD 抗体陽性 SPS と器官特異的自己免 いっそう強調されているだけである 55-56。 疫性疾患(例えば,原発性インスリン依存性糖尿病)と の合併がよく見られるが,他の自己免疫的な障害がみら 診断 れない腎癌症例も報告されている 60。 傍腫瘍性の運動減少型大脳基底核障害の鑑別診断で SPS 全体としてみると,基礎疾患の癌と合併するのは, は,癌の直接的影響,水頭症,感染症,血管性パーキン 症例の約 5%である。傍腫瘍性でない症例と傍腫瘍性の ソニズムまたは進行性核上性麻痺を考慮する 。精神状 症例とを臨床的に鑑別する信頼性の高い方法はないが, 態の変化,筋強剛,自律神経失調症の三徴候は,セロト 通常,傍腫瘍性 SPS は抗 amphiphysin 抗体を伴う 41。あ ニン症候群,致死性緊張病あるいは抗精神病薬による悪 る研究では,患者 13 例中 4 例(31%)が腫瘍と合併して 性症候群に類似すると考えられる。MRI では,傍腫瘍性 おり,この 4 例のうち 3 例が抗 amphiphysin 抗体をもっ 脳脊髄炎の最大 3/4 の症例に非特異的な大脳基底核の変 ていた 61。傍腫瘍性 SPS の発症は特徴的に速やかであり, 化を認める。 一肢のみが侵され,診断が困難な場合もある。本症では, 58 傍腫瘍性の病因と判断する糸口となるのは,亜急性の 脳脊髄ニューロパチーの一部として、一側または両側の 発症,数週間または数ヵ月間で急速に進行する経過,な 上肢のみが侵される場合や,感覚性ニューロパチーを伴 らびに症例の 86%でみられる CSF の炎症性変化である 20。 う場合も比較的多いと考えられる。抗 amphiphysin 抗体は, 傍腫瘍性自己抗体検査は,もし陽性であれば,原因を確 筋強剛を伴う進行性脳脊髄炎でも報告されている 62。この 定し,腫瘍原発巣の部位を推定することができる。運動 疾患は,筋強剛,異常姿勢,有痛性の筋攣縮およびミオ 減少型の症状はしばしば抗 Ma2 抗体関連脳炎患者に特徴 クローヌスを特徴とし,脳幹および脊髄の炎症を伴う 62。 的な所見となりうる。若年男性に抗 Ma2 抗体が存在する 場合には,精巣腫瘍の検索を行うべきである 53。 病因 いくつ か の 研 究 で 感 覚 運 動 皮 質のγ - アミノ酪 酸 管理および予後 (gamma amino butyric acid; GABA)の低下が見出され, Ma2 関連脳炎患者の約 30%は腫瘍に対する治療,ある いは免疫療法に反応する 。 51 責任抗原が同定されているかどうかにかかわらず,本症 候群には抑制性 GABA 経路が障害されていることが示唆 23 傍腫瘍性運動障害 されている 63。このように運動系での中枢性抑制が減弱 縮・線維束性収縮症候群(cramp fasciculation syndrome) することで,体幹と四肢の筋肉に有痛性攣縮が生じる。 あるいは CNS 所見も認められる Morvan 症候群をきたし 血管周囲炎や,前庭神経核と脊髄のニューロン消失が認 うる自己免疫性の病態である。これらの 3 つの病態はい められる場合もある 。本症候群の徴候を示すラットの ずれも胸腺腫と合併することがあり,傍腫瘍性のことも CNS では IgG 結合が証明された 。抗 GAD IgG を傍脊椎 ありうる 69。神経性筋強直症は末梢神経興奮性亢進症の 部に投与すると,腓腹筋に持続的な収縮が誘発された 65。 最も一般的な病型で,遺伝性の場合も後天性の場合もあ amphiphysin に対する抗体を有する SPS をラットに移すこ る 70。後天性の病型は,自己免疫性の場合(糖尿病や慢 とができた。すなわち,ヒトの SPS に類似した攣縮を伴 性炎症性脱髄性ニューロパチーなどの後天性ニューロパ う用量依存性の硬直を誘導できた 。この知見は,上記 チーに伴う) ,薬剤 / 毒素誘発性の場合,あるいは胸腺腫 抗体の直接的な病因的役割を裏付けている 。 やその他の腫瘍に関連する傍腫瘍性の場合がある。本疾 41 64 64 66 患ではミオキミア〔 「虫を入れた袋(bag of worms) 」と形 診断 容される,筋の持続的でうねるような運動〕 ,強直を伴う 筋電図検査(electromyography; EMG)で随意運動時の 有痛性攣縮,手足攣縮,筋収縮後の弛緩障害(偽性筋強 ような持続活動電位が認められ,体幹筋で最も顕著であ 直症)が認められる。運動により増悪する遠位筋の硬直, れば,臨床的に SPS が支持される。持続時間 50 ~ 60 ミ 体重減少,脊柱後彎,構音障害あるいは嚥下障害がみら リ秒の群化放電が,5 ~ 6 Hz で数多く見られ,それらが れる場合もある。運動は睡眠中も持続し,全身麻酔下で 攣縮により中断されている。SPS の 80%では CSF 中にオ も軽快しない 70。Morvan 症候群では,神経性筋強直症に リゴクローナルバンドが認められる。MRI スキャンは正 加え,幻覚,錯乱,不眠などの精神症状が認められる。 常所見を示す場合が多い。抗 amphiphysin 抗体は,傍腫 これらの病態の症例の 40%に抗電位依存性カリウム 瘍性と推定される症例を選び出すのに役立つが,この抗 チャネル(voltage gated potassium channel; VGKC)抗体 体は本病態に特異的ではない。抗 amphiphysin 抗体が血 が認められる。これらの抗体を有する症例のうち,25% 清中に検出された場合でも,実際に SPS を呈するのは女 もの患者に基礎疾患として腫瘍が認められている。胸腺 性 で は 39 %, 男 性 で は 12 % に す ぎ な い 。 抗 腫であることが多いが,肺癌,腎癌,リンパ腫あるいは amphiphysin 抗体は主として乳癌に伴うが,肺癌や腎癌, 形質細胞腫の場合もある 71-74。傍腫瘍性の神経性筋強直 さらに胸腺腫での報告もある。女性では潜在性の乳癌を, 症は,しばしば自律神経障害(50%は多汗症を有する) 喫煙者では肺癌を検索するのが望ましい。 や感覚症状(33%)を随伴する。 管理および予後 病因 41 ベンゾジアゼピンあるいは GABA 作動性の抑制作用を 抗体は筋からのカリウム流出を減少させ,静止膜電位 増強する薬剤(例えば,バクロフェン,チザニジン,ク を低下させて神経性筋強直性の放電を生じる 71,75。臨床 ロニジン)は攣縮を軽減するが,基礎にある病態には影 的な神経性筋強直症をマウスへ受動的に伝達することが, 響を及ぼさない。ステロイド,免疫グロブリン G 静注 神経性筋強直症患者から精製された IgG を注入すること (intravenous injection of immunoglobulin G; ivIgG) ,血漿 で達成され,臨床的な病態が認められている 75。 交換,リツキシマブは,本病態を治療する目的で使用さ れている 62,63,65,66。腎癌患者に対する ivIg と腎摘出術,乳 癌治療,胸腺腫に対する胸腺摘出術については,臨床的 な有効性が報告されている 。 67,68 診断 標準的な運動神経伝導検査の刺激後にしばしば後放電 がみられ,針 EMG では持続性の運動単位活動電位の発 火が認められる。最もよくみられる異常放電は,線維束 傍腫瘍性末梢神経興奮性亢進症 臨床像 末梢神経興奮性亢進症は,神経性筋強直症,有痛性攣 24 性収縮,二重放電または多重放電,ミオキミア性放電で ある。抗 VGKC 抗体の血清検査は行うべきである。抗 VGKC 抗体は傍腫瘍性の病因に特異的なわけではない。 抗 VGKC 抗体は,本症候群の自己免疫型では 1/3 を超え 5. 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Brotchie, PhD * Movement Disorders Clinic, McL 7–421, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 近年,パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)に することや,他の神経伝達物質系(ドパミン,GABA, おいてセロトニン(5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)が果 グルタミン酸など)の調節に果たす 5-HT の潜在的機能 たしうる多面的役割に対する理解が深まってきた。PD への理解が深まったことで,PD の運動症状と非運動症 に関する初期の病理学的研究では,脳組織における 状への効果が期待できるセロトニン作動薬の開発に大き 5-HT の非選択的な減少が証明されたが,ジスキネジア な力が注がれるようになった。ただし,未解決の問題も や気分障害などの併存疾患との相互関係についてはほ いくつか残されている。今後は,5-HT 神経伝達の変化 とんど明らかにされなかった。また,セロトニン作動薬 とあらゆる臨床症状との相互関係に焦点を当て,病理学 による治療はレボドパ(L—ドパ)に比べて有効性が低い 的ならびに in vivo イメージングの両面から研究する必 との知見もあり,最近までこの分野はほとんど無視され 要がある。 てきた。脳内には 5-HT 受容体サブタイプが多数存在 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1255–1266 SEROTONIN AND PARKINSON’S DISEASE 1257 Key Word パーキンソン病,セロトニン,5-HT,ジスキネジア,抑うつ,不安,精神病,便秘 Table 1 臨床で利用可能なドパミン受容体アゴニストの 受容体に対する相対的親和性 TABLE 1. Relative affinity of clinically available dopamine 5-HT receptor agonists for 5-HT receptors Dopamine agonist Non ergoline Ergoline Ropinirole Pramipexole Apomorphine Cabergoline Pergolide Bromocriptine Lisuride 5-HT1A 5-HT1B 5-HT1D 5-HT2A 5-HT2B 5-HT2C 1 1 1 1 11 11 111 0/1 0/1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 11 111 0/1 0/1 1 11 1 1 11 0/1 0/1 1 11 11 1 22 0/1 0/1 1 1 1 1 11 1 5 agonist; 2 5 antagonist; 0 5 no activity; 0/1 5 low +=低活性,+~++++=+が多いほど効力が高い(Reference activity; 1 toET 1111 1258 S.H. FOX AL. 5 increased potency (adapted from ref. 31). 31 より引用) +=アゴニスト,-=アンタゴニスト,0 =活性なし,0/ Table 2 PD の運動症状とレボドパ誘発性ジスキネジアに関するセロトニン作動薬の評価 TABLE 2. Serotonergic drugs evaluated for motor symptoms and levodopa-induced dyskinesia in PD tive affinity for 5-HT1A receptors31 (Table 1). To date, 5-HT Drugs in the Treatment of Effective on the most well-defined clinical effect relatedEffective to thison5levodopa-induced Parkinsonian Tremor action of HT binding property the 5-HT2B-agonist Drug 5-HTissubtype PD motor symptoms dyskinesia One motor feature of PD that Comments may be mediated in some ergoline DAs that has been linked to the potenpart Clinical observations Reduces PD tremor Yesby 5-HT is tremor. Mirtazapine also binds to non 5-HTsuggest Mirtazapine 5-HT1A agonist; 5-HT2, tially serious but5-HT rare problem of restrictive cardiac receptors including acetylcholine and 3 antagonist tremor in PD is less responsive to dopaminergic drugs noradrenaline valulopathy.32,33 Lisuride is a 5-HT2B antagonist and, than rigidity and bradykinesia. A PET study in Reduces tremor; no34 Yes Practical issues with regulatory monitoring Clozapine 5-HT2A/2C receptor as such, has not been reported to cause this problem. advanced patients with PD showed a 27% reduction in antagonist worsening of PD 5-HT2B receptors and mg) midbrain receptor on cardiac At lowvalves, doses (25–50 No No studies have been preformed using Quetiapine 5-HTare 2A/2C located raphe 5-HT 1A binding potential compared 35 seen adverse effects higher doses of quetiapine (>50mg/d) their stimulationantagonist results in fibroblast no mitogenesis. with healthy controls, a trial change that correlated with No worsening Possible Single in 10 patients with PD Buspirone 5-HT1A agonist 48 Pleuropulmonary and retroperitoneal fibrosis also Early tremor but not withSarizotan bradykinesia or rigidity. Potential have to worsen Non significant also has dopamine D2 antagonist Sarizotan 5-HT 1A agonist and possibly been reported to be caused by 5-HT2B,parkinsonism binding. Largewas placebo loss compared of 5-HTtotransporter binding alsoeffect noted in the placebo (development has now stopped) 5-HT2A, receptor binding activity.36,37 thalamus in drug naı̈ve patients with PD with tremor Unknown Possible Preliminary reports to date; on going study Pimavanserin 5-HT2A inverse agonist Clinical experience would suggest that ergoline compared with those without; however, after 17 DAs, particularly lisuride, induce more psychiatric months follow-up, this difference was not significant.49 side-effects than nonergoline DAs, although this has Mirtazapine, an antidepressant with multiple mechanot untreated been shown in randomized clinical trialsof(RCTs). the MPTP-lesioned primate model PD, 5in serotonin-rich than5-HT in dopamine-rich 5-HT2 nisms of actions, grafts including 1A agonist andgrafts— Such findings may be related to greater 5-HT 54 binding PostHT an correlated with the dopaminerandeffect 5-HTthat actions, candegree reduceofparkinsonian 1A receptors are upregulated in the putamen. 3 antagonist 64 50 of ergoline versus nonergoline (Table 1). either Howmortem studies in patients with DAs PD have shown gic degeneration. (Table 2). In addition, the atypical antipsytremors 55studies have reported impulse control disorever, some Otherclozapine, potential which areas binds whereto5-HT agonists may no change or increased 5-HT1A receptors in the neoreceptors, chotic 5-HT 1A2A/2C ders, incompared particularwith pathological gambling, in 56patients Thus, receptor cortex age-matched controls. reduce LID include postsynaptic 5-HT1A The mechanism of action or also suppresses tremor.51 27 進行性核上性麻痺における小脳病変:臨床病理学的研究 Cerebellar Involvement in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Clinicopathological Study * Masato Kanazawa, MD, Takayoshi Shimohata, MD, PhD, Yasuko Toyoshima, MD, PhD, Mari Tada, MD, Akiyoshi Kakita, MD, PhD, Takashi Morita, MD, PhD, Tetsutaro Ozawa, MD, PhD, Hitoshi Takahashi, MD, PhD, and Masatoyo Nishizawa, MD, PhD * Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan 進行性核上性麻痺(progressive supranuclear palsy; 質徴候を呈する残りの 4 例は,分類不能 PSP と判断さ PSP)の多様な臨床型についてはこれまでも議論がなさ れた。このうち,3 例は小脳性運動失調症が初発および れ, 現 在 は, 古 典 的 な Richardson 症 候 群 主要症状であった。特記すべき点として,プルキンエ細 (Richardson’ s syndrome; RS)と PSP- パーキンソニ 胞のタウ陽性封入体は,小脳性運動失調症のない患者 ズム(progressive supranuclear palsy-Parkinsonism; よりも,小脳性運動失調症のある患者で観察される頻度 PSP-P)に分類されている。本研究では,PSP の臨床 が有意に高かった。小脳性運動失調症のあるすべての 病理学的な多様性を検討するため,病理学的に証明さ 患者は,小脳性運動失調症のない患者に比べ,グリオー れた連続 22 例の日本人 PSP 患者をレトロスペクティ シスを伴う神経細胞脱落が多く,小脳歯状核内のコイル ブに解析した。臨床像は疾患経過の初期段階と経過中 体(coiled body)の密度も高かった。本研究により, の任意の時点で検討した。グリオーシスを伴う神経細胞 日本人患者を対象として,PSP の幅広い臨床病理学的 脱落とタウ病変の病理学的重症度も評価した。臨床像 所見を明示した。小脳性運動失調症は PSP 診断の除外 に 基 づ き,10 例 の 患 者 は RS に 分 類 さ れ,8 例 は 基準の一つに含まれているが,本研究により,PSP 患 PSP-P に分類された。小脳性運動失調症または大脳皮 者は小脳性運動失調症を呈することが実証された。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1312–1318 Key Word 進行性核上性麻痺,脊髄小脳失調症,パーキンソン病,パーキンソン性障害 PSP: A DISTINCT PHENOTYPE WITH CEREBELLAR ATAXIA 1315 2 発症から 年以内の PSPwithin 患者の臨床像 TABLE 2.Table Clinical features of2 PSP patients 2 yr of disease onset Clinical feature RS PSP-P Unclassifiable PSP Number Male(%) Age at onset (yr) Age at death (yr) Disease duration (yr) Supranuclear vertical gaze palsy Gait disturbance Falls Postural instability Cognitive decline Asymmetric onset L-dopa responsiveness Tremor Cerebellar ataxia Cerebral cortical signs 10 80.0 69.3 6 8.0 74.4 6 8.4 5.2 6 2.3a 6/10 (60.0%) 9/10 (90.0%) 10/10 (100%) 6/9 (66.7%) 5/9 (55.6%) 1/10 (10.0%) 0/5 (0%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%) 0/10 (0%) 8 50.0 64.0 6 9.4 74.9 6 9.9 10.8 6 2.6 1/6 (25.0%) 7/7 (100%) 2/7 (28.6%) 1/6 (16.7%) 1/8 (12.5%) 6/8 (75.0%) 5/6 (83.3%) 5/8 (62.5%) 0/6 (0%) 0/8 (0%) 4 75.0 69.0 6 4.2 73.8 6 3.6 4.8 6 1.0a 2/4 (50.0%) 3/4 (75.0%) 3/4 (75.0%) 2/4 (50.0%) 1/4 (25.0%) 2/4 (50.0%) NA 0/4 (0%) 3/4 (75.0%) 2/4 (50.0%) a aP < 0.01 vs. patients with PSP-P. RS, Richardson’s syndrome; PSP-P, progressive supranuclear palsyPSP-P 患者との比較で p < 0.01。RS = Richardson 症候群,PSP-P =進行性核上性麻痺 - パーキンソニ parkinsonism; NA, not administered. ズム,NA =投与せず 28 pathological severities of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and cerebellar cortex between 3 patients with cerebellar ataxia (Patients 1–3) and the remaining patients without cerebellar ataxia. The disease durations for the patients with and without cerebellar ataxia were 4.3 6 0.6 years and 7.6 6 3.7 years, respectively (P 5 0.14). All 3 patients with cerebellar ataxia revealed more severe neuronal loss with gliosis (Fig. 1A, Table 4) and higher densities of CBs (Fig. 1B, Table 4) in PSP-P patients. Two of the 3 patients with cerebellar ataxia showed a small number of TAs, while 3 of the 19 patients without cerebellar ataxia showed mild pathology of TAs in the cerebellar dentate nucleus (P 5 0.12). In the cerebellar sections of patients with cerebellar ataxia, we found granular immuno-reactivity for AT8 antibody in the cytoplasm of a small proportion of the Purkinje cells (Fig. 1C,D). By Gallyas–Braak silver staining, we confirmed argyrophilic profiles (Fig. parkinsonism; NA, not administered. pathological severities of the cerebellar dentate nucleus and cerebellar cortex between 3 patients with cerebelM. KANAZAWA ET AL. lar ataxia (Patients 1–3) and the remaining patients without cerebellar ataxia. The disease durations for the patients with and without cerebellar ataxia were 4.3 6 0.6 years and 7.6 6 3.7 years, respectively (P 5 0.14). All 3 patients with cerebellar ataxia revealed more severe neuronal loss with gliosis (Fig. 1A, Table 4) and higher densities of CBs (Fig. 1B, Table 4) in the cerebellar dentate nucleus compared with RS and PSP-P patients. Two of the 3 patients with cerebellar ataxia showed a small number of TAs, while 3 of the 19 patients without cerebellar ataxia showed mild pathology of TAs in the cerebellar dentate nucleus (P 5 Abstract 0.12). In the cerebellar sections of patients with cerebellar ataxia, we found granular immuno-reactivity for AT8 antibody in the cytoplasm of a small proportion of the Purkinje cells (Fig. 1C,D). By Gallyas–Braak silver staining, we confirmed argyrophilic profiles (Fig. 1E), with variable intensity, of the tau-labeled granular TABLE 3. Clinical of patients with unclassifiable PSP within 2 yr of disease onset Table 3 分類不能 PSPfeatures 患者の発症 2 年以内および疾患経過中の任意の時点における臨床像 and at any time during the disease course Patient 1 2 3 4 First 2 yr Sex F M M Age at onset (yr) 64 72 73 Supranuclear vertical gaze palsy 2 1 1 Gait disturbance 1 1 1 Falls 1 1 1 Postural instability 1 1 2 Cognitive decline 2 2 1 Asymmetric onset 1 2 1 L-dopa responsiveness NA NA NA Tremor 2 2 2 Cerebellar ataxia T>L T<L T>L Cerebral cortical signs 2 2 1 Entirenucleus disease(A, course 1. Histopathological features of the cerebellar dentate B) and cortex (C–E) of PSP patients with cerebellar ataxia. Neuronal Disease durationimage (yr) of a tau-immunostained 5section showing two 4 labeled Purkinje4 nd gliosis (A), and scattered coiled bodies (B) are seen. Low-power Supranuclear vertical gaze granular, palsy 1 (D), and argyrophilic 1 (E) profiles in1 C: arrows). High-power magnifications of Purkinje cells (arrows) demonstrating tau-positive Gait disturbance 1 100 lm in A and 1 B, 500 lm in C,1 toplasm. A: hematoxylin–eosin stain; B–D: AT8 immunostain; E: Gallyas–Braak silver stain. Bars 5 Falls issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com.] 1 1 1 5 lm in D and E. [Color figure can be viewed in the online Postural instability 1 1 1 decline 1 2 1 sions. The Purkinje cells with the inclusionsCognitive were gorized as having PSP-P. These patients showed no L-dopa responsiveness NA NA NA nk. Interestingly, we saw such inclusions inTremor all 3 gender differences and 2 a long disease2duration com-2 Cerebellar ataxiapared with the RS patients, T 5 L which is T< L T>L nts with cerebellar ataxia, whereas we encounconsistent with Cerebral cortical signs 2 23 1 only 5 out of the 19 patients without cerebellar the findings reported in a previous study. It was difficult=男性,F toM,differentiate theseT, patients from the ataxia. patients a (P 5 0.036). NA, not administrated; male; and F, female; truncal ataxia; L, limb NA =投与せず,M =女性,T =体幹運動失調症,L =四肢運動失調症 with PD early in the disease course, although we could e finally compared the pathological severities of eventually differentiate them because the PSP-P recentral gyrus between the 2 patients with cerebral patients also developed supranuclear vertical gaze cal signs and 19 patients without them. The disease palsy several years after the disease onset, which is ion for the patients with cerebral cortical signs was consistent with previous descriptions.5 Supranuclear 6 1.4 years, vs. 7.4 6 3.7 years for the patients out cerebral cortical signs (P 5 0.38). Both patients cerebral cortical signs revealed superficial spongiond moderate neuronal loss with gliosis (P 5 0.071), Table 4 4.RSCerebellar 患者,PSP-P 患者,小脳性運動失調症を TABLE dentate nucleus in RS, PSP-P, and higher densities of CBs (P 5 0.071) in the precen伴う PSP 患者の小脳歯状核 PSP patients with cerebellar ataxia gyrus, whereas only 4 of 19 patients without cereSevere Moderate Mild Absent cortical signs revealed such severe pathology (Fig. Neuronal loss with gliosis B). We also evaluated the density of TAs in the preRS (N 5 10) 3 6 1 0 al gyrus and found that both patients with cerebral PSP-P (N 5 8) 4 2 2 0 cal signs had very high TA density, whereas 7 of PSP-Cbll (N 5 3) 3 0 0 0 Densities of coiled bodies 9 patients without cerebral cortical signs had very RS (N 5 10) 0 1 4 5 TA density (P 5 0.17). DISCUSSION Clinicopathological Features of PSP-P ur study demonstrates that approximately one–third e PSP patients in our Japanese cohort were cate- PSP-P PSP-Cbll (N 5 8) (N 5 3) 0 1 0 1 3 1 M 67 2 2 2 2 2 2 NA 2 2 1 6 1 2 1 2 2 NA 2 2 1 Movement Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 9, 2009 5 0 The differences in pathological severities of neuronal loss with RS 患者,PSP-P 患者,小脳性運動失調症を伴う PSP 患者におけ gliosis and densities of coiled bodies evaluated using the semiquantiるグリオーシスを伴う神経細胞脱落とコイル体(coiled tative four-point scale among RS, PSP-P, and PSP patientsbody)の密 with cerebellar ataxia are shown. 度による病理学的重症度の差を,4 段階の半定量的尺度を用いて評 PSP-Cbll, PSP patients with cerebellar ataxia. 価した。 PSP-Cbll =小脳性運動失調症を伴う PSP 患者 ent Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 9, 2009 29 パーキンソン病患者の衝動性障害・強迫性障害に関する 質問票の妥当性検討 Validation of the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease *, **, ***, **** Daniel Weintraub, MD, Staci Hoops, BA, Judy A. Shea, PhD, Kelly E. Lyons, PhD, Rajesh Pahwa, MD, Erika D. Driver-Dunckley, MD, Charles H. Adler, MD, PhD, Marc N. Potenza, MD, PhD, Janis Miyasaki, MD, MEd, FRCPC, Andrew D. Siderowf, MD, MSCE, John E. Duda, MD, Howard I. Hurtig, MD, Amy Colcher, MD, Stacy S. Horn, DO, Matthew B. Stern, MD, and Valerie Voon, MD * Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA *** Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA **** Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ** 現在のところ,パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; 障害または行動の各項目で高かった〔受信者動作特性曲 PD)患者の衝動制御障害(impulse control disorder; 線下面積(receiver operating characteristic area ICD)に関する包括的な評価法は存在しない。本研究の under the curve; ROC AUC) :賭博= 0.95,性行動= 目的は,PD 患者の ICD およびその他の強迫行動に関す 0.97,買い物= 0.87,摂食= 0.88,punding = 0.78, る自己記入式スクリーニング用質問票をデザインし,そ 趣味への耽溺= 0.93,徘徊= 0.79〕 。事後解析の結果, の精神測定特性を評価することである。Questionnaire QUIP-S の ICD セクションでも同様の特性が認められた for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’ s (ROC AUC:賭博= 0.95,性行動= 0.96,買い物= Disease(QUIP)は次の 3 つのセクションで構成される。 0.87, 摂食= 0.88) 。障害/行動を複合的に検討すると, セクション 1 では 4 つの ICD(賭博,性行動,買い物, 何らかの障害を伴う患者を検出する QUIP と QUIP-S の 摂食) ,セクション 2 ではその他の強迫行動(punding, 感度はそれぞれ 96%および 94%であった。QUIP のス 趣味への耽溺,徘徊) ,セクション 3 では医薬品の強迫 コアは,PD 患者に生じる様々な ICD およびその他の強 的使用について評価する。本質問票の妥当性を検討 迫行動の自己評価式スクリーニング手段として妥当であ す る た め,4 つ の 運 動 障 害 セ ン タ ー で 便 宜 的 標 本 り,簡易版も完全版と同様の高い効果をもつと考えられ (convenience sample)の PD 患者 157 例に QUIP に る。スクリーニング結果が陽性であれば,続いて包括的 回答してもらい,その後,研修を受け QUIP の結果を知 な臨床面接を行い,症状の範囲と重症度,臨床管理の必 らされていない評価担当者が診断面接を行った。次いで 要性を判定すべきである。 同質問票 の 簡 易版(shortened version of QUIP; ※ ※ QUIP-S) についても検討した。QUIP の弁別的妥当性は, 日本語版注釈:研究者の利便性を図るために無作為化を行わ ず,アクセス可能な対象者から構成された標本。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1461–1467 Key Word パーキンソン病,衝動制御障害,ドパミン調節異常症候群(dopamine dysregulation syndrome), punding,病的賭博 30 5%), and 3.2% of the population having both pundSimilarly, as some patients were diagnosed with and hobbyism. more than one ICD or other compulsive behavior but he median completion time for the QUIP was 5 did not endorse questions on the QUIP for each diagutes. nosed disorder or behavior, we assessed the validity of a positive response for any ICD or other compulsive uestionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders Abstract behavior (using the aforementioned cutoff points) to in Parkinson’s Disease identify an individual with any ‡1 ICD or other compul1464 D. WEINTRAUB ET AL. D Section sive behavior (compulsive medication use excepted). This2 analysis had AUC 5 0.85 (sensitivity 5 0.96, he optimal cutoff point (i.e., point of maximum Table QUIP ICD セクションの障害別の妥当性検討 TABLE 2. Validation ofPPV the QUIP ICD section specificity 5 0.73, 5 0.62, and NPVby5disorder 0.98). mbined sensitivity and specificity) for each ICD Cutoff pointsa : (1) gambling: affirmative answers to ‡2 questions; Shortened Version of the QUIP sexual behavior: ‡1 questions; (3) buying: Gambling ‡1 ques-(N 5 11) Sex (N 5 14) Buying (N 5 10) Eating (N 5 7) s; and (4) eating: ‡2 questions (Table 2). These 1 2 3 4 Item 5 Selection 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 off points provided at least 80% sensitivity and 91 91 82 64 46 evaluate 100 86a shortened 71 50 version 43 80of the 60 ICD 40 section, 30 30 86 86 57 43 29 To cificity for each ICD. Sensitivity Specificity 94 97 99 99 we 100started 89 with 93 the98introductory 98 99 question 89 97 for99each 99ICD100 83 89 94 98 99 PPV 53 71 90 88 100 47 55 77 70 86 33 55 67 75 100 19 26 31 50 67 her Compulsive Behaviors NPV Sections 99 99 99 97 and 96added 100 questions 99 97 only 95 if they 95 increased 98 97 the 96 sensitiv95 95 99 99 98 97 97 AUC (95% CI) 0.95 (0.85–1.05) ity of the instrument. 0.97 (0.95–1.00) 0.87 (0.72–1.02) 0.88 (0.72–1.04) As a result, the abbreviated ICD or other compulsive behaviors, each introductory section has two questions for each disorder (8 total a aFive stion by itself provided optimal sensitivity and questions per ICD. 各 ICD につき質問は 5 項目。 questions; Table Thearea optimal cutoff PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value;4). AUC, under the curve. point for each cificity (Table 3). The discriminant validity of the PPV =陽性適中率,NPV =陰性適中率,AUC =曲線下面積 ICD was ‡1 affirmative answer to any question, which gle question for hobbyism was similar to that for led to similar AUCs, sensitivities, and as (11.5%), and 3.2% of the population having both pundSimilarly, specificities as some patients were diagnosed with ICD section (sensitivity 5 0.96, specificity 5 the full ICD section. ing and hobbyism. more than one ICD or other compulsive behavior but 0), while the questions for punding and walkabout QUIP-S, created onquestions the results median completion time forThe the complete QUIP was 5 did not based endorse on the QUIP for each diagsimilarly high specificity The but lower sensitivity. mentioned earlier, consists of two questions for each of minutes. nosed disorder or behavior, we assessed the validity of Affirmative answers to the compulsive medication use the four ICDs, the three introductory questions for a positive response for any ICD or other compulsive stions were uncommon, ranging from 0 tofor6.4%. The Questionnaire Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders other compulsive behaviors, and the two questions for behavior (using the aforementioned cutoff points) to patient who met criteria for compulsiveinmedication Parkinson’s Disease identify an individual with any ‡1 ICD or other compulendorsed both the introductory question and the Table3.3 その他の強迫行動の妥当性検討 TABLE Validation of other compulsive behaviors ICD Section sive behavior (compulsive medication use excepted). st commonly-endorsed of the other four questions. This analysis had AUC 5 0.85 (sensitivity 5 0.96, The optimal cutoff point (i.e., point of maximum Introductory questions specificity 5 0.73, PPV 5 0.62, and NPV 5 0.98). combined sensitivity and specificity) for each Hobbyism ICD mbining Disorders/Behaviors Punding Walkabout was: (1) gambling: affirmative answers to ‡2 questions; (N 5 23) (N 5 16) (N 5 5) As some patients were diagnosed with more than one Shortened Version of the QUIP (2) sexual behavior: ‡1 questions; (3) buying: ‡1 quesD but did not endorse questions on the QUIP for all Sensitivity 96 63 60 tions; (4) of eating: ‡2 questions (Table 2). These Specificity 90 93 97 gnosed ICDs, we assessed the and validity a positive Item Selection PPV 61 50 43 cutoff points provided at least 80% sensitivity and ponse for any ICD (using the aforementioned cutoff NPV 99 96 99 To evaluate a shortened version of the ICD section, specificity nts) to identify an individual withfor anyeach ‡1 ICD. ICD (as AUC (95% CI) 0.93 0.78 0.79 we started with the introductory question for each ICD (0.87–0.98) (0.63–0.92) (0.52–1.05) osed to examining each individual ICD). This analyand added questions only if they increased the sensitivOther Compulsive Behaviors Sections had AUC 5 0.88 (sensitivity 5 0.97, specificity 5 PPV, positive predictive value; negative predictiveAs value; PPV =陽性適中率,NPV =陰性適中率,AUC =曲線下面積 ityNPV, of the instrument. a result, the abbreviated ICD For0.99). other compulsive behaviors, each introductory AUC, area under the curve. 9, PPV 5 0.53, and NPV 5 section has two questions for each disorder (8 total question by itself provided optimal sensitivity and questions; Table 4). The optimal cutoff point for each specificity (Table 3). The discriminant validity of the ICD was ‡1 affirmative answer to any question, which single question for hobbyism was similar to that for ment Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009 led to similar AUCs, sensitivities, and specificities as the ICD section (sensitivity 5 0.96, specificity 5 the full ICD section. 0.90), while the questions for punding and walkabout The complete QUIP-S, created based on the results had similarly high specificity but lower sensitivity. ICD QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE 1465 mentioned earlier, consists of two questions for each of Affirmative answers to the compulsive medication use the four ICDs, the three introductory questions for questions were uncommon, ranging from 0 to 6.4%. The other compulsive behaviors, and the two questions for Table 4 QUIP-S ICD セクションの障害別の妥当性検討 sole patient who met criteria for compulsive medication TABLE 4. Validation of QUIP-S ICD section by disorder use endorsed both the introductory question and the most commonly-endorsed of the other four questions. Gamblingb (N 5 11) a Cutoff points TABLE 3. Validation of other compulsive behaviors Sexc (N 5 14) Introductory questions e Buyingd (N 5 10) Eating (N 5 7) Combining Disorders/Behaviors Hobbyism Punding Walkabout 2 2 1 (N 5 23) 2 (N 5 16) 1 (N 5 5) 2 As some patients were1 diagnosed with more than1 one Sensitivity 91 73 100 64 80 40 86 ICD but did not endorse questions on the QUIP for all Sensitivity 96 63 60 43 Specificity 95 99 90 96 91 99 85 Specificity 90 93 97 96 diagnosed ICDs, we assessed the validity of a positive PPV 59 89 48 60 38 80 21 PPV 61 50 43 40 response for any ICD (using the aforementioned cutoff NPV 99 98 100 96 99 96 99 NPV 99 96 99 98 AUC (95% 0.95 (0.84–1.05) 0.87 0.93 (0.72–1.02) 0.88 (0.72–1.04) points) toCI) identify an individual with any ‡1 ICD0.96 (as(0.93–0.99) AUC (95% CI) 0.78 0.79 (0.87–0.98) (0.63–0.92) (0.52–1.05) opposed to examining each individual ICD). This analya a per ICD. 各Two ICDquestions につき質問は 2 項目。 b sis had AUC 5 4. 0.88 (sensitivity 5 0.97, specificity 5 Questions #14。 and b PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; 質問 1 および c Questions #1 0.53, and 2. and NPV 5 0.99). AUC, area under the curve. 0.79, PPV 5 c d 質問 1 および 2。 Questions #1 and 5. e Questions #15。 and 3. 質問 1 および PPV, positive3。 predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; AUC, area under the curve. e 質問 1 および PPV =陽性適中率,NPV =陰性適中率,AUC =曲線下面積 Movement Disorders, Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009 d compulsive medication use endorsed by the sole patient who met diagnostic criteria (for a total of 13 questions). A single positive response to any disorder’s/behavior’s question is a positive screen for that disorder or behavior. Combining Disorders/Behaviors As we did for the QUIP, we assessed the validity of sexual behavior, and buying, has been used in PD.4,17 However, the MIDI does not cover compulsive eating or other compulsive behaviors, and thresholding of scores to identify cases has varied across studies. Different rating scales (e.g., the South Oaks Gambling Screen25), questionnaires (Punding Questionnaire20), and diagnostic criteria (DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling, McElroy criteria 26 31 代謝比率で評価したパーキンソン病患者の大脳皮質の代謝 低下は主に認知機能低下を反映する: [18F]FDG-PET Cortical Hypometabolism Assessed by a Metabolic Ratio in Parkinson’s Disease Primarily Reflects Cognitive Deterioration—[18F]FDG-PET * Inga Liepelt, PhD, Matthias Reimold, MD, Walter Maetzler, MD, Jana Godau, MD, Gerald Reischl, PhD, Alexandra Gaenslen, MD, Heinz Herbst, MD, and Daniela Berg, MD * Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany 認 知 機 能 が 低 下し た パ ー キ ン ソン 病(Parkinson’ 的な FDG 取り込 み の平 均値)を計 算し,認 知機 能 Disease;PD)患者では, [ F]フルオロデオキシグル (Minimental State Examination; MMSE) ,運動能力 コース陽電子放射断層撮影(fluorodeoxyglucose- (Unified Parkinson’ s Disease Rating Scale; UPDRS positron emission tomography; FDG-PET)により大 Part Ⅲ ) ,行動(Neuropsychiatric Inventory)の各評 脳皮質の局所的な代謝低下が認められる。本研究の目 価スコアと比較した。ステップワイズ線形回帰分析の結 的は,PD 患者の総体的な代謝低下程度を単一指標で把 果,MI との有意な関連が認められたのは MMSE スコア 握できる強力な手法を開発することと,代謝低下と最も 。 DSM- Ⅳ の基準に照ら のみであった( p < 0.001) 高い相関を示す臨床的特徴を明らかにすることである。 して診断した認知症に対する MI の推計学的な感度およ PD] 患者 22 例(10 例は認知症を伴う)と対照被験者 び特異度は高く,それぞれ 91%および 100%であった。 7 例に FDG-PET を施行した。患者ごとに代謝指数 今回のデータを総合すると,PD 患者における大脳の代 18 (metabolic index; MI) (典型的な病変部における相対 謝低下は主に認知障害と関連することが示された。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1504–1511 Key Word パーキンソン病,PET,認知症 CORTICAL HYPOMETABOLISM IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE Spearman-rank correlation coefficients (q)および MI*) show that this index is able to differentiate b Table 2 PD TABLE 患者(222.例)の臨床的特徴および代謝指数(MI between the clinical characteristics and the metabolic indices PDND and PDD patients with very high accurac 間の Spearman 順位相関係数(ρ) (MI and MI*) for patients with Parkinson’s disease (n 5 22) Brain regions typically showing decrease MI Age (years) Disease duration (years) Levodopa (mg/day) Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Motor score Minimental State Examination score Neuropsychiatric Inventory-total score Neuropsychiartric Inventory-dysphoria score Neuropsychiatric Inventory-hallucination score 32 MI* q Level of significance q Level of significance 20.19 20.15 P 5 0.41 P 5 0.52 20.16 20.21 P 5 0.49 P 5 0.36 20.07 20.41 P 5 0.75 P 5 0.06 20.006 20.42 P 5 0.98 P 5 0.06 0.75 P < 0.001 0.75 P < 0.001 20.30 P 5 0.17 20.38 P 5 0.08 0.19 P 5 0.40 0.13 P 5 0.57 20.64 P 5 0.001 20.60 P 5 0.003 Post Hoc Analysis: Diagnostic Accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET for PDD ROC analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–1.00) for differentiation of PDD (n 5 10) and PD uptake in PD appear in the nominator of thi while the remaining gray matter appears denominator. Therefore, absolute quantificat FDG uptake including blood sampling is not ne However, this definition leaves some room to what actually qualifies a region ‘‘typically s decreased FDG uptake.’’ If a conservative st threshold is applied to identify differences in uptake between PDND patients and controls regions will appear in the denominator althou do show disease related hypometabolism ( error). The effect might be that the calculated ra marily reflects hypometabolism in selected are (i.e. those with the highest effect size), rather t overall extent of metabolic deterioration whi also include disease-related hypermetabolism, e to compensatory increase in neuronal activ avoid this problem and to equally account for hyper- and hypometabolism, we calculated the tive index MI* with a threshold of t > 0, whic most liberal threshold possible but associated increased possibility of a type I error. Both indi culated in this article correlated closely, so t aforementioned effects did not compromise our The MI correlated more closely with the MM measurement of dementia severity than with th Abstract 28 26 20 8 28 26 用したマスク処理画像(mask) 。これらのマスク処理画像は,認知症を伴わない PD 患者と対照被験者とのボクセル毎の群間比較で作成した(黄色:ボクセル毎で 22 p < 0.05,オレンジ色:t > 0) 。 22 30 A Figure 1 代謝指数(MI,黄色)と代替代謝指数(MI*,オレンジ色)の計算に使 24 24 rho = 0.77 18 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 A B 1.15 1.2 20 rho = 0.77 18 0.85 1.25 rho = -0.66 8 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 B 1.15 1.2 1.25 rho = -0.66 28 NPI - Hallucination Minimental State Examination NPI - Hallucination 30 A Minimental State Examination Minimental State Examination 30 6 26 4 24 222 20 rho = 0.77 0 18 0.85 0.85 0.9 0.9 B 0.95 0.95 11 1.05 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.15 1.15 Metabolic Index (MI) 1.2 1.2 6 4 2 0 1.25 1.25 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 Metabolic Index (MI) rho = -0.66 Figure 2 代謝指数(MI)と Minimental State Examination(MMSE)スコア(上図)および Neuropsychiatric Inventory(NPI)の幻 覚関連項目スコア(下図)との Spearman 順位相関解析。黒点は認知症を伴う PD 患者,白点は認知症のない PD 患者,白十字は対 照被験者を示す。 6 NPI - Hallucination 8 4 33 2 0 パーキンソン病における衝動行動と強迫行動 Impulsive and Compulsive Behaviors in Parkinson’s Disease * Andrew H. Evans, FRACP, Antonio P. Strafella, MD, Daniel Weintraub, MD, and Mark Stacy, MD * Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia 抗パーキンソン病療法は,複雑で抑制の利かない一連 dysregulation syndrome; DDS)もこれに含まれる。よ の精神運動障害など,様々な非運動症状の主要原因とな くみられる ICD には,病的賭博,性欲過剰,強迫摂食, りうる。これらの非運動症状はいずれも,反復的で,報 強迫買い物症などがある。本総説では,これらの障害の 酬や動機に基づく性質を有する。これらの行動は異常な 現象学,疫学,ならびに同定・評価方法に焦点を合わせ または過剰なドパミン受容体刺激に関連し,衝動制御障 て検討する。ドパミン作動薬に関連する強迫行動の管理 害(impulse control disorder; ICD) ,反復常同行動 については,現時点におけるこれらの障害の神経生物学 (punding) ,ド パ ミン 調 節 異 常 症 候 群(dopamine 的基質に関する理解を踏まえて考察する。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1561–1570 Key Word パーキンソン病,衝動制御障害(impulse control disorder; ICD),ドパミン調節異常症候群(dopamine dysregulation syndrome; DDS),反復常同行動(punding),中脳辺縁系,報酬,腹側線条体 34 Abstract Figure 1 腹側被蓋野(ventral tegmental area; VTA)から生じ,側 坐核(nucleus accumbens; NA)と前頭前皮質(prefrontal cortex; PFC)に投射する中脳辺縁系ドパミン作動系。扁桃体(amygdala; A) と海馬(hippocampus; HC)は NA に投射を送る。 [カラーの図は www.interscience.wiley.com のオンライン版で閲覧可能] 。 IMPULSIVE AND COMPULSIVE BEHAVIORS IN PD 1565 Table 1 DDS,ICD,反復常同行動(punding)の発現との関連が報告されている薬剤,疾患,個人因子 TABLE 1. Medication, disease, and individual factors reported to be relevant to the emergence of DDS, ICDs, and punding ICDs Medication factors Dopamine agonist use Longer agonist therapy Agonist dose Total medication dose Disease factors Early PD onset Disease duration Cognitive dysfunction Individual factors Impulsivity Male gender Marital status Prior substance use Depression Medication-induced mania Family history DDS PG HS Punding No Yes Probable Probable Probable Yes Yes Probable Probable Probable Yes Yes 9.5 years74 Possible Yes 7.8 years34 Yes 9.6 years Yes Longer Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Possible Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Modifies phenomenology Yes Yes Yes abusers have consistently reported long-lasting reductions in the level of striatal dopamine D2 receptors. Chronic drug consumption appears to reduce striatal dopamine activity and also leads to a dose-related disruption of metabolism in the frontal regions particularly the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex86— brain regions implicated in motivation, drive and inhibitory control respectively. Cocaine abusers also display decreased dopamine cell activity, as evidenced by reduced dopamine release in response to a pharmaco- Assoc. with poorer disease related QoL sufficient to drive compulsive dopaminergic drug use in PD patients. Aberrant Learning and Impaired Behavioral Inhibition The Iowa Gambling task emphasizes the learning of reward and punishment associations in order to guide ongoing decision-making. The task is sensitive to dysfunction of the ventromedial cortex in which individu- 35 パーキンソン病と多系統萎縮症における胃筋電図所見の違い Gastric Myoelectrical Differences between Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy * Yumi Sakakibara, MD, Masato Asahina, MD, PhD, Atsuya Suzuki, MD, PhD, and Takamichi Hattori, MD, PhD * Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan 600 胃筋電図(electrogastrogram; EGG)を,パーキンソ frequency range; NFR%) ,高周波数帯域(ratio of ン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者 17 例,多系統 high frequency range; HFR%)の割合を求めた。PD 萎縮症(multiple system atrophy; MSA)患者 17 例, 患者では不規則徐波,HFR%高値,ICDF 高値を認めた 健常対照被験者 8 例で 24 時間にわたって記録し,両 µV 0 のに対し,MSA 患者では規則的徐波と ICDF 低値を認 疾患の EGG 所見の違いを検討した。スペクトル解析の めた。対照群では食後に DF と NFR%が上昇したが, -200 ため,全記録から 8 つの EGG セグメント(食前 3,食 両患者群では DF と NFR%の食後の上昇程度は対照群 後 3,睡眠時 2)を選択し,優位周波数(dominant A よりも有意に小さかった。PD 患者では,胃ペースメー frequency; DF) ,DF の 不 安 定 性 係 数(instability カー障害を示す 0 1 EGG2上の律動不整がみられた。MSA 3 4 5 coefficient of dominant frequency; ICDF) ,総パワー 患者では徐波リズムの変動性が少ない(ICDF 低値の) 値に占める低周波数帯域(ratio of low frequency 400 規則的徐波が認められたが,これは胃自律神経機能に起 range; LFR%) ,標準周波数帯域(ratio of normal 200 因する可能性がある。 400 200 -400 -600 600 µV 0 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 11, 2009, pp. 1579–1586 -200 -400 Key Word 胃筋電活動,胃筋電図,パーキンソン病,多系統萎縮症,自律神経系 B -600 0 µV 600 600 400 400 200 200 µV 0 -200 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 0 -200 -400 -600 1 -400 A 0 1 2 3 4 5 C -600 0 600 400 200 µV 0 -200 -400 B -600 0 600 400 36 200 µV 0 -200 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 1 (A)健常対照被験者, (B)多系統萎縮症(MSA) 患者, (C)パーキンソン病(PD)患者において空腹時に記 録した胃筋電図(未加工) 。 Abstract A B 4.0 * 14 2.0 9 cpm % 0 Control MSA Figure 2 対照被験者,多系統萎縮症(MSA)患者,パー キンソン病(PD)患者における(A)優位周波数, (B) 優位周波数の不安定性係数, (C)低周波数帯域の割合 (LFR%) , (D)標準周波数帯域の割合(NFR%) , (E) 高周波数帯域の割合(HFR%) 。8 つのセグメントの平 均値。*p < 0.05,**p < 0.01。 * ** 4 PD Control MSA C PD D E * 40 65 20 % 45 % 0 25 40 20 % Control Control MSA PD MSA PD Control 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 Á Á Á 15 10 5 * 0 t s e- *p<0.05 le ep ea br r r h h p st ne ne lee nc nc fa ak e-lu t-lu -din -din y-s e t r rl pr pos pre os -b ea p st kf epr po as PD 50 40 30 20 80 70 60 50 40 t compared with the controls. p<0.05, Á p<0.01 between the MSA and PD groups. Figure 3 対照被験者,多系統萎縮症(MSA)患者,パー キンソン病(PD)患者における(A)優位周波数(DF) , (B)優位周波数の不安定性係数(ICDF) , (C)低周波数 帯 域 の 割 合(LFR %) , (D)標 準 周 波 数 帯 域 の 割 合 (NFR%) , (E)高周波数帯域の割合(HFR%)の 24 時 間変化。* 対照群との比較で p < 0.05。MSA 群と PD 群 との比較で† p < 0.05,‡ p < 0.01。 E High-frequency range (%) ICDF (%) Á* 20 Normal-frequency range (%) D 25 la MSA 10 2.4 B Control C 3.6 Low-frequency range (%) Dominant frequency (cycle/min) A 0 MSA PD 40 30 20 10 0 t t h h er ner ep ep as as nc inn nc le n kf sle akf lu t-lu d di ly-s ea ree t r r s e r p la e-b -b pr pos po ea st pr po te 37 早期パーキンソン病における抑うつ症状の経過 The Course of Depressive Symptoms in Early Parkinson’s Disease * Bernard Ravina, MD, MSCE, Jordan Elm, MA, Richard Camicioli, MD, Peter G. Como, PhD, Laura Marsh, MD, Joseph Jankovic, MD, and Daniel Weintraub, MD * Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患者にみ と判定され,GDS-15 スコアの中央値は軽度の抑うつ られる抑うつ症状の経過についてはほとんど知られてい を示す 6 であった。患者の 47%は,6 ヵ月以内に臨床 ない。本研究では,未治療の早期 PD 患者 413 名を 的に有意な抑うつ症状が寛解した。軽度の抑うつ症状 12 ~ 18 ヵ月間経過観察した 2 つの臨床試験のデータ がある患者は,それまで抑うつ症状がなかった患者に比 を用いて, 臨床的に有意な抑うつ症状の経過を検討した。 べると,中等度~重度の抑うつ症状(GDS-15 スコア 抑うつ症状は, 15項目の老年期うつ病評価尺度 (15-item ≧ 10)を発現する傾向があった(相対リスク= 6.16) 。 geriatric depression scale; GDS-15)を用いて評価し 抑うつ症状の重症度が高いほど,年齢が高いほど,そし た。GDS-15 スコアが 5 以上の場合,臨床的に有意な て PD 罹病期間が長いほど,症状消失の可能性は低下す 抑うつ症状ありと判定される。本研究では,抑うつ症状 ると予測された(ハザード比 0.83 ~ 0.92) 。軽度の抑 が消失するまでの時間と,患者の人口統計学的変数, うつ症状は様々な経過をたどり,時間の経過とともに寛 PD 重症度,薬剤使用との関連性を,時間依存性 Cox モ 解することもあれば,さらに持続的かつ重度の症状が発 デルを用いて検討した。患者 413 名中 114 名 (27.6%) 現する場合もある。重症度の高い抑うつ症状は,遷延 が試験期間中のスクリーニングによって抑うつ症状あり 性の経過をたどることの前触れかもしれない。 Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1306–1311 Key Word パーキンソン病,抑うつ,臨床経過,予後 1.0 0.9 Proportion Remaining Depressed 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 Time from First Observed GDS>=5 (mo) Figure 1 ベースライン時の抑うつ症例および経過観察中の新規 発症例における寛解までの期間に関する Kaplan-Meier プロット 38 Abstract Baseline and Incident Cases N=114 77 61 28 Percent of subjects (at each time point) 100% 90% 80% 70% Mod/severe GDS >9 Mild GDS 5-9 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Not Depressed GDS <5 10% 0% 0 6 12 18 Time (months) after screening positive Figure 2 ベースライン時の抑うつ症例および経過観察中の新規 発症例における GDS-15 スコアの経時的変化 DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN EARLY PD Table 2 抑うつが寛解(GDS-15 に回復)するまで TABLE 2. Cox Regression model< of5time to depression remission (returnCox to GDS , 5) の時間に関する 回帰分析 study in early PD, 27% of the cohort screened p for depression using the Beck Depression Inven Only 15.9% of those who were depressed at b 95% Hazard ratio remained depressed at the final visit. Subjec Hazard confidence P remain depressed had higher baseline BDI Variable ratio limits value Another study examining a range of PD s Age, yr 0.91 0.86 0.96 0.001 showed that after 1 year, 63% of subjects with Gender (reference is 1.11 0.55 2.26 0.77 depression were likely to be in remission, bu Female) Duration of PD 0.92 0.86 0.98 0.01 11% of subjects who initially had major dep Diagnosis, mo were in remission.13 Consistent with prior stud Baseline GDS 0.83 0.70 0.98 0.03 found that the majority of cases of depression i Baseline UPDRS total 1.02 0.97 1.06 0.52 Baseline Hoehn and Yahr 2.47 1.07 5.73 0.03 PD were in remission by 6 to 9 months, b Baseline RBANS total 1.03 1.01 1.06 0.01 greater depression severity was associated with score (reverse coded) a chance of remission. 1.3 0.51 3.22 0.60 Symptomatic therapy use 0.13 0.37 0.04 0.0002 Started antidepressantsa We found a more than sixfold increase in more severe depressive symptoms among tho 本モデルでは試験,治療群,表中のすべての変数について補正 Model adjusts for study, treatment group, and all variables shown had minor symptoms. Similarly, findings in a c ※ in table. RBANS was reverse coded so that higher score is worse. した。アーバンス(RBANS)神経心理テスト は,スコアが高いほ For all other scales a higher score is worse. nity setting and general medical patients sugge ど状態が不良となるように数値を逆転させた。他の尺度はいずれも a Time varying covariates. Overall model R2 5 0.4. minor or sub-threshold depression may predict スコアが高いほど状態が不良であることを示す。 14 Chronic illness has als quent major depression. a 2 時間依存性共変量。モデル全体では R = 0.4。 associated with an increased risk for conversio sub-threshold depression to major depression.15 model including both baseline and incident cases of many of the community-based studies have h depression, only initiation of antidepressants remained low-up periods of one year, some have followe a statistically significant predictor and were associated jects for more than 10 years. Studies with long with a reduced likelihood of remission (data not low-up will help to clarify the evolution of dep ※ shown).Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status の略称。高次脳機能を評価する symptoms during the course of PD and help 日本語版注釈:米国の Randolph が開発した treatment decisions. Our findings clearly indicat 心理検査。12 種類のテストにより, 「即時記憶」 「短期記憶」 「視空間・構成」 「言語」 「注意(集中)力」の 5 項目が評価できる。 ever, that careful monitoring of depressive sym DISCUSSION in PD is warranted. This study assessed the course of clinically signifiWe modeled remission of depressive sympt cant depressive symptoms in early PD subjects foltwo ways to maximize the 39 value of our dat lowed for 12 to 18 months. We used data from two model including only baseline cases allowed clinical trials that were designed to evaluate progresinclude important covariates that were not meas sion of PD, controlling for treatment assignment and all visits, such as cognition (RBANS) and HY other covariates. Most subjects who screened positive The model using both baseline and incident cas パーキンソン病におけるレボドパ空腸内注入:非運動症状 および QOL への効果に関する予備的多施設共同試験 Intrajejunal Levodopa Infusion in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Multicenter Study of Effects on Nonmotor Symptoms and Quality of Life * Holger Honig, MD, Angelo Antonini, MD, Pablo Martinez-Martin, MD, Ian Forgacs, FRCP, Guy C. Faye, FRCP, Thomas Fox, MD, Karen Fox, MD, Francesca Mancini, MD, Margherita Canesi, MD, Per Odin, MD, PhD, and K. Ray Chaudhuri, MD, FRCP, DSc * Department of Neurology, Central Hospital, Bremerhaven, Germany 進行期パーキンソン病(Parkinson’ s disease; PD)患 睡眠 / 疲労,注意 / 記憶,消化器系,泌尿器系,その他 者では,内服治療からレボドパ(L—ドパ)/ カルビドパ・ (疼痛および流涎を含む) 〕と,NMSS の総合スコア ゲル剤の持続注入に切り替えると,運動合併症が減少 (NMSST)で統計学的に有意な有益効果が認められ,運 する。しかし,非 運 動症 状(nonmotor symptom; 動症状〔 “best on”状態における UPDRS Part Ⅲ (運動 NMS)に対する効果は不明である。今回のプロスペク (合併症) 〕とジスキネジア /motor 能力)および Part Ⅳ ティブな非盲検観察研究では,Nonmotor Symptoms fluctuation の改善も並行して認められた。さらに, Scale(NMSS)および Unified Parkinson’ s Disease Parkinson’ s Disease Sleep Scale(PDDS)と PDQ-8 Rating Scale〔UPDRS Part Ⅲ (運動能力)および Part (QOL)でも有意な改善が認められた。PDQ-8 スコア (合併症) 〕 に よ る 標 準 的 評 価 と,Parkinson’ s Ⅳ の改善は NMSST の変化ときわめて有意に相関したの Disease Questionnaire(PDQ-8)による生活の質 に対し,UPDRS の変化との相関は中程度の強さであっ (quality of life; QOL)の評価に基づき,PD の NMS に た。本研究により,L—ドパによる持続性ドパミン刺激は, 対する L—ドパ / カルビドパ・ゲル剤空腸内注入の効果 motor fluctuation とジスキネジアの軽減に加え,PD 患 について報告する。進行期 PD 患者 22 例(平均年齢 者の NMS ならびに健康関連 QOL に対し,有益な効果 58.6 歳,罹病期間 15.3 年)を 6 ヵ月間追跡調査した。 を発揮することが初めて実証された。 NMSS を構成する 9 つの領域のうち 6 つ〔心血管系, Movement Disorders Vol. 24, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1468–1474 LEVODOPA INFUSION AND NONMOTOR PD SYMPTOMS 1471 Key Word パーキンソン病,非運動症状,QOL,十二指腸,注入 Table 1 使用評価尺度のスコアと変化程度 TABLE 1. Scores of the applied measures and magnitude of the change Baseline score UPDRS 3-Motor UPDRS 4-Complications UPDRS-Dyskinesia scorea PD Sleep Scaleb PDQ-8 NMSS-Total score Cardiovascular Sleep/Fatigue Mood/Cognition Perception/Hallucinations Attention/Memory Gastrointestinal Urinary Sexual Miscellaneous 19.1 10.5 5.6 86.0 44.2 89.9 2.9 18.1 15.3 2.9 7.3 10.0 11.4 7.9 14.1 (14.0) (2.9) (2.3) (13.2) (18.4) (56.5) (3.6) (15.8) (15.3) (5.2) (8.1) (9.3) (10.7) (8.2) (8.0) Follow-up score 11.6 4.5 1.9 114.5 20.7 39.4 0.5 6.8 7.8 1.3 4.0 3.8 4.8 3.9 6.4 (7.2) (2.2) (1.5) (16.2) (12.0) (33.9) (1.3) (7.7) (11.2) (3.4) (5.6) (5.4) (6.1) (5.7) (6.1) P* Mean D in score Relative change (%) 0.002 0.0000 0.0001 0.002 0.0003 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001 0.02 NS 0.1 NS 0.002 0.0003 0.002 0.03 NS 0.0004 27.54 25.91 23.7 28.51 223.4 250.55 22.41 211.32 27.50 21.54 23.27 26.23 26.64 23.91 27.73 239 256 267 33 253 256 281 263 249 254 245 262 258 250 255 * *Wilcoxon test: Mean (SD). Bonferroni correction: 0.003; NS, no significant; D, difference baseline-follow-up; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Wilcoxon 検定:平均(SD) 。Bonferroni 補正:0.003。NS =有意性なし,Δ=ベースライン時と追跡調査時の差,UPDRS = Unified disease rating scale. Parkinson’ s Disease Rating Scale a UPDRS-Dyskinesia, items 32 to 35 of the UPDRS; PD Sleep Scale, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; PDQ-8, Parkinson’s disease questiona UPDRS(ジスキネジア) ,UPDRS の項目 32 ~ 35。PD Sleep Scale = Parkinson’ s Disease Sleep Scale,PDQ-8 = Parkinson’ s Disease naire-8 items; NMSS, nonmotor symptoms scale. b (nPDSS 5 15). Increase in= PDNonmotor sleep scale score means Questionnaire-8 項目,NMSS Symptoms Scaleimprovement. In all other used scales increased score means worsening. (nPDSS = 15) 。PD Sleep Scale スコアの増加は改善を意味する。使用した他のすべての尺度では,スコアの増加は悪化を意味する。 b 40 gastrointestinal, urinary, and miscellaneous) and NMSST. The remaining three categories (mood/cognition, perception/hallucinations, sexual function) showed a trend for improvement. The change in NMSST score showed a moderate strongly associated with improvement in NMSST scores (rS 5 0.61; P 5 0.003) and moderately with changes in UPDRS-3 motor (rS 5 0.42; P 5 0.05) and UPDRS-4 complications (rS 5 0.47; P 5 0.03). The strongest correlations between changes in NMSS
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