Beyond the Lemma: Inflection-Specific Constructions in English Sally Rice and John Newman University of Alberta AACL 2008 BYU 14 March 2008 Bertrand Russell’s Emotive Conjugations singular 1 I’m tenacious 2 you’re stubborn 3 he’s pigheaded inflection-specific meaning and behavior (idiosyncracies of meaning, form, collocation, genre, and distribution) Form Idiosyncracies in a Typical Athapaskan Verb Paradigm Form Idiosyncracies in another Typical Athapaskan Verb Paradigm TAM-Based Idiosyncracies of some Basic Verbs Rice & Newman 2005 VVB-verb VVZ-verbs VVI-(to) verb VVD-verbed VVG-(be) verbing VVN-(have) verbed GET SAY KNOW GO SEE THINK COME WANT MEAN LOOK PUT TAKE TELL LIKE MAKE GIVE NEED KEEP THANK SUPPOSE 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% SUBJ x TAM Idiosyncracies in BNCall Rice & Newman 2005 GO INF 1.SG 2 3.SG 1.PL 3.PL PRES PAST PROG PERF I need to I I I am/was I have/had go go went going gone you need to you you you are/were you have/had go go went going gone s/he/it need to s/he/it s/he/it s/he/it is/was s/he/it has/had go goes went going gone we need to we we we are/were we have/had go go went going gone they need to they they they are/were they have/had go go went going gone SUBJ x TAM Idiosyncracies in BNCall Rice & Newman 2005 GO INF PRES PAST PROG PERF 1.SG 6% 3% 2% 4% 0% 2 2% 10 % 0% 3% 0% 3.SG 13 % 4% 10 % 15 % 2% 1.PL 6% 0% 1% 2% 0% 3.PL 2% 6% 1% 2% 3% SUBJ x TAM Idiosyncracies in BNCCC Rice & Newman 2005 THINK INF 1.SG 2 3.SG 1.PL 3.PL PRES PAST PROG PERF I need to I I I am/was I have/had think think thought thinking thought you need to you you you are/were you have/had think think thought thinking thought s/he/it needs to s/he/it s/he/it s/he/it is/was s/he/it has/had think thinks thought thinking thought we need to we we we are/were we have/had think think thought thinking thought they need to they they they are/were they have/had think think thought thinking thought SUBJ x TAM Idiosyncracies in BNCCC Rice & Newman 2005 THINK INF PRES PAST PROG PERF 1.SG 80 % 93 % 82 % 65 % 75 % 2 10 % 2% 2% 8% 11 % 3.SG 7% 0% 5% 9% 10 % 1.PL 2% 2% 7% 12 % 0% 3.PL 1% 3% 4% 6% 4% rid allow RID frequency per million 1/2 get rid of 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 VVB-base VVZ-3sg.pres 20 10 0 VVB VVZ VVI VVD VVG VVN VVI-inf VVD-past ALLOW frequency per million VVG-prog VVN-perf part 2/3 not be allowed to VP 2/3 be allowed (to have) NP 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 VVB VVZ VVI VVD VVG VVN Inflectional idiosyncracies of EAT and DRINK Newman & Rice 2003 DRINK - Spoken BNC EAT - Spoken BNC drink eat 30% 30% drinks eats 25% eating drank ate 20% drinking 25% 20% drunk eaten 15% 15% 10% 10% 5% 5% 0% 0% 1s 1p 2s/p 3s 3p UNSPEC UNIN 1s 1p EAT - Written BNC 30% eat eats UNSPEC UNIN UNSPEC UNIN drinks drinking 20% ate 15% 3p drink 25% eating 20% 3s DRINK - Written BNC 30% 25% 2s/p drank 15% eaten 10% 10% 5% 5% drunk 0% 0% 1s 1p 2s/p 3s 3p UNSPEC UNIN 1s 1p 2s/p 3s 3p Distributional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest Newman & Rice 2006 AJ0, AJC, and AJS in the BNC 7,000,000 6,346,759 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 196,473 91,616 AJC AJS 0 AJ0 Distributional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest Newman & Rice 2006 800 700 comp 600 sup 500 400 300 200 100 fr ai l eb le fe de r sl en pl ai n tr im an le sl im th in w ea k 0 Distributional idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest Newman & Rice 2006 2000 1800 1600 1400 comp 1200 sup 1000 800 600 400 200 0 simple fine tiny mere pure slight Collocational idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest Newman & Rice 2006 SLIGHT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 increase smile variations angle the improvement modifications acidity breeze change frown difference delay changes shrug exaggeration distal bow figure decrease pause differences movement variation rise LL SLIGHTEST 100+ hint bit movement idea doubt sign chance interest intention provocation suspicion difference thing inclination touch breeze flicker inkling trace notice degree sound nod suggestion encouragement LL 50+ Collocational idiosyncracies of A, Aer, Aest Newman & Rice 2006 SLIGHT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 increase smile variations angle the improvement modifications acidity breeze change frown difference delay changes shrug exaggeration distal bow figure decrease pause differences movement variation rise LL SLIGHTEST 100+ hint bit movement idea doubt sign chance interest intention provocation suspicion difference thing inclination touch breeze flicker inkling trace notice degree sound nod suggestion encouragement LL 50+ Really idiosyncratic gradable As rath(e) rather rathest nigh near next nearest forme former first foremost late later last latest Really idiosyncratic gradable As rath(e) rather rathest nigh near next nearest forme former first foremost late later last latest inflection-specific meaning and behavior (idiosyncracies of meaning, form, collocation, genre, and distribution) Commitment to usage-based approaches like CG, RCG language-specific construction-specific inflection-specific Application of corpus linguistic methodologies and mindset Inflectional Islands Syntactic (constructional), semantic, and collocational properties tend to inhere in individual inflections of a lexical item in a register-specific manner. These properties may not extend across all the inflections (the paradigm) to characterize the lemma as a whole. English Pronominal Inflection searched BNC and CAE with Mark Davies’ corpus tool: Variation in English Words and Phrases: http://view.byu.edu tracked person & case distribution/skew for pronouns examined frequencies and collocations English Pronominal Inflection NOM ACC/ OBL POSS DET IND POSS REFLEX 1SG I me my mine myself 2 you you your yours yourself/ves 3SG.M he him his his himself 3SG.F she her her hers herself 3SG.N it it its its itself 1PL we us our ours ourself/ves 3PL they them their theirs themself/ves English Pronominal Inflection NOM ACC/ OBL POSS DET IND POSS REFLEX 1SG I me my mine myself 2 you you your yours yourself/ves 3SG.M he him his his himself 3SG.F she her her hers herself 3SG.N it it its its itself 1PL we us our ours ourself/ves 3PL they them their theirs themself/ves 1SG CAE-all I me my mine myself BNC-all 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 2 CAE-all you your yours yourself yourselves BNC-all 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 3SG.M CAE-all he him his himself BNC-all 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 3SG.F CAE-all she her hers herself BNC-all 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 3SG.N CAE-all it its itself BNC-all 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1PL CAE-all we us our ours ourself ourselves BNC-all 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3PL CAE-all they them their theirs themself themselves BNC-all 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% English Pronominal Inflection NOM ACC/ OBL POSS DET IND POSS REFLEX 1SG I me my mine myself 2 you you your yours yourself/ves 3SG.M he him his his himself 3SG.F she her her hers herself 3SG.N it it its its itself 1PL we us our ours ourself/ves 3PL they them their theirs themself/ves Top 20 Collocates for Pro + V (=NOM) 1 I 'M 62445 YOU KNOW 42476 HE WAS 75662 SHE WAS 39264 IT IS 142865 WE HAVE 30245 THEY WERE 40046 2 I DO 47772 YOU 'RE 36885 HE HAD 47230 SHE HAD 30008 IT WAS 136052 WE ARE 21666 THEY ARE 39210 3 I WAS 45934 YOU CAN 31729 HE SAID 34772 SHE SAID 19729 IT 'S 118777 WE 'RE 18637 THEY 'RE 24724 4 I THINK 41311 YOU HAVE 24286 HE 'S 32097 SHE 'S 17095 IT WOULD 25998 WE CAN 16832 THEY HAD 19298 5 I 'VE 36430 YOU 'VE 21710 HE IS 18298 SHE COULD 11282 IT HAS 19707 WE 'VE 16287 THEY HAVE 18103 6 I HAVE 33274 YOU ARE 21497 HE WOULD 15356 SHE WOULD 8961 IT WILL 16878 WE WERE 14300 THEY DO 12024 7 I 'LL 27035 YOU DO 20689 HE COULD 14269 SHE 'D 8622 IT HAD 14340 WE DO 11261 THEY CAN 10749 8 I MEAN 24233 YOU WANT 13026 HE HAS 14061 SHE DID 8259 IT DOES 11587 WE 'LL 10879 THEY WOULD 10516 9 I AM 21973 YOU WILL 12034 HE DID 13540 SHE IS 6834 IT MAY 10993 WE HAD 10317 THEY 'VE 9314 10 I HAD 21668 YOU 'LL 11825 HE 'D 11575 SHE HAS 4967 IT CAN 10574 WE WILL 7997 THEY WILL 8891 11 I WOULD 19128 YOU SEE 11655 HE SAYS 8385 SHE FELT 4153 IT COULD 8183 WE COULD 6656 THEY COULD 8242 12 I 'D 18772 YOU COULD 10885 HE WILL 5835 SHE THOUGHT 4139 IT 'S 7703 WE SHOULD 5857 THEY DID 7014 13 I KNOW 18747 YOU WERE 10300 HE DOES 5436 SHE KNEW 3949 IT SEEMS 7498 WE WOULD 5664 THEY 'D 5452 14 I CAN 17646 YOU THINK 9901 HE WENT 4990 SHE SAYS 3698 IT SHOULD 7262 WE SHALL 5030 THEY MAY 4956 15 I DID 17503 YOU 'D 8521 HE LOOKED 4864 SHE LOOKED 3681 IT MIGHT 6345 WE NEED 4998 THEY 'LL 4716 16 I COULD 16097 YOU GET 8161 HE CAN 4526 SHE WENT 2984 IT MUST 6097 WE DID 4907 THEY SHOULD 4630 17 I SAID 14632 YOU SHOULD 7156 HE KNEW 4141 SHE ASKED 2559 IT DID 5823 WE MUST 4799 THEY SAY 3086 18 I THOUGHT 13281 YOU WOULD 7116 HE TOOK 4089 SHE SAW 2472 IT SEEMED 4340 WE 'D 4475 THEY WANT 3065 19 I CA 10034 YOU CA 6759 HE THOUGHT 4038 SHE DOES 2435 IT 'LL 4128 WE KNOW 4262 THEY MIGHT 2941 20 I WANT YOU MAY 6225 HE 'LL 3982 SHE WANTED 2370 IT COMES 2847 WE GOT 3188 THEY MUST 2877 9280 Top 20 Collocates for Pro + V (=NOM) 1 I 'M 62445 YOU KNOW 42476 HE WAS 75662 SHE WAS 39264 IT IS 142865 WE HAVE 30245 THEY WERE 40046 2 I DO 47772 YOU 'RE 36885 HE HAD 47230 SHE HAD 30008 IT WAS 136052 WE ARE 21666 THEY ARE 39210 3 I WAS 45934 YOU CAN 31729 HE SAID 34772 SHE SAID 19729 IT 'S 118777 WE 'RE 18637 THEY 'RE 24724 4 I THINK 41311 YOU HAVE 24286 HE 'S 32097 SHE 'S 17095 IT WOULD 25998 WE CAN 16832 THEY HAD 19298 5 I 'VE 36430 YOU 'VE 21710 HE IS 18298 SHE COULD 11282 IT HAS 19707 WE 'VE 16287 THEY HAVE 18103 6 I HAVE 33274 YOU ARE 21497 HE WOULD 15356 SHE WOULD 8961 IT WILL 16878 WE WERE 14300 THEY DO 12024 7 I 'LL 27035 YOU DO 20689 HE COULD 14269 SHE 'D 8622 IT HAD 14340 WE DO 11261 THEY CAN 10749 8 I MEAN 24233 YOU WANT 13026 HE HAS 14061 SHE DID 8259 IT DOES 11587 WE 'LL 10879 THEY WOULD 10516 9 I AM 21973 YOU WILL 12034 HE DID 13540 SHE IS 6834 IT MAY 10993 WE HAD 10317 THEY 'VE 9314 10 I HAD 21668 YOU 'LL 11825 HE 'D 11575 SHE HAS 4967 IT CAN 10574 WE WILL 7997 THEY WILL 8891 11 I WOULD 19128 YOU SEE 11655 HE SAYS 8385 SHE FELT 4153 IT COULD 8183 WE COULD 6656 THEY COULD 8242 12 I 'D 18772 YOU COULD 10885 HE WILL 5835 SHE THOUGHT 4139 IT 'S 7703 WE SHOULD 5857 THEY DID 7014 13 I KNOW 18747 YOU WERE 10300 HE DOES 5436 SHE KNEW 3949 IT SEEMS 7498 WE WOULD 5664 THEY 'D 5452 14 I CAN 17646 YOU THINK 9901 HE WENT 4990 SHE SAYS 3698 IT SHOULD 7262 WE SHALL 5030 THEY MAY 4956 15 I DID 17503 YOU 'D 8521 HE LOOKED 4864 SHE LOOKED 3681 IT MIGHT 6345 WE NEED 4998 THEY 'LL 4716 16 I COULD 16097 YOU GET 8161 HE CAN 4526 SHE WENT 2984 IT MUST 6097 WE DID 4907 THEY SHOULD 4630 17 I SAID 14632 YOU SHOULD 7156 HE KNEW 4141 SHE ASKED 2559 IT DID 5823 WE MUST 4799 THEY SAY 3086 18 I THOUGHT 13281 YOU WOULD 7116 HE TOOK 4089 SHE SAW 2472 IT SEEMED 4340 WE 'D 4475 THEY WANT 3065 19 I CA 10034 YOU CA 6759 HE THOUGHT 4038 SHE DOES 2435 IT 'LL 4128 WE KNOW 4262 THEY MIGHT 2941 20 I WANT YOU MAY 6225 HE 'LL 3982 SHE WANTED 2370 IT COMES 2847 WE GOT 3188 THEY MUST 2877 9280 Percent Attraction of Pro to Pro + CAN Frame 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 CAE_ALL 0.5 BNC_ALL 0 he BNC_CONV she it Attraction of “he” = (no. of “he+CAN” in construction over total no. of “he” in corpus) x100, following Schmid 2000) Percent Attraction of Pro to Pro + WILL Frame 6 5 4 3 2 CAE_ALL 1 BNC_ALL 0 BNC_CONV he she it Attraction of “he” = (no. of “he+WILL” in construction over total no. of “he” in corpus) x100, following Schmid 2000) Collostructional Analysis of 3SG + CAN/WILL PRO_CAN words she he it word.freq 33724 48224 65159 obs.freq 885 1005 717 exp.freq 321.83 460.2 621.81 faith 0.0262 0.0208 0.011 relation attraction attraction attraction coll.strength 151.13 110.28 4.12 PRO_WILL words it he she word.freq 65159 48224 33724 obs.freq 3341 1948 1434 exp.freq 778.57 576.22 402.96 faith 0.0513 0.0404 0.0425 relation attraction attraction attraction coll.strength infinitessimal infinitessimal infinitessimal Collostructional analysis based on attraction/repulsion of “she/he/it” to the construction “Pro + CAN” or “Pro + WILL” [size of corpus = number of verbs (V*)]; Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003 PRO like to vs. PRO hope to (BNC-cc) you like to I hope to PRO like to vs. PRO hope to (BNC-cc) toΙ There are 2793 different types in your collocation database for "<stext>#(like to)". (You r que ry "<stext>#(like to)" returned 3740 matches in 613 different texts) No. Word Total No. in spoken texts As collocate In No. of texts Log-likelihood value 1 you 268545 431 220 737.20883083344 2 it 253519 5 5 125.27388036251 3 I 304612 164 109 39.460833609104 4 he 75322 6 6 19.445653378963 5 we 107938 48 38 4.8472927808762 6 they 96638 41 35 3.0970354676247 7 us 10940 5 4 0.58065050840378 you like to There are 384 different types in your collocation database for "<stext>#(hope to)". (You r que ry "<stext>#(hope to)" returned 139 matches in 91 different texts) I hope to No. Word Total No. in spoken texts As collocate In No. of texts Log-likelihood value 1 I 304612 43 33 147.14156740904 2 we 107938 27 17 118.43150603771 3 you 268545 14 13 20.752273321152 4 they 96638 8 8 17.752799034119 5 she 42851 1 1 0.37365126609802 6 he 75322 1 1 0.012729406356812 English Pronominal Inflection NOM ACC/ OBL POSS DET IND POSS REFLEX 1SG I me my mine myself 2 you you your yours yourself/ves 3SG.M he him his his himself 3SG.F she her her hers herself 3SG.N it it its its itself 1PL we us our ours ourself/ves 3PL they them their theirs themself/ves Top 20 Collocates for V + Pro (=ACC?) 1 TELL ME 5295 DO YOU 27589 TOLD HIM 3817 TOLD HER 3113 IS IT 2 TOLD ME 5040 ARE YOU 13944 SEE HIM 2286 MADE HER 2333 DO IT 3 LET ME 4642 DID YOU 10819 TELL HIM 2192 SEE HER 1828 THINK IT 4 GIVE ME 2809 THANK YOU 9597 GAVE HIM 1915 TOOK HER 1462 5 GAVE ME 1697 HAVE YOU 9447 LET HIM 1777 WAS HER 1439 6 ASKED ME 1377 TELL YOU 6985 GIVE HIM 1776 SHOOK HER 7 MADE ME 1357 CAN YOU 6549 MADE HIM 1622 TELL HER 8 WANT ME 1227 WOULD YOU 5765 ASKED HIM 1336 9 SEE ME 1204 THINK YOU 4964 SAW HIM 1287 10 HELP ME 1178 GIVE YOU 4235 GET HIM 11 EXCUSE ME 989 SEE YOU 3777 12 MAKE ME 908 WILL YOU 3284 13 GET ME 905 KNOW YOU 14 TELLING ME 864 TOLD YOU 15 ASK ME 849 16 TAKE ME 800 17 TOOK ME 18 MAKES ME 19 20 14725 LET US 2943 GIVE THEM 2175 8271 TELL US 2006 PUT THEM 1977 6942 GIVE US 1620 GET THEM 1694 WAS IT 5637 HELP US 1037 SEE THEM 1622 'S IT 4770 TOLD US 1028 MAKE THEM 1589 1426 MAKE IT 4578 TELLS US 808 TELL THEM 1415 1406 SAID IT 3739 GIVES US 558 LET THEM 1362 GAVE HER 1404 DOES IT 3475 GAVE US 547 TAKE THEM 1332 PUT HER 1383 THOUGHT IT 3222 TAKE US 436 TOLD THEM 1215 999 LET HER 1229 DID IT 3104 MAKE US 403 HELP THEM 1073 ASK HIM 981 GIVE HER 1124 MADE IT 2887 JOIN US 368 HAVE THEM 1038 SEEN HIM 897 TAKE HER 1055 GET IT 2796 SEE US 361 KEEP THEM 1032 2935 MAKE HIM 892 LEFT HER 1016 PUT IT 2726 ENABLE US 354 USE THEM 1001 2502 TAKE HIM 850 SAW HER 976 KNOW IT 2715 GIVEN US 333 GAVE THEM 797 HELP YOU 2278 LEFT HIM 841 HAD HER 973 SAYS IT 2573 TOOK US 330 GOT THEM 739 THOUGHT YOU 2081 TOOK HIM 839 ASKED HER 934 SEE IT 2514 TELLING US 325 MADE THEM 735 788 COULD YOU 1988 PUT HIM 778 GET HER 914 THINK IT 2506 ALLOW US 315 WANT THEM 716 759 WANT YOU 1805 HELP HIM 723 MAKE HER 859 DOING IT 2432 GET US 313 TOOK THEM 636 BELIEVE ME 731 WERE YOU 1760 HEARD HIM 645 SEEN HER 730 DO IT 2431 WANT US 277 FIND THEM 613 TELLS ME 678 MEAN YOU 1555 FOUND HIM 635 HELD HER 717 MAKES IT 2283 BRINGS US 267 BRING THEM 596 Top 20 Collocates for V + Pro (=ACC?) 1 TELL ME 5295 DO YOU 27589 TOLD HIM 3817 TOLD HER 3113 IS IT 2 TOLD ME 5040 ARE YOU 13944 SEE HIM 2286 MADE HER 2333 DO IT 3 LET ME 4642 DID YOU 10819 TELL HIM 2192 SEE HER 1828 4 GIVE ME 2809 5 GAVE ME 1697 6 ASKED ME 1377 7 MADE ME 1357 8 WANT ME 1227 9 SEE ME 1204 10 HELP ME 1178 11 EXCUSE ME 989 12 MAKE ME 908 13 GET ME 905 14 TELLING ME 864 15 ASK ME 16 TAKE ME 17 TOOK ME 788 COULD YOU 18 MAKES ME 759 WANT YOU 19 BELIEVE ME 731 WERE YOU 20 TELLS ME 678 MEAN YOU THANK YOU 9597 THINK IT 14725 LET US 2943 GIVE THEM 2175 8271 TELL US 2006 PUT THEM 1977 6942 GIVE US 1620 GET THEM 1694 GAVE HIM 1915 TOOK HER 1462 5637 HELP US 1037 SEE THEM 1622 9447 LET HIM 1777 WAS HER 1439 'S IT 4770 TOLD US 1028 MAKE THEM 1589 TELL YOU 6985 GIVE HIM 1776 SHOOK HER 1426 MAKE IT 4578 TELLS US 808 TELL THEM 1415 CAN YOU 6549 MADE HIM 1622 TELL HER 1406 SAID IT 3739 GIVES US 558 LET THEM 1362 WOULD YOU 5765 ASKED HIM 1336 GAVE HER 1404 DOES IT 3475 GAVE US 547 TAKE THEM 1332 THINK YOU 4964 SAW HIM 1287 PUT HER 1383 3222 TAKE US 436 TOLD THEM 1215 GIVE YOU 4235 GET HIM 999 LET HER 1229 3104 MAKE US 403 HELP THEM 1073 SEE YOU 3777 ASK HIM 981 GIVE HER 1124 MADE IT 2887 JOIN US 368 HAVE THEM 1038 WILL YOU 3284 SEEN HIM 897 TAKE HER 1055 GET IT 2796 SEE US 361 KEEP THEM 1032 KNOW YOU 2935 MAKE HIM 892 LEFT HER 1016 PUT IT 2726 ENABLE US 354 USE THEM 1001 TOLD YOU 2502 TAKE HIM 850 SAW HER 976 KNOW IT 2715 GIVEN US 333 GAVE THEM 797 849 HELP YOU 2278 LEFT HIM 841 HAD HER 973 SAYS IT 2573 TOOK US 330 GOT THEM 739 800 THOUGHT YOU 2081 TOOK HIM 839 ASKED HER 934 SEE IT 2514 TELLING US 325 MADE THEM 735 1988 PUT HIM 778 GET HER 914 THINK IT 2506 ALLOW US 315 WANT THEM 716 1805 HELP HIM 723 MAKE HER 859 DOING IT 2432 GET US 313 TOOK THEM 636 1760 HEARD HIM 645 SEEN HER 730 DO IT 2431 WANT US 277 FIND THEM 613 1555 FOUND HIM 635 HELD HER 717 MAKES IT 2283 BRINGS US 267 BRING THEM 596 HAVE YOU WAS IT THOUGHT IT DID IT Top 20 Collocates for V + Pro (=ACC?) 1 TELL ME 5295 DO YOU 27589 2 TOLD ME 5040 ARE YOU 13944 3 LET ME 4642 DID YOU 10819 4 GIVE ME 2809 THANK YOU 9597 GAVE HIM 5 GAVE ME 1697 HAVE YOU 9447 LET HIM 6 ASKED ME 1377 TELL YOU 6985 GIVE HIM 1776 7 MADE ME 1357 CAN YOU 6549 MADE HIM 1622 TELL HER 8 WANT ME 1227 WOULD YOU 5765 ASKED HIM 1336 GAVE HER 9 SEE ME 1204 THINK YOU 4964 SAW HIM 1287 PUT HER 10 HELP ME 1178 GIVE YOU 4235 GET HIM 999 11 EXCUSE ME 989 SEE YOU 3777 ASK HIM 12 MAKE ME 908 WILL YOU 3284 SEEN HIM 13 14 GET ME TELLING ME 905 KNOW YOU TOLD HIM 3817 TOLD HER 3113 IS IT SEE HIM 2286 MADE HER 2333 DO IT TELL HIM 2192 SEE HER 1828 THINK IT 1915 TOOK HER 1462 WAS IT 5637 1777 WAS HER 1439 'S IT 4770 1426 MAKE IT 4578 TELLS US 808 TELL THEM 1415 1406 SAID IT 3739 GIVES US 558 LET THEM 1362 1404 DOES IT 3475 GAVE US 547 TAKE THEM 1332 1383 THOUGHT IT 3222 TAKE US 436 TOLD THEM 1215 LET HER 1229 DID IT 3104 MAKE US 403 HELP THEM 1073 981 GIVE HER 1124 MADE IT 2887 JOIN US 368 HAVE THEM 1038 897 TAKE HER 1055 GET IT 2796 SEE US 361 KEEP THEM 1032 1001 SHOOK HER 14725 LET US 2943 GIVE THEM 2175 8271 TELL US 2006 PUT THEM 1977 6942 GIVE US 1620 GET THEM 1694 HELP US 1037 SEE THEM 1622 TOLD US 1028 MAKE THEM 1589 2935 MAKE HIM 892 LEFT HER 1016 PUT IT 2726 ENABLE US 354 USE THEM 864 TOLD YOU 2502 TAKE HIM 850 SAW HER 976 KNOW IT 2715 GIVEN US 333 GAVE THEM 797 15 ASK ME 849 HELP YOU 2278 LEFT HIM 841 HAD HER 973 SAYS IT 2573 330 GOT THEM 739 16 TAKE ME 800 THOUGHT YOU 2081 TOOK HIM 839 ASKED HER 934 SEE IT 2514 TELLING US 325 MADE THEM 735 17 TOOK ME 788 COULD YOU 1988 PUT HIM 778 GET HER 914 THINK IT 2506 ALLOW US 315 WANT THEM 716 18 MAKES ME 759 WANT YOU 1805 HELP HIM 723 MAKE HER 859 DOING IT 2432 GET US 313 TOOK THEM 636 19 BELIEVE ME 731 WERE YOU 1760 HEARD HIM 645 SEEN HER 730 DO IT 2431 WANT US 277 FIND THEM 613 20 TELLS ME 678 MEAN YOU 1555 FOUND HIM 635 HELD HER 717 MAKES IT 2283 BRINGS US 267 BRING THEM 596 TOOK US Top 20 Collocates for V + Pro (=ACC?) 1 TELL ME 5295 DO YOU 27589 TOLD HIM 3817 TOLD HER 3113 IS IT 2 TOLD ME 5040 ARE YOU 13944 SEE HIM 2286 MADE HER 2333 DO IT 3 LET ME 4642 DID YOU 10819 TELL HIM 2192 SEE HER 1828 THINK IT 4 GIVE ME 2809 THANK YOU 9597 GAVE HIM 1915 TOOK HER 1462 5 GAVE ME 1697 HAVE YOU 9447 LET HIM 1777 WAS HER 1439 6 ASKED ME 1377 TELL YOU 6985 GIVE HIM 1776 7 MADE ME 1357 CAN YOU 6549 MADE HIM 1622 TELL HER 8 WANT ME 1227 WOULD YOU 5765 ASKED HIM 1336 9 SEE ME 1204 THINK YOU 4964 SAW HIM 1287 HELP ME 1178 GIVE YOU 4235 GET HIM 10 11 EXCUSE ME 14725 LET US 2943 GIVE THEM 2175 8271 TELL US 2006 PUT THEM 1977 6942 GIVE US 1620 GET THEM 1694 WAS IT 5637 HELP US 1037 SEE THEM 1622 'S IT 4770 TOLD US 1028 MAKE THEM 1589 1426 MAKE IT 4578 TELLS US 808 TELL THEM 1415 1406 SAID IT 3739 GIVES US 558 LET THEM 1362 GAVE HER 1404 DOES IT 3475 GAVE US 547 TAKE THEM 1332 PUT HER 1383 THOUGHT IT 3222 TAKE US 436 TOLD THEM 1215 999 LET HER 1229 DID IT 3104 MAKE US 403 HELP THEM 1073 SHOOK HER 989 SEE YOU 3777 ASK HIM 981 GIVE HER 1124 MADE IT 2887 JOIN US 368 HAVE THEM 1038 12 MAKE ME 908 WILL YOU 3284 SEEN HIM 897 TAKE HER 1055 GET IT 2796 SEE US 361 KEEP THEM 1032 13 GET ME 905 KNOW YOU 2935 MAKE HIM 892 LEFT HER 1016 PUT IT 2726 ENABLE US 354 USE THEM 1001 14 TELLING ME 864 TOLD YOU 2502 TAKE HIM 850 SAW HER 976 KNOW IT 2715 GIVEN US 333 GAVE THEM 797 15 ASK ME 849 HELP YOU 2278 LEFT HIM 841 HAD HER 973 SAYS IT 2573 TOOK US 330 GOT THEM 739 16 TAKE ME 800 THOUGHT YOU 2081 TOOK HIM 839 ASKED HER 934 SEE IT 2514 TELLING US 325 MADE THEM 735 17 TOOK ME 788 COULD YOU 1988 PUT HIM 778 GET HER 914 THINK IT 2506 ALLOW US 315 WANT THEM 716 18 MAKES ME 759 WANT YOU 1805 HELP HIM 723 MAKE HER 859 DOING IT 2432 GET US 313 TOOK THEM 636 19 BELIEVE ME 731 WERE YOU 1760 HEARD HIM 645 SEEN HER 730 DO IT 2431 WANT US 277 FIND THEM 613 20 TELLS ME 678 MEAN YOU 1555 FOUND HIM 635 HELD HER 717 MAKES IT 2283 BRINGS US 267 BRING THEM 596 Top 10 Collocates for P + Pro (=OBL) 1 TO ME 2 FOR ME 3 TO YOU 8915 TO HIM 7461 FOR YOU 8414 WITH ME 5093 WITH YOU 4 AT ME 2910 5 OF ME 6 ON ME 7 ABOUT ME 8 9 10 14600 11203 OF HER 19396 OF IT 16420 OF US 8404 OF THEM 23034 WITH HIM 7264 TO HER 15849 ABOUT IT 10772 TO US 4500 TO THEM 7270 5177 FOR HIM 7088 IN HER 14569 WITH IT 7716 FOR US 4151 FOR THEM 6731 OF YOU 4700 AT HIM 6228 WITH HER 10556 TO IT 7598 WITH US 2594 WITH THEM 5619 1840 ABOUT YOU 1487 OF HIM 3554 ON HER 9030 FOR IT 6858 BETWEEN US 782 BETWEEN THEM 3399 1596 ON YOU 1319 ON HIM 2136 AT HER 9006 IN IT 6595 FROM US 724 ON THEM 2564 900 LIKE YOU 1091 ABOUT HIM 1888 FOR HER 8080 ON IT 6376 ON US 695 IN THEM 1754 FROM ME 811 FROM YOU 971 BEHIND HIM 1759 FROM HER 4813 AT IT 3457 IN US 567 AT THEM 1653 LIKE ME 776 AT YOU 850 FROM HIM 1411 INTO HER 2958 FROM IT 1944 AT US 490 ABOUT THEM 1640 IN ME 766 IN YOU 683 AGAINST HIM 1330 ABOUT HER 2900 INTO IT 1842 BY US 488 FROM THEM 1356 Top 10 Collocates for P + Pro (=OBL) 1 TO ME 2 FOR ME 3 TO YOU 8915 TO HIM 7461 FOR YOU 8414 WITH ME 5093 WITH YOU 4 AT ME 2910 5 OF ME 6 ON ME 7 ABOUT ME 8 9 10 14600 11203 OF HER 19396 OF IT 16420 OF US 8404 OF THEM 23034 WITH HIM 7264 TO HER 15849 ABOUT IT 10772 TO US 4500 TO THEM 7270 5177 FOR HIM 7088 IN HER 14569 WITH IT 7716 FOR US 4151 FOR THEM 6731 OF YOU 4700 AT HIM 6228 WITH HER 10556 TO IT 7598 WITH US 2594 WITH THEM 5619 1840 ABOUT YOU 1487 OF HIM 3554 ON HER 9030 FOR IT 6858 BETWEEN US 782 BETWEEN THEM 3399 1596 ON YOU 1319 ON HIM 2136 AT HER 9006 IN IT 6595 FROM US 724 ON THEM 2564 900 LIKE YOU 1091 ABOUT HIM 1888 FOR HER 8080 ON IT 6376 ON US 695 IN THEM 1754 FROM ME 811 FROM YOU 971 BEHIND HIM 1759 FROM HER 4813 AT IT 3457 IN US 567 AT THEM 1653 LIKE ME 776 AT YOU 850 FROM HIM 1411 INTO HER 2958 FROM IT 1944 AT US 490 ABOUT THEM 1640 IN ME 766 IN YOU 683 AGAINST HIM 1330 ABOUT HER 2900 INTO IT 1842 BY US 488 FROM THEM 1356 Distributional Idiosyncracies (CAEall + BNCall) OF + PRO TO + PRO 45% 40% 40% 35% 35% 30% 30% 25% 25% 20% 20% 15% 15% 10% 10% 5% 5% 0% 0% 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N 1PL 1SG 3PL 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N 1PL 3PL 1PL 3PL prep + PRO FOR + PRO WITH + PRO 25% 20% 18% 20% 16% 14% 12% 15% 10% 8% 10% 6% 4% 5% 2% 0% 0% 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N 1PL 3PL 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N Reliance of “to+me” (= no. of “to+me” in corpus over total no. of PREP+PRO in corpus) x100, following Schmid 2000) English Pronominal Inflection NOM ACC/ OBL POSS DET IND POSS REFLEX 1SG I me my mine myself 2 you you your yours yourself/ves 3SG.M he him his his himself 3SG.F she her her hers herself 3SG.N it it its its itself 1PL we us our ours ourself/ves 3PL they them their theirs themself/ves Top 20 Collocates for Pro’s NP (=GEN) 1 MY FATHER 3501 YOUR LIFE 1492 HIS HEAD 7218 HER EYES 5268 ITS WAY 1507 OUR LIVES 979 THEIR WAY 2900 2 MY MOTHER 3335 YOUR MOTHER 1333 HIS WIFE 7153 HER HEAD 5135 ITS MEMBERS 1080 OUR WAY 766 THEIR LIVES 2233 3 MY LIFE 2704 YOUR FATHER 1276 HIS EYES 6075 HER HUSBAND 4503 ITS NAME 825 OUR SOCIETY 530 THEIR CHILDREN 2083 4 MY MIND 2104 YOUR MIND 1205 HIS FACE 5056 HER MOTHER 4278 ITS USE 667 OUR WORK 484 THEIR WORK 1829 5 MY HEAD 1749 YOUR NAME 1158 HIS FATHER 4959 HER FACE 4097 ITS HEAD 619 OUR HOUSE 446 THEIR PARENTS 1253 6 MY WIFE 1289 YOUR HEAD 1094 HIS HAND 3868 HER FATHER 3222 ITS PLACE 567 OUR MEMBERS 444 THEIR HEADS 1130 7 MY LORD 1284 YOUR HANDS 922 HIS LIFE 3735 HER HAND 2616 ITS KIND 466 OUR UNDERSTANDING 424 THEIR FAMILIES 1083 8 MY HUSBAND 1246 YOUR HAIR 836 HIS MOTHER 3500 HER MIND 2346 ITS POSITION 455 OUR TIME 419 THEIR HOME 1023 9 MY EYES 1203 YOUR BODY 830 HIS HANDS 3322 HER LIFE 2266 ITS EFFECT 414 OUR CHILDREN 405 THEIR HANDS 958 10 MY WAY 1131 YOUR EYES 801 HIS WAY 2888 HER VOICE 2118 ITS ABILITY 384 OUR COUNTRY 368 THEIR TIME 919 Distributional Idiosyncracies (AECall + BNCall) MOTHER CHILD/CHILDREN 9% 7% 8% 6% 7% 6% 5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 1PL 3PL 0% 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 1PL 3PL my KINTERM FATHER SON 8% 3% 7% 2% 6% 5% 2% 4% 1% 3% 2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 1PL 3PL 1SG 2 3SG.M 3SG.F 1PL 3PL Reliance of “my+mother” (= no. of “my+mother” in corpus over total no. of PRO.POSS+NN* in corpus) x100, following Schmid 2000) 3SG Distributional Idiosyncracies (BNCall) 3SG's KITH and KIN 8000 7000 3SG.M 6000 3SG.F 5000 3SG.N 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 H AN B S U D W E IF F H AT ER O M TH ER H T ER O BR S ER T IS R N SO AU D G TE H I FR EN D IE FR N S D 1SG Distributional Idiosyncracies by Genre 50 45 40 35 I 30 me 25 my 20 15 10 5 my 0 me Diary Dem Fic I News Acad 1PL Distributional Idiosyncracies by Genre 10 9 8 7 we 6 us 5 our 4 3 2 1 our 0 us Diary Dem Fic we News Acad Our Manifesto de-lemmatize! inflected forms have a life of their own (Tao 2001, 2003) put lemmas aside (as done earlier with syntactic rule in favor of constructions) substitute words-in-context or WICs (intersection of genre, register, & inflection) aim low! find the “hierarchy of lower-level structures...[that] specify the actual array of subcases and specific instances that support and give rise to the higher-level generalization” RWL, Concept, Image, & Symbol, 1991:281-282 Thank you. 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