/
TH E
M ONROE D OCTRINE
/
IN ITS RELAT ION TO TH E
R E PUBL I C O F H A I T I
By
WILLIA M
A M AC COR KLE LL D
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o
f
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Forme r Gove rnor of
A uthor
v
,
Some Southe rn
W
es t
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Vi rgi nia
"ues ti ons
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E tc
,
Etc
W "OR K
P UBL I S H I N G C O M
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NE
TH E
19 15
PA N "
I NS C R I BE D
TO
M
"
FR I E ND ,
P
OF
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M E A N"
A L N WI C K H AL L
,
P RE F AC E
With the constructio n o f the Panama C anal a n d
th e consequent c h a n g e o f c o mmerci al lines th e i m
p o r t a n ce o f th e C aribb e an S ea and th e Gulf o f
M exico to th e Uni t ed S t ates is enorm ously e u
hanced Wi th t his change o f c omme rci al lin e s th e
I sland o f Haiti and S a n D omi n go in th e C arib
be a n Se a ha s b eco m e o f supreme impor tanc e to
th e United Sta t es
This bo ok is in n o s ens e of the word a study o r
a phil o s ophical t re a tis e I t i s simply a statement
o f th e p res ent s i tua t i o n o f th e R epubli c o f Haiti
a n d our rela t ion to it under th e M o n ro e D o ctri n e
a s t a t ement tha t i s made fo r the purp o s e o f giv
i n g o u r p e o pl e some i n fo rmation a s to this li ttl e
known but mos t importa n t and strategi c island
The ge n eral subs t ance o f this little b ook i s con
t a i n e d in an address delivere d a t Phila delphia
April 3 1 9 1 4 b e f o re t h e American Academy o f
Poli tical and S o cial Sci ence Since tha t t ime th e
chr onically b ad status o f th e R epubli c o f Haiti has
b ec ome very much more acute and to day i s ca us
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P RE FAC E
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ing but little l es s anxi e ty to our government than
do es the R epubli c o f M exico
I have included in this volume Washington s
Address President Monro e s message and th e
late r i n t erpre t ation o f that i n s t rum en t in o rder
t hat th e reade r a s h e s t udi es th e si tuation may
have th e foundati o n o f th e D octrine with him
may b e abl e mo re accura t ely to decide a s to th e
soundn es s o f th e conclusions h e r el n drawn
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C h a r le s t o n,
We s t
July
1
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1
Vi r g i ni a
1
9
4
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C ON T EN T S
P R E FA
CE
C H A P TE R
I
II
II I
IV
VI
VI I
V III
I"
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FO U N D ATI ON
M ONRO E D O CTRI N E
T H E M ONRO E D O CT R I N E
T H E FU N CTI ON OF T H E D O CT RI N E
H A I T I s R E L ATI ON T o O UR G OV E RN M E N T
S T RATE GIC I M P ORTA N CE OF H AITI
H A I T I s G OV E RN M E N T P OL IC" A N D R E L I
GI O U S I D EA L S
M OR A L C ON D ITI ON S I N H AITI
O B JECT OF T H E M ONROE D O CTR I N E
A P P L ICATI ON OF T H E M ONRO E D O CT RI N E
T H E ME N A CE 0 F H A ITI
T H E E NFOR CE M E N T OF T H E M ONROE D C
OF
TH E
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62
82
91
97
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TH E
IN
M O NR O E
ITS
D O C TR I N E
R E L A TI O N
TO
H A ITI
I
_
F O UND AT ION O F TH E M ON ROE DO C
T RINE
By many Washington s: fa rewe ll a ddress i s
c onsidered the germ o f th e Monro e D octrine
O n e V i ew ho w ever sh o ws this j udgment t o b e
n ot techni cally correct
While President Wash
i ng ton made plain tha t we should hav e as li ttle
p o litical c o nnection as possibl e with foreign na
t i o n s a n d t ha t our isola t ed p o siti o n was our pro
t e c ti o n h e ha d in mi n d th e question o f alli ances
wi t h th e E urop e an govern m e n ts H e had j ust
gon e thr ough th e annoyance s that sprang from
c omplicati o ns arisi ng from our s e n time n tal feeling
to ward on e o f t hose g overn ments Whil e this
was t rue he emphasi z ed our is o la ted position and
He
th e importanc e o f mai n tai n i n g that p o sitio n
did not have h i s atten tion d irect e d to th e question
o f E ur o p ean interven ti on s o muc h a s to the dan
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I I
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
1 2
gers of the p ermanent alli ance tha t we might mak e
wi th a E u r op e an c ountry T his isolati on when
ca rri ed to i ts frui t i on is the p ra ctical founda tion
o f th e M on ro e D o ctrine
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WA S H
’
I N GT O N s FA R E
L
A D D R E SS
f or e ign i n flu en ce (I con
j ur e you to b eli ev e m e f ell ow ci t izen s " th e j e al ou sy o f a
fr ee p eopl e ough t to b e awake s i n ce hi story a n d exp e ri en ce
pr ov e tha t f or e ign i n flu en c e i s one of th e m ost ban e ful
f oes of r epublican gov er nm en t
T h e gr e at rul e of con duct f or us i n re gard t o for e i gn
n a t i on s i s i n e x te n di n g ou r comm ercial r elat i on s t o hav e
wi th t h em a s li tt l e conn ec t ion a s poss ibl e S o far as w e
have alre ady f orme d en gagem en ts le t th em b e fulfill e d
wi th p e rf ec t good fai th H e r e le t us s top
E ur op e h as a s e t of primar y i n te r es ts which to us
hav e n on e or a ve ry rem ote r ela t ion H en c e s h e mus t be
en gage d i n fr e qu en t con tr ov er s i es th e causes of which ar e
e s sen t iall y f or e ign to our con cer n s H en ce th e r ef or e i t
mus t b e u nwi s e i n us t o implica te ou rs elves by ar t ificial
t i es i n th e ordi n ary vici s s i t ud es of h e r p oli t ics or t h e o rdi
n ary c ombi n at io n s a n d colli s i on s o f h er fri e n d sh ip s or
en mi t i es
O u r d e t ach e d an d di s t an t Si t uat i on I nvi tes a n d e n
ables u s to purs u e a di ffer en t cours e I f w e r emai n on e
p eopl e u n d er a n efli c i e n t gover n m en t th e p e ri od i s n ot
far off wh en w e may d efy material i nj ury from exter n al
a nnoyan ce ; wh en w e may t ake s uch a n a tt i tude as will
“
A gai ns t t h e i ns idi ou s wil es
WE L
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I TS
IN
RELAT ION
TO
HA I T I
1
3
cause the neu tral i ty w e may a t an y t im e r esolv e up on to
b e s crupul ous ly res p ec te d ; wh en b elliger en t n ati ons n u
d e r the imposs ibili t y of maki n g acquis i t ions up on us will
n ot ligh t ly hazard th e g i v i n g u s pr ovoca t i on ; wh en w e
may ch oos e p e ac e or war a s ou r i n te r es t guide d by "u st i ce
shall cou n se l
Why fore go the ad vant ages of s o p e culiar a s i t uat ion "
Why qui t our ow n to s tan d up on for e ign grou n d " Why
by i n ter we avi n g our d es t i n y wi th that of any par t of
E urop e en t an gl e ou r p e ace a n d pros p e ri ty i n th e t oil s of
E urop e an ambi t i on rival ship i n t e r es t hum o r or c a pric e "
I t i s ou r t ru e p olicy to s tee r cl e ar of p erman en t al li
I
a nc es wi th a n y p or t i on o f th e f or e ign w o rld
so far
m e an as w e ar e not a t lib e r ty to d o i t ; f or le t m e n ot b e
u n d e r s tood as capabl e of pat ron izi n g i n fideli ty to ex i s t
I h old the max im n o l es s applicable to
i ng en gagem en t
public than to private a ffair s that h on es ty i s always the
b es t p olicy I r ep eat th e r ef or e le t th ose en gagem en ts b e
Bu t i n my O pi n i on i t 18
ob se rv e d i n t h e ir g en ui n e s en s e
u nne cess ary a nd would b e u n wi s e to ex ten d th em
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I n 1 8 2 2 Austri a R ussi a and Prussi a f o rmed
the Holy Alliance which mad e the f ollowmg dec
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la r a ti on :
“
T h e high con t rac t i n g par t i es well convi n ce d tha t
,
th e
y em of repres en t at iv e gov er n men t i s as i n compat ibl e
wi th th e mon archical pri n cipl e a s th e maxim of th e soy er
e i gn ty o f th e p eopl e i s O pp os e d t o th e pri n cipl e o f divi n e
righ t en gage i n th e mos t s ol em n mann er to employ all
t h e ir m e an s an d u n i t e all th e ir e ffor ts to pu t a n e n d t o
s st
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
4
.
y em of r epr esen t at iv e gove r n men t wh e r ev er i t i s
known t o exis t i n th e s t ates of E urop e an d to pr event i t
from b e i n g i n t rodu c e d i n to th os e s t ates wh er e i t i s n ot
known
the s s t
”
.
While thi s declarati o n re fe rred to the states o f
E urop e its imp o rta n t e ff ect would b e upon th e
c ountri es o f this hemisphere ; and the K ing o f
Sp ai n directly demanded support from th e s ov
e r e i gn s o f th e Holy Alli ance t o maintain the prin
ci ple s o f t h e H o ly Alli ance o n this hemisphere
I n 1 8 2 3 there fo re Presi den t Monr o e a fter care
ful co n fere n ce wi th th e two great livi n g r e volu
t i on a ry statesmen formulated th e message tha t
has b ecome a fundamental pri n ciple o f ou r go vern
m ent in its deali n gs wi th the f oreign gover n me n ts
o f th e w o rld
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IN
ITS
RELAT ION T O HA I T I
1
5
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
“
I n th e di s cu ss i ons to which thi s i n te r es t h a s giv en ri s e
a n d i n t h e arra n gem en ts by which t h e y may t e rmi n a te ,
th e occas i on h as b e e n j udge d prop e r f or a ss e r t i n g , as a
pri n cipl e i n which th e righ ts a n d i n t e res ts of th e U n i t ed
S t a tes ar e i nvolv e d , tha t the American con t in en ts , by the
free an d i n d ep en d en t con di t i on which th ey hav e ass um e d
a n d mai n t ai n , ar e h en c e f or th n ot t o b e cons id e r e d a s
f or fu t ur e c ol on iza t i on b y a ny E urop e an
s ub je c t s
p owers
Th e p oli t ical sys tem of th e alli e d p owe rs i s essen
t i ally di ff er en t i n thi s r es p e c t from t ha t of A m e rica T hi s
di ffe ren c e pr oceed s from that which exi s ts i n th e ir re
s pe c t ive G ov e r n m en ts ; a n d t o th e d e f en s e of ou r ow n
which h as b een achi eve d by th e l oss of so much bl ood an d
t re as ur e a n d mat ur e d b y th e wi s d om of t h e ir m os t e n
ligh t ene d ci tizens and u n d e r which w e hav e en"oy e d nu
exampl e d f elici ty thi s wh ol e n at i on i s d evote d W e ow e
i t th e r e f or e t o can d or a n d to th e amicabl e r el at i on s ex
i s t i n g b etw een th e U n i te d S t a tes an d t h os e p owe rs t o
d e clar e that w e S h ould cons id er a ny at temp t on th e ir par t
t o ex te n d t h e ir s y s te m t o a ny p or t i on of thi s h e mi s ph e r e a s
dangerous to our p e ac e a n d s af ety Wi th th e exis t i n g
col on i es or d ep en d enci es of any E urop ean p ow er w e hav e
But wi th the G ov
n ot i n t erf e r e d a n d s h all n ot i n te rf e r e
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
hav e d eclare d th e ir i n d ep en d enc e a n d
mai nt ai n e d i t a n d wh ose i n dep en den ce w e have on gr e at
cons id e rat i on a n d on j us t pri n cipl es acknowl e dged w e
could n ot vi ew any i n terp os i t i on for th e purp os e of op
press i n g th em or cont rolli n g i n a ny oth e r man n e r th e ir
d es t i ny by a ny E urop e an p owe r i n a ny oth e r ligh t than
a s th e ma n if es t a t i on o f a n u n fri en dly di s p os i t i on t oward
th e U n i te d S t a tes
—
r
n
E
u
p
o
licy
i
r
e
gard
t
o
ur
o
p
e
which w as ad op te d
O
a t a n e arly s t age o f th e war s tha t hav e s o l on g agi t a te d
—
n ev er th e l ess r e mai n s th e s am e
tha t quar te r o f th e gl ob e
which i s : not to i n te rfe r e i n the i n te r n al con ce r ns of an y
o f i ts p ow e r s ; t o c on s id e r th e gov e r n m e n t d e fac to as th e
l egi t imate gove rn me nt f or us ; to cul t ivate fri en dly r ela
t i on s wi th i t a n d to pr es e rv e t h es e r elat i on s by a fran k
firm a n d man ly p olicy m eet i n g i n all i ns t an ces th e j u s t
claim s of eve ry p owe r s ubmi tt i n g to i nj uri es from n on e
Bu t i n r egard to th os e con t i n e n ts circum s t a n ces ar e emi
I t is imp oss ibl e tha t
n e n tly a n d con s picu ou s ly di ff e r en t
t h e alli e d p ow e rs s h ould e x t en d th e i r p oli t ical s ys te m to
a ny p or t i on o f e i th e r con t i n e n t wi th o u t e n dan ge ri n g ou r
p eace an d happ i ness ; nor c an a n y on e b eli ev e that ou r
S ou th e r n bre thr en if l e f t to th emselves would ad op t i t of
t h e ir ow n acc ord
e r n m e n ts
w ho
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P R E S ID E
N T R O O S E VE L T S I N T E R P R E TA TI O N
M O NR O E D O C TR I N E
’
O F TH E
We mu s t r e cogn i z e the fac t tha t i n some S ou th
Am e rican cou n tri es th er e h as b een much s uspici on l est w e
s h ould i n te rpr e t th e M on r oe D oc t ri n e as i n som e way
“
IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
i n imical
1
"
7
h e ir i n tere s ts a n d w e mus t try to convi nce
a ll th e o th e r n a t i on s o f t h e c on t i n en t—
on c e a n d f or all
t ha t n o j u s t a n d ord e rly gov e r n m e n t h a s a n y thi n g t o f e ar
from us
Th e r e ar e c e r tai n republics to th e s ou th o f us which
hav e alr e ady r e ach e d s uch a p oi n t of s t abili ty ord e r a n d
prosp eri ty that th ey th em selves th ough as ye t hardly
consci ou sly ar e amon g th e guaran tors o f this Doctri n e
T h es e r epublics w e n ow m ee t n ot only on a bas i s of en t ir e
e quali ty bu t i n a spiri t of fran k a nd r esp e c t ful fri en dship
which w e hO p e is mu tual I f al l th e r epublics to th e
s o u th o f u s will n ot on ly grow as t h os e to which I al lud e
have alre ady gr own all n ee d for us to b e th e esp ecial
ch ampions of th e D oc tri n e will di s app e ar ; f or no s tabl e
an d gr owi n g A m e ric an r e public wi sh es to s e e s om e gr e a t
n on A m e rica n mili t ary p ow e r
acquire te rri tory i n i ts
n e ighb o rh oo d
All that this cou n try d es ir es i s that the
oth e r r epublic s on th e c on t i n en t s hall b e happy a n d pr os
pe r ou s ; a n d t h ey ca n n ot b e happy a n d pr osp e r ou s u n l ess
t h ey mai n t ai n ord e r wi thi n t h e ir b ou n dari es a n d
wi th a j u st r egard for th e ir obliga t i ons toward ou ts iders
I t mu s t b e u n d ers tood that u n d e r n o circums t anc es
will th e U n i te d S t ates use th e M on r oe D oct ri n e as a
cloak for te rri torial aggr ess ion W e d es ir e p e ac e wi th
all th e world bu t p erhap s mos t of all wi th th e oth e r
pe opl es of th e Am erican cont i n ent Th er e are of cours e
limi ts to th e wr ongs which a ny s elf resp ec ti n g n at ion c a n
en dur e I t i s always p oss ible t ha t wr on g act ion s toward
th i s n a t ion or t oward ci t iz ens o f thi s n a t i on i n s om e
s t at e u n abl e to kee p ord e r am on g i t s ow n p eopl e u n abl e
us
t o s ecur e j u s t ic e fr om ou ts id e r s a n d u nwilli n g t o do "
t ic e to th ose ou ts id e r s w h o t r e a t i t w ell may r es ul t i n
to t
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
8
havi n g
ac tion will
ake act i on to pr otec t our righ ts ; but s uch
n ot b e t aken wi th a V i ew t o t e rri torial a g
g r e ss i on a n d i t will b e t ake n a t all on ly wi th e x t r em e r e
lu c t an c e an d wh en i t h as b e com e evid e n t t ha t e v e ry oth e r
r esource h as b een exhau s te d
to t
ou r
,
.
TH E
L O D GE
UTI O N
harb or or oth e r place i n th e
A m erican con t i n en ts i s s o s i tua te d t hat th e occupat i on
t h e r e of f or n aval or mili t ary purp os es migh t t hr e a t en th e
commu n icat i on s or th e s af ety of th e U n i te d S t ates t h e
Gove rn m en t of th e U n i t e d S t ates could n ot se e W i th ou t
gr av e c on c er n th e p oss ess i on of s uch harb or or oth er place
by any corp ora t ion or ass ociat i on which h as s uch a r ela
t i on to a n oth e r G ov e r n m en t n ot A m e rican as to giv e t ha t
Gov e rn m en t prac t ical p owe r of con tr ol f or n at i on al pur
p oses
“
R
l
es o ve
d
,
T hat wh en
R E SO L
a ny
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The L odge R esolu ti o n was n o t appr o ved by the
President but i t wa s p ass ed by an ove rwhelming
v ot e whi ch showed the s entiment o f the American
p e ople as t o its pr o v i s i on s ; and it is accepted as
th e D o ctr i n e o f th e Unite d S tates fo unded up o n
the pres ervati o n of the sa f e ty o f our country
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TH E
20
i cy
M O N RO E D O CT R I N E
f
thi s governm e n t and only so understood in
th e law o f nations
While this may b e th e thought
am ong o ther natio n s the M onr o e D octri n e is a s
abs olu t ely p art o f the li fe o f this r e public in i ts
de ali ngs wi th the n a ti o ns o f th e world a s any
d o c t rine o f i nt er n a ti on al law express ed and pub
It is
li s h e d as such by th e na tions o f the world
f undame n tally th e D o ct r ine o f th e greatest a n d
most p o we r ful n a ti on on e arth and s o und e rstood
t o b e a primary d o ct rine by t h e hu n dred millio n s
o f p e ople f ormi n g th e gre a t western republi c I f
i t 1 8 n o t technically p ar t o f the co de o f in t er n a
ti o n a l law i t i s th e b eli ef o f o u r p e o ple t hat it
f o rms an ess en ti al p ar t o f th e s t ruc tur e o f ou r na
Se cretary Foster stated :
t i on a l li fe
o
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b een s aid th a t th e M on r oe D oct ri ne h as no
bi n di n g au th ori t y ; fir s t b e cau se i t h as n ot b een admi tt ed
i n to the cod e of i n t er n at i on al law ; a nd s econ d b e cau s e i t
h as n eve r b een ad op te d or d e clar e d by C on gr e ss In r eply
i t may b e s aid tha t th e pri n cipl e which u n d e rli es th e M on
r oe D oc t ri n e—th e r i gh t o f s el f d e f e n s e
th e pr e s e rva t i on
o f th e p eac e a n d s af e t y o f th e n at i on —i s r eco gn iz e d a s
I t s tan d s
a n el em en t ary par t o f i n te r n at i on al law
to day as a cardi n al p olicy of ou r gove r n m e n t
“
I
t
h as
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While this doctrine may b e a p oli cy a n d not a
part o f th e t e chnical c o de o f i nterna ti o nal law i t
has for one hundred ye ars held the hands o f th e
,
IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
21
mighti est n a ti o ns o n e arth na ti ons that have r e c
ogn i z e d i t s pote n cy equally with th e r e cog ni tl on
which they have exte n ded to a ny principle of inter
na t i o n al la w The law o f s el f preservat ion is th e
m o st fundame nt al and absolute o f all th e laws o f
nati on s The M on ro e D octrine is the on e V ital
d o c t ri n e which i n o u r i n tercours e with o ther na
“
tio n s mos t V i t ally c o n tr o ls our p eace and happi
“
”
”
ness a n d ou r p eace a n d sa f e ty
I t is idle for
a n y auth o ri ty to c o n tend that a pr i n c i ple s o vital
as this d o es n ot have the real pote n cy and e ff ect o f
in t ernati o nal law Through out th e dis c ussions by
the fathers and by th o s e wh o latte rly placed th e
doctrine in act i ve e ff ec t th e on e c o nti n ui n g threa d
“
ru n s that underlyi n g this d o ctrine a r e th e p ea ce
“
”
and sa fe ty and the p eace and
th e
American nation
This d o ctr i ne was at first in one s e n s e o f th e
wo rd a nega t ive pr o positio n I ts pr i mal id e a was
n o n ac t i o n o n th e p ar t of th e United States unless
f o reign g overn me n t s a tt empted to ext end thei r
system to a ny p o r ti on o f t his hemisphere Wi th
th e li fe of th e wo rld it has cha n ge d not i n i ts
f u n dame ntal ide a f o r i t i s f ounded up o n th e
p reservat i on o f th e sa fety a n d p e ace of this repub
lic but to a cert a i n ext ent th e change has com e
with th e alter e d c o nditi on o f th e times and the
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M ON ROE DO CT RINE
TH E
surroundings o f th e li fe o f this hemisphere Tim e
ha s made it an a ffi rmative d o ctri n e o n our p art a
doctrine tha t will in a way c omp el a c tion on th e
p ar t o f ou r go ver n m e nt even b e f o re direct i n ter
ferenc e with ou r hemisphe re by foreign govern
men ts has c o me about The p eace and sa fety of
th e republi c which w a s th e underlyi n g ide a of the
M o nr o e D o ctrine will demand that this country
must a ffi rmatively pr o tect its elf against th e c ondi
t i o n brought ab out by the governments o f our
hemisphere I n other words with th e change o f
circumstances and the surroundi n gs o f ou r life
this d o ctrin e h a s in a way taken th e fo rm that will
comp el acti o n on our p art to p rev e n t a co nditi o n
which is ultimatel y liabl e t o bring about i nt e r f e r
e nce with ou r p eace and s afety
I n this discussi o n we f ound our argument upon
th e M onr o e D octrin e both in its original and its
la t e r c on struct ion We b eli e ve as a cardinal
principle of its applica tion tha t i n dep ende n ce i s
f u n dam
ental T o di ff er wi th anothe r country in
its i de as o f g overnment will f o rm no re ason why
w e S h ould deprive that country o f its gover n
mental li f e and existence We concede that b e
caus e o f th e di ff erence in thought a s to govern
me n tal poli cy w e should not interfer e wi th any
g o ve rnm e nt no r establish ov e r any gove rnment a
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IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
23
‘
suz erainty o r control We d o n ot c o ntend that the
Monro e D o ctrine appli es t o a c ountry u n less the
a cts o f that c ountry interfe re with th e d o ctrine in
our inte rpretati o n o f its pri n ciples as t o c o ntr o l by
E ur o p ean nati ons o r u nless it i nte rfe res wi th the
p rese rva ti o n o f ou r p eace a n d sa fety o r u nless it
commits a b re ach o f interna t ional la w
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TH E
24
M O N RO E D O CT R IN E
IV
G O VE RN
HA I T I S RELAT ION TO O U R
M EN T
’
The ques ti o n o f the c on di ti o n o f th e R epublic
is i n dee d a ques ti o n
o f Haiti i s o n e s o u rge n t
that s o e arn e s tly dema n ds tha t th e p eopl e o f our
c ountry sh oul d p o ss ess th e fullest i n f o rmatio n as
t o its c o ndi t i o n th at n o ap o l o g i es are n e eded f o r
a discussi on o f the M onro e D o ct rine as i t appli es
to this imp o rtant stra t egic i sla n d lyi n g pract i cally
at our d oo r a n d c o mma n d in g th e gre ates t av e n ues
o f our commerce
N ex t to M exic o this island republic i s fraugh t
with th e greatest imp o rta n ce to th e Un ited States
i n o ur rela t ion to the Sou ther n a n d C en t ral Amer
ican republics th e Gulf o f M exic o a n d th e C arib
b ea n S ea L e t u s the n as b r i efly as p o s sible dis
cuss the co n di ti on s ob t ai n i n g i n Hai ti a n d gai n an
idea o f i ts imp o rta nt rela ti on to o u r g o v e rnmen t
The isla n d o f Hispani o la c on tai n i n g Hai ti a n d
San D omi n g o i n cludes ab ou t
squar e
mil e s o f which
squar e miles are com
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I N I TS R
E L A T I O N T O HA I T I
25
pris ed i n the R e public o f Hai ti The i s la n d i s
ab o u t th e siz e o f th e c ombi n ed S t a t es o f D ela
ware M as s achus e tt s N e w Je r sey N e w Hamp
shi r e and R h o d e I sland N ext t o Cub a i t i s th e
m o s t imp o r t a n t s t ra t egical p o in t i n th e Gul f o f
M exic o a n d the C aribb ean S ea I t i s di r ec tly o n
a n d c o mma n d s th e tw o gre a t p as s ages o f t h e A t
la n ti c O cean i n to th e C aribb ean S ea fr o m the eas t
e r n c o ast o f t h e U n i ted S t ates t o and f r o m t h e
Pa n ama C a n al I t thus prac ti cally c on t r o l s the
grea t bulk o f th e c ommerce o f th e Un ited States
to the E as t a n d th e Pacific O ce a n
This island has wi thi n i t s s h o res m o re n a tu r al
W eal th tha n h a s a ny o t her t err i t o ry o f s imilar S i z e
i n th e w o rld
By rea s o n o f i ts rich valleys a n d
splendid m ou ntains i t h a s every t emp era ture
kn o wn to m a n All tropical plan ts a n d tre es a s
well as th e vege t ables a n d f ru i t s o f th e temp erate
climes gr o w there i n p erfec ti on The b e st c o ff e e
k n own to c ommerce gr ows Wi ld wi th out plan ti n g
o r cul t iva t i o n
Sugar ca n e i n dig o bre ad frui t
melo n s mang o es o ra n ges apples grap es mul
b erri es and figs all gr o w wi th li ttle lab o r o r care
M ah o ga ny ma n chi n e el sa ti nw o o d r o s ew o o d ci n
t h e o a k t h e cy
n am o n w o o d l o gw o o d; t h e pi n e
press a n d th e p almetto g r ow i n rich pro fu s i on i n
its sple n did soil Here a r e th e b est dyes tu ff s
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
26
known to comme rce and in th e e arth are silve r
go l d c opp er le ad i r o n gypsum and sulphur
We haz ard the sta t eme n t tha t thi s island is more
cap able o f supporting life in all i ts pha se s m o re
abl e to crea t e weal t h and di ffus e happiness to i ts
p eople than any o ther land o f i t s si z e on the face
o f th e e ar th
I ts harb ors a r e i n comp a rable and
will float the navi es o f the wo rld I ts atmosphere
i s s alub rious and its climat e heal thy I t i s a nat
ural p aradis e a n d th e des crip t i o n o f its b eauty
and resources by C olumbus i s a s tru e to day a s it
H e
w a s more than f o ur hundred years a g o
wrote :
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“
h e r e are many hav ens on th e s e acoast i ncom
parabl e wi th a ny oth ers I know i n C hri s ten dom a n d
pl en ty of rivers s o good a n d gre a t tha t i t i s a marv el
Th e lan d s th e r e ar e high a n d i n i t are v ery many ran ges
o f hill s a n d m os t l o f t y m o u n t ai n s i n comparably b eyon d
t h e I slan d of C e n tr e f e i (or T en e ri ff e " all m os t b e au t iful
i n a th ou s an d s hap es a n d all acces s ibl e a n d full of t r ees of
a th ou san d ki n ds s o l of ty that th ey seem to r each th e s ky
A n d I am ass ur e d tha t th ey n ev e r l ose th e ir f oliage as
may b e imagi n e d s i nc e I s aw th em as gr een a n d a s
b e au t iful as th ey ar e i n S pai n i n M ay a n d s om e of th em
w er e i n fl ow e r som e i n frui t som e i n an oth e r s tage ac
cordi n g to th eir ki n d A n d the n igh ti n gal e w as s i n gin g
a n d oth e r bird s o f a t h o u s an d s or t s i n th e m on th of N o
ve m be r
rou n d abou t th e way I w as goi n g T h er e ar e
pal m t rees of s ix or e igh t sp eci es won drous to s ee f or
I n it
t
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
28
possible more imp ortant than the I W
e d i t e rr a n e a n
i n thei r e ff ect upon th e commerce o f the wo rld
Fr o m thei r p o siti on they will b e m o r e WO rld wide
i n their di rect i n flu ence up o n c o mmer c e tha n th e
M edi t erra n e a n b ecaus e thes e two s e as will em
bra ce a gre ate r p ar t o f th e w o rld
I t should b e a fu n damental principl e o f the
“
I
Un ited S t ates that we should contr ol the Gulf o f
M ex i co and th e C aribb e an S ea This c o n t rol
should b e absolute and exclusive The ultimate
realization o f this p o stulat e may b e far in the f u
tur e b ut the principle sh o uld b e carri e d out a s
p ersisten tly as R ussi a and Germany have pursued
While the ultimate
th e th ough t o f an o p en s e a
t h o ught o f our c o untry is towa rd p eace still the
devel oping wo r ld c o n ditions comp el us to prep are
f o r the domi n a n ce o f the s eas that a re ab solutely
necess ary to our future s ecurity The c ontrol o f
thes e great s eas which cut ou r sh o re line in twain
and whi ch control our gre atest river a n d th e he art
o f ou r gre a t est populati o n is a s esse n ti al to the
p e ace and s a fety o f this c ountry as is the c o ntrol
o f th e B ritish Channel o r the R e d S ea to Great
B ritain o r that o f the Adr i ati c to Austri a and
I t aly
The p eace and s a fety o f our c ou n try further
dem and that the countr i e s bordering on the C ar
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IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
29
Se a a n d th e Gulf o f M exico should n o t b e
abl e by whim s elf in t eres t o r lawle s sn e s s to i n
The: c o ndi t i on s s u r
t e r f e r e with this na ti o n
r o u n ding this c o u nt ry demand tha t ou r spheres o f
influenc e o n this c on tine n t sh ould b e as abs o lutely
delimited a n d s e ttled a s i s th e establishme n t o f
that principle i n E urop e While i t is p o ssibl e
e asily to s ettle this principle it sh o ul d b e d o n e ;
and a s rapidly a s i s c o n si s te n t W i th j ustice and
right th e b ri n gi ng ab o ut o f the s i tua ti o n tha t will
absolutely s ecure our c on tr o l of thes e great s eas
sh ould b e inaugurated
The eve n ts o f the day sh o w how caus ele s sly a
gre at wa r may aris e and o f wha t de a dl y imp o r
tance to a gre at n ati o n may b e a small i sla n d o r
an obscure cou n try
The c on s t ruct i on o f th e
C anal has empha s iz ed our du ty al on g th e lines o f
this b asi c idea a n d this p ri n ciple has b e en pr a cti
cally ma de p ar t o f our treaty obligati on s i n a n
agre ement f o r th e pres erva t i on o f o rder i n the
Gulf o f M ex i co the C aribb e a n S e a and th e sur
rou n ding a n d adj acent c ountri es
I n the Hay P a un c e f ot e Trea ty we co n trac t that
“
T h e canal shall b e fre e a n d op e n to th e vess els
o f c o mmerce a n d o f w a r o f all n ati on s obs ervi n g
“
”
thes e rule s ; and we fur ther agre e that T h e
canal shall never b e bl o ckaded nor shall any right
ibb e a n
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
0
3
o f wa r b e exe rcis ed no r any a ct o f ho s tility b e
comm i tted within it T h e United States how
ever shall b e at lib erty t o mai n tain such military
police along the canal as m ay b e necessary to pro
”
t e ct it against lawlessnes s and dis o rder
I t i s idl e t o b eli eve that th e s e s o lemn and i m
p o rtant obligations ca n b e b rought to fruition
while the c o ndition o f the Gulf o f M exi co and the
C a ribb ean S e a remai n s a s it i s t o day and while
th e p res ent status o f i rresponsibility controls
thes e s eas Thes e s eas and islands and the lands
borderi n g on them are a p art o f the Panama Z one
and while thei r ability to cast this impo rtant o cean
o f th e Western Hemisphere into political
soci al
and m ercantil e chaos remains , our solemn gu a r
a n t e e s and tre ati e s t o pres erve th e ca n al are but
a s waste p ap er The control o f the Panama C anal
makes th e United States a truste e fo r civilization
a n d to carry out our treat i es i t I S necessary that
we d ominate thes e s e as ; and we should b e abl e
by f ai r tre aty o r by f airly grante d rights to pre
s erve th e p ea ce and s a f e ty o f that portion o f this
c o ntinent
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IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
3
1
V
S T R AT E G I C
I MP OR TA N C E O F
HA I T I
I t i s necess ary to our Sub j ect bri e fly to discus s
th e locati o n o f Hai t i not only as to its trad e posi
tion but as to its s trategical situ a t ion I n the Gulf
o f M exi co and th e C aribb ean S e a there are five
great strategical p ositions : th e mouth o f th e C a
nal the mouth o f th e Mississippi Cub a Hai ti
a n d Jamaica
T h e mouth o f th e M i ss i ss i pp i n ec
e s s a r ily will c o mmand th e gre at ce n tral valley o f
th e U n ited States a n d her e will b e o n e o f the
grea t positi on s in th e t ra d e o f th e world From
th e m o u th o f th e Mississippi t o C ol o n our com
me rc e will hav e a straight c ours e p assing C ap e
C a t o ch e the outermost poi n t o f " ucatan a n d
C ap e G raci as a D i o s on t h e Mosquito C o as t
This route will pass th e island of Mu j eres which
is n o t imp o r t a nt but will b e Wi thi n easy striki n g
dis ta n ce o f th e great i sla n d o f Jamaica owned by
Great B ritai n
T h e island o f Cub a i s the great controlling
strategical influence i n th e C aribb ean Se a and th e
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
2
Gulf o f M ex i c o I t li es a cross the route fr om
N o r th Amer i ca a n d largely c ommand s the r oute
fr om the mou th o f th e Mi ss i s s i pp i to th e easter n
o p eni n g o f th e C a n al
I t con tr o ls th e p as s age
fr o m th e Gulf o f M ex i c o i n toth e C aribb e a n S e a
through th e " ucata n Chan n el and i n t o the Gul f
o f M exic o f r o m the A t la n t i c by t h e Florida s t rai t s
S ec o n d to Cub a i n stra t egical imp o r t a n ce i s the
I sla n d o f Hai ti a n d S a n D omi n g o
The two gre at r ou t es fr o m N or th America to
th e m o u th o f th e C anal a r e : first the r o u t e by
th e Windwar d Pass age b etwe e n th e I sland o f
Cub a a n d the I sla n d o f Hai ti ; s ec o n d the r ou t e
by th e M o n a Pass age b etwe e n th e I sla n d o f Ha i t i
and the I sla n d o f Pu er to R ic o Thi s la tter p as
s age will b e chi efly us ed by th e s a i ling vess els g o
i n g t o a n d from th e C anal t o t h e eas t er n po r ti o n
o f N o rth America
E very ship sailing fr om N ew
" o rk Philadelphi a Charlesto n C a n ada B al t i
m o re N ewp o rt N ews i n s ho rt f r o m th e eas t
ern c o as t o f N o rth America on their j ourneys t o
th e i n fi n i t e w o rld o f c o mmerce will b e comp elled
t o p ass by the I sland o f Hai t i either t hr o ugh t h e
Wi n dward Passage o r th e M o n a Passage a n d all
vessels to Gre at B r i t a i n a n d th e n o r ther n par t o f
E ur op e must u s e th e Mona Pass age by th e e as t
ern co ast o f Haiti
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IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
33
the r importa n t passage to th e m ou th o f
the C a n al is the A n ega d a Passage by th e I sland
wi thi n ea s y
o f Sai n t Th o mas a n d Puer t o R ic o
s triking d i s t a n ce o f Hai ti This will b e th e r o u t e
us e d f r om th e I s thmus to the M e diterra n e an a n d
C e n t ral E u r op e C o n cisely sp eaki n g th e wo rld
o f c o mmerce to and fr o m th e C anal will p ass
al o n g o n e c o as t o r th e o the r o f th e I sla n d o f
Haiti and S a n D o mi n go o r wi thi n e asy s t riki n g
distance o f i ts sh o res
This world wide c o mmerce in case o f s t ress
a n d s t o rm on i t s v oyage t o the commerci al w o rld
must utili z e this gre a t isla n d i n the ne cessi t ies o f
se a li fe ; f o r Hai ti i s th e firs t great harb oring
place o n the w a y to the C anal and o n th e return
it is th e las t st oppi n g place I t will b e as n e c e s
s a ry to th e c omm erce o f thi s c oun t ry as M al t a o r
Aden o r Gibral t a r are to th e Suez r ou t e I t li es
athwart the g r ea t es t comm e r c e that will cleave the
s eas
I n th e p r e s e n t g o ver n me n t al condi ti on o f Hai ti
and wi th i ts rela ti o n t o this c ou nt ry the island o f
Jamaica will b e s up r emely i mp o r t a nt f r om a
s t ra t egical s t an d p o in t i f c ontr o lled o r held by a n
u n f r ie n dly p o wer a n d i t could cripple ou r c om
m e r ce p assi ng through the Windward Anegada
o r the Mo n a Pass age
With the fri endly i n flu
T he
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
34
e n c e o f Cub a and Hai ti th e commerc e o f the
Un ited S t ates would have a tremend ou s adva n tage
in cas e o f war or in th e event o f un f ri e n dlines s
on th e p art o f any nati on even i f Jamaica w e r e
held by an unfri endly p owe r
I t i s usual to sp eak o f the C aribb ea n S ea and
th e Gulf o f M exico a s the American S eas and to
consi der them a s p art o f ou r life and practically
wi thin the c on tr o l o f this na tio n I t i s n ecess ary
t hat we sh o uld glance at thes e gre at s eas and a p
e how they and the C anal are hemmed in
e
c
i
a
r
t
p
by i s lands which would b ecom e a me n a ce t o our
commerce i n cas e o f war o r h o stility on th e p art
o f the nati o ns o f E ur o p e
Fi rs t i n i mp o rt a n ce i s th e isla n d o f Jama i ca
o wned by Grea t B ri t ain
which is prac ti cally at
O f alm o st equal impo r
th e mouth o f th e C a n al
t a n ce is th e island o f Cura ca o b el o n gi n g t o Hol
la n d which i n th e ha n ds o f an un f ri e n d ly p ower
w ould b e dis a s t rous i n its e ff ec t up o n th e c om
merce o f th e C a n al T o the east and wi thin strik
i n g dis t a n ce are M a r tini que i n the ha n d s o f
Fra n ce ; S a n t a Lu c i a own ed by E ngla n d ; St
Th omas ow n ed by D e n ma rk ; the B ahamas a n d
t h e B e r muda s i n th e ha n ds o f E ngland and Cub a
and Hai t i i n i n dep e n de n t c on t r o l n eithe r o f
which last two c ould b e u tiliz ed by th e Unit e d
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TH E
6
3
M ON ROE DO CT RINE
our e astern and wes t ern sh o res The co n trol o f
t his s e a by ou r g o v e rnment is a s fundame n tal and
a s i n ex o rabl e a s the pres erva tion o f th e rights o f
th e S t a t es o r o f o u r f o rm o f fre e g o ve r n me n t
T o d a y b eca u s e o f pre s e n t c o n di t i o ns ou r c o u n t ry
has in tha t imp o r tan t r egi on th e adva n t ag e mili
Wi th th e a dve n t o f n e w
t a ry a n d c o mmerci al
f o rce s ou r access to the C a n al may b e des t royed
a n d the con t rol o f t ha t vi t al s ea t o f c o mmerce
may f all i n t o the han d s o f a c o mbi n a ti on o f n a
t i on s o pp o s ed t o t h e i n t e r e s t s o f th e U n i t ed
States The pres e n t situ ati o n o f res t in th e C a r i b
b ean S e a c a n n o longe r c on ti nue T o think that
i t will is f olly
I n cas e o f Germa n suprema cy i n th e grea t c on
t est o f whi ch t h e fi r s t decla r a t i o n ha s j us t b e e n
hea r d th e c o l on ial d e p e n dencies o f Fra n c e will
surely f all i n to Germa n ha n d s and the strategi c
isla n ds o f th e C a ribb ean Se a will b e held by th e
m o s t e ar th hu n ge r i n g o f th e nati o n s o f E ur o p e
I f i n th e c omplicat i o n s o f the inevitable war E n g
la n d i s succe s s f ul i t will me a n wi th her a n e w era
a n d i t will d o away wi t h t h e o ld c o ndi t i o n o f res t
a n d qui e t which has surr o u n de d h er Wes t I ndian
dep e n denc i es
Un d e r th e p rese n t c on d i ti on s a n allia n ce o f two
E ur op e a n n a t ions c a n close th e mou th o f th e C a
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ITS R
IN
ELAT ION
TO
HA I T I
37
nal and can pract i cally domina t e the C aribb e an
Sea I n the op i n i on o f th oughtful men the great
vital and living p ropos i t i o n f o r us i s tha t the
Un i t ed Sta t es sh ould c o n t r ol mi li t a rily a n d c om
m e r ci a lly th e C a r ibb e a n S ea a n d th e access t o the
Panama C a n al E very s t ep i n tha t direct i o n i s
o n e o f wisd o m
d dema n ded by th e m o st prima ry
c o nsi d e rati on s o f c o mm e rci al and mil i t ary n e c e s
,
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,
,
S i ty
.
Wi th th e ch a ng e b r ough t ab out by th e pres ent
c o ndi ti o ns i n E ur op e c on s ide ra ti ons o f c ommer
c i a l a n d mili t ary p o licy will surely demand t hat
th e E urop ea n n a t i o n s will f o r ti f y thei r dep enden
ci es i n th e C aribb e a n Se a a n d th e mo s t f un d a m e n
tal considera ti o n s o f s a fety demand that we shall
take every step l o oki n g t o th e fi n ality which will
give to thi s g over n men t as c omple t e c o ntr o l o f mil
i t a r y and c om m e r ci a l c on di ti o n s i n the C aribb ean
Se a as can b e wr o ugh t by e n ergy a n d fores i gh t
The C a n al cl o sely hel d i n ou r ha n ds will b e
D om i n ated by
a s o urce o f i n calculable s t re n g t h
a E urop e an n at i on o r a n all i a n ce o f E urop ea n
n a ti o n s
it will b e to us com m e rC I a l a n d mili t ary
dest r uc ti o n We b eli eve that th i s s t a t eme nt i s
f undame n t al
L et us c on s i der the g o vernme n tal and s o ci al
c on d i ti on o f th e R epublic o f Ha i ti s o i mpor t antly
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TH E
38
M ON ROE DO CT RINE
located a s i t I S and the p rob ability o f its b e com
ing a m enac e to the fundamental principles o f the
Monro e D oc t rine I t i s important for us to s e e
i f it off ends against the p e ace and s afe ty o f this
country N 0 one ca r e s to indi ct a whole p eople ;
but th e question o f th e fu tur e o f this island i n its
relations to thi s republic is one o f de ep and abi d
i ng i mportanc e to Am eri cans
This i sland is p ractically p art o f th e shor e lin e
o f our r e publi c and i s i n control o f th e avenues o f
ou r greatest routes o f commerc e to the world and
li es at th e mouth o f th e C anal which has cost u s
unto ld sums o f money Through its great pa s
s ages will fl ow the bulk o f our commerc e to th e
E ast and a question f o r considera t ion fo r th e
Am e rican p e opl e i s whether o r not thi s c om
merce should o ftentimes b e place d in th e control
o f a gove rnment continuously e ngage d i n inter
n e ci n e wa r r evolut i on
and insurr e ctio n and sunk
in religious and governmental degeneracy I t is
vital to th e United States to determin e wheth e r
th e co n dition o f thi s island so impo rtant to us
will ultimately le ad to interfer enc e on th e p art o f
E urop e an nati on s o r comp el us in order to pr e
s erv e th e p ea c e and s a fety o f our country to pr o
vide by some means that its pr e s e nt condition b e
cha n g e d and that inst e ad o f b eing a m e nac e to
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IN I T S RELA T ION TO HA I T I
39
our republic it may b ecom e a blessing to th e world
and a protection to a commerce that will b e the
greatest witnessed S i nce the keels o f mankind s
ships b egan to cleav e th e wate r in thei r quest for
knowl e dge and riche s throughout the world
’
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
40
VI
HA I T I S
’
G O VE RN M EN TA L
P OLI C " A N D
R E LI G IO US I DE A L S
L et us as bri efly as may b e giv e th e co n dition
o f t h i s i s land as s e t o ut by t h o s e wh o have V isi t ed
i t s sh o res a n d who are c o n versan t wi t h i t s c o n di
That which s h ow s th e real li fe of a na tion
ti o ns
o li cy a n d its r
i s its
ve rnm e n t a l
I i nv
To
A S h o r t discussi o n o f th e hi s tory o f the i sland
i s necessary to explai n th e u n derlyi n g r e aso n s for
i ts ec o n omic a n d g o ve r n me n tal c o n di ti on s
A t the t ime tha t Hisp a n i ola was discover (1 by
C o lumbus i n 1 4 9 2 it was i n habited by twd mil
li on n a t ives By reas on o f the rap acity and cruel t y
o f t h e Sp a n i ards th e n a t ives were soo n ex t e rm i
ma t ed a n d as early as 1 5 1 2 slaves were imp orted
f r o m Africa
The des ce n da n ts o f thos e slav e s
n ow C on t r o l t h e R epublic o f Haiti
Suga r which was intr o duced into th e i sland in
1 50 6 so o n b ega n t o b e t h e grea t staple
I n 1 6 50
t h e bucca n e ers b ecame f o rmidable and i n 1 6 9 7
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IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
1
4
p ar t o f the island controlled by them was
ceded to Fra n ce
A t the time o f the French R ev o lu ti o n th e popu
lati on w a s c o mp o s ed o f rela tively few whi t es t h e
ruli n g cla s s s o me mula tto es a n d a va s t ma j o rity
o f n egr o slaves
Un d er th e c on tr o l o f th e Fre n ch
Hai ti b ecame th e s ea t of a luxury alm o s t unp a r a l
leled a n d f urn ished a n e n orm ous c om me r ce to th e
civiliz ed world
The mula tto es demande d c i v i l righ ts a n d wi th
th e wave o f f re e d o m a n d lib erty t hat b r o ke o ver
France t hey were in 1 7 9 1 g r a n t ed th e p r ivileges
o f Fre n ch ci t iz e n ship by t h e N a t i o nal C o nve n t io n
The whites dema n de d that th e decre e b e rev oke d
which was d o ne ; bu t i n 1 7 9 1 th e slaves e n gaged i n
an insurrec t i o n i n which t hey were assis t ed by th e
mula tto es I n 1 7 9 3 th e F r e n ch ab olished s lavery
Thi s h owever had n o e ffec t up o n th e si tua ti on
D u ri n g th e wa r wi th E n gla n d which o ccurred
a t t his t ime
t h e slaves h a d re n d ered g r ea t a s
s i s t a n c e t o th e Fre n ch i n de f ea t i n g th e E n glish
I n 1 8 0 1 Toussai n t L O uve r tur e a n egr o o b t ained
mili t ary c o n tr o l a n d p r o claimed a c on sti tu ti o n al
gove r nme n t H e was deceive d by Ge n e r al L e
clerc th e bro ther i n law o f B o n apart e and was
M
t aken t o France whe r e he
P
This agai n brough t on an insurrec ti on by th e
th e
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
42
negro es ; and under Je an Jacques D e ssalin e s th e y
renewed the conflict in its m o st h o rr i ble f o rms
I n 1 8 0 3 the French ab a n d on ed th e isl and D es
s alines massacred all the whi t e s pr o mulgated the
D eclara t ion o f I n dep end e nce i n 1 8 0 4 and a fter
h e ha d pr o claim e d hims elf emp er o r i n 1 8 0 6 was
a ssassina t ed
After this cam e the dreadful contest b etwe en
Chri stophe and Pe ti o n f o r th e control o f th e
whole island and the horrible confli ct s b etwe en
Haiti and San D omingo continued with varying
success
I n 1 8 4 4 th e Sp anish p or tion o f the
isla n d ass erted i ts indep endence o f Haiti and th e
R epubli c o f S a n D omingo was e stablished Sinc e
that time the t wo p olitical divisions o f the i sland
hav e continued
Then followed succession a fter succ e ssion o f
negro p residents and fi erce dictators but all unde r
ory and practice o f C omplet e c ontrol o f th e
r n m e n t and prop erty by the negro
ere i s th e distinguishi n g di ff erenc e b etwe en
San D omingo and Haiti which i s not generally
unde rstood
T h e great development o f th e Frenc h portion
o f th e island whi ch at th e t i m e o f th e Fr e nch
R evolution was supplying half o f E urop e with
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
44
rul e o f B oyer th e negro republi c
/ c on t r olle d San D omi n g o a n d sh o wed the s ame
1
f e a r a n d d e t esta t i on o f everyt hi n g whi t e o r E ur o
p ean that ha d app eared in Hai ti Th e s t eady fe ar
o f th e Hai t i a n s o f every thi n g E ur o p e a n led t hem
to des t r o y th e live s o f th e m u la tto es a n d th e white
m e n wherever t hey were f ou n d a n d i n ad d i t i o n
they destr oyed the cul tu re laws and works o f
th e m e n wh o ha d made th e island o f Haiti a t th e
t i me of the Fre n ch R ev o luti o n the richest p o ss es
5 1o n excep ti n g Java o n t h e gl ob e
Th i s c o n ti nui n g fe a r o f all tha t was white and
civili z ed reache d i t s sup reme illustra ti on i n th e
buildi n g by th e tyrant Chri st ophe o f the e n o r
mous fo r t ress at L a Ferri ere There on the top
o f a lo n ely m o un t ai n miles away from a n
o wn
t
y
o r city
a t t h e c o st o f t hir ty th ousa n d lives and
fi f t e en milli on s o f d ollars this m onster in human
f o rm c on s t ruc t ed one o f th e m o s t s tup endous for
t ress es ever re ared by human ha n ds
His ob j ect
i n d o i n g this was t o p r o t ec t hims elf agai n st the
white m a n wh o h e feared w ould surely come and
repla ce th e black s b a rb ar o us me th o ds wi th th e
r ule o f civili zation
I t s t a n ds t here to day with
gia n t wal ls on e hundred f ee t high filled with four
hu n dred ca nn ons i ts b roken walls and roofl ess
Unde r
th e
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l
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RELAT ION
HA I T I
To
45
t owers at testing to the system which u n der negr o
rule has destr oyed this b eautiful isla n d
Si n ce th e evacuati o n by th e French Haiti h a s
b e e n a la n d o f rev o lu ti o n de s p o ti s m a n d crime
agai n st religi ou s au th o ri ty a n d go vernmen t al law
Wi th the f o rms o f a fre e g overnment i t has b e en
a desp otism u n rivale d i n i ts disregard f o r huma n
r ight s
A ge n eral o f a dep a r tme n t wi th a r agged
a rmy o f b a n di tti b ehi n d him wh o by bl o od a n d
rapi n e s eiz e s c o n t r o l o f th e g o ve rn me nt o f t e n
wi th o u t th e pre t e n s e o f th e f o rm s o f a n elect i o n
has ge n erally fu rnished th e h o rrid ph a n ta s m a go
ri a whi ch since the Fre n ch evacua t i on has p o s ed
i n th e Haiti a n R epublic a s fre e g over n men t
,
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.
Fou n d e d as i t i s up on f orce wi th th e s tr on gest m an a t
t h e h e ad n omi n ally a s pr e s id e n t b u t i n r e ali t y a dic t a to r
th e Black R e public ca nn ot e n dur e an o th e r c e n t ury a s i t i s
goi ng now wi th ou t c al li n g t o i t th e a tten t i on of th e
w orld a n d ex c i t i n g i ts s t ron ge s t re pr obat i on I t i s th e
d es ir e of m or e than on e gove rnm en t that th e U n i te d
S t a tes sh ould t ake thi s irr esp ons ibl e i slan d republic i n
han d a n d admi n i s ter to i t a s alu t ary l ess on N othi n g sh or t
o f ex te rmi n a t i on s om e av e r co uld e ffe c t a r e f orm i n th e
H ai t ian b o dy p ol i t i c ; bu t as thi s age d oes n ot tol erat e th e
radical m eas ur es of th e old en t im e i t i s not probabl e that
S ir
th e pr ese n t ge ne rat i on will e xp e ri e n c e a r e f o rma t i o n
S p en ce r S t J oh n w h o w as form erly the E n gli sh M i n ist e r
R es id e n t i n H ai t i a n d w h o wr ot e a n exhau s t iv e accou n t
“
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46
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
doi n gs i n the Black R epublic s ays of i t among
o th e r thi n gs n ot complime n t ary :
N o cou n t ry p ossess es
gr e ate r capabili t i es or a b ette r geographical p os i t i on or
mor e vari e d soil climate or product ion wi th magn ificen t
s c en e ry o f e v e ry d es crip t i on ; a n d y e t i t i s n ow th e c ou n t ry
to b e avoid e d rui n e d a s i t h as b ee n by a s uccess i on of s elf
S eeki n g p oli t ician s wi th out hon esty or patriotis m
O B E R T h e Wak e of C olumbu s
of
th e
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‘
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’
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“
”
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,
glan d
both t ri e d th e ir han d to r ecov e r i t b u t fail e d fr om th e
s am e cau s e an d a black n at i on
wi th a r epublican const i
t u t i on a n d a p opula t i on p e rhap s of ab ou t a milli on a n d a
half of pure bl ood e d n egroes h as s i n ce b een i n u nchal
l enge d p ossess i on an d h as arrive d a t th e con di t i on w hich
h as b een d es crib e d to us by S ir S p en ce r S t J oh n
R epub
li es which b egi n wi th murd e r an d plu n d e r do not com e to
much good i n thi s world H ai t i h as pas se d through m an y
r evolu t i on s an d is n o n e ar e r than a t firs t to s t abili ty T h e
presen t pr es iden t M S alomon w ho w as l ong a re fugee i n
J a maica cam e i n to p ow e r a f ew days back by a t urn of
H e w as des crib e d to m e as a p er emp tory gen
th e wh eel
t le man w h o mad e quick wo rk wi th h i s p oli t ical opp o
n e uts
H is t e rm of offi ce havi n g n earl y expir e d h e had
r e é lec t e d him s elf s h or tly b e f o r e an oth e r s e v en ye ar s a n d
w as pr epar e d t o mai n t ai n h i s righ t by a ny m e asur es which
h e migh t t hi n k expe di en t H e had a f ew r egimen ts of
s oldi e r s
w h o I w as told we r e d evote d t o him an d a
fl eet cons is t i n g of tw o gu nb oats comman d e d by a n A meri
c a n O fli c e r t o W h om h e chi e fly ow e d h i s s e curi ty
FRO UD E T h e E n gli sh i n th e W est I n di es
“
Th e i sl an d b e i n g thu s d er elic t S pai n
E
and
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47
IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
Says R e a r Admiral C olby M Chester U S
N avy a most careful and distinguished ob server
Vi n “ Haiti : A D egenerati n g I sland ” :
-
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,
p oss ibl e wi thi n the limi ts of thi s pap e r to go
i n to d et ail s r egardi n g th e t urbulen t his tory of H ai t i T h e
fac t tha t of i ts tw en ty one rul ers—from D ess ali n es to th e
on e now h oldi n g p ow e r—f our on ly hav e c ompl e t e d th e ir
t e rm s of offic e th e m os t of th e m b e i n g drive n ou t of th e
cou nt ry will s h ow th e gen e ral ten den cy of th e p eopl e to
r evolu t ion H i s tory i s h er e c ons t an tly r ep e at i n g i tself
ar e
s umm e d up i n th e ge n e ral s t a te m e n t tha t th e
ou ts
always s t ruggli n g to ge t i n to p ow er whil e th e i n s ar e
s t rivi n g to r e t ai n p os s ess i on o f th e S p o il s o f offi c e
I t i s s aid tha t H ai t i i s ge tt i n g blacke r a n d blacker th e
whi te el em en t havi n g b een pract ically ex termi n ate d or
r emove d fr om th e i slan d
I n al l i ts p oli t ical hi s to ry H ai t i th e b eau t iful h as
b een torn almos t to s hre ds by i ts turbul en t i nhabi t an ts
l e d on by a f ew a spiri n g chi e fs w h o rar ely hav e had a ny
o th e r obj e c t i n vi ew than p e r s on al gai n
“
I
t is n ot
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‘
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“
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“
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”
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cours e if H a i t i w e r e a t ru e r epublic th e p eopl e
w ould hav e a n opp or tu n i ty t o co rr ec t th e abuses from
which th ey s u ffe r by exerci s i n g th e manh oo d fran chis e to
which u n d e r th e con s t i t u t i on th ey ar e e nt i tl ed bu t o f
all farc es an d t rav es t i es of p opular i ns t i t ut i ons which ar e
so pr eval e n t i n th e Black R epublic tha t o f th e so call e d
p opular el ecti ons i s th e mos t flagra nt E l ec ti ons to th e
chamb e r ar e h eld or not he ld n ot as pr es cri b e d by law
a n d a t th e pr op e r i n te r val s b u t S impl y wh en an d h ow i t
“
Of
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TH E
8
4
M ON ROE DO CT RINE
may s ui t th e p e rsonal conv en i enc e a n d pr ivate profi t of th e
I f h e c an s ecure m or e
s upr e m e mili t ary chi e f o f th e day
m on ey i n bribes fr om th e d epu t i es alr e ady asse mbl e d a n d
i n s ess i on tha n i s off e r e d by th os e d es ir ou s o f l e gi s la t i v e
h on or s a n d O pp or tu n i t i es f or corrup t i on th en th e old
chamb e r remai ns on i n d efi n i tely I f th e n ew m e n O ff e r to
th e mili t ary chi e f a s uffi ci en t ly s ub s t a n t ial i n duce m e n t th e
l e gis latur e i n b e i n g i s dismiss e d al th ough i t may hav e
en"oye d on ly a m on th of lif e a n d n ew el ec t ions offer e d
Th e A merican M e di te rrane an
BON SA L
.
,
.
,
,
”
.
,
“
"
”
.
,
"
Again s ays B onsal :
wi n te r of 1 9 0 7 0 8 wh en tw en ty tw o of th e
adh er en ts of D r F i rm i n f ell i n to th e han d s of th e a d
m i n is t ra t i on gene ral a t S t M arc that ofli c e r walke d th em
ou t to th e n e ar e s t c em e te ry
a n d af te r th ey had dug a
t r en ch d eep e n ough t o h old t h e ir b o di es had th em s h ot
a n d buri e d
H e th en r ep or te d to h i s comman d e r i n chi ef
Pre siden t N ord Al exi s th e occurr ence tex t ually as f ol
l ows
Feeli ng con fid en t that my p oeés ve r ba l of the affair
whi ch I shall hav e drawn up a t th e e arlies t p oss ibl e mo
m en t w ould m eet wi th your excelle n cy s approv al to
s av e t im e
I hav e execu te d th e twen ty tw o pri son ers
provi s ion ally T hi s bu tch er n eve r r ece iv e d a word of
c e ns ur e bu t on th e con t rary w a s pr om ot e d by h i s chi e f
“
In
th e
-
-
,
.
,
.
,
,
-
-
,
.
,
“
r
,
’
,
,
-
,
’
.
”
,
,
.
,
The first e ff ort of a revolutionist is to obtai n
poss ession o f th e custo m hous e s o a s to provide
the S i n e w s o f war and to obtain p erquisites for
,
IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
thos e in charge of th e rev olutio n
mass acre o f th o s e wh o foll o wed
aspiran t f o r th e p residency
.
49
The n ensu es a
th e unsuccessful
.
“
h e ad is a pres iden t assis te d by tw o chamb e rs
th e m emb e r s of which ar e el ec te d a n d h old offic e u n d e r a
con s t i tu t i on of 1 8 8 9 This cons ti t u t ion th or oughly r e
publican i n form is Fr en ch i n origi n a s ar e al so th e laws
la n guage t r a di t i ons a n d cus toms i n H ai t i In pract ice
h oweve r th e gov e r n m e n t r esolves i tse lf i n to a mili t ary
d esp ot i sm th e p owe r be i n g con cent ra te d i n th e han ds of a
pr es ident Th e H ai t ians s ee m to p ossess every thi n g that a
progress ive a n d civilize d n ati on c an d es ir e bu t corrup t ion
i s s p r ead thr ough eve ry p or t i on an d bran ch O f the gov e rn
m en t J us t ic e i s ven al a n d th e p olic e ar e bru t al a n d i ne f
A
i ts
t
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
ficient
”
.
—E
,
pe d i a B r i ta n n i ca
n cy c lo
.
am e cau ses which ten d e d th en to d em oraliz e
th e c ou n t ry a n d u n se t t l e i t s p eopl e ar e th os e tha t r e n d e r i t
a h otb e d of r evolu t ion to day T h e ban kr up tcy of i ts
t r e as ury th e ambi t i on of as piri n g chi e f s t h e ha t r e d o f
dis app oi n te d on es a n d th e wan t of a ny r egular sys tem of
comm erc e a n d agricul t ur e wi th th e i n cubu s of an army
livi n g i n idl en es s an d ea t i n g up the s ubs t an ce of th e lan d
mus t hav e th e ir eff ec t —H A Z A RD S an D omi n go an d
H ai t i
“
Bu t th e
s
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
“
”
.
,
”
.
fficial p eculat i on j udicial murd e r a n d u tte r corrup
t i on of ev e ry ki n d u n d e rli e th e f orm s a n d t i tl es of civiliz e d
gove rnmen t ; the religion nomi n ally C hri s t ian i s largely
vaudoux or s erp en t wors hip i n which ac tual a nd h orribl e
“
O
,
,
,
,
-
,
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
0
5
cann ibalism is ev en now a m ost i mp or tan t ele m ent I n
s te ad o f pr ogr es s i n g
th e n e gr o r e publicans hav e gon e
—
back to th e l owes t t yp e of A frican barbari sm
C ha m b e r s
.
,
”
.
E
pe d ia
n cy c lo
“
A lan d
ta nn i ca
.
of
conti nu ou s r evolu t i
on
"
.
—E
n cy c lo e d a
p
i
Br i
.
T he
written and ostensibl e form o f government
o f the R epublic o f Haiti is modeled in a gener al
mann e r a fte r that o f our republi c Th e govern
ment i s divided i n t o t hre e bra n ches legisla t ive
e xecu tive
and j udici al Th e national legislatur e
i s compos ed o f two chamb ers : a S enate and a
Hous e o f R epr e s entat i ves Acc o rding to the C on
S ti tuti on th e memb ers o f the Chamb er o f R e pr e
s e nt a ti ve s a r e elected by the p e o pl e f o r a term o f
thre e years T h e S enate i s cho s en f o r a term o f
S i x ye ars by the rep r es e n tatives from a list fur
ni s h e d by a B o ard o f E lectors and th e President
o f th e R epubli c T h e Presid e nt o f the R epubli c i s
e lected by th e N ati onal Ass embly f o r a term o f
s even years He has a cabinet e ach memb er o f
whi ch has charge o f th e duti es p ertaining t o his
dep artmen t and thes e dep artment s a re modeled
along th e li n es o f thos e o f th e United States
The Chamb er o f R epr e s ent atives when th e pre
tens e o f an e lection i s carri ed out i s re ally r e
.
,
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,
,
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,
,
TH E
2
5
M ON ROE DO CT RINE
From the highest o ffice to the l o west t here exists a
c ondi t io n o f
imp o si ti o n a n d publi c dishones ty
T h e legal taxes a r is e f r o m the imp o rt and exp o r t
du ti es at th e cu s to m h o u s es and the cus tom hous e
i s the chi ef ob j ec t o f poss es s io n on th e p ar t o f
th o s e desi ring to co n trol the g o ver n me n t o f the
publi c
A system o f u n pa ralleled cor r upti on and s elf
i n terest c o n trols this in s tituti o n a n d i t is fre ely
us ed to p r ovide th e requisi t es f o r the n eeds o f th e
ever ready revolu tion The wickedest abus es pre
vail i n th e administ r a ti o n o f th e custo m hous es
a n d f o reign firms a r e the chi ef su ff erer s i n t his
direc ti o n Th ey a re comp elled to p ay whatever
i s requi red by th e Preside n t and his s a t ellites
with out rega r d to j us t ice
The i sland is ha rri ed by the gover n o r s o f th e
dep artm ents and by th e o fli ci a ls O f th e dis t ric t s
in to which the dep a r tme nts a r e divided The
m o s t fl agran t o u t rages a re c o mmitted up on th e
p e o ple T h e army o f tw elve th o us a n d is th e ready
i n s trume n t f o r this w o rk a n d i t i s us ed relent
les s ly by th e o ffici als f o r th e purp o s e o f b oun d i n g
t h e p e o ple p reyi n g up o n ev e ry m a n whe t he r he
b e a p oo r p easa nt planti n g a b a n ana p atch o r a
f o reign er a ttempti n g t o work th e t erms o f a c o n
cessi on This system has destroyed th e hop e and
.
,
.
,
-
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
IN
I TS
RELAT ION
TO
HA I T I
53
welfa r e o f th e p eople and th e c i ti z e n s a r e ter
r o r i z e d to a n exte n t rarely k n o wn els ewhere
The Pre s ident and his sa t ellites have abs o lu t e
c o n t r o l o f th e tre asu r y a n d th e largest amou n t o f
th e debt o f this dev o ted island has b e en made by
i ts rulers a t ruin ous in t erest a n d a t reckless s acri
fice o f t h e righ t s o f th e p eople
A lo an i s made
out o f which th e Pre s iden t and t h e h o rde ar o u n d
him exact a n e n o rmous p art and the burde n I S
saddled up on th e p e ople The m on ey i s used to
carry o n t h e ever pres e n t rev o lu tion or i s em
pl oy e d to supp o r t th e gre edy h o rd e o f ext or ti on
i s t s surrou n d ing the Presi dent and his s o called
gover nme n t
M e n wi t h o u t prete n s e o f law a r e drafted i nt
th e army a n d are c o mp elled t o figh t and in t
revolu t i o n s that a re eve r recurren t m o s t i n huma n"
a t r o ci ti es are p e rp etrated Thes e rev olu tions are a
bl o o dy a ffair s wi th ou t pre t e n s e o f co ntr o l by th e
rules o f civiliz ed war f ar e ; a n d by reas on o f them
a vast numb er o f th e p eople are impo verished to
th e extent o f starvati o n which ex i sts i n a land tha t
smiles under a brigh t sky ami d co o li n g winds and
blessed with th e m o st fertile $ 0 11 in th e wo rld
While all th i s i s true th e forms o f "us ti ce a r e
i n f ull e ff ec t
T h e republic has a Supr e m e Cour t
and there i s also a C o ur t o f App eals in each dis
th e
,
.
,
,
.
,
~
.
-
,
-
.
,
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’
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,
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,
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,
TH E
54
M O N R OE DO CT RINE
tri e t T h e whol e p araphernalia o f th e courts i s
under the control o f th e Presi dent a n d thos e who
disp ens e j usti ce disp e n s e it acc o rding t o his desires
H e h a s th e s o le p owe r
a n d u n de r his c o mmands
o f appoi n tm ent a n d rem o val
That the co urs e o f j ustice ha s a hard r o a d to
travel is readily u n derstoo d whe n i t is known that
every dep a rtme n t i s presided ove r by a g e n e r a lf i
app o inted by the Presid e n t and that h e is held
responsibl e fo r whatever taxe s a r e collected for l
the control o f th e courts a n d fo r th e ab solute a c
qui escence o f every dep artment in th e will o f the
President
T h e g o ver n or o f th e dep artment who is a mili
tary chi e f has absolute c o ntr o l of th e li fe o f his
district He i s p ai d a nominal s um yet h e l s ex
e
c
t
t
o
a
maint
i
n
at
least
a
fi
f
h
p
art
o
f
the
army
e
d
t
p
ne eded by th e President to sustai n his authori ty
H i s exp ens es a re hu n dreds of times t h e amount
o f mo n ey h e legally r eceives
and i t is his du ty o n
a salary o f a f e w dollars e ach mon th t o bri n g to
th e sta n da rd o f the Preside n t from five hundred
t o tw o t h o usand soldi ers equipp ed to ca rry on the
s a t urnali a o f bloo dshed and carnage
There is but on e way that this can b e e ff ectively
d one a n d that I S by a system o f rap i ne a system s
by whi ch th e p e ople a r e harri ed to supply th e s ol
.
,
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,
,
"
-
,
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,
v
I T S R E L AT ION T O
IN
HA I T I
55
diery a n d th e exp ens e n e eded f o r thei r sus t enance
a n d equipme n t
N ot o nly is th e m on ey ne ces s ary
f o r thi s equipme n t exacted fr o m th e pe o ple b u t
wi th i t th e ge n eral o f the dep a r tme n t sei zes a su f
fici e n cy t o support him i n licen t ious ple n ty
Thi s
s ystem o f wr on g d o ing c o mp els the p easa n t t o s e
cret e his b a n a n a p a tch i n s om e fastness o f th e
moun t a in o r t o rais e his li ttl e cr o p where th e r a
i
e marauders about the general
a
c
o
eyes
o
f
h
u
s
t
p
will n o t fall upon it The i n evitable result is
reign o f terr o r destruc ti on o f agriculture and
c omplete p aralysis o f trade
This system h a s; b rough t ab out a co n di ti on
sca rcely equaled anywhere i n th e world b ecaus e
t his is n ot a reig n o f terr o r t hat builds a grea t s y s
t e m o f g o ve r n ment up on the ruins o f th e p e o ple ;
for here while th e p eople a re destr oyed they r e
c e i ve n o c o mp ensa t i o n in the splend o r o r p erm a
nen cy o f thei r g overnme n t There i s no escap e
fr om thi s c on di ti on f o r the r e as on that the mili
of
the bloodthirs ty
t ar y sys t em
i n th e hands
rulers is to o str ong and th e l on g permane n ce o f
th e reig n o f t e rror has h a d i t s i n evitable e ff ec t
up o n the li f e a n d the spi rit o f the p eople
The general of th e dep ar tme n t ke eps a round
him at all times a horde of marauders attached to
him in th e i n terest o f plunder When the P r e S i
.
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,
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,
TH E
6
5
M ON ROE DO CT RINE
dent des i res tro ops th e o rder i s s ent to th e general
f or th e numb er n e eded by t h e Pr e side n t a n d th e
ci ti z e n i s t aken fr o m his farm o r his S h op h i s
family i s left to starve a n d h e i s taken to th e ci ty
where th e t r o ops a re b ei n g c o llected a n d hal f
n aked and half starved is thr o wn in t o a stockade
and u n der an armed
o r h e i s ac t u ally bou n d
guard i s put into the ra n ks and c omp elled t o figh t
I f h e de s p ai r and r e f us e to d o a s told he i s S h o t
down like a b eas t o f the field and i n terr e d i n a
shallow grave by th e r o adside
Thus through out th e whol e o f the island the
terr o r stricke n p eopl e are unable to carry on any
t rade n or can t hey p ursue any calli n g n e cess ary
for thei r sus t enance Under th eir system no for
eigne r ca n h old land T h e whol e gov ernment i s
i n th e ha n ds o f th e blacks a n d t h e pr o visi o n by
which a white m a n can d o busi n ess hold land a n d
in a manner e n j oy the rights o f citi z enship by th e
ma rri ag e o f a bla ck wi f e has b e en do n e away
with a n d the absolute co n trol o f all the pr op erty
in th e island is in th e hands o f th e negr o es
A fai r illustration of th e sys t em o f elec ti o n i s
exemplifie d by th e electi on o f N o rd Alexis i n 1 9 0 2
B eing in co n tr o l o f th e govern men t f o rces and n ot
havi n g b e en kn ow n a s a n aspi rant f o r th e presi
den ey upon th e ass embling o f th e n ational ass em
,
,
,
,
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-
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,
ITS
IN
RELAT ION
To
HA I T I
57
bly Alexis dema n d ed tha t h e sh ould b e elec t ed
Pre s i d e n t T o h i s r e p e a t e d dema n d s the n a ti o n al
ass embly p aid li ttle a tt e n ti on O n th e eve o f his
s o c a lled elec t i o n hi s t r o o p s i n t h e field surr o u n de d
I n th e p al
th e p alace f alli n g i n to fir i n g gr o ups
ace prep ara ti on s f o r a b a n qu e t were i n p r ogres s
E n t eri ng th e n a ti on al ass e mbly he n o ti fied i t t hat
i t s memb er s c o uld el e c t him Pre s i dent and g o t o
th e b a n que t o r f ace th e fir i n g squads b ei n g f o rmed
in th e yar d H e was elected by accla ma ti on
Thi s is b ut o n e o f hundreds o f illus t ra ti on s o f
the h oll ow pr e te n s e o f f ree g o vernme n t in this
islan d An elec ti on m e a n s but a r e v o lu tion fl ow
T h e g o ver n m e nt 18 a desp o ti s m
i n g wi th bl oo d
pur e a n d s imple a d e sp oti s m t ha t f a tt e n s upo n
th e bl o o d o f an i gn o ra n t p e ople a n d i s o n ly a
h o rrid pr e t e n s e o f fre e g o vernment R ead thi s
record o f i ts u n s tabl e a n d g o ry g o vern mental li f e :
.
.
-
'
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
1
8 04
1
806
.
.
D es s ali n es cr own e d as emp er o r
He i s as s as s i n a t ed ; w a r b e twe en Hai ti
and S an D om i n go
Chri s t ophe b ec o me s ki n g u n der titl e o f
Henry th e Firs t ; war
Pe tion p resid e nt o f s outher n p art ; ci vil
.
.
I
807
.
.
1
81
1
.
TH E
1
8 20
.
M ON RO E DO CT RINE
B oye r declared regent for li fe ; a f t er tre
m e n d ou s insurrection and fl ow of blood
Chris t ophe c o mmi t s su i c i de
B oyer depos ed a n d exiled a f t e r rev olution
R i vi r e r e exiled a f t er o n e yea r ; wa r
Gu erri er in o fli c e o n e ye a r
P i e r r o r ab dicated
R ich e pr o claimed presi den t ; di ed in one
e
ar
y
S olo qu e decla red emp er o r a f t e r ma ny
wars a n d much bl o odshed ; exiled in
.
1
8 43
1
8 44
1
845
1
845
1
846
1
8 47
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1
8 5 8 59
-
.
8 59
.
Ge ffrard p reside n t until 1 8 6 7 ; then
exiled
D re adful revoluti o n wherei n S alnav e
rev o lts ta kes r efuge es fr o m B ritish
c o nsula tes and kills them ; E nglish S hip
dri ves them out a n d helps Ge ff rard ;
Ge ff rard b a n i s he d S al n ave made presi
dent with a new c o ns titu ti o n ; rev o lt
supp ress ed amid t o rre n ts o f bl o od
C on ti n ual revolution ; S alnave mass a
cres his enemi es ; pr o claims himself em
t
t
i
s
finally
de
fe
a
ed
and
sho
e
r
o
r
p
N i s s a g e S aget ; c o mplete d his four
years
.
1
8 5 6 -57
.
,
,
,
,
.
1
8 6 8 -7 0
.
,
1
8 70 74
-
.
.
.
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
60
1
1
9
3
Mi cha el O r r e s ti pr o claime d president ;
w a s retire d by rev o lu ti o n Ja n uary 2 7
.
,
I
I
9 4
I
O
.
1
9
4
.
Z am o r
r r e s ti
assumed
February 8 1 9 1 4
w a s s till alive
,
,
an
d
th e
presidency
at last acc o unts
.
thi s chr o n ol o gy it will b e s e e n tha t th e con
s t i tu ti o n a l o ffi ce fo r a presid e n t in Hai t i is s eve n
h o held o fli c e
a n d Pre s ident S al o mon
w
/ ye a r s
f
g
fr om 1 8 7 9 to 1 8 8 6 is app are n tly the o nly Haiti an
presi de n t to fill o ut hi s term o f o fli c e H e was
killed h o wever within two ye ars a fter his r e é le c
t i o n f o r a s ec o nd term i n 1 8 8 6
A wri t er o n e wh o o ccupies a high p o siti on in
th e Haiti an g o ver n me n t has lately pu t fo rt h a
masterpi ece o f s p eci al plea d i n g i n defe n s e o f his
go ve rn ment A ny de fens e o f this ki n d is i d le
Withi n a mon th it has r oc k e d wi th bl o od u n der the
thr o es o f o n e o f its alm o s t c on t i nuous rev o luti o ns
O ur g over n me n t has b e en agai n c omp elled t o i n
t e r ve n e and s ave t h e lives o f ma n y o f th e p arti es
engaged in this interneci n e wa r A numb er o f
t imes by re ason of this situatio n wa r has b e en
alm o st p recipi t a t ed b etwe en the Haitia n govern
ment a n d th e E ur op ea n na ti on s a n d the warships
o f Great B ritai n France and Germany a re only
,
,
"c
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IN I T S RELAT ION
HA I T I
61
frequent in th e harb o rs o f Hait i protecti n g
thei r s ub j ec t s demandi n g redres s o f gri evances
a n d savi g human li fe
Soone
r
o r la t e r the irre
n
sponsible gover nment of th e R epublic o f Hai t i
will comm i t the a ct that will i n volv e u s unde r th e
firs t claus e a n d o ri gi n al application o f the M onro e
D o ctrine I f it were n o t f o r th e M on r o e D oc
t ri n e b acked by th e str on g hands o f t his g o ve r n
ment this isla n d to day would b e u n der the c on trol
o f a E ur op ean na t ion
too
,
,
,
.
.
r
,
TO
,
,
-
.
TH E M ON R OE DO CT RINE
62
VI I
M OR A L C ON DI T ION S IN HA I T I
L et u s pu r su t: this investigati o n a n d further
c on s ider th e moral and r e ligi ous c onditi o n o f
Haiti
R eligi on is but a pretens e Th e w o rship o f the
gre en snake and th e c o n tr o l o f th e vo o doo are
Th e i sland has degene r
e verywhere pr e valent
ated from i ts on ce high estate and there is n o pre
t e n s e but what th e Pap aloi a n d t h e M amaloi a re
a s potent as any o f t h e figures in its li f e
I t s e ems
to b e true that on any nigh t the ho rri d rites of
th e vo o d o o can b e witnessed in the he art o f the
capital of Ha i ti surr ou n ded by th e soldi ers in the
unifo rm o f t h e Haiti an government I n th e b oo k
mentio n ed this statement is deni ed and the ass er
t io n is made that Haiti has b e en S landered by the
“
bo ok write rs and th e magazine makers by un
”
scrupul ous writers and travelers
This a ss ertion
hn
i s u nb eli evable I d o not qu ot e
S
t h e E n glish minister a resident
many years who states i n detail the horro r o f
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IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
63
despotism that g o vern s th e island and wh o g i ve s
the details o f the dre adful prac tice o f the v oo d o o
and who cha rges child steali n g a n d ca n n ib alism t o
thes e p e o p le
I will give o nly a f e w o f th e many
other pro o fs
,
,
.
.
cour s e a gene ral i s i n pr i son f or t r e ason or
a d e t ou n e m e n t of fu n ds (T h is i s a d elica te way th ey
S p eak of s teali n g i n H ai t i wh en th ey will S p eak of it a t
all " I t i s a ques t i on of s uch mi n or imp or t an ce s imply
wh eth e r th e m an s hall live or die that th e Pre s id en t will
n ot d e f e r i t t o th e Papal o i or Voo d oo pri es t w h o liv es i n
th e hill s b ehi n d th e ci t y so h e dr op s a man iki n of clay
u pon th e fl oor
I f i t breaks th e m an dies ; if i t r emai n s
—
n
t
t
t
n
i ac h e h e lives as l on g as th e n oi som e atmosph er e
o f a H ai t ia n pri s on will le t h i m
A gai n th e d oub t th e Pr es id en t would draw a li n e
acr oss th e fl oor of h i s s an c tum a n d th en pi tch man ikin s
t hi s t im e mad e o f w oo d a n d a t t ir e d i n th e gaudy gl ory o f
H ai t ia n gen eral s I f th e pupp e ts pass e d th e li n e i t m e an t
on e thi n g ; if th ey lagge d b ehi n d i t me ant an oth er a n d so
th e S t at e pap e rs w e r e fas hi on e d an d th e pr es id en t ial d e
crees i n spir e d i n H ai t i
Bu t o f cour s e up on th e grav e r ques t i on s th e " p al o i
"
a n d th e
al
a th e high pri es t a n d t h e high pri es tess
M
o f th e V oo d oo s e c t
Th e Papal o i or
s a t i n j udgme n t
Gui n ea coas t pr oph et wi t h h i s f et ich w ors hip a n d h is
Con go prayer s i s th e on e solid s ub s tan t ial fac t i n H ai t i
Arou n d ab ou t him t ur n H ai t ian lif e an d p oli t ics In s om e
admi n i s trat ions th e d oor s of th e Black H ou s e hav e n ot
b een as wid e op en to th es e prophe ts of th e n igh t as th ey
“
A
m an ,
of
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E
r
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64
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
w e re whil e N ord Al exi s ru l e d bu t n eve r hav e th ey been
cl os e d exc e p t i n th e r e ign of th e mulat to G e ffrard som e
fo r ty y e ars a go a n d h is w as a s h or t a n d li t tl e day a n d
e n d e d wi t h e x il e to Jamaica
wh e r e u n de r th e guida n ce
of
i n telligen t a n d s ympath et ic whi t e m e n th e A fr o
Am e rica n i s accompli s hi n g m or e p erhap s than anywh e r e
el s e
Th e can n ibali s t ic f ee d i s on ly i n dulge d i n on rare
o cc as i on s a n d a t l on g i n te rval s a n d i s alway s shr oud e d i n
mys te ry a n d h edge d a bou t wi th ev ery pr ecau t ion agai n s t
i n terl op e rs ; f or b e th e ir A frican ignoran c e ever s o d en se
th e ir car n al fury ev e r s o u n bridl e d
th e P a p alo i s a n d
M am alois th e h e ad m en a n d h e ad w om en wor s hip ers
n eve r s ee m to f o rge t t hat i n t h es e vil e ex c ess es t h e r e
s h ould p e rhap s b e f ou n d ex cu s e e n o ugh f or th e i n t e r f e r
en c e o f th e civiliz e d world to s ave th e p eopl e of th e Black
R epublic fr om th e fur th e r d e grada t i on which awai ts
th e m
Wi thi n th e las t fif teen ye ar s human V i ct ims have b een
s acrific e d to t h e gr e a t go d V oo d oo i n th e n a t i on al p al ac e
o f H ai t i
L as t F ebruary th e r e w a s as s embl e d i n th e n a
t i on a l palac e wha t migh t j u s tly b e call e d a con gr es s o f
D uri n g th e lif e of M m e N ord
s erp en t w o rs hip e r s
which cam e to a n e n d i n O c tob e r 1 90 8 not a week pas se d
b u t wha t a m e e t i n g o f th e Voo d oo prac t i t i on er s w as h eld
i n th e ex e cu t iv e m an s i on a n d h e r d e athb e d w a s s u r
r ou n de d by a t l eas t a scor e o f th es e wi tch d oct or s
B
T
h
e
A
m
e
rica
n M e di te rra n e a n
ON SA L
V
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“
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“
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”
“
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,
rp en t i s th e d e i ty of th e v oodoos an d h e i s
r epr esen te d by a high pri es t call e d th e Papaloi an d a
pri es tess th e M amal oi ; m e an i n g th e fa th e r an d th e moth e r
“
Th e
se
,
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,
IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
65
ki n g Th eir deman ds ar e ab solu t e a n d no sec t ary dar e
di sob ey th em In this li es th e ir m e n ace to good gove r n
m en t an d i t i s w ell known that even som e of th e rul e rs
o f H ai t i hav e b ee n d om i n a te d by t h em
T he worship of
th e s erp e n t i s carri e d on as s ecr e tly as p oss ibl e ; th e s e c
t ari es ar e b ou n d by o a th s of s e cr e cy a n d th e ir i n can t a t i on s
t ak e pl a c e i n th e n igh t
Th e s e rp en t i s cons ul ted thr ough
t he pri e s t o r pri es t ess a n d th e d ev o te es t h en i n dulge i n
dan ci n g an d son g gen e rally e n di n g i n th e grosses t f orms
—
o f d e bauch e ry
O B E R Th e Wake of C olumbu s
Bu t thi s i s n ot th e wo r s t
I mmorali ty is so u n iv er s al
tha t i t alm os t c e as es t o b e a faul t f or a faul t impli es a n
e xcep t i on an
d i n H ai t i i t i s th e rul e " ou n g p eopl e mak e
exp e rimen t o f on e a noth e r b e fore th ey will en t e r i n to a ny
cl os er conn ec t i on S o far th ey ar e n o wors e tha n i n ou r
ow n E n gli s h i s l a n d s wh e r e t h e cu s tom i s e qually ge n e ral ;
b u t b ehi n d th e imm o rali ty b ehi n d th e r e ligi os i t y th e r e li es
act iv e a n d aliv e th e h orribl e r ev ival of th e Wes t A frican
s up e r s t i t i on s ; th e s e rp e n t w or ship a n d th e child s acrifice
a n d th e ca nn ib al i s m
T h e r e i s no r oom to d oub t i t A
mi s s ion ary as s ure d m e that a n i n stan ce of i t occurr e d
The
o n ly a y e ar a go wi thi n h i s ow n p e r s on al k n owl e dge
facts ar e n otorious ; a f ull accou n t w as publish e d i n on e of
th e l ocal n ew s pap e r s a n d th e on ly r e s ul t w a s t ha t t h e
Pr es iden t impri son ed th e e di tor f or exp os i n g t h e cou n try
A f ew ye ars a go p er son s guil t y of t h es e i n fami es w er e
t ri e d a n d pu n i s h e d ; n ow t h ey ar e l e f t al on e b e cau s e t o
prose cu t e a n d con vict th e m w ould b e to acknowl e dge th e
—
FRO U D E Th e E n gli sh i n th e
t ru t h o f th e i n dic t m e n t
West I n di es
N o accura te hi s tory of H ai t i c an b e wri tte n wi th ou t
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66
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
re fe ren c e to th e h orribl e sorce ry call e d th e r eligion of
Voo d oo which w as i n tr oduce d i n to th e cou n try wi th th e
s lav es fr om A frica
I ts cr ee d i s that th e G od V oo d oo h as
t h e p ow er u s ually a scrib e d t o th e C hri s t ian s L ord a n d
t ha t h e S h ow s him s elf t o h i s goo d fri e n d s t h e n e gr oes u n
d e r the f orm of a non venomou s s n ake a n d t ransmi ts h is
p ow e r through a chi e f pri es t or pri es tess Th es e ar e
calle d e i th e r ki n g a n d qu een m as t er or mi s tr ess or gen
e rally a s Papaloi s a n d M am aloi s T h e pri ncipal a c t of
wor ship cons i s ts of a wild dan c e a tten d e d by grotesqu e
t
l
e
i
c
a t i on s
u
which l e ad s up to t h e m os t di s grac e ful
s
g
o rgi es
A secr et oath bi n d s all th e vood oos on th e t aki n g
o f which th e lip s o f th e n eophy t e ar e u s ually t ouch e d wi t h
warm goat s bl ood which i s i n ten d e d t o i nspire t error
H e pr omis es t o s ubmi t to d eath S h ould h e eve r r eve al th e
s e cr e ts o f th e fra t e r n i ty
a n d t o p u t t o d e ath a n y t rai tor
to th e s e c t
I t i s a fli r m e d a n d no d oub t i s t ru e that on
Sp e cial occas ions a s acrifice i s mad e of a livi n g child or
goat wi th ou t h or n s a s i t i s call e d a n d th en cann i
th e
U n d e r th e cir
b ali s m i n i ts w or s t f o rm i s i n dulge d i n
i t s h ould
c u m s t a n c e s o f t aki n g th e o a th o f all e gia n c e
caus e no s urpris e tha t th e H ai t ians claim that thi s is not
t ru e a n d d e fy a n y whi t e m a n t o pr oduc e evid e n c e o f guil t
Bu t n otwi th s t a n di n g no on e c a n r e ad th e h orribl e t al es
publi sh e d by on e of th e Bri t i sh mi n is te rs t o H ai t i which
d es crib e d i n d etail th e r evol t i n g pract ices of th e voodoos
t oge th e r wi t h th e pr oof s h e bri n gs to s ub s t an t ia t e t h e
t ru th of th e all e ga t i on s wi t h ou t c omi n g t o th e re luc t an t
con clus ion that cann ibali sm i s r esor te d t o i n th es e meet i n gs
O f cours e n o whi t e m an could l on g liv e on th e i s lan d af t e r
havi n g given test imony l e adi n g to th e convict i on of cul
pr i ts i n s uch c as es a n d th e r e f or e th e n e gr oe s d ema n d f or
,
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’
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-
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eg
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
68
—
R e a r A dm iral Chester furth e r s ays :
h e r e is on e thi n g common to th e wh ol e coun try
o f which ev e ry H ai t ian d en i e s th e e x i s t en c e : V a ud oux i s
T h ey tell
th e one t hi n g which th e y d e clar e th ey hav e n ot
you th e r e i s no s n ake w or ship (I am s p e aki n g of th e high e r
cla ss es " wi thin th e b ou n d s of the r epublic But wh en you
b et ray ce r tai n kn owl e dg e of th e s ubj ect th ey admi t that
t h ough s acrifice s a n d s avage dan c es may t ak e plac e i n oth e r
d epar tm en ts n o s uch thi n gs are know n i n that one i n
which you at th e m omen t fin d yours elf
T hus i n Jacm el th ey told m e I S h ould fin d V aud oux
d e S ac I n Por t
i n P or t au Pri n ce a n d th e Plai n of C ul —
a u Pri n c e a s I w as ac t ually r e t ur n i n g fr om wi tn e s s i n g a
s acrific e wi t hi n th e limi t s o f th e tow n I w as advi s e d to go
t o th e C ap e wh e r e al on e s uch ri tes fl ouri sh e d
A nd at
t h e C ap e t h ey told m e t o t ak e s hip f or Jacm el f or th e r e I
would assur e dly fin d th em A S a ma tte r o f pla i n f ac t
t h e t rav el e r ridi n g acr oss t h e c ou n t ry i n a ny dir e c t i on i s
qui te likely t o com e s udd enly in V i ew of th e ce rem on i es
i n full swi n g
H e will se e th e te ll t al e dan ces th e face s
s m e ar e d i n bl oo d p e rhap s ev en th e b o dy of t h e black go a t
th e s acr e d s ac r i fic e
P RI C H A RD Wh er e Black R ul es
Whi t e
“
Bu t
t
,
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-
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“
-
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-
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may b ear away th e p al m of b e i n g th e mos t foul
s m elli n g dir t y a n d con s e qu en tly f ev e r s t ricke n ci ty i n th e
world E very on e thr ows h i s r e fus e b e for e h is d oor S O
t ha t h e ap s of ma n ur e a n d ev e ry sp e ci es of r ubbi s h e n cu m
b e r th e way
A s to th e s tr eets th ey d o not seem t o hav e b een m en d
e d f or the l as t hu n dr e d ye ars T h e H ai t ian s h av e a say
“
It
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IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
69
i n g , Bon D i eu g ii t e 1i ; bon D i e u p a r e é li (G o d s p oil t
‘
’
th e m , a n d G od will m e n d t h e m "
A s th e bon D i eu
on ly h e lp s th os e w h o h elp th em s elv es , a n d as th e H ai t ians
‘
’
.
hav e no des ir e to h elp th emselv es i n th e way of maki n g
o r r epairi n g t h e ir r oadways
th e ir c on di t i on i s frigh t ful
b eyon d d escrip t i on T h e gu tters are O p en pool s of s t ag
n a n t a n d f e t id wa te r o b s t ruc t th e s t r ee ts ev e rywh er e a n d
r e ce iv e cons t an t access i ons fr om t h e i nhabi t an ts u s i n g th em
a s cessp ool s a n d s ew e r s
T h er e ar e f ew good buildi n gs
i n tow n a n d n on e i n th e cou n t ry th e to rch of t h e i n c e n
diary be i n g c on s tan tly appli e d a n d n o e cour age m en t of
f e r e d to re build thr ough protec t i on o f th e gov e r n m en t o r
l ocal en terpri ses Buildi n gs d es troy e d by e ar thquake or
fir e ar e n eve r r eplace d a n d th e n e ar es t approach to r e
buildi n g i s s ee n in th e Slab S han ty l e an i n g aga i n s t th e
rui n e d w all s o f a large s truc tur e d emoli sh e d —O B E R <
I n th e W a k e o f Columbu s
,
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“
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w
e
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i n his articl e
R
e
M
Chester
a r Admiral Colb
"
”
on
d fur ther s ays :
-
,
.
,
el even p or ts of H ai t i op en to for eign c om
m erc e C ap e H ai t i en an d Por t a u Pri nce ar e the larges t
a n d m os t pr ogr ess iv e
C ap e H ai t i en or Th e C ap e a s i t is commonly call e d
is S i t ua te d on th e nor thw es te r n co as t a t th e f oot o f a hill
t ha t s l op es back t o th e s e a wi t h mos t pic t ur es qu e s u r
I t h as a commo di ous harb or a nd s upp or ts a
r ou n di n gs
populat i on of
p eopl e U n d e r th e Fr en ch
or
i t w as th e capi t al of th e c ol on y a n d i ts w e al th s pl en d o r
an d luxury gai ne d f or i t th e n am e of L i ttl e P ari s ; but now
“
Of
th e
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
0
7
ruc tur es er ecte d by the Fr en ch i n col on ial days ar e
a mas s of rui ns th e parks ov ergrow n wi th t r opical w ee ds
t h e f ou n t ai n s ch oke d wi th d ébri s th e gu tter s fill e d wi th
fil th all produci n g p es t il ent ial e man at i on s from which f or
e ign e r s sp ee dily r un aw ay if th ey ar e f orce d i n to i ts e n
th e s t
,
,
,
,
,
vi r on m en ts
.
P or t a u Pri n c e th e pr esent capi t al o f th e R epublic as
well a s i ts larges t a nd m ost imp or t an t ci ty i s likewi s e mos t
pic tur es qu ely l ocate d a t th e f oot of hill s wh e r e on e may
escap e fr om i ts bli s te ri n g a n d fil thy s tr eet s to m ou n t ai n
r esor t s that would b e p opular if l oca te d i n almos t a ny
cou n tr y of th e world U n like C ap e H ai t i en th e ci ty i s
c u t off fr om th e t rad e wi n d s
to which t hi s i s la n d ow es
s o much o f i ts s alubri o u s n ess a n d th e r e f o r e i t i s h o t ; b u t
s t ill th e t rav el e r caugh t i n th e t ow n may fr e qu e n tly f e lici
t a t e him s elf wh e n h e r e ad s t hat ci t i es i n ou r ow n c ou n t ry
hav e high e r te mp e ra t ur es by 1 0 to 1 5 d e gr ees than i s
u s ual ly f ou n d h e r e T h e ci ty i s w ell s uppli e d wi th th e
m os t d elicious m ou n t ai n wate r a n d if i ts
i nh a b i
t an t s u s e d i t a s fr eel y a s d o A m e rican s i t migh t b e a s C l e an
A s i t i s i t may w ell h o ld th e palm f or
a s n a t ur e mad e i t
b ei n g th e m ost fil thy f oul s m elli n g a n d conse qu en tly
f ev er s t ricken ci ty i n the w orld T h e gu tte rs of th e
S t reets which may b e s aid to cov e r th e wh ol e roadb e ds
ar e fill e d wi th s tagn an t wa ters a n d ar e use d a s cessp ool s
by th e p eopl e But for th e torre n t i al rai ns which p our
d own th e mou n tai n S id es a n d carry off all th e fil th i n to
th e b e au t iful bay ev e n a H ai t ia n c ould n ot liv e th e r e
Bu t th e bay t hu s p ollu te d i s qui t e a s much o f a m en ace t o
h eal th as the ci ty i tself D uri n g th e vis i ts of American
—
f
m e n o war t o th e p or t m os t of th e t im e i s s p en t i n keep
i n g th e p eopl e from th e p es t il en t ial vap or s which eman a te
“
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IN
ITS R E
LA T I O N
TO
H A ITI
7
1
from the se a i tself T h e wate r of th e harbo r is so bad
tha t i t ca nnot b e u s e d ev e n f or s crubbi n g th e d e cks o f
th e S hip
.
”
.
for etell th e fu t ur e of th e Black R epublic
b u t th e pr es e n t ord e r o f thi n gs ca n not las t i n a n i s lan d s o
cl ose u n d er th e Am erican shor es I f th e Am ericans f orbid
a n y oth e r p ow e r t o i n t e rf e r e t h ey will hav e t o i n t erf e r e
t h em s e lves
I f they fin d M ormon ism a n in tol erabl e blot
up on th e ir es cu tch eon th ey will hav e t o pu t a s top i n
t o can n ibalis m an d d evil wors hip
s om e way o r O th e r
M e anwhil e the n i n ety ye ars of n egro s elf gover nm en t
hav e had th e ir use i n s h owi n g what i t r e al ly m e an s a n d if
E n gli sh s t at es m en e i th e r to s av e th em s elv es tr oubl e or to
pl ease th e pr evaili n g u n i ns tructe d sen t iment i ns is t on ex
t e n di ng i t t he y will b e f ou n d wh en th e accou n t s ar e mad e
up to hav e b een no b e tte r fri en ds to th e u nlucky n e gr o
—
F RO UD
t ha n t h e ir s lav e t radi n g f or e fa th e r s
E n gli s h i n th e Wes t I n di es
“
N0
on e c a n
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
-
,
,
,
,
,
”
-
U
.
”
.
Min i n g i s largely an unknown occup ati o n in
Haiti Agri culture h a s languished although it is
t rue t hat in 1 9 1 2 th e co ff e e cr o p increas ed and
concession s hav e b e en made to som e timb e r e nter
pris es ; but little has b e en d one i n the way o f e n
t e r pr i s e a n d a c ti on in thi s island situated a t hwar t
I f this conditi on were
the commerc e of th e w o rld
spora d ic and las ted but f o r a t i me i t would b e a
proposi ti o n fo r consideration ; but wh e n th e is la n d
i s lapsi ng practically into degen e racy when th e
,
.
,
.
,
,
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
72
g o vernment i s a c o ntinuous revoluti o n and th e
stat e o f rel i gi on i s as the proo fs indicated are n o t
th e p eace and s afety o f t his c o u n try c o nstantly i n
p eril by rea s on o f th e c o n di tion o f this i sland s o
n ea r to us a n d s o i mp o rta n t t o our li f e "
Thes e statemen ts are no t pl easant They a r e
not made f o r a ny siniste r purp o s e ; the ob j ec t i s to
bri n g to th e at t en ti o n o f ou r p e ople a c o n diti o n o f
a ff ai rs a t ou r very d o o r s a c o nd i t i on tha t is o f
vi t al and increasi n g imp o rta n ce to this n a tion I t
is e asy to apply th e Mo n r o e D oc t r i n e a s to n on
i nterference on th e part o f E urop e an n ations with
Th e great quest i o n 1 S our own
o u r hemisphere
p o s i ti o n wi t h th e n ati on s o f this h e mi sph e r e w
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
g
govern
th e ir6
Wi th the w o rld m o veme n t o f to day
e
e n o rmous changes which have t aken place by re a
s o n o f t h e buildi n g o f the I s t hmian C a n al
can
o u r p e ace and s afety b e pres erved i f we s i t by and
all o w a n i n terna ti onal nuis ance to bri ng upo n this
c ountry th e i n terference o f th e na ti o ns of E ur op e
and c omp el us by bl o od a n d tre asure to e n f o rce th e
o r igi n al applica t i o n o f o u r doctrine o f E ur o p ean
n o n i n t er f ere n ce "
Fre e Cub a a n d th e fre e C en
tral a n d S o uth Ame r ican states a ttest the fact that
on e o f the gr e at fundam ental desires o f this r e
-
,
,
-
IN
ITS
RELAT ION T o HA I T I
73
public is that it shall b e surrounded by fre e p eo
ples and fre e go vernments I t s e ems to b e app ar
ent however that th e t ime has arrived wh en the
co n di ti o ns in and al o ng th e Gulf o f M exico and
t h e C aribb ea n Sea c a n no lo n ger b e tolerated
Thes e s e as f or many ye ars have b e en S ilent s e as
The conditi ons are n ow cha nged and th e great
trad e r o utes o f the wo rld will p ass about this
i sla n d and o ve r thes e s eas which will b e n o isy
wi th th e whirl o f th e prop eller and bright with th e
s ails o f ships
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
civilizat i on af te r a p eri od of
comparat iv e r ep ose ar e agai n advan ci n g all al on g th e li ne
t o occupy not on ly th e d ese r t places of th e e ar th bu t th e
d ebat abl e grou n ds th e bu ffe r te rri tori es which hi th er to
hav e separate d th em from th ose an ci en t n a ti ons wi th
wh om th ey n ow soon mus t s tan d face t o face an d bord e r
t o b ord er
“
Th e p eopl es
E ur op e an
of
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
.
C an th e p e ace and s afety o f this country b e pre
s erv e d unless w e ad op t t h e me asures which a r e the
i n ali e nabl e right o f every na ti o n " T h e
with the shortening of trade routes th e t ouc
o f nations
and thei r ne e ds for sur e commerci al
c o nditi on s i s a rr i v i n g a t th e thought that there i s
no inali enabl e righ t on th e part o f any p eopl e to
control any region to the d e triment and i n j ury o f
,
,
,
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RIN E
74
hat under the Monr o e D octri n e th i s nati o n can
take control o f the a ff a i rs o f othe r states o f this
hemisphere wh en th e p olicy o f that c ountry do es
not sui t ou r the o ri es and ideas
eve r that when a c ou n try on thes e two s eas p er
sists in b ei n g a n i n te rnational nuis ance whe n i t
I
S h ows to the world a c ondi ti on o f general degen
c racy
by which it pra cti cally gives n otice tha t
there can b e no improvem e n t this g over n men t
u n der the M onro e D o ctrine will ad op t measures
fo r i ts o wn p eace and pr o tecti o n and for the pres
e r va ti o n o f the trade and c o mmerce o f th e s e as
which a re within thi s country s comm e rci al li fe
t
,
.
W
,
,
-
;
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
TH E M ON RO E DO CT RINE
6
7
pli ed c o ntr o l N o Am er i can b eli eves that great
B ra z il o r Chile with thei r
s t a t es like A r ge n t i n a
s t abl e go ver nme nt s sh ould b e unde r ou r c ont r o l
ei the r implied o r a
one
d e r s t a n d s the c o nd
tri n e dema n ds
tha t t h e n a ti o n s o f t his hemi s phere S hall in their
g o v ernme n t al a ff airs d o n o thing that would i n
fri n ge up on th e righ ts o r i mp a i r th e p eace a n d
h
s afe ty o f the Am erican g ove r nm e n t
e
t
c o nstruction o f
this co
co
v e rnm e n t i s practically a
tf u s t e e for the w o rld in its p o ss ession o f th e I s t h
mi an C a n al I S it c o nceivable that wi th our e n o r
m ou s ly i n cre as ed i n teres t s we sh o uld S i t idly by
a n d allow t he p eace a n d s a f ety of this country to
b e i n terfere d with by a c ountry that i s a plagu e
sp o t to th e nati ons o f th e e arth "
A great p art o f Am erican commerc e a n d a
large p art o f th e t ra ffi c o f the wo r ld will b e
thr o ugh th e Amer i can s e as b etwe e n the walls o f
t his canal and by the sh o r es o f this island
Thes e
s eas will b ec ome m o re p opul ous wi th commerc e
t ha n any othe r s ection o f t h e worl
be
he
th e r i n g place a n d a cr o ssi n
her
f o rcibly or otherwi s e will carry with it mor e po
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
m
m
“
’
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
a
IN I TS RELAT ION T O
H
AI TI
77
ha n th e p o ss essi o n o f any o ther body o f
wa t er on t h e f ace o f t h e e ar th I t will b e a b s o
lu t e ly n ecessa r y that t h e ou tp o s t s o f th e ca n al shall
b e in th e han d s o f s t r o n g a n d s table go ver nme nts
a n d i t ca n n o t b e t h o ught t hat the harb o rs n e c e s
s ary f o r tha t c o mmerce a n d t h e i s la n ds by which
i t will pass i s la n d s i n wh o s e b r o ad b ay s it w ill b e
c o mp elled to a n ch o r s hall b e r i f e wi th rev o lu ti on
a n d da n ger o us to t ha t c o mmerce
I S i t wis e tha t
t his c o un t ry whi ch i s prac t i cally gua r d ia n o f t hi s
c ommerce should all ow a co n d i ti o n t o obtain tha t
i s a daily menac e to this great Ame r i ca n c om
merce —a c on di t i on tha t will surely bri n g ab ou t
c omplicatio n s which mu s t inte r f ere wi th th e p eace
a n d s a f e ty o f t his c o u n t ry "
This grea t tr a fli c mu s t b e clea r and sa fe and
th e resp on s ibili ty i s up o n us t o s e e that wi thi n thes e
s eas th e righ t s o f a hu n dred milli on p e o ple a n d
thei r Unb o r n desce nda n t s S hall n ot b e i n fri n ged
by c ou n tr i es tha t a r e n o t able to p r es erve a stabl e
g o vern me n t f o r them s elves
O ur g o vernme n t b eli eve s that the fun dame n t al
pri n ciples o f a c oun t ry s li fe sh ould b e fre ed om
a n d c o ns ent o f the g o ver n ed y e t i t i s idl e t o sp eak
o f t h e c on s e n t of th e gover n ed i n a n i sla n d which
ha s n e ver k nown a nythi n g but a blo o d stained des
t e n t i a li ty t
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
’
,
-
o
i
t
s
m
p
.
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
8
7
“
u n tru thful folly to asser t that i t is p oss ibl e f or
th e U n i te d S t at es or f or a n y oth e r gr e a t n at i on to t r e a t
an an archic a n d wr on gd oi n g cou n try on a foot i n g of r e al
a n d full e quali ty o f which I hav e ab ov e s p ok e n as r e p r e
s en t i n g t ha t pla n e o f c on duc t which S h ould charact e riz e
all th e d eali n gs b e tween my n a ti on a n d your ow n a n d my
n a t i on a n d ce r t a i n o th e r S ou th A m e rican r epublics
I
h op e an d I am r e as on ably confiden t that th e less advan c e d
n a t i on s o f th e N ew W o rld will i n t h e ir t ur n gr a dually
advan c e j u st as my n at i on a n d yours as w ell as ce r t ai n
oth e rs
hav e alr e ady advan ce d A s s oon a s a ny s uch n a
t i on i n t h e co ur s e o f i ts advan c e r e ach es a p os i t i on o f s elf
r esp ec t i n g s t r en gth a n d ord e rly lib er ty a n d achi ev e d p ow er
t o d o a n d t o e x ac t j u s t ic e th e n i t s h o uld a t on c e s te p ou t
—
n
n
from a ny p os i t i on of t u telage i a y r es p ec t
R O O SE
C hil e an d th e M on r oe D octri n e
V E LT
I
is
t
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
”
.
”
“
.
,
A dis tingu ished wri t er i n a dvocati n g the ab ro
a
i
n
t
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
M
o
n
ro
D
o
ctri
e
sp
e
aks
o
f
it
as
i
f
e
g
all d a nge r to the Sou th and C e n tral Ameri can r e
publics were o ve r Permi t a lit tle plain sp eaking
o n t his sub j ect
fo r fra nkn ess i s s ome times help
f ul in the gre at a ff airs o f th e w o rld as well as i n
the small
I b eli eve i f it ha d not b e en f o r the p romulgation
and th e e n f o rcement o f th e M o nr o e D octrin e by
this republic there would not t o day b e on th e
c ont i nent o f S outh America o r in C entral Amer
ica a g over nmen t ind ep e ndent o f E urop ean con
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
,
IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
79
tr o l
L et us look a t the si tuati on o f to d ay
throughout the world and ascertain i f there is a ny
change in the desi res o f the n a tions since the pr o
m ulg a ti o n o f the Monr o e D octrine
The e arth hu n ger o f the E ur o p ea n countri es i s
fie r c e r tha n eve r i n i ts histo ry
Thei r vastly i n
cre asing populations demand a n enlargeme n t o f
thei r national li fe and the p e oples o f the E ur o
pe an governments demand m o re f o od and m o re
lab o r than thei r c oun t ri es c a n furn ish The grea t
n e w markets o f t h e w o rld are S o uth and C entral
Amer i ca Chi n a a n d s ome parts o f Africa China
has b een practically delimited i n to spheres o f i n
fl u e n c e by th e E ur op ean g o vernme n ts a n d the
Jap a n es e and M ongolia h a s b e e n rap ed fr om her
bosom The gaunt breas t o f Africa has b een
s ei z ed and marked out by th e E urop ea n g over n
ments f o r thei r own Th e whi t e ni ng b on es o f
I t ali an Arab and Turk i n Tripoli t h e fi erce a n
ger o f France a n d Germa ny o nly l ast yea r o ver
Mor o cco th e busy c o l o niza ti o n plans o f E urop e
i n N o r the rn Afri ca the s t ri fe o ver t h e dyi n g
M o slem E mpire the s e i zure a n d o ccupa t i on o f
E gypt by E ngla n d and the t reme n dous c o n flict b e
twe e n R ussi a a n d Japa n which i n i ts last a n a ly
s i s was a conflict f o r t er r i to ry all attest that t o
da y the ear th hunge r is n o t s a tiated From this
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
80
it s e ems that w e r e it
W
ica
W
W
G M
O tm fp r
h
h
w
the
w
fi
w
o
e
r
w
pW W
K
T
IS
of
th e
us natural wealth thei r splen
m o f climate thei r richness o f fl o ra and fauna
and thei r we alth o f preci ous metals would mo r e
surely provok e th e desire o f th e E urop ean nations
than the gaunt fever stricken and fi erce sunburne d
wastes o f Africa
.
,
,
,
,
-
,
.
“
Th e terri torial r es p ons ibili t i es
o
f
the
L at i n
-
Am erican
a tions ar e gr e atly i n exc ess of th e ir r esp ec t ive popula
T h e s ev enteen r epublics from M exico to C ap e
t i ons
H orn wi th a n ar e a seve ral t im es that of C en t ral E urop e
con tai n a t best s even ty million i nhabi t an ts w ho could b e
comfor t ably h ouse d i n a ny one of th e larger re publics
l e avi ng th e imm ens e r emai n i n g te rri tory availabl e f or
E urop e an expan s i on
C a n T rip oli c ompar e wi th th e
broad an d f e r t il e pla i ns of N or th e r n Vene zu ela bord er
i n g on th e C aribb e an "
O r M orocco wi th th e A t
lan t ic coas t s ec t ion of C ol ombia " C a n the C on go c om
par e favorably wi th th e Amazon or M adagascar or Wes t
A frica wi th th e i nn er lan d s of P e ru or B olivia or of
"
E cuad or
T h e cons id erat ion of s uch p oss ibili t i es impli es n o w an
ton s piri t O f alarm i s m
I f T rip oli h as b een th ough t w or th
I taly s pr esen t e ffor t a n d M orocco Fr an ce s r ecent ven
t ur e wh y sh ould not th e i nfi n i tel y rich e r C aribb e an c oas t
n
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
“
.
’
’
,
,
IN I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
81
f a r e likew is e " N 0 one i n his senses surely w ould ou t
rage the Powers b y s uppos i n g tha t th e ir ab sten t ion h as
been pr omp te d by mo ral cons id erat ions ; th e i r r epu t at ion
—
S E N O R A D E M A N O N A L BA S i n
i s too well es t ablis h e d
th e E ng li s h R e vi e w of R e vi e w s qu ote d by Wh el ess
,
”
,
-
.
.
,
,
.
82
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
I"
APP LI CAT ION O F TH E M ON ROE
T RINE
Thos e who fe el tha t th e M onr o e D octri n e is
o utw o rn
t hat i t sh o uld b e ab rogated evide n tly
d o not rememb er v e ry m o dern his t o ry My m ean
i n g 1 8 illu s trated by an inci dent in c o nnec t io n wi t h
o n e o f the great A B C n a t i o n s o f the S o u t h
America n c o n tinen t a n i n cident t ha t many o f us
rememb er as i f it ha d occurred yesterday whe n
th e rev o luti o n agains t th e republic was i n a u gu
rated i n B razil Fo r th e purp o s e o f r e é s tab li s h
ing th e empire th e navy o f Bra zil was i n fav o r o f
th e o ver tu r n i n g o f th e republic a n d t h e res t o rati o n
o f t h e B raganz a family t o t h e head o f an imp eri al
I n t h e harb o r o f R i o
B ra zili an g overnm en t
Ja n ei r o was c on grega t ed an a ss embly o f th e war
s hips o f t h e m o n archi es o f E ur o p e a n d o f the r e
publi c o f th e Un ite d Sta t es T h e c ommanders o f
th e E urop ean squadrons were i n symp a thy with
th e rev o luti o nists and were u n willi n g to d o any
thing that would interfer e wi th the plans o f the
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
84
ment 1 9 0 1 1 9 0 4 by the gover n ments o f Ge r
ma ny E ngland and I taly o f the paymen t o f the
V e n ezuela n debt Ha d it not b e en f o r t h e V i g
o r ou s
rep res enta ti o ns o f ou r go vernm e n t t hat
u n der th e M on r o e D o c t rine it w ould not p e rmi t
he avy burdens to b e pla ced upo n t h e V enezuelan
R epublic it is plain t hat t h e E urop e an govern
men t s would not hav e h e ld thei r hands in the e n
forcement o f thei r claims against V e n ezuela
Thes e go vernments have not o f t en return e d to th e
p o ss ess i o n o f thei r owners any territo ry taken
unde r prete n s e o f collection o f debts or s e iz ed for
th e i n f ringem ent o f any o f thei r rights
Here
was a p ra c tical recogn i ti on b o th by act and by
wri tt en s t atem ent o f th e e n fo rcement o f the
Mo n ro e D o ctrine in prev enti ng the great E uro
p ean g o vernments from laying their hands heavily
up on c ountri es o f this hemispher e The M agda
lena B ay incident is an ot her cas e ; and while the
a tt empt to obtai n possessi on o f this impo r t ant
stra t egic positi o n was deni ed still there was pr a c
tically a recogni tion o f the D octrine by the Jap a
nes e gov e rnment
The qu estion o f E ur op e an interferenc e is not
dead T o every on e who reads there aris es th e
question o f th e s e ttlement o f the p osi ti on o f the
gre at foreign coloni es i n S outh America E v e ry
-
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
85
well informed student o f publi c a ffairs and inter
national ma t ters is looki n g forward to the t ime
whe n friction will develop b etwe e n the hom e gov
e r nm e n t s o f thes e col o n i sts a n d th e republics with
in whos e te rritori es they liv e
The e n o rm ous i mp o rta n c e o f this has n ot b e en
th o r ough ly un d e r s too d b y th e p e opl e o f our coun
try O n e illus t rati o n o f th e many at hand will
s u fli ce in th e statement o f Prof S ch m olle r of th e
“
Prussian Privy C ouncil
We must wish that a t
any pri ce a Germ an country pe ople d b y twenty o r
”
thir ty milli on Germans mus t grow up i n B r azil
-
.
~
.
.
,
"
‘
.
U n i te d S t ates hav e l e ar n ed i n th e
sc h ool of exp e ri e n c e to what ex ten t th e r e la t i ons of s t at es
to e ach oth e r d ep e n d n ot up on s e nt im en t nor pri n cipl e
bu t up on s elfi sh i n t eres t T h ey will not s oon f orget that
i n th e ir h our o f di s t r es s all t h e ir a n xi e t i es an d burd en s
w e r e aggrava te d by th e p oss ibili ty of d emons t ra t i on s
agai ns t th e ir n at i on al lif e on the par t of th e p ow ers wi th
wh om th ey had l on g mai n t ai n e d the m os t harmon i ous re
lat ions
Th ey hav e ye t i n mi n d th a t France s e ize d up on
th e appar e n t opp or t u n i ty of ou r civil war t o se t up a m on
archy i n the adj oi n i ng st a te of M exico T h ey r ealize that
had Fran ce an d Gr ea t Bri t ai n h eld imp or t an t S ou th
Ame ric an p ossess i ons to work fr om an d t o b enefi t t h e
t em p t a t i on t o d es t r oy th e pre d omi n an c e of th e Gr e a t R e
public in thi s h emi sph er e by f u r th e ri n g i ts dismemb erm ent
migh t hav e bee n irr es i st ibl e Fr om that gr ave p eril th ey
hav e b ee n s ave d i n t h e pas t an d may b e s ave d agai n i n
“
Th e p eopl e
o
f
th e
,
,
,
.
,
.
f
.
,
.
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
86
fu t ur e thr ough th e O p e rat ion of th e s ur e but S il en t
f orce of the doc tri n e proclaim e d by Pr es id en t M on roe
T o aban d on i t on t h e oth e r han d di s r egardi n g b o th t h e
l ogic of th e s i tua t i on a n d th e fac ts of ou r past exp eri en ce
w ould b e to r enou n c e a p olicy which h as pr ove d b o th an
e as y d e f ense agai n s t f or e ign aggre ss i on a n d a pr olific
—
f
n
n
o
n
i te r al pr gr ess a d prosp er i ty
S E C R E T A R"
so urc e o
O LN E"
We desi re to g o i n p eace and equity with t h e
p eoples o f this h emisphere t o tha t c on summa ti o n
wh ere all will b e ki n dliness and t rust b etwe e n thi s
republic and ou r neighbors
S till th e grea t
t h o ugh t o f t his republi c is t hat it i s b es t for all to
m a i n ta i n th e M o n r o e D o ctrine i n all its vi r ility
Wi th ou r Preside n t we expressly discla i m a ny de
S i re o f c on ques t n or d o w e wish any suz era i n ty o r
s
u
f
t
h
t
r
a
E nemi srh erg
s s i atiseue
H er e is where t h e c o rrec t di ff ere n ti ation a s to the
L a ti n c o unt ri es i s l o st I t is idle to sp eak o f the
gre at na ti on s s t abl e a n d o rderly as they a re a s
s t a n d i n g on a l evel wi th disorderly rev o lu ti o n
ri d d e n d espo tisms such as have b een here dis
cu s s ed a n d which largely ob t ai n in L atin Ame r ica
Thi s d o ctrine i s fu n d amentally n ecess ary t o the
exi s t e n ce o f th e p eace and sa f e ty o f t his c ou n t ry
a n d we wish th e m o ral supp o rt o f the gre a t a n d
s t able n a ti on s o f S ou th Ameri ca t o carry i t to its
full fruitio n
th e
.
,
,
,
”
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m
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e
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IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
87
The applica ti on o f thes e pr o p o s i t i o ns to the
sub j ec t u n de r c onsi d era t i o n i s plai n I t will n o t
d o to s a y tha t t h e rev o lu ti o ns o f t hes e p e ople mark
a n era a n d es t abli s h a s t age o f development on th e
li n e o f g o ver n me ntal s obri e ty and na tional charac
ter n or that they a r e c o nte n di n g fo r some grea t
i
n
1
h
n
n
r
c
l
e
a
di
d
e
E
glish
in
w
o
rki
g
o
their
s
t
u
t
p
p
ideas o f cons titu ti on al government Such is th e
c ontenti on o f s om e o f th o s e that wri t e o f this
isla n d No upward s tep had b een
Haiti ans ; a n
h i le
con ti nu ous rev olu tio n s
bri ng a fi out an e n o rmous loss in both govern
m e ntal a ff airs a n d e c o n omic ma tt ers thes e p eople
will n ot re ach the ul tima t e high level that will b e
fo r th e b e n efi t o f ma n ki n d By re aso n o f thei r
t r ai n i n g t hei r i n he re n t c on s t itu tio n and t h e i r tra
d i ti on s thei r co n d i ti on ha s b e com e surely a n d
“
s t eadily w o rs e
We ca nn ot s a y :
L et them
”
al o ne ; thei r c o ndi ti o n will righ t i t self f o r ther e
is n o thi n g to S h ow h op e o f imp rovemen t
Thi s d eb as ed co n di ti o n i s not the result o f ci r
cu m s t a n c e s
which hav e b een t ruly unf o rtunate
bu t i t g r o ws fr o m th e inherent nature a n d spirit of
th e p e o ple f u n dame n t als t ha t ca nnot b e changed
by th e f e w f orms o f civili za t i o n adopt e d by them
o o f s s o abu n dant S h o w that t hey are n o t
E m
.
,
,
r
(
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
W
W
,
’
W
J‘
W
W
“
n
'
m m
W
M
A
W
E
N
W
“
m
m
"
A
m
e
"
W
W
W
TH E M ON ROE DO CT R INE
88
fitt ed f o r s el f g o vern me n t ; a n d thei r c o nditi o n i f
le f t t o its el f will b ec o me w o r s e th a n i t is to day
By th e c on tr o l o f th e stro n g ha n d o f a civiliz ed
govern m ent they may b e abl e to emerge f r o m the
c on di t i o n o f a n a r chy a n d desp ai r that surrounds
t heir s o calle d republic ; but t hey will never b e able
o f t hems elves t o ri s e fr o m t h e de ep b o g i n wh i ch
they have b e e n fl o underi n g f o r m o re t han a c en
tury
Thi s is well illustrat e d by th e neighboring r e
public o f San D omi ng o A f ter th e c o ntr o l by this
gover n men t of its cust o m h ouses a n d fi n a n ces and
th e p ayme n t o f i t s deb t s a n d th e h o n est e xp e n di
tur e o f its gre atly increas ed revenues it would
s e em that th e results would b e s u fli ci e n t to S h o w
t h e p e ople that th e ways of civiliz a ti o n a re happi e r
than a r e the ways o f revolu t ion a n d a n archy
H oweve r a f t e r n i n e ye a rs o f deb t p ayi n g w i t h a
t ouch o f exp eri e n ce o f c o n s t itu ti o n al g o vernme n t
t hey have agai n b r o ken i n to their o ld ways o f
insurr e ctio n a n d the isla n d i s agai n wel t ering i n
bl o od a n d in th e thro es o f dreadful a n archy
I t w ould s e e m that th e o n ly h op e o f p ermanent
improvemen t must spr i ng f rom the c on tr ol o f thei r
governme n tal a ff airs by the s tr o n g ha n ds o f a
civiliz ed government
After years o f c ontrol
such as i s indicat e d thes e p eople may emerge into
-
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IN I TS RELAT ION T O HA I T I
89
light o f a b ette r day but c ons tituti o n ally they
s e em to b e o pp o s ed to th e t rammels o f civiliz ed
g o vern me n t ; and i t i s a s eri o us ques t i o n whe the r
a f t e r years o f le adership a n d p r actical c ont r o l
by civiliz ed e ffo r t they will ever bring th e m
s elves to a c on di tio n wh e r e th e y will b e able
to ca rry in to o rderly frui ti o n th e pri n ciples o f f re e
government
Whil e thi s government h a s n o desi re f o r con
quest y e t th e grea t advance i n the w o r ld m ove
me n t a n d in th e vital comm erci al a ff a i rs o f t h e
glob e demands tha t the p eace and s a fety o f t h i s
hemisphere S hall n ot b e n e edlessly a n d wickedly
br o k en and that th e p eace happi n ess and sa fety
o f thi s na t i on a n d the commerce o f t h e w o rl d
w i t h i n t h e b ou n ds o f our gover nmental li f e S hall
not b e imp eriled i n th e future Th e t remend ous
imp etus whi ch u n der th e w o rld moveme n ts o f to
day has b een s o p ot ent and plain dema n ds o rde r
i n all the a ff airs a n d details o f its li fe T h e co n di
t ions o f th e times and the dep ende n ce o f one p art
b ro ught ab out by
o f th e gl ob e up o n th e ot h e r
th e easy i n t ercha n ge b etw een th e nati o n s m e a n
t hat n o dis o rder i n t ha t gre at world commerce will
b e agai n lightly tolerated
Un der the pla i n est and fai rest interpre t ati on o f
the M onro e D octrine tha t i nstrumen t re aches
th e
,
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,
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,
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
0
9
easily th e sub j ect unde r discussi on
original applica ti on i t will n o t allow a S i tuati o n to
i
Ob tain which w
e f Oi ei g n n a t i o n s th e o ppo r
iI l g i v
tun i ty to i n t er f ere i n t h e g o ve r n me n t al lif e o f
c ou n tri es o f ou r hemisphere Un der th e fu n da
mental meani n g o f the M onr o e D oc t rine i t will
imp eril th e p e ace s afety and happi n ess o f thi s
c o untry if an island lyi n g at ou r doors withi n
touch o f our daily li f e a t hwa r t our gre atest line o f
c o mmerce b e allowed to c o ntinu e i ts li fe o f dis
o rder
.
"
M
'
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
2
9
Haiti an gov e rnment a n d th e nations o f E u
r op e
Th e
and i ts
r nm e nt o f Haiti i s b a n k r
debt amounts
t
of
dollars I t ha s o fte n d e faulte d in th e p ayment o f
its debts ; and wi thin th e last few m onths the
French gov e rnmen t impou n ded th e Haiti an navy
to c o mp el the p ayment o f th e interest to the citi
z e ns o f Franc e This w a s d on e agai n within a
short ti m e by the German government and a Ger
man S hip by f o rc e comp el led th e p a yment o f
m oney due th e citi z e ns o f that gover n ment T h e
s am e ac tion in e ff ect w as take n within the last
m onth by th e E nglish government ; which c o m
p olled under thre ats o f wa r th e p aym e nt o f
m o ne y due th e E nglish bond holders
We do not p retend to s e t d o w n the long list o f
interferences by the armed f o rces o f fo reign na
t ions in th e a ff airs o f Hai t i but we giv e a s a n i l
lustratio n o f the danger o f this S itua tion that
which i s to day taking place in the immedi ate lines
o f our c o mme rce
on p ra ctically the S hore line
o f the government o f the United States
I t i s no w reported with s e emingly imp o rtant
pro o f that the German go vernment h a s lately
sought c o n trol o f Hai ti i n retur n f o r a loan o f tw o
millions o f dollars a n d t h a t G e rmany wa s to r e
th e
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IN
I T S RELAT ION T O HA I T I
93
ce i ve
imp o rta n t rights i n i ts p o rts and have charge
o f th e cu s to m receipt s a n d t h a t t h e c on tract was
to include a c o aling sta ti o n a t M o l e Saint N ich
olas T h e German g o vernment has deni ed this
s t atement " e t i n its le tter o f deni a l it added
this m o st sign ifica n t and imp o rta n t s t atemen t :
“
Th e German g overnme n t ha d j o ined with o ther
E ur op e an governme nts i n repre s e n ti n g t o Wash
i ng to n that th e interes t s o f E ur o p e an c o untri es i n
Haiti are s o l arge that no scheme o f reorganiza
tion o r c o n tr o l can b e rega rded as acceptabl e un
”
less i t is u n dertaken under i n t erna tional auspices
A larg e p o rti on o f th e deb t o f th e Haiti an r e
public is owing to German and French citiz ens
The demand o f the Ge rman g overnment in e ff ect
is that such contr o l as is s e t out i n its n o te would b e
the practical c on trol o f Hai ti by Germany and
France I t would b e a trip arti t e agre emen t b e
‘
twe en Germany France a n d th e Un ited S t ates
s
wi th t h e two f o rmer countri es ac ting together a s i t
against our c ountry This pr op o s i ti o n I S to day
p ending a n d it lo oks to the co ntrol o f this imp o r
tant a n d stra t egic isla n d b y f oreign go vernme n ts
one o f which has imp o r t a n t i n tere s t i n s ecuring a
posi ti o n i n either th e Gulf o f M exico o r th e C a r
i bb e a n Se a
T h e s t atement of th e German government i s
,
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,
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‘”
-
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av
TH E
94
M ON ROE DO CT RINE
practically a warning and it i s the p art o f states
manship that this warning S h ould b e he eded T h e
c o n d iti o n o f Hai ti which i s i n danger o f b ri nging
ab o u t this impor t a n t int e r f er en c e wi t h th e M o n ro e
D o c t rin e and wi th the p e ace a n d s a fety o f this
n a ti on
s h o uld b e t ermina t ed by a vig o r o us a n d
fi rm exercis e by this governme n t o f th e pri n C i ple s
O f the Mon r o e D o ctrine and thus preve n t th e r e
currence o f a S i tua ti o n t ha t may a t any time b ring
ab ou t an i n f rac tion o f th e d o c t ri n e by E ur op ea n
g o vernments
Thi s p o si ti o n o f o u r c oun try should b reed n o
di s tru s t am on g th e s elf re s p ecti n g a n d s t able na
t i o ns o n t his hemi spher e
We will g o al on g wi th
them ha n d in ha n d a n d wi t h thei r assistance
help the n ations t hat a re weak a n d w e will d o
wha t we can to place them on e t ernal f ounda tions
o f fre ed o m and o rder
s o tha t they may b ec o me
part a n d p arcel o f this gre at f re e b r ot h e rh oo d on
t h e western hemisphere
S d o es not m e
h o wever tha t un d
dege n erat i n g bankrup t a n d
TO EI I OPVH ny
emascula t ed coun t ry th e c on tinued right t o bri ng
abou t a S i tuati o n that will inv o lve this c ou nt r y i n
wa r imperil ou r p e a ce and sa fety or hamp er and
interfere w i t h our c ommerce
This i s not a n unto ward e xtension o f th e M on
,
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IN
ITS
RELAT ION
TO
HA I T I
95
D octrine By t h e progressi on o f the wo rld
a n d change o f the lines o f commerce th e M o nro e
D o ct rine ha s b e en modifi ed not i n i ts f un d a m e n
tal principles but the m o de mann e r and time o f
its applica t i o n mu s t b e di ff erent fr o m w hat they
were wh en it was o rigi n ally enunci ated
This
govern me nt u n der the D octr i n e ca n n o t s i t i d ly by
and wai t un til th e ac tual encr o achment o f fo reign
p o we r s up on this hemi s phere a n e n cr o achment
b r ought ab out by th e c on d iti o n o f ou r s o called r e
publi c s S hall t ake place The D o ct ri n e i s a na
ti on a l right that cannot b e neglec t ed a n d i t is a
“
na ti onal p o licy based up on a n atural right a s i n
alie n able from nati on ality as life lib erty and the
pursui t of happiness a re i n ali enabl e f r o m h u
”
ma n ity
The demands o f th e civili zed w o rld soone r o r
later will c o mp el t h e Unite d S t ates to i n t erfere i n
th e a ff ai r s o f Hai t i and in th e g o ver n ments o f
o ther c o un t ri es S imila rly S i tuated i n order t o pre
ve n t f ur ther o ff e n s e agai n s t th e laws o f civiliz a ti on
and dece n cy Civiliz ation will not much l on ger
t o lera t e plagu e spo t s i n th e midst o f its w o rk
It
i s u n thinkable t ha t a c on d i t i on will b e all o wed to
c on ti nu e a t our d o o r where grea t S hips under
o u r fl ag
fill e d With ou r ci ti z e n s will b e at the
mercy o f bloo d y and half civili z ed revoluti o nists
roe
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6
9
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
and wh er e th e laws o f civili zation gov e rning co rn
merc e and harb o rs lighthouses and charting o f
chann els a re practically s e t at naught
N ot much l o nger will i t b e tolerate d within
thi rty hours o f ou r greates t po rt o n a line with
ou r most impo rtant commerce
that th e i d o latry
o f th e snak e and the control o f th e witch doct o r
S hould b e supreme that cannib alism should b e
charged and proven that absolut i sm should exist
in its worst f o rm and that u n der the pres e n t S ys
tem the impov e rishment and destruc tio n o f a
great i sland almost p art o f our shor e line
should o ccu r and that its political moral and
financial degeneracy S hould b e brought about by
the dre adful governmental and economical forces
at work within
,
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IN
I TS
RELA T ION
To
HA I T I
97
"I
TH E EN F OR C E M EN T O F TH E M ON ROE
DO CT RINE
A great writer sp eak s o f the ab rogation o f the
doctrine and v oi ces th e d is trust a n d suspici on
am on g the na t io n s o f th e southern hemisphere
I n reply to this we pres e n t th e p ages of history ;
a n d w e ask Un der wha t go vern men t pe o ple o r
S y stem that h a s ever existed have th e r e b een pre
s erved i n th eir fre ed om and governmental li fe s o
m any weak n a t i ons a s have existed on this b emis
e
e
h
r
side
by
S
ide
with
t
his
p
o
werful
r
public
"
e
p
He has cited a s caus e o f distrust C alif o rn i a a n d
M exico Thes e w e r e li fe movements abs o lutely
instinctiv e in t hei r b ei n g m o veme n ts t ha t were
demanded by th e very existence o f this n a ti on
D isti n guished writers s o frequen tly discuss the
j ealousy o f the South American nations toward the
Un ited Stat e s by reason o f th e Mon r o e D o ctr i ne
O n e h a s gon e s o fa r a s to giv e i n detail t h e S iz e
and str e ngth o f S outh America n d readnough t s
and to dwell with imm e ns e particulari ty on th e
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TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
8
9
am o unt o f b e ef and whe at rais ed and S hipp ed by
t h ese n atio n s
I t i s true that so m e j e alousy d o es really exis t
That ca nnot b e av o ided The thi nking statesmen
o f th e S o u t h America n c o u n t r i es h o wever d o n o t
b eli eve i n the u n j us t aggressi on o f the United
S t a t es Th o s e o f th e m wh o k no w th e S i tua ti o n
a n d u n der s t a n d i t d o not fea r th e M on ro e D o c
t ri n e no r i t s c o n s eque n ces
Th ere are pr o f e s
s i o n a l p o li t ici a n s i n S o u t h America w h o f a n the
emb ers o f dis t rus t f o r thei r own uprisi n g and f o r
their o w n purpos es ; b u t th e grea t t r end o f s e n t i
m ent a n d thought on th e p ar t o f th e le aders in t h e
gre at states o f South Ameri ca i s n ot i n this d i r e c
tion
I quote the statement
o r Z a b e llo s o f A r
gen tina, a s a fai r i n dica
t Fo Se o f S outh America wh o k n o w the re al fe eli n g
o f ou r country toward its s o uther n n eighbors :
.
.
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,
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,
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’
Wha t oth e r cou n tri es of Am e rica hav e th e s am e w orld
pr obl e m s a s Pa n ama an d M exico th e lat te r on th e fron
t ie r o f th e U n i t e d S t a tes a n d th e f orm e r th e t hr oa t o f
"
h
t e con t i n e n t i t s e lf
T h ey hav e n othin g i n c omm on wi th
th e probl ems of th e R ive r Plat a or th e s h or es of Brazil
o r th e coas t of Chil e T h e M on r o e D oc tri n e i s n ecess ary
t o day t o t h e U n i te d S t a t es
T h e C aribb ean S e a wash es
th e c oas t o f th e rich es t par t o f th e U n i te d S t a tes a n d i t
“
,
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M ON ROE DO C TRINE
TH E
1 00
ment a re gr e ater than th e interests o f an y oth e r
government on this h e misphere What relativ e
pow e r would thi s gover nment hav e as against the
othe r contra c ting powers " T h e M on r o e D oc
trin e i s a d o ctrin e p eculiarly applyi n g to th e
United States Wh en thi s doctrine S hall have
b e e n changed so that i t appli es to other govern
m e nts n e c e ssarily its very essen c e will b e de
stroyed
Again th e history o f international a ffairs g o es
to S h o w that p ermanent agre ements b etwe en n a
t i on s divers e in thought li f e s entiment S ituation
and race have never b een succ e ss ful Here would
b e an agreement for the e nforcement o f the doc
tr i ne b e twe en th e Anglo Saxon and the L a t in na
ti o ns n at i o ns t o t ally d ivers e i n t emp erament and
also b etwe en nati ons wh ose whole fina n cial status
and l o cal S ituation a r e abs olutel y di ff eren t f r o ii
tho s e o f t h e United States
Suppos e fo r instanc e a question S hould a r i s e
b etwe en E ngland a n d some o f the South Am e rican
states and that th e contrac ting p owers f o r th e
mainte n a n c e o f the M on r o e D o ctrine should b e
th e U n ited States Argentina B razil and Chile
Thos e wh o know th e situation i n Argen tina w ould
not suppos e f o r a m o ment that Argen t ina would
oppos e E ngland i n som e controv e rsy a s to som e
.
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,
,
,
.
-
,
,
r
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
RELAT ION
ITS
IN
TO
HA I T I
I O I
—
state
a state t ha t would b e important to
mi no r
th e United States but relatively u n imp o rtant t o
Arg entina T hi s illustration appli e s with equal
force a s to the o the r South Ameri can states The
m one y Wi th wh i ch thes e gre at states are b eing de
ve lop e d and th e p o pula t io n which is largely e n
gage d in dev e loping them c o m e from E ur op e
and E urop e could inj ur e t h ese states fina n cially i f
they oppose d E urop ean interests i n th e enfo rce
m ent o f th e Mon r o e D oc t rine
T h i s i s merely o n e illustration o f th e mul titude
o f t roubles that would c o m e o f a n agre ement that
th e Mon r o e D octrine should b e enforced by a
o
i
nt
action
o
f
Sou
t
h
American
st
a
tes
and
t
h
e
"
United Stat e s T h e qu e stions a r e so ab solutely
divers e a s b etw een the Unit e d States and thes e
countries t ha t no unity of action could b e b r o ught
about to mak e the enforcement o f th e doc t rine e f
f e cti ve Whil e thi s i s true the M on r o e D octr i n e
shou ld not b e enf o rced with th e strong h a n d b ut
S hould b e carri ed out i n "ust i ce i n courtesy and in
f airnes s b etween ou r country a n d the countri es o f
South Ame rica This honesty a n d resp ect ob t ain
among nations j ust a s t he y d o am ong men a n d by
th e immu t able law s o f caus e a n d e ff e ct an d t h e
action o f thi s government upon a high plan e will
’
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
'
,
TH E M ON RO E DO CT RINE
1 02
,
urely o b t a i n and hold
o f S o uth Am e rica
s
th e
r e sp ect o f th e countri es
.
Whateve r mu st be brough t abou t b etween thi s pow
e r f ul cou n t ry th e U n i te d S t a tes a n d th e S ou th A m erica n
S ympathy l oyal an d hon
R epublic s will com e of i ts elf
o r a ble t r e at m en t pr ox i mi ty
a n i n timacy as clos e as pos
s ibl e b e t w een th e m e n dir e c t i n g th e d es t i n i es o f t h es e p eo
pl es an d espe cially r ecipr ocal i n t er es ts will of th e ms elves
e ffec t a p oli t ical a n d a n econom i c e n t e n te T h er e i s nee d
f or th ey ar e ev e r fragil e a n d
of n o ar t ificial m e as ur es
o f te n u n pr o duc t ive
T h e play of th e n a tural laws of h u
—
D R M A R C I A L MA R
m a n p rogr ess mu s t b e l e f t fr ee
T I N E Z of C hil e
“
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
”
.
.
.
,
The Mon r o e D octrine withi n its v e ry na ture
i s a doctri n e t h at i s fu n dam e n t al to th e Unit e d
States and p eculi a r to our governm e nt While it
S h o uld b e carr i ed out i n j usti ce the mode th e time
the place and th e m a nne r o f i ts o p erati o n S h ould
b e and I b elieve will b e directed a n d controlled
absolutely by the United States T o pla ce i t in
oth e r ha n ds would b e th e d e struc tion o f th e doc
t rine which h a s b een vital t o this country and to
th i s h e misphere a n d would caus e th e w e ake n ing
o f the hands o f this g o ver n men t in the direct ion
wh ere internat i o nal trade and go vernme n tal de
c e n cy will d e ma n d tha t our hands S hould b e strong
and ab solut e ly fr e e to act decisiv e ly i n th e gr e at
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
TH E M ON ROE DO CT RINE
1 04
b e no distrust Ther e will b e t h e co mingling o f
na tions with th e sam e g overnmental fre edom I t
will b e a gre at b r oth e rh oo d th e on ly one a
b r o therh o o d o f fre e p e oples and fre e nations
marching o nward ha n d in hand to the con sum m a
ti o n o f that bless ed tim e whe n th e str o ng will not
oppos e th e weak whe n o rder will walk wi th j us
t ice and wh en filled wi t h mutual este em c o n fi
dence a n d regard and t ouched by the wondr ous
vi t ali zing li fe o f fre edom th e nations o f thi s
hemisphe re gre at a n d little L ati n a n d A nglo
Saxon will S h ow to th e w o rld th e sple n do r of
fr e edom i n i ts highest and b est development
-
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
TH E
END
IND E "
B
ra
z
H
il 8 3 8 4 8 5
,
,
,
bb ean
a bb an
C ari
C ri
S ea, 34
S e a a n d Gu l f
e
M ex ico :
T h e i r Futu r e , 7 3
C ont r ol o f th e C
S ea , 3 7
C u , 35
ba
E ur p
M
M
ari bb an
e
’
e s
BI I
,
Ge rma ny
and
H
,
a i ti
,
9 1 , 92 ,
93 , 9 7
H
dge R
l
i
e s o ut on ,
ag da l e n a
D
on r o e
13
,
A r my, 54, 55
D e s c r pt o n , 2 6
C on di t i on,
Gove r n m e nt a l
45. 46, 47 , 48 . 49. 50. 52 , 53
Go e r n m e nt l P oli c y a n d
R e li g i ou s I d e l s , 40
H i s tory, 4 I , 42 , 43 , 44
I mpor anc
t o Un i te d
S t a t e s , 2 8 , 2 9, 3 0
L oc ti on, 2 4, 2 5
P r e s i d e nts , 59
R e li gi on, 62
S t r te g i c I mpor t n ce, 3 1 ,
3 2. 3 3
i i
v
a
t
18
Ba y, 8 4
i
o c tr n e ,
C on di ti on s
of
by
E
1
5
n f orc e men t
Un i te d S ta te s 1 0 1
E ff e c t o f A b rog a ti on 8 2
Fun c ti on o f th e D o c tr i n e
,
a
e
a
a
,
1 9 , 20 , 2 1 , 22
I t s A pp li c a t i on to H a i t i , 8 7
I ts N e c e s s i ty t o th e Un i te d
S ta te s, 86
I ts O "e c ts , 7 5 7 6, 78
S h ould B e E n f o r c e d
y
Un i te d S t t e s A l on e , 1 00
b
a i ti :
a
o
ly A lli an ce
,
D e m a nd f or
l a rg e me n t, 7 9 8 0
o
of
e
L
o
,
b
a
a a
P a n m C a n a l, 3 8
P ort a u P r i nc e , 7 o
—
-
S a nto D o mi n g o
S e no r Z a b e llos
D oc tr i n e 98
43
,
on
M
o n ro
e
,
a
83
V e n e zue l
V ou dou, 64, 6 5, 66 , 67 , 68 , 69
,
Wa sh in gt on s
F
1 2,
13
’
dres s
,
are w
e
ll A d

PEE # AC £ tbX9 study I UQdartak^ on the 0OC

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