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66^ Sessione Ordinaria
14^ Sessione Speciale
Master interfacoltà di II livello in
3° Seminario,
31 gennaio/8
“Strategia Globale
e Sicurezza” febbraio 2013
6° SEMINARIO “GLOBAL CHALLENGES”
Direttore Coadiutore: Gen. B. A. Salvatore GAGLIANO
16 – 25 Marzo 2015
Prof. Antonino COLAJANNI
Contemporary processes of
globalization, internazional
migrations and multiculturalism. An
anthropological point of view.
1.
WHAT ANTHROPOLOGY IS ABOUT
The topics of globalization, international migration, and multiculturalism, strictly
connected with one another, could be examined and analyzed from the point of
view of the anthropological science, which is characterized by the following
principles:
- a. A holistic approach (considering the social fabric as a whole and carefully
analyzing the interferences between the different sectors and aspects: economy
and work, social relations and social differentiations, ideas, beliefs, values and
rituals);
- b. The systematic use of the comparative method (consisting in a continuous
and accurate confrontation of different social situations, in order to attain the
understanding and explanation of the analogies and at the same time of the
differences);
- c. Thirdly, this social science utilizes a particular style of research through the
collection of data by intensive and long term “field research”, “participant
observation”, and informal questioning of the social actors in a way that could
permit the full registration of their point of view.
- d. Finally, anthropology is accustomed also to parallel his field investigations
with a systematic and intensive, critical and reflexive, auto-analysis of the posture,
interests, ideas, forms of power, that the same society which produces the
anthropological interests, manifests – overtly or not – in relation with the social
groups investigated.
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2.
GLOBALIZATION
The two fundamental dimensions of globalization, frequently identified
as such in an extended number of studies and researches, are the
following:
-a) A widespread circulation of goods all around the world, in a
general and unique universal market, without limitations (the previous
forms of limitations were the difficulties of the international transport
and the international customs, which influenced the rising of prices of
external goods when entering national markets);
-b) The unlimited circulation of information and of ideas
through radio, telephone, television and internet. This worldwide process
also produces a progressive convergence of behaviour, conception of the
world and daily habits of many nations, states and communities, through
the continuous diffusion of the similar needs, necessities, preferences,
aptitude to consumption, and ways of thinking.
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3.
THE “OTHER SIDE” OF THE GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES
Regarding the encroachment of ideas, customs, values, ways of life, which is typical of all globalization
processes, we have to highlight that there is a sharp confrontation among two different positions about the
cultural effects of globalization. The first one is the “optimistic” way of thinking, according to which the
increasing homogenization of the world, the intensive westernization and the loss of ancient cultural traditions,
are the most diffused and “good” consequences of the globalization processes. The second one is the
“pessimistic” way of thinking, consisting in the vision of a diffused “cultural fragmentation” and the increase of
intercultural conflicts between incompatible ideal worlds.
This radical opposition between the two points of view, two stereotypes, is overtly contrasted by a
number of anthropological investigations in the peripheries of the world, where the goods and the ideas
coming from the West are diffused. To a careful observer, the diffusion and overt circulation of goods and
information all around the world frequently produces very complex reactions that have been labelled with the
following terms and concepts:
adaptation, re-interpretation, re-adjustment.
If we observe what really people say and what they really do, we frequently find different matters. It is then
important to understand the meaning that the local people attach to globally distributed goods and ideas. In
this respect we could say that the internationalization and globalization process produces frequently a
correspondent process of
re-localization
according to which a reaction coming from the receiving environment generates some creative and new
aspects, that in some cases take the form of
appropriation
or
resistance
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4.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ON GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES
- J.-L. Amselle, Branchements. Anthropologie de l’universalité des cultures, Paris 2001.
- A. Appadurai, Modernity at large: cultural dimensions of globalization, 1996.
- A. Appadurai, The future as cultural fact. Essays on the global condition, LondonNew York 2013.
- Z. Bauman, Globalization. The human consequences, Cambridge 1998.
- J. Bhagwati, In defense of globalization, Oxford 2004.
- J. Breidenbach, I. Zukrigl, Danza delle culture. Identità culturale in un mondo
globalizzato, 2000.
- M. Chossudovsky, The globalization of poverty. Impacts of IMF and World Bank
reforms, London 1997.
- M. Featherstone, Undoing culture: globalization, postmodernism and identity,
London 1995.
- J. Friedman, Globalization, dis-integration, re-organization: the transformations of
violence, Oxford 2005.
- J. X. Inda, R. Rosaldo (Editors), The anthropology of globalization, Oxford 2002.
- T. C. Lewellen, The anthropology of globalization: cultural anthropology enters the
21st century, New York 3003.
- P. S. Rothenberg, Beyond borders: thinking critically about global issues, 2005.
- G. Sapelli (a cura di), Antropologia della globalizzazione, Milano 2002.
- A. Sen, Globalizzazione e libertà, Milano 2002.
- J. E. Stiglitz, Globalization and its discontents, New York 2002.
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5.
THE PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF THE MIGRATION PROCESSES
In general terms, we could say that the principal dimensions and problems of the migration
processes, from the point of view of the migrant, are the following:
-1) Frequent disarticulation of the basic social links of the migrant (above all family and
kinship relationships) as a social effect of the abandonment of the original social context;
-2) Rapid interruption of the previous links with the locality, material and symbolic, and the
correspondent difficulty of creating new links with the new environment in a short time;
-3) Elementary difficulties of adapting to the new cultural customs (eating, social,
religious), which can cause stressful situation;
-4) Ordinary difficulties with local bureaucracy of their new country (basic documents,
residence permits and so on);
-5) Accepting low salaries and low status job.
On the basis of the mentioned reasons, the migrants normally live in precarious and fragile
situations.
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6.
THE MIGRATION CYCLE
Studies and social researches on migration have also dedicated a special attention to the migration cycle,
identifying in the temporal aspect a fundamental dimension of the problem. Migration is normally described
as occurring in broadly three stages:
-1) The first stage is pre-migration, involving the decision and the preparation to move, with the
identification of the main “push-factors”, pushing the social actors to migrate to another country;
-2) The second stage, the effective process of displacement, refers to the physical relocation of individuals
from one place to another, with a special attention to the journey and the chosen itinerary (for example,
passing to different countries before arriving to the final destination);
-3) The third stage, post-migration, consists in the progressive adaptation of the immigrant within the social
and cultural framework of the new society. It is also important, at this third stage, to investigate what have
been the factors of “attraction” towards a specific country, which are defined as the “pull-factors”;
-4) A fourth stage could be identified: that of the effects of migrations on the original country of the
migrant. It has been observed that a great number of migrants come back periodically to the country of
origin, investing money and work for limited economic initiatives. At the same time, they contribute to the
diffusion of ideas, forms of economic actions, organization of work, coming from the new country where
they reside. The frequent returns could also stimulate kinsman, friends, to take the same way to migration in
the same country. So economic, social and cultural effects from the country of migration to the country of
origin of the migrant could be noted in a few years.
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7.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS
- D. Bhugra, M. A. Becker, Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity, 2005.
- CESPI, Politiche migratorie e modelli di società. Rapporto annuale sulle politiche migratorie in
Europa, 2008.
- HCO (Human Capital Development and Operations Policy), International Migrations: Implications
for the World Bank, 1995.
- IMI (International Migration Institute, Oxford), The impact of international migration on social and
economic development in Moroccan sending regions: a review of the empirical literature, 2007.
- U. Melotti, Migrazioni internazionali. Globalizzazione e culture politiche, Milano 2004.
- Migration and the Global Economy: Planning responses to disintegration patterns and frontiers.
International Congress, Jerusalem 1996.
- “Nuove migrazioni dall’America Latina”: n. 154 (2004) della rivista “Studi Emigrazione”.
- OCDE, The economic and social aspects of migration, Conference jointly organized by European
Commission and the OECD, Brussels 2003.
- P. Sacchi, P.P. Viazzo (a cura di), Più di un Sud. Studi antropologici sull’immigrazione a Torino,
Milano 2003.
- T. Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: a World View, New York 1996.
- Third South American Conference on Migrations, Quito 2002.
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, International Migration Report 2013.
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8.
THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONS AND POLICY STRATEGIES
REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF “CULTURAL DIVERSITY” WITHIN THE
MODERN STATES
Terms and concepts currently used
Cultural Pluralism (USA, Horace M. Kallen)
Interactive Pluralism
intense conservation of cultural
diversity
Multiculturalism (Canada, Australia, Sweden)
_____________________________________________________________
Assimilationism
- Integrationism
progressive renounciation to cultural
diversity
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9.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES ON MULTICULTURALISM
- Y. Abu-Laban, D. Stasiulis, Ethnic pluralism under siege: popular and partisan opposition to
multiculturalism, 1992.
- J. A. Banks, Multiculturalism’s five dimensions, 1998.
- H. Brotz, Multiculturalism in Canada: a muddle, 1980.
- S. Castles, The Australian model of immigration and multiculturalism: is it applicable to Europe?, 1992.
- Critical Multiculturalism. Chicago Cultural Studies Group, 1992.
- A. Favell, T. Modood, The philosophy of multiculturalism: the theory and practice of normative political
theory, 2003.
- N. Glazer, We are all multiculturalists now, Cambridge Mass., 1997.
- D. Hartmann, J. Gerteis, Dealing with diversity: mapping multiculturalism in sociological terms, 2005.
- C. Inglis, Multiculturalism: new policy responses to diversity, 1996.
- W. Kymlicka, Testing the liberal multiculturalist hypothesis: normative theories and social sciences
evidence, 2010.
- W. Kymlicka, Multiculturalism: success, failure, and the future, 2012.
- S. Ratner, Horace M. Kallen and Cultural Pluralism, 1984.
- L. W. Roberts, R. A. Clifton, Exploring the ideology of Canadian multiculturalism, 1982.
- The people of Australia. Australia’s multicultural policy, 2012.
- The current state of multiculturalism in Canada and research themes on Canadian multiculturalism
2008-2010, 2010.
- T. Turner, Anthropology and multiculturalism: what is anthropology that multiculturalists should be
mindful of it?, 1993.
- Ch. Taylor, Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition, 1992.
- S. Vertovec, Towards a ‘post-multiculturalism’?, 2007.
- M. K. Wong, What’s wrong with multiculturalism?, 2012.
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