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N O AA Te c h n i c a l R e p o rt N M F S C i rc u l a r 438
M ar i n e F
o ra an d
Fa u n a
of
T h e N o rt h eas t e r n U n t e d St at e s
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D Cai r n s
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J u l y 1 98 1
Mar i ne B i oi og i cai Laborat ory
S A? "
B
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U S DE PA RTM E N T O F C O M M E R C E
N a t i o n a l O ce a n i c a n d A t mos p h er i c A d m i n i s t r at i o n
N a t i o n a l M a r i n e F i s h e r i e s S e rv i ce
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N O A A T E C H N I C A L RE PO R T S
N a t i o n al M
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F i sh er i es Ser vi ce C i r cu l ar s
,
T he m aj o r r eSp o n si b il i t i es o f t he N ati o nal M ar i n e F si heri e s S er vi ce ( N M F S) a re t o mo nit or a n d a ss e ss t he a b u n d an ce an d g eo g r a p h i c d i s t r i b uti o n o f
fi s he ry re s o u rce s t o u n ders tan d an d p red i c t fl u c tuati o n s in t he q uant it y an d d i s t r i b ut i o n o f t he s e re s o u rce s an d t o e s ta b li s h l e v e l s for o p ti m u m u s e of t he
re s o u rce s N M FS i s a sl o c h a r g ed w it h t he d e v e l o p me nt an d i m p l eme ntati o n o f p o li c i e s for m anaging nati o nal f i s h ing g ro un d s de v e l o p me nt an d e n fo rce
me nt o f dome s t i c fi s her i e s re gu lat i o n s s u r v e illan ce o f fore ign fi s h ing o ff U nit ed S tat es co a s tal w at er s an d t he de v e l o p me nt an d e n forceme nt o f int er na
i g i n d u s t ry t h ro ug h m a rk e ti ng s e rv i ce a n d eco n o m i c anal y s i s p r o g r a m s an d mo rtgag e
t i o n a l fi s hery ag reeme n t s an d p o l i c i e s N M F S a l s o a ss i s t s t he fi s h n
in s u r an ce an d v e ss e l co n s t r u c t i o n s u b s i d i e s 1 t co ll ec t s anal yze s an d p u b li s he s s tati s t i c s o n va r i o u s p h a s e s o f t he in d u s t ry
T he N O AA Tec h ni c al R e p o rt N M F S C i rc ula r s er i e s co ntin u e s a s eri e s t h at h as b ee n i n e x i s t e n ce s in ce 1 9 4 1 T he C i rc ula rs a re t ech ni c al p u b li c ati o n s
o f g e n er al int ere s t in t e n ded t o ai d co n s er vat i o n an d m anag eme nt Pu b li c at i o n s t h at re vi e w i n co n s i der a b l e de tail an d at a h ig h t ech ni c al l e v e l cer tai n
b r o a d a re as o f re se a rc h a pp e a r in t h i s s er i e s Tec h ni c al p a p er s o ri g ni ating in eco n om ic s s tu d i e s an d fro m m anag eme nt in v e s t igati o n s a pp e a r in t he C i rc ula r
s er i es
N O AA Tech ni c al R e p o n N M F S C i rc ula rs a re avail a b l e free in li m it ed n u m b er s t o g o v er n me nta l ag e n c i e s b o t h F ed er al an d S tat e T hey a re a ls o
availa b l e in e x ch ang e for o t her s c i e nt i fi c an d t ech ni c al p u b li c ati o n s i n t he m a r in e s c i e n ce s I n d ivi d ual co p i e s m a y b e o b tain ed ( u nl e ss o t he rw i s e n o t ed )
fro m 0822 U ser S er vi c es B r an c h E nvi ro n me nta l S c i e n ce l n f o r rn a t i o n C e nt er N O A A R ock vill e M D 2085 2 R ece nt C i rc ula rs a re :
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A nn o at t ed b i b l i o g r a p hy of fo u r A tlanti c s com b ri d s : Sco m ber o mom s
b r as i l i en s is S c a va l l a S m a cu l a t u s an d S reg a l is B y C h a r l e s S M a n o och I l l
E ug e n e L N a k a m u r a an d A nn B o w m an H al D ecem b er 1 9 7 8 iii + 166 p
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Ma r i n e f l o r a an d fau na o f t he n o n h eas t em U nit ed S ta t e s Pro t ozo a : S a r
cod ina : A m o e b a e B y E ug e n e C B o v ee an d T hom as K S a wyer J anua ry 1 9 7 9
iii 56 p 7 7 f ig s F or s al e b y t he S u p er in t e n de nt o f D oc u me nts U S G o v er n
me nt Pr i nti ng O ffi ce Wa s h ingt o n D C 20402 S t oc k N o 003 01 7 00433 3
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D ata o n c o l d w e at her co n d it i o n s al o ng t he A tla nti c an d G ul f co as t s d u r
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M a r in e flo r a an d fauna of t he n o rt he as t er n U nit ed S ta t e s C ru s ta ce a :
C u m a ce a B y Les Wat ling A p r i l 1 9 7 9 iii + 2 3 p 35 f i g s F o r s al e b y t he
S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s W a s h in gt o n D C 2 04 02 S t o c k N o
W in d dri v e n t r an sp ort A tlanti c co as t a n d G ul f o f M e x i c o B y M er t o n C
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S ea s u rfa ce t em p e r atu re d i s t r i b uti o n fro m C a p e C od M as s a ch u s e tt s t o
M ia m i Fl o r i d a 1 9 7 6 B y J o s e p h W D e av er 1 11 J u l y 1 9 7 9 p 209 229 3 fig s 2
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Wat er co lu m n t herm al s t r u c tu re a cro ss t he s he l f an d s l o p e s o ut he a s t o f
S an dy H oo k N ew J er s ey in 1 9 7 6 B y S t e v e n K C ook J u l y 1 9 7 9 p 2 3 1 25 7
1 9 f ig s
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M a r i n e f l o ra an d fauna o f t he n o rt he as t e rn U nit ed S ta t e s A rt hro p od a :
C i rr i p ed ia B y V i c t or A Z ull o A p r i l 1 9 7 9 iii + 2 9 p 40 fi g s F or s al e b y t he
S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s W a s h i n gt o n D C 2 04 02 S t o c k N o
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Riv er r un o ff al o ng t he M i d d l e A tla nti c co as t in
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A n t i cyc l o ni c G u l f St r ea m edd i e s o ff t he N o rt he a s t er n U nit ed S tat e s d u r
ing 1 9 7 6 B y D avi d M i ze n ko an d J Lock w o o d C h a m b er lin J u l y 1 9 7 9 p
2 5 9 2 80 1 6 fi g s 2 ta b l e s
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S y n o ps i s o f b i o l o gi c al d ata o n t he rock cr a b Ca n cer
T hom as E B ig fo rd M a y 19 7 9 v + 26 p 1 1 fi g s 2 | ta b l es
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9 pl
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C o as tal u p w e ll in g o ff w e s t e r n N o rt h A me r i c a
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t he M i d A tlant i c B ig h t 1 9 7 6 B y D ani e l E S m it h an d J a ck W J ossi J ul y 1 9 7 9
p 337 348 7 fi g s
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N O AA Te c h n i ca l Re p o rt N M FS C i rc u l a r 438
M ar i n e F l o ra
an d
Fau n a
of
t h e N o rt h e as t e r n U n i t e d S t at e s
.
S c l e r ac t i n i a
St eph e n
D Ca i r n s
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J u l y 1 98 1
US
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DE PA RTM E N T
M alc o lm B
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O F CO M M E R C E
ri g e Sec re t a ry
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N a t i o n a l O ce an i c
an d
A t mos p h er i c A d mi n i s t r a t i o n
N a t i o n a l M a r i n e F i s h er i e s S e rv i ce
Te rry L Le i tz e l l As s i s ta n t Ad mi ni s t ra t or fo r F i s h e ri es
.
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F O RE W O R D
T h si
C i rc ula r i s p a r t o f t he s u b s er i e s M a r in e Fl o r a an d Fauna o f t he N o r t heas t er n U nit ed S tat e s "
wh i ch co n s i s t s o f o r iginal illu s t r at ed moder n m anual s o n t he i de nt i fi c ati o n c la ss i fi c at i o n an d g e n er al b i o l o g y
o f t h e e s t u a r in e an d co as tal m a r in e p lant s an d ani m al s o f t he N o r t he as t er n U nit ed S tat e s T he m an ual s ar e
p u b li s hed at i rre gula r in t er val s o n as m an y t ax a of t he re gi o n as t here a re sp ec iali s t s availa b l e t o co lla b or at e in
t he i r p re p a r ati o n
G eo g r a p h i c co v er ag e o f t he M a r in e Fl or a an d Fauna o f t he N o rt he a s t er n U n it ed S tat e s " i s p lan n ed t o
i n c lu de o rgani s m s fro m t he he a d wat er s o f e s t ua r i e s s e a wa rd t o a pp ro x i m at e l y t h e 2 00 m de p t h o n t h e co ntin e ntal
s he l f fro m M ain e t o V i r ginia b ut m a y va ry s o me w h at w it h e a c h m aj o r tax o n an d t he int eres t s o f co lla b or at or s
W he n e v er p o ss i b l e re p re s e ntativ e sp ec i me n s de alt w it h in t he m an ual s a re de p o s it ed in t he refere n ce co ll ec t i o n s o f
m aj o r m u s e u m s o f t he re gi o n
T he M a r in e F l o r a an d Fauna o f t he N o rt he a s t e r n U nit ed S tat e s i s b e in g p re p a red in co l la b o r ati o n w it h
s y s t em at i c sp ec iali s t s i n t he U nit ed S tat e s an d a b ro a d E a c h m anual i s b a s ed p r i m a r il y o n rece nt an d o ng o ing
re vi s i o na ry s y s t em ati c re s e a rc h an d a fre s h e x a m in at i o n o f t he p lant s an d an i m al s E a ch m aj o r ta x o n t re at ed in a
i n c lu de s an in t rod u c ti o n illu s t r at ed gl o ss a ry u ni form o r igi nall y illu s t r at ed k ey s ann o t at ed
se p a r a t e ma n u a l
c hec k li s t w it h in fo rm ati o n w he n availa b l e o n d i s t r i b uti o n h a b itat li fe h i s t ory an d re lat ed b i o l o g y re fere n ce s t o
t he m aj o r lit er at u re o f t he g ro u p an d a s y s t em at i c in de x
T he s e m an ual s a re in t e n ded fo r u s e b y b i o lo g y s t u de nt s b i o l o gi s t s b i o l o gi c al oce an o g rap her s in fo r med
la yme n an d o t her s w i s h i ng t o i de nt i fy co as tal or gani s m s for t h i s re gi o n O ft e n t hey c an s er v e as gu i de s t o
a dd it i o nal in fo rm at i o n a b o ut sp ec i e s o r g ro u ps
T he m an ual s a re an o utg ro w t h o f t he w i de l y u s ed Key s t o M a r in e i nv er t e b r at e s o f t he W o o d s H o l e
R eg i o n l ed it ed b y R 1 S m it h in 1 964 an d p rod u ced u n der t he au sp i ce s o f t he S y s t em ati c s E co l o g y Pro g r a m
M a r in e B i o l o gi c al L a b or at ory W ood s H o l e Ma ss A ft er a s u ffi c i e n t nu m b er o f m anual s o f re lat ed t a x o n o m i c
g ro u ps h av e b ee n p u b li s hed t he m an ual s w il l b e re vi s ed g ro u p ed an d i ss u ed a s sp ec ial v o lu me s wh i c h w ill
c o n s i s t o f co m p ilat i o n s fo r p hy la o r g ro u ps o f p hy la
N M FS
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K eys t o t he Scl er act i n i a o f t h e n or t h e a s t er n co a s t o f t h e U n i t ed Stat es
Di cho t omo u s k ey
T a b u la r k eys
A n n o tat ed sys t em at i c l i s t
Se l ec t ed b i b li o g r a p h y
Sys t em at i c i n dex
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C oord i nat i ng E d it or s com me n t s
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A B ST R A C T
T h i s m anua l d i s c u ss e s t he N sp ec i e s o f c l r a t i i a c o ra ls k n o w n fr o m t he n o r t he a s t er n l i n i te d S l at e s c o a s t
fr o m \ i g i n i a t o N o va S c o t ia F ollo w in g a b r i ef in t r o d u c ti o n t o t he g e n er a l b i olo g y an d m o r p h olo gy o f
i l l u s t r at ed d i c h o t o m o u s k y a d t w ta b u l a r ke y s a re g i
f o r t he se sp ec i e s A n an n o tat ed
ia a
S cl
c ti
s s t em at i c l i s t in c l u de s c o m p l e t e g e o g r a p h i c n d b t h n t i r an g e s refere n ces t o p er t in e nt l it er at u re an d f o r
so me s p ec ie s ec olo g ic a l an d ta x o n o m i c n o t e s Z g g a p h i a ff in it i e s o f t he fau na a re b r i e fl y d is c uss ed A
s e l ec t ed b i b l i o g r p hy i s p r o vi ded
e
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I N T R O DU C T I O N
fr ag me n t s e a ch wed g e sh a p ed p i ece s u b seq u e n tl y p rod u c i ng
1 30 sm al l b u d s g row i n g d i rec tl y from t h e m ese n t er ial t i s s u e I t
i s r a re t o fi n d a s p ec i me n o f D l y ma m t h at g rew d i rec tl y from a
p la n u la i e n o t atta ch ed t o an in s i d e fr ag me nt o f a p ar e n t
s p ec i me n
A l l p lan u la e n eed a h a rd s u b s t r at e o n wh i ch t o se tt l e
F o ll ow i ng se ttl eme n t a n d s u b seq u e n t g ro wt h co r al s m a y e i t her
re m ai n a t t a ch ed t o t h e s u b s t r at e or b eco m e free l y i n g
u na tta c hed o n t h e s u b s t r at e T h e atta ched cor a ll u m u s ual l y
re in forces i t s b as e o f atta ch me n t b y v ar i o u s m e an s w here as t h e
s u b seq u e n tl y u na tta ch ed cor a l l u m beco mes free by la c k i ng
r e i n fo r ce m e n t o f a n or i g i n a l l y we a k at t a c h m e n t o r b y
com p l e t e l y o v er g row i ng t he s u b s t r at e a s i n t h e c a se o f a s an d
p art i c l e Some u n att a ch ed s p ec i es
C ar y op hy /Ii a a m b r osi a )
beco me t o p he a v y fa ll t o o n e s i de b u t s u bseq u e n tl y reor i e nt
t h e i r c al i ces t ow ard an u p r ig h t p os i t i o n p rod u c i n g a h or n
sh a p ed cor al l u m
T he scl e r act i n i a n fau na o f t he n or t he as t er n co as t o f t he
U n i t ed Stat es i s re l ati v e l y l ow i n d i v ers i t y w he n com p a red t o
o t h er a re a s i n t h e wes t er n A t la nti c e v e n w h e n t h e ree f cor al s
( h er m a t y p es) a re exc lu ded fro m co n s i der at i o n F o r ex a m p l e
t h ere a re a pp rox i m at e l y 160 s p ec i e s o f Scl er act i n i a in t h e
C a r i b be a n : 7 6 dee p w at er ( o v e r 200 m ) ah er mat y p es ( C ai r n s
a b o ut 30 exc lu s i v e l y sh a l l ow w at er ah e r ma t y p es an d
a bo u t 5 4 h erm at y p i c s p ec i es I n t h e re gi o n be t wee n n or t h
F l o r i d a a n d C a p e H att er a s t h ere a re a b o ut 4 0 s p ec i es k n o w n : 2 8
d ee p w at er ah er m at y p es ( C ai r n s
a bo u t 8- 1 0 exc lu s i v e l y
s h all o w -w at er a h er m a t y p es a n d se v er al h a rd y h e rm at y p i c
s p ec i es i e So l en o as rr ea Si d er ast r ea O c u l i n a I n t h e wes t er n
A tla nt i c n or t h o f t h e N or t h C a ro li n a -V i r gi n ia border t h ere a re
1 6 d ee p w a t e r a h er ma t y p e s a n d o n e
1 7 s p ec i e s k n ow n
exc lu s i v e l y sh all o w -w a t er s p ec i es A as rr ezf o r m i s F o u r t ee n o f
t hese 1 7 s p ec i es a re t re at ed i n t h i s wor k t h e o t h er t h ree :
Va u g h a n el l a m a r g a r i ra ta ( J o u rd a n
F u n g i a cy a r h u s d u r u s
K e ll er 1 9 7 6 ; an d F m a r en ze/l er i ( V au g h an 1 906 ) a re k n o w n
from l oc a li t i es n or t h o f M ai n e O t h er s p ec i es o cc u rr in g s o ut h o f
t h e a re a o f co n s i der ati o n fo r t h i s m an ual t h at m a y s u bseq u e n tl y
b e fo u n d t h ere i n c lu de : Den d r op hy /Ii a g a d i r an a ( Du n c an
P o u r r a /o s m i /i a c o n f e r r a C a i r n s
1 9 7 8 ; C o n c e n t r o l h e ca
l a e vi g a t a ( Po u r t a l es
a n d Po l y / n y ces f r ag i l i s ( Po u r t a l e s
,
-
.
F o u rt ee n
s p ec i e s o f s t o n y co r al s ( order Scl er act i n i a) ar e
k n ow n from o ff t he n or t he a s t e r n co a s t from Ch e sa p e a k e B ay t o
s o u t h e r n N o v a Sc o t i a o f w h i c h o n l y o n e A s t r a n g i a
as rr e if o r m i s
occ u rs a t de p t h s sh al l ow e n o u g h t o b e co l l ec t ed
r o u ti n e l y b y s n or k e l i n g or sc u b a d i v i n g T h e rem ai n i ng s p ec i es
a re u s ua l l y co ll ec t ed b y be n t h i c t r a w l s or dred g es an d occ u r a s
d ee p a s
m o ff t h e n o rt h e as t co as t M u c h rese ar ch h as b ee n
d o n e o n t he e a s il y a ccess i b l e A as rr eif or m i s b u t li tt l e more t h a n
p h ys i c al d escr i p ti o n s an d d i s t r i b u ti o n s a re k n ow n for t h e dee p er
w at er s p ec i es A l l 1 4 s p ec i es a re i n c lu ded i n t h i s re p ort
O f t h ese 1 4 s p ec i es 1 3 are ah er m at yp i c ; i e t hey do n o t
p ossess symb i o t i c z oox an t he lla e ( a u n i ce ll u la r d i n o f l ag e ll at e) i n
t he i r e n dode r m al ti ss u e I n d i v i d u al co l o n i es o f A as rr eif o r m i s
m a y or m a y n o t h a v e z oox a nt he ll a e de p e n d i ng p erh a p s o n
w at er t em p er at u re o r l ig h t i n t e n s it y ; m ore freq u e n t l y t h i s s p ec i es
l a c k s t h e s y m b i o n t s T h e t e r m a h er mat y p i c i s t h u s a
p h ys i o l o gi c al co n d it i o n de t er m i n ed by eco l o gi c al fa c t ors an d
t h ere fore i s n o t a ch a r a c t er o f g re at v al u e i n c la ss i f ic ati o n
A h er mat yp i c cor al s h a v e bee n eq u at ed w i t h dee p w at er co r al s
s o l i t a r y c or a l s o r n o n r ee f b u i l d i n g co r a l s T h i s i s a n
o v e r si m p li fi ca t i o n ; i n fa c t m a n y s p ec i es occ u r i n sh al l o w w at er
an d some la r g e co l o n ial dee p w at er ( 5 00 800 m ) a h er m at yp es
L ap /r el i c p r o l if er a E n a /Iop sa mm i a p r of u n a a ) form t h e
fr a mewor k for r ee fl i k e s t ru c tu res I t i s t ru e h owe v er t h at a l l
d ee p w at er co r al s ar e ah er mat yp i c bec au se be l ow t he e u p h o t i c
z o n e t he z oox an t h e l la e
be i ng p lan t s c a n n o t p h o t osy n t hes i z e
N o t r e s t r i c t e d b y t h e g e n e r a l l y h i g h e r ( o ft e n t r o p i c a l )
t e m p er atu re a n d lig h t req u i reme n t s t h at z oox a n t h e lla e i m p ose
o n h e rm at y p i c cor al s t h e ah er mat yp es i n h a b i t a more ex t e n s i v e
g eo g r a p h i c r a ng e T h ey a re fo u n d i n al l oce an s from t he
N o rwe gia n Se a ( l a t 7 o° 3o N ) t o t h e R oss Sea A nt ar c t i c a
m de p t h ( K e ll er
and i n
( l a t 7 8 2 9 S) from
1 1 ° C t o o v er 29 C
t em p er at u res o f
Scl er a ct i n i a a re m o n oec i o u s or d i oec i o u s ; i n e i t her c a se t h e i r
m o til e l a r v al fo rm i s a p l an ula c a p a b l e o f rem ai n i ng p l an k t o n i c
for w ee k s I n a dd i ti o n t o sex u al re p rod u c ti o n some s p ec i es
p ro p ag at e b y as ex u al b u d d i ng an d o t h ers h a v e rem ar k a b l e
p o w er s o f re g e n er a t i o n F o r i n s ta n ce t h e c or a l l u m o f
Das m osm i /i a l y m a n i u s u all y s p li t s l o n git u d i n al l y i n t o se v er al
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'
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°
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'
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°
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D e p ar t me nt
S m i t h so nian l tl
of
\l l
Im c r t c b r u l c Z
l u l l0 l 1
.
,
o lo gy
o
as l i i n g l o n ,
.
N at i o na l M u se u m o f N atu r a l H i s t o ry
205 60
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T h e 1 4 s p e c i e s o f Sc l e r ac t i n i a k n o w n fr o m o ff t h e
n or t h e a s t er n co a s t o f t he U n i t ed Stat es are i n g en er al w i de l y
d i s t r i b ut ed sp ec i es Si x are cosmo p o li t an an d se v e n ar e am p h i
,
.
,
.
,
fi v e a re p ri m a ri l y co l d t em p er at e o n e
(A a st r eif o r mi s) i s fo u n d b o t h i n t em p er at e an d t ro p i c al w at ers
an d o n e (Del t ocy a t h u s i t a l i cu s) i s p r i m ar i l y a t ro p i c al s p ec i es
w it h n o r t h er n li m it s in t he co l d t em p er at e regi o n O nl y o n e
s p ec i es E n a l l op sa mm i a p r of u n d a i s e n de mi c t o t he wes t er n
A tlan t i c an d i s m os t com mo n i n t he w ar m t em p er at e re gi o n
A tla n t i c
.
O f t he latt er ,
,
,
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,
,
.
O R PH O L O G Y
M
t h i c k e ni ng i t s p ed i ce l ex p an d i n g i t s b a se an d in some s p ec i es
p rod u c i n g an ch or in g r oo tl e t s or a dd i n g s u ccess i v e r i n g s o f
co m p a r t me n t al i z ed co n ce n t r i c ch am bers a ro u n d t h e b a se an d
p ed i ce l A so l i t ar y u natt a ch ed cor al u s u a ll y h as a fla t or b ow l
sh a p ed b a se a n d la c k s t h e p ed i ce l T h e s i des or w all s o f so l it a ry
co r al s a n d cor a ll i t es o f co l o n i es a re t ermed t he t h ec a T h i s t h ec a
m a y b e g r an u l ar or p orce la n eo u s in t ex t u re a n d o ft e n be ar s
l o ngit u di n al r i d g es c all ed cos ta e corres p o n d i n g t o t h e lar g er
se p t a S k e l e t al de p os i t s formed be t wee n i n d i v i d ual cor a lli t es o f
a co l o n y ar e c all ed coe n os t e u m
T h e c a li ce o f mos t s p ec i es i s re gu l ar l y a n d h exar n er all y
s u b d i v i d ed b y r ad i al p ar tit i o n s c all ed se p ta The s i x lar g es t
se p ta d i v i de t he c al i ce i n t o si x eq u al a re as or sys t ems ( F i g
a n d com p r i se t h e fir s t cyc l e o f se p t a T h e seco n d cyc l e al so co n
s i s t s o f s i x se p ta wh i ch a re g e n er all y sm a ll er an d occ u r h al fw a y
b e t wee n t h e f i r s t cyc l e se p t a T h e 1 2 t h i r d cyc l e se p ta ar e formed
i n e a ch s p a ce cre at ed by t he p re v i o u s 1 2 se p ta C a li ces w i t h 6-7
c yc l e s o f se p ta ( 1 92 -384 se p ta ) ar e k n o w n Se p ta w i t h t h e u pp er
ed g es ex t e n d i ng a b o v e t h e t hec a are t erm ed exse r t se p ta
S om e t i m es o n e or se v er al a dj a cen t se p t a o f a c al i ce a r e ex t rem e
l y exse rt a n d be n t o v er t h e ca li ce form i ng a h ood li k e s t r u c tu re
c al l ed a ros t r u m
see fi g u re o f E n a l l op sa m mi a r ostr a t a)
Sm a ll a ccesso ry l obes a re some t i mes p rese nt o n t h e i n n er ed g es
o f t h e se p ta o f cert ai n cyc l es T hese ar e c al l ed p al i ( s i n g ul ar :
p al u s ) or p a li fo r m l obes a n d a re oft e n u sed a s a g e n er i c l e v e l
c h ar a c t er Dir ec tl y i n t h e ce nt er o f t h e c al i ce t h ere i s o ft e n a
s t r u c t u re ca l l ed a co l u me ll a w h i ch m a y a pp e a r as a Ia me l l a
( la me l l a r) a s p o ng y m a ss ( t r a b ec u i a r ) a s i n gl e rod ( st y l i f o n n ) a
fie l d o f s i m p l e or t w i s t ed rods ( p a p i l l o se f asc i c u la r) or s i m p l y a
f u s i o n o f t h e in n er ed g e s o f t h e l ar g er se p ta ( r u d i m e n t ar y) T h e
t y p e of co l u me l l a i s o ft e n u sed t o d i s ti ngu i sh g e n er a an d
s u b g e n er a
,
,
,
,
,
.
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.
.
T h e c al c areo u s s k e l e t o n o f a scl er act i n i an co r al t he cora ll u m
m a y b e com p osed o f n u mero u s in d i v i d ual u n i t s p rod u c i ng a
c o l o n ial c or all u m o r i t m a y b e a s o li ta r y co r al w i t h o n l y o n e u n i t
p rod u ced by o n e p o l y p T h e sh a p e o f t he cor a ll u m o f so li tar y
cor al s i s i m p o rt an t at t he g e n er i c an d s p ec i fic l e v e l s an d i s
com m o nl y desc ri bed i n g eome t r i c t erm s
co ni cal t roch o i d
c y li n dri c al ) ; s h a p es o f co l o n ial c or al s a re descr i bed b y b r an ch in g
p at t er n
C o r al s m a y be e i t her atta ch ed t o t h e s u bs t r at e or u n atta ch ed
( free) t h i s d i ffere n ce u s uall y be i ng co n s i s t e n t at t h e s p ec i es
l e v e l I f atta ch ed t he b as e o f t h e cor al i s fir m l y ceme n t ed t o a
h a rd s u r fa ce A so l i tar y atta ched cor al u s ual l y h a s a s t e ml i k e
p edi ce l d i r ec tl y a b o v e t h e b as e ( F i g
wh i ch s u pp o r t s t h e
c ali ce t he ro u n d t o e ll i p ti c al or al s u r fa ce o f t h e cor a l l u m T he
so l i t a ry atta ch ed cor al o ft e n re in forces it s atta ch me n t b y
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E"
SERT
SEPT U M
S Y ST E M
PA LU S
LU M E LLA
C O STA
PEDI C EL
B A SE
F ig ur e
F ig u re
1
.
C u t a w a y d r a w i n g o f hy p o t h e t i c al s o l i t a ry c o r a l i l l u s t r a t i n g
m o rp h o l o gi cal fea t u r es
-
.
v e si z es an d p o si ti o n o f se p ta In a c al i ce
co n tai n i n g th ree cyc l es ( 24 se p ta ) N u mbe rs re fer t o th e cyc l e t o w h i c h
t h e se p t u m bel o n g s ; o n l y th e u p p er r i g h t sys t e m Is co mp l e t el y
nu mbered
2
.
—
Dl ag ru m
o f rel a ti
.
.
K EY S
TO
T H E SC L E R A C T I N I A O F T H E N O R T H E A ST E R N C O A ST O F T H E U N I T E D ST A T E S
T h e i d e nt i fic ati o n an d c la ss i fic at i o n o f Scl e r ac t i n i a de p e n d
e n ti re l y o n ch ar a c t er i s ti c s o f t he cor a ll u m ; t h ere fore it i s
g e n er all y n ecess ar y t o remo v e t h e t i s s u e from t h e cor al l u m
be fore u s i ng t h e k ey s T h i s i s e a s il y a ccom p li shed b y so a k i ng t he
in f u ll -s t re ngt h com merc ial b l e a ch for se v er al h o u rs
co r al
fo l l o wed by t h oro ug h r i n s i ng T h e s p ec i me n s sho u l d t he n be
s t o red d ry
A n i ll u s t r at ed d i ch o t om o u s k ey i s p rese nt ed firs t fo ll owed
b y t wo t a b u la r k eys t o t he s am e s p ec i es : o n e k eyi n g t h e co l o n ial
t he so l ita ry o n es A b lan k sp a ce i n t he
Sp ec i es an d t h e o t her
t a b u la r k ey in d i c at es t h at t h i s ch ar a c t er does n o t a pp l y t o t h i s
s p ec i es
.
,
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DI C H O T O M O U S
KE Y
1
Cor al l u m so l i t ar y ( see t a b ul a r k ey I )
2
1
Cor al l u m co l o n i al ( see t a b ul ar k ey 2 )
10
2 (l )
C or all u m fi r m l y at ta ch ed t o s u b st r at e
2 (I )
C or al l u m u n atta ch ed or atta ch ed t o sm all fr ag m e n t o f p are n t s p ec i m e n
3 (2 )
F iv e
or m ore cyc l es o f se p t a ( 2
se p t al ed g e s s t r ai g h t ( F i g 3)
96
3
.
se p t a) ; se p ta
an
d t hec a t h i c k
.
,
4
rob u s t ; t h ec a gr an u l ar an d cos tat e ; i n n er
Desm op hy l l u m cr i st ag a l l i
A
F ig u re
3
.
—
De sm o p h y l l u m
Sc a le :
3
c r i s rag a l
cm
li:
s id e v iew
.
F i g u re 4 — J a van la cal l l er l : A si de Vi e w o f sp ec ime n wi t h
d a m ag ed u p per se p ta l ed g es ; 8 s i de i e w of s p ec i me n w i th In ta c t
s e p ta il l u s t r a ting b r o a d en cr us tl n g a tt ac hme n t Sc al e s : 1 c m
'
.
.
,
,
,
3 (2 )
U s u al l y
.
V
.
.
fo u r cyc l es o f se p ta (4 8 se p ta ) occ as i o n all y 64 se p ta ; se p ta an d u pp er t h ec a v ery de l i c at e ; t h ec a
sm oo t h an d p orce lan eo u s ; i n n er se p tal ed g es s in u o u s ( F i g 4A B )
,
.
,
J a va n i a
ca i /Ie ri
5
( 4)
C or all u m at t ac h e d t o fr ag m e n t o f
p ar e n t co r al l u m o r
h as b ro k e n b as e ; co ral l u m frag il e , eas il y fr agm en t ed ;
p a li fo r m l o b es o ft e n m u l t i lo b at e an d i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e fro m t h e c o l u m e l l a ( F i g
F i g u re
S
—
.
Dasm osmi l ia l y ma m :
'
A.
( 4)
C or al l u m free b ase i n t act ; co r al l u m s t ro n g
,
u
6 (5 )
5A ,
fra g me n t of l ar ger p a re n t co ra ll u m wi t h thre e s ma ll co ra l l a
co r a l l u m Sc a le : 2 c m
.
5
.
,
Dasmosmi l i a Iy ma n i
B)
e x u al l y budd in g fro m p a re n t ;
as
B
s id e V ei w o f i n ta ct
.
n ot eas il y fragm en t e d ; p al i s i n g le -l o b e d
an d
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mel l a
6
P al i ( 1 2 1 8) o f u n i for m s i z e occ ur o n in n e r e dges o f t h ir d c yc l e se p t a ; co r al l u m a c u r v ed co n e ( h o r n
sh a p ed ) ; ca l i c u l a r d i a m et e r u p t o 40 m m ( F i g 6)
C a r y op hy l l i a a m b r os i a a m b r osi a
-
.
F i g u re 6 Ca r y op h y ll i a a m bro s i a a m b r osra : s ide vie w
s ho w i n g cro w n of p a l i an d s evera l ce n t ra l co lu me l l a r
ri b bo n s Sc ale : 2 c m
'
—
.
.
6 (5 )
.
.
P al i o f d i ffe re n t s i z es occ u r o n f i r st s eco n d ( so m et i m es m i ss i n g ) an d t h i r d c yc le se p t a ; co ral l u m co n i c al b u t
n ot cu r v ed ; ca l i c u la r d i am e te r rare l y o v er 1 5 m m ( F i g 7 A B )
,
,
.
,
1
F gi u re 7 Dcl r o cy at h u s i t a l i cu s: A c ali cul a r vi e w s ho wi n g
se p t al an d p al a r a rr a n ge me n t an d co l u mell a; l a rg e r p al i be fo re
t h i rd cycle se p ta s mal le r be fo re fi r s t cycle se p ta ; p al i
befo re s ec o n d cycle ; B s ide vi e w Sca l es : 5 mm
.
—
,
,
,
7
( 4)
C oral l u m d i sco i d al ; b ase fl at ( F i g 8)
F u n g i acy a t h u s
.
fr ag i l is
F ig u re 8 F u n g ar cy arh u s f ra g il i s : Ca li c ul a r
vi e w of sli gh tl y d a ma ged sp eci me n Sc a le : 1 cm
'
—
.
.
.
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( 4)
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,
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,
8
.
.
8 ( 7)
R u di m en t ar y co l u m e ll a for m ed b y fu s i o n o f l o wer i n n er edges o f l ar ger se p t a ; cor al l u m u s u al l y i n t act
8 ( 7)
No
co l um e l l a ;
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(F i g 9)
.
.
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F ig ure
9
Fla b ell u m ma can dr e wr :
si d e vi e w Scal e : 1 c m
‘
—
.
.
.
9 ( 8)
;
9
Ca l i ce c om p r essed o r co n s t r i c t e d i n cen t er ( Fi g 1 0A , B )
.
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9 (8)
1 0 — F l a b e flu m al a basr r u m :
C ali ce a reg ul a r ell i p se ( F i g
A,
.
.
c a li c ula r v i e w s ho wi n g co nst r i c t ed
1 1)
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.
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.
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10 (I )
C or all u m e n c r u s t i n g r ar el y
,
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,
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A st r an g i a
.
F ig ure
12
.
—
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i
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,
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11
w i t h c al i ces ar ran ged o n o n l y o n e s i d e ; e ac h c al i ce b o rd e red p r ox i m al l y b y a ros t r u m
E n a l l op sa m m i a
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,
.
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F i g u re l 3 — E n aflop samm l a ro st ru m: A a b ran ch fro m p ar t o f a l a rger colo
B en
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,
.
.
.
1 1 ( 1 0)
C o lo n ie s b us h y w i t h c ali ces r an d o m l y a r r an ged o n b ra n c h es ; n o c al i c u l a r r o st r a
,
.
,
.
12
12 ( I I )
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,
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.
F gi u re
14
.
—
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13
( 1 2)
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se p t a o f fo u rt h an d fi ft h c yc les ad ded
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e xt e n d u p t o 1 0 m m fro m c al i c u l ar e dge
,
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t emi i n al o n es
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L op h el i a p r o /(f em
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,
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.
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.
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4
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sp o n gy ; p p a p i l lo se ; O — a b se n t
s
7
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8 T e x tu re 0 f coe n o s teu m n e ar c al ice :
p — p orou s ; s s o lid
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h — he x am er al ; i
irregul a r
1S a
—
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.
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.
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.
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2
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gr an ul a r
p — p o rce lan eo u s ; g
4
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2 o n al l bu t l a s t cycle s e p t a
5 A se x u al b udd in g :
p re se n t ; O a b se n t
6F ra i l ity o f co ral l u m :
r — ro bu s t
u s u al l y i n at ct ; f— fr a g li e ea s i l y broke n ;
g
vf
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7
C olu mell a : O a b se n t : r — r u di rn en ta r y ; f — fasc icul a r ( rod s t w i s ted r i b
bo n s p ap il l o se ) ; s— t ra b ecu l ar ( spo n gy )
8 l a be ll m a l a
bas l r u m a n d F a n gu l a r e d i ffer mai n ly i n t h e s h a p e o f t heir co
F
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I A tt a ch men t
—
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m ) T h e o t h e r s u b s p ec i es C a m b r os i a car i b b ea n a C a i rn s
1 9 79 i s fo u n d i n m o re so u t h er n s h al l o we r w at e rs I t d i ffe rs
i n h a v i ng a b road e r m o re o p en c o ra l l u m a n d a ro ug h e r t h eca l
t ex t u re [ Z i b r o w i u s
Da s m os m i /i a l y m a m ( Po u r t a l es
C om m o n o n o u t e r
ed ge o f co n t i n e n t a l s h e l f fro m A la b am a t o so u t h o f C a p e
°
7
4
d
M
ass
8
6
m
ZI
Co
3 6
C A l so k n o w n fro m o ff
(
)
V e n e z u el a so u t h eas t e r n B raz i l an d i n t h e e as t er n A t la n t i c
i n a rea b o rde re d b y P o rt u ga l t h e A z o res a n d Sp a n i s h Sa h a ra
( 85 3 1 6 m ) T h i s s p ec ies m o s t freq ue n t l y p ro p ag ates b y ase x
ua l b u d d i ng fro m l o ngi t u d i n al fract u res o f t h e frag i l e c o ra l
l u m F i v e t o t e n sm al l b u d s o r ig i n at i n g fro m o n e we dge
s h a p ed frag me n t a re n o t u nc om m o n T h i s i s t h e m os t c om
m o n l y c o ll e ct ed c o ral fro m t h e s t u d y a rea a n d i s n o t l i k e l y t o
b e co n fu sed w i t h a n y o t h e r s p ec ie s [ C a i r n s
Del / o cy a r h u s i t a l i c u s ( M i c h e l o t t i
C o m m o n fr o m
F l o ri d a t o so u t h e rn B ra z i l i n c l u d i ng G u l f o f M ex i c o a n d
C ar i b b e an ; B e rm u d a ( 403
m ) 3 7 C O n e d i s j u n ct
rec ord o n c o n t i n e n t a l s lo p e o ff N e w J e rsey ( A l b a t r oss s t a t i o n
°
4 C A ls o k n o w n fro m east er n A t la n t ic an d A z o res
m ) So m e d ee p wat e r t raw ls res u l t i n h u n d reds o f
s p ec im e n s Dis t i n g u is h ed fro m ot h e r s p ec i es i n t h i s gen u s b y
i t s d i s t i n c t i v e c o n i ca l b ase a n d freq ue n t a b se n ce o f p a l i o n t h e
seco n d c yc le se p t a C ora l l a o f som e s p ec i m en s h a v e a p i n k
p ig me n t a t i o n [ C a i rn s
Desm op h y /l m n c r i s i ag a /l i M i l n e E d w ard s an d H a i me 1 84 8
C o s m o p o l i t a n : w i des p read i n A t la n t i c P ac i fi c a n d I n d i a n
O cea n s ; S u b an t arc t i c ; o ff G eo rges Sa b le a n d G ra n d B a n k s
( o ff N ew E ng la n d coas t ) ; M u i r Seam o u n t a n d seam o u n t s
b et ween Sa n P a b lo a n d K el v i n Seam o u n t s ( o ff N ew E n g la n d
coas t ) W o rl d w i d e d e p t h ra n ge : 35
m T h i s s p ec i es h as
n o c o l u m e l l a o r p al i P ol y p l i g h t o ran ge F o u n d i n g reat n u m
b e rs o n u n de rs i des o f ledges i n L yd o n i a C a n y o n o ff M assa
c h u se t t s [ C a i r n s
?L
L op /re l i a p r o /[f em ( P a l la s
p er t u s a ( L i n n ae u s
1 7 5 8) n o men d u b i u m) C om m o n i n west er n A t la n t ic from
N o v a Sc o t i a t o so u t heast e r n B ra z i l ( 9 5
m ) 3 12 C
A ls o k n o w n from eas t er n A t l a n t i c
I n d i a n a n d P ac i fi c
O cea n s ( 60
m ) A b u n d a n t on B l a k e P l a t eau a n d i n
S t ra i t s o f F lo r id a as a m aj o r c o n st i t u e n t o f d ee p w at e r c o ral
b a n k s G ro w t h ra t e 6 8 m m / y r S yst em a t i cs [ C a i rn s
e co log y [ W i l s o n l 9 7 9 a b "
K n o w n fro m o n l y t w o
So l en o s m i /i a va r i a b i l i s Du n ca n 1 87 3
reco rd s o ff n o rt h eas te r n U n i t ed St a t es : L yd o n i a C a n yo n o ff
C a p e C o d M ass a n d so u t h o f Sa n P a b l o Sea m o u n t A l so
k n o w n fro m M u i r Seam o u n t ; c o n t i n e n t a l s l o p es fro m
G eo rg i a t o so u t h eas t e r n B ra z i l ( ex c l u d i ng G u l f o f M ex i co ) ;
e ast e rn A t la n t ic ; so u t h o f G reen l a n d an d I ce la n d ; I n d ia n
m ) Si m i la r t o
O cea n ; o ff so u t h eas te r n A u s t ra l i a ( 280
L p r o hf er a b u t e as i l y d i s t i n g u i s h ed b y i t s e q u al i n t r a t e n t ac u
l a r b u d d i n g w h i c h a l ways p rod u ces som e te rm i n a l ca l i ces
t h at a re i n t h e p rocess o f sp l i t t i n g i n t wo P ol y p s l ig h t o range
A N N O TAT E D SY ST E M AT I C L I ST
.
,
.
,
,
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T h is l i s t fol l o ws t h e c l as s i fi c at i o n p ro p osed b y W e l l s
Ge n e ra a re a rra n ged a l p h a b e t i ca l l y w i t h i n fam i l ies Geogra p h i c
r an ges i n c l u de al l p u b l i s h e d reco rd s a n d d at a fro m ad d i t io n al
s p ec i m e n s ex am i n ed a t t h e N at i o n a l M u se u m o f N at u ra l H i s
t o r y Sm i t h so n i a n ; Ya l e P ea b od y M u se u m ; a n d M u se u m o f
H a r v a rd R e fe re n ces t o s i g n i fi ca n t
C o m p a ra t i v e Z oo l og y
p a p ers a re c i t ed i n b r ac k e t s a t t h e e n d o f e ac h acco u n t
,
.
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°
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.
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S u b o rde r FU N G l l N A
S u p e r fa m i l y F U N G l l C A E
.
Fam i l y F U N G l l DA E
.
‘
Dis t r i b u t i o n p ro b a b l y w o r l d
w i de I n wes t e r n A t l a n t ic k n o w n fro m co n t i n e n t a l s l o p e
A ls o
s o u t h o f C a p e C o d M as s (4 1 2 4 60 m )
k n o w n fro m eas t e r n A t la n t i c o ff H a wa i i a n d so u t h o f N ew
Z eal a n d ( 285
m ) B eca u se o f i t s frag i l i t y i t is u s u a l l y
d am aged o r i n frag me n t s w h e n c o l l ect ed 1 1 i s d i s t i ng u i s h ed
fro m ot h er c lo se l y re la t ed s p ec ie s b y i t s p o ssessi o n o f fi v e
c y c l e s o f s e p t a a n d s e p t a w i t h s i n u o u s u p p e r e d ges
F u n g i a cy a t h u s f
r ag
i /i s Sar s , 1 87 2
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Su b or der F A VI I N A
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Su p er fami l y F A VI I CA E
F am i l y R H IZA N GII DA E
tr a n g i a
as t r er o r mi s
M i l n e E d w ar d s
f
d an ae A g as s i z
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M as sac h u se t t s t o T ex as from l o w t i de t o 35 m
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i l ne E d wa rd s a n d H a i me ( 1 84 9 ) desc ri b ed b ot h A s t r a n g i a
a s t r e if o r m i s a n d A
d a n a e i n t h e s a m e p a p e r ; A d a n ae h a s
p age p r i o ri t y b u t b eca u se t h e t y p e i s l ost t h e d esc ri p t i o n i s
p oo r a n d t h e t y p e lo cal i t y i s u n k n o w n i t i s co n s i d e red a
n o m en d u b i u m T h e t y p e o f A
as t r e if o r m i s i s a ls o l os t
but
b eca use M i l n e E d war d s a n d H a i me at least des ig n at ed t h e
t y p e loca l i t y o f U n i ted St a tes i t i s c h ose n as t h e v a l i d n a me
fo r t h e co m m o n s h al l o w w a te r A s t r a n g i a o f t h e eas t e r n an d
G u l f coast s L o u i s A gassi z i n a p a p e r read o n 1 5 A u g u st
1 84 9 i n d e p e n den t l y desc r i b ed t h e sa m e s p ec i es a n d cal le d i t
A s t r a n g i a d a n ae b u t b eca u se h i s acco u n t was n o t p u b l i s h ed
u n t i l 1 850 i t i s a j u n i o r s y n o n ym o f A as l r eif o r m is
.
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-
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M
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T hi s i s t h e o nl y scl er act i n i an l i k el y t o b e see n b y s n o r k e l in g o r
w i t h sc u b a o ff t h e n o rt h eas te rn co as t o f t h e U n i t ed St at es
A l s o k n o wn fro m P u ert o Ri co an d o ff t ro p i c al w es t e rn
A fri ca C o mm o n o n an y h ar d s u b s t r a te i e s t o nes s h e l l s
p i l i n gs M ay o r m ay n o t h a v e z o oxan t h e ll ae O ft e n u sed as an
e x p e ri m e n t a l l ab o r a t o r y a n i m a l P h y s i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s
i n c l u de : C u mmi n gs
J ac q u es et a1
Szman t
F roe l i c h an d P i l so n
an d J acq u es
N at ur al h i s
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B ac h an d
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S u p e r fa m i l y C A R Y O PH Y L L I I C A E
a l a b as l r u m
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r i l l 1 87 8
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G eo rg i a t o Da v i s St rai t i n c l u d i n g G u l f o f M a i n e ( 35 7
m)
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m ) C oral l u m so m e
H e b r i d es t o G u l f o f G u i n ea
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o f t h e re mark a ble mar i n e fa u n a occu p y i n g the o uter b an k s
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1 885
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W I L SO N J B
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A CK N O W L E DG M E N T S
R o l a n d L W i g l e y N a t io n al M a r i n e Fi s h e r i e s S e rv i ce
N ort h e a s t F i s h e r i e s C e n t e r N O AA W oo d s H o l e M A
P re p arat io n o f th e M ar i n e F l o r a an d Fau n a of t he N ort h e as t e r n
"
U n i t ed Stat e s is b e i n g c oor d i n at e d b y th e fo l l owi n g B oa r d :
“
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
R o be rt T W il ce De p ar t me n t o f B o t an y U n i v e r s i t y o f
M a s sa c h u s e t t s A mh e r s t M A 02 1 1 6
C oo r d i n a t i n g E d i t o r :
.
,
,
02 5 4 3
M e l b ou r n e R C ar ri k e r C o l l eg e o f M a r i n e St u d i e s
U n i v e r s i t y o f De l awa r e L e w e s DE 1 99 5 8
,
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,
T h e B o ar d w h i c h e s t a b l i s h e d t h e f o r mat f or t h e M a r i n e F l o r a an d
Fa u n a of t h e N o r t h ea s t e r n U n i t e d Stat e s " i n v i t e s s y s t e mat i s t s t o
c o l l a b orat e i n th e p r e p arat io n o f man u al s r e v i e w s man u s c r i p t s an d
a d v i s e s t h e Sc i e n t i fi c E d i to r o f th e N at i on al M a r i n e Fi s h e ri e s Se r v ic e
T h an k s a r e e x p r e s s e d t o Dua n e H o p e De p art m e n t o f I n v e r t e b r a t e
Zoo l ogy Smi t h s o n i an I n s t i t u t io n fo r p e r m i t t i n g t h e au t ho r to w or k
at th e N at i o n al M u s e u m o f N at u r al H i s t o ry d u r i n g t h i s st ud y
P r e p arat io n o f t h e i l l u s t rat io n s b y C h a r l e s G M e s s i n g i s a l s o
g rat e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d
“
,
E d i to r i a l A d v i s e r s :
,
M ari e B A bb ot t 259 H i g h S t r e e t C o ve n t r y C T 06238
A rt h u r G H u mes B o s to n U n i v e r s i t y M a r i n e P r o g ra m
M ar i n e B io l ogi c al L a b o r ator y W oo d s H o l e M A 0254 3
W e s l e y N T i f f n ey P r o fe s s or E m e r i tu s B o s t o n U n i v e r s it y
226 E d g e H il l R oad Shar o n M A 02067
R u t h D T u r n e r M u s e u m o f C o m p ar at i v e Zoo l o gy
H ar v ar d U n i v e r s i t y C am b r i d g e M A 02 1 38
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14
C O O R DI N A T I N G E DI T O R S C O M M E N T S
’
P u b l i cati o o f t h e M ari n e F l ora an d Fau n a o f t h e N ort h e a s t e r n
"
U n i t e d Sta t e s i s mo s t t i me l y i n v i e w of th e gro w i n g u n i v e r sa l
e mp has i s o n e n v i r o n me n t al wor k an d t he u r ge n t n e e d f o r m o re p r e c i s e
a n d c o m p l e te i d e n t i fi c a t i o n o f coa s t a l o r g a n i s m s tha n ha s b ee n
a v ai l a b l e I t is man d ato r y w h e r e po s s i b l e t hat o r g an i s ms b e i d e n
t i fi e d a cc u r a t e l y to s p ec i e s A c c u r at e s c i e n t i fi c n a me s u n l o c k th e gr e at
q u a n t i t i e s o f b io l ogi c al i n f or ma t io n s to r e d i n l i b r ar i e s o b v iat e
d u p l i c at io n o f re sea rc h a l re a d y d o n e a n d o ft e n ma k e p o s si b l e p r e di c
t io n o f a t t r i b ut e s o f organ i s ms that h a v e b e e n i n a d e q u ate l y s t udi e d
St e p h e n C ai r n s s t a rt e d hi s re s e ar c h o n Scl er ac t i n i a at t he R o s e n s t i e l
S c hoo l o f M a r i n e an d A t mos p h e ric Sc i e n c e U n i v e r s i t y o f M ia m i
w h e re h e s t u d i e d t h e d e e p wat e r c ora l s o f t h e we s t e r n A t la n t i c H e has
co n t i n u e d h i s s t u d i e s as a R e s e ar c h A ss o c iat e at t h e Sm i t h s o n ia n
I n s t i t u t io n w i t h an e mp ha s is o n w e st e r n A tl a n t i c H a w ai i a n a n d
A n tar c ti c Scl e r ac t i n i a an d A n t a r c t i c St y l ast er i n a
P re p a r at i on of t h i s ma n ua l w as su p p o rt e d i n pa rt b y a g r a n t fr o m
t h e E n v iro n me n t al P r ot ec t io n A g e n c y to t he E di t o r ia l B oar d o f t he
M a r i n e F l ora a n d Fa u n a o f t h e N ort h e a s t e r n U n i t ed Stat e s " W o r k
on the
M a r i n e F l ora an d Fa u n a of t h e N orth e as t e r n U n i ted Stat e s "
b y t h e C oo r d i n at i n g E d i tor i s s u p p ort e d b y t h e
S tu d i e s U n i v e r si t y o f De l awa r e
M a n ua l s a r e a v ai l a b l e fro m th e fo l l o w i n g :
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n
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,
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o f Do c u m e n t s U S G o v e r n me n t P r i n t i n g
O f fi c e W a s h i n g to n DC 20402 at a fe w c e n t s a p ag e
U s e r S e r v i c e B ra n c h L i b r a r y a n d I n fo r mat io n S e r v i c e s Di v i sio n
D822 W a s h i n g to n Sc i e n c e C e n t e r B u i l d i n g #4 R oc k v i l l e M D
20852 at n o c ha r ge a s l o n g a s the su p p l y l a s t s
N at io n al T ech n ic al I n fo r m at io n S e r v i c e U S
De p ar t m e n t o f
C o mme r c e 5285 Port Roya l Roa d Sp r i n g fi e l d VA 22 1 6 1 e i t h e r
a s p ap e r c o p y or m i c r o fi che for a c h ar g e
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,
U n i t e d St at e s :
C i r c ular
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C O M 7 3 506 7 0
37 8
CO M 7 3 5 0888
384
C O M 7 4 5001 9
386
CO M 7 4 50014
387
CO M 7 4 504 87
389
CO M 7 4 5 1 1 94
394
P B 25 7 9 87
P B 2 61 839
P B 2 68 036
P B 268 7 1 4
P B 2 7 3 062
P B 2 7 4 999
P B 2 80
P B 28 1 969
P B 2 22 9 2 3
P B 2 85 5 38
P B 29 6 460
P B 29 7 67 6
39 8
399
403
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413
4 19
42 3
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DA V I D G an d R A L P H O B R I N K H U R ST A n n e l ida : O l igo c ha e ta
B O R R O R A R T H U R C P rotozoa : C i l io p h o r a
M O U L E DW I N T
H i g h e r P l a n t s o f t he M a r i n e F r i n g e
P y c n o g o n ida
M c C L O SK E Y L A W R E N C E R
M A N N I N G R A Y M O N D B C r u s t a c e a : St o ma t o p o d a
W I L L I A M S A U ST O N B C r u s t a c e a : De c a p o d a
PO L LOC K L E LA N D W
T ar d i g rada
L A R SO N R O N A L D J C n i d a r ia : Sc y p h ozoa
H ig h e r Fu n g i : A s c o m y c e t e s De ut e rom y c e t e s a n d B a s idio m y c e te s
C A VA L I E R E A R
CO U L L B R UC E C
C 0 p e p o d a : H a r p a c t i co i d a
C U T L E R E DW A R D B
Si p u n c u l a
PA W SO N DA V I D L
E c h i n od e r mata : H o l oth u r oi d e a
H O J U -S H E Y
C 0 p ep o d a : L er n aeo p o d i d a e a n d Sp h y r i i d ae
H O J U SH E Y
C o p e p o d a : C y c 10 p o i d s Para s i t i c o n Fi s h e s
C R E SSE Y R O G E R F
C r u s ta c e a : B r a n c h i u r a
B O V E E E U G E N E C a n d T H O M A S K SA W Y E R P rotozoa : Sa rc od i n a ; A m o e b a e
W A T L I N G L E S C r u s t a c e a : C u ma c e a
Z U L L O V I C T O R A A r t h r o p o d a : C i r r i p e d ia
T O DD R U T H an d DO R I S LO W P r otozoa : Sa r co d i n a : B e n t h i c F o r arn i n i f er a
B U SH L O U I SE F T u r b e l l a r i a : A c o e l a and N emer t o d er ma t i d a
C A I R N S ST E P H E N D C n i d aria : Sc l e r ac t i n i a
,
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,
No
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,
M a n u a l s ar e n o t c o p yr i g h ted an d s o ma y b e p hoto c o p i e d fr o m t h e
N O AA T ec h n i c al R e p ort N M F S C i rc u l a r s a v ai l a b l e i n most maj o r
l i b rar i e s
T h e man u a l s s o f ar p u b l i s h e d i n t he N O A A T e c h n i c al Re p ort
N M F S C i r c u l ar Seri e s ar e l i s t e d b e l ow b y a u thor t i t l e c i r c u l ar
n u mb e r a n d N T I S ac c essio n n u mb e r :
,
“
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CO O K
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N o r t h e as t e r n
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M a r i n e F l o ra
,
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Su pe r i n t e n d e n t
,
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C o l l ege
G PO
1 981
—
7 9 8 -5 4 5
N O A A T E C H N I C A L R E PO R T S
N M F S C i r cu l a r an d Sp eci al Sci en t i f i c R ep o r t F i sh er i es
—
G u i d el i n es f o r C o n t r i b u t o r s
C O N T E N TS O F M A N
L i t e ra tu re c i t e d
( Sm i t h a n d J o nes
U SC R I P T
F i r s t p age
G i v e t h e t i t le ( as co n c ise as p o ssi b le ) o f t h e
p a p e r a nd t he au t h or s n a m e a n d foo t n o t e t h e au t h or s
a f fil i a t i o n m ai l i n g ad d ress an d Z I P co de
.
’
’
,
.
,
,
I n t ex t as :
.
i f m o re t h a n o n e a u t h o r l i s t acc o rd
i n g t o ye ar s
S m i t h 1 9 36; J o n es e t a l 1 9 7 5 ; Do c 1 9 7 7 )
A l l p a p e rs re fe rred t o i n t he t ex t s h o u l d b e l i s te d a l p h a b et i
c al l y b y t h e se n i o r au t h o r s s u r n am e u n d er t h e h ead i n g
"
C
L i t e ra t u re i te d ; on l y t he au t h o r s s u r n a m e a n d i n i t i a ls
a re r eq u i re d i n t h e a u t h o r l i n e T h e a u t h o r i s res p o n s i b le fo r
t h e acc u racy o f t he l i t era t u re c i ta t i o n s A b b re v i a t i o n s o f
n am es o f p er io d i c als a n d ser ia ls s h o u ld co n fo r m t o B i o l o g i
ca l A bs t r a c ts L i st of Ser i a l s wi t h Ti t l e A b b r e v i a t i o n s F o r
m a t see rece n t SSR F o r C i r c u la r
,
.
’
“
t h e t ex t h ead i n gs a n d a b b re v i at e d
fi gu re lege n d s a n d t a b le h ea d i ngs Do t s s h ou ld fol l ow eac h
e n t r y a n d p age n u m b ers s h o u ld b e o m it t ed
C o n te n ts
.
Contains
.
.
J o nes ( 1 9 7 7 ) o r
S m i t h an d
’
.
.
.
t o exceed o n e d o u b le -s p aced p age F oo t
n ot es a n d l i te rat u re c i t a t i o n s d o n o t b e l o n g i n t h e a b s t rac t
A b s t rac t
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See a ls o F o rm o f t h e M a n u sc r i p t b e lo w F o ll o w t h e
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ffi ce
G o v er n men t Pr i n t i n g O
Sty l e M
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t i o n F is h n am es fo l lo w t h e A m e r i ca n F i s h er ies So c ie t y
S p ec i a l P u b l i ca t i o n N o 6 A L i st of C o m m o n a n d S c i en t ifi c
N am es of F i sh es fr o m t h e U n i t ed Sta t es a n d C an a d a t h i r d
ed i t i o n 1 9 7 0 U se s h o rt b ri e f i n fo rm at i v e head i n gs i n p l ace
o f M ate ri a ls a n d M et h od s ?
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m g m l m g C ( fo r C els i u s ) 070 / o et c s h o u l d b e u sed
A bb re v i a t e u n i t s o f m eas u res o n l y w he n u sed w i t h n u me r al s ;
p e r i o d s are r arel y u se d i n t h ese a b b re v i a t i o n s B u t p e ri o d s
a re u sed i n et a 1 vs e g i e W as h ( WA i s u sed o n l y w i t h
Z I P co d e ) et c A b b re v i a t i o n s are acce p t a b le i n t a b le s an d
fi g u re s w h e re t h e re i s lac k o f s p ace
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S h o u ld b e gi v e n i n m et r i c u n i t s
e as u rem e n ts
eq u i v al e n t u n i ts m a y b e g i v e n i n p a re n t h eses
M
Tex t foo t n o te s
Ty p e o n a se p arat e s h eet fro m t h e t ex t F o r
u n p u b l is h ed o r so m e p rocessed m a te r i a l gi v e a u t h o r yea r
t i t le o f m an u sc r i p t n u m b e r o f p ages a n d w h ere i t i s fil e d
age n c y a n d i t s l oca t i o n
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P e r s o n al co m m u n i c at i o n s
C i t e n am e i n t ex t a n d foo t n o t e
C i t e i n foo t n ot e : J o h n J J o n es F i s h e r y B i o l og i s t Sc r i pp s
I n s t i t u t i o n o f O cea n ogra p h y L a J o ll a C A 9 2037 p e rs c om
m u n 2 1 M a y 1 97 7
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F i g u res
S h o u ld b e se l f- ex p l a n at o r y
n o t req u i r i n g re fer
e n ce t o t h e t ex t A l l fi gu res s h o u l d b e c i t ed c on sec u t i v e l y i n
t h e t ex t an d t h e i r p lacem en t w h e re fi r s t m e n t i o n ed i n d i
ca t ed i n t h e le ft h a n d m a rg i n o f t h e m a n u sc r i p t p age P h o t o
"
gra p h s a n d l i n e d ra w i n gs s h o u l d b e o f p ro fessi o nal q u a l i t y
—
c lea r a n d b a la n ce d a n d ca n b e red u ced t o 4 2 p i cas for
p age w i d t h o r t o 20 p i c as fo r a s i n gle -co l u m n w i d t h b u t n o
m o re t ha n 5 7 p i ca s h i g h P h o t ogra p h s a n d l i n e d raw i n gs
s h o u ld b e p r i n te d o n glo ss y p a p er s h ar p l y fo c u sed go od
co n t ras t L a b e l eac h fi g u re DO N O T SE N D o r i g i n a l fi gu res
t o t h e Scie n t i fi c E d i t o r ; N M F S S c ie n t i fi c P u b l i c at io n s O f fi ce
w i l l req u es t t hese i f t h e y a re n eede d
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E ac h t a b le s h o u ld s t a r t o n a se p ara te p age a n d
Ta b le s
sh o u l d b e se l f ex p l a n a t o ry n o t req u i ri ng re fe re n ce t o t h e
t ex t H e ad in gs s h o u l d b e s h o rt b u t am p l y desc ri p t i v e U se
o n l y ho ri z o n t a l ru les N u m b e r ta b l e foo t n ot es co n sec u t i v e l y
ac ross t h e p age fr om l e ft t o r ig h t i n A ra b i c n u m erals ; a n d t o
a v oi d co n fu s i on w i t h p ow e rs p lace t h em t o t h e l eft o f t h e
n u m erals I f t h e o r ig i n al t a b le s a re t y p ed i n o u r fo rm at a n d
a re c lea n a n d leg i b le t h ese t a b les w i l l b e re p rod u ce d as t h e y
a re I n t h e t ex t al l t a b l es s h o u ld b e c i t ed c o n sec u t i v el y an d
t he i r p lace m e n t w h e re fi rs t m e n t i o ned i n d i ca t ed i n t h e l e ft
h an d m argi n o f t h e m a n u sc r i p t p age
FOR M OF T HE M A N
U SC R I P T
O r ig i n al o f t h e m an u sc r i p t s h o u ld b e t y p e d d o u b le -s p aced o n
w h i t e b o n d p a p e r Tr i p l e s p ace a b o v e h ea d i ngs Se n d goo d
d u p li c a te d co p ie s o f m a n u sc r i p t rat h er t h an car b o n co p ie s
T h e seq u e n ce o f t he m at e r i al s h o u l d b e :
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F I R ST PA G E
C O N TE N TS
A B ST RA C T
T E "T
L I T E R AT U R E C I T E D
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Ta b le an d A ra b i c
n u m er al e g Ta b le 1
Ta b le 2
etc )
L I ST O F F I G U R E L E G E N DS ( e n t i re lege n d i n c l u d i ng
F ig u re a n d A ra b i c n u m e ra l e g F ig u re 1
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FIG U RES
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A DDI T I O N A
L I N F O R M AT I O N
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Se n d r i b b o n co p y an d t wo d u p l i cat ed co p ies o f t h e m a n u
sc r i p t t o :
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A c n o w le dgm e n ts
P la ce at t h e e n d o f t ex t G i v e cred i t
o n l y t o t h ose w h o ga v e ex ce p t i o n a l co n t r i b u t i on s a n d n o t t o
t h ose w h ose co n t r i b u t i o n s a re p ar t o f t h e i r n orm al d u t i es
.
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Dr C ar l J S i n d er m a n n Sci e n t i fi c E d it o r
N o rt h eas t F i s h e ri es C e n te r Sa n d y H oo k L a b o ra t ory
N a t i o n al M ar i n e F is h eri es Se r v i c e N O A A
H i g h la n d s N J 07 7 32
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C o p ie s
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F i ft y co p ie s w i l l b e s u p p l i e d t o t h e se n i o r a u t h o r
a n d 1 00 t o h i s o rga n i za t i o n free o f c h a rge
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WHS E
U N IT E D STAT E S
DE PA RT M E N T
005 2 8
O F CO M M E R C E
TI O N A L O C E A N I C A N D AT M O S PH E R I C A DM I N I ST RATI O N
N ATI O N A L M A R I N E F I S H E R I ES S E R VI C E
SC I E N TI F I C PU B LI C ATI O N S STA F F
NA
R O O M 336
1 7 00
E S LA K E AV E N U E N
S E AT L E WA 98 1 09
W T
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N O A A SC I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H N I C A L PU B L I C A T I O N S
s eri c A d m i n i s tra t i o n w a s e s t a bl i s hed as p a rt of the De p a rt me n t of
C o mmerce o n O ctober 3 1 9 7 0 T h e m i ss io n re sp o n s ib i l i tie s o f N O A A a r e to a ss e ss t he s ocioeco n o mic i m p act
of n a tu ra l an d tech n ologic al ch an ge s i n the e n vi ro n me n t a n d to mo n itor a n d p redict the s t a te of the s ol id E a rth
the oce a n s a n d thei r l ivi n g re s ource s the a t mo sp here a n d the sp ace e n vi ro n me n t of the E a rth
T h e N a t i o n a l O ce a n i c
t
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T he major co mp o n e n t s of N O A A regu l a rl y p roduce v a riou s ty pe s of s cie n ti fic
tio n i n t he fol lo w i n g k i n d s of p ublic a t io n s :
P RO F E SS I O N A L P A P E R S
I m p ort an t de fin itive
re s e a rch re s ul t s major tech n i q ue s a n d s peci a l i n v es
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t i g at i o n s
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an d
tech n ic al
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T E C H N I C A L SE R V I C E PU B L I C A T I ON S R e
p ort s co n t a i n i n g d at a ob s erv atio n s i n s truct io n s etc
A p a rti a l l i s ti n g i n clude s d a t a s eri a l s ; p red ictio n an d
out look p eriod ic a l s : tech n ic a l man u a l s t ra i n i n g p a
p er s p l an n i n g re port s a n d i n for ma t io n s eri a l s ; an d
mi s cel l a n eou s tech n ic a l p ubl ic a tio n s
.
,
,
.
,
R E P OR T S R e po rt s
p re p a red by co n t ractor s or gr an tee s u n der N O A A
sp o n s or s hi p
C O N TR A C T A N D G R A N T
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TL
P re s e n t atio n of a n a ly zed d a t a ge n e r al ly
i n the for m of ma ps s ho w i n g d i s t ri butio n of r ai n fa ll
che mic al an d p hy s ic a l co n ditio n s of oce a n s an d a t
mo sp h e r e di s t ributio n of fis he s a n d ma ri n e ma m
ma l s io n o sp heric co n di ti o n s e tc
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A
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.
.
T E C H N I C A L R E P O R T S J ou r n a l q u al ity w ith
e x te n s ive det a i l s mathe mat ic al develo p me n t s or d at a
l i s ti n g s
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,
.
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I n fo r m a t i o n
on
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T E C H N I C A L M E M OR A N DU M S R e po rt s of
p rel i m i n a ry pa rt i al or n eg ative re s e a rch or tec h n ol
ogy re s ul st i n teri m i n s t ructio n s an d th e like
,
,
,
p ub l i ca ti o n s
ca n
be
o
bt a i n ed fro m
EN VI RO N M EN TA L SCI EN CE I N FO RMA T I O N C EN TER ( 08 2 2 )
EN V I R O N M EN TA L DA TA A N D I N FO RM A T I O N SERV I C E
N ATI O N A L O CEA N I C A N D A TM O SPHERI C A DM I N I ST RA TI O N
U S DEPA RTM EN T O F CO M M ERC E
.
.
6009 Ex e c u t i v e B o u l e v a r d
Ro c v i l l e , M D 2 085 2
k
.
,
:

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