(a) (i) 3 [1]

PAGE 37
3)
(a) (i) 3 [1] (ii) 70 [1]
(b) Add octane (or other liquid hydrocarbon) (to soot) [1] COND(on addition of any solvent) filter (to remove insoluble
forms of carbon) [1] (allow to) evaporate or heat or warm or leave in sun(to get crystals of fullerene) [1]
(c) (i) graphite [1] (ii) delocalised electrons/free electrons/sea of electrons [1] COND (on electrons)
move/mobile/electrons flow [1] (iii) Any two from: [2] potassium oxide potassium hydroxide potassium carbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) [Total: 10]
PAGE 38
7)
(a) (i) 6Li + N2 = 2Li3N species (1) balancing (1) (ii) N3– ion drawn correctly [1] Charges correct (minimum 1 × Li ion and 1
nitride ion) [1]
(b) (i) 3 × shared pairs between N and 3 × F [1] only 2 non-bonding electrons on N, 6 non-bonding electrons on each F
(COND on first point) [1] (ii) Strong attractive forces/strong ionic bonds in lithium nitride [1] weak (attractive) forces
between molecules in NF3 [1] [Total: 8]
PAGE 39
2)
(a) soft because weak forces between layers/sheets/rows [1] layers can slip/slide [1] good conductor because electrons
can move/mobile [1]
(b) it is soft: pencils or lubricant or polish [1] good conductor: electrodes or brushes (in electric motors) [1]
(c) (i) every silicon atom is bonded/attached to 4 oxygen atoms or every oxygen bonded/attached to two silicon atoms
[1] (ii) Any two from: high melting point/boiling point hard colourless crystals/shiny poor/non-conductor of
electricity/insulator insoluble in water [2] [Total: 8]
PAGE 40
2)
(a) (i) positive and negative ions [1] regular pattern / opposite charges closer than the same charge [1] (ii) so that
charges cancel / ions may not have the same charge [1] (iii) Any three of: high melting point or boiling point hard brittle
soluble in water / insoluble in organic solvents conduct (electricity) in liquid state or in aqueous solution / nonconductors or poor conductor (when solid) [3]
(b) correct formula [1] correct charges [1] 6x and 2o around oxygen [1] [Total: 9]
PAGE 41
(b) correct formula, AsF3 [1] 3nbps and 1bp around all 3 fluorine atoms [1] 3bps and 1nbp around arsenic atom [1]
PAGE 42
1)
(a) C and F [1]
(b) A [1]
(c) B [1]
(d) D [1]
(e) E [1]
(f) A and D [1] [Total: 6]
PAGE 43
6)
(a) (i) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 [2] not balanced = [1] (ii) 3bps and 1nbp around As; [1] 1 bp each hydrogen atom; [1]
(b) (i) (97.4/ 75 =) 1.3 and (2.6/ 1 = ) 2.6; [1] empirical formula AsH2; [1] note: correct formula with no working = [1] (ii)
As2H4; [1] (iii) H2As–AsH2 / AsH2–AsH2; [1]
PAGE 44
4)
(a) (i) zinc mixed with an element(s) or metal(s) or non-metal; [1] (ii) galvanising / baths / coating steel (i.e. description of
galvanising) / roofing / sacrificial protection / protection from rusting / electroplating / zinc plating / batteries; [1] (iii)
(lattice) positive ions / cations / metal ions / sea of electrons / delocalised or free or mobile or moving electrons; [1]
attraction between positive ions and electrons; [1] the layers (of ions) or particles can slide or slip or shift past each
other; [1] (iv) different atom / ion / particle of different size; [1] prevents (layers / atoms / ions / particles / molecules)
moving / slipping / sliding / shifting; [1]
PAGE 45
(iii) 4bps around C; [1] 1 bp on each hydrogen; [1] 2bps and 2nbps on oxygen; [1]
PAGE 46
1)
(a) (i) Sb; (ii) Xe / B; (iii) Sr / Te / A / D; (iv) Sn and I / E and F; (v) Sr / A; [5]
PAGE 47
7)
(a) (i) melting point is below 25°C; [1] boiling point above 25°C; [1] accept: argument based on actual values note: 25°C is
between mp and bp = [2] (ii) strontium loses 2e; [1] sulfur gains 2e; [1] (iii) hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid; [1]
accept: sulfurous acid or sulfur dioxide (iv) molten strontium chloride has ions / ionic compound; [1] which can move; [1]
sulfur chloride has no ions / only molecules / molecular / covalent; [1]
PAGE 48
(c) each chlorine 1bp and 3nbps; [1] 4 e between carbon atom and oxygen atom; [1] 2nbps on oxygen atom; [1]
PAGE 49
4)
(a) giant covalent; [1] or: polymer made from monomers; (b) (i) any three from: high mp / bp; hard; brittle; insoluble (in
water); poor conductor of electricity / heat; [3] (ii) carbon / diamond / silicon / boron; [1] not: graphite
PAGE 50
8)
(a) (i) regular arrangement / repeating pattern NOT structure [1] cond: ions [1] not molecules / atoms (ii) attraction
between opposite charges / electrostatic attraction [1]
(b) delocalised / mobile / free / sea of electrons [1] positive ions / cations not atoms / protons / nuclei [1] attraction
between these electrons and ions [1]
(c) giant covalent no ions [1] no delocalised / free / mobile / sea of electrons or all electrons [1] ionic in ionic solid ions
cannot move [1] liquid ionic compound ions can move [1] metallic (both solid and liquid) metals have delocalised (or
alternative term) electrons [1] [Total: 11]
PAGE 51
(c) 2NH3 + NaClO → N2H4 + NaCl + H2O [2] not balanced only 1
(d) 4 hydrogen atoms 1 bonding pair each [1] 2 nitrogen atoms with 1 bonding pair between them [1] one non-bonding
pair on each N (need not be seen as a pair) [1]
PAGE 52
2)
(a) 3 or III [1]
(b) good conductor and it is a metal/has delocalised (free) electrons [1]
(c) N or P or As or Sb [1] accept Bi
(d) M2(SO4)3 [1] accept: Ga2(SO4)3 (e) it would react with/dissolves in a named strong acid [1] it would react
with/dissolves in a named alkali [1] it shows both basic and acid properties =1 [1] it reacts with both acids and
bases/alkalis =1 [1] [max 2] [Total: 6]
PAGE 52
2)
(a) weak forces between layers or between (hexagonal) rings / weak bonds between layers or between (hexagonal) rings
/ Van der Waals forces between layers or between (hexagonal) rings; [1] (layers/rings) slip/slide (over each other) /
move over each other [1]
(b) strong bonds (between atoms) / covalent bonds (between atoms); [1] all bonds are covalent/strong / each atom
covalently bonded / carbon (atoms) is bonded to four others / bonds are directional / (atoms are arranged)
tetrahedrally; [1] accept: carbon has four bonds
(c) graphite has delocalised / mobile / free electrons; [1] diamond (outer shell) electrons used / fixed / localised in
bonding / no delocalised electrons / no mobile electrons / no free electrons; [1]
PAGE 53
1)
(a) neon has full outer shell / energy level / valency shell / octet / 8 (electrons) in outer shell / neon does not need to
lose or gain electrons; [1] fluorine atoms have 7 electrons / needs 1 to fill / has incomplete shell / forms bonds with
other fluorine atoms / fluorine (atoms) form covalent bonds / shares electrons; [1]
(b) atomic number / proton number / number of protons (in one atom); [1]
(c) weak intermolecular (or between molecules) forces / Van der Waals forces between molecules / low amount of
energy required to break bonds between molecules; [1] strong bonds don’t break / covalent bonds don’t break /
(unnamed) bonds within molecules / between atoms don’t break; [1]
(d) 1 non-bonding pair on each nitrogen atom; [1] 6 electrons between nitrogen atoms; [1]
PAGE 54
(b) (i) Li+ [1] (ii) N3– [1] (iii) regular arrangement of ions / particles / positive and negative ions alternate; [1] not: atoms
(iv) 3:1; [1] ratio to balance charges / reason in terms of valency; [1]
PAGE 54
7)
(a) 3 bp and 1nbp around phosphorus [1] 1 bp and 3nbp around each chlorine [1]
PAGE 55
1)
(i) Rb / Sr [1] (ii) I [1] (iii) Fe [1] (iv) P [1] (v) Si [1]
PAGE 56
3)
(a) (i) D [1] (ii) E [1] (iii) B or F [1] (iv) B [1] (v) A [1]
(b) (i) CF2 or CaI2 [1] COND next two marks conditional on correct formula C2+ and F– or Ca2+ and I – [1] 7× and 1o
round F/I [1] NOTE covalent = 0 Ignore electrons around Ca accept arrow notation arrow from electron on calcium atom
to iodine (ii) high melting point or boiling point conducts when molten or in solution soluble in water brittle correct
chemical properties hard Any TWO [2] NOT crystalline solid NOT does not conduct as a solid [Total: 10]
(c) hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid [1] carbon dioxide or carbonic acid or hydrogen carbonate [1]
(d) 8e around both chlorine atoms [1] 4e between carbon and oxygen atoms [1] 8e around carbon atom [1] 8e around
oxygen [1] if a bond contains a line with no electrons, no marks for atoms joined by that line ignore keying
PAGE 58
4)
(a) (i) BaO [1] (ii) B2O3 [1]
(b) (i) S2- [1] (ii) Ga3+ [1]
(c) NCl3 [1] COND 8e (1bp and 3nbp) around each chlorine [1] 8e (3bp and 1nbp) around nitrogen [1]
(d) (i) ignore a correct chemical property in (i) vanadium harder vanadium higher melting point or boiling point
vanadium higher density ANY TWO [2] OR corresponding statements for potassium NB has to be comparison (ii) ignore a
correct physical property in (ii) potassium more reactive or example of different reactivities- potassium reacts with cold
water, vanadium does not. potassium one oxidation state, vanadium more than one vanadium coloured compounds,
potassium white or colourless vanadium and its compounds catalysts, not potassium ANY TWO [2] NB has to be
comment about both elements
PAGE 59
2)
good [1] named example e.g. sodium chloride [1] ACCEPT correct formula silica or silicon(IV) oxide or sand or silicon
oxide named polymer only TWO elements [1] electrons [1] and positive ions [1] [2] good [1] [Total: 6]
PAGE 60
4)
(a) 4 Ge atoms around 1 Ge [1] Looks tetrahedral or stated to be [1]
(b) (i) Graphite has layers [1] COND that can move/slip or weak bonds between layers [1] Graphite has
delocalised/free/mobile electrons [1] (ii) property and use [1] soft lubricant or pencils OR good conductor electrodes or
in electric motors
(c) (i) CO2 and SiO2 or XO2 [1] (ii) CO2 molecular or simple molecules or simple covalent [1] SiO2 macromolecular or
giant covalent [1]
(d) Ge2H6 [1] [TOTAL = 10]
PAGE 61
(iii) 2H to 1S COND 8e around sulphur atom 2e per hydrogen atom THREE correct [2] TWO from above [1] Ionic structure
= [0]
PAGE 61
3)
(a) dissolved or solution in water [1] NOT aqueous NOT soluble in water l liquid and g gas [1]
(b) 6 electrons in bond between two nitrogen atoms [1] 2 electrons on each nitrogen [1] ignore any coding of electrons
with dots or crosses
PAGE 62
(iii) 4 oxygen atoms around 1 silicon atom [1] 2 silicon atoms around 1 oxygen [1] tetrahedral or diagram that looks
tetrahedral [1] If some wrong chemistry, such as ionic MAX 2/3
PAGE 62
(b) (i) both have four outer or valency electrons [1] need to share four more [1] or need four more to complete energy
level NOT four bonds (ii) hard brittle high melting or boiling point poor conductor of electricity or semi-conductor any
TWO [2] NOT insoluble in water, NOT tough NOT appearance
PAGE 63
(d) correct formula 1Ba to 2Cl charges correct 8e around the anion All three points Two points ONLY [1] If covalent [0]
out [2] [2] (e) alternating (positive and negative) pattern [1] [1] (f) (i) barium - oxygen or ionic [1] (ii) bond forming
energy released/exothermic bond breaking energy taken in/endothermic more energy released
PAGE 64
2)
(a) (i) 3 ignore any charges [1] (ii) high melting or boiling point hard poor conductor of electricity or heat brittle Any TWO
NOT insoluble, dull, or malleable [2] (iii) carbon, graphite diamond silicon, germanium silicon (IV) oxide or silica or silicon
dioxide or silicon oxide or sand or silicon carbide or named polymer [1] [1] (iv) four around one cond looks tetrahedral or
shows continuation For graphite layers [1] weak bonds between layers [1] Accept any macromolecule, no link with (iii)
For polymer repeat unit [1] continuation [1] [1] [1]
PAGE 64
3)
(a) Correct ratio MgBr2 or Mg 2Br [1] Accept anywhere in space IF formula suggests covalency then [1] only for MgBr2 or
Mg 2Br correct charges Mg2+ and Br– [1] Do not be concerned about location of minus sign 8e around bromine [1]
NOTE do not require correct coding – just 7 and 1 coded differently NOTE ignore electrons around magnesium
(b) (i) pattern or order or regular or repeat or alternate [1] COND positive and negative ions or atoms or molecules or
particles [1] NOTE Accept a sketch that shows the above, that is particles arranged in a regular way, e.g. any ionic
compound such as sodium chloride (ii) Any reason from the list: [1] charges must balance or based on valencies or group
II and group VII or 2e in outer level and 7e in outer level or magnesium loses 2 electrons and bromine gains 1 electron
(per atom) (iii) reducing or reduction or reductant [1] lost electrons or given or donated electrons or transferred (to
bromine) [1] reduced [1] gained or accepted electrons [1]
PAGE 65
(c) Copper has delocalised electrons [1] In sulphur the electrons are localised or cannot move in the piece of sulphur [1]
In copper there are layers of copper atoms/ions Which can slip [1] In sulphur there are no layers [1]
PAGE 66
(d) Correct diagram for urea [3] one error ONLY [2] two errors ONLY [1] three errors 0
PAGE 67
2)
More than required number of answers – [0] (i) A, B, D [1] (ii) D [1] (iii) F [1] (iv) C and E [1] (v) A [1] (vi) E [1] [TOTAL = 6]
PAGE 68
1)
(a)(i) lattice [1] (ii) high melting point or high fixed points poor conductor as solid good conductor as liquid, accept either
aqueous or molten hard soluble in water Any TWO [2]
(b)(i) Mg2+ [1] (ii) N3– [1] (iii) Mg3N2 [1] (iv) opposite charges [1] Do NOT accept "attract" it is in the question accept
electrostatic attraction as a phrase TOTAL = 7
PAGE 69
5)
(a) Group II metals will lose 2e [1] Group VI elements will gain 2e [1]
(b) SCl2 [1] COND 8e around both chlorine atoms [1] 8e around sulphur with 2nbp and 2bp [1] If x and o reversed ignore
if this is the only error
(c) (i) Ions cannot move in solid or can move in liquid [1] (ii) No ions in sulphur chloride or it is covalent or only molecules
or only strontium chloride has ions [1] TOTAL = 7
PAGE 70
PAGE 70
PAGE 71
5)
(a) (i) macromolecular / giant covalent / giant atomic [1] all atoms held in position / in tetrahedral structure / to four
other carbon atoms / all strong bonds [1] (ii) jewellery / drilling / cutting / engraving / cutting edges in scalpels [1] mark
first use offered (iii) layer structure / sheets [1] molecules / ions in layers = [0] layers can slide (over each other) [1] (iv)
lubricant / pencils / electrodes [1] mark first use offered
(b) (i) 4e between carbon and oxygens [1] 2 non-bonding pairs on both oxygens [1] cond correct coding – only scored if
marks 1 and 2 awarded [1] ignore O2 in atom (ii) 4O around each Si [1] 2Si around each O [1] must refer to diagram not
valencies or electron distributions (iii) SiO2 has higher mp or bp SiO2 is a solid, CO2 is a gas (at rtp) (when both are
solids) then SiO2 is harder has higher density SiO2 insoluble, CO2 soluble [2] any two, comparison needed
PAGE 73
(b) ScF3 (1) correct charges on both ions (1) 8 electrons around (each) fluoride (1) [3]
PAGE 73
(c) each chlorine 1 bond pair and 3 non-bond pair (1) oxygen atom 2 non-bond pairs and 2 bond pairs as double bond (1)
carbon atom 4 bond pairs including 2 bond pairs as double bond (1) [3]
PAGE 74
4)
(a) (i) any ambiguous formula, e.g. GeH3-GeH2-GeH3 [1] (ii) GenH2n+2 [1] NOT C instead of Ge
(b) correct formula COND 4bps around germanium atom [1] COND 3nbps and 1bp around each chlorine atom [1]
(c) four oxygen atoms around each germanium atom [1] two germanium atoms around each oxygen atom [1]
tetrahedral [1]
PAGE 75
(b) (i) GeO2 / GeO [1] (ii) TeBr2 / TeBr4 [1]
(c) (i) Sr2+ [1] (ii) F– [1]
PAGE 75
(c) correct structure and 4bp around carbon [1] 2bp and 2nbp around oxygen [1] 1bp on hydrogens [1]
PAGE 76
4)
(a) (i) ScF3 [1] correct charges [1] 7o and 1x around fluorine [1] (ii) strong forces / bonds between ions [1] accept: lattice
as alternative to bonds / requires a lot of energy to break bond between ions not: giant molecular / IMFs
(b) (i) 1Si surrounded by 4O [1] 1O surrounded by 2Si [1] looks or stated to be tetrahedral [1] (ii) silicon(IV) oxide does
not conduct and (molten) scandium fluoride does conduct [1] not: good and poor (iii) scandium fluoride contains ions
(silicon(IV) oxide does not) [1] ions can move when molten or in solution [1]
PAGE 77
(c) (i) strontium oxide [1] accept: aluminium oxide (ii) use correct formula [1] cond: charges on ions 6x and 2o around
oxygen [1] ignore: electrons around Li
PAGE 77
(c) (i) LiF [1] NF3 [1] (ii) LiF has higher mp / bp LiF is a (crystalline) solid, NF3 is probably a gas / a liquid / LiF is less volatile
as liquids only LiF conducts LiF is soluble in water, NF3 is not when both solids LiF is harder any two [2] (iii) LiF is an ionic
compound [1] NF3 is a covalent/molecular compound [1] for stating that one is ionic and the other covalent [1] without
specifying which is which
PAGE 78
4)
(a) (i) nitrogen 2+5 [1] (ii) needs three electrons [1] to complete energy level [1]
PAGE 79
2)
(a) (i) harder / stronger / any sensible suggestion which relates to better properties for purpose e.g. stays sharp longer /
cuts better / more corrosion resistant [1] (ii) zinc [1]
(b) (i) lattice [1] (ii) regular pattern of one type of atom [1] with different atom interspersed [1] can show the difference
– size, shading, label etc. (iii) can change its shape by force / plastically deform / can be hammered into sheets / can
bend etc. [1] (iv) particles / ions / atoms / layers [1] cond can slide past each other [1] or metallic bond is non-directional
[1] particles can move past each other [1]
PAGE 80
1)
(a) E [1] (b) A C E need all three [1] (c) A [1] (d) F [1] (e) C [1] (f) D F need both but not more [1] [Total: 6]
PAGE 81
6)
(a) (i) 6e between two nitrogen atoms (can be any combination of dots or crosses) [1] 1 lone pair on each nitrogen atom
[1]
PAGE 82
1)
(a) to complete the outer shell (of oxygen) / full outer or valence shell / 8 (electrons) in outer shell / Noble gas structure
/ to complete outer shell / to complete the octet ignore reference to hydrogen atoms / reference to accepting / sharing
or gaining electrons [1]
(b) loses (one) electron [1] not loses electrons
(c) opposite charges attract / electrostatic attraction / positive attracts negative / + and – attract [1]
(d) in solid ions cannot move / flow / no free ions / ions in a lattice [1] in solution ions can move / flow / mobile ions /
ions free (to move) [1] [Total: 5]
PAGE 83
5)
(a) (i) strong hard light or low density high melting point or high fixed points Accept high strength to weight ratio for [2]
it includes marks 1 and 3 any THREE [3] (ii) silicon [1] four [1]
(b) diagram to include: each germanium atom bonded 4 oxygen atoms [1] each oxygen to 2 germanium atoms [1] looks
or stated to be tetrahedral [1] “tetrahedral” scores mark even if diagram does not look tetrahedral independent marking
of three points
PAGE 84
(c) (i) correct structural skeleton [1] COND 4bp around both carbon atoms [1] 2bp and 2nbp around sulfur atom [1]
NOTE marks 2 and 3 can only be awarded if mark 1 has been scored (ii) water carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide all three [2]
any two [1] Accept correct formulae
PAGE 85
2)
(a) 3Na : 1N correct ratio [1] correct charges [1] 8e around N [1] if no symbols then must have correct key if covalent
only mark 1 ignore electrons around sodium if the response includes both a correct and an incorrect answer do not
select correct one, mark = [0]
(b) (i) positive ions or cations [1] NOT atoms or cores or nuclei layers or lattice or regular pattern [1] delocalised or free
or mobile electrons or sea [1] OR positive ions or cations [1] NOT atoms or cores or nuclei attraction between ions and
electrons [1] delocalised or free or mobile electrons or sea [1] the attraction/electrostatic bonding must be between
ions and delocalised electrons, between cations and anions does not score ACCEPT bond if qualified - electrostatic bond,
etc. if molecular or molecules then cannot score cation mark (ii) delocalised/free/mobile electrons or electrons can
move [1] layers or ions or atoms or particles [1] NB more flexible than 2(b)(i) can slip or move past each other or
bonding non-directional [1]
(c) (i) tetrahedral [1] 1Si : 4O bonded/surrounded, etc. [1] 1O : 2 Si [1] NOT molecules of oxygen, etc. NOT intermolecular
forces ONLY tetrahedral can score for either of the above Despite what the question states, ACCEPT a clear accurate
diagram which shows the above three points. (ii) hard high mp or bp colourless (NOT clear) or shiny or translucent
non/poor conductor (of electricity) brittle insoluble any TWO [2] NOT crystalline or strong [Total: 14]

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