On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear

International Journal of Korean History (Vol.18 No.1, Feb. 2013)
19
On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square
Rear Unearthed in East Asia
Fang Xiaotian*
Introduction
The metallic buckle with a round front and square rear is a kind of belt
accessory from the Han and Wei-Jin dynasties. This kind of belt has been
unearthed in China and North Korea, like Jinning of Yunnan,1 Kunming,2
Luoyang,3 Anxiang of Hunnan,4 Karasahr of Xinjiang,5 and P’yŏngyang
(Table I). In addition, there are six pieces not unearthed buckles shown on
the catalogue.6 These buckles are ten centimeters long or so. Three pieces
are made of jade, two pieces are made of silver, and one piece is made of
copper gilding. The time period is from late Western Han to Western Jin.
They are not the same absolutely, but have some common features: a
round front and square rear; an arc perforation in one end of the round
side; movable belt tongue behind the arc perforation; the whole belt
buckle decorated mostly with dragon and tiger except one piece in sheep
design; most have a rope or triangle design at the edge; in the eye, body
of the pattern and edge triangle part studding with precious stones; and
some with decorative small balls. Till now, these buckles have been found
alone without matching belt accessories.
The buckle is widely found in China and North Korea, and is connected
* Assistant Librarian, Master of Archaeology, School of Archaeology and Museology,
Peking University.
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On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
<Table I> Metallic buckle with round front and square rear unearthed in East Asia
Tomb
Structure of
the tomb
(unit: m)
Buckle (unit: cm)
Period
Middle
Western
Han
Jinning,
Shaft tomb
ShizhaishanM7 3.4*2.3
made of silver, 10.1*(6.1-4.2), in inlay with
gold，tiger pattern
Zhenbaidong
[贞柏洞],
Korea, M37
Woodenchambered
tomb
made of gold, 11.5*6, with the diamonds on
the tiger eyes and the side of the frame,
with tiny silver of the frame, tiger pattern
Middle and
Late
Western
Han
Middle and
Late
Western
Han
Shiyanli
Wooden[石岩里],
chambered
tomb
Korea, M219
made of silver, dragon pattern, with rope
pattern of the frame
Zhenbaidong,
Korea, M92
Middle and
Late
Western
Han
Woodenchambered
tomb
made of silver, 12.1, dragon pattern
Middle and
Late
Western
Han
WoodenZhenbaidong,
chambered
Korea, M2
tomb
made of silver, 12, dragon pattern
21
Fang Xiaotian
Tomb
Structure o
f the tomb
（unit: m）
Shiyanli,
Korea, M9
Woodenchambered
tomb
Buckle (unit: cm)
Period
Early
Eastern
Han
dragon pattern, with rope pattern of the
frame
Jiamaying
[夹夹夹]
tomb,
Luoyang
Multi-room
brickchambered
tomb, total
length: 8
Late
Eastern
Han
made of jade, 8.5*(4.3-5.6), dragon pattern
Liuhong
Tomb,
Anxiang
Single-room
brickchamber
tomb,
3.6x3.6
Die in
306 AD.
made of gold, 9* (6-5.5), dragon pattern
Bogedaqin
[博格达沁]
site,
Karasahr
8 dragons pattern, with ruby and turquoise
Yangfutou
[羊甫头],
Kunmin
made of gold, 10.8* (4.7-5), dragon pattern,
tiger pattern
closely with the culture of Xiongnu and Xianbei, which were related to
the spread and exchange of the cultures in East Asia. So scholars in China,
Japan, and Korea all pay much attention to it. Sun Ji’s research on this
topic is valuable. He made a summary of the types and development
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On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
evolution of the belt accessories in his article, “Zhongguo gudai de daiju”
(Belt accessories in ancient China). He especially combined it with
historical books and divided belt accessories into periods of Daijue [带鐍],
Daikou [带扣], and Diexie [蹀躞带]. This was an important contribution to
belt accessories research.7 Japanese scholars have paid much attention to
its national attributes 8 and manufacture process. 9 However, for the
buckle, there are still further issues that need more discussion. This paper
mainly focuses on two questions. The first is the origin and development
of the buckle, which is still in academic debate. This paper will study belt
accessories that are relevant to this buckle one by one and discuss its
origins from in terms of such issues of age, location and nationality.
Secondly, this paper examines the influence of belt buckles with a round
front and square on Han and Tang costumes. From the Han to the Tang
dynasties, more and more records can be found in written materials. How
does this happen? After studying archaeological materials we can find the
buckles with a round front and square rear, and later Diexie were usually
found along with a belt hook, which supplies clues for research into this
problem.
The Origin and Development of Belt Buckles with a Round
Front and Square Rear
To list the relevant belt accessories one by one.
Type A, belt buckles with a round front and square rear in Xiongnu
culture.
In Xiongnu culture, a kind of buckle with a round front and square rear
was popular. 10 Its materials are mainly in bronze and the shape is
irregular, with a round front and square rear generally. It is decorated with
a sheep and cattle design or an animal fighting. There are a few designs
on the edge, with a front-position buckle tongue that cannot be moved.
There are buckles unearthed alone or in pairs. Such kinds of belt buckles
Fang Xiaotian
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have been mainly unearthed in Dyrestuisky Kultuk cemetery (Picture Ι, 13), Corso Geer cellar (Picture Ι, 4), Holun Tolgoi cemetery, and
Bacangmu Heraga cemetery. The era of these locations is the Western
Han dynasty (200 BC-100 BC). In addition, the buckles have also been
found in China like Daodunzi cemetery (Picture Ι, 5), 11 Xichagou
cemetery,12 and Jiaohegouxi cemetery.13 Daodunzi and Xichagou are in
the middle and late period of the Western Han dynasty (100 BC- 100AD).
Xichagou is in the early period of Western Han dynasty (200 BC-100 BC).
Sun Ji wrote, in Belt accessories in ancient China that the Daijue of
Xiongnu “affects deeply the shape of the belt buckle of Han dynasty.”14
But they are very different in terms of decoration, material, buckle tongue,
and pair matching.
Type B, buckles with a winged horse, pig, and tiger pattern of the
Diexie belt.
The Diexie belt buckle is similar to buckles with a round front and
<Picture I> Type A&B buckle
* No.1 and No. 2 from Dyrestuisky Kultuk cemetery; No.3 from Corso Geer cellar; No.4 from
Daodunzi tomb, Ningxia, M1; No.5 from Laoheshen M56, M105; No. 6 from Jalainur
tombs; No.7 from Tumed Left Banner tombs; No. 8 from Helingeer tombs.
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On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
square rear in shape. Their main difference lies in that there is set of rings
and drooping Diexie on the Diexie belt. This kind of Diexie belt can be
found in Zhalainuoer (Picture Ι, 6),15 Yushu Laoheshen (Picture Ι, 5),16
Inner Mongolia Tumed Left Banner (Picture Ι, 7),17 and Helingeer Lingpi
cellar (Picture Ι, 8). Most scholars believe that the Zhalainuoer tombs are
from the Eastern Han dynasty and that the Yushu Laoheshen middle
tombs are from the late period Western Han and early Eastern Han. The
Diexie belt in the Tumed Left Banner and Lingpiyao cellar were all
believed as the works of Northern Wei, but Sun Ji has pointed out the age
is during the Han and Jin dynasty according to its design and shape
characteristics.
Type C, buckles with Diexie belt carved with dragon and tiger design.
The materials are mainly in glided gold, gold, silver, and jade. The
main unearthed locations are Dingxian county, 18 Luoyang, 19
Yixing20(Picture II, 5), Nanjing,21(Picture II, 1), Wuhan,22 Guangzhou,23
Chaoyang 24 (Picture II, 2, 3), Beipiao 25 (Picture II, 4), Ji'an, 26
Mongchontosŏng of Korea, and Xinshan of Japan. Besides, there are
<Picture II> Type C buckle
* No.1 from Xue Qiu [薛秋] tomb, Nanjing; No. 2 from Yuantaizi [袁台子] tomb, Chaoyang; No.
3 from Fengche duwei [奉车都尉] tomb, Chaoyang; No. 4 from Labadong [喇叭洞], Beipiao,
IIM101; No. 5 from Zhou Chu [周处 ] tomb, Yixing.
Fang Xiaotian
25
many collections in Asian art museums of Japan and Amsterdam. Among
these sites, Caoxiu died in Taihe 2nd year (224), Zhouchu tomb is in
Yuankang 7th year (297), Guangzhou Dadao mountian tomb is Taining
year two (324), Ding county No. 43 tomb should be in the late Eastern
Han dynasty, Chaoyang and Beipiao tombs are considered as the remains
of Qianyan, in the late period of Han and Wei-Jin. Based on all the above,
it can be concluded that this kind Diexie belt firstly appeared in the late
period of Eastern Han, popular in the Wei-Jin period and no later than the
late period of Eastern Jin.
To summarize the characteristics, the time and the place of the above
buckles, shown as Picture III, table II.
<Picture III> the distribution map of the buckle with a round front and square rear
* 1. Dyrestuisky Kultuk; 2. Corso Geer cellar; 3. Holun Tolgoi cemetery; 4. Bacangmu Heraga
cemetery 5. Daodunzi tomb, Ningxia; 6. Xichagou tomb, Liaoning; 7. Gouxi, Jiaohe; 8.
Jalainur; 9. Laoheshen, Yushu; 10. Lelang; 11. Jiamaying, Luoyang, No. 24 Jin dynasty Tomb,
Caoxiu Tomb; 12. Shizhaishan, Jinning; 13. Liuhong tomb, Hunan; Bogedaqin, Yanqi; 15.
Dingxian County, Hebei; 16. Taoheqi, Tumed Left Banner; 17. Lingpiyao, Helingeer; 18.
Zhouchu tomb, Yixing, Xue Qiu tomb, Nanjing; 19. Dadaoshan [大刀山], Guangzhou; 20.
Chaoyang, Beipiao; 21. Gaogouli [高句丽 ] tombs, Ji An; Xinshan [新山] tombs, Japan; 23.
Seoul; 24. Hanyang, Hubei.
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On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
<Table II> Characteristics and time of buckle with round front and square rear
Type
A
Period
Early Western Made of bronze,
Han
animal pattern,
Middle and late no grain on the
Western Han frame, on other
band mounding,
use alone or
paired use
Early Eastern
Han
Middle and late
Eastern Han
Wei and Jin
Dynasties
Buckle with a
round front and
square rear
Made of gold,
silver, jade and
copper, dragon
and tiger pattern,
most of them
have grains on
the frame,
decorated with
precious stones,
no other band
mounding, use
alone
B
C
Gilt Bronze,
gilding,
aegismax pattern,
pig pattern, tiger
pattern, no grain
on the frame, on
other band
mounding, paired gilded bronze,
use
with series of belt
accessories, arcshaped holes,
dragon and tiger
pattern
According to the above table, we can draw the following conclusions:
1. Type A buckles, which are the earliest type of buckles, appeared in
the early period of the Western Han dynasty. It is a typical Xiongnu style
item mainly found in Russia, Outer Mongolia, and Xiongnu tombs around
China. The belt buckle with a round front and square rear is affected by
type A buckle in shape.
The cultural communication between China proper and the northern
grassland region goes back to the Shang dynasty, the middle and late
periods of the Warring States, and the Qin dynasty. One of the important
influences of northern grassland region culture to China proper mainly
focused on the mythical creatures and the hind leg flip animal
dermatoglyphic pattern originated from the Eurasian steppe, which are
popular in Gansu, Ningxia, and Shanxi. The patterns are decorated mainly
in rectangular waist tag. The main unearthed spots are sites such as Gansu
Zhangjiachuan Majiayuan cemetery, Inner Mongolia Xigoupan cemetery,
Shanxi Pengyang Baiyanglincun cemetery, and Xian northern suburb
Fang Xiaotian
27
Lebaishi M34. Shanyueying pointed that the mythical creatures’
dermatoglyphic pattern and waist tag design “basically have fallen on the
territory of Qin dynasty,” and speculated that the producing area of Qin
according to the inscription on the waist tag unearthed from Xigoupan
cemetery. Huns biographies [史记·匈奴列传] says: “in 174 BC, Emperor
Wen of Han granted Xiongnu the golden accessories,”27 which means
this kind of waist tag probably. This tag had been popular in the early
period of the Western Han dynasty and then gradually disappeared. Along
with more communication between Han and Xiongnu after Maodun
established the Xiongnu empire, its culture gradually began to influence
China proper. Therefore the belt buckle with a round front and square rear
was the new belt buckle pattern that was affected by Xiongnu culture.
2. Differing from the type A belt buckle
The design of the buckle with a round front and square rear is a typical
Han style and was not used in pairs. The two kinds of buckles are
distributed in different scope. They are two different system.
Dragon design is the typical decoration design of Han culture. The
dragon design on the tag appeared in the Western Han dynasty in Nanyue
emperor grave and Ningxia Tongxin Daodunzi. The collection buckle
with dragon and turtle design in Taipei Imperial Palace is much more
similar to the two above. As for the unearthed buckle in Lelang, its
movable belt tongue is different from the ones in Xiongnu and no
matching pair has been found till now, which shows that there are big
differences in tying methods of the two buckles. Probably the buckles in
pairs always connect the belt from the two sides and drooped down by
going through the inactive tongue. While single buckles did not need this
procedure. It could fix the belt on the other side by belt tongue and put the
rest of the belt behind the buckle.
Type A buckles are mainly found in Xiongnu core zones and few can
be found in China proper. But the buckles with a round front and square
rear are found in the central area of China and the kingdoms around. The
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On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
reason that the buckles were distributed so widely is that the extension
activities were started from Emperor Wu of Han. In Yuanshou year
four(119BC), Weiqing and Huoqubing marched from Dingxiang and
defected to Xiongnu; in Yuan ding year six (111BC), Nanyue was
repelled; in Yuanfeng year two(109BC), King of Dian surrendered and
his field was named Yizhou county; in Yuanfeng year three (108BC), to
change the Weishi Korea into Lelang, Xuantu county; in Yuanfeng year
six (105BC), Dayuan was defeated. In Emperor Zhao and Emperor xuan
period, the territory range of Emperor Wu of Han was basically
maintained. Shenjue year three (67BC), Rizhu King surrendered to the
dynasty, his dominion was established as the Xiyuduhu. Countries like
Yanqi were included in the scope of Han empire. The Han emperors
always gave the costume and implements to the frontier kings. Yuanfeng
year four (77BC), Fujiezi killed the king of Loulan and declared his
brother Weituqi as the king. Then the Wu emperor of Han gave the new
king seals, vehicles and many other things. Ganlu year three(51BC),
Huhanye Emperor of Xiongnu submitted to Han dynasty, and Xuan
emperor of Han grant him cloth, seals and swords. Therefore, although
the buckles with round front and square rear are found in border areas like
Lelang, Yanqi, and Jinning, they do not belong to Xiongnu or other
countries but the rewards from our Han dynasty.
3. The diexie belt is a kind of belt totally different from the buckle with
a round front and square rear. It originated from the west and the earliest
ones come from the north prairie area (type B). Since the late period of
the Eastern Han, it began to be widely popular in central origin and
Sanyan (type C) until the end of the Jin dynasty. Type B is different
obviously from type C. Types B and C belong to different systems, just
like type A and the buckle with a round front and square rear. Type B
diexie belt owns more characteristics of type A--the Xiongnu style, while
the head and ring pattern of type C is of a round front and square rear,
decorated with a dragon and tiger design, which is clearly influenced by
the buckles with a round front and square rear.
Fang Xiaotian
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The type B belt buckles are characterized as follows. The buckle and
head are made in embossment style by pairs with inactive belt tongue,
which are all similar to type A Xiongnu buckles. Looking from the
distribution range, it also belongs to the north region of type A. This is
closely connected with type A. In addition, the winged horse and pig
designs are possess strong national characteristics. Subai once pointed out
that the winged horse image can link with the horse image on the book
Wei Shu-Diji in which there is a mythical creature, “ like a horse,”
guiding the migration of the Tuoba tribe. Although the nationality of the
Jalainur and Yushu Laoheshen tombs are still in discussion and the
images may not only belong to Tuoba Xianbei, it is a clear fact that this
type of buckle inherits the characteristics of type A-Xiongnu buckles and
is modified in the design and belt decoration to form its own style.
The type C belt is a revision of the buckles with a round front and
square rear popular in Eastern Han and Western Han. The circular
engravure came to the penetrated-sculpture and the ring and diexie were
added into it, becoming a new pattern popular in the Wei and Jin
dynasties. But from the dragon and tiger design, we can still see its
inheritance to the buckle with a round front and square rear.
The Influence of Belt Buckles with a Round Front and Ssquare Rear
to Han and Tang costume
From the Han to Tang dynasties, there was the big change from the
form to the value of belt accessories. Contrast the clothing articles in the
books Xu Han Shu, and Jiu Tang Shu, we can discover from “Yufu zhi of
Xuhanshu” [Clothing record] that for the clothing of the emperor to
officials, the difference was mainly manifested in hats, jade pendants,
knives, seals, and ribbons. But belts were not mentioned, which shows
that belts at the time were not been paid much attention in formal clothing.
Generally from the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring states to
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On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
the Han dynasty, the Chinese traditional belt accessories were only the
belt hook with less attention, which cannot be used to distinguish the
identity. In contrast, in the Xin Tang Shu and Jiu Tang Shu, the belt is
widely recorded in all kinds of clothing, such as the daqiumian of the
emperor's sacrificial garment; the sacrificial garment of officials; and the
royal clothing of officials. In the Tang dynasty, the belt became an
important clothing accessory with the function of identity and status
symbol, which is significantly different from the Han dynasty. How did
this change happen?
The buckles with a round front and square rear can provide clues to
solve the problem. For the found sixteen pieces buckles with a round front
and square rear, seven pieces were handed down from ancient times or
collections. For the other nine pieces, four pieces were unearthed together
with the hook, during which the hooks of two pieces from Liuhong tomb
were placed under a gold buckle. This is a noteworthy phenomenon. In
addition, there was also a similar phenomenon in the unearthed diexie belt
of the Eastern Han and Wei-Jin tombs (Table III).
The hook and buckle were unearthed from the same tomb, which means
there are at least two belts in the grave goods. The locations of the
unearthed hook and buckle
from Liuhong tomb indicate that they belonged to the same owner of
the tomb. Although the locations of the burial accessories of several other
tombs are disorganized, we can predict that the burial condition of these
tombs are the same as Liuhong’s tomb. Generally speaking, two belts
with the hook and buckle were hard to use at the same time. Thus, most
likely these two kinds of belts respectively belong to different sets of
clothing. The hook should be used with a jade pendant and jade sword
accessory as China's traditional dress since Han dynasty. Such as Nanjing
Gaosong tomb, where a cirrus cloud form jade pendant, a trapezoidal jade
heart-shaped jade pendant, a small jade wall, a jade annual pendant, jade
beads, a jade buckle, and a jade sword accessory were unearthed.
Different from the group of dress implements, belts equipped with
buckles are used for another kind of clothing. Jin Shu says that “most of
31
Fang Xiaotian
<Table III> The unearthed situation with the buckle with round front and square rear
Tomb
Buckle
Belt hook
Jade baldrics
identity
Shizhaishan,
Jinning, M7
1
1, gilded bronze, Huan [环]1
11.1cm
Zhenbaidong,
North Korea,
M37
1
1, silver
Zhenbaidong,
North Korea,
M2
1
1, bronze
Shiyanli,
North Korea,
M9
1
Jiamaying,
Luoyang
1
1, dragon head,
11.5cm
Liuhong
Tomb
1
2, one lay under
the golden buckle,
8.4 cm; the other
lay under the other
belt hook, 4 cm
Dingxian
County, M43
1
Xueqiu tomb
1
1, 11.6cm
Caoxiu tomb
1
1, gilded bronze,
12.4cm
Seal
Zhengdong
dajiangjun , Sima
[征东大将军, 大司夹]
Fengche
duwei [奉车
都尉] tomb
1
1, gilded bronze,
5.8 cm
Seal
Fengche duwei
Fuzuzhang
[夫租长]
Bi [璧], seal, series of
funeral jades [葬玉]
Guwen Bi [谷纹璧]3, dragon
grain Bi [镂雕龙纹壁] 1, Pei
[佩] 2, Huang [璜]1,
accessories 3, Jade wei
[玉璏]1
Xuanchenggong
[宣成公],
Zhennandajiangjun
[镇南大将军]
Jade Huang [玉璜]2, Jade
Huan [玉环]2, several Jade
accessories, Jade Mi
[玉珌]1, Jade sword fitting
[玉剑格]1
Zhefengxiaowei
[折锋校尉]
the officers will use the leather belt, but the military suit will use the piluo
belt” 28 [ 革带，古之鞶带也，谓之鞶带，文武众官牧守丞令下及騶寺皆服
之……其戎服则以皮络带代之]. Piluo belt can also be named as “guoluo
belt,”, “ju belt,”, which refers to the belt with buckles. To research the
owner of these tombs with the unearthed buckles, Liuhong was a general
32
On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
of Zhennan; Xueqiu a Zhefeng captain; and Caoxiu a Dongda general and
the minister of war. The owner of Chaoyang tomb with unearthed buckles
was a Fengche commandant. Wang Guowei once wrote in the paper, “Hu
fu kao” [Research on Hu dress] that Hu dress “With Huiwen hat, leather
belt and boots.” 29 is the standard configuration of Hu dress. So we can
see that, in Jin dynasty, the buckle was different from the hook, which
was obviously the accessory of the military uniform based on Hu dress.
In the early period of the Western Han dynasty, this kind of clothing
was mainly used for reward, also popular during the Hou and the above
grade, which is the Langzhong's daily clothing together with the crown.
At that time, Hu dress “with a belt” had not been popular. From the late
period of the Eastern Han, Hu dress became popular gradually. The Xu
Han Shu says: “Ling emperor like the clothes, bed-curtain, bed, chair,
food, music and dance of Hu. The riches and honors in the capital also
like these.” 30
So we can find that during the Wei and Jin dynasty, the hook and the
buckle stood for two different styles unearthed together in the tomb. Till
the northern dynasties, Hu dress becomes the daily or royal clothing. For
example, in Meng xi bi tan, Shen Kuo wrote, “till the Northern Qi dynasty,
the dress of China completely copied the Hu style.”31 This shows the
popularity of Hu dress. Ultimately by the Tang dynasty, the design was
finalized with a strict level of regulation, which affects the attention to the
traditional Han type belt.
Notes :
1
Yunnan Bowuguan, Yunnan Jin Ning Shizhaishan gumuqun fajue baogao
[The Jin Ning Shizhaishan Cemetery]. (Wenwu Chubanshe, 1959), 112.
2 Yunnansheng wenwukaogu Yanjiusuo, Kunming yangfutou mudi [Kunming
yangfutou cemetery], 3, (Kexue chubanshe, 2005), 857-858.
3 Luoyangshi wenwu gongzuodui, “Luoyang Dongguan jia Mayínglu donghan
Fang Xiaotian
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
33
mu [Eastern Han Tomb at Dongguan Jiamaying in Luoyang]”, Zhongyuan
wenwu 3, (1984), 45.
CPAM of Anxiang County, “Hunananxiang xijin liuhongmu [Liu Hong’s
Tomb of the Western Jin Dynasty at Anxiang County’ Hunan]”, Wenwu 11,
(1993), 8-12.
Han Xiang, “Yanqi guodu, Yanqi dudufu zhisuo yu Yanqizhencheng
bogedaqin gucheng diaocha [Reconnaissance of the Ancient City of
Bogdaqin]”, Wenwu 4, (1982), 8-12.
Emma C.Bunker, Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes, Yale
University Press, No.82, 83, 84, 86 And one belongs to Shanghai Museum.
One belongs to Taipei Palace Museum.
Sun Ji, “Zhongguogudai de dàiju [belt accessories in ancient China],
Zhongguo guyufuluncong [Essays on ancient Chinese vehicles and garments],
Wenwu Chubanshe, 2001, pp.253-292.
Machida Akira, “Xianbei de jinshu daiju [The Metallic belts of Xianbei]”, in
Liaoning province cultural relic institute of archaeology, Japan nara cultural
consortium institute ed. Dongbeiya kaoguxue lun cong, (Kexue chubanshe,
2010); Machida Akira, Godai Touajia no sousyokubo [Decorated Tombs in
Ancient East Asia], Douhousha, (1987).
Shiga, Kazuko, “Sadai hokuhoukei taikin gokou kinginsei dasyutsu kougu ni
tsuide [Notes on the Belt Buckles in Northern Asia in the Chinese Han Period,
Especially the Gold and Silver Embossed Buckels]”, Godai bunka 46, (JulyAugust 1944).
Shan Yueying and Lu Yan, Xiongnu yaoshi paiji xiangguan wenti yanjiu [A Study
of Xiongnu Waist Ornaments and Related Issues], Gugongbowuyuanyuankan,
2:136, (2008).
Ningxia Institute of Archaeology, Ningxia Archaeological Group, IA, CASS,
and Office for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments, Tongxin County,
“Ningxia tongxin dao dunzi Xiongnu mudi [Xiongnu (Hun) Cemetery at
Daodunzi in Tongxin County, Ningxia]”, Acta Archaeologica Sinica 3, (1988).
Sun Shoudao, “‘Xiongnu xicha gou wenhua’ gumuqun de faxian [the
Discovery of xiongnu Culture in Xichagou]”, Wenwu 8-9, 1960.
Xinjiang wenwukaogu yanjiusuo, Jiao hegou xi 1994-1996 niandu kaogufajue
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34
On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
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†
Submission Date: 2012. 11. 15.
Accepted: 2013. 1. 19.
Completion Date of Review: 2013. 1. 13.
36
On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square Rear Unearthed in ~
<Abstract>
On the Metallic Buckle with a Round Front and Square
Rear Unearthed in East Asia
Fang Xiaotian
The metallic buckle with a round front and square rear is a kind of belt
accessories in the Han and Wei-Jin dynasties. They are not the same absolutely,
but have some common features: a round front and square rear; arc perforation on
one end of the round side; a movable belt tongue behind the arc perforation; a
whole belt buckle decorated mostly with dragon and tiger except one piece in
sheep design; most of them with a rope or triangle design at the edge; and in the
eye, a body of the pattern and edge triangle part studding with precious stones.
This kind of belt has been unearthed in China and North Korea, and have great
meaning for the study of the spread and exchange of the cultures in East Asia.
This paper focuses on the origins and the development of this metallic buckle with
a round front and square rear and analyzes the influence of this metallic buckle on
the clothing style from the Han dynasty to Tang dynasty.
Keywords : The metallic buckle with round front and square rear, Han and Jin
dynasty, the exchange of the cultures in East Asia, the military suit
Fang Xiaotian
37
<국문초록>
동아시아 출토 전원후방형금속대구 연구
팡 샤오 티엔 (北京大学考古文博学院)
전원후방형금속대구(前圆后方型金属带扣)는 한(漢)과 위진(魏晉) 왕조에서 만들
어 쓰던 일종의 허리띠 부속물이다. 이들 유물들은 그 형태가 모두 동일하지는 않
지만 몇몇 공통점을 가지고 있다. 즉, 유형적 공통점을 들 수 있는데, 앞이 둥글고
뒤가 네모난 모양을 하고 있다는 점, 둥근 앞면의 한쪽 끝에 활모양으로 잔구멍들
을 뚫어 장식하고 그 뒤에 움직이는 걸쇠를 매단 점, 양 무늬로 장식한 한 점만을
제외하면 띠고리 전체가 대개 용과 호랑이 무늬로 장식된 점, 테두리는 대개 꼰무
늬나 세모무늬로 장식한 점, 눈 부분의 무늬와 테두리의 세모무늬에 보석들을 박
아 넣은 점을 들 수 있다. 이런 종류의 유물은 주로 중국과 북한 지방에서 출토되
었는데, 동아시아의 고대 문화 전파 및 교류와 관련된 연구에 중요한 의미를 지니
고 있다. 이 논문은 이러한 전원후방형금속대구의 기원과 발전 과정에 주목하고,
이들이 한에서 당(唐) 왕조에 이르는 기간 동안 복식에 미친 영향을 분석하는 데
초점을 맞추었다.
주제어: 전원후방형금속대구(前圆后方型金属带扣), 한(漢) 왕조, 진(晉) 왕조,
동아시아 문화교류, 군복
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