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0F
S IR E D M & N D A N D R O S
OV
NE
ER
W ENG
L A ND,
IN
16 8 8
R
EA D
B E FO R E
T
&
T
ESDA Y
HE
168
A ND
N E w YOR K
E V EN IN G ,
9
.
HI ST O R I C A L
S O C IE T Y ,
D EC E M
I
B
ER
,
8 6 6,
BY
J
O HN
R OM
E YN
BR O D HE A
M OR R ISA N IA
1867
.
,
N
.
r
.
D
.
ON
A t
S OC IE T
a
t te d
h eld
m eet i n g
s a
Y,
b e r 4t h ,
18
w as
on
o
i ts
r
ead
e re m a rk s
w a s a d o p te d
,
by M
sub m i
R e s ol v e d , T h a t
M
r.
u
HI ST O R I C A L
es d a y e v e n i n g
Dece m
,
B R O D HE A
D
this e veni ng an d
of
t h e S o c i et y
,
Th e A d m i n i s t r a
,
c on cl us i on ,
s om
to
T
e ven i n g e n ti tled
th e
f
n
r.
d r os i n N e w E ng l a n d i n
J
M
tte d
th e
f or
tha t
R
O HN
m e s t i c C o rr e s p o n d i n g S e c r e t a ry
On
N E w YO R K
the
Ha l l ,
i n i ts
S i r E d mu n d A
f
f
6 6,
T h e pa p er
t ron o
o
r.
D
D
E YN
B R O HE A
C
B E N E D IC T
,
DO
.
E RA
the
OM
1 68 8
ST u s
.
f o l l o wi n g
r
e s ol u t i o n
,
,
a
f te r
whi ch
t h a n k s o f t h e S o ci e t y b e p r e s e n t e d
h i s i n te r e s t i n g a n d a b l e p a p e r r e a d
a co
py b e r e q u e s te d f o r t h e a r c h i v e s
.
E x t ra c t f ro m
th e
M i n u te s
.
A
N
D R EW W A R N E R
R
e cor
,
d i ng Se cr e t a r&
.
ER R A T A
t hi rtee n t h
P a ge 7 ,
e
r ad
e x e c u te r
P a ge
L i e u te n a n t ,
P a ge
p
ro
2 6, s
f es s e d
&
.
”
b o tt o m , f o r
e x e c u t or
”
,
”
.
te n t h
10 ,
l i n e f ro m
.
r
ead
e v e n th
li n e
“
f ro m
p la c e
as
bot tom , f or
L i e u te n a n t
l i n e f ro m t o p , f or
“
p la ce
as
a
”
.
p os s e s s e d ,
”
e
r ad
A N D R O S IN N E W
E NG L A ND
.
My th e m e to ni gh t is T h e A d mi n i s tr a ti on of
S i r E d mu n d A n d r os whom Jam e s th e S e cond
h ad m ade h is G ooer n or of N e w E n g la n d i n
-
,
,
16 8 8
.
”
Th e n am e N e w E ng la n d i n A m er i ca or igin
al l y suggeste d b y C ap t a in J ohn Smith i n 16 14
w as royal ly given b y J ames th e F irs t i n h is
P a tent of 16 20 Th at Pate n t c al led N ew E u
gl an d al l th e N orth Americ an terr i tory lyi n g
betw e en th e fortieth and forty e ighth d egrees Of
l atitude and e x tendi n g from the Atl antic to th e
Paci fi c 5 ov e r the who l e o f whi ch th e Bri ti s h
Ki n g assum e d Sovereign ty Fr e n ch C an ad a an d
D utch New N e th e rl a n d w e r e i ncl ud e d wi th i n
’
J ames s P aten t Th e l atter P rovinc e —n ow N e w
York New Jers e y an d P ennsylvani a —h ad be e n
fi rst di s c over e d by th e Dutc h i n 16 09 a n d i t
w as h e l d an d n ur tur e d by the m until 166 4 w h en
they wer e disp oss e ssed by the Engl ish — an e v e nt
of wh ich the N E W Y O R K HI S T O R I C A L S O C I E T Y
co mmemor a te d th e S e cond C e nte n n i al A nn i ve r
s ary tw o y e ars ago
Ne w
For a lo n g time how e v e r th i s royal
7’
Engl an d O f Jam es the First existed only nom
i n a l l y or h istor ic ally and no t r e al ly as an e n tire
Bri tish d epe n d e ncy I t w as s ub divided into va
r i ou s
C ol o n i e s e ach of which h ad a d istinct
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n ame — consis ti ng o f Plym outh Massachusetts
B a Rhode I s l and C on n ec ticut Ne w H a mp shire
Maine These sever a l Co l on i e s h ad se p ar ate
an
G overnmen ts al l of which deriv e d th e ir auth ori ty
directly or i n dire c tly f rom the Sovereig n C ro wn
Plym ou th h ad a P ate n t bu t no
O f England
Royal C h ar te r
M ass ach use tts Bay R h ode
I sl and and Con n ecticut were chartered Royal
Corporations N ew Hampshi re had no ch arter
but 3 G overnor a n d Counsel lors appoi nted by th e
Ki n g and an A s sembl y elected by h er i nh abit
an ts
M ai n e was g overned p artly as a D uc al
dependency of N e w York a n d p artly by th e C or
a
o
r
ti o n o f M assachus e tts B ay
p
& nder h er charter granted by Ki ng Ch arl e s
“
”
the Mar ty r the Royal c orporation of M assa
c h u s e t ts B ay was &e r ve r te d i n t o a Sec tari an O l i
g archy comp ose d O f Puri ta n church m e mbers
an d wh ol l y control l ed by th e m
Th at Pur itan ol igarchy n e ver al l ow e d i ts sub
j e c ts a r e a lly P op u l a r A s s e m bly I t was too a n x
i ous to kee al l l oc al authority in its own h ands ;
’
an d
i t di
so u n til i ts Sovereign s ch ar t e r
gr a n t e d in 1629 w as l eg a l l y c ancel l e d i n 16 8 4
Accordi n g to the English l a w Of that tim e , th e
Ro y al power which h ad be e n del e g ated to th e
annih il ated c or p oratio n p ass e d b ack at o n ce to
th e E ng l i sh Crow n
Thi s s upr eme original
fountai n of Engl ish C o l on ial authority migh t
either cre at e a n e w corpora ti o n t o govern Mas
s a c h u s e tts
under ano ther Royal Ch arter a s
C h arl es the Fi rst h a d done o r el se com m iss i on a
Royal Gover nor a n d C ounsell ors to admi n ister
the a f fai rs O f th at colo n y ei ther with a p Op
ular As sembly as i n New H am p shire a n d V i r
gi n i a o r with out such an Assembl y if th e S o v
e r e i g n s h oul d th ink it mos t ex edie n t
p
Whi l e D uke of York J ames th e Secon d
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3
h ad gran ted a po p u l ar As sembl y to N e w York
Of which h e was then th e P ropr i etor But wh e n
he bec am e King J am e s abo l ish ed th at Assem
b l y an d in Ju n e 16 8 6 he commiss ione d Col on el
Thom as D o n g an to b e the Governor O f h i s Ro y al
Provin ce whom b e authori z ed w i th certai n
counsellors al so nam e d b y himself to m a ke al l
l oc al l aw s Thi s was a very i mperi ous exerci s e
’
of th e Sovereign s prerogative
Su ch a commis
“
”
n
s ion h as b e e char g ed to b e ar bi trary and
“
”
ill egal
Yet it w a s no mor e arbitr ary in fa c t
th an if th e E n g l ish Ki n g h ad seal ed a ch arter
under whi ch Ne w York sh oul d be g overne d b y
a corp or at e oligarch y as Massachus etts h ad
l ong bee n rul e d There was no m ore i d e a of a
p op u la r a s s e m b ly i n th e abrogated M assachusett s
Royal ch arter of 1629 th an i n th e N e w York
R o y al commi ssion o f 168 6 B oth i nstrume n ts
wer e l eg al ly p erfec t 3 for th e y h ad both p ass ed
th e tal ism anic gr eat s eal of E n gl and whi ch was
es sen ti al to the v al idity of a n y E n gl ish Paten t
Th e only qu e stio n abou t e i t h e r Of th e m w as
whether a K i n g o f Engl and c ou l d gov e rn an E n
gl i sh Americ an C ol o n y wi th ou t a n A s s em b ly
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,
wh i ch
r ep r es en t e d
a
ll t h e i n h a b i t a n ts
f
( l ol
th a t
o
I t was c ertai n th at for mor e th an h alf a
century Mass achus e tts h a d b e e n s o g ove r n e d u n
d e r a R oy a l ch a r t e r fr o m C h a r l es t h e F i r s t
It
w as reason abl e th at New York m i g h t b e s o g oe
e r n e d u n d e r a R oy a l c omm i s s i on fr om J a m e s t h e
on y
.
,
,
.
S e co n d
.
T he same m o n th — June 16 8 6— th a t J am e s th us
c omm issioned D o n ga n to be the G overnor Of h is
R o y al Provi n ce Of New Yo rk he commissio ned
i n like manner and w ith simi l ar p owers S ir E d
mu n d A n dros— who for sever al y e ars h ad b e en
hi s D uc al D e p ut y i n th a t P rov ince — to b e th e
G over nor of his R oyal Dom i nio n of N ew E n g
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,
4
”
l an d
Th is D om i n i on was m e ant to i n cl ude
a l l th e British Americ an terr i tory North eas t of
Ne w York A n dros accordin gl y c ame to B oston
i n De c e m ber 16 8 6 and as sumed the gover nmen t
M assa c h usetts I n a li ttle wh i le h e ex t en ded
of
h i s a u thority over M aine Ne w H am p shire Ply
mo u th Rhode I sl and an d C on ne c ti cut w h ich
wi th M assachuse tts the n form e d
N e w E ng
”
“
l aud
By the end Of the ye ar 16 8 7 An dr os
i n Ne w E n gl and D o n g an i n N e w Y ork the Pr o
i
o r s Of N e w Jerse y
and
W
il
l
i
am
Penn
w
e
r
e
r
e
t
p
t he o n l y immediate re p resentati v e s of th e auth or
i ty O f the British cro wn North o f th e forti e th
de gree o f l ati tude i n Ameri c a
D uring the summer o f 16 8 7 D en o n vil le th e
Fre n c h G o vernor of C an ad a at th e he ad Of a
large force i nv aded th e Senec a country of Ne w
York Donga n quick l y re p orted this to Ki n g
J am es wh o a t once decl ared h i s so v e reignty o ver
th e five I ro q u ois n ations a n d direc ted h is G ov
e r n or to p rotec t th em as hi s subj ects
Whi le
doi n g thi s th e Ki ng al so auth ori z ed N ew Yor k
t o c a l l on th e n eighbori n g Engli sh C ol oni es for
assistance At th e sam e tim e J ames agreed with
Loui s the Fourteenth th at no E n gl i s h o r Fren ch
subordi n ate comm and e r i n Amer i ca should in v ad e
th e territori es of e ither Ki n g or c ommi t any hos
t i l i ty a gains t th e subj ects Of ei th e r Of them there
un ti l th e fir s t o f Januar y 16 8 9
Before th at
d ay i t was hoped th a t a s ati sfactory boundary
l i n e defining their r e specti ve Col oni al p osses
s io n s w ou l d b e arra n ged by a tre aty betw e en the
two Euro p ea n monarchs
Of a ll th e s overeig ns o f Engla n d J am e s the
Se c ond h a d the m ost ac curate k nowl e dge O f h er
tra n s A t l a n tic Co l o n i e s Fo r ne ar ly a q uarter of
a cen tur y a f ter t h e Restor ation h e h ad been th e
proprietor o f a l a rg e Amer ican Province unde r
”
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’
h is bro ther s Royal Patent In th e details Of its
adm i n i stra tion h e h ad a lw ay s taken a l ively per
son al i nterest ; and wi th h i s o w n h and h e had
writte n m any l etters to h is deputies i n Ne w York
which at a ny rate had th e unusual m erit O f di
’
r e c t n e s s and precision
James s terse autogr aphs
”
were n ot c onstrained b y a n y O f fici al red t ap e 3
’
a n d far m ore c l e arly than his Secre tar
s
verbose
y
they u ttered h is ow n i mper ious
p h a s e o l og y
.
,
,
,
,
,
.
f
,
wi 1
.
W ith this l ong ap prenticesh i p in Col on i al a f
f airs Jam es bec am e King o f E n g l an d and h er
dep e n dencies e arly in 16 8 5 The dom e stic af f airs
o f his r e al m for som e time o c c upied h is att e n tio n
alm ost entirel y Th e rebe l l io ns u n der Monmouth
i n E ngl an d and Arg y l e i n Scotl and h av in g been
forci bl y put dow n the triumph ant Briti sh so ve
rei g n saw his l egitim ate authori ty confirmed and
he soo n assum ed p o w ers which did n ot belon g t o
h i s Roy al Offic e
I n th e spring Of 16 8 8 J ames —
t OO active to
drift alw ay s wi shing to r ow an d to steer — w as
p ractically g overning G r e at Britai n al most as
ab s olutely as Lou is w as rul in g France The
gre at O bj ect of J am es w as to sub stitut e h is o w n
Rom an C ath ol ic faith i n pl ac e o f th e Prot e stant
l awful re l igion Of E n gl an d and Scotl and To
thi s end he d ispen se d wi th S tatutes forfeited
th e ch a rters o f cor p orations a n d de l aye d s um
m o n i n g a Briti sh Parl i amen t Th e far Of f En g
l i sh C o lon i e s h e i n s i sted o n g overni n g by h i s
r oy al prerogativ e al on e as depe n d e ncies O f th e
B r iti s h crow n an d not as c o n sti tue n cies o f the
B r i tis h E mp ire S o h a d h i s p redec e ssors d e t e r
m in e d ; s o h ad En g lis h C o ur ts aw ard ed ; so
w e re m os t E n gl ishmen w ill i n g that th os e C ol o
n i e s s h o u l d be gov e rn e d
A l l C o l oni al ch art e r s
h a d been g r anted b y th e Eng l is h crow n alo n e
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o n e had q u e stio n ed i ts auth ority Th e
col oni al s y stem of J am e s th e S e con d w as m er e ly
a n ar bi trary e x e rc ise of h i s ackn owledg e d p r e
r o gative He all owed a p o p u l ar Assem b l y to
V i rgi ni a a n d h e de n ied i t to N ew E n gl an d and
to New Y o rk Ye t thi s s y s te m Of J am e s w as
i n m a n y re s p e c ts to l erant and e q uitab l e
It
c arefu l l y prov ided for th e h a p p iness an d p ro s
r i t y of a l l c l a s ses Of i n h abi ta n ts in N ew York
e
p
N ew E n g l and w h o whi le th e y w er e not
a nd
a l l owed p opul a r repre sen tati o n i n local As s em
b l i e we r e g u arantee d equal p ol i ti c al r igh ts as
En g l i sh C o l oni a l s u bj e cts a n d as l arg e r e l ig iou s
l i berty as Eng l i sh m e n i n E n gl a n d
Bi g oted Ro ma n C ath oli c a n d tyr ann i cal as h e
wa s James had n everthel ess o n e ch ara cter i s tic
wh i ch s h on e o u t i n V i vid c o n trast to h i s oth e rs
He was a m u ch m ore p atrioti c E n gl i sh m an th an
his w i tty bro th er Ch ar l e s h ad ever bee n A n x
i ou s for th e fri e n d shi p of L o u i s th e du l l e r Jam e s
s corn ed to betr ay Engl a n d o r any o f h e r d e
p e n den ci es to Fra n c e H ardl y h ad h e d ir e cte d
D o n ga n to preve n t a l l h o sti l iti es agai nst Fr e nch
Am e r ic a n subj ec ts whe n h e was convi nce d th at
Loui s had Obt a i ned th e advan tage Ca n ada was
unde r o n e G overnor G e ner a l wh os e sol e m i n d
’
c
e x e u ted a l l h is master s orders The E n gl is h
C o l o n ie o n th e oth er h an d h ad di ff e ren t l oc al
gove r n m en ts wh i ch d i d n ot alw a ys act i n h ar
m n y J a m es t h erefore determ i n ed to con sol i
d ate h i s N o r th America n territori es as far as
c m e n i e n t u n d e r o n e vi c e reg al adm i n i s tr ati on
B y thi m e a n s h e hop ed to s e c ur e th em ag ai ns t
th e i r re s t l e s C a n a d i an nei g h bo r and at th e
s a m e time st r eng t hen hi s o w n a r b i t r
r
ul
e
ar
y
D n g an had p l e a ded th at C o n necticu t an d th e
J er e y s s h oul d be an n ex ed to N ew Y ork But
C o n n e c ti c u t w a s now a p ar t of
Ne w E n gl a n d
and
n
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s
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-
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s
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o
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o
-
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s
s
,
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'
o
s
.
,
under th e g ov ernmen t Of Andros Th e Propri
e t o r s of N e w J e r s e
h
ad
j
us
t
surrendere
d
th
e
ir
y
author ity to th e K in g
I nstead o f an n e xin g
C o n ne cticut a n d th e J e r seys to New York as
D ong an h ad urg e d J ame s resol ved to add N e w
“
York an d th e Jerseys to h is D om i n io n o f New
”
E ngl a n d
P e n n s y l vani a was n ot i n clude d i n
this arrange m e n t bec a u se h er &uaker Pro p r ietor
w as t oo us efu l a n in str u m en t for th e King to
o f fe n d B ut al l th e rest of th e ti tular N ew E n g
l an d o f James th e F irst excep ti n g French C an
ad a was n ow uni ted for th e first ti m e as a
p oliti ca l wh o l e under o n e C ol o n ial G over n or
app oin ted by J a m es the S e cond
Th is d e termi n ati o n must displ ac e ei ther A n
d r o s or D ong an
Bo th h ad be e n tw ice co mm i s
firs
t
when
D
uk
e
o f York and
s i on e d by J ames
;
ag ai n wh e n Kin g of Engl an d O f th e t w o A n
dro e h ad th e l ong e st e x p eri e n ce in g ov ernm e n t
He
a n d perh aps th e bes t admi n istrativ e tale n t
h ad al re ady governed N ew York f or s e ver al
y e ar s ; an d hi s vi g orou s rul e i n N e w E n gl a n d
w as n ow giving much satisfaction to hi s arb i trary
“
”
Sovere ig n
Al th ough fo n d of prel acy
Si r
E dm und w as n ot a Rom an Catholic B ut he h ad
proved h imsel f to be a n unco m prom i s in g e x e cutor
A n acc ompl ishe d
o f al l th e Roy al c om m a nds
sol dier An dros n atural ly m ade p romp t a n d i m
l
i
c i t Obedience hi s standard o f duty
p
On the other h and D ongan — like w ise a sol dier
yet m ore a p atri ci a n — w as a n Irish Rom an C ath
o l ic a n e phew o f Talbot Earl of T y r con n e l l and
th e p resump tive heir Of his o w n el d er broth e r
But
t h e i n t e n s e l y loyal Ir i s h E arl o f Limerick
D o n gan h ad m or e i n de p endence of ch aract e r
th an Andros
H e h a d fo i l e d and embi t t e red
P en n a n d h ad anger e d Pert h a n d Melfor t of
N e w J er s ey i n th e in tere st Of New Y ork All
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8
these were powerful c our tier s at W hi tehal l
Th e i mpulsive G overnor of N ew York h ad b e en
sharply ce n sured by th e K i ng o f Franc e for
’
main tai ni n g th e K ing Of Engl a n d s antago n i s tic
au thori ty over th e Iroquo is In a word D ong an
”
“
h ad s how n m or e O fii ci a l z e al th an an e x p e r i
—
n
p
o
i
ti
cian
h
igh
pl
ace
th e n and n ow
l
i
d
e n ce
wou l d h av e con s i der e d ex p e di e n t i n a subor
So Jame s sup e rseded h i s R om an Ca th o
d i n a te
l i c G over n or of N ew York and issue d a n e w
com missi o n m aki n g th e Prot e stant Sir Edmu n d
Andro s G overn or G e n er a l of h i s D o m ini on of
“
”
N ew E n gl and w h ich n ow i nclud e d al l th e
terri tory ( except Pe n nsylv an ia& betwe e n M ary
l an d and C an ad a
Th e rec all Of D ong an gr ati fi ed th e vani ty of
Lo u is wh om he h ad o f f ende d But Loui s h ad
no reason to be pl e ased that James h ad app o i n te d
Andro s to gover n th e cons ol i d ated Br iti s h Am er
i c an C ol oni es wh ich i t was u n derstood in L o n
don w ould h e terr ible to th e Fr e n c h and m ak e
them proceed with m ore c aution th a n th e y h av e
“
”
l ate l y do n e
How e v e r disagree ably th i s
me asure Of h er Ki n g a fi e cte d New Y ork it was
cert a i n l y p atrio tic and wi se i n respec t to th e
col onia l i nterests of Engl and in Am eric a, a s op
p osed to th ose Of Fran ce
Th e i n struc ti ons wh ich the K i ng g av e to A n
d ros wi th h is n ew commi ssio n n amed fo rty two
Of the pri n cip al inh ab itants o f th e s e v e ral c ol o
ni c e n e w forming hi s
D om i n io n o f N e w E u
7’
gl an d to be i t s C ounsel l ors Those fro m Ne w
York wer e A n tho n y B ro c k h o l l s Fred e ri ck Ph i l
l i p se Jervi s B a x ter Stephen V a n Cor tl an d t J oh n
S p rag g J ohn Younge N i ch ol a s B ay a rd and
J oh n Palm e r n e a rly a fi fth o f th e wh ol e nu m
b e r By the advi ce and c onsent of a m aj ority of
the Coun s el l ors o f whom five w e r e an ordi nary
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9
quorum th e Governor c oul d m ak e l a w s a n d i m
p ose taxes throughout th e D omin ion The Pro
vi n c i a l sea l o f N e w York w as direc te d to be
brok en a n d th at of Ne w Eng l an d to be there
after use d i n i ts p l a c e
L iberty o f conscie n ce
’
pursuant to the K i n g s D ecl aration op r i l 16 8 7
“
to al l perso n s so they b e
w a s to be al low e d
conte nted wi th a q u i e t an d peaceab l e enj oy
”
men t of i t
N 0 press was to be u s e d n or book to
’
be pri n te d w i th out th e G over n or s l i cense B ut
this w as n o n ovel ty for pr e ss censorship h ad lo n g
been the darling P u r itan practice i n Massachusetts
S uch wer e th e m ost promi n e n t I n structio n s of
James the Second to A n d r e s for the G overnmen t
As th e terri
o f hi s D omi n i on o f N e w E n g l and
tory of th at D om i nion w as n ow so v ast i t was
ne cessary th at som e on e should b e a pp ointed to
i n c as e Of h i s abse n ce or
a c t f o r t h e G overnor
death C apt a i n Fr an ci s N ich ol son w as accor d
i n g l y c om mi ssi one d by th e Ki ng t o be his L i e u te n
ant G ov ernor O f N ew E n gl an d
N o pl ace w as
fi xed by th e Sovereign as t h e seat Of G over n ment
of his Ameri c an Do m i nio n I t migh t b e at B os
ton or N e w Y ork or el sew h er e w ithi n tha t D O
m i n io n at th e discretion of Andro s ; ( N ew Yor k
—
u
3
5 5 0 ix
m
l
n
i
a
l
o
c
e
n
t
s
III
5
6
D
o
o
C
W h en D o n g a n w as n otified of these arr ange
ments so unexp e cte d by h im s e lf, h e pr e p are d to
s u rrender h i s governme nt o f N e w Y ork to A n
dro e
Among oth er th in gs i t w as ord e red i n
C oun cil th at al l Spani sh I ndians w h o h ad been
made sl av es w ithi n the P r o vinc e sh ou l d b e s e t
free if th ey c ould give an ac coun t of th eir Chri s
’
”
“
t i an fai th and s a y t h e L ord s pr a y er
The
l ast l aw p assed by D o n gan a n d h is N e w Y ork
“
C oun cil o n th e se con d of August 16 8 8 w as to
prohib it sh oem akers from using the myst er y of
”
tanni n g h ides
The l ast pate n t u n der th e Pro
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2
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10
s eal o f New Y ork was i ssued by i ts
G overn or o n th e s ame day t o th e Tow n o f H u nt
i n g t o n on Long I sl a nd
Mea n wh il e Andro s h ad h eard of h i s prom o
ti on over D ong a n of w h o m h e w as j e alous
and a nxiously awai ted th e arr i val o f h is n ew
comm i ssio n at B os ton Th e n e ws o f i ts c om i n g
q uickly spr e ad ; an d Attor n ey G ener al Gr ah am
O f N e w York
w h o h ad bee n an O l d s h i p c o m
p a n io n of S i r Edmund hurried e as tw ard tow ar d s
the risi n g sun wh ich radi a n tly p rom oted h i m to
be th e Attorne y G e neral of th e wh ol e D om in ion
of New Engl and
Joh n P al m er on e of the
Ju d ge s of N e w York whom D ongan h a d sent
wi th his d isp atch e s to L ondo n , i n th e previ o u s
autum n now returned to B os ton ; and Andros at
onc e m ade hi m a fourth Associ a te J ustic e of th e
Superior Court of the enl arged D om in ion , alo ng
wi th Jos e ph D ud l ey and Wi l l i am S tough ton
and
Peter B u l kl ey wh o h ad been i ts thr e e
J udges si n ce 16 8 7 ; ( Co l D oc I II 421 428
’
vi n c i a l
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47 8 ; V a le n ti n e s JII a n u a l f o r 18 6 2, 7 4 1 ; P a l
’
m e r s I mp a r t i a l A cco u n t , 22 Hu t ch i ns on ’s M a s
s a ch u s e t ts , I , 36 2
.
At l ength on th e ni n e tee n th of Ju l y 16 8 8 th e
’
G overnor G eneral s new commi ssi o n was p u b
l i s h e d with gre at p a rade fro m th e B al c o n y o f
the B os to n Tow n House N i ch ol so n a t th e sam e
t i m e w a s i n s t a l l e d i n h is pl ac e a s a Lieute n a nt
G overn or of th e whol e D om inio n o f N e w E u
gl and A f o r tn i g h t a f t e rw a r d s A n dros se t o ut
f or N e w York atte n ded by s ev e ral of h i s c o un
s e l l o r s to res u me i ts governm ent
tog e th e r w i th
th at O f New Jersey
O n Satur d ay th e e l e ven th o f Augus t 16 8 8
Andro s re a ch ed th e m e tr Op o l i s w h e re h e w as re
c e i i ed by C ol on e l Bay ard ’s Reg imen t of m i l i ti
a
I n f a n try a n d a tro op o f
h orse T h e Governor
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11
’
G e n eral s com mi ssio n
a n d then publ ish e d a t
vi n ci a l s e al O f N e w
w as re ad i n Fort James
the C i ty H al l The Pro
York w as rece ived fr o m
”
n
f
D ong a
and de aced an d br ok e n in c oun ci l
’
acc ording to the Ki n g s order In its ste ad the
re at se al of Ne w En g l and wi th i ts mo tto f rom
“
”
gl audian N u n q u a m li b er ta s g r a t i or e ze ta t w as
th e n ceforth to be us e d throughou t the D omi n ion
’
al e n ti n e s
a n u a l f or
2
M
1
8
7
3
8
3
6
7
9 ; IV Y
V
(
Th e sam e day a p r o c l a
Co l D o c I I I 5 46
m atio n was i ssued continui ng a l l p erson s i n o f
fi c e and di r ecti n g al l for m e r taxes to be c ol
Thus Andros beg a n h i s seco n d govern
l e c te d
men t Of New York
He h ad l eft th e Provi n c e
seven y ears before at the comma n d of the D uk e
In the i n terval s h e had g a i n ed and
of Y ork
h ad los t a p opul ar As sembly An d n o w h e r O ld
G ov e rnor re turn ed among famili ar s cenes t o as
sum e alm o st imp er i a l auth ority as the V icer oy
o f J am es th e Seco n d
A few d ays afterwards th e Gov e r nor G e n er al
w e n t ov e r to N ew Jersey an d publ ish e d h is c om
m i ssi on a t E li z abeth tow n and then ag ai n a t Bur
li n gtou Sev eral l o cal o f fi cers wer e at o nc e c om
missione d by Andros under the great s e al Of th e
It w as rem ark e d th at both East an d
D omin i o n
West Jerse y were thin l y i nh abited but th at al l
the p eo p l e sh owed their gre at s atisfacti on in b e
’
i n g und e r His M aj e s ty s imm edi ate govern
”
“
5
4
m en t
5
o l D o c III
C
(
But i f th e peop l e Of New Jerse y were satis fie d
w ith th eir altered condi ti o n the p eo p l e o f N ew
York who h ad l ong been accustom ed to th e di
rec t gover n m e nt of J ames w ere n o t gener all y
pl e ased th at the ir Province sh o u l d l ose its i ndi
vi d u a l i t y a n d b e c onsol idate d with th e Ro y al Do
minio n of Ne w E n gl and I t w as true th at th eir
o l d Gov e rnor h ad c om e back t o h is fi rst Am e ri
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12
c an hom e and t h at m any o f i ts inh abitant s p r e
ferred Andros th e Pro testan t to D on g an th e R 0
m an i st Yet the retur n o f A n dro s t o New York
w as a ccomp ani ed by humil i a ting circumstanc e s
I t demo n strated th a t s he h ad ce ased to ex ist as a
dis t in c t Bri tish Am eric an Provi n ce To b e sur e
M as ach u setts and N e w Ham p shir e a n d Mai ne ,
and Rhode I s l and a n d C o n necticut a n d N ew
Jersey h ad also ce ased to exis t as s ep arate E u
gl i sh C o l o n ies B u t N ew York from he r begi n
ni n g h ad someth ing p e cul i ar abou t h er H i sto
r i ca l ly
geogra p h i cal l y and s oc i ally sh e w as
and a l way s m ust be d isti n gui s h e d from e ver
o th er N or th Ameri c a n p o s sessi o n Of h e r B r i ti s y
Sov e re ig n
Fo r h al t a c e n tury befor e h e r
con q ues t she h ad r emai n ed a t e rr itory of th e
D u tch Re p ubl ic in terpos e d be twe e n th e E n glis h
P u ri tan C o l o n i e s at th e North E ast a n d th e
E n g l ish Epi s c o p al ia n and Rom an C athol i c C ol
o n i e s at the South
Fo r m ore than th at p eriod
h er re l atio n s wi th th e C a n adia n Fr e n ch a n d
w ith th e Iroquoi s within h er own borders h ad
re q u ired S pecial ski l l i n th ei r m ana g em ent O f
a l l th e Nort h Am erican pos s e s si o n s of
E n gl and
comprehensive N e w Y ork s eem e d most to n e e d a
sep a rate gov e rnme n t & p to thi s ti m e sh e h ad
i n fa c t b e e n d i f fer e ntly go vern e d from any o th er
Bri ti sh Am e r ic an C ol ony S h e h ad n ev e r b ee n
ch artered as a corporati on under ei th e r D utch
o r En g l ish a u t hori ty
In truth sh e h ad n eve r
d e s i red to b e ruled b y an oli g arch y l ik e som e o f
t h e i n c o rp o r ated C ol oni es i n N e w E ngl an d
Wh at th e e c l ec tic peopl e of N e w York d e s ir e d
a n d wh at for a sea o n they h ad e nj oy ed
w as a
”
Ch arter of Li b erti e s wh ich di d not s e qu es t e r
l o c al a u t h o r i ty for the b e n efit o i a s e ctari a n mi
o f C h u r c h m em bers
n ori t
y
; but wh ich se cur e d to
m a y i nha b itan t o f th ei r terr itory a sh are i n
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l4
h alf a g enerati o n they h ad hoped t h at th e wife
th ei r own Pri nc e of O range wo uld b e co m e
of
J oyful l y w oul d th ey h a v e
&uee n of Engl and
”
“
“
m in g led cries of O R A N J E B O V E N w i th L O N G
”
B ut James h ad m arri ed a
L I V E T HE && E E N
Roma n C athol ic se co n d wi fe wh o bor e h im a
s on o n th e tenth o f Jun e 16 8 8 ; a nd thi s s on as
Pr i n ce o f W al es would bec om e Kin g of E n
gl and o n th e de ath of hi s father i f all sh ould go
regu l arly o n Th e n ews was r e ce i ved at N e w
Y o rk w ith re g ret by th e D u tch O rangei sts but
with ve he me n t j oy by th e Roy a l o fli c i a l s A
gre a t c i ty carouse w as given th e same e ve n i n g
at whi c h th e mi rt h wa x ed s o boisterous th at th e
record q uaintly tells us Mayor V a n C o r tl a n d t
s ac ri ficed h i s h at peruke
o l D oc II I
C
(
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5 5 4, 6 6 5
A c o n ere n ce wi th the Fi ve N ati o n s at Al bany ,
a n d a v i si t to E s o us , de tai ned Andros for som e
p
.
weeks i n N e w York wh er e he w oul d h av e s tai d
l onger if h e had n o t b e e n o bl ig e d to h as t e n t o
Bos t o n o n account o f Ind i an troubl e s which h a d
broke n out i n Mai ne
N i e h o l s on w as ac c ordi ngl y d ir e ct e d to r e mai n
i n New Y ork to admi n i s ter i ts go ver n m e n t as
si s te d by the l oc al C ou ns ellors P h i l l i p s e B a y a r d
V a n C o r t l a n d t Younge and B axter the l atter o f
wh om w as s tatio n e d i n c omm a n d o f th e Fort at
Al b a ny B ro c k h o l l s accomp ani ed h is ol d c h i ef
A n dr o s to Bos to n ; an d suc h o f th e N e w York
Re cord s a s were n e cess ary for th e G overn or
G enera l to h ave at h and were take n E as tward
Whe n h e returned to B o ton aft er an a bs e nc e
of el eve n weeks Andros di s a p p ro ve d o f wh a t
hi s s ubor d i n ates there h ad don e and to o k v igor
ous m easures to c heck th e outrages of t h e s av
’
o
a g es i n Mai ne Mos t f th e K i n g s th re e c o m
p ani c s of r e g ul a r sol di e rs at N e w Yor k a nd
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15
Boston w e re at o n c e dispatch ed th ith e r , under
th e com m a n d of B ro ck h ol l s w i th s tor e s a n d pro
v isi ons But thi s d id n ot m ee t the em erg e n cy
I t w as th e r e fore ordered i n Cou n ci l o n th e firs t
o f Novemb e r , 16 8 8 th at a m il i ti a f orc e sh oul d
be rais ed ou t of th e w hol e D om i nion of N ew
”
E n g l and and that th e com m and of th i s forc e
sh ould be o ff er e d to Fi t z J oh n W i n thr op of
’
C onne cticut o n e of th e Ki n g s C ounsell ors
But
W i n throp pl e ad e d illnes s a n d decl ined th e h a z
a r d o u s duty
Th e o f f er w as re p e ated to oth er
Col o n i al mi l i ti a o ffi cers o f th e D om i n io n ev ery
”
one of wh om abs olutel y refuse d the servi ce
Th ey al l preferre d s t ayi ng at h om e to doing
duty i n ch il l y M ai n e Yet a l ittl e whi l e a f te r
wards th i s pu sil lanim i ty w as attemp ted to b e
e xcus e d by th e suggesti o n th at B r oc k h o l l s w as a
”
Pop ish comm ander a n d th at Andros by hi s
vi gorous p oli cy for th e d e fen c e of i ts fro n ti er
“
”
was p l o tti n g to bri n g low th e p eopl e o f the
r e st of th e D omi n i o n B ut c e rtai n ly i f A n dros
“
”
h ad b e en pl o tting to bri ng th em l ow
he
w oul d n o t h av e w e aken ed th e garri son i n B oston
’
b y d e tach i n g m ost o f th e K i n g s stip e ndi ary sol
diers f or serv i ce in t h e forests o f Main e &
Seei n g th at n o N ew En g land m il iti a o f fi c er
was w i lli ng to c onduc t th e cam p ai gn agai nst th e
M ai n e s avages th e G ov e r n or G e n er al by th e
adv i c e of h is Cou n ci l resol v ed to tak e th e com
ma n d hims e lf P al m er on e o f h is C o uns ell ors
th u s re cords th e truth w h ich h a s hitherto b e e n
’
suppr e ssed : Th e G ove r n ou r s p r e p os a l to th e
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A
e
R h od e
f
o rc
et n m a d e t o A n d r s i n 168 8 the m i l i t i a
N w Ha m p s h i r e M a i n e P l y m
th
a s a c h u s ett s
d a d C ec t i c u t w a s
T h a t of N e w
i n the a m e ve a r
b t
S e e a l o A rn l d
di
M
cc or
of
wa s
5 20 ; N
l
.
,
‘
F or c e s
a r
s
Is l a n
Yo rk
to
ng
a
o
ur
e
,
,
Y
.
s
.
.
.
.
ou
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,
,
ou
C o l D o c I II
T r a c t s , I V , N 0 10,
.
,
on n
n
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,
p
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.
5 8 1, 723, I V
11
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s
29 , 18 5
,
,
o
,
197 , 213 ;
16
about h i s goi ng to th e e astw ar d m e t
wi th n o o p pos i ti o n l es t som e o f th e m il itary
m en th ere s hou l d h ave b e e n bou n d i n honour
to h ave take n th at Im p l oy m e n t up o n th e m
’
”
se lves ( P a lme r s I mp a r t i a l A c cou n t
S o Andros ga l l a n t ly w en t to M ain e and
th r ou g h o u t th e biti n g wi n ter sh ared a l l th e
h ardsh ips of th e mi li ti a wh om h e l e d Th ere
were a bou t ei gh t hundred m en i n a ll rai sed ou t
and amo n g the o f fic ers
o f th e several C o l onies
besides B r o c k h o l ls were Li euten an t col onel Mac
G r e gori e a n d C a ptai n G eorge Lo ckh art of N ew
York M an y o f t h e soldi ers d i ed fro m fa ti gu e
a n d e x posure i n ch asing th e s av ag es in to thei r
rem ote hi di ng pl aces Th e r e su l t was th at th i s
a ttemp t to c ap ture ro am ing na tive Am eri c ans
”
l ike tryi n g t o h e d g e i n th e cu ck o o as Cot
to n M ath er a f t erw a rds ph i l os o p h i z ed o n th e e x
i
u t Math er o mi tte d to stat e th e d i s
d
t
i
o
n
e
B
p
g u s t i n g fact th a t whi l e A n dros was thus try ing
w i th pers on a l devotion to p ro tec t th e fr o n ti e r o f
h i s G overnment i n M a i n e fro m th e s avages so m e
Bos ton m er ch a n ts taki n g advan tage of h i s a h
sen c e s ent a vess el thi ther l aden wi th a m m un i
ti o n a n d p rovi i on s to truc k w i th th os e I n di an
e n emi e s a n d thei r Fren ch fri e n ds i n C an ad a an d
N ova Scoti a ( Co l D oc II I 5 8 1
As h e c oul d n o t d e s troy or cap tur e i ts s avag e
foes A n dros establ i sh ed som e el ev e n garri sons
f o r the p rotecti o n of M aine
At F or t C h a r le s i n
P e ma q u z d h e pl aced B r o c k h o l l s i n ch i e f c om
mand with si x re g ul ar so l di ers a n d sixty m i liti a
men
M a c G r e g o ri e a n d Lockh art of N ew Y ork
were s tati one d a t other f or t s D uri n g th e w i n
t e r h e c aused a s l e e to be buil t out of th e m ag
p
n i fi c e n t timber of M a i ne a n d oth e r prec aution s
to be take n B ut e verythi ng th e G overn or d i d
was m i s r eprese n ted a t B os ton w h ere dur ing hi s
“
C o u nci l ,
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17
abs enc e th e most absurd stori es were pro p ag at e d
a n d r umors f ro m E ngl and c autiousl
c
ircul
ated
y
’
Pro m inent am ong the Ki n g s i n s tru ction s to
A n d re s w as on e whi ch r e qu ire d h i m to su p press
“
”
al l pi rat e s and se a ro vers
Thi s th e G o v er
n or trie d to exe cut e ; bu t h is ef f orts were foi led
“
b y i nt e res ted s p e culators
S ince th e v acating
“
“
”
th ei r chart e r wro t e Se cretary Randolph th ey
“
hav e b e en k e p t fro m th e br e a ch of th e Acts for
“
Trade and N avi g ati o n encourage d by thei r
“
“
form er govern m en t
and they are res tr aine d
“
from s e tting out privateers w h o for m any y e ar s
“
tog e th er robb e d the S p an i sh Wes t I n dies and
“
br ough t great bo otie s to B o s ton ; an d also th ey
“
’
durst n ot duri n g the G ov e rn or s ti m e harbour
“
”
p ir at e s
B oston as wi tness e d by Ra n dol ph
h ad n ow be com e th e common r e c e ptac l e of
“
p i ra t e s of al l nati ons ” Ac cordin g to t h e tes
”
i
t m on y of Pal m e r th e
co n s t ant a n d p rofitabl e
“
For
c orr espond e n ce of Massachus e tts w ith
“
”
e ign e rs and Pirat e s h ad be e n so greatly ob
“
s truct e d by Andr e s as to mak e i t v e ry d i s a gree
abl e to m any p e rso n s wh o had e ven grown ol d
“
”
in th at way of trade
Th e ch i e f attr acti on of
fre e bo ot e rs t o B osto n s e em s to have b ee n th e
M as s ach us e tts mi nt e s tab l ish ed i n 165 2 wh i ch
en courage d p irat e s to bring th eir p lat e th ith e r
b e cause i t coul d b e coi n e d and convey e d i n gr e at
“
p arc e l ls und i s cover e d to b e such
C
ol D oc
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I II
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,
5 8 1, 5 8 2 ; P
a
.
lm e r ,
Th e abroga t ion of th e Mass achus e tts chart e r
h ad cr i ppl e d thos e worl dl y advantag e s B u t i t
had s til l m or e a f f e ct e d the s e ctari an i nt e r e st s o f
P uri tan clergym e n ; and i t is n ot s upri s i ng th at
c ombi ned e f forts wer e m a d e by t h e su ff e rers t o
r e stor e a n oli g arc h y und e r wh i ch th ey h a d e n
j oye d such v al u e d pr ivi l e g e s
Before th e Mass achus etts ch art er wa s c an c e l l e d
.
.
3
18
i n 16 8 4, n o t on e o f i ts i nh abi t an ts c oul d vo t e f or
o f fi c ers of th e c orpor ation , u n l es s h e w as a fr e e
m a n o f th at c orp oration , an d a puri tani cal c om
But th ese c orporate freem e n w e r e
muni ca n t
on l y a smal l mi nori ty o f the p op ul ati on of Mas
Th e maj ori ty of h e r inhabitan ts
s a c h u s e tts
.
.
.
were di sfranch is ed They w e re n o t repr e s e nt e d
i n h er G e n eral C our t ; t h ey were taxed w i th ou t
th eir co ns e n t and agains t t h e i r w i l l th e y w e re
th e s ubj ec t s o f a S p iri tua l de spo ti s m C l as s
overnme
is
w
as
d
e
mocr
acy
nt
n o t and n e v e r
g
As lo n g as th e Mas s ac hus e tts ch arter s urvi v e d
the g reate r p art of h er p e opl e e nj oy e d no r e a l
p ol i ti cal fr ee dom ; a nd n o t until its abrog ati o n
di d e xcl us ive privilege gi v e w ay to equal p opul ar
ri g h ts
When the di r e ct gov e rnm en t of th e Engl i s h
Crow n took th e pl ac e o f the cl as s gov e rnm e nt
which had domineered Massach us e t ts by a p e rv e r
si o n of her Royal ch art e r i t was v e ry natur al
th at h er Pur ita n mi n is ters sh ou l d h a v e k ee nly
fel t th ei r a l te r ed co n d i ti o n an d h a v e b itterly
ve n te d th ei r g riefs Th ei r p ol iti c al supr e m a cy
was g o n e They coul d n o lo n ger co n trol th e
ch oi ce of corporate o ffi cers w h o w o ul d m ak e
l aws at thei r d ictati on Th e re w as now p opu l ar
equali ty under th e Comm on Sov er ei gn of all E n
g l ish C olo n i sts wh er e s ectari an priv il eg e h ad
fl ouri shed be f ore un der a c o l o n ial o l i gar chy
A n d so th e cry w as soon starte d th at E i s c o p a
p
“
”
li an w il d be as ts o f th e fie l d h ad e n ter ed
th rough th e broke n h e d ge of the ol d ch ar t e r and
wer e r ava gi n g th at s uc cul ent Mass ac hu s e tts
she e p fo l d o f which Pur itan ism h ad s o l ong e n
j oy ed th e e x cl usi v e p asture
The r e w as som e truth i n th is m e taph or of C o t
t o n Math er
Most Am eri c an Hi s tori ans h av e
de noun c ed A n dros as G overnor of New Engl and
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19
ofte ntime s i n terms of coars e i n v e ctive an d
th ey h a v e general l y r e pr e sented h i m as a mere
bi g ot an d mi ni o n a n d tyra n t Th e p artis an
s ta t e m e nts of early N e w En g land writers h av e
been r e iterated wi thout question to the excl u
si on of al m ost e v e ry thi n g re cord e d o n th e other
s ide Wh e ther the C om mi ssi o n and In struction s of
Jam es th e Seco n d to h is G ov e rn or were m ore o r
“
”
”
“
l e ss il l egal o r arbitrary
th an t h e chart e r
wh ich h is beh e aded fath e r h ad gr an ted to M assa
c h u s e tt s
and wh ich
kn e w no representativ e
”
body was cer tainly n ot a questi on for Andros
to an swer He was n o t to bl am e b e caus e h is
K ing h ad dire ct e d N ew E n gl and t o be gover n ed
by hi ms e lf a n d h is C oun sell or s with ou t an As
’
Hi s duty w as to e xecut e h i s Sov e re ig n s
s e m b ly
commands ; a n d thi s duty h e di d w ith ch ar act e ri stic
ener gy —fai thfu l ly fe a rl essly and i n som e i h
stanc es h ar shly I n hi s adm ini stration h e greatly
“
”
o ff ended the p erve rs e p eop l e wh o h ad so l o n g
be e n accusto med to order e very thi ng i n th e ir
So th ey compl ai n e d th a t i t wa s a
o wn w ay
gr e at wrong t o re q ui re d e pone n ts to to u ch th e
Bibl e i nste ad of h old ing up their h ands ; a
gr i evan ce th at &uakers should b e allowe d free
“
”
i n thei r o wn fash ion
d o m to wors h i p G o d
and n ot b e c om p el l ed as o f ol d t o p ay forc e d
r ates for th e supp or t of Co n gregation al m ini s
t e rs ; an o f fence th at th e E n g l ish Church ser vi c e
sh oul d b e ce l e brated i n B oston by th e R ector
Sam uel M il es Th ey l ike d th e Press t o b e m u z
z l e d by Puri tan censors ; b u t th ey gro ane d w he n
i t w as m u z z l ed by Epi scop a l i ans I t was e Sp e
c i a l l y g al li n g t o th em that W es t a n d F ar e w e l l
Gr ah am a n d Pal mer w h om An dro s h a d
an d
m ad e hi s chi ef subordi nates and c on fi d a n ts h ad
co m e fro m New York
Th e se o f fici al s w e r e 0p
“
”
a cr e w o f abj e ct p e rs ons
r ob r i ous l y c all e d
p
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20
Yet much al lowa n c e sh o ul d b e m a d e for s uch
old spi te ful word s utt e r e d b y p arti sans i n t h e
he at o f angry co n troversy I t i s c e r t ai nly true
’
th at m a n y of the acts of th e G ov e rnor Ge ner al s
e x perien c e d s u bord i n at e s w e re sel fish and v e ry
Op p ress ive Land title s wer e questi on e d s o th at
l arg e fees mi gh t b e ex ac te d for n e w P aten ts
O the r o f fic i al charg e s w e re av a ri ci ous ly i n
creased
Th e Judge s o f the D omi nion w er e
greatl y bl amed for adm i ni s tering th e l a w stri c tly
accordi ng to the p r a cti c e i n Engl and They
were espe c ially revil ed f o r not al l owi ng wri ts of
’
Hab e as C orpus under Sh a f t e s b u r y s ac t of 16 79
But th os e C ol o n i a l J udg es wer e at any r at e
’
w
s
u
l aw y ers en ough to k no
th a t S h a f te b ry s
S tatute d id n ot e x te n d to the E n gl ish Pl antati ons
I t was purely an Engl is h dom estic m e as ure
A n d I m ay h er e m e n ti on a n as i nter e sti n g b istori
c al fact th at th is Engl ish H abe as C orpus ac t
n e ver d id a f f ect any o n e Bri tis h Am eri ca n C o l
o n y until &uee n An ne used h e r prerogativ e t o
stretch i t across th e A tl a n tic to V irgi nia in
17 05
Nevertheles s Andro s was h e ld to b e r e
sp onsi bl e for e very doi n g an d e very s ay i ng of
e ach of h i s s ubordinates Most o f h is own acts
were a b l e and s tates manl i ke w h il e s om o l o f
them were arbi trary and pr ov oki ng Hi s gre a t
e s t faul t w as that h e admini s ter e d h i s go ver n
m ent too loyal l y to h i s S ov e rei gn and t oo m uc h
l i k e a b ra v e soldi er I nst e ad of conci l i ati n g h e
w ounded ; inste ad o f argui n g h e ordered E v e n
J am e s saw th e i nj ury h i s hon e s t V iceroy w as
do ing hi m i n New E n gl and an d w a s o bl ig ed to
rebuke h is e x c essi ve z eal
’
Th e Ki ng s De cl arati on of Apri l 16 8 7 for
l i b e rty of c o n s cience was a t fi rs t j o y ful ly re
c e i ve d b y h is most s a n gui ne N e w
Engl an d s u b
j eet a Puritans th ought i t a d e l iv e r a n c e fro m
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22
’
ai n from th e Ki n g a r e stor ation of h i s C ol ony s
e f fe te oligarchy
But th e de t ermi n ati on of Jam es to m aintain
th e gover n m e n t h e h ad establis h ed i n N e w E n
gland c e u l d n ot be s h ake n Perso n al favor ites
pre vail i n g i n other poi n ts were foi l e d i n thi s
Si r Wil li a m Ph ipps a nati ve o f M ai n e wh om
h e h a d m a d e a Kni gh t f o r hi s su cc e ss i n r e c o v
ering a large tre asure from a S p ani sh w rec k n e ar
H i s pan iol a w as a l l owed to as k w ha t b e pl e ase d ;
“
th at New E n gl a n d m l g h t
a nd Phipps asked
”
“
h a v e its los t l i bertie s restored
B ut J am e s
wh o had no id e a of re e stabli s h i n g Puri tan ism in
”
Massachuset ts repl ied
Any th i n g b u t th a t
Phipp s t b e n p r ocured a Royal Pate n t t o b e
Hig h Sh e ri f f of New En g l a n d s o th at he c oul d
impa n n el j urors and thus c ounte rac t A ndr os
Wi th thi s h e c am e to B osto n some tim e aft e r
M ather had gone b u t th e G ov e rn o r found a way
to de f eat h is Pate n t a n d Phipps r e turn e d to L o n
don ful l of i ndignation ( M a g n a lz a I 175 17 6
178 &
I n the m ean tim e Math e r h a d b ee n kindly r e
c e i ve d by J am es o n th e th irti e th of May a n d in
,
conj u n c tion w ith Now e l l and H utch ins on form e r
m agis trates of M as sach us e tts h ad p e ti ti on e d for
l iberty o f co n sc i e n ce an d f av or to th e Co ll eg e at
C am brid g e B ut th es e p eti tion s sp ok e o f th e
“
Ep is cop al Churc h i n such v ery ind e c e nt l a n
”
guage that th e Agents w e re o bl i g e d to wi th
d r aw them from th e Pl ant ati on C om m i tt ee to
whi c h they h ad bee n referred T h e Ag e nts th e n
p ti ti o n ed f o r a confirm ation of e s t a te s i n Ne w
a n d tha t n o l aws m i gh t b e m ad e or
England
m o n ies r ai se d w i th ou t an As s e mbly w i th s u n
d ry o t h e r p articul a rs ”
Th is p e ti ti o n w as r e
f erred to Atto rne y G ener al P owi s for a rep o rt
B u t L o r d Sund e rl and th e Pr e sid en t of th e C ou n
t
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23
ci l,
“
struck out of i t th e es s en tial p r e p o s a l of
”
an Assembly te l l i n g Mr B r e n t of the T e mpl e
th e Sol i c itor of th e p e ti tion e rs that i t w as by
h is advi ce th at th e K i n g h a d g ive n a commi s
sio n to Si r Ed m und Andros to r a ise m o n ie s
“
w i th out an Ass e mbly s n d t h a t h e knew t h e
Ki n g would n e ver con s e n t to a n alter ati o n ;
“
”
nor w oul d h e prop ose i t t o H i s M aj e s ty
”
Pow is how e ver ha d been dexte rous ly ga i n ed ;
an d b e in g hardly a third rate l awyer and very
j ealo u s o f h is pre d ec e ssor S awyer h e rep orted
“
th at th e M assachus ett s ch arter h ad bee n i lle
”
“
gally v acated
A copy of th i s r ep ort w as
disp atche d to B os t on w h ere i t w as us e d to excit e
“
”
hope s of a n ew ch arter
wi th l arg e r pow e r
B ut th e ag e nts a t l e n g t h bec am e c o n vi n ced th at
th e Mass ach us e tts ch arte r woul d n e i th e r b e r e
s tored n or en larg e d and th at th e Ki n g would
not dis tur b th e pol i cy h e h ad adop t e d in r e gard
to co n sol id at e d N e w Engl and Th ey th en asked
“
th e Pl ant ati on C ommi tte e to r e port th at u n ti l
“
H i s Maj e sty sh al l b e gracious ly pl eased to
grant an Assembly th e C ou n c il s hould c o n sis t
of s u ch p e rsons as sh al l be cons iderabl e pro
’
p r i e t or s of l ands w i thi n hi s Maj es ty s D om i n
”
“
i on s th at e ach cou n ty sh oul d h av e a C oun
s e l l or , and th at no l aw sh oul d b e m ad e e xc e p t
by a vo t e of th e m a j ori ty of th es e C ouns e l l ors
This woul d of course hav e pl a c ed th e gov e rn
m e nt of N e w E n gl and i n th e h and s o f a l o c al
l a n ded ari s tocr acy
B u t e xtr aordi n ary e v e n ts wer e n e w cul m i
n ati n g i n E n gl and wh ich postp oned d e fini te
ac ti on on C ol onial aff airs In th e midst of these
m ov em e nts W ill i am Pe nn re t a in e d th e fa vor o f
“
hi s Sov e reign who made h i m Sup e rvi sor of
”
“
exc i se a nd he arth m o n e y and p rom i s e d to
“
e nl arge P e nnsyl v ani a by a gran t und e r th e
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24
great Se al for th e thre e cou n ti e s on th e D e l a
war e ” I f th i s r oy al pro mi se h ad b e en e x e
th e re wou l d h a v e been o n e l e ss N orth
c u te d
Am eri c a n State ; and N e w York wou l d n ow
h a ve h a d a ri val Sist e r n o l ess powerful i n c o m
me r ce tha n i n a g ri c ul ture Y e t wh il e J a m es
thus e speci al l y f avored Pe n n h e p romis ed Ma ther
”
“
a s p eedy redr e ss o f m any gr i evances i n N ew
En g l and ; a n d th at i n the m ean tim e Andros
shoul d be wri tten un to t o forbe ar th e m easure s
”
th at he w as upon
But n o such ins tr u c tio ns
were sent to A n d re s
A r e vol utio n in Eng l an d prev e n t e d many of
’
th e K i n g s desi g n s i n Am e ric a from b e i ng c ar
ri e d o u t O ne of the s e desig n s seems to h av e
b e en to e x tend th e syste m of consolidati on wh ic h
h ad work ed so w e ll i n Ne w Engl and thr ough out
th e other Br itish N orth Am e ric an C ol o n ies If
J ame s h ad rem ai ned Ki n g h e w ould v ery soo n
h ave i n cluded Pen n sylvan ia M aryl and V irgi n i a
an d the C aro l i n as in on e gra n d g en er al govern
me n t wi th New E n gl and u n d e r h is N orth Am e r
i c an V i ceroy I t was al s o h i s purpose as h e
“
f
a te rw a rds infor m ed th e Pop e
t o h ave s e t up
the Rom a n C athol i c re l igi o n i n th e E n g l i sh
”
Pla n tatio n s o f Amer i c a
Th is h owever c ould
n o t h ave bee n accomplish e d a s l ong as th e Moth e r
Cou n try was Pr otestant Th e r ash bigotry of
James precipitated th e e ve n t i n th a t coun try
which o bservi n g men h a d l ong fore s ee n
It
alarmed the p e n etrating j udgment of the V atic an
”
We must s aid the th oughtfu l c ardinal s of In
n ocent th e El e venth e x commu nic at e this Kin g
“
wh o wi l l destroy th e l i tt le o f C atholi cis m
”
n
i
n
wh i ch re mai s
England
B ut b e fore R ome
“
a p plied her pre caution ary
b r a k e ” th e l ast
ma l e Stuar t sovereign of Gr e at Brita i n w as d e
th ro ned
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25
Th e story of the E nglish Revol u ti o n of 168 8
i s fam il iar
J ames the S e co n d o ff e n ded E n gl ish
P rotestants s o m uch th at they i n vited th e D utch
St a d th older Wi ll iam the Third Princ e of O r an ge
t o com e over fro m Holl and a n d del iver th em from
their R o m a n C athol ic Ki n g who h ad n e w b a r
’
ro wed God s fie ld l ong e nough
As s oon a s
J am es was assured that Wil lia m was c oming h e
i ssued a Procl am ation sum mo n ing h is subj e cts to
defend their c oun try from invasion
He als o
wr o te a ci rcul ar l etter o n th e six te e n th of Oc
tober 16 8 8 to A n d r e s a n d h is other Col o n i al
G overnors ; war n i ng each of th e m to take c are
“
th at upon th e approach of any fl eet or forei gn
force th e militi a of that ou r Pl an tation be i n
su c h re adine ss as to hi nder a n y l anding or in
va s i on th at m ay be in te nded to be m ade within
”
the s am e
The d isp atch of this circul ar w as the l as t
o f fici al act of J ames th e Sec ond i n regard to h is
Americ an Colo n ies L ord Su n derla n d th e v e rs a
tile Minis t e r w ho c oun t e rsigned it was removed
fro m o f fice a f e w d ays afterw ards for treason able
c orrespondence with th e e nem i e s of his m as te r
B ut nothi n g coul d now h e l p J am e s O n the fi fth
of Novem ber 16 8 8 — th e ei g hty third an niver s ary
’
Gu n powder
of th e d iscov e ry of G uy Fa w k e s s
”
“
P l ot ag ai nst J a mes the First in 16 05 b y a
s i n gul ar c oi n cidence Wil l iam l an ded at Torb a y
in Devonshire at th e h e ad of a l arge D u tc h
force Th e sec ond J ames l e ss l ucky than h is
gr an dfath er b e came s tu p e fie d abdic ated h is
A provi s i onal d i r e c
c rown and fl e d to Franc e
tory of E n glish P eer s was form e d a t L ondon
wh ich invited the Pri n c e of O ra n g e to assume
the administratio n of the English Go v e rnm e n t
This i n vitation was acc e t e d by Will iam wh o
a fte r p ar takin g of th e H o y Comm un ion , a c cord
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26
to the ritu al of th e E n g l ish Protes tant Epi s
c opa l Chur c h o n t h e l as t d ay o f De c e mber 16 8 8 ,
be c am e the v irtual Sovereig n of England
The atte n tio n of th e Pri n ce o f O rang e wa s
th e E ng l i sh
u i c k l y cal l ed t o th e situatio n o f
“
Co l on ies i n N orth Am e ri ca f or th e h appy”
s tate of whi ch he p oss e ssed a p arti cul ar c ar e
A few days a fter hi s a ssump ti o n of th e a d m i n i s
t r a t i o n o n the n i nth o f J anu ary 16 8 9 M at h e r
was in tro d uced t o h i m by Lord W h arton and
he w as ful ly i nfor med of th e w arn i ng l ett e r
which J ames h ad sent to h is Am er ic an G ov
Wi l l i am n e w
e r n o r s i n th e pr e vi ous O ctob er
though t i t pruden t to com munic ate his ow n i n
Ac c ordi n g ly on
s t r u c t i o n s to th ose Governors
th e twelft h of January 16 8 9 under th e co un ter
sign ature o f Wi l l i am J e p h s o n h i s privat e S e cre
tary th e Prince wrote an adro i t c ircul ar l etter
to e ach of th em d ir e cting th at al l p e rson s n ot
”
being Pap is ts h ol ding a ny o f fi c e s in th e P l an
t a t i o n s shou l d c on ti nu e to ex e cute th e m as for
“
m erly ; a n d th at all orders and di r e cti on s l at e ly
m a de o r giv e n by any l eg al author ity sh al l b e
“
”
n
d
obey e d a
performed by al l p ersons u nti l
furth er com m ands s hould com e from E n gl an d
Thus Wil l i am cl e arly a n noun ced h i s Am e ri c an
“
poli cy to be th at of s ta tu g u o ” Th is l ett e r
was disp atched to V irgini a ; and i t w as dir e cte d
to b e sent to Ne w E n g l and and th e othe r E ng l ish
dependen ci e s
But the M assach use tts Ag e n ts in London saw
’
at on ce th at i f Wi l l i am s l e tter s houl d b e r e
“
c e i ve d by A n d re s
i t would be fatal to th e ir
”
schemes ; because i t w oul d r e duc e their c on
s t i t u e n t s to the d il e mm a of su bm ittin g to h is a u
th o r i ty u n d e r th e Prince ’s dire cti on
or els e of
treaso n ab l y re b e l l i n g By thi s time Ph ipps h ad
got back to Lo n do n ; and h e wi th M a th e r s o e f
i ng
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27
f
e c tu a l l y
’
whe ed l ed J e p h s on th at W ill i am s l et
t e r to A n d re s was s top p e d and ordered n ot t o
“
”
b e sent
Th i s was th e turn i n g p oi n t of the
trou bl e wh ich fo l lowed in New E n gla n d ; and no
on e aft e rwar d s re g retted the s uccess of this W h i te
h al l b ack s tai rs i ntrig u e of whi c h Wi lli a m w as
m ad e th e ch ie f victim m or e than d id Wi llia m
hi ms e lf
A month after th i s l ette r of th e Pr i nce of
O r ang e w as thus wi th h e ld from Andros o n th e
th ir teenth of F e bruary 16 8 9 W I L L I A M and
M A R Y wer e pro cl aim e d K ing and &uee n of E n
gl and a n d al l t h e D om i nions and Territories
”
“
thereu n to bel o n ging
Th e n e xt d ay th e new
Sov erei gn s by their Pr ocl am ati on c onfirm ed i n
th e ir o f fices a l l P r ot e s t a n ts wi thi n th e Ki n g
dom But this d id n ot a f f ect o f ficers i n th e E n
gl is h C ol on ies Five d ay s afterwards on t h e
n i n etee n t h o f Fe bruary 16 8 9 ano ther Pr o cl a m a
”
“
tion dir e cted th at a ll m e n in the sev e ral C ol
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-
,
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b e i n g i n ofl l ces of
G o ve r n m e n t , s h a l l s o
’
con t i n u e , u n t i l t h e i r M aj e s ty s fu r t h e r p le a s u r e
”
Th e di f fere n c e be tw ee n these tw o
b e k n o wn
on i e s ,
“
“
“
.
Pro clamation s was very si gn ific ant I n Engl a n d
Bu t
P r o t e s ta n ts on ly wer e to be ke pt i n o f fic e
i n the E n glish Colo n ies a ll ofl i ci a ls wer e to r e
m ai n undi s tur bed Ther e w as n o d anger to Pro
t e s t a n t i s m in Am eric a as there h ad be e n i n Br i
tai n &
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
p y f th e c i r c ul a r l ette r of the E n g l is h
P r ivy C o u c i l t the s e v e ra l C l o n i a l G o v e r o r s
s —W h e r e a s
W IL
A f te r
u r v e r y he a r ty c o m m e d a t i
L I A M a d M A R Y P r i c e d P i c e s o f O a g e h a v e w i th
the c o S t d t the d e s i r e f t h e L d s S p i i t a l a d T e m
l i n P a r l i m e t A s s e m b l e & a t W e t m i t e b ee n p ro
p
f E g l a d Fr
c e a n d I r el a n d
c l a i m e d K i g a d & ee
e a n d D mi
Te i t
s the
u t a p p e rta in i ng
a d of t h
i ly the s a m e u n t
by t
sig
W h a v e th g ht fi t h
y ou
wi t h d i r e c ti on s t h a t wi th t h e C ou n cxl a n d o the r p r i n c i p a l mn
Th e
f ll
o
i
ow ng
n
is
a co
o
n
o
o
,
n
o
n
n
ora
en
an
“
n
e
n
e
rr
o ri
r
n
o
o
s
e i e
n
n i on
o
n
n
r
~
r
n
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or
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z
s
o
n
ou
r n
a
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an
n
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on
ns
,
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u
r
n
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an
,
re
,
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n o
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o
,
28
The R evolu tion in E n gl and was thus h e l d by
h e r s tatesme n as in no w ay a f f e cting h e r C o lon ie s
except in transferri n g th eir a l l e g i a n ce a w mh ou t
th e ir expr e s s e d co n s e nt fr om on e B r i ti s h Sov
B ut wh il e P h ipp s an d Ma th e r
e r e i g n to a n oth e r
ac q ui esced i n this do ctrin e th ey th ough t th e t i m e
h ad com e for a vi gorous e ff or t to b r e a k u p t h e
co n sol id at e d New E n gl an d of th e l ate K i ng
Th e y w e re “ s e c e ssi o n ists
th ey though t m or e
of Mass achusetts th a n o f & n ion and th e y want e d
to d e stroy & n io n E n c ouraged by th e favor of
Mary wh o before s h e l eft Hol l and h ad b e e n
”
“
g ai n e d over to thei r side by th e e m inent
A braham Ki ck of Ro tterdam Ph ipp s an d
Math er on the ei ght e e n th of F e bru ary p t i t i on e d
W i ll iam th at M assach usetts Plym outh R h o d e
“
Isl and a n d Conn e cticut m i gh t b e restore d to
”
“
B u t th e y sai d
th ei r a n c i e nt pr ivi leg e s
nothing about N e w York an d N e w J e rs e y i n
,
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:
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i h bi t t of &V i rg i i & y ou p r c l a i m the i r m os t
ac e d M j e t y
d g t the f m he e i c l s ed &S e e
ac
C l D
ies t e
w i th the s l e m i t i e a d c e e m
i
f the t r m i t
A d we d
q i i t o the l i k e c
t y the i M j e t y s m s t g c i
P
la m ti s i g i
ty i g the i M a j e t y
p l e a e th t l l me b e i g i f fi c e s f
G ve
me t h l l s c t i
e
t i l the M j e ty s fu the r
pl e
e b e k w W d o i l i k e m e r wi l l d e q u i e y o u
f th w i th to
e to b e p roc l i me d a d p b l i he d a l th a t
d e th t the th he e wi th e t b e t a k e n by
y e d g iv e
l l pe
f w h m the o th o f S p e m c y
s
d A l l eg i
ce
m i g h t he et f e h v e b ee r e q i e d a d th t the
i d th s
f A l le g i
e d S p e m c y b e t a id e n d b og ted
wi th i y
me t A d s
&
&
&c
g ve
F m the C
ci l C h a m b e r the l g t h F e b
r y 16 8 8—
9
HA L I FA & C P S
S n a ws n e a r
M A CC L E S F I E L D
Bu n
H C P EL
J B o s c a ws n
W I N C HE S T E R
s
o s i i ms
DE LA M E R B
R l i ow
n
R H M P DEN
Thi d i p t h w
e t t a d te d
i
V i g i ia and i n
Pe
i ;
d it w
ld
el y h v e b ee b e y e d by A n
y lv
d
i f he h d e e i v e & i t C m p e C l D
5 72 5 8 3
5 8 7 5 8 8 6 05
Ch l me
43l 469
A d e o s C ol o i a l
C h ur h
38 1 38 2 ; P e
C ol R e c
340 341
c
“
e rs
s
a nd
n
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o
a
ec
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un o
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s.
cor
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o ca s on
ou
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a
r
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no
s ur
o
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on
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o
or
rson
o
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ou r
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oa
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oun
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on .
a
ar
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an a
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ann
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n
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,
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30
s ui t t h e M as sa c h u s e tts a g ent s
I t s e ttl e d t h e
fa te of A n dro s ; bu t i t show e d t h a t Wi l l ia m
m ea n t to k eep N e w E n gl a n d c o n so l ida te d as
J am e s h ad establish e d th at D om i n io n
A g ene ra l p o p ul ar Ass e m b l y i n N e w E n g l a n d
w as n o t p a l atabl e to th e M assa c hus ett s ag en ts
W h a t th e y w a nte d w as th e r e s t o r a t io n of t h e o ld
s e p a ra te Puri t a n o l i g ar c hy i n t h a t C o l o n y
n o thi n g m or e n oth i n g l e s s A cc ordi n gly on t h e
four teen th of M ar c h M ath e r wa s ag ai n p re s ente d
“
favo ur N e w
to t h e Ki n g whom h e i m pl or e d t o
“ E n gl a n d ”
Thi s W i l l iam r e ad i l y pro m is e d ; bu t
h e k ee n l y r e m ark e d t h e r e h av e b ee n i r r e g ul ar
”
i t i es i n th e i r g ov e r n m ent
At t h e sam e t im e
h e d ec l ar e d th a t A n dros sh ou l d b e r ec all e d a n d
t h a t “ th e p r e s en t K i n g a n d &u ee n sh a l l b e
”
p ro c l ai m e d by t h e ir form e r m agis t ra te s
W h a t W i l l iam r e a l l y m e a nt by th i s p hras e f o r
”
m er m a g istrate s i s n o t cl e ar 5 but i t i s ce r t ai n
th at h e d id n o t m e a n to d ec om p os e hi s pr e
”
’
D o mi n io n of N e w E n gla n d
d e c e s s or s
i nt o i t s
He w as t o o goo d a
form e r s e v e ral i ntege rs
’
s t a te sm a n n o t to ado p t a t o n ce J am e s s r oyal
n o t i o n of C o l o n ial c o n sol i da t i on a n d n o t to m ai n
t a i n t h at id e a whi c h was s o d e mo n s trably a d
va n t a g e o us f o r E n gl a n d e sp ec i al ly w h e n sh e w as
o n th e e v e o f a b i t te r war w i th Fr a n ce Y et
’
W i l l i am s l ar ge Europ e a n p ol i c y w a s not r e
v e al e d t o th e a gen ts of hi s s ubo r d i n ate A m e ri c a n
c o l ony
I n thi s s t at e of dou bt Ph ip p s t h ough t
th a t h e had b e t te r has ten ba c k t o M as s a c h us e tt s
But b e for e h e l e ft L o n do n a m e s s e n g e r fr om
J am e s who was n ow i n I r el a n d te n d e r e d h i m
“
th e g ov e r n m ent of Ne w E n g l a n d i f h e wou l d
”
“
c
c
a ep t it
This I ris h o f fe r by t h e abd i c a te d
”
k i n g Ph ipps wi s e ly d e c li ne d ; a n d s o o n after
w a rds h e s e t s a i l f o r Bosto n c a rryi n g th e P r i vv
’
Co un c i l s d e lay e d dis p at c h e s to A n dr os of n i ne
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31
te e n th
“
of F eb r u ary an d w i th ce r t ai n i n s tru ct i on s
“
from n o ne of t h e l e ast c o n sid e rabl e pe rs o n s at
”
W h i te h al l
O n e o f t h e s e pr iva te i n s t ru o
”
t io n s w as t h a t if t h e pe o pl e of N e w E ngl a n d
di d giv e t h e m t h e t rou bl e t o h a n g Si r E dmu n d
t h e y d e s e rv e d n o e fri en ds
7
C
o l D oc I II
5
8
(
,
,
.
5 88
M
’
a g na lz a ,
I
.
.
.
,
,
,
Aft er th e d ep a rt ur e of Ph i pp s t h e E n gli sh
Pri vy C ou n c il on t h e e igh teen th of A p ril dir ec t e d
S ec r et ary Shr ew sbury t o i n qu ir e wh o w e r e b e st
fi tte d t o b e G ov e r n o r a n d L i e u ten a nt Gov e r n o r of
N ew E n g l a n d Th e s e a p p oi nt m e n t s w e r e t h e
m or e n ece ssary t o b e m ad e a t o nce i n vi e w of
t h e o pe n i n g wa r w i t h Fr a n ce I t was a lso c o n
t e m p l a t e d t o b ri n g t h e s e v e r al p rop r i et ary g ov er n
me n ts i n Am e ri c a u n d e r a n e ar e r d epen d e n ce o n
’
“
th e C r ow n as Hi s M aj e s ty s r e v en u e i n t h e
“
”
Pl a n ta t io n s is v e ry m u c h c o n c e r n e d h e r e i n
’
Thus W i l li am s Whig C ou n s e ll ors i n th e t h ird
mo n th of h is r e i gn advi s e d h i m t o c a r ry o u t
s om e of th e m os t d ec i d e d c ol on i al me asur e s o f
h is p r e d e c e sso r b e c aus e t h o s e m e asur e s w e r e n o w
s e l fi s h l y c o n si d ere d t o b ene fi t E n g la n d
Two hu n dr e d y e a r s ag o n e ws fro m E u rop e
c a me t ardily a n d u ncert ai n ly a c r os s th e A t la n t i c
Th e m on i t o ry l ette r s en t by J a me s t o A n d r e s i n
O cto b e r did no t re a c h B os to n u n ti l t h e fol lowi n g
J a nu ary By t h e sam e v e ss e l M ath e r w ar ne d
“
h i s M as s a c h us et ts fri en ds t o pr e p ar e t h e mi n d s
”
of t h e p e o pl e for a n i ntere s t i n g c ha n g e
Th e
’
Ki n g s lette r w as dis p at c h e d t o M ai ne an d
i n ob e di ence t o i t o n t h e T e n th of J a u u a r y 16 8 9
A ndr e s i s s ue d h is P roc l am a t io n da te d a t F or t
”
Ch a r le s a t P e m a q u z d
f
al
l
o
fi
ce
rs
c ha r gi n
g
’
c i vi l an d mi l i t ary a n d all o t h e r Hi s M aj e s ty s
“
lovi n g subj e ct s withi n th is h is T err i t ory an d
‘D omi n io n afor es aid to b e vi gil a nt a n d c ar e fu l
“
i n th e ir re sp ec tiv e p l ace s an d s t a ti o n s ; an d th a t
,
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-
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’
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f
,
,
32
upo n t h e a p proa c h o f a n y Fl eet or Fo re ig n
For c e th e y b e i n r e adi ne s s a n d us e t h e i r u t mos t
en d e avour t o hi n d er a n y l a n di n g or i n vas io n
“ that m ay b e i n t en d e d t o b e m ad e wi t hi n t h e
“ s am e ”
5 9 45 2 Hi s t M a g
18
al M aw
66
8
V
(
N ov 18 66 144 S up &
A fe w w ee ks aft er wa r ds whi l e Ni c hol s on w as
pu t ti n g N e w Y ork i n a b e tte r c o n d itio n of d e fence
a c o asti n g v e ss e l fro m V i r gi n ia a r r iv e d t h e r e o n
th e fifth o f F e bruary ; a n d A n dri e s G r e ve ra e t h e r
m ast e r c al l e d on t h e L i e uten a nt G o v ern or a t
Fort J am e s wi th ne ws th at t h e P r i nce of O ra n ge
As t o n is h e d t o h e ar i t
h a d l an d e d at Tor b ay
Ni c h o l s o n c om p ar e d W ill i am t o M o n mou t h ;
’
“
p ro p h e si e d t h at th e v ery pr en ti c e boy s of
”
L o n do n wi l l d r iv e h im o u t a g a i ne ; a n d for
bad e th e ne w s t o b e divu l ge d to a n y o n e A
w ee k afte rwards J a c ob Le is l e r a C ap t ai n of o n e
of th e C i ty trai n ba n ds a n d a l arg e i m p o r te r of
for e i gn l i quors r e c e iv e d a c o n fir m a t io n of t h e i h
Th e new s w a s
t e l l i g e n c e by w ay of M ary l a n d
”
“
k ep t p rivat e at firs t by N i c h olso n a n d hi s
“
to h i n d er a n y t umu l t by d i vu l g
C ou n s e l l ors
”
i n g th e sam e s o sudd en ly
B u t o n t h e fir s t o f
”
“
M a r c h 16 8 9
a ful l a cc ou nt of i t w as dis
‘
l
d
r
i
e
pa tc h e d from N e w Yo r k t o A n e s i n M a n fi
’
W h en A n dros re ce iv e d N i c h ol s on s d is p atc h es
fr om N e w Y o r k h e l e ft B rock h o l l s i n c h i e f
c om m a n d a t P e m aq u id a n d h as te n e d t o B ost o n
“
w h i c h h e r e ac h e d abou t t h e l at ter e n d o f
”
A few d ay s
M a rc h 2 ( Col D oc I II 5 8 1
afterw ards on t h e 4th o f April J oh n W i n s l ow
arriv e d a t B os to n fr o m t h e W est In di es , b r i n g
“
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-
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-
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,
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,
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,
,
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.
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,
,
,
le t h a t M r J G P a l f e y t h e mos t rece n t h i s
f
w h o f e q u e t l y q u o t es wh a t h e c a l l s
to i
N w E gl
d
O C ll g ha
D oc m e n t s
a b st
the
s f ro m a n y a l l u s i o n
t o t h i s e r l ies t i t ell i g e n ce rece i ve d i A m er i c a o f t h e l a n d i n g
o f W i ll i m t h e T h i rd i
E g l a d w hi c h i s p r i n t e d i n f u l l i n
t h e N w Yo k C o l o
l D oc u m e n t s I II , 5 9 1 660
It
i s re m
,
r an o
a
a
a
.
n
e
'
“
a rk a b
an
n
r
,
.
n
”
ai n
,
n
n
n
r
r
.
&
u
a
e
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ni a
n
n
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,
33
’
i ng c o p i e s of t h e Pri nce of O r a n ge s Dec l a r ati o n
fro m th e Ha g u e a n d c0n fi r m a ti on of th e pr e vi o us
ne ws o f h i s l a n di n g i n E n gla n d A n dro s r e
qui re d W i n s l ow t o p rodu ce th e Pr i nc e s d e c l a r a
tio n s ; bu t h e r e fu si n g to do s o w as im p ri so ne d
for n o t c ommu n i c ati n g th e s e i mp orta n t pub l i c
do cu m en ts t o t h e G ov er n o r G ener a l of N e w E ng
l an d who ce r t ai n ly h ad a r i gh t to k n ow t h e i r
c o ntent s
Th e i nt ri gu e of Ph i pp s a n d M a th er i n Lon
d o n wh i c h pre v en t e d t h e t ra n smiss i o n t o A n dros
’
of th e Pri nce of O ra n ge s c o n firmatory l etter of
’
th e t w el fth of J a n u ary a n d of th e Pr ivy C ou nc i l s
d i sp a tc h e s of t h e n i nete ent h of F e b r uary n ow p r o
d u ce d its i nten d e d r e sul t
Th a t a c tiv e div i ne
I nc r e a se M ath e r h ad w ri tten h o m e th a t a
”
c h art er wi t h la rger p ow e r fo r M as s ac h u s ett s
wo u l d b e ob t ai ne d fro m J am e s I t w as p l aus ib l y
’
a r gu e d by M a t h e r s c o r r e spo n d ents t h at if fav or
migh t b e e x pe cte d from J a mes m u c h mo r e
w oul d sur e ly c om e fr o m W ill iam Th e s u ccess
o f t h e C alvi n is t i c D ut c h P r i nce b e c am e t h e e ar n
est p r ay er of t h e N e w E n gl an d Pu r i t a ns A l
t h o u gh i t w as we l l u n d e rs t oo d by L oui s a n d
Se ig ne l ay i n Fr a nce t ha t t h e P r o te s t a nt A n dro s
wou ld a t o n ce d ec l a re f or W i lli a m i f h e s ho ul d
b ec o m e t h e Sov ere ig n o f E n g l a n d ( Co l D oc I & ,
403
t h e c h i e f l e ad e r s of Op i n i o n i n M ass a
c h u s e t t s c h o s e to pro n o u n ce o t h erw is e
W h at
t h e y w a n te d t o g et— r ig h t ly o r w r o n gly—w a s a
re stor a t io n of t h e fo rme r s e p a r a te c har te r gov er n
me n t of t h e c ol o n y A c co rd i n gly t h e y r um or e d
t ha t by hi s Fro c l ama t i o n of J a n u a r y to hi n d er th e
”
l an di n g of a n y for e ig n fo rce i n N ew E n gl a n d
A n d r o s h ad m e a nt t o o p pos e t h e c o m m a n d s o f
W i l l i am if h e s houl d b ec o me h i s l awful Sov
e re i g n
Th e B o st o n merc h a nt s w h o h ad s e n t
s upp l i e s to
t h e I n di a n s i n M ai n e , a n d o t h e rs
,
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’
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-
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5
84
whos e i l l i c i t t radi ng h ad b een s t opp e d j o i ne d i n
t h e c o n s p ira c y a g ai n s t t h e G ov e r n o r By t h is
t im e th ere was g r e a t e x c i te m ent i n a n d aro u n d
Bos t o n ; a n d A n dro s w r o te t o B roc k h o l l s at
“
P e m aqu i d o n th e six teent h of Apr il t h at th ere
“
i s a g e n er al bu z z i n g amo n g th e pe o pl e g re at
“
wi th e x pect a t io n o f t h e ir o l d c h art e r or th e y
k n ow n o t wh at ( Ha tch I
B u t t h e m os t
re fl e c t i n g M assa c h us ett s m i n ds sa w t ha t t h e
Am e ri c a n Pl a n ta t i o n s o f E n gl a n d m us t n e c e s s a
ri ly fo l lo w th e fa te o f t h e i r mo t h e r c ou nt ry ; a n d
t h at i t w oul d b e wi s e t o a w ai t th e e v e n t i n th a t
As sw i n gs th e sh i p wi t h t h e t id e so
c ou n t ry
m u st swi ng h e r ya w l S o t h e pr i n c ip al g e nt l e
”
m e n i n B os t o n afte r c o n sul t a t io n ag ree d t h a t
t h ey wou l d if poss ibl e e xti n gui s h a l l e s s ay s i n
”
“
th e pe op l e t owards a n i n su r r ect io n
Y et if a n
“
”
un gov er n e d m o b i le
sho u ld push m a tter s t o
“
”
e x t r e mity th os e p r i n c ip a l g e n tl emen w oul d
th e ms e lv e s h e ad th e m ov e m en t a n d s ec u re a ny
o f fi c ial re wards t h a t m igh t fol l o w i ts s u cce s s
A cc o r di n g l y t h e you n g C o t to n M ath e r d re w up
“
a p rol ix : D e cla r a ti on of th e g e n tle me n me r
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,
,
c h a n ts , a n d
i n h a b i ta n ts
f
o
B os t o n ,
a nd
th e
cou n
”
e xpl a i n i n g t h e i r i nte n d ed re v ol t
a n d th e ir p u r p o s e t o s ec ur e A n dros a n d h is of fi
c e rs
for w h at j u sti c e ord e rs from h is High ne ss
w i t h t h e E n gl ish Parl iam e n t sh a l l dir e c t l e s t
e r e w e ar e a wa re we fi n d ( wh a t we m ay fe a r,
b e i n g on a l l sid e s i n d a n g e r & ours e lv e s t o b e by
“
t h e m g iv e n away t o a F o r e ig n p ow er b e fo re
su c h ord e rs c a n re a c h u nt o u s
M a g n a li a I
17 9 18 0 Hu t ch I 38 1; F or ce ’s T r a cts
“
Th ere w as cert ai n l y n o
For e i g n o we r ”
abl e or l ik el y to dam a g e N e w E n g l a n i n t h e
S p ri n g of 16 8 9 e x ce p t th e Fr enc h C a n adi a n s
a n d th e S avag e s agai n s t w h om A n dr o s h ad b ee n
t h e w h ol e w i nte r en d e av or i n g t o d e fe n d M ai n e
t ry
l
’
a cya c e n t ,
,
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35
”
Th a t h e wou l d h av e g i v e n aw ay N e w E ngl a n d
to L ouis w as n ot b e l ie v e d by L oui s h i m s e lf ;
Y
o l D oc
0
N
C
&
4
3
Bu t t h is absurd
I
(
i n tent w as c h arg e d agai n s t A n d ro s with th e d e
s i g n of r ec o m m en di n g to W i ll i am a C o l o n i a l r e
vo l t h e did n o t d e sir e a n d wh i c h mus t ne c e ssari l y
em barr ass hi s gov e r n m ent Th e t rai n thus c are
ful l y pr e p a re d w a s ad mir ably fi re d It wa s
n oi s e d abou t th a t Bos t o n w as to b e d e s t r oy e d b y
t h e N e w York M oh awks a n d by m i ne s u n d er
th e t ow n : t h a t t h e sol d i er s i n M ai ne w ere al l
po iso n e d w i th r um ; a n d t h a t a Fr enc h fl eet of
t hi r ty s ail w as hov e r i n g on t h e c oas t ; ( P a l
mer
Th e s e a n d o t h e r absurd s t ori e s we r e so
ge n e ra ly c ir c u l ate d t h at i n s ur re c t io n c oul d n o t
b e r e s t r ai ne d O n th e e i gh tee n t h of A p ril t h e
p opul ac e i n a n d arou n d Bo sto n r o s e i n arms
s e i z e d C ap t ai n G e org e o f t h e R oyal friga te
R os e a n d impriso n e d Sh er i ff Sh e r l o c k w i t h
R a n do l ph Fa rew el l a n d oth e r ob n o xious ofli c i a l s
of t h e N e w E ng l a n d gov ern m ent A bou t n oo n
Brads t r ee t t h e l as t G ov ern or of M assa c hus etts
u n d e r i t s c a n ce l le d c h art e r w i t h s e v e ra l o th e r
prom i nent B os t o n c i t i z en s as s e mb l e d i n th e
R oy a l C o un c i l C h am b er a t t h e To w n hous e a n d
’
aft e r C o t to n M ath er s v e rbose decl aratio n h ad been
r e ad fr o m th e bal c o n y th e y n otifi e d A n d r os who
w as t h en at t h e for t to sur re n d er th e go v e r n m ent
t o b e pr e s e rv e d a n d dispos e d a c c ordi n g t o o r d e r
“
a n d dir e ct io n from th e C row n o f E n gl a n d
”
“
w h i c h sudd en ly is e xp ecte d m ay ar r iv e
A
bo a t h ad me a nwh il e b een s en t asho re fr om t h e
R os e fr i g at e t o bri n g of f t h e Gov e r n o r Bu t as
h e w as g oi n g dow n t o e mbark h e w as met by a n
a r m e d p ar ty b e ari n g t h e summo n s fro m t hos e
a ss emb le d at t h e Tow n h ou s e
S u rpr is e d a t t h i s
“
d e m an d f or wh i c h h e k ne w n oe c aus e o r o c c a
”
s i on, A n d ro s w i th se v er al atten d an t s we n t t o
,
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-
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36
m eet i ts si gne rs a t t h e R oya l C ou n c i l Ch am be r
“
ass ed t h i th e r
th e s treet s were full of
A s he
arm e m e n ; y e tt n o n e o ff e r e d h i m or t h os e
“ t h at
w e r e w i th hi m t h e l e as t rud ene ss o r
”
“ i n ivil i t y bu t o n t h e c o n t r ary
us u al r e sp ect
c
A t th e C ou n c i l Ch am b e r wh e r e amo n g t h e
c iv ili a n s fiv e B os to n m i n i s ter s we r e v ery busy
th e Gov ern o r w as ord e r e d by t h e c o n spira t ors t o
b e im p riso ne d a l o n g w i th G rah am W e s t Pal m e r
a n d oth e r subord i n at e s of t h e D om i n i o n B ut t h e
’
m u t i nee rs wh o
b r ok e op e n t h e S ec r et a r y s
’
”
o f fi c e m iss e d fi n d i n g Si r Ed m u n d s pap er s
a n d th e Gre a t S e al of Ne w E n gl a n d s ee ms al s o to
h av e dis appe ar e d at this t i m e ; ( Col D oc III
5 8 2 723 724 ; Hu tch Co ll 5 6 7
A n d n o w t h a t A n dro s w as s afe ly i n j ai l t h e
qu e s t io n ar os e h ow t h e Gov e r n m ent o f th e Do
m i n i o n of N e w E n g l a n d w as to b e l a wfu ll y
admi n i s te r e d Ha d h e su ccee d e d i n h is a tte m p t
t o e mb ark on t h e R os e fri ga te a n d go ne i n h er
t o N e W p or t or N e w Y ork t h e c ours e o f s ub s e
qu ent e v en t s woul d h av e b ee n v ery di ff ere n t
Th e s e at of t h e N e w E n gl a n d G ov ern m ent w ould
h av e b ee n c h an g e d ; but th e g ov e r n m ent i t s e l f
w oul d h av e b ee n m ai n tai n e d Thi s m ad e t h e
M assa c h u s ett s i n su r g e n t s e sp ec i a l ly a n xi o u s t o
’
s e c ur e th e pe rs o n of A n dros & n d er t h e K i n g s
c omm i ss i o n L i e u ten a nt G ov e r n o r Ni c hol s o n w as
t o su c ce e d h is c h i e f o nl y i n c as e of h i s d e a t h or
abs ence from th e T e rri t o ry
Th e Gov er n o r’s
for ce d i n c a p a c i ty h ad n o t b een c o n tem pl a te d
P e rh a p s t h e i m pri s o n m e n t
( Co l D o c I II
o f A n dros i n M assa c h us e tts d i d n o t s tri ct ly e u
t i t l e N i c h ol so n t o a s sum e th e g ov e r n me n t o f
Ye t n e xt t o A n d r e s h e w a s
N e w E ng l a n d
t h e o nl y r e p r e s e n tativ e o f t h e E n gli sh cr o w n
wh o h a d a ny r igh t fr o m t h a t c row n to c h i e f
a u thority i n t h e Dom i n io n C e r t a i n ly , n o m al
.
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“
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38
li am h i s D o m i n io n of N e w E ng la n d—w h i c h
h ad h ardly l as te d e igh t m o n t hs afte r t h e a n ne x
“
—
e
s
a t io n of N e w Yo r k a n d N e w J r ey w as di s
”
“
u n i te d by t h e r e b el l iou s s e c e ssi o n of M assa
Th e n am e wh i c h J am e s t h e Firs t h a d
c h u s e t ts
g iv en surviv e d i n h istory ; bu t t h e c o n so li d at e d
a ct u al N e w E ng la n d o f J am e s t h e S econ d ne v er
mor e e xis te d A n d t hus M assa c h us ett s b e c a me
t h e firs t pra ct i c al e x p o nen t o n th e Am er i c a n
“
of
t h at e xtr eme do c t r i ne of
S t a te
c o nt i nen t
”
“
R igh ts wh i c h afte rwa r ds p r odu ce d so m u c h
“
n at io n al disord e r Th e B o s to n n o t io n of s e
”
“
qui c kly s p r e ad t hroughout t h e o t h er
c e ssio n
N e w E n gl a n d Col o n i e s P l ym ou t h —as W i s wal l
“
—
wrot e t o Hi n c kl e y did n ot l ik e t o t ro t after
”
xxxv
th e B ay ho r s e
M
ass H S
o ll
C
(
Th e r e fore Plymou t h se t up a g a i n h e r o l d Pa tent
gov e rn m en t an d so Plymouth s ece d e d fro m N e w
E n g l a n d R hod e Isl a n d h ad n o sym pa t hy w i t h
th e pe rs ecut o r s o f A nne Hutc hi n so n a n d R og e r
W i l li am s wh o h ad n ow imp r i so ne d A n dr os ; y et
to avoid a n ar c hy sh e re p l a c e d h e r form er m agi s
t ra te s u n de r h er c h ar te r ; a n d so R h od e I sl a n d
s e ce d e d C o nne c t i c u t—whi c h h a d adro i t ly c o
u e t te d wi t h bo t h M as sa c hus ett s a n d N ew Y o r k
q
a n d did n o t w ish t o b e gov erne d by e i t h er
boldly r e s u m e d h e r c h a rter g ov e r n m ent ; an d
s ece s sio n was t riu mp h ant B e for e t h e sum me r
“
”
of 16 8 9 N e w E n gl an d wa s o nce mor e res ol v e d
i nt o h e r s e v er a l c o n stitu ent C ol o n i e s
W h a t h ap pene d i n N e w Yo rk afte r t h e d e p o
i t iou of A n dros m ay p e rh ap s b e d et ail e d o n
som e futur e o c c asio n
I t o n ly r e mai n s t o b e ob se rve d a t t h i s t i me
t h at wha t i s ofte n c all e d t h e “ R e vol uti on i n N e w
“ E n la
”
i n t h e s p ri n g o f 16 8 9 c a n n o t b e
g nd
j ustifi e d o n th e g rou n ds m ai n t ai ne d by t h e E u
g l i sh n atio n w h i c h afte r t h e ab d i c a t io n of
,
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e
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39
J am es m ad e W ill iam a n d M ary i t s Ki n g a n d
E ng l an d as a n a t i o n h ad a l l t h e a t tr i
&u een
bu te s of Sov ere i g nty a n d wha t t h a t n a t i o n did
r e qui re d n o c o n firm a t io n el s e wh e r e
O n th e
o th e r h an d N e w E ng la n d w as a C olo n ial d e
pen d enc y of th e M oth er C ou nt ry bou n d t o fol l o w
“
t h e fate of t ha t c ou n t ry as l o n g as th e D o m i n
”
i on
was d e p en d e n t I n n o ne of t h e mu t i n ous
mo v e m e nt s i n tha t D omi n i o n w as t h e r e a n y
t h oug h t of m aki ng a n y o ne o f its c o n sti t u ent c o l
o u i e s i n d ep en d en t o f E n g l a n d On t h e c o n t rary
t h e for e m os t i n surg ent s i n M ass a c h u s e tts m o s t
l oud l y p r o te s te d th e i r s ubj ect io n t o E n glish a o
“
th e C r ow n of E n
th or i ty a n d t h e i r l oy a lty to
”
“
gl a nd
Th i s wa s pr e c is el y t h e d o c tr i n e of
th e ir G ov e r n or G ener a l who m by i mpris o n i n g
t h ey p re v e n te d fro m e x e c u t i n g th e o r d e rs s ent
hi m by that C ro w n I f t h e y h ad m e a nt t o d e
t h e m s el v e s i n d e p e n d ent of t h e M o th er
c l ar e
C ou n t ry t h e M assa c hus et ts m uti nee rs agai n s t
A n d r os h ad a p e rfe c t ri gh t t o re vol t from E u
gl a n d ; a n d h istory w ould h av e ap p l aud e d th e i r
r e b el l io n Th e y m i gh t h av e fai l e d i n t h e i r a t
t e mp t a t t h a t t im e y et a t a n y r ate t h e y wo ul d
’
h av e tri e d t o vi n di c ate th e p ri n c ipl e of m a n s
r ight t o s el f gov ern m ent
B ut t h is gra n d id e a
was n o t t h e B os t o n n o t io n of 168 9 Th a t not i o n
w as t o swi n g M ass a c h u s ett s b a c k ag ai n t o h e r
for me r c o n ditio n of a n E n g l ish co rpora t i o n s o
t h at h er Puri t a n mi n is te r s m i ght c o nt r o l a co l
o l igar c hy whi c h w oul d a m o n g o t h e r
on i a l
t hi n gs e vad e th e e x e c utio n of t h e E n gl is h n av i
g at i e n l aws Th i s w a s n o t a c o n sist ent p osi t i o n
f or a su bordi n a te loud l y l oy al E n glish c olo n y t o
a ssum e Y et i t was th e a t t i tud e i n whi c h M as
s a ch u s e tt s p l a c e d h er s e lf ; u n su cce ssful l y i n r e
g ar d t o m ost of h e r i n ten d e d obj ect s Th e r e c an
b e no j ust co mp a r i s o n of h e r s el fish co l o n i al ma
,
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ti n y ag ai n s t h er Ki n g s subord i n a te G o v e r n o r i n
16 8 9 with h e r g ra n d c o l o n ia l re v o l t agai n s t h e r
Ki ng h i m s e l f i n 17 76 Th e o ne w as a doubl e
d e a h n g i n s urr e c t i o n of av ow e d E n gli s h s ubj ec ts
t h e oth e r w as a d e fia nt r e b e l lio n of Am e r i c an
fr ee m e n wh o boldly ren ou n c e d th e ir al l e g i a nce
to E n gla n d
B ut h istory tel l s us th a t t h e r e w as a t l e a s t
o n e c ommo n c aus e of c ol on i al gri e f i n both th e s e
ep o c h s Th e Opp r e ssiv e n avi g a t io n l aws of E u
g l a n d whi c h w ere m e a n t to c ri p pl e al l col o n i al
c om m erce h ad m u c h t o d o w ith th e d e p osi tio n
A n d h ere l et m e
a n d impriso n m ent o f A n d ros
s ay th at thos e l aws surv iv e d u nt il t h e s pri n g of
18 49 wh en t h e y w e r e fi n al l y abo l ish e d by th e
Br iti sh Par l iam ent mai n ly t h r oug h th e p er
so n a l i n fl u enc e a n d e x e rtio n s of t ha t e m i nent
Am er i c a n Hi s tori a n n o w a n ofli ce r o f t h is So c i e
ty w h o th en so admi r a b l y r e pr e s e n te d h is c ou n
try i n E n gl a n d I r epe a t th a t t h o se E n gl is h
n avi g ati o n laws h ad m u c h t o d o wi t h t h e N ew
E ng l a n d i n surr e c tio n of 16 8 9 as t h e y h ad m u c h
t o d o wi th t h e Am e ri c a n Re vo l u t io n o f 17 76
”
From th e c omm o n gao l e i n B os t o n on t h e
t w enty n i n t h o f M ay 168 9 R a n dolph t h e i m
p ri so ne d S ec r e tary of t h e Do m i n io n t h u s w ro te
to th e P l a nt a t io n C o m mi ttee a t L o n d o n :
MY
L on n s
No twi t h s ta n di n g a ll th e pr eten si ons
“
o f g ri e v a nce s m en t io ne d i n t h e i r p ap e rs
an d
“
c ri e s o f op p r e s s i o n i n t h e G ov ern or ’s p r o cee d
i u g s i t i s n ot th e p er so n of S ir Edm u n d A n
dr e s but t h e gov e r n m e n t i t s el f th e y d e si g n t o
h av e re m ov e d th at th e y m ay fr ee ly t r a d e ” ( Col
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Capitol Cloakroom: CBS radio interview show on Taft

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www.genesisuk.org 0161 291 4400

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Overfishing is a myth Toxic green slime of lies