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Data Structure Introduction
Dr. Bernard Chen Ph.D.
University of Central Arkansas
Spring 2009
Software Development
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Hardware: actual physical components
(such as CPU, memory, hard drive…)
Software: refers to programs used to
control the operation of the hardware.
Software Development Phases
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Problem Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding
Testing, Execution, and Debugging
Maintenance
Software Development Model
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One of the earliest strategies for
development software is known as the
Waterfall Model
Waterfall Model
Realistic Waterfall Model
Software Development Phases
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Problem Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding
Testing, Execution, and Debugging
Maintenance
Problem Analysis and
Specification
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Problem Analysis and
Specification: The problem is
analyzed and a specification for the
problem is formulated
For example: if we obtain a job request
looks like:
Task Example
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Because of new government
regulations, we must keep more
accurate record of all students currently
receiving financial aid and submit
regular report to FFAO (Federal
Financial Aid Office). Could we get the
computer to do this for us???
Task Analysis
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Purpose
Pre-condition (input): describe the
state of processing before the program
is executed
Post-condition (output): describe
the state of processing after the
program is executed
Software Development Phases
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Problem Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding
Testing, Execution, and Debugging
Maintenance
Design
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Design: A plan for solving the problem
is formulated
Various design methods have been
developed, two of major designs we
describe here: top-down design and
object-oriented design
Top-down design
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1.
2.
3.
The original problem is partitioned into
simpler sub-problems
For example, the problem we just had
can be obviously divided into:
Get the student records
Process the records
Prepare the reports
One level partition
Two level partition
Three level partition
OOD:Object-Oriented Design
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Identify the objects in
the problem's
specification and their
types.
Identify the
operations or tasks to
manipulate the objects
Program=Algorithm + Data Structure
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Algorithm: “a step by step procedure
for solving a problem or accomplishing
some end”
In computer science, algorithm must
be:
1.
2.
3.
Definite, unambiguous
Simple
Finite
Software Development Phases
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Problem Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding
Testing, Execution, and Debugging
Maintenance
Coding
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1.
2.
3.
There’s not much we can talk in coding, you
all know what it is. After you select the
language, three major principles you need
to follow:
Programs and Subprograms should be well
structured
All source code should be documented
It should be formatted in a style that
enhances its readability
Software Development Phases
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Problem Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding
Testing, Execution, and Debugging
Maintenance
Testing, Execution, and
Debugging
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1.
2.
3.
Errors happen all the time!!!
There are three different points at
which errors can be introduced:
Syntax errors
Run-time errors
Logic errors
The "V" Life Cycle Model
Two major types of testing
Black box testing:
Outputs produced for various inputs
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Checked for correctness
Do not consider structure of program
component itself.
(so basically, it just test a lot of different
inputs and match with the expected
outputs )
Two major types of testing
White box testing:
examine code’s internal structure
(Test for every loop, if statement,
functions…)
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Test data is carefully selected
Software Development Phases
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Problem Analysis and Specification
Design
Coding
Testing, Execution, and Debugging
Maintenance
Maintenance
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After the software has
been used for several
years, they will require
modifications
Studies show that a
higher percentage of
computing budgets and
programmer time are
devoted to software
maintenance
1970s
35-40%
1980s
40-60%
1990s
70-80%
2000s
80-90%
Chapter 1
Arrays, Pointers, and Structures
Dr. Bernard Chen Ph.D.
University of Central Arkansas
Spring 2009
Outline
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Arrays (first-class arrays, using vector)
Strings (using string)
Pointers
Dynamic allocation
Reference variables and parameter
passing mechanisms
Structures
1.1 What are Arrays, Pointers,
and Structures?
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Aggregate: collection of objects stored in
one unit
Arrays: indexed collections of identical-type
objects. (aggregate)
Pointers: objects are used to access other
objects.
Structures: collections of objects that need
not be of the same type. (aggregate)
1.2 Arrays and Strings
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Arrays: indexed collections of identical-type
objects.
Array always start on 0
Arrays can be used in two different ways:
primitive arrays and vectors.
Vectors vs. Primitive Arrays
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Vector has variable size and supports many
manipulation functions
Primitive Array has fixed size, and support only a
few of manipulation functions.
Vectors
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#include <vector>
Declaration: vector<type>
identifiers(size);
Example: vector<int> a(3);
Vector can be indexed as an array, using [ ]
Vectors
Vector member functions:
vector<int> v(10);
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v.at()
v.size()
v.front()
v.back()
v.clear()
v.empty()
v.resize( val )
v.pop_back()
v.push_back( val )
v.capacity()
// equal to v[ ]
// return the number of elements in v
// return the first element in v
// return the last element in v
// delete all the element in v
// return 1 if v is empty; else return 0
// change size of v to val
// remove the last element in v
// appends val to the end of v
// return the number of element that
vector can hold before it will need to
allocate more space
How to do Vector’s resize
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Example:
vector<int> arr(10);
arr.resize(12);
Vector example
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> aa(3);
cout<<"Hellow World!!!!!!!"<<endl;
aa[0]=0;
aa[1]=1;
aa[2]=2;
for(int i=0; i<aa.size(); i++)
cout<<aa[i]<<endl;
}
char myLine[100];
cin.getline(myLine,100);
Strings
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#include<string>
string s=“Hello World!”;
Int size=s.length();
cout<< s[4] <<endl;
// result:“o”
cout<< s <<endl;
s.c_str() returns a ‘\0’ terminated primitive
character array.
+, +=: concatenation

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