6 - 標準アラビア語 (Standard Arabic (SA))：一致の非対称データ (1) a

関西言語学会第 39 回大会 (2014/06/15) 標準アラビア語における一致の非対称
標準アラビア語 (Standard Arabic (SA))：一致の非対称データ
(1) a. ʔal-bint-āni
qadim-atā.
the-girl-Nom.D
b.
qadim-at
came-3FD
al-bint-āni.1
came-3FS the-girl-Nom.D
‘The two girls came.’
(2) a. hum qaraʔ-ū
(Harbert and Bahloul (2002: 45))
d-dars-a.
b. qaraʔ-ū
they read-3MP the-lesson-Acc
hum-u d-dars-a.
read-3MP they
the-lesson-Acc
‘They read the lesson.’
(Soltan (2006: 248))
wa ʔal-walad-u] ḵaraj-ā.
(3) a. [ʔal-bint-u
the-girl-Nom and the-boy-Nom left-3MD
‘The girl and the boy left.’
b. qaraʔ-at
[l-banāt-u
(Harbert and Bahloul (2002: 50))
(Harbert and Bahloul (2002: 50))
wa l-ʔawlād-u]
kitāb-an
read-3FS the-girls-Nom and the-boys-Nom book-Acc
‘The girls and the boys read a book.’
(Mohammad (2000: 113))
The Government Agreement Constraint
(7)
Only those features which originate on the Base of a Projection System are evaluated
for agreement under government.
(Bahloul and Harbert (1993: 22))
Agree の起こり方
(14) a.
b.
c.
1
Feature checking, then, resolves to pairs of heads <H, H’>.
(Chomsky (2004: 113))
[T]hey (=uninterpretable features) must be valued at the phase level where they are
transferred.
(Chomsky (2007: 19))
“[T]races” (technically, lower copies) are invisible.
(Chomsky (2008: 150))
いわゆる 3 人称は「人称なし(nonperson)」であり，動詞の 3 人称屈折形はデフォルト形であると見なす(cf.
Benveniste (1966), Harbert and Bahloul (2002))。
-6-
Relativized Agree (modified from Kobayashi (2014))
Given initial heads α and β with matching features,
(16)
a.
if one c-commands the other, Agree takes place between them.
b.
if neither c-commands the other, a label γ that dominates α and contains the feature(s) of
α serves as a probe for β (probe extension).
代名詞 = φP の証拠: (19)  述語になれる； (20)  束縛変項になれる
(19) a.
hāḏā
huwa.
this
he
b.
hiya.
you(FS) she
‘This is he.’
(20)
ʔanti
‘You are she’
(Walkow (2010), (15))
ʔa-ḵāf-u
ʔana wa [kull-u
zamīl-in
1S-fear
I
colleague-Gen.Ind for-me]1 C
and [every-Nom
ʔa-tanāfis-a
ʔana
1S-compete-Subj I
wa huwa1 ᶜalā nafs-i
and he1
ʔan
l-ī]1
l-waẓāʔif-i.
for same-Gen the-jobs-Gen
‘I and every colleague of mine are afraid that I and he will be competing for the same job.’
(Walkow (2010), (16))
N に付加する拘束形態素: Def-N-Gender.Number-Unposs/Indef
(22) a.
ʔal-mucallim-āt
c.
the-teacher-FP
b.
mucallim-āt-u-n
ʔal-mucallim-ū-na
the-teacher-P.Nom-Unposs
d.
the-teacher-FP-Nom-Indef
mucallim-ū
l-madrasat-i
teacher-P.Nom
the-school-Gen
(Kremers (2003: 48, 51, 49))
c-command 定義
(24) a.
b.
X c-commands Y iff X and Y are categories and X excludes Y and every category that
dominates X dominates Y.
(Kayne (1994: 18))
α excludes β if no segment of α dominates β.
(Chomsky (1986: 9))
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アイスランド語： Vb-T は下位の主格 DP と数一致
(32)
Mér
finnast tölvurnar
ljótar.
me.Dat
find.P
ugly.Nom
the.computers.Nom
‘I find the computers ugly.’
(Holmberg and Hróarsdóttir (2003: 999))
アイスランド語：定冠詞があらわれると， [A+N] がその前の位置を占める
(33) a.
allar
þrjár [frægar greiningar] [á
máli-nu]
all
three
problem-the
famous analyses
of
‘all three famous analyses of the problem’
b.
allar
all
[frægu
greiningar-nar] þrjár [á
famous analyses-the
three of
‘all the three famous analyses of the problem’
máli-nu]2
problem-the
(Norris (2011: 102))
謝辞
本発表にあたり，岩倉國浩先生，縄田裕之先生，小原真子先生に貴重なご助言をいただいた。なお，アラビア
語データのローマ字表記やハイフネーション，グロスの付け方は論文ごとに異なるが，本発表では表記を統一
した。その際，藤井章吾先生（大阪大学）に大変お世話になった。記して感謝したい。
引用文献
Adger, David (2013) A syntax of substance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press./ Aoun, Joseph E., Elabbas
Benmamoun and Lina Choueiri (2010) The syntax of Arabic. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press./ Aoun, Joseph, Elabbas Benmamoun and Dominique Sportiche (1994) Agreement, word order,
and conjunction in some varieties of Arabic. Linguistic Inquiry 25: 195-220./ Bahloul, Maher and
Wayne Harbert (1993) Agreement asymmetries in Arabic. WCCFL 11: 15-31./ Benveniste, Émile
(1966) Problèmes de linguistique générale I. Paris: Gallimard./ Chomsky, Noam (1986) Barriers.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press./ Chomsky, Noam (2004) Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Adriana
Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures, vol. 3, 104-131.
Oxford: Oxford University Press./ Chomsky, Noam (2007) Approaching UG from below. In Uli
Sauerland and Hans-Martin Gärtner (eds.), Interfaces + recursion = language?: Chomsky’s
2
Adger (2013) によると，言語普遍的に PP 内項は [AP + N] 構成素よりも外の位置を占める。本発表では，何
らかの理由により PP が義務的に外置されると考える。
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minimalism and the view from syntax-semantics, 1-29. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter./ Chomsky, Noam
(2008) On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos P. Otero and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.),
Foundational issues in linguistic theory: Essays in honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133-166.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press./ Cole, Peter, Gabriella Hermon and Li-May Sung (1993) Feature
percolation. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2: 91-118./ Déchaine, Rose-Marie and Martina
Wiltschko (2002) Decomposing pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 33: 409-442./ Harbert, Wayne and
Maher Bahloul (2002) Postverbal subjects in Arabic and the theory of agreement. In Jamal Ouhalla
and Ur Shlonsky (eds.), Themes in Arabic and Hebrew syntax, 45-70. Dordrecht: Kluwer./ Holmberg,
Anders and Thorbjörg Hróarsdóttir (2003) Agreement and movement in Icelandic raising
constructions. Lingua 113: 997-1019./ Kayne, Richard S. (1994) The antisymmetry of syntax.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press./ Kobayashi, Akiko (2014) Subject as a probe. JELS 31: 305-311./
Kremers, Joost Merijn (2003) The Arabic noun phrase: A minimalist approach. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Nijmegen./ Lieber, Rochelle (1989) On percolation. Yearbook of Morphology 2:
95-138./ Mohammad, Mohammad A. (2000) Word order, agreement and pronominalization in
Standard and Palestinian Arabic. Amsterdam: John Benjamins./ Norris, Mark (2011) Extraposition
and definiteness effects in Icelandic DPs. Morphology at Santa Cruz: Papers in honor of Jorge
Hankamer, 97-121. University of California Santa Cruz./ Ritter, Elizabeth (1992) Cross-linguistic
evidence for Number Phrase. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 37: 197-218./ Soltan, Usama (2006)
Standard Arabic subject-verb agreement asymmetry revisited in an Agree-based minimalist syntax.
In Cedric Boeckx (ed.), Agreement systems, 239-265. Amsterdam: John Benjamins./ Thráinsson,
Höskuldur (2007) The syntax of Icelandic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press./ Walkow,
Martin (2010) Locality of agreement in syntax and PF: Subject verb agreement asymmetries in
Modern Standard Arabic. A handout presented at Sound, Structure, Meaning: Explorations at the
Interface (GLS 2010), February 12-14.
発表者連絡先
[email protected]
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