Biodiversity

Too many bodies
to be connected!
Different ecosystems
(Terrestrial, Freshwater, Marine)
Different spatial scales
(Country-Regions-Global)
Different scientific methods/techniques
(Census, Satellite Remote sensing, DNA, StableIsotopes)
Different scientific fields
(Biodiversity, Material/Water cycles Climate, Human activities)
Different objectives and disciplines
(Academic-Conservation, Science-Policy)
International Programs on Biodiversity
and their Spatial scales
Satellite observation
GEOBON
IPCC
Global
1000km
NPP/Biomass/C-Flux
気候-生態系
相互作用
Climate
100km
10km
人間-生態系
相互作用
Community Dynamics/
Population
100m
Ecosystem Function
etc.
1km LULC/
10m
1m
10cm
物質/水循環
Micro-climate
/Hydrology
IPBES
Species Distribution
1cm
IHDP
Human
Impacts
DIVERSITAS
In situ observation
Ecosystem/
Biodiversity
Future Earth
IGBP
WCRP
Physical conditions/
Material cycle
Biological phenomena and Observation method/techniques in terrestrial
ecosystems at various spatio/temporal scales.
Biome
Migration
1000km
100km
Climate
Vegetation
10km
MODIS
100m
10m
Habitat
BD at Ecosystem level：RS
Topograpghy
Foraging
behaviour
Spatial sale
1km
調査区での直接観測では、観測
できなかった植生より大きいス
ケールの現象が、衛星観測により、
その時間断面は観測できるように
なった。
ALOS
QuickBird
Woody plant
1m
Micro topography
Harbaceous plant
0.1m
BD at Species level HiRes RS in situ Obs.
Leaf
1cm
Big Anima’s habitat rangel
BD at Genetic level indirect methods
0.1cm
1時間
1日
Plant
1ヶ月
1年
10年
Time scale
100年 1000年
Direct Obs.
InDirect Obs.
10000年
（石井和田2008より改変）
In case BD info and tech are rich
Models for estimation
Spatial Inter/extrapolation
ALOS/AVNIR2
etc..
LANDSAT, MODIS
etc..
1000km
Satellite observation
100km
Biodiversity distribution
10km
1km
NDVI
100m
10m
1m
10cm
1cm
Object/
Texture
LAI/
Biomass
Vegetation Vegetation
structure
type
Vegetation/
Ecosystem
Function
Potential
Animal
habitat
Vegetation
Animal
type/structure species distribution
In situ observation
In case BD info and tech are poor
LANDSAT, MODIS
etc..(無償データ)
Satellite observation
1000km
Models for estimation
2. Lack of High-Res
remotesensing data
Spatial Inter/extrapolation
100km
10km
1km
100m
Model from otherNDVI
regions
10m
LAI/
Biomass
Vegetation
type
1m
10cm
1cm
1.
Vegetation
/
Ecosystem
Function
Low reliability
Biodiversity
distribution
Model from
other regions
Potential
Animal
habitat
Vegetation
Animal
type
species distribution
Lack of Information ground truth
3.
Lack of Vegetation/Habitat information
In situ observation
Potential reference sites for the calibration of remote sensing
analysis in Japan and Asia-Pacific region
Long-term plot >1ha
（Ishii AP-BON Book）
JaLTER,
JapanFlux
cooperation
49 sites
25 sites
* Common sites: Fuji, Teshio, Takayama,
Kiryu
Some Suggestions about inter-community collaboration of
Satellite remote sensing and in situ observation networks from JAXA-EORC
Making HQ LU/LC maps and Thematic maps
They provide with Satellite images,
We provide ground truth for supervision/validation
Developing Supersites with intensive in situ information and satellite observation
We discuss with researchers of different disciplines where to concentrate the monitoring resources,
They shoot the sites with with relevant sensors/satellites at high frequency
Developing Novel sensors/satellites
We tell them what wavelength/resolutions are needed, they try to develop new sensors/satellites
Demand for local BD data from SRS community is not unique
To develop Analyzing methods, they want various kind of data for “Trial & Error”
To monitor the long term trends of BD changes at larger spatial scales,
they need essential values for plots as much as possible
Making datasets is one thing and maintaining them is another
Former is quite suitable job for Biologists but Latter is not always so
Biologists/Ecologists are not always making data in sake of sharing their data
To enhance data sharing, we need to remove the barriers:
1. To those who are willing to share
2. To those who are not sharing the motivations to share
GEO-BON
EBV
BD data
EBV
EBV
BD data
EBV
EBV
BD
data
EBV
Too many bodies
to be connected!
Different ecosystems
Different country/regions/spatial scales
Different scientific methods
Different scientific fields
Different objectives and disciplines
Future Earth)
Observation
Biodiversity and Ecosystem issues with different disciplines
National
（Japan case）
Asia-Pacific
Global
Estimation of Factors
Causation of BD change
Quantitative prediction
Assessment
Research
Future Earth
IPCC IPBES
Human
Activity
Environment
al change
Providing scientific basis
Spatio-Temporally
diverse environmental
parameteres
UNFCCC CBD
UNCCD（砂漠化）
Policy
GEOSS
Observation
J-BON members are playing roles in all of these program
Research Core Projects
Fast Track Initiatives
AIMES
eco
SERVIC
ES
GMBA
IMBER
PECS
Arctic
STAR
Exploring
Nitrogen
Extreme
Events
Global
Biodiversity
bio
DISCOV
ERY
ESG
GWSP
IRG
SOLAS
MODELS
(Earth
System &
Socioeconomic
Liveable
URBAN
Futures
IPBES
Science
Support
Nexus
Governa
nce
bio
GENESI
S
GCP
IGAC
UGEC
CCAFS
GECHH
iHOPE
MAIRS
eco
HEALT
H
GLP
iLEAPS
PAGES
LOICZ/
Future
(Earth)
Coast
Seeds of a
good
Anthropoc
ene
International bodies for biodiversity
Science
1990
Policy
DIVERSITAS-I
Society
CBD
GBIF
2000
MA
DIVERSITAS-II
GEOSS
MDG
GBO
IMoSEB
TEEB
GEO BON
2010
IPBES
Future Earth
GEOSS II
NCC
IW
SDG s
Biodiversity and Ecosystem issues with different disciplines
Global
GEOSSAP
Asia-Pacific
National
（Japan case）
j-bon
For issue of Climate change 気候変動では
global environmental issues are various…
Biodiversity of one of the Societal Benefit Areas of GEOSS
I focus on these
Climate System
Social System
Ecosystem/Biodiversity
地球環境変化研究プログラムから
世界気候研究計画
GEWEX
へ
Future Earth
生物多様性国際共同研究計画
地球システム科学
パートナーシップ
2006
地球圏生物圏
国際共同研究計画
地球環境変化の人間的側面
に関する国際共同研究計画
ICSU/ISSCや
国連機関、各国
funding機関からの
強い提言
日本が取り組むべき具体的研究課題
possible prioritized researches (being discussed at SCJ)
これまでの日本の実績と強みを最大限に活かしつつ、国際的に推
進すべき研究課題:
① 長期的視野に立った地球環境の持続性を支える技術・制度の策定
② 持続可能なアジアの都市および生活圏の構築
③ エネルギー・水・食料連環（ネクサス）問題の同時的解決
④ 生態系サービス*の保全と人類の生存基盤の確保
⑤ 多発・集中する自然災害への対応と減災社会を見据えた世界ビジ
ョンの策定
*
生物多様性を背景とする自然資源（森林・水産資源、遺伝資源など）や生態系が持
つ気候調節や水源涵養、災害防止などの調節機能やエコツーリズムなど、生態系が有す
る人類への多様な利便性やアメニティの総称
Biodiversity and Ecosystem issues with different disciplines
National
（Japan case）
Asia-Pacific
Global
環境変動要因の推定と因果関係・
定量的予測
Assessment
環境変動の把握
複数因子の時空間分布変動
パターン
日本は研究者レベルでは一体化
している
UNFCCC CBD
UNCCD（砂漠化）
Policy
人間
活動
Future Earth
IPCC IPBES
国際的な取り組みに科学的根
拠を与える
Research
GEOSS
Observation
８つの大きな課題 ( eight challenges)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
すべての人に水、エネルギー、食料を提供
脱炭素化し、気候を安定化
陸上・淡水・海洋資源を保護
健全で生産的な都市を構築、災害に強い
サービスとインフラを提供
持続可能な農村開発を促進
環境変化の下での人々の健康を保護
公正で持続可能な消費と生産を促進
社会的な回復力を高め、持続可能性への
転換を促進できる制度を構築
さらに新たな知識共同体連携の場の構築へ
プロジェクト間のネットワーク化や新規萌芽的プロジェクトの支援、
Knowledge
Action Network(KAN)：知と実践のネットワーク
Future Earth外の類似研究枠組みとの連携を担うプラットフォーム
Themes Dynamic Planet
Challenges
1. Water, food, energy for all
水・食・エネルギーの保障
2. Decarbonise socioeconomic systems
低炭素社会化
3. Safeguard natural assets
Sustainable
Development
Transformations to
Sustainability
Food and the nexus
Future Oceans
Natural assets
自然資本の保全
4. Build healthy, resilient cities
健康で強靭な都市をめざす
5. Sustainable rural futures
持続可能な農山漁村の維持
Future cities
Future health
Transformations
6. Improve human health under GEC
地球環境変化の下での人類の健康
7. Sustainable consumption and prod’n
持続可能な生産と消費システム
8. Social resilience to future threats
将来の脅威に対する社会の弾力性
Disaster risk reduction & sustainability
災害リスク軽減と持続可能社会
SDGs
Organized structure
Space Agency（JAXA, NASA, etc..)
Needs/Ground information
Projects using Remote sensingrequests
S9-3 Forest
S9-5 Ocean
Integra
tionWG
JAXA 高解像度土地利用土地被覆図プロジェクト
(2006-)
http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/lulc/lulc_jindex.htm
RS-WG
DB(domestic)
Website
Meetings
etc.
Satellite/Data
requests
JAXA, NASA他
衛星関連プロ
ジェクト
External I/O
ForestWG
MarineWG
J-BON
インターネット
自然研究所
ASIA/World
GCOM土地被覆分類
SITE情報データベース
http://helios.doshisha.ac.jp/
~tenco/PHP/search.php
Photograph Database
地上観測・センサーネットワーク
In situ Observation/Sensor NW
JAXA's satellite data contents which support biodiversity assessment
Solar radiation
map
Forest/non-forest
map
Forest height map
m
Rainfall map
(GSMaP)
Motohka et al. (2014)
Landcover map
Sea ice map
Potential reference sites for the calibration of remote sensing
analysis in Japan and Asia-Pacific region
Long-term plot >1ha
（Ishii AP-BON Book）
Estimation of Factors
Causation of BD change
Quantitative prediction
Assessment
Future
Earth
IPCC IPBES
Human
Activity
Environmen
tal change
Providing scientific
basis
Spatio-Temporally
diverse environmental
parameteres
UNFCCC CBD
UNCCD（砂漠化）
Policy
Research
GEOSS
Observation
J-BON members are playing roles in all of these program
Biodiversity and Ecosystem issues with different disciplines
National
（Japan case）
Asia-Pacific
Global
Biodiversity and Ecosystem issues
National
（Japan case）
Asia-Pacific
Global

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