目次はじめに第Ⅰ部リブレソフトウェアとは何か第1章持続可能なソフトウェア開発················································································· 23 1.1 なぜソフトウェアの自由が必要なのか ········································································· 24 1.1.1 リブレソフトウェアとは·································································································· 24 (1) 公開型ソフトウェア ·········································································································· 24 (2) リブレソフトウェアの「リブレ」が意味するもの ····················································· 26 1.1.2 リブレソフトウェアの特徴······························································································ 26 (1) 自由を求めるソフトウェア······························································································ 26 1.1.3 世の中にはびこる誤解······································································································ 27 (1) フリー(自由)とフリー(無料) ························································································· 27 (2) ソースが公開されていれば十分か ················································································· 28 (3) フリーソフトウェアと社会主義 ····················································································· 28 1.1.4 誰もが参加できる開発体制······························································································ 29 (1) ソフトウェアの性能向上·································································································· 29 (2) バリエーションの確保······································································································ 29 1.1.5 持続可能な開発体制の実現······························································································ 29 1.2 ソフトウェア科学の発展·································································································· 31 1.2.1 成果の積み重ね ·················································································································· 31 (1) 情報交換の有用性 ·············································································································· 31 (2) 車輪の再発明 ······················································································································ 31 1.2.2 ソフトウェア部品化の幻想？ ························································································· 33 (1) ライブラリ化 ······················································································································ 33 (2) 情報公開とライブラリの維持管理 ················································································· 34 7 第2章フリーソフトウェアとオープンソースソフトウェア·································· 35 2.1 フリーソフトウェア運動·································································································· 36 2.1.1 フリーソフトウェアの概念······························································································ 36 (1) フリーソフトウェアの起源······························································································ 36 (2) Linux との邂逅 ·················································································································· 37 (3) ソフトウェア開発の自由·································································································· 37 2.1.2 コピーレフト ······················································································································ 38 (1) 時代遅れの著作権？ ·········································································································· 38 (2) GNU プロジェクトの著作権戦略 ··················································································· 39 2.2 オープンソースソフトウェア ························································································· 40 2.2.1 OSI(Open Source Initiative) ························································································ 40 2.2.2 オープンソースソフトウェアの条件 ············································································· 41 (1) OSD の要点 ························································································································ 42 (2) 配布に関する配慮 ·············································································································· 43 2.2.3 オープンソースの抱える課題 ························································································· 44 (1) 言葉の紛らわしさ ·············································································································· 44 (2) 不利益が曖昧 ······················································································································ 45 2.3 ライセンス ·························································································································· 45 2.3.1 GPL とオープンソースライセンス ················································································ 45 (1) GPL と LGPL ···················································································································· 46 (2) GPL 互換ライセンス ········································································································ 47 (3) オープンソースライセンス······························································································ 47 2.3.2 ライセンスをめぐる問題·································································································· 48 (1) ライセンスの有効性 ·········································································································· 48 (2) 特許と著作権，その他の知的財産権 ············································································· 49 第3章リブレソフトウェアを取り巻く現状 ·································································· 51 3.1 リブレソフトウェア・ビジネス ····················································································· 52 3.1.1 ビジネスモデル ·················································································································· 52 (1) リブレソフトウェア OS のディストリビューション ················································· 52 (2) 商用ソフトウェアとの組み合わせ ················································································· 53 (3) カスタマイズサービスやシステムインテグレーション ············································· 53 8 (4) サポート，教育，出版等·································································································· 54 3.2 電子政府とリブレソフトウェア ····················································································· 55 3.2.1 公共投資としてのリブレソフトウェア ········································································· 55 (1) ベンダ・ロックインの阻止······························································································ 55 3.2.2 世界の動向 ·························································································································· 56 (1) 欧米諸国の動き ·················································································································· 56 (2) 中南米，アフリカ ·············································································································· 58 (3) アジア各国の動向 ·············································································································· 59 3.2.3 日本における取り組み状況······························································································ 60 (1) 日本政府の考えるリブレソフトウェア ········································································· 60 (2) 産総研オープンソースデスクトップ導入実証実験 ····················································· 61 (3) 情報処理推進機構の取り組み ························································································· 61 (4) 自治体の動向 ······················································································································ 62 3.3 開発者コミュニティ ·········································································································· 63 3.3.1 リブレソフトウェア関連団体 ························································································· 64 (1) FSIJ，オープンソースグループ・ジャパン ································································ 64 (2) OSDN と OSDL ················································································································ 65 (3) 日本 Linux 協会 ················································································································· 65 3.3.2 様々なユーザ会 ·················································································································· 66 (1) アプリケーションのユーザ会 ························································································· 66 (2) 地域 LUG ···························································································································· 67 3.3.3 リブレソフトウェア支援企業 ························································································· 68 (1) OSCAR アライアンス ······································································································ 69 3.4 開発者の実態 ······················································································································ 70 3.4.1 FLOSS 調査 ······················································································································· 70 (1) 類似の調査 ·························································································································· 71 (2) 日本版 FLOSS ··················································································································· 71 9 第Ⅱ部リブレソフトウェアの基礎第4章デスクトップでの利用······························································································· 75 4.1 リブレソフトウェアの利用価値 ····················································································· 76 4.1.1 サーバ用途からクライアント用途へ ············································································· 76 4.1.2 効率的な業務遂行と高品質なアウトプット ································································· 77 (1) 論理的な操作環境 ·············································································································· 77 4.2 OS の導入と環境構築 ······································································································· 79 4.2.1 プラットフォームの選択·································································································· 79 (1) Linux と FreeBSD ············································································································ 79 (2) ディストリビューション·································································································· 80 4.2.2 Linux OS のインストール ······························································································· 81 (1) 事前の情報収集 ·················································································································· 81 4.3 アプリケーションの追加·································································································· 82 4.3.1 アプリケーションの入手·································································································· 82 (1) アプリケーションのパッケージング ············································································· 83 (2) バイナリパッケージとソースパッケージ ····································································· 83 (3) インストール作業の例······································································································ 84 4.3.2 設定のヒント ······················································································································ 85 4.4 Linux の基礎(1) −システムの操作− ········································································· 86 4.4.1 起動と停止 ·························································································································· 86 (1) 電源を入れる ······················································································································ 87 (2) ブートローダ ······················································································································ 87 (3) ログインとログアウト······································································································ 87 (4) システム停止の手順 ·········································································································· 88 4.4.2 ログインパスワード ·········································································································· 89 (1) 良いパスワードと悪いパスワード ················································································· 89 (2) パスワードの変更 ·············································································································· 90 4.4.3 マルチユーザ・マルチタスク ························································································· 90 (1) シングルタスクとマルチタスク ····················································································· 90 (2) マルチユーザ環境 ·············································································································· 91 4.4.4 スーパユーザ，root の権限 ····························································································· 92 (1) スーパユーザ ······················································································································ 92 10 (2) 安全性 ·································································································································· 92 4.5 Linux の基礎(2) −ファイルシステム− ····································································· 93 4.5.1 ファイルとディレクトリ·································································································· 93 (1) ファイルシステム ·············································································································· 93 (2) ホームディレクトリとカレントディレクトリ ····························································· 94 4.5.2 ドライブのマウント ·········································································································· 94 (1) マウントという考え方······································································································ 94 4.5.3 パス ······································································································································ 95 (1) パスの表記 ·························································································································· 96 (2) 絶対パスと相対パス ·········································································································· 96 (3) リンク ·································································································································· 97 4.5.4 ユーザとグループ ·············································································································· 97 (1) ユーザ ID(UID)とグループ ID(GID) ·········································································· 97 (2) /etc/group ···························································································································· 98 4.5.5 ファイルのアクセス権······································································································ 98 (1) アクセス権の確認と変更·································································································· 99 第5章端末エミュレータとシェル ··················································································· 101 5.1 端末エミュレータ ············································································································ 102 5.1.1 X Window System ·········································································································· 102 5.1.2 DOS プロンプトと端末エミュレータ·········································································· 103 (1) 端末エミュレータによるマルチタスク ······································································· 103 5.1.3 様々な実装 ························································································································ 104 (1) xterm と kterm················································································································ 104 5.2 シェル ································································································································ 105 5.2.1 シェルによる対話的操作································································································ 105 (1) カーネルとシェル ············································································································ 105 (2) CUI による操作 ··············································································································· 105 (3) ログインシェル ················································································································ 106 (4) 対話的操作とシェルスクリプト ··················································································· 106 5.2.2 シェルの機能 ···················································································································· 107 (1) エイリアス ························································································································ 107 11 (2) ヒストリーとコマンドライン編集 ··············································································· 107 (3) メタキャラクタ ················································································································ 108 5.2.3 ジョブ制御 ························································································································ 108 (1) プログラムの起動と終了，一時停止 ··········································································· 109 (2) 並列実行と逐次実行 ········································································································ 109 (3) ジョブとプロセスの一覧································································································ 110 (4) シグナル ···························································································································· 111 5.2.4 シェル変数，環境変数···································································································· 112 (1) シェル変数と環境変数···································································································· 112 (2) どのプログラムを起動するか ······················································································· 113 (3) 作業環境のカスタマイズ································································································ 114 5.3 ファイルの取り扱い ········································································································ 115 5.3.1 ファイル操作のコマンド································································································ 115 (1) ファイルの移動，削除，コピー ··················································································· 115 (2) ディレクトリの作成と削除···························································································· 116 (3) cat とページャ(more，less) ························································································· 116 5.3.2 標準入出力とエラー出力································································································ 117 (1) コマンドの入出力 ············································································································ 118 (2) 標準入力，標準出力 ········································································································ 119 (3) エラー出力先の分類(標準エラー出力) ······································································· 119 5.3.3 リダイレクトとパイプ···································································································· 120 (1) 入出力リダイレクト ········································································································ 120 (2) エラー出力のリダイレクト···························································································· 121 (3) パイプ ································································································································ 121 5.4 シェルスクリプト ············································································································ 122 5.4.1 プログラミング実行環境································································································ 122 (1) RAD ツールとしての利用法·························································································· 122 5.4.2 シェルスクリプトの実行································································································ 123 (1) シェルの指定 ···················································································································· 123 5.4.3 シェルスクリプトの例···································································································· 124 (1) 起動スクリプト ················································································································ 124 (2) 自動実行(cron，at) ········································································································ 125 12 (3) CGI スクリプト ··············································································································· 126 13 第Ⅲ部リブレソフトウェア・アプリケーション第6章エディタ ························································································································· 129 6.1 エディタとワープロ ········································································································ 130 6.1.1 エディタとは ···················································································································· 130 (1) アンチ WYSIWYG 主義 ································································································· 131 6.2 vi ········································································································································· 132 6.2.1 vi の概要···························································································································· 132 (1) vi の概念···························································································································· 132 (2) vi が好まれる理由 ··········································································································· 133 (3) vi の起動と終了 ··············································································································· 133 6.2.2 文字の入力と訂正 ············································································································ 134 (1) カーソルの移動 ················································································································ 134 (2) モードの移行 ···················································································································· 135 (3) 編集操作 ···························································································································· 136 6.2.3 ファイル操作，検索，その他の使い方 ······································································· 137 (1) ファイルの読み込みと保存···························································································· 137 (2) 文字列の検索 ···················································································································· 138 (3) いろいろな機能 ················································································································ 138 6.3 GNU Emacs ····················································································································· 139 6.3.1 Emacs の概要··················································································································· 139 (1) Emacs の概念··················································································································· 140 (2) Emacs の起動と終了 ······································································································ 141 (3) GUI 版の Emacs，CUI 版の Emacs ··········································································· 142 6.3.2 文章編集の操作 ················································································································ 142 (1) カーソルの移動 ················································································································ 143 (2) 編集操作 ···························································································································· 143 (3) マークとリージョン ········································································································ 144 6.3.3 ファイル操作 ···················································································································· 145 (1) ファイルとバッファ ········································································································ 145 (2) ファイルに対する細かな気配り ··················································································· 146 (3) 画面の分割，フレームの操作 ······················································································· 147 6.3.4 14 検索，その他の使い方，Emacs の拡張 ······································································ 148 (1) インクリメンタルサーチ································································································ 148 (2) 操作の取り消し ················································································································ 149 (3) 環境設定，コマンドの定義···························································································· 149 第7章インターネット・アクセス ··················································································· 151 7.1 Web ブラウザ ··················································································································· 152 7.1.1 ブラウザ戦争 ···················································································································· 152 (1) 夜明け前 ···························································································································· 153 (2) NCSA Mosaic ·················································································································· 153 (3) Netscape 対 Explorer····································································································· 154 7.1.2 リブレソフトウェアによる Web ブラウザ ································································· 154 (1) Mozilla ······························································································································ 155 (2) Konqueror と Galeon ····································································································· 156 7.1.3 テキストベース・ブラウザ···························································································· 157 (1) w3m と lynx ····················································································································· 157 7.1.4 ダウンローダとコピーツール ······················································································· 158 (1) wget ··································································································································· 159 (2) ミラーリング ···················································································································· 160 7.2 メールクライアント ········································································································ 161 7.2.1 Sylpheed ··························································································································· 161 (1) Sylpheed の特徴 ·············································································································· 162 7.2.2 Emacs で動作するメールクライアント ······································································ 163 (1) エディタとメールクライアントとの親和性 ······························································· 163 (2) Mew ··································································································································· 163 7.2.3 その他のメールクライアント ······················································································· 164 (1) 端末からのメール送受信································································································ 164 (2) 様々なメールクライアント···························································································· 166 7.2.4 メールの検索 ···················································································································· 167 第8章文書作成 ························································································································· 169 8.1 LATEX·································································································································· 170 8.1.1 組版ソフトウェア ············································································································ 170 15 (1) 組版のココロ ···················································································································· 170 (2) 文書構造の明確化 ············································································································ 172 (3) DTP と組版ソフトウェア ······························································································ 172 (4) WYSI'N'WYG ·················································································································· 172 8.1.2 8.1.3 TEXと LATEX····················································································································· 173 組版から印刷まで ············································································································ 174 (1) LATEXソースの編集········································································································· 174 (2) コンパイルとチェック···································································································· 175 (3) PS ファイル，PDF ファイルへの変換と印刷···························································· 176 8.1.4 LATEXの活用 ····················································································································· 177 (1) スタイルファイル ············································································································ 177 (2) 数式の表現 ························································································································ 177 8.2 図版の作成 ························································································································ 178 8.2.1 お絵書きツールと画像処理ツール ··············································································· 178 (1) Tgif····································································································································· 178 (2) GIMP ································································································································· 179 (3) 8.2.2 画像ツール························································································································ 180 グラフの作成 ···················································································································· 181 (1) Gnuplot ····························································································································· 181 8.2.3 画像データ ························································································································ 182 (1) 画面のスナップショット································································································ 183 (2) フォーマットの変換 ········································································································ 183 (3) 文書へ挿入する ················································································································ 184 第9章データ処理，その他のツール··············································································· 187 9.1 スクリプト言語 ················································································································ 188 9.1.1 お手軽プログラミング···································································································· 188 (1) ストリームエディタ ········································································································ 189 (2) Perl ···································································································································· 189 (3) Python と Ruby ··············································································································· 190 9.1.2 テキスト処理 ···················································································································· 190 (1) テキスト処理用コマンド································································································ 191 16 (2) テキスト処理スクリプトの例 ······················································································· 191 9.2 様々なアプリケーション································································································ 193 9.2.1 マルチメディアとグラフィクス ··················································································· 193 (1) 動画プレーヤ ···················································································································· 193 (2) 3D グラフィクス ············································································································· 194 9.2.2 小さなツール ···················································································································· 195 (1) カレンダと時計 ················································································································ 195 (2) 計算機 ································································································································ 196 9.3 足りないものは何？ ········································································································ 198 9.3.1 デスクトップ環境 ············································································································ 198 (1) ポイントアンドクリック································································································ 199 9.3.2 相互運用性 ························································································································ 200 (1) Windows との連携 ·········································································································· 200 (2) オフィススイート ············································································································ 201 9.3.3 デスクトップ利用における課題 ··················································································· 202 (1) 仮名漢字変換 ···················································································································· 202 (2) 印刷環境 ···························································································································· 203 (3) 自由なフォント ················································································································ 204 第Ⅳ部ソフトウェア開発の自由第 10 章すべてはソースコード ·························································································· 209 10.1 ソースコードの重要性···································································································· 210 10.1.1 原点回帰：ソフトウェアの自由 ··················································································· 210 (1) ソースコード重要性の再認識 ······················································································· 211 10.2 ソースパッケージの入手································································································ 212 10.2.1 ソースコードのパッケージング ··················································································· 212 (1) ソースパッケージの構成要素 ······················································································· 212 (2) パッケージ形式 ················································································································ 213 10.2.2 ソースコードを探す ········································································································ 214 10.3 ビルドとインストール···································································································· 215 10.3.1 ソフトウェアのビルド手順···························································································· 215 (1) パッケージの展開 ············································································································ 215 17 (2) ./configure と make ········································································································ 217 (3) システムへのインストールと環境設定 ······································································· 218 第 11 章デバッグと改良 ········································································································ 221 11.1 バグの追求 ························································································································ 222 11.1.1 デバッグ手法 ···················································································································· 222 (1) デバッグライト ················································································································ 222 (2) デバッガとデバッグツール···························································································· 223 (3) ソースコードデバッガの利用 ······················································································· 224 11.1.2 問題箇所の特定 ················································································································ 224 (1) エラーメッセージ ············································································································ 224 (2) デバッグコード ················································································································ 225 (3) ブレークポイント ············································································································ 226 11.2 diff と patch ····················································································································· 227 11.2.1 オリジナルとの差分 ········································································································ 228 (1) diff の活用 ························································································································· 228 11.2.2 差分とパッチ ···················································································································· 229 (1) パッチの適用 ···················································································································· 229 (2) パッチのコンフリクト···································································································· 230 11.2.3 修正報告 ···························································································································· 230 (1) パッチ送付はボランティアにあらず ··········································································· 231 11.3 事例研究：アプリケーションの問題追跡 ··································································· 232 11.3.1 gscanbus ··························································································································· 232 11.3.2 不具合の発見と修正 ········································································································ 233 (1) 認識されない？ ················································································································ 233 (2) ソースコードの追跡 ········································································································ 234 (3) デバッグ作業 ···················································································································· 236 (4) パッチの作成 ···················································································································· 237 第 12 章リブレソフトウェア流の開発スタイル ························································· 239 12.1 モジュラリティ ················································································································ 240 12.1.1 機能の分割 ························································································································ 240 12.1.2 モジュールのサイズとインタフェース ······································································· 240 18 (1) 合言葉は KISS ················································································································· 241 (2) UNIX の考え方 ················································································································ 241 12.1.3 モジュールの階層化 ········································································································ 242 12.1.4 単体テスト・結合テスト································································································ 243 (1) テスト駆動開発 ················································································································ 243 (2) TDD のメリット ·············································································································· 244 12.2 分散開発の準備 ················································································································ 245 12.2.1 モジュールごとの分担開発···························································································· 245 (1) ファイル分割とヘッダファイル ··················································································· 245 (2) 分割コンパイル ················································································································ 248 (3) Makefile ···························································································································· 249 12.2.2 移植性の確保 ···················································································································· 250 (1) make から automake へ ································································································ 251 12.2.3 標準的開発方法の意義···································································································· 252 12.3 分散開発体制，ネットを介した共同作業の実現 ······················································· 253 12.3.1 共同開発のためのツール································································································ 253 (1) CVS ···································································································································· 254 (2) CVS を使った並行作業 ·································································································· 255 (3) リビジョン管理システム利用のポイント ··································································· 255 12.3.2 情報共有のためのルール································································································ 256 (1) コーディング規約 ············································································································ 256 (2) ソースコードのコメント文···························································································· 257 (3) コードとドキュメントの連携 ······················································································· 257 12.3.3 コミュニケーションの重要性 ······················································································· 258 (1) コミュニケーション・ツール ······················································································· 259 12.3.4 対外アピール ···················································································································· 259 (1) オンライン・コミュニケーション ··············································································· 260 (2) オフライン・コミュニケーション ··············································································· 261 参考文献············································································································································ 263 索引 ··············································································································································· 269 19