Pe wordlist

The Pe language
of
Central Nigeria and its affinities
[DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT -NOT FOR CITATION WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THE
AUTHOR
Roger Blench
Mallam Dendo
8, Guest Road
Cambridge CB1 2AL
United Kingdom
Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687
Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804
E-mail [email protected]
http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm
This printout: April 25, 2006
R.M. Blench Pe Wordlist Circulated for comment
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 2
2. Classification, location, history and sociolinguistic situation ............................................................................ 2
2.1 Nomenclature
2
2.2 Classification
2
2.3 Location and settlements
2
2.4 Language status
3
2.5 Pe history
3
2.6 Religion in the Pe area
3
Pe Festivals.......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Christianity .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
3. Phonology............................................................................................................................................................... 4
3.1 Vowels
4
3.2 Consonants
4
3.3 Tones
5
4. Morphology............................................................................................................................................................ 5
4.1 Nouns
5
5. Lexical comparison and the classification of Pe ................................................................................................. 7
6. Pe wordlist.............................................................................................................................................................. 8
7. The affinities of Pe............................................................................................................................................... 24
References ................................................................................................................................................................ 24
TABLES
Table 1. Principal sources of data for lexical comparison .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
i
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
1. Introduction
This is an annotated wordlist of the Pe language, spoken in Dok village in Plateau State, Nigeria. The wordlist was
collected by Roger Blench with the assistance of Selbut Longtau in Pe on the 17th of May 1996. We are grateful
to the chief, Samuel Tarot, for his assistance in both finding informants and providing general background to Pe.
The principal informants were Ngwalit Kune (60 years old), Sumwera Dakhaya (50) and Danjuma Tarot (25), all
male.
The wordlist was collected as a ‘one-shot’ exercise and the transcription must therefore be regarded as very
preliminary. In general, tones are not marked, although the data was taped and they will be added when time
permits. This analysis was prepared by Roger Blench, who added the comparative observations1. This document is
being circulated to scholars for comment.
Some information about Pe history and culture is contained in CAPRO (ined.) not all of which agrees with the
information given to us at Dok. This information is incorporated into the present document, especially in the
section (§2.6) on ‘Religion in the Pe area’.
2. Classification, location, history and sociolinguistic situation
2.1 Nomenclature
The language and people known as Pai or Dalong are correctly known as Pe. A single individual is ùPè and the
people as áPè. Pai is a Hausaised pronunciation of Pe, while Dalong is the Angas name for the Pe and has
pejorative overtones and should be rejected. The name Piyeh (said to mean "people with common sense") is also
used, for example in CAPRO (ined.) but this is equally inappropriate.
2.2 Classification
The published material on the Pe [Pai in all earlier sources] language is confined to some lexical items cited in the
BCCW, many of them quite inaccurate. Over time, Pe has lived a particularly nomadic life within the broader
confines of Plateau. Pe was known to Greenberg (1963), who placed it in Plateau 6, modern-day SE Plateau,
together with Fyem and Horom. Williamson (1971) classified it with Plateau 4, i.e. together with Ayu, Ninzam and
Che (Rukuba) and it is similarly listed in the BCCW. In Hansford et al. (1976) it is placed in ‘Eastern Plateau’
(Greenberg’s Plateau 2-4) but given a separate branch, h., distinct from the other clusters delineated. In Gerhardt
(1989) it essentially returns to Plateau 4, now renamed Cluster A of southwestern Plateau. In Blench and Crozier
(1992) it is placed tentatively in Tarokoid for the first time. However, in no case has any evidence been published
for these classifications. In the two main cartographic sources, Hansford et al. (1976) and Blench and Crozier
(1992) it is displaced rather badly. The following section gives its correct location, and it should appear in a map
correctly sited in the Millennium edition of the Ethnologue (Grimes, forthcoming). Section 7. considers the correct
classification of Pe based on the data given in the paper.
2.3 Location and settlements
The Pe live on the hills and plain south-east of Pankshin town, bounded by the Tal and Tarok to the east and the
Montol to the south. The main settlement, Dok, also known as Dokpai, is 17km south of the road from Jos-Amper,
turning a few kilometres before Amper. The settlement is extremely isolated with a single road that is cut during
the wet season. The other Pe settlements are; Tipap Kwi, Tipap Re, Bwer, Kup (=Tiniŋ), Ban, Kwasam, and
Kamcik. CAPRO (ined.) also gives Yong, Jak, Bil, Bwai, Wopti, Kanchi and Yuwan, villages not mentioned by
the Chief of Dok.
I am grateful to Selbut Longtau, Kay Williamson and Bruce Connell who have assisted me with external parallels
and other comments.
2
1
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
2.4 Language status
The language is still well maintained with all the children encountered apparently fluent. There are at least 3-4000
speakers in seven villages. Almost all adults are fluent in Ngas and some in Tarok and Montol, where these
languages border their villages. Hausa is known, but only understood to a limited degree, especially in the hill
villages.
2.5 Pe history
Pe traditions assert that they originally lived in Borno and migrated from there and reached Gyanggyang, near
Kabwir. From there they passed to Ampang and thence to Dok. Some of them then split away from the main body
and went on to Wokkos (near Ampang). Pe acknowledge two ancestors who founded their main communities; one
who went to Tipap and the other to Jat (near Bwer).
Tradition also has it that they met a group of people already on the hills. The descendants of the group are today
found in the Uga, Tipap and Dalong clans, all still live in the Pe hills. The physical separation of the two groups
probably brought about the differences in the language between those on the hills and those on the plain.
2.6 Religion in the Pe area
In the Pe area, masquerades intended to punish wrongdoers are called Awu. There are three Awu, Monok,
Nyamimik and Damu, all kept in the forest. Pe shrines, itsi, are quite numerous. Tilom is a rain-making cult
maintained by the Dok and Aninin clans. The Wazhi shrine, also kept on the hill under a rock, controls fertility
and reproduction and barren women consult it for children. The Girnut shrine has similar powers. The Negbong
shrine is kept near the house in a small hut containing images and earthenware jars and protects farm produce or
goods from thieves.
Pe Festivals
Uta is celebrated in September/October annually, when girls go for marriage. Tishakti, in December, is when men
show how brave they are. Tikuyi, in April/August, is when couples who have not been able to celebrate their
marriage organise a feast and invite friends and well-wishers. The spirits of the land are appeased through the
offering of food, local beer and chickens or goats by the priest.
The table shows the main festivals, masquerades and shrines of the Pe;
Festivals
Uta
Tishakti
Tikuyi
Masquerades
Awu
Monok
Nyaminik
Damu
Shrines
Itsi
Tilom
Neŋbong
Wazhi
Girmut
Itau
Christianity
Christianity was brought to the Pe area in 1942 by Mr. Wilson through Mr. Whyep, a believer from Gazum (Tarok)
who went to settle at Dok. It was first under the leadership of Langtang Regional Church Council of COCIN before
being transferred to Amper DCC under Kabwir RCC in 1951. COCIN remains the main church in the area today.
3
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
3. Phonology
The phonology of Pe is based on rapid observations and should therefore be regarded as tentative at this stage.
3.1 Vowels
Pe probably has six phonemic vowels;
Front
Central
Back
i
Close
u
e
Close-Mid
o
ə
a
Open
Pe permits VV sequences, /u/ or /e/ plus /i/, and also /au/ which might be a recent loan phoneme from a Chadic
language. Examples;
Grass (growing)
Barren woman
Sand (river)
ì-fui
u-kui
aʃiʃei
3.2 Consonants
Pe consonants are as follows:
Bilabial
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Fricative
Approximant
Lateral Approximant
Implosive
Labiodental
p b
m
Alveopa
latal
t
f
ɓ
Alveolar
v
d
n
[r]
s z
ʃ
ʒ
Palatal
Velar
Labialvelar
[c] j
k g
ŋ
(kp)
y
l
ɗ
ɣ
ɲ
Glottal
h
w
Homorganic nasals
Pe has some homorganic nasals, as well as sequences of syllabic nasal plus consonant. Some examples of
homorganic nasals in Pe;
World
Mountain
Thatch roof
Person/people
Old person
Song
mve
mbɔksin
nde
ù-nsit
ì-nzaŋ
ncok
There seems to be little doubt that many of these are former functioning nasal prefixes, and indeed some can be
shown to still operate in Tarok.
Contrasts between syllabic nasal prefixes and homorganic nasals can sometimes be found. For example;
4
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
ǹ-sit
ù-nsit
Race/running
Person/people
3.3 Tones
4. Morphology
4.1 Nouns
Compared with Tarok, Pe has a very reduced nominal prefix system. There are only two plural prefixes, a- and i-,
and only ì- can be paired with i-. All other singular prefixes and zero prefixes are paired with a-. There is
considerable evidence for a series of nasal prefixes and some of these can be seen still functioning in Tarok.
However, in Pe, all these have become fused to the stem and a new prefix has been added. The following tables
show all the possible singular/plural pairings.
Some nouns have no plurals and have deleted the prefix found elsewhere in Tarokoid, even where that prefix is
retained in Pe;
Rain
bwit cf. Tarok ìvər, Yangkam bər,
ø-/aThe zero prefix ø- must always be paired with a- where the stem begins with a nasal, both homorganic and
syllable-initial.
Gloss
Branch
Land/country
*Cat
Woodpecker
Chin
Female breast
Nail (Finger/toe)
sg.
nlaŋ
njel
mus
ŋgokmwa
ndereŋ
mbel
ntsan
pl.
a-nlaŋ
a-njel
a-mus
a-ŋgokmwa
a-ndereŋ
a-mbel
a-ntsan
ø-/iThe ø-/i- pairing is rare;
sg.
kón
me
Gloss
Tree
Mud (building)
pl.
ikón
i-me
The following ø-/u- pairing is quite exceptional and might be an informant’s mistake.
Gloss
Clay for pots
sg.
mul
pl.
u-mul
The following ì-/a- pairing is quite exceptional and might be an informant’s mistake.
Gloss
Proverb
sg.
ì-waram
5
pl.
a-waram
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
ì-/iThe ì-/i- pairing is the single most common affix alternation in Pe.
sg.
ì-fui
ì-ʃee
ì-ʃùù
ì-buŋa
Gloss
Grass (growing)
Seed/stone/pip
Thorn
Yam-heap
pl.
i-fúí
i-ʃee
i-ʃùù
i-buŋa
ù-/aThe ù-/a- pairing is the second most common alternation after ì-/i-;
Gloss
Root
Mushroom
Skin
Day
Road
Man
sg.
ù-liŋ
ù-woŋ
ù-nja
ù-lom
ù-tsel
ù-pak
pl.
a-liŋ
a-woŋ
a-nja
a-lom
a-tsel
a-pak
All words to do with person exhibit the u/a- pairing but so do many other nouns.
tì-/aThe tì- prefix can only be paired with a-.
Gloss
Name
Grave
Egg
Eye
Head-pad
sg.
tì-yin
tì-wap
tì-ci
tì-ʃu
tì-kat
pl.
a-yin
a-wap
a-ci
a-ʃu
a-kat
In summary, Pe noun-class pairings are as follows;
Oi-
a-
utiì-
i-
This shows a tendency to move towards a- as an all-purpose plural affix, also marked in many other languages of
the region. These pairings are quite similar to Tarok, although the presence of a functioning ti- prefix is
exceptional. Non-productive ti- prefixes are present in Sur and Yangkam. Almost certainly the large number of
stem-initial homorganic nasals in Pe argue for a former nasal prefix, cognate with the Tarok n- prefix. The other
two members of Tarokoid, Sur and Yangkam, have lost almost all alternations, but the presence of most of these
prefixes in non-productive form suggest that proto-Tarokoid as a whole had a fully functional prefix system.
6
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
4.2 Verbs
As with many Plateau languages, proto-Tarokoid probably had a rich system of verbal extensions. Tarok has at
least one that still functions in part as a singulative, to emphasis a single action when the unmarked form implies a
plural. However, in other Tarokoid languages these seem to be unproductive and only recoverable by
morphological analysis and comparative with cognate forms in other Tarokoid or Plateau languages. It is true,
however, that verbal extensions are not easily elicited in rapid survey work and Pe may in fact have functioning
extensions.
-di/-ti
There is probably a single fossil extension –di/-ti realised as [d] before nasals and [t] before stops.
cendi
kumdi
Cut down (tree)
Count
roŋdi
taŋdi
Bite
Chew
zhumdi
Answer (question)
ɓwakti
dapti
kapti
kapti
Snap in two
Drag, pull
Tear (cloth etc.)
Weep
cf. Tarok kúŋ, Sur kɔrɔŋ, Kwanka kori, Abuan -kɔɔl and Rindre –kla.
All these are versions of a more ancient root #-kaLa widespread in
Niger-Congo. Also Chadic: Kofyar kwan, Zaar kunaan,
cf. Tarok rəm+,
cf. Sur taɣal but the ta- element is an ancient Niger-Congo root
cf. Tarok ɓíkcí,
see also ‘pull’ (479.). Tarok dàpci, Sur nàp
cf. Tarok kàkci,
-li
Probably cognate with the –ri found in many Plateau languages and notably in Sur.
kuli
nyali
Open
Wash
cf. Sur gwɔri,
cf. Tarok nàl, Sur ŋgal, Yangkam nwi,
-si
Probably cognate with the –ʃi in Sur.
bisi
kpeesi
misi
Call (to someone)
Cough
Laugh
cf. Sur biʃi, Fyem ɓísá
cf. Tarok pír, Yangkam kpar,
́
cf. Horom mis, Nupe mãtsã.
Also in Chadic: Diri mēs, Tera mə@sə@
5. Lexical comparison and the classification of Pe
The wordlist given below and the etymological commentary are intended to throw some light on the classification
of Pe. Pe has been compared with a wide variety of neighbouring languages for potential cognates.
7
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
6. Pe wordlist
No. Gloss
1.
Tree
2.
Leaf
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Root
Branch
Grass (growing)
Grass (dry)
Mushroom
Mushroom II
Algae
Seed/stone/pip
Bark (of tree)
Thorn
Charcoal
14.
15.
Dust
Ashes
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Rubbish-heap
Mud (river)
Mud (building)
Earth
Clay for pots
Dew
22.
23.
24.
Stone
Sand
Sand (river)
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Smoke
Fire
Water
Rain
Cloud
Lightning
Rainy Season
Dry season
Harmattan
Year
Today
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Morning
Evening
Dawn
Day
Night
Moon/month
Sun
Star(s)
Singular
kón
áwáŋ
ù-liŋ
nlaŋ
ì-fui
njel
u-woŋ
bwigum
n@-ʃaatu
ì-ʃee
u-kaŋguk
ì-ʃùù
a-kal
ì-caŋa
ntatoŋ
ì-dzali
a-bwatibe
me
njinjit
mul
iɲaŋ
ìtsam
njel
aʃiʃei
ntsaŋ
upet
min
bwit
buŋsul
ren
ì-ʃep
u-kwoom
ì-sè
isɔŋni
niye
iɓuti
u-giiɓu
ugu ŋgwe
u-giiɓu
u-lom
ì-pip
u-tsaŋ
u-lom
ì-ʃan
Plural
Commentary
ikón cf. Sur kon, Yangkam koon, Tarok akún ‘firewood’. This
root is widespread in Niger-Congo, often meaning
‘firewood’.
cf. Tarok agwál, Yangkam kaŋ, Sur yyaŋ, Shall yaŋ.
Reconstructed as #(g)yaNa for EBC in Blench (ms). Also
in Chadic e.g. Ngas yəm
a-liŋ cf. Tarok alìŋ, Sur ryuŋsuŋ. A widespread root
a-nlaŋ
i-fúí
a-woŋ
i-ʃee
a-kaŋguk cf. Tarok akòkcì, Sur gwok, Yaŋkam gwaŋ, PLC *í-kpɔ́k,
i-ʃùù cf. Tarok ìzù,
cf. Tarok akál, Yangkam kai Bu ikə@la. The –kal element
goes back to Niger-Saharan.
i-caŋa
? cf. Kurama ńtwá, Aten tswɔ̀ŋ, Tarok, Kamanton ǹcwaŋ
and thence to the widespread Niger-Congo root #toN-.
i-dzali cf. Tarok ìsàl,
cf. Tarok aɓer+, Yaŋkam bwaar,
i-me cf. Yaŋkam mi ‘earth’, Sur kimi, Tarok amè
u-mul
cf. Tarok ìmìmyàŋ, Sur, Yaŋkam myaŋ Reflex of a NigerCongo root #meitsam cf. Fyem ɗicáŋ, Eggon e-ʒim, Kuteb kù-txɔ̀m,
cf. Tarok ìját ‘gravel’,
cf. Tarok ashíshirí, Yaŋkam ʃyar, Sur ʃiʃal, Vute sasé,
Kwanja Ndung sɑ̌&, Jangani ʃu, Gaa aʃɛmʃɛmta
cf. Horom ʃiʃeŋ, Sur nʒiŋ
cf. Tarok apər+, Yangkam bət,
cf. Tarok ìvər, Yangkam bər,
i-se Ningye ʃe pl. ʃiʃe, Berom ʃēi pl. neʃei
a-lom also ‘sun’ (44.). cf. Tarok alum+, Yangkam loom, Sur lem,
a-tsaŋ
a-lom see under ‘day’ (41.)
i-ʃan cf. Tarok ìzhan
-8-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Gloss
Wind
God
Sky/up
World
50.
51.
52.
Ground
Large River
Forest
53.
54.
55.
Mountain
Bush
Farm
56.
57.
58.
59.
Field
Market*
Compound
Room
60.
61.
62.
63.
Wall (of room)
Thatch roof
Well*
Road
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
Village/settlement
River-bank
Swamp/wetland
Place
Person/people
69.
70.
71.
72.
Man
Woman
Child
Husband
73.
Widow
74.
Wife
75.
Young girl
76.
77.
78.
Old person
Father
Mother
79.
Relations
80.
81.
82.
83.
In-laws
Ancestors
Grandparents
Grandchild
84.
Sibling (same
father)
Singular
unji
ì-Nan
u-pal
mve
njel
u-pɔɔn
u-pip
Plural
Commentary
A widespread regional root. cf. Angas Nen, Tarok ìNan,
cf. Tarok apal+ ‘up’,
cf. Cara mwel, Berom vwɛl, Tarok m$bín suggesting a
proto-form #mvwɛl
see ‘sand’ ()
a-pɔɔn
Also ‘bush’ (54.). cf. Yangkam sepip, Sur pik ‘grass’,
Tarok ìpìpà ‘grass’. Westerman (310) cites #-pi as a PWS
root, but his evidence is restricted to Benue-Kwa languages.
mbɔksin a-mbɔksin
u-pip
cf. ‘forest’ (52.)
ì-ràm
i-ram cf. Fyem rám, Horom rama, Sur ram, Tarok ìràm,
Yaŋkam ram. Ngas has màr which looks like metathesis
ì-ràm
i-ram see ‘farm’ (55.)
kasuwa
i-kasuwa < Hausa
ìre
cf. Yangkam rə,
ì-kalaŋ
i-kalaŋ cf. Tarok ǹkìláŋ ‘family, lineage’, Sur galoŋ, Yaŋkam loŋ,
also Ngas lu
ì-zindi
nde
a-nde
as H.
u-tsel
a-tsel identical with ‘door’ (362.). cf. Tarok asəl, Eggon o-ʃen, ?
Bo ma-tel (pl.),
no word
u-gepteli
a-gepteli
abwa tibwe
u-ru
a-ru cf. Sur ri,
u-nsit
a-nsit cf. Nindem nesit, Horom nεsít, Yeskwa unet, Gana net.
Roots for ‘person’ with initial n- can be reconstructed to
PMC
u-pak
a-pak
u-tsema
a-tsema
u-ven
a-ven cf. Tarok ován ‘children’, Yangkam vun,
u-rom
a-rom cf. Fyem róm pl. ɓarom but this is a very widespread
Benue-Congo root for ‘man/male’, ‘person’ (see discussion
in BCCW 59).
u-tse
a-tse
gimaŋ
gimaŋ
u-tse
a-tse cf. words for ‘women’, Tarok ùcàr, Sur ʃer, Doka o-sal,
Lungu ku-tsar, Eggon à-ʃlé
u-ven ua-ven ahan
han
ì-nzaŋ
i-nzaŋ
u-da
a-da cf. Nupe nda,
u-na
a-na cf. Tarok ùnìna, Yaŋkam nan, Sur naa although this
reconstructs to PMC level.
u-kungyam
akungyam
u-goi
a-goi cf. Igboid ɔ́gɔ̀
u-niŋbak
a-niŋbak
u-dagada a-dagada
u-mal ua-mal akop
kop
u-mal
a-mal
gyam
gyam
-9-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
85. Friend
86. Friendship
with
woman
87. Guest/stranger
88. Barren woman
89. King/chief/ruler
90. Hunter
91. Thief
92.
Doctor
93.
94.
Witch
Corpse
95.
96.
Blacksmith
Woodworker
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
Slave
Masquerade
Masquerade I
Masquerade II
Masquerade III
Shrine I
Shrine II
Shrine III
Shrine IV
Shrine V
Shrine V
Festival I
Festival II
Festival III
Prophesy
Shame
Fear/fright
Bravery/courage
Laughter
Wisdom
Guilt
Anger
Race/running
Suffering
Enjoyment
Wickedness
Gossiping
Kindness
Sadness
Foolishness
Death
Name
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
Grave
Song
Proverb
Story
Word
Lie
Singular
u-pagyam
nkwam
Plural
a-pagyam
Commentary
u-kui
a-kui
u-ŋgwoloŋ a-ŋgwoloŋ cf. Angas, Goemai loŋ,
u-ne gubai a-negubai
ù-yi
a-yi cf. Tarok ùyi. #-yi is a Proto-Atlantic-Congo root for ‘to
steal’,
u-ne gu
a-ne gu
kali
kali
u-ne ga aʃu a-ne ga aʃu cf. Tarok uním ga iʃe ‘witch’,
u gu pukat
a ga
ɓapukat
u-ne gu lai a-ne gulai la- element may be cognate with Tarok la+ ‘to smith’
u-ne gi
a-ne gi ‘person of wood’
kum
kum
awu
monok
nyamimik
damu
itsi
tilom
wazhi
girnut
negboŋ
itau
uta
tiʃakti
tikuyi
u-rat
ì-wom ndik
u-yir
ì-gbata
ì-misi
njel
tikpat
ì-rok
n-sit
a-wahala
ijaŋset
imwanaŋ
tseŋpan
rotpan
iloŋpan
ikukul
ŋkpuu
ti-yin
ti-wap
ncok
ì-waram
u-raʃu
u-tet
ase
a-rat
cf. Tarok ayìr,
‘to be guilty’
see commentary under ‘run’
< H.
cf. Tarok ìkùkùl ‘imbecile’,
cf. Tarok ìkú,
a-yin cf. Sur kyin, PJ *gyin, CB #-gí.nà. All are probably
versions of a PVC root #ɲiri
a-wap cf. Tarok awap+, Yangkam woop,
a-ncok
a-waram
a-raʃu cf. Tarok irúsók,
a-tet
-10-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No.
135.
136.
137.
Gloss
News
Hunger
Egg
Singular
u-tet
ì-mwat
ti-ci
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
Horn
Tail
Wing (of bird)
Beak (of bird)
Nest (of bird)
Gum/glue
Ant-hill large
Ant-hill small
Hole in ground
Smell
Poison
Firewood
Yam-heap
War
u-com
u-ndum
u-kapkap
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
Work
Divination (types)
Medicine (generic)
Money I
Money II
Shadow
Thing
159.
160.
161.
162.
Strength
Length
Land/country
Sleep
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
Disease(generic)
Diarrhoea
Goitre
Sore/wound
Boil
Leprosy
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
Catarrh
Head
Eye
Skull
Cheek
Forehead
Nose
u-li
n-tsidiŋ
ì-zuŋbut
ì-katan
u-ru uyoŋ
i mwa
ì-yaŋa
a-kon
ì-buŋa
ì-kom
ì-kal
ì-ɓɔɔn
u-kali
ì-kobo
ì-tsesit
u-yip
ì-wom
ì-gbaata
ì-kpen
njel
nra
ì-set
ì-tsambwel
ì-mavel
u-nat
Plural
a-tet
cf. Yangkam mwər,
a-ci cf. Tarok acì, Sur ʒi, Yaŋkam gyɔ Common in Plateau in
this form, but reflects an old Niger-Congo root with ginitial (W. 214).
a-com cf. Uda ńdòk, Nkim ǹ-tâŋ, PEG *-dɔ́ŋ`, Manenguba *-tɔ́ŋ.
a-ndum widespread
a-kapkap cf. Fyem cap, ? Kwanka kwaŋa,
= mouth
a-li
cf. Yangkam kiɗi, Tarok ǹjíŋ,
i-zuŋbut
cf. Tarok ǹzhí-inantan+, Yangkam daan,
a-ru ayoŋ cf. Yangkam yoor,
‘it smells’
cf. Tarok akún,
i-buŋa < H. check
cf. Tarok ìkùm, Sur gwɔm, Yaŋkam gum. A weakening of
the common Niger-Congo root #-kwan (see BCCW,99).
a-kali cf. Sur gal,
< E. via H. ‘copper’
cf. Kwanka awum, Ake iwo, Nungu nwo, Bete kí-wɔ́m.
BCCW, 92 relates this to PB #-yúmà
a-njel
ìndimndim
iparam
ì-tu
i-tu
ti-ʃu
a-ʃu
u-kup ì-tu a-kup a-tu
ì-kaŋsal
i-káŋsál
u-kuʃi
—
ti-yol
a-yol
u-toŋ
a-toŋ
177. Mouth
178. Tooth
179. Tongue
u-nuŋ
ti-yin
ti-lem
a-nuŋ
a-yin
a-lem
ì-rok
u-kalpoŋ
cf. Tarok ǹrá, Sur na, Yangkam yina, Wapan na, Hasha na,
Lamnso náá-rî
? cf. Sur ʃwal,
a-nat cf. Sur kinyet, Yaŋkam n-not, Tarok anúnur
as ‘sore’
176. Ear
180. Throat
181. Neck
Commentary
Niger-Congo #ti‘bone of head’
cf. Sur ʃaɣal,
cf. Fyem ɗu-wól pl. awól, Bo awol, Pe ti-yol, Berom wōl
pl. bāwōl, Ndoro ŋwunà
cf. Tarok acwáŋ, Sur koto, Yangkam toŋ. cf. PVC root #tɔ́ŋì
cf. Tarok anùŋ, Sur kunu, Yaŋkam noŋ.
cf. Tarok ìnyin, Sur nyin. A Niger-Saharan root
cf. Tarok aɓilim+, Yangkam rem, Mabo de-rem, cLela drémé, ultimately PNC #-lima
—
a-kalpoŋ cf. Tarok ìpəŋ ‘throat’,
-11-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No.
182.
183.
184.
185.
Gloss
Chin
Shoulder
Armpit
Arm/hand
Singular
ndereŋ
u-kuʃak
u-kikam
u-ɓok
186. Leg
u-dza
187. Foot
188. Female breast
u-lap
mbel
189. Stomach
ti-pwi
190. Navel
ì-gum
191. Thigh
192. Knee
ì-gondi
ì-yuŋ
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
Nail (Finger/toe)
Back
Buttocks
Penis
Vagina
Skin
Bone
ntsan
u-kutum
u-kuŋ
ì-dat
ì-ɓe
u-nja
u-kup
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
Rib
Vein
Blood
Breath
Tear
Sweat
Urine
Faeces
Marrow of bone
Hair
Brain
Liver
Heart
u-kukwak
ì-tsip
ntsii
mve
anyul
mbwaŋ
m̀ pini
amini
iʃiʃoi
ì-ʃayi
a-taŋbol
ndeleŋ
nteneŋ
213. Body
214. Meat
215. Animal (Bush)
216. Dwarf cow
217. Zebu cow
ì-set
ì-nam
ì-nam gu
pip
ngiti
ì-nak
218. Goat
ì-ɓwel
219. Sheep
ì-tamu
220. Dog
ì-ɓwa
Plural
Commentary
a-ndereŋ
a-kuʃak
a-kikam
a-ɓok cf. Yaŋkam bwak, Sur bak, Tarok awó. A Niger-Congo
root, usually #boka-dza cf. Tarok aʃár, Aten cwá, Ninzam u-zá probably derived
from widespread #ta- roots (BCCW,55).
a-lap
a-mbel cf. Tarok m̀ byal, Rukul iri-bel, Tesu, Toro bɛnɛ, Nupe ebé,
Hasha a-ven
a-pwi cf. Tarok afú, both reflexes of Niger-Congo #pu- though
frequently meaning ‘intestines’
i-gúm cf. Tarok ìgum, Sur kumbul, Yaŋkam kum, Horom kom.
Also Mambiloid (Cambap) kúmbū#n, PB #kóbù
i-góndi
—
cf. Yangkam ruŋ, Sur tukurum, Pe i-yuŋ, Tarok ìriŋ but
cf. Fyem ɗurúm pl. arúm, Mabo rurum. Reconstructed as
#-rúŋù in East Benue-Congo in Blench (ms.) Also in
Chadic: Kulere ’arôm, Tangale purum and Mupun fùrùm.
a-ntsan
a-kutum
a-kuŋ
i-dát cf. Tarok ìtà ‘vagina’,
i-ɓé cf. Tarok ìbút ‘vagina’,
a-nja
a-kup cf. Tarok akúp, Yaŋkam ukup, Sur tukubi but a
widespread BC root for ‘bone’
a-kukwak
i-tsíp cf. Tarok ìcìp,
—
cf. Tarok ǹcìr, Yangkam gyir, Sur zəl.
cf. Sur vəri, Vute fìí, Somyev fièlá
cf. Tarok yíŋ ‘to cry’, Yaŋkam yilə(k), Sur iyil.
cf. Tarok m$pìŋ,
cf. Tarok amíŋ,
i-ʃayi
—
a-nteneŋ cf. Tarok ìtùn, Sur turum, Yaŋkam nrwoŋ. Blench (ms.)
reconstructs #-duN- for Proto-Benue-Congo which may
well be related. Also Chadic: Ngas ɗur
—
cf. Tarok izír,
cf. cf. Sur nam, Niger-Congo root #nama-, widespread in
Plateau. Also Chadic: Ngas nam
‘meat of bush’
a-ngiti
i-nák cf. Sur nak, Yaŋkam nak, Tarok ìnà although widespread
in Niger-Congo. Some forms may be borrowed from
Fulfulde nagge
i-ɓwél cf. Tarok ìɓil, Yangkam be, Pe iɓwel, Fyem bwol. A NigerCongo root #-ɓóɗí
i-támú cf. Tarok ìtam, Sur nta, Yaŋkam tam but also widespread
in West Africa
i-ɓwá cf. Yangkam gba, Tarok ìva, Sur wwa. A Niger-Congo root
-12-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No.
221.
222.
223.
Gloss
*Cat
*Pig
*Horse
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
*Donkey
*Rabbit
Elephant
Hippo
Buffalo
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
Lion
Leopard
Hyena2
Wart-hog3
Bush-pig4
Duiker5
Antelope I
Antelope II
Porcupine6
Monkey(generic)
Baboon
Patas monkey7
Squirrel
Rat (generic)
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
Grasscutter8
Bush-rat
Giant rat9
Rock hyrax10
Hedgehog11
Hare12
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
House-bat
Fruit-bat
Nile crocodile
Agama lizard
Chameleon
Skink
Gecko
Toad
Singular
mus
nleede
ì-biʃim
njaaki
ì-som
ntus
ŋgwas
ì-sat
mve
ì-damu
ì-pap
ì-gep
ì-zop
ì-dawal
ì-kaa
ì-kee
ì-toktoli
ì-kuu
ntitum
mpuɗak
ì-kot
ì-ʃoon
ì-som
nzakte
ì-gbakuŋ
ì-zhi miriŋ
ì-ɓali
ì-ndapsoŋ
ì-njaji
ì-mgbeʃu
ì-ɓwap zhoi
257. River frog I
258. River frog II
ti-bwa jala
ìnamwan
Plural
Commentary
a-mus < H.
a-nleede < H.
i-bíʃím Does not resemble any regional word for ‘horse’. Perhaps
Hausa bijimi ‘male goat’
a-njaaki < H.
see ‘hare’
a-ntus
a-ŋgwas
i-sát cf. Tarok ìzhàr but more general za- roots in Plateau.
BCCW
a-mve
i-dámú cf. Tarok ìdàməñ perhaps source of Hausa damisa
i-pap
i-gep
i-zop cf. Igboid, Kegboid
i-dáwál
i-kaa cf. Tarok ìka, Yangkam ka,
i-kee
i-toktoli cf. Tarok ìritòk
i-kuu cf. Fyem kwi, Horom kí, Hasha, Toro ikwi, Bu εci, Ningye
ci, Berom, Cara cù, Nupe etsú
a-ntitum cf. Tarok ìtútùm ‘bush-rat sp.’,
a-mpuɗak
i-kót cf. Sur kwɔr, Tarok ìkpír, Yangkam i-kot, Cara ki-gut
i-ʃóón cf. Tarok ìcəm, Aten ?
i-sóm cf. Tarok ìzum, Yangkam wum, Cara iʒum but a root
widespread and virtually identical throughout Plateau,
probably the source of the Hausa zóómóó. Hare is an
important figure in folktales in the Delta but not elsewhere?
a-nzakte
i-gbákúŋ
i-zhi miriŋ cf. Tarok ìzhìp ndəŋ,
i-ɓáli cf. Tarok ìɓoli, Sur ɓwari
i-ndapsoŋ cf. Sur kudɔkʃɔŋ, Tarok ìtasum
i-njaji
i-mgbeʃu
i-ɓwap cf. Sur tubwalabwala, Tarok m̀ ɓal atàk
zhoi
corr. to Tarok izər
2
(Crocuta crocuta)
(Phacochoerus aethiopus)
4
(Potamochoerus Porcus)
5
(Cephalophus spp.)
6
(Hystrix cristata)
7
(Erythrocebus patas)
8
(Thryonomys Swinderianus)
3
Cricetomys gambianus
(Procavia capensis)
11
(Atelerix albiventris)
12
(Lepus Crawshayi)
9
10
-13-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
259. Land tortoise
260. Snake (Generic)
261.
262.
263.
264.
Spitting cobra
Puff adder
River turtle
River crab
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
River molluscs
Fish (generic)
Bird (generic)
Chicken
Cock
*Duck (Domestic)
Pigeon (Domestic)
Guinea-fowl
273. Hooded Vulture13
274. Village Weaver14
275. Cattle-egret15
276. Black kite16
277. Hornbill17
278. Standard-wing
Night-jar
279. Owl
280. Bushfowl/partridge
281. *Pied crow18
282. Woodpecker
283. Scorpion
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
Butterfly
Mosquito
Spider19
Mason wasp20
Bee
289. Sweat-fly
Singular
ì-gei gok
ì-ʃak
u-liŋ
ì-paŋga
ì-ʃak
ì-gwal
ì-ɓapsak
mbup
ì-nol
ì-koi
ì-gol
ì-gwagwa
ti-riguk
ì-tek
ì-tikaʃi
ì-yaram
mberbela
nkwee
nkeleŋkuŋ
ì-ziŋ
ì-gol
ì-gokra
ŋgokmwa
ì-naŋ
ì-galguk
u-gaŋʃat
ì-naan
mbukʃei
ì-sok
ì-mir
Plural
Commentary
i-ʃak cf. Sholyo zaak, Takum Jukun bu-sùkú, Ibibio ásák, It
seems likely that all these reflect PB #-yókà although this
also has many direct reflexes in Plateau etc.
a-liŋ
i-paŋga
i-ʃak
i-gwal cf. Tarok ǹkàm'gwàlì, Yangkam ngala, Sur tikaŋkalaŋ.
Niger-Congo #kala
—
i-nol cf. Tarok ìnyil, Sur nyɔl, Yaŋkam noi
i-koi
i-gol
< Hausa
a-riguk
i-tek cf. Tarok ìrusòk, Sur nʃyɔk, Eggon i-ʃugu, Kamanton ʃok.
Widespread Plateau #wok forms are probably weakened
versions of an initial #nʃɔk
i-tikaʃi
i-yaram
a- < Hausa
mberbela
a-nkwee
ankeleŋkuŋ
i-ziŋ
i-gol as ‘cock’ ()
i-gokra cf. Sur ŋgwak, Tarok ìgòrok, Ngas ngak though
presumably ideophonic
aŋgokmwa
i-naŋ cf. Tarok ìnyìnyàŋ, Sur naŋ, Yaŋkam naŋ. This root is
found scattered through BC and reconstructs back as far as
PVC
i-galguk
a-gaŋʃat
cf. Sur nen,
a-mbukʃei
i-sok cf. Tarok ishòmshom ‘sweat-fly’, Berom ʃòk, Ningye sɔ,
Bu iʃɔ, Izere iʃɔʃ pl. iʃɔ́ʃ, Hasha i-suk
—
(Neophron monachus)
(Ploceus cucullatus)
15
(Ardeola ibis)
16
(Milvus migrans)
17
(Bucerotidae spp.)
18
(Corvus albus)
19
(Acarina spp.)
20
(Belenogaster spp.)
13
14
-14-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
290. Housefly
Singular
ì-tsiŋ
Plural
—
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
Ant (Generic)
Biting ant
Louse (Human)
Millipede
Cockroach
ì-sal
ì-cim
mbwaksin
ì-datum
njurukum
—
—
—
—
296. Termite
297. Flying-ant
298. Praying mantis
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
Firefly
Giant Cricket
Earthworm
Giant Snail
Dragon-fly
Oil
ì-katan
ì-zuŋbut
u-ɓwaɗik
gbel
nkili wus
u-kika
ti-tomtoli
ì-bapsak
u-gyaŋdal
nnye
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
Fat/grease
Salt
Soup/stew
Porridge
Sorghum-beer
Peelings
Filter
Rag
Handle (of tool)
ntsep
ntok
u-pot
nkwa
ntuk
u-koŋkoŋ
u-kaŋsat
a-bisik
u-pomni
314.
315.
316.
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
Sickle
ngap
Cutlass
ì-ʃaa
Iron
ì-tsesit
Axe
ìkù
Adze
ì-duk
Hoe I
ì-can
Hoe II
ì-gərma
Hoe III
mmaler
Ox-plough
ì-can ginak
Hammer
ì-gundima
Knife
ì-ʃaa
Cane
ì-ʃadei
Comb
ŋwaya
Spoon
saktiŋ
Broom
mpusuk
Sack
mbufu
Fireplace
ì-ciri
Hearth
ì-wasi
Shoe
kap
Cloth
ì-kaŋkum
Skin apron
u-nja
Cloth apron
mpawa
Upper
grindingti-kok
stone
guɓok
Commentary
cf. Sur nʒim, Tarok ìcìŋcìŋ, Dɔ) ʒi, Mambiloid ndʒì but
probably part of the larger set reconstructed as #-ciN to
Proto-Benue-Congo in Blench (ms.). Cf. also Ngas nshi
cf. Tarok ìzál ‘black ant sp.’,
cf. Tarok ìsìmsìm,
cf. Tarok ìgwàksin,
a- cf. Yangkam puguruk,
njurukum
i-katan cf. Tarok ìnàntàn, Horom ɗì-tàn
—
a-ɓwaɗik
gbel
a-nkili wus
a-kika cf. Sur nakaka
a-tomtoli
i-bapsak
a-gyaŋdal
cf. Sur nyii. Possibly related to the much more widespread
Niger-Congo #no-, #nucf. Sur nʃwak,
cf. Tarok ǹkpàŋ, Yangkam kpoŋ,
cf. Tarok ǹtòkɓára ‘stage of beer brewing’,
a-koŋkoŋ general term for ‘shell, husk’
a-kaŋsat cf. Tarok akàŋʃàt
a-pomni cf. Pe u-pomni, Sur kupup, Yangkam pəp, Cara pop,
Nupe efú, Mambila fù, PB #-péni. Reconstructed to PBC as
#-fu[pu] in Blench (ms.)
a-ngap cf. Tarok ìkà, Yangkam ga,
see ‘knife’ ()
see ‘money’
cf. Tarok ìkù, PLC `-kùt,
cf. Sur duk,
i-can cf. Tarok ashán but ? < Ngas cen
i-gərma < H.
a-maler
‘hoe of cow’
< H.
i-ʃaa
a-ŋwaya < H.
a-mpusuk
a-mbufu < H.
i-ciri cf. Tarok ací@r, Sur kiʃar
a-kap ? < H. but see Tarok akwàp, Sur tukwa, Yangkam taxap
i-kaŋkum ? cf. Tarok ìlùkwàn
a-nja
a-mpawa
cf. Tarok akò,
-15-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
337. Grinding-stone
(lower)
338. Mortar (wood)
339. Pestle
340. Pot
(generic)
341. Pot I
342. Pot II
343. Pot III
344. Pot IV
345. Pot V
346. Pot VI
(clay)
347. Head-pad
348. Basket (generic)
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
Dum-palm basket
Winnowing tray
Mat (generic)
Other mats
Spear I
Spear II
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.
Bow
Arrow
Quiver
Shield
Rope
Chain
Stool
Wooden door
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
Fence
Ladder
Bee-hive
Fish-Net
Animal trap
One
369. Two
370. Three
371. Four
372. Five
373. Six
374. Seven
Singular
ti-kok
ganjel
u-tuŋ guli
u-tuŋ
guɓok
ì-yeleŋ
~ iɓwok
~ unyaa
ujaŋjeleŋ
ujele
ndeleŋ
ì-yeleŋ igaŋ
kwa
ti-kat
Plural
Commentary
cf. Tarok atúm, Sur guzuŋ, Horom u-duŋ. The two words
seem to be reversed in Fyem, thus Fyem huɗuŋ ‘pestle’ and
tun ‘mortar’. Also in Chadic: Ngas ʃəŋ. This is likely to be
a Niger-Congo root derived from the verb ‘to pound’.
Hausa túrmíí may be from this source.
i-yeleŋ
(beer-making)
(beer drink)
(make kunnu)
(cook soup)
(fetch water)
(cook tuwo)
a-kat ti- prefix + #kata A Proto-Benue-Kwa root (PWN 199) cf.
Sur ti-kat, Yangkam kəɗa, Tarok akár,
mbandar
a- cf. Tarok, Sur m̀ bàndar, Ngas bandar
mbandar
nkatima a-nkatima
?
u-len
a-len
ilesu
< H.
u-ɓee
a-ɓee cf. Tarok aɓár,
ì-kwak
A Niger-Congo root; Kpelle kpala, Kusasi kpan, Agni
kua, Igbo okwa,
ì-gigyaŋ
cf. Tarok ìjaŋ,
ti-bwi
a-bwi cf. Shall nbi, Eggon o-bi, Ya bi, Kwyeny byie,
ì-ɓontoli
cf. Tarok ìbòntili
mbat
a-mbat Circular shield made of cowhide
ìrik
cf. Tarok arík, Yangkam rook,
asarka
< H.
ì-teŋ guteŋ
u-tsel
a-tsel identical with ‘road’ (63.). This same equivalence occurs in
Nupe
ngaksin a-ngaksin
ì-koŋ
i-koŋ cf. Tarok ǹgwàŋ, Sur ǹkwáŋ
u-guŋɗul
a-guŋɗul
ica
cf. Tarok ìcà, Nupe esa
ti-teneŋ
a-teneŋ
dik
? from Chadic: Tangale dɔk Bokkos ʔandék, ? Hausa
ɗáyáá, although this root is also widespread in NiloSaharan.
wap
? shortened from Chadic forms #rawap, e.g. Wangday
rwàp, Guruntum raap, Dera rááp.
tat
a PNC root
nee
a PNC root
coŋ
cf. Yaŋkam sooŋ, Sur ʃyɔŋ. A weakening of the more
common roots of the form #toon- widespread in NigerCongo e.g. Nembe sɔ̀nɔ̀
muntat
2x3?
coŋ nuŋ
5+2
wap
-16-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
375. Eight
376. Nine
377. Ten
378. Eleven
379. Twelve
380. Twenty
381. Forty
382.
383.
384.
385.
386.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
Black
White
Red
Sweet
Bitter
Half
Hot
Cold
Old (humans)
Old (things)
New
393. Wet
394. Dry
395.
396.
397.
398.
Smooth
Add to
Answer (question)
Ask a question
399. Ask/beg
for
something
400. Awaken
(someone)
401. Bark (dog)
402. Be bent
403. Be heavy
404. Be on (s.t.)
405. Be rotten
406. Be short
407. Beat
408. Begin
409. Bite
410. Blow (flute etc.)
411. Build (house etc.)
Singular
coŋ nuŋ tat
coŋ nuŋ
nee
bopti
bopti nuŋ
dik
bopti nuŋ
wap
wel le nisit
wel le nisit
awap
nsit
mbwaata
nzhuu
melmel
maŋtaraŋ
anʃaŋ
toŋtoŋ
gyaugyau
mbak
mbes
mpe
nʃu
nwom
pwalpwal
kaŋa
zhumdi
gigyip
Plural
Commentary
5+3
5+4
cf. Tarok ùgbə@pci
10 + 1
10 + 2
20 x 2
? cf. Tarok -rizaŋ
cf. Mada mən, Nupe mã́
cf. Tarok gbak+, Yangkam gwar,
cf. Tarok pipe, Yaŋkam pyaŋ, Sur pi. Niger-Congo #pi.
Also Chadic: Ngas pwi.
cf. Tarok wom, Sur womi, Yaŋkam mwom, Takum Jukun
wom+.
cf. Sur kaŋ
cf. Sur bip, Yaŋkam bip, Tarok ɓi@p, but a widespread root,
cf. PLC *bíp, Gbari byibe, Ịjọ ɓí, Reshe bípə. This
attestation is interesting because it points to an original
#gbyip
pwaŋsin
yemsel
cicok
ngonmen
ndeŋndeŋ
pal
rik
tiŋ
cí
bwit
roŋdi
ɓwi
me
412. Burn (fire burns)
413. Buy
tset
ráp
414. Call (to someone)
bisi
cf. Sur yem, Tarok yendəl+, Yangkam yirak
cf. Rukul tɔ(k)
cf. Tarok gən, Yangkam goŋ
cf. Tarok apal+ ‘up’,
cf. Sur lyeklyek
cf. Sur cip,
cf. Tarok rəm+,
cf. Tarok ɓúr,
see ‘mould’ (473.). cf. Sur mi, Tarok me+. Widespread in
Plateau but also Niger-Congo
cf. Tarok shì,
cf. Sur rup, Fyem rép, PLC #-lƐ́p, PB #dip. Widespread in
BC and reconstructed as #-rƐ́p- in Blench (ms.). Discussed
in Gerhardt (1983) and also found in some neighbouring
Chadic languages.
cf. Sur biʃi, Fyem ɓísá
-17-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
415. Carve (wood etc.)
416. Catch
417. Chew
418. Choose
419. Climb
420. Come I
421. Come II
422. Come out (of
room)
423. Continue (to do
s.t.)
424. Cough
425. Count
426.
427.
428.
429.
430.
Cut down (tree)
Cut in two
Cut off (head etc.)
Dance
Die
431. Dig (earth etc.)
Singular
ʃap
kom
taŋdi
ʃel
wit
ben
kat
pwet
kpeesi
kumdi
cendi
pà
kap
gu
pu
sum
gu
dapti
wu
435. Dry up
436. Eat
wom
ri
Enter
Fall (rain)
Fall over
Feel (cold etc.)
Fight (in war)
Finish (a task) I
Finish (a task) II
Flog
Flow (water etc.)
Fly (birds)
447.
448.
449.
450.
451.
Follow
Forget
Fry (in oil)
Gather/collect
Give
452. Give birth
453. Go
454. Go out/exit
Commentary
Widespread in Plateau, e.g. Kulu, Nindem, Kwanka sep and
Jju ʃab, Cara ʃipal, Bu ʃɛ, Ningye ʃɛp
cf. Tarok kpán, Yaŋkam kən, Sur kakyi,
cf. Sur taɣal but the ta- element is an ancient Niger-Congo
root
? cf. Yangkam saŋ,
cf. Tarok ɓá, Fyem, Horom ɓé, Yaŋkam ɓi, but a
widespread root reconstructible at least to Proto-AtlanticCongo. Also Chadic: Yiwom bεl, Kulere bo, Tsagu bàà,
Tera ɓa,
? cf. Tarok fà,
pakzhik
432. Do/make
433. Drag
434. Drink
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.
442.
443.
444.
445.
446.
Plural
boŋ
tusuŋ
yul
nji
kom
kók
gyas
ci
ce
yel
ʃop
kili
yir
com
na
cf. Tarok pír, Yangkam kpar,
cf. Tarok kúŋ, Sur kɔrɔŋ, Kwanka kori, Abuan -kɔɔl and
Rindre –kla. All these are versions of a more ancient root #kaLa widespread in Niger-Congo. Also Chadic: Kofyar
kwan, Zaar kunaan,
cf. Tarok, Yangkam pà, Rukul fa,
cf. Tarok kəp ‘strike’,
cf. Tarok gbəp, Yangkam soɣar,
cf. Tarok, Sur, Yangkam kú, Eggon kpù, Tesu kwe, Kenyi
kie, Surubu kee. Niger-Congo root #-ku.
cf. Yaŋkam suŋ, Sur ʃiŋ Fyem cin, Horom sim, Tesu ʃumu,
Kulu cem, Berom ciŋ
see also ‘pull’ (479.). Tarok dàpci, Sur nàp
cf. Yaŋkam, Sur, Tarok, Arum wá, perhaps reduced from
Ngas mwak ? See also Mambiloid, LC
cf. Tarok wóm ‘to be dry’, Yangkam ŋwom, Sur womi.
cf. Tarok, Sur rí, Fyem dé, Horom ɗye, linked to the
widespread –ri, -di roots found in Niger-Congo
cf. Hausa ?
cf. Sur gwɔn, Tarok ìkùm ‘to fight’,
also ‘jump’ (462.). cf. Fyem yila, Horom yala, Sur yel,
Tarok yel+ ‘float’
cf. Horom zup, but also Tangale sɔpɛ
cf. Tarok koŋ+,
cf. Sur ʒoŋ
cf. Tarok ná, Fyem ní. #na is widespread throughout
Plateau, but see also Tangale oni.
na tipwi
yel
ga pwet
-18-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
455. Grind
456. Grow (plants)
457. Hatch (egg)
458. Hear
Singular
kòk
pen
pwak
pok
459. Help
460. Hit/strike (drum)
461. Hunt
la
lup
bai
462. Jump
463. Kill
yel
wel
464. Know
465. Laugh
yi
misi
466.
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
Leave
Lick
Lie down
Listen
Marry
Mix I
Mix II
Mould (pot)
Open
Plant (crop etc.)
Play
Pound (in mortar)
dak
neŋe
rá
pok
ɓwa
kaŋa
coŋ
me
kuli
ɓwak
wak
tər
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
Pour (liquid)
Pull
Receive
Refuse
Remember
Return
Ride (horse etc.)
Roast on coals
zalaŋ
dapti
tset
sok
leŋkat
deŋ
wi
mva
486.
487.
488.
489.
Run
Say/speak
See
Sell
sit
jel
ya
ràp
490.
491.
492.
493.
Send
Shake
Sharpen
Shoot (arrow, gun)
ʃel
ci
gali
tat
494. Sing
495. Slaughter (animal)
cok
pa
Plural
Commentary
cf. PLC *kɔ́k, Sur gwak, Yaŋkam gba, Tarok kpà. Also in
Chadic: Ngas gwak
cf. Tarok pwák, Sur bwaɣa,
cf. Yangkam puk. Reconstructed to Proto-Benue-Congo as
#gbó in Blench (ms.) but regularly reduced to wó.
Discussed in Williamson (1992)
cf. Tarok lip strike’,
cf. Sur bar, Tarok abàr ‘hunting expedition’. Also in
Chadic: cf. Bokkos faar, Tangale para (n.), Ngizim bárâ
and Hausa fàráwtàà
cf. ‘fly’ (446.).
cf. Yangkam wyu, Sur wɔl, Fyem, Horom wol, Kwanka
won, Olulomo wùlɔ́ although as #wu this is widespread in
Niger-Congo
cf. Tarok nyí, Sur yɔk, Yangkam yakwi,
cf. Horom mis, Nupe mátsã. Also in Chadic: Diri mēs,
Tera mə@sə@
see under ‘sleep’ (496.).
see ‘hear’ (458.).
cf. Yangkam ɓar,
cf. Sur kaŋ, Tarok gwaŋ+
see also ‘build’ (411.) for commentary
cf. Sur gwɔri,
cf. Sur ɓər, Tarok ɓal+ ‘to transplant’, Toro bya,
cf. Yangkam tur, Tarok atúm ‘mortar’. Hausa túrmíí may
be from this source.
see under ‘drag’ (433.).
cf. Tarok riŋ+, Sur lyeŋ, Yaŋkam ryaŋ
cf. Tarok le+,
cf. Tarok wàŋ, Sur vɔŋ, Yaŋkam vaŋ, Eloyi vyé, Ekajuk
wô, Eggon vòm, Kohumono vɔβ, Obolo fǔŋ
cf. Tarok cər+,
cf. Tarok ya+
cf. Fyem rép, Bu rɛ, Cara rɛp, Ningye rɛp, Toro rifa, but
widespread in BC and reconstructed as #-rƐ́p- in Blench
(ms.). Discussed in Gerhardt (1983) and also found in some
neighbouring Chadic languages.
cf. Horom ci, ? Sur zɔkʃi
cf. Tarok, Yangkam, Sur tat+. A Niger-Congo root often
found as #-ta ‘bow’
cf. Tarok, Yangkam pà, Toro, Rukul fa
-19-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
496. Sleep
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
504.
505.
506.
507.
508.
509.
510.
511.
Singular
rá
Smash
Snap in two
Spit
Stand
Steal
Stir (soup)
Suck (breast etc.)
Surpass
Swallow
Tear (cloth etc.)
Throw
Try
Twist (rope etc.)
Uproot (tuber)
Walk
lup
ɓwakti
suk
tsel
yi
cì
ma
boi
nyei
kapti
tat
daryaŋ
mande
tul
tsal
512. Want/need I
513.
514.
515.
516.
517.
518.
Want/need II
Wash
Wear
Weep
Work
What?
Plural
Commentary
also ‘lie down’ (468.). cf. Tarok rá, Sur zura A widespread
Niger-Congo root, often meaning ‘sleep’ Aten lal, Yeskwa
lalo ‘sleep’, Mbe and Common Ekoid lál, PB #-dáádcf. Tarok ɓíkcí,
cf. Tarok yí,
= ‘shake’ cf. Tarok, Horom cì
cf. Tarok má,
cf. Tarok kàkci,
see ‘shoot’ ()
cf. Yaŋkam, Tarok myar+, Sur myerkat
cf. Toro tunun,
? cf. Tarok cèn, Nindem sen, Yashi ʃin, Tiv, dzèndè,
Common Ekoid jεn, Legbo sɛŋ, LC sàŋ. These forms are
probably related to a wider series with a stop in C1,
reflecting CB #-gènd-. Discussed in Williamson (1992:
393)
shortened form of palaŋ, found in Sur but probably a loan
from Ngas
pan
rot
nyali
zereŋ
kapti
kal
iyaŋa
cf. Tarok nàl, Sur ŋgal, Yangkam nwi,
cf. Sur iyaŋ,
Edible and Useful Plants
No.
519.
Gloss
Guinea-yam21
520.
Aerial yam22
521.
522.
523.
524.
525.
526.
527.
Red yam23
Water-yam24
Taro (Old cocoyam)25
New cocoyam26 *
Cassava*27
Sweet potato*28
Tumuku29
Singular
ì-kot
a-tom
ì-naana
ì-kot bu com
ì-gbomu
ì-gbomu
ì-njàlá
a-kitiku
ampu
Plural
Commentary
i-kot cf. Yangkam kyor, but this is a widespread BenueCongo root
A root reconstructed for Benue-Congo in Williamson
(1993)
i-naana
i-njàlá
cf. Tarok akítikú, but presumably Hausa kudaku
(Dioscorea guineensis)
(Dioscorea bulbifera)
23
(Dioscorea cayenensis)
24
(Dioscorea alata)
25
(Colocasia esculenta)
26
(Xanthosoma mafaffa) (H. wali)
27
(Manihot esculenta)
28
(Ipomoea batatas)
29
(Plectranthus esculentus)
21
22
-20-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
528. Rizga30
529. Sorghum31
530. Bulrush millet (gero)
531.
Singular
anjoi
pini
ime
532.
533.
Bulrush
millet
(maiwa)
Eleusine* (H. tamba)32
Fonio (H. acca)33
534.
Maize*34
535.
Rice*35
536.
537.
538.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
544.
545.
546.
547.
548.
549.
550.
551.
Cowpea36
aca
Spiral cowpea
sanduk
Striped beans
njaman
Long-podded beans
inuŋ gi dawal
Small beans
nkayaŋ
Bambara groundnut37
apwi
38
Groundnut (Peanut)
kombut
Tiger-nut39
a-pwak
Garden egg40
mpe
Okra41
ì-tuk
Chili pepper* (large)42
atarugu
43
Birdseye chili*
nsibil
Onion44
as Hausa
Tomato45
n-tumatus
Egusi melon46
ìsìlá
Edible squash47
ti-pe
552.
553.
554.
Sorrel/roselle48
Jews' mallow49
Kenaf50
Plural
Commentary
cf. Tarok anánjól,
i-pini cf. Tarok apíl ‘millet cultivar’
cf. Tarok ìmàr, Sur mər but perhaps both are loans from
Ngas?
acel
ì-zaŋdi
itisa
daloŋ
ì-kaaba
cf. Tarok ìzàŋziŋ, ? Sur sargi, Yangkam saraŋa,
cf. Sur tiʃi, Tarok ìbìshí, Bu isu, Gbari esu
i-daloŋ Tarok for maize is ìkúr odúlóŋ ‘sorghum of Hausa’ and
this may have been borrowed and shortened
cf. Tarok ìkaba, similar to names found widely across
Central Nigeria and must originally derive from Hausa
shinkafa.
i-sanduk < H. for the ‘coiled pod’ cultivars
cf. Tarok ǹjìmàn,
‘mouth of monkey’
hard to cook. cf. Tarok ǹkáyáŋ ‘shielding of hunger’
cf. Tarok afì and widespread in Jukunoid
i-kombut
cf. Yangkam fwak,
cf. Tarok mpyár, Yangkam pyar,
a widespread root in Benue-Congo
< H.
< H.
< E. via H.
a-pe cf. Tarok ìɓìk, Sur bat, Berom ebe, Abuan ee-phe,
Mambila fei. A BC root: Nupe èbě
ì-masi
ì-bwam
njalam
cf. Tarok ìbwàm ‘okra’,
(Solenostemon rotundifolius)
(Sorghum bicolor)
32
(Eleusine coracana)
33
(Digitaria exilis)
34
(Zea mays)
35
(Oryza sativa/ glaberrima)
36
(Vigna unguiculata)
37
(Vigna subterranea)
38
(Arachis hypogaea)
39
(Cyperus esculentus)
40
(Solanum melongena)
41
(Abelmoschus esculentus)
42
(Capsicum frutescens)
43
(Capsicum annuum)
44
(Allium cepa)
45
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
46
(Citrullus lanatus)
47
(Cucurbita pepo)
48
(H. yakuwa) (Hibiscus sabdariffa)
49
(H. lalo)(Corchorus olitorius)
30
31
-21-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
555. White sesame seeds51
556. Brown sesame
557. Black sesame52
558. Sesame leaves53
559. Bitterleaf54
560. Waterleaf*55
561. Banana (Musa AAA)
562. Orange*56
563. Pawpaw*57
564. Gourd (Generic)
Singular
ì-nzem
ilumsa
guni
ì-leŋ
a-ʃiwaka
alefu
a-ayaba
ì-lemu
ì-gwanda
a-sok
565.
566.
567.
568.
569.
570.
571.
572.
573.
574.
575.
576.
577.
Gourd-bottle58
Gourd (spherical)59
Water-gourd
Tobacco*
Sugar-cane*
Loofah60
Cola
Raphia palm61
Fan-palm62
Canarium tree63
Custard apple64
Wild date-palm65
Baobab66
ankaʃa
a-sok iɓa
u-kwaya
ì-taaba
a-reke
n-soso
ì-gooro
n-koi
n-kurkaŋ
ì-pat
ì-wulkul
n-gaŋ
ì-kukum
578.
579.
580.
581.
582.
Silk-cotton Tree67
Shea tree68
Locust tree69
Locust-bean cakes
Tamarind70
ì-ciri
ì-kup
u-nyali
n-jijam
ì-tum
Plural
Commentary
cf. Tarok ìzhin ‘brown sesame’,
cf. Tarok ìlìmpyar, Sur ləm,
i-guni
< H.
< H.
< H.
< H.
< H.
cf. Gyong tok, Eggon tuku, Rukul ntok, Ekoid S ǹ-tòg,
Kutep kìtù,
cf. Tarok ikpáŋ, Tesu əkpiʃi
<H.
<H.
<H.
<H.
< H.
cf. Yangkam kaŋa, Tarok ǹgur,
< Ngas pet
a-wulkun
cf. Tarok ǹgàŋ ‘dum-palm’,
cf. Sur, Yangkam, Rukul kum (silk-cotton), Tarok
ìkumkum (snuff-box tree) also Mambiloid but this root
is found widely in West Africa, often applied to the silkcotton
cf. Tarok ìcər,
cf. Sur kura,
cf. Tarok ìtùlùm, Sur ndum, Yangkam ɗum,
(H. rama) (Hibiscus cannabinus)
(H. Riɗii) (Sesamum indicum)
52
(Sesamum radiatum)
53
(H. karkashi)
54
Vernonia amygdalina
55
(Amaranthus spp)
56
(Citrus sinensis)
57
(Carica papaya)
58
(Lagenaria siceraria)
59
(Cucurbita maxima)
60
(H. soso) (Luffa cylindrica)
61
(Raphia spp.)
62
(Borassus aethiopum)
63
(Canarium schweinfurthii)
64
(Annona senegalensis)
65
(Phoenix reclinata)
66
(Adansonia digitata)
67
(Ceiba pentandra)
68
(Vitellaria paradoxa)
69
(Parkia biglobosa)
70
(Tamarindus indica)
50
51
-22-
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
No. Gloss
583. Black plum71
584. Mahogany72
585. Snuff-box tree73
586. Piliostigma
reticulatum
587. Tree
588. Tree
589. Unidentified tree I
590. Unidentified tree II
591. Unidentified tree III
592. Unidentified tree IV
593. Unidentified tree V
594. Unidentified tree VI
595. Unidentified tree VII
596. Unidentified tree VIII
597. Unidentified tree IX
598. Unidentified tree X
599. Unidentified tree XI
600. Unidentified tree XII
601. Unidentified tree XIII
Singular
a-cu
ì-kok
ntaŋbok
ì-segen
Plural
Commentary
cf. Tarok ìcù,
cf. Tarok ìkò
H. kalgoo
ì-galamji
ì-bitir
ì-tandol
ì-sap
ì-ʃuu
ì-gu
ì-seŋ
ì-koni
ì-baan
a-tsoli
ì-tiŋkwan
ì-zi
ì-tsiga
ì-kpomni
ì-tamuk
H. zagale
H. ɓaure
thorn tree cf. Tarok ìzù
cf. Tarok ìgù
cures catarrh
Musical Instruments
No.
602.
Gloss
Drum I
Singular
ì-gaŋgaŋ
603.
Drum II
604.
Zither
aɓwa+
605.
Harp
606.
Panpipes
aɓwa+
i-pel
607.
608.
Whistle I
Whistle II
ì-ret
i-nka
i-ret
609.
Clarinet
mveku
a-mveku
610.
611.
612.
613.
614.
Horn I
Horn II
Iron gong
Clapper-bell
Gourd-rattle
u-com
ì-bètù
ì-but
ŋwak selek
ì-ce
a-com
615.
616.
Calf rattles
Ankle rattles
ì-kan
aŋwaʃiri
ì-kaŋ
Plural
i-gaŋgaŋ
i-kaŋ cf. Tarok ìkaŋ,
cf. Tarok aɓwa,
no pl.
cf. Tarok ǹkà,
cf. Tarok m$betuk,
cf. Tarok ìkan,
cf. Tarok awáshírí,
(Vitex doniana)
(Khaya senegalensis)
73
(Strychnos spinosa)
71
72
-23-
Commentary
Resembles the Hausa twobarrel-drum gangaa
A single-headed drum standing
on the ground beaten with the h
A fifteen-stringed raft-zither i
from river reeds. The strin
arranged in threes and plucke
the thumbs.
An arched harp with six metal s
Set of tuned panpipe whistles
new every year
Cruciform wooden whistle
Conoidal wooden whistle wi
fingerholes
Transverse clarinet made of a
corn internode
Transversely blown antelope ho
Transversely blown wooden hor
Single clapperless bell
Tied around dancers’ waists
A net gourd-rattle, with bush
seeds
Iron dance rattles
Iron dance rattles
Roger Blench: Pe Wordlist
7. The affinities of Pe
Pe has always been considered as part of Plateau, although its nomadic classification reflects in part the anomalous
nature of some of its vocabulary but also the small amount of data available for analysis. However, it has been
most recently considered part of the Tarok group, a view supported by the present study.
Pe shows a number of ‘classic’ Niger-Congo roots, whose sources can be consulted in Westermann (1927) and
Mukarovsky (1976-1977) (e.g. 13., 15., 21.). Its affiliation with Plateau is clearly correct, with widespread
cognates in East Benue-Congo. However, the data tables suggest no particular affinity with the former Plateau 4
(Nungu, Ninzo etc.).
The language closest to Pe is Tarok, and the two share a number of lexical items not found elsewhere in Tarokoid
(e.g. 12., 16., 45., 48., 132., 181., 201., 207., 241., 293., 311., 355. etc.). Pe people assume their language
resembles Tarok, although the relationship is not that close. The Tarokoid group consists of Tarok, Pe and Yaŋkam
but excludes Toro (Turkwam) and Arum-Chessu, formerly listed as members (Blench 1996b). Pe also shares
lexical items exclusively with Sur (e.g. 25., 67., 128., 154., 173., 286., 300., 396.) and with Yangkam (e.g. 58.,
136., 143., 295. ).
Otherwise Pe seems to show no special relationship with any Plateau languages outside Tarokoid. It has a number
of items shared with Ngas, but these are often also part of the general process of Chadic/Plateau interaction.
Figure 1 presents tentative structure for the Tarokoid group based on present evidence.
Figure 1. Internal structure of Tarokoid
*Proto-Tarokoid
Tarok
Pe
Yangkam
Sur
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