βコース第 25 講仮定法

βコース
１
第 25 講
仮定法
空欄に入れるのに最も適当なものを一つ選びなさい。
1. Such a thing is unlikely to happen, but if it (
① would
② can
), what could I do?
③ will
④ did
2. If our last batter had not finally hit a home run, our team would (
) the
game.
① have lost
3. If I (
② have won
③ lose
④ win
) my homework yesterday, I would not be so busy today.
① finished
② had finished
③ have finished
④ were to finish
4. Even if the sun (
) in the west, he would not change his mind.
① would arise
② were to rise
③ might raise
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④ were to rouse
5. If she (
) late, give her this message.
① were coming
6. (
① If
7. (
② would come
③ should come
④ shall come
) I known more about his character, I would not have trusted him.
② Could
③ Had
④ Were
) in my absence, ask him for help.
① Should anything happen
② Anything will happen
③ Unless anything happens
④ If anything would have happened
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２
空欄に入れるのに最も適当なものを一つ選びなさい。
1. If (
) for his assistance, we could not carry out the project.
① there is not
2. (
① But
3. (
① But
② there were not
③ it is not
④ it were not
) it not been for the accident, I would never have studied the problem.
② Had
③ If
④ Were
) for your help, my book would not have been brought to light.
② If there were not
4. A few years ago, it (
③ Unless
④ Without
) for Japan to send troops overseas.
① would have been inconceivable
② cannot be inconceivable
③ is inconceivable
④ will have been conceivable
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5. He did what he had been told; (
) he would have been scolded.
① but
③ on the contrary
② though
6. The beach was beautiful! I wish I (
④ otherwise
) longer.
① have stayed
② could have stayed
③ can stay
④ will stay
7. You looked (
) a ghost when you came out of the house.
① like to have seen
② like seeing
③ as though to have seen
④ as if you had seen
8. You have done very well, but you (
) better.
① could have done
② will have done
③ could not have
④ had
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9. I’m so hungry that I (
① can eat
② ate
) a horse.
③ have eaten
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④ could eat
βコース
第 25 講
解答
１
1. ④ did
2. ① have lost
3. ② had finished
4. ② were to rise
5. ③ should come
6. ③ Had
7. ① Should anything happen
２
1. ④ it were not
2. ② Had
3. ① But
4. ① would have been inconceivable
5. ④ otherwise
6. ② could have stayed
7. ④ as if you had seen
8. ① could have done
9. ④ could eat
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仮定法
<資料>
1.
if 節を用いない仮定形式
[Ａ] 主語
主語に仮定の意味が含まれることがある。
A wise man wouldn’t do a thing like that.
= If he were a wise man, hewouldn’t do a thing like that.
(賢い人ならそんなことはしないだろう)
A little water would have saved the dog.
= If there had been a little water, it would have saved the dog.
(少量の水があったら、その犬は助かっただろう)
[Ｂ] 不定詞･分詞
To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.
=If you heard him speak English, you would take him for an American.
(もし彼が英語を話すのを聞けば、彼をアメリカ人とまちがえるだろう)
The same man, living in the wartime, would be a hero.
=If the same man were living in the wartime, he would be a hero.
(同じ男が戦乱の時代に生きていたら、英雄となっただろうに)
[Ｃ] 副詞句
With a little more patience, you would succeed.
= If you had a little more patience, you would succeed.
(もう少し辛抱強さがあれば、あなたは成功するでしょうに)
[Ｄ] 名詞句
A little more effort, you would succeed.
= If you made a little more effort, you would succeed.
(もう少し努力すれば、あなたは成功するでしょう)
[Ｅ] 関係詞節
Anyone who did that should be laughed at.
= If anyonedid [should do] that, he should be laughed at.
(どんな人でも、そんなことをすればきっと笑われるだろう)
[Ｆ] otherwise：「さもなければ」
I followed his advice; otherwise I would have failed.
= If I had not followed his advice, I would have failed.
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(私は彼の忠告に従ったが、さもなければ失敗していただろう)
2.
仮定法に関連した重要表現
[Ａ] 願望表現：I wish S V･･･.／How I wish S V･･･!／If only S V･･･!
①I wish S V･･･.の形は現実に反する願望、つまり仮定法の一種だと考えられる。
現在の事実に関する願望なら V を過去形に(※)、過去の事実に反する願望な
ら had + V-ed の形を使えば良い。
※
be 動詞はすべて were にするのが正式な用法だが、口語では was も使用される。
① I wish +S V(過去)･･･「～であればよいのに」
② I wish + S had V-ed･･･「～であったらよかったのに」
① 現在の事実に反する願望 → 仮定法過去
② 過去の事実に反する願望 → 仮定法過去完了
I wish I were [was] rich. (金持ちならばなあ)
I wish he could have joined us then.
(彼がその時私たちに加わることができていたらよかったのに)
なお、上記例文を直説法で書き換えると、それぞれ
I am sorry I am not rich.／I am sorry he could not join us then.
となる。
② If only ～ !「～でさえあればよいのに」
If only this water were[was] wine !
(この水がぶどう酒であればよいのだがなあ)
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[Ｂ]as if ～、as though ～「まるで～である[あった]かのように」
as if、as though に導かれる節では、仮定法が次のように用いられる。
① 主節の動詞の示す時と同時の事柄→仮定法過去
② 主節の動詞の示す時よりも以前の事柄、または、その時までの完了等
を表す場合→仮定法過去完了
He looks as if he were ill.
(彼は病気であるかのような顔をしている)
He looks as if he had been ill.
(彼は病気であったかのような顔をしている)
[Ｃ]「･･･がなければ」
but for N = without N
= if it were not for N／if it had not been for N
= were it not for N／had it not been for N
「N がなければ／N がなかったら」
※if it were not for N は仮定法過去、if it had not been for N は仮定法過去完了。were it
not for N、had it not been for N はそれぞれを倒置にしたものである。
but for N、without N は仮定法過去にも仮定法過去完了にもなりうる。主節の形(＜助動詞(過
去)＋V(原)＞か＜助動詞(過去) + have + V-ed＞か)を見て判断するのが基本。
But for your help, he would fail.
= Without your help, he would fail.
= If it were not for your help, he would fail.
= Were it not for your help, he would fail.
（あなたの助けがなければ、彼は失敗するでしょう）
But for your help, he would have failed.
= Without your help, he would have failed.
= If it had not been for your help, he would have failed.
= Had it not been for your help, he would have failed.
（あなたの助けがなかったら、彼は失敗したでしょうに）
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[Ｄ]It is time ～（仮定法過去「もう～すべき時だ」）
It’s time you went to bed.（もう寝る時間ですよ）
It’s time you knew the facts of life.
(君はもう人生の実態を分かっているべき頃だ)
time に続く節の動詞が過去形になっていることに注意。
「もうとっくに～
している時間なのに、実はしていない」という意味が含まれて、仮定法過去
「そろそろ･･･
が用いられる。また、強調形は It is high time S V･･･.となり、
時間ですよ」とソフトに表現したいなら、It’s about time S V･･･.という形
をとる。
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