L5 Amazing Too Users Part 1 These days,/ what has been observed/ in many places/ around the world?// Every day/ we human use tool/ to carry out various tasks:// we use/ forks and spoons for eating,/ pens or pencils for writing,/ and/ sponges for cleaning.// The range of tools we use is/ amazingly wide.// Tool use was once thought/ to be one of the features/ that set humans apart from animals.// To be sure,/ humans have developed and used/ mechanical, electric and electronic tools/ for multiple purposes.// In no other animals can we see such/ sophisticated and elaborate use of tools.// To us humans,/ tools are the primary means/ by which/ we control and manipulate/ our physical environment.// During the development of civilization,/ human’s use of tools has improved and diversified.// We humans/ not only use tools but/ make and develop a variety of new one/ for different purposes.// We can even use tools/ to make other specific tools.// In addition,/ the use and making tools is handed down/ from generation to generation.// Tool use by humans is/ not genetically transmitted/ by DNA,/ but is acquired / through social leaning,/ so/ it can be called “culture.” Since/ tool use requires/ a high level intelligence and cognitive ability,/ it was originally thought/ to be a skill possessed only by humans.// Recently,/ however,/ tool use by animals,/ including primates, birds, and elephants,/ has been observed/in many places/ around the world.// Animals also use tools/ to accomplish tasks/ or make them easier.// L5 Amazing Too Users Part 1 These days,/ what has been observed/ in many places/ 最近/ 何が観察されたのでしょう？/ たくさんの場所で/ around the world?// 世界中で// Every day/ we human use tool/ to carry out various tasks:// we use/ forks and spoons 毎日/ 私達人 間は道具を使う/ 様々な仕事を行 うために// 私達は使う/ 食べるためにフォークや for eating,/ pens or pencils for writing,/ and/ sponges for cleaning.// The range of スプーンを// 書く為にペンや鉛筆を/ そして/ 洗うためにスポンジを// 私たちが使う道具の tools we use is/ amazingly wide.// Tool use was once thought/ to be one of the features/ 範囲は～だ/ 驚くほど広い// 道具の使 用はかつて考えられていた/ ～の特徴の一つ/ that set humans apart from animals.// To be sure,/ humans have developed and used/ 実際 / 人間と動物を分ける～// 人間が～を発展させて使ってきている/ mechanical, electric and electronic tools/ for multiple purposes.// In no other animals 機械的で電 気で動く電子 工学の道 具 / 多様な目的のために// 私達はそのような～を動物を can we see such/ sophisticated and elaborate use of tools.// To us humans,/ tools are 他に見ることができない/ 洗 練されてそして手の込んだ道具を使う// 私達 人間にとって/ 道 具は the primary means/ by which we control and manipulate/ our physical environment.// 根本的な手段/ 私達が～をコントロールし操作する/ 自分たちの物理的な環境を During the development of civilization,/ human’s use of tools has improved and 文明が発達する間 / 人間が道具を使用することは向上し多 様化した // diversified.// We humans/ not only use tools but/ make and develop a variety of new 私達人 間は/ 道具を使うだけでなくまた/ 様々な新しいものを作りそして発展させる/ one/ for different purposes.// We can even use tools/ to make other specific tools.// 様々な目的のために// 私達は道具 を使うことさえできる/ 他の特定の道 具を作るために// In addition,/ the use and making tools is handed down/ from generation to generation.// 加えて/ 道具の使用し作ることは伝えられる/ 世代間で// Tool use by humans is/ not genetically transmitted/ by DNA,/ but is acquired / through 人間による道具の使用は～だ/ 一 般的な遺伝されたのではなく/ DNA による/ 獲得された/ 社 会的な social leaning,/ so/ it can be called “culture.” 学びを通じて/ したがって/それは「文化」と呼ぶことができるだろう// Since/ tool use requires/ a high level intelligence and cognitive ability,/ it was ～なので/道 具の使用は～を必要とする/ 高レベルの知能と認識能 力を/ それは originally thought/ to be a skill possessed only by humans.// Recently,/ however,/ tool 元来、～と考えられていた/ 人間だけが所有している技術だと// 最近/ しかしながら/ 動物に use by animals,/ including primates, birds, and elephants,/ has been observed/in many よる道具の使用 / 霊長 類、鳥、そして象を含めて/ 観察されている/ 多くの places/ around the world.// Animals also use tools/ to accomplish tasks/ or make them 場所で/ 世界中の// easier.// するために// 動物もまた道具を使う/ 仕事を成し遂げたる/ もしくはそれらを簡単に Part 2 What ability do chimpanzees and New Caledonian crows have/ in common?// Researchers have observed primates,/ the closest relatives of humans,/ using tools.// It is thought that/ humans and chimpanzees might have shared/ a common ancestor/ millions of years ago.// It has also been found that/ 98 percent of the gene sequence of chimpanzees is the same/ as that of humans.// Chimpanzees make the widest use of tools/ among primates.// Tool use by chimpanzees includes/ digging into termite mounds/ with a large stick/ and/ then using a small stick/ to “fish” the termite out.// They have been observed/ cutting down a stick/ with their fingers and teeth/ so that it can fit/ into a hole/ in a termite nest.// A recent study has revealed/ the use of advanced tools/ such as spears.// Chimpanzee in Senegal break a branch/ from a tree/ and/ sharpen the end/ using teeth.// They then use this tool/ to spear bushbabies/ out of small holes/ in tree.// Many birds are also capable of/ using tools.// Among them,/ New Caledonian crows make/ as impressive use of tools as chimpanzee.// They use stiff tools/ cut from the leaves of trees/ to get insects/ from tree holes.// The most complex of these tools are/ broad at the base/ and/ narrow at the end.// The crows hold the broad base/ with their beaks/ and/ use the narrow end/ to extract the insects.// Chimpanzee and New Caledonian crows/ not only use tools but also make tools/ to fit their purposes.// Part 2 What ability do chimpanzees and New Caledonian crows have/ in チンパンジーとニューカレドニアのカラスが持っている能 力とは何でしょうか？ // common?// 共通して// Researchers have observed primates,/ the closest relatives of humans,/ using tools.// 研究者たちは～の霊長 類を観察している/ 人間に最も近い親戚/ 道具を使う～// It is thought that/ humans and chimpanzees might have shared/ a common ancestor/ ～と考えられている/ 一つの共通の祖 先 / 人間とチンパンジーは～を共有しているかもしれない/ millions of years ago.// It has also been found that/ 98 percent of the gene sequence 何百年 前に// また～ということも分かっている/ チンパンジーの 98％の一連の遺伝子は同 じ/ of chimpanzees is the same/ as that of humans.// Chimpanzees make the widest use of /人間のものと// チンパンジーは道具を最大限に利用する/ tools/ among primates.// / 霊長 類の中で// Tool use by chimpanzees includes/ digging into termite mounds/ with a large stick/ チンパンジーによる道具の使用は～を含む/ アリ塚を掘りだすこと/ 一本の大きな棒で/ and/ then using a small stick/ to “fish” the termite out.// They have been observed/ そして/ 其れから小さな棒を使う/ シロアリを釣りだすために// 彼らは観察されている/中 cutting down a stick/ with their fingers and teeth/ so that it can fit/ into a hole/ in a 一本の棒を切り倒すところを/ 彼らの指や歯で/ ちょうど合うように/ 穴に/ termite nest.// A recent study has revealed/ the use of advanced tools/ such as 白アリの巣の中の// 最 近の研究で～が明らかになっている/ 高度な道具を使うこと/ 槍のような spears.// Chimpanzee in Senegal break a branch/ from a tree/ and/ sharpen the end/ た// セネガルのチンパンジーはは枝を折る/ 木から/ そして/端っこを尖らせる/ using teeth.// They then use this tool/ to spear bushbabies/ out of small holes/ in 歯を使って// 彼らはそれからこの道具を使う/ ブッシュベイビーを槍でさすために/ 小さな穴から出てきた/ tree.// 木の// Many birds are also capable of/ using tools.// Among them,/ New Caledonian crows 多くの鳥はまた～する能力がある/ 道具を使う// 彼らの中で/ ニューカレドニアのカラスは make/ as impressive use of tools as chimpanzee.// They use stiff tools/ cut from the 作る/ チンパンジーのような驚くべき道具の使い方を// 彼らは硬い道具を使う/ 木の葉っぱから切った/ leaves of trees/ to get insects/ from tree holes.// The most complex of these tools /虫をとるために/ 木の穴から// これらの道具の最も複雑なところは～だ/ are/ broad at the base/ and/ narrow at the end.// The crows hold the broad base/ with 土台が幅 広く/ そして/ 先っぽが細いところだ// カラスは幅広の土台をつかむ/ their beaks/ and/ use the narrow end/ to extract the insects.// Chimpanzee and New 彼らのくちばしで/ そして/ 細い先っぽを使う/ 虫を取りだすために// チンパンジーとニューカレドニアのカラ Caledonian crows/ not only use tools but also make tools/ to fit their purposes.// スは/ 道具を使うだけでなくまた道具を作る/ 自分たちの目的に合わせために// Part 3 What tools do the dolphin in Shark Bay use?// In 1997,/ a team of researchers at Zurich University in Switzerland first witnessed/ dolphins using tools/ in Shark Bay,/ Western Australia.// This is probably the only known case of/ tool use by marine mammals.// Dolphins are thought/ to be clever animals/ because/ their brain-to-body-mass ratio is greater/ than that of all other animals/ except humans.// But/ previously/ they had not been considered/ to be tool-users.// When the researchers were observing/ the dolphins in Shark Bay,/ they saw something strange/ over their beaks.// It looked as if/ they had massive tumors.// The object turned out/ to be marine sponges/ broken off from the seabed.// The dolphins were holding sponges/ over their beaks/ and/ appeared/ to be using them/ as a fishing tool/ while they were searching/ the sea floor.// It is believed that/ these sponges help protect/ the dolphin’s beaks/ from debris.// Without sponges,/ the dolphin might hurt their beaks.// This behavior has been observed/ only in Shark Bay/ and/ it is shown exclusively/ by a small group of/ female dolphins and their daughters.// The research team tried to find out/ whether it is acquired through/ social learning or transmitted genetically.// They analyzed/ the DNA of 13 “spongers” and/ 172 “nonspongers.”// They found that/ most of sponge-using dolphins belonged to/ the same family.// The behavior appeared/ to be passed down/ mostly from mothers to their daughters.// Part 3 What tools do the dolphin in Shark Bay use?// シャークベイのイルカは何の道具を使いますか？// In 1997,/ a team of researchers at Zurich University in Switzerland first witnessed/ 1997 年/ スイスのチューリッヒ大学のある研究チームが初めて～を目撃した/ dolphins using tools/ in Shark Bay,/ Western Australia.// This is probably the only 道具を使うイルカ/ シャークベイで/ 西オーストラリアの// これはおそらく～の初めての事例だ/ known case of/ tool use by marine mammals.// Dolphins are thought/ to be clever /海洋ホ乳類による道具の使用 // イルカは考えられている/ 頭のよい動物 animals/ because/ their brain-to-body-mass ratio is greater/ than that of all other /なぜなら～だからだ/ 彼らの脳と体の容量の比率は～よりも大きい/ すべての他の動物よりも animals/ except humans.// But/ previously/ they had not been considered/ to be /人間を除いた// しかし/ 以前は/ 彼らは～と考えられていなかった/ 道具を使う tool-users.// ものだとは// When the researchers were observing/ the dolphins in Shark Bay,/ they saw something 研究者たちが～を観察していたとき/ シャークベイのイルカを/ 彼らは奇妙なものを見た/ strange/ over their beaks.// It looked as if/ they had massive tumors.// The object / 彼らのくちばしの上に// それはまるで～のようだった/ 彼らが巨大な腫瘍を持っていた // その物体 は turned out/ to be marine sponges/ broken off from the seabed.// The dolphins were ～だと分かった/ 海綿動 物/ 海底からはがれた// イルカは海綿を持っていた holding sponges/ over their beaks/ and/ appeared/ to be using them/ as a fishing tool/ / 彼らのくちばしを覆い/ そして/ ～だと思われる/それらを使っている/ 魚を捕る道具の一 つとして/ while they were searching/ the sea floor.// It is believed that/ these sponges help 彼らが～を捜している間/ 海底を// ～だと信じられている/ これらの海綿は～を保護 する protect/ the dolphin’s beaks/ from debris.// Without sponges,/ the dolphin might hurt のを助ける/ イルカのくちばしを/ 有機堆 積物から// 海綿がなかったら/ イルカは～を傷つけるかもしれない/ their beaks.// This behavior has been observed/ only in Shark Bay/ and/ it is shown 彼らのくちばしを// この行動は観察されている/ シャークベイだけで/ そして/ それはもっぱら～で exclusively/ by a small group of/ female dolphins and their daughters.// The research 見られる/ ～の少数のグループで/ メスのイルカとその娘// 研究 者の team tried to find out/ whether it is acquired through social learning or transmitted チームは見つけだそうとした/ それが社会的な学び、もしくは遺伝子 的な伝達を通じて得られたかどうかを / genetically.// They analyzed/ the DNA of 13 “spongers” and/ 172 “nonspongers.”// They もの// 彼らは～を分析した/「スポンジを使うイルカ」の 13 番目の DNA をそして/ 「スポンジを使わないイルカ」の 172 番目を// found that/ most of sponge-using dolphins belonged to/ the same family.// The 彼らは～ということを見つけた/ スポンジを使っているイルカのほとんどは～に属していた/ 同じ家系// behavior appeared/ to be passed down/ mostly from mothers to their daughters.// その行動は～だと思われる/ 受け継がれている/ たいてい母から娘に// Part 4 What will be able to do/ by further research/ on animal’s too use?// In general,/ tools are used/ by animals/ only to perform simple tasks/ such as getting food.// The Egyptian vulture drops a rock/ from the air/ on an ostrich egg/ to break it open.// Orangutan use stick/ to get nuts and ants.// Some animals use tools/ for other simple purposes.// A gorilla was seen breaking off/ a tree branch/ and/ using it As a walking stick/ as she waded through/ a swamp.// Elephants pick up a stick/ and/ rub an itch/ with it/ if they are unable to do/ that with their long trunk.// For these animals,/ tools are objects they manipulate/ in order to perform a specific task that/ some benefit to them.// The tools they use are quite simple/ compared with the ones human use:/ They are things that/ the animals can easily pick up/ from their living environment.// However,/ a few animals/ such as chimpanzees and New Caledonian crows/ can/ make or alter/ a tool,/ or/ use different tools/ for different purposes.// Some animals are even thought/ to have a tool-use “culture.”// New discoveries continue/ to be made/ about animal’s abilities and intelligence.// They show that/ tool use is a quite common strategy that/ a number of animals have adopted to make the most of their environments.// Further research on animals’ tool-using behavior will lead us/ to a better understanding of/ their capabilities/ and/ their evolutionary development.// Part 4 What will be able to do/ by further research/ on animal’s too use?// 何をすることができるでしょう？/ さらなる研究によって/ 動物の道 具の使用に対して// In general,/ tools are used/ by animals/ only to perform simple tasks/ such as getting 一般的に/ 道具は使われる/ 動物によって/ 単に簡単に仕事を行うために/ 食べ物をとるような// food.// The Egyptian vulture drops a rock/ from the air/ on an ostrich egg/ to break // エジプトハゲワシは岩を落とす/ 空中から/ ダチョウの卵めがけて/ それを割る it open.// Orangutan use stick/ to get nuts and ants.// Some animals use tools/ for ために// オラウータンは棒を使う/ 木の実やアリをとるために// 一部の動 物は道具を使う/ other simple purposes.// A gorilla was seen breaking off/ a tree branch/ and/ using it その他の簡単な目的のために// ～を折るゴリラが見られた/ 木の枝を/ そして/ それを使う As a walking stick/ as she waded through/ a swamp.// Elephants pick up a stick/ and/ 杖として/ ～を渡るときに/ 沼を// ゾウは棒をひろう/ そして/ rub an itch/ with it/ if they are unable to do/ that with their long trunk.// 痒いところをこする/それで/ もしそれができなかったら/ 彼らの長いはなで// For these animals,/ tools are objects they manipulate/ in order to perform a specific これらの動物にとって/ 道 具は彼らが操作する物/ ～な特別な仕事を行うために/ task that/ some benefit to them.// The tools they use are quite simple/ compared with /そのいくつかは彼らにとって良いことがある～// 彼らが使う道具はとても単純なもの/ ～と比べて/ the ones human use:/ They are things that/ the animals can easily pick up/ from their 人間が使うものと/ それらは～の物/ 動物が簡 単に拾うことができる/ 彼らの生活 living environment.// However,/ a few animals/ such as chimpanzees and New Caledonian している環境から// いくつかの動物は / しかし/ チンパンジーやニューカレドニアのカラスのような/ crows/ can/ make or alter/ a tool,/ or/ use different tools/ for different purposes.// ～できる/ある道具を作ったり変えたり/または/ 異なる道具を使う/ 異なる目的のために// Some animals are even thought/ to have a tool-use “culture.”// 一部の動物は～とさえ考えられている/ 道具を使う“文化”を持っている// New discoveries continue/ to be made/ about animal’s abilities and intelligence.// They 新しい発見は続く/ 築き上げるために/ 動物の能力や知 能について // それらは show that/ tool use is a quite common strategy that/ a number of animals have adopted ～表している/ 道具の使用は全くもって共通的な～の戦略 / たくさんの動物が採用 している/ to make the most of their environments.// Further research on animals’ tool-using 自分たちの環境を最大 限に利用するために// 動物の道具の使用の行 動をさらなる研究をすると behavior will lead us/ to a better understanding of/ their capabilities/ and/ their 私達は～と分かる/ ~をより理解するということが/ evolutionary development.// 革新的な成長を// 彼らの才能 / ～と/ 彼らの
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