Phytochemicals from nine plants beneficial for pregnant women

International Journal of Pharmacological Research
ISSN: 2277-3312
www.ssjournals.com
Journal DOI:10.7439/ijpr
Phytochemicals from nine plants beneficial for pregnant women
Lakshmi. D*1, N. Prasanna2 and R. Baskar3
1
Department of Biotechnology, M.G.R. College, Hosur, Tamilnadu, India.
Department of Chemistry, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, India
3
Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
2
Corresponding author*
Lakshmi. D
Lecturer,
Department of Biotechnology,
M.G.R. College, Hosur, Tamilnadu, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The phytochemicals found in nine plants which are easily accessible to the women living in developing
countries in particular is studied as the prevalence of diseases caused by lack of prenatal nutrients is high in these
countries. Knowledge about these plants would help the expectant women to get the maximum prenatal nutrients like
Folic acid, Iron, Vitamin B6, Zinc, Calcium, Choline and Alpha linoleic acid precursors needed to synthesize Omega 3
fats which are vital for the foetal growth and development. These plants are easily available and are affordable to the
majority of poor women living in slums of the city dwellers and those who live in villages. Due to lack of knowledge,
money, palatability issues, improper storage and consumption irregularities the expectant mothers in this category do not
consume prescribed prenatal nutrients, affecting the mother and the foetus. Though prescribed prenatal nutrients are still
very essential, same from the food sources have many benefits like they are from the complex mixture of many
phytochemicals which act synergistically and provide known and unknown benefits to them. Apart from this, most of the
plants listed here can be easily grown in pots or plots near their homes, manuring with kitchen wastes and without using
chemical fertilizers or pesticides. Plants that provide all the prenatal nutrients and easily accessible for daily consumption
by the pregnant women at an affordable cost in developing countries are Cowpea, Tomatoes, Turnip greens, Garlic,
Wheat, Drumstick leaves, Cauliflower, purslane and Guava fruits.
Keywords: Phytochemicals, Prenatal Nutrients, Synergistically
1. Introduction
We know for a long time that a diet rich in vegetables is good for us. Many chemicals present in plants, such as
those responsible for their colour, smell and flavour have been shown to be beneficial for our health. Examples include
lycopene in tomatoes, B-carotene in carrots, resveratrol in the skin of red grapes and the antioxidant catechin in green tea.
Many of these compounds cannot be synthesised by humans and therefore have to be sourced from our food. Some of
these micronutrients, such as vitamins, have long been recognised to play a vital role in our health. But many other
compounds, not yet considered essential, are likely to be beneficial, commonly referred to as phytochemicals. Lack of
proper Nutririch diet during pregnancy will lead to health problems to the mother and foetus1. WHO and National Medical
professionals emphasis the administration of prenatal nutrients in the recommended doses. Drugs are synthetic substitutes
of the naturally occurring vitamins and minerals. Hence through this paper we suggest the expectant mothers to eat as
many plants and nuts listed here to get maximum prenatal nutrients.
1.1 Health risks due to malnutrition in pregnancy
Pregnant women who receive inadequate nutrition experience greater maternal morbidity2 and have a higher risk
of premature delivery and miscarriage. They may also develop the following conditions:
1.Anaemia3,44, 2.Infection, 3.Lethargy and weakness, 4.Lower productivity. Under-nutrition in pregnant women is
associated with a range of detrimental effects to the developing foetus, including intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) 4
and low-birth weight5, associated with a range of adverse outcomes for the developing foetus and/or newborn baby,
including an increased risk of:
Stillbirth6 (some 50% of stillbirths in normally formed foetuses are attributable to IUGR), Prematurebirth,
Perinatal mortality (death of the infant within seven days of birth) – infants who weigh <2.5kg are 5-30 times more likely
to die within the first seven days of life compared to normal weight infants (≥2.5kg). Infants who weigh <1.5kg have a 70100 times increased risk of dying within seven days of birth, Infant (neurological, intestinal, respiratory and circulatory)
disorders, Birth defects, Underdevelopment of some organs, Cretinism (a congenital condition affecting the thyroid gland
which results in lack of coordination, dull facial expression and dry skin) and Brain damage 7,8.
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1.2 Health risks for the child in the long-term
Maternal under-nutrition causes metabolic and other changes in the foetus, which produce ill metabolic responses
following birth. A foetus that is malnourished grows at a reduced insulin and glucose production levels 9. This permanently
alter the individual’s glucose and insulin metabolism throughout their life and increase the risk of chronic nutritional
disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity and are seven times more likely to develop
diabetes compared to men born at normal birth weight. The offspring of under nourished women during pregnancy have
an increased risk of developing:
Metabolic disorders (including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidaemia (abnormal concentration of lipids in the
blood),Glucose intolerance (a pre-diabetes condition in which the body is unable to metabolise glucose normally),
Impaired energy homeostasis (when the body does not function as it should to regulate its energy levels), Obesity,
Mitochondrial dysfunction (dysfunction of the mitochondria, which is found in the cell nucleusand provides the cell
energy), Oxidative stress10,49 (a state in which the body has too many reactive molecules which can cause cell damage),
Ageing, Cardiovascular disorders (including Hypertension, Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the blood vessels), Stroke;
andCoronary heart disease, Osteoporosis, Breast cancer, Chronic obstructive lung disease, Chronic kidney failure,
Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia11,47. Organ dysfunction or abnormal
development of organs including the testes, ovaries, brain, heart, liver, small intestine and mammary gland, Reduced
adolescent health, especially for females, Reduced health during adulthood, Infectious disease, The greatest brain
growth12 occurs between 3 months before birth and 2 years of age. It is at these stages that the development of the brain’s
nerve system and the connection between nerves is at its peak and so the brain requires the most energy to maintain its
growth. The nerve system developing during this time determines how brain is structurally and functionally organised
(cortical organisation) throughout life13. Poor foetal development may lead to :Poor performance at school, learning and developing skills, reduced ability to perform physical work and reduced
economic productivity14,46.
Health risks due to micronutrient deficiency during pregnancy
Vitamin B12 deficiency risks pregnant women with Anaemia and its symptoms, Neurological complications15.
Vitamin K deficiency is associated with blood clotting disorders, including increased clotting time which presents
particular risks during delivery when women lose substantial amounts of blood, even when blood clotting functions
normally. Iodine deficiency is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes including Miscarriage and Stillbirth. Zinc
deficiency is associated with Pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure and urinary protein concentrations during pregnancy),
Premature rupture of membranes and Preterm delivery.
2. Daily Value
Considering the above risks due to nutritional deficiency during pregnancy expectant mothers should take
adequate nutrition as per the recommended daily value16. The percent Daily Value (% DV) is based primarily on the 1968
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Specifically, the % DVs for nutrients listed on the required labels are based
on the highest of the 1968 RDAs. The reference values used for labelling 17 vitamins and minerals are termed the Reference
Daily Intakes (RDIs), with Daily Reference Values (DRVs) established by the FDA for macronutrients, sodium, and
potassium. Additional regulations later added RDIs for vitamins and minerals from the 1989 RDAs and established RDIs
for vitamin K, selenium, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and chloride. The % DV is based on the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) reference values18 and a daily 2,000 calorie diet. The table below shows the Daily Values for
pregnant and lactating women.
Table 1: Daily value of nutrients for pregnant women
Nutrient
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Phosphorus
Iodine
Magnesium
Zinc
Copper
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DV
8,000
60
1,300
18
400
30
1.7
2
20
2.5
800
8
300
10
1,300
150
450
15
2
Units of Measure
International Unit (IU)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
International Unit (IU)
International Unit (IU)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
micrograms (µg)
micrograms (µg)
micrograms (µg)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
micrograms (µg)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
milligrams (mg)
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3. Prenatal Nutrients and their Benefits
3.1 Folic acid
Folate – or synthetically called folic acid is a B vitamin that has miraculous powers for a pre-pregnant woman in
preventing neural tube defects (NTD), serious abnormalities19 of the brain and spinal cord. Studies show that if all women
could consume the recommended amount of folic acid before and during early pregnancy up to 70% of all NTD, serious
problem that can lead to pregnancy termination or a baby born with spina bifida, could be prevented20. Folic acid most
importantly helps cellular growth and regeneration, nucleotide biosynthesis in cells, DNA synthesis and repair, red blood
cell creation, and prevention of anemia. Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is well known for its application in the
prevention of fetal deformities, Alzheimer’s disease, and several types of cancer. Fortunately, there are many foods that
are available naturally are rich sources of folic acid. The metabolism of naturally occurring folate and synthetic folic acid
is quite different and the folate is readily bioavailable form of vitamin B9 found in many plants and animal foods.
Folic acid, while readily utilized by the body, is the synthetic form of the vitamin, often found in supplements and
fortified foods. The body is more adept at using folate and will regulate healthy levels by releasing excess through the
urine. Folate plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair and encourages cell and tissue growth 21. Folate helps metabolize
homocysteine into methionine, an essential amino acid. Without adequate folate, homocysteine levels increase.
Homocysteine22 has been linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular problems and cerebral stroke. An overabundance of
homocysteine, or hyperhomocysteinemi23, results from a breakdown in the methionine-homocysteine metabolism. Folic
acid supplementation with 0.4mg daily also encourages normal cholesterol levels 24. Often, perinatal depression,25,28 cannot
be addressed with pharmaceuticals due to concern for the child. So safer natural alternatives is Folate, along with other B
vitamins from diet.
3.2 Iron
Iron is needed for the production of red blood cells in the body and more iron is required during pregnancy on a
daily basis26 because the volume of the blood increases as the baby’s blood is also developing. Hence 18 mg of Iron is
recommended daily, throughout pregnancy to meet higher demands of Iron during third trimester 27. Also it is important to
take lot of fruits because all fruits contain some amount of vitamin C which helps the absorption of Iron from plant
sources.
3.3 Pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 is a remarkable nutrient probably involved in more body processes than any other vitamin or mineral.
It's needed to break down and release energy from protein, and is important for the functioning of the nervous and immune
systems. It functions primarily as a coenzyme to speed up chemical reactions in the cells. Forming red blood cells, helping
cells to make proteins and brain chemicals (neurotransmitters), such as serotonin, and releasing stored forms of energy –
these are just a few of the functions of vitamin B628. Getting enough B6 through the diet of supplements may help prevent
heart disease. Working with folic acid and vitamin B12, this vitamin helps the body to process homocysteine, an aminoacid-like compound that has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease and other vascular disorders when large
amounts are present in the blood.High doses of vitamin B6 (more than 2000 mg a day) can cause nerve damage when
taken for long periods. In rare cases, prolonged use at lower doses (200 – 300 mg a day) can have the same consequences.
Fortunately, nerve damage is completely reversible once you discontinue the vitamin. Vitamin B6 supplements can relieve
morning sickness in pregnant women. Although the vitamin appears to be safe in the dosages typically recommended (25
mg a day), there have been no studies showing how extra vitamin B6 affects the developing baby. Women are about twice
as likely as men to be deficient in vitamin B6. The difference is due to dietary choices.
3.4 Zinc
Cells need zinc for about 100 different enzymes to function correctly. Zinc also becomes part of many proteins,
body makes, helping keep them stable and maintaining their structure. It is also vital for maintenance of cell membranes.
Zinc affects cell function in many other ways, including helping cells make hormones and communicate with each other.
Zinc also helps transmit signals between nerve cells, allowing our nervous system to function normally.
3.5 Calcium
Calcium is one of the vital nutrients for building the bones of the foetus. We often believe that cow’s milk is the
sole source of calcium. However, other excellent and well-absorbed calcium sources for vegans include fruits and
vegetables. Our bones contain large amounts of calcium, which helps to make them firm and rigid. Calcium is also needed
for other tasks including nerve and muscle function and blood clotting, so important for survival, that, when dietary
calcium is too low, calcium will be lost from bone and used for other critical functions 29,48. The body tightly controls
calcium in the blood, so measuring blood calcium levels cannot assess calcium status.
3.6 Choline
Choline is used for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the principle phospholipid 30 in cell membranes. It is also
needed to synthesize very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. Along with its
metabolite, betaine, choline functions as a methyl donor.
3.7 DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid)
Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body
requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them. Only two fatty acids are known to be essential for
humans: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (anomega-6 fatty acid). Some other fatty acids are
sometimes classified as "conditionally essential," meaning that they can become essential under some developmental or
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disease conditions; examples include docosahexaenoic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and gamma-linolenic acid (an omega6 fatty acid). Omega-3 fatty acids, a type of polyunsaturated fat that could help lower blood pressure, prevent heart
disease, treat depression and boost brain health is available in oily fish or fish oil supplements. But there are other plenty
of vegetarian sources to get omega-3's, including flaxseed oil, chia seeds and purslane (Table .2).Most of these vegetarian
sources contain a type of omega-3 fatty acid known as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). The omega-3's found in fish and fish
oil -- and the types made by our bodies are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). ALA has not
been shown to have the same health benefits as DHA or EPA. Our bodies can totally convert ALA from plant sources into
EPA and subsequently DHA. Because of this, the absorption of fatty acids may be greater from animal sources like fish,
meat or eggs31. Diet high in Trans and saturated fat can impair the ability of our body to convert ALA into omega-3 fatty
acid. The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids in our diet must be 1:4, for our body to utilize the benefits of omega-3
and if omega-6, which are common in seed oils and animal fats, the absorption of omega-3 would be reduced as both fatty
acids compete each other for the same target.
Pregnant women are recommended to consume maximum from the food sources shown in the following table
(Table.2) which will give them all the required prenatal nutrients during pregnancy.
Table 2: Nutritional content of selected plants for daily consumption for pregnant women
( % DV = % Daily Value requirement for a pregnant woman)
S.
No.
Nutrient
Source
(serving size
100gms)
1
2
3
Iron
Vit. B6
Qty
% DV
Qty.
%
DV
Cowpeas
168µg
42%
1.1 mg
6%
Sundried
Tomatoes
15µg
4%
27 gm
27%
Turnip green
194µg
49%
1.1 mg
6%
Garlic and
cloves
0.54µg
-
0.3 mg
2%
Wheat
142µg
36%
2.4 mg
13%
Drumstick
Leaves
40µg
10%
4 mg
22%
4
5
6
7
Folate
Cauliflower
57µg
14%
Purslane
12µg
3%
Guava
49µg
12%
8
9
0.42
mg
1.99
mg
0.26
Mg
2%
11%
1%
Qty.
0.067
mg
0.08
mg
0.263
mg
0.222
mg
0.394
mg
1.2 mg
0.184
mg
0.073
mg
0.11
mg
Zinc
%
DV
3%
4%
13
%
12
%
20
%
60
%
9%
4%
6%
Qty
1.01
mg
0.17
mg
0.19
mg
0.2
mg
2.94
mg
0.6
mg
0.27
mg
0.17
mg
0.23
mg
Calcium
%
DV
7%
1%
1%
1%
20
%
4%
2%
1%
2%
Qty.
126
mg
10
mg
190
mg
16.29
mg
26
mg
185
mg
22
mg
65
mg
18
mg
Choline
DHA
(Omega 3)
%
DV
Qty
%
DV
13%
-
-
1%
6.7
mg
0.01
%
19%
-
-
2%
4.18
mg
-
3%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
mg
-
-
-
-
-
112
mg
37.33%
19%
2%
7%
2%
44.3
mg
12.8
mg
7.6
mg
Qty
63
mg
3
mg
84
mg
4
mg
1687
mg
% DV
0.18%
1%
28%
374%
(*Daily Values in percentage are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Our daily requirement values may vary depending on our calorie needs).
Table 3. Phytochemicals and pharmacological actions of cowpea and tomato – two of the nine plants selected for
prenatal nutition for pregnant women
Name of the
Phytochemical
Alanine
Alpha-linoleic-acid
Aluminium
Argenine
Ascorbic acid
Beta-carotene
Boron
Calcium
Chlorine
Choline
Chromium
Source
Cowpea,
Cowpea,
Cowpea,
Tomato
Cowpea,
Tomato
Cowpea,
Tomato
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
IJPR Volume 4 Issue 4 (2014)
Important Pharmacological actions
Antioxydent,
Antihypertensive, Anti -inflammatory, Immunostimulant, Vasodilator,
Candidicide, Antivaginitic
Antidiabetic, Antihypertensive, Diuretic, Pitutary-stimulant, vasodialator.
Antiallergic, Antiarthritic, Antiasthmatic, Anticold, Antidementia, Antidepressant, Antidiabetic, Antidote
(aluminium, cadmium, lead,paraquat), Antieczemic, Antiedemic, Antifatigue, Antigastritic, Antiginivitic,
Antihangover, Antihistaminic, Antihypertensive, Antioxydant, Antiperiodontic, Antipyretic, Antirhinitic,
Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Antistress, Antisyndrome, Asthmapreventive, Cardioprotective, Detoxcant,
Diuretic,Fistiula -preventive,
Hypoglycemic, hypotensive
Antiarthritic, Antiasthmatic, Antihyperkeratotic, Antilipoperoxidant, Antimutagenic, Antioxidant,
Antistress, Antitumor(breast,stomach, colon, lung), Antixerophthalmic,Chemopreventive, Immunostimulant.
Antiosteoarthritic, Estrogenic
Antiallergic, Antianxiety, Antiarrhythmic, antiarthrytic, Antidepressant , antidote(aluminium,lead),
Antihypertensive, Antiinsomniac, antiperiodontitic, antistress, anxiolytic: calcium-channel-blocker, Diuretic,
Laxative, vasodilator.
Antibacterial, Antiviral, Candidicide, Fungicide
Anticirrhotic, Anticystinuric, Antidementia, Antidiabetic, Cerebrotonic, Hepatoprotective, Hypotensive,
Antiatherosclerotic, Antidiabetic, Antidote(lead), Antifatigue, Antisyndrome-X, Antitriglyceride, cardioprotective,
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Lakshmi. D et al
Copper
Fiber
Folacin
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Histidine
Iron
Leucin
Linoleic-acid
Phytic- acid
Potassium
Riboflavin
Selenium
Lysine
Review Article
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
hypotensive, insulinogenic,
Antianemic, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, antifatigue, anitinflammatory, Cardioprotective, Hypocholesterolemic.
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea
Cowpea
Antiepileptic, Antihyperammenomic, Anxiolytic, neurotoxic.
Magnesium
Cowpea,
Tomato,
Cowpea
Manganese
Mercury
Methionine
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea
Molibdenum
Mufa
Sodium
Stearic acid
Stigmastrol
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea
Tryptophan
Cowpea
Tyrosine
Valine
Zinc
Cowpea
Cowpea
Cowpea,
Tomato,
4-vinyl-guaiacol
5-hydroxytryptamine
Tomato
Tomato
Acetic-acid
Tomato
Alanine
Alpha-amyrin
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Alpha-linolenic-acid
Alpha-pinene
Tomato
Alpha-tocopherol
Tomato
Aspartic-acid
Bezaldehyde
Tomato
Tomato
Benzyl-alcohol
Tomato
IJPR Volume 4 Issue 4 (2014)
Angiotensin-Receptor block,Antidiabetic,Antihypertensive, Antitumor, Antiulcer, Laxative, vasodilator.
Antianemic, Anticervicaldysplastic, Antidepressant, Antigingivitic, Antimyelotoxic, Antinephropathic,
Antipsychotic, Antispina-bifida, Hematopoetic.
Antacid, Antiencephalopathic, Antipruritic, Antiulcer, cancer-preventive, uricosuric.
Antiarteriosclerotic, Antinephritic, antioxidant, antiulcer,antiuremic
Antianemic, Anticheilitic, Antimenorrhagic, Prooxidant.
Antiencepalopathic.
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antianaphylactic, Antiarteriosclerotic, Antiarthritic, Antieczemic, Antifibrinolytic,
Antigranular, Antihistaminic, Antimenorrhagic
Antiagreggant, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Fungicide,
Antiarrhythmic, Antidepressant, Antifatigue, Antihypertensive, Antispasmodic, Antistroke, Anxiolytic, Betablocker, cardiopretective, Diuretic,Vasoldilator
Antiarabiflavinotic, Anticataract, Anticephalagic, Anticervicaldysplastic, Antikeratitic, Antioxidant.
Analgesic, Anorexic, Antiacne, Antiangiogenic, Antiarthritic, Antiashtmatic, Anticirrhotic, Anticlimateric,
Antidandruff, Antidepressant, Antidote(mercury), Antifibrotic, Antigout, AntiHIV; Antikeshan, Antioxidant,
Antisyndrome – X SYN-X,Antitumor,Antiulcerogenic,
Anxiolytic, Cardioprotective, Immunostimulant, cancerpreventive, Hepatoprotective.
Antialkalotic,Antiherpetic,
Antiaggregant, Antialcoholic, Antiangina, Antianxiety, Antiarrhythmic, Antiarthritic, Antiasthmatic,
Anticonvulsant, Antidepressant, Antidiabetic, Antidysmenorrheic, Antiendometriotic, Antifibromyalgic,
Antihypertensive, Antimitral valve prolapse, Antinephritic, Antineurotic, Antiplague, Antiretinopathic,
Antiplague, Antistress, Antistroke, Antisyndrome-X,
Calcium-Antagonist, cardioprotective, CNSdepressant, Diurectic, Hypotensive, Insuliongenic,
Laxative,Myorelaxant, Neurotransmitter, tranquilizer, Uterorelaxant, Vasodilator.
Antialcoholic, Antianemic, Antidiabetic, Antiepileptic, Antioxidant, Antisyndrome-X,
Nephrotoxic
Anticataract, Antidote(acetaminophen), Antieczemic, Antihepatotic, Antioxidant, antiparkinsoinan,
cancerpreventive, Emetic, Hepatoprotective, Urine-acidifier.
Anticancer (Esophagus)
Allergenic, Anemiagenic, Antiinflammatory, Cancerpreventive, Perfumery, Percutaneostimulant.
Hypertensive.
5-Alpha-Reductase inhibitor, Cosmetic, Hypochesterolemic, Lubricant.
Antiheptotoxic, Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiviral, Estrogenic, Cancerpreventive, Hypochesterolemic,
Ovulant, Sedative.
Analgesic, Antianxiety, Antidementia, Antidepressant, Antihypertensive, Antimigraine, Antioxidant,
Antiparkinsonian, Antiphenylketonuric, Antipsychotic, Hypnotic, Hypoglycemic, Hypotensive, Insulinaseinhibitor, Monoamine precursor, Seratoninergic.
Antiparkinsonian, Antiencephalopathic, Antiphenylketnuric, Antiulcer, Cancer-preventive, Monoamine precursor.
Antiencephalopathic.
Analgesic, Antiacrodermatitic, Anticold, Anticolitis, Antidiabetic, Antidote For cadmium, AntiHIV, Antiinfective,
Antimetastatic, Antineuropathic, Antiperiodontitic, Antisyndrome-X, Antiulcer, Astringent, Collagenic, CopperAntagonist, Ergogenic, Hypotensive, Immunomodulator,
Immunosuppressant, Immunostimulant, Insulogenic, Mucogenic, Trichomonicide.
Antiedemic, Antiinflammatory, Antiprostaglandin, Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor.
Allergenic, Antidepressant, Antidote (Manganese), Antimutilation, Antiparkinsonian, Antitourette, CancerPreventive, Cerebrophilic, Hypertensive, Insecticide, Secretogogue, Spasmogenic, Ulcerogenic, Vasoconstrictor .
Acidulant, Antibacterial, Antiotitic, Antisalmonella, Antivaginitic, Expectorant, Keratitigenic, Mucolytic ,
Osteolytic
Antioxidant, Cancer-Preventive, Oxidant.
Analgesic, Antiedemic, Antiinflammatory, ntinociceptive; Antitumor, Antiulcer, Cytotoxic, Gastroprotective,
Hepatoprotective ,
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antiaggregant, Antihypertensive, Antiinflammatory, Antileukotriene-D,
Antimenorrhagic, Antimetastatic, Antiprostatitic, Cancer-Preventive, Hypotensive, Immunostimulant,
Lymphocytogenic, Propecic,Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor, Vasodilator.
Allelochemic; Allergenic, Antiacne, Antibacterial, Antifeedant, Antiflu, Antiinflammatory, Antipneumonic,
Antiseptic,Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic, Antiviral, Cancer-Preventive, Coleoptophile, Expectorant, P4502B1-Inhibitor.
Antialzheimeran, Antianginal, Antiarthritic, Antiasthmatic, Antiatherosclerotic, Anticancer,
Anticataract,Anticonvulsant, Antidementia, Antidiabetic, Antiinfarctal, Antiischemic , Antimaculitic,
Antimutagenic, Antineuropathic, Antioxidant,Antiparkinsonian,Antiradicular, Antiretinotic, Antistroke,
Antitumor, Cardioprotective, Circulotonic, Immunomodulator.
Antisickling, Diuretic, Antimorphinic, Neuroexitant.
Allergenic, Anesthetic, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antimutagenic, Antipeptic, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic,
Candidicide, Motordepressant, Narcotic, Sedative, Tyrosinase-Inhibitor.
Allergenic, anesthetic, Antipruritic, Antiseptic, Fungiside, sedative, Avicide.
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Beta-amyrin
Tomato
Beta-sistosterol
Tomato
Betaine
Tomato
Biotine
Chlorogenic-acid
Tomato
Tomato
Chlorophyll
Tomato
Cinnamaldehyde
Tomato
Citral
Tomato
Ethanol
Tomato
Ethylene
Eugenol
Tomato
Tomato
Ferulic-acid
Tomato
Formic-acid
Tomato
Fructose
Fumric-acid
Furfural
Gaba
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Gama-carotene
Glucose
Tomato
Tomato
Glutamic acid
Glyceric-acid
Glycolic-acid
Guaiacol
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Toamto
Histidine
Iodine
Tomato
Tomato
Iron
Isoleucine
Lactic-acid
Leucin
Lutein
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Toamto
Tomato
Lycopene
Malic-acid
Tomato
Tomato
Manganese
Tomato
Mercury (0.002ppm)
Methanol
Methionine
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Methyl-salicylate
Tomato
Molybdenum
Myristic-acid
Narcotine
Naringenin
Tomato
Toamto
Tomato
Tomato
Neo-chlorogenic-acid
Niacin
Tomato
Tomato
IJPR Volume 4 Issue 4 (2014)
Analgesic, Antiemtic, Antiinflamatory, antinociceptive, Antiulcer, Gastroprotective, Hepatoprotective, Larvicide,
Mosquitocide.
Androgenic, Anorexic, Antiadenomic, Antiandrogenic, Antibacterial, Anti-cancer, Antiedemic, Antigonadotropic,
Antihyperlipproteinaemic, , Antilymphomic, Antigonadotropic, Antimutamutagenic, Hepato -protective,
Antiviral, Apoptotic, Antileukimic
Abortifacient, Antigastric, Antihomocystinuric, Antimyoatrophic, Bruciphobe, Cardioprotective, Diuretic,
Expectorant, Hepatoprotective, mucogenic.
Antidermatitic, Antineuralgic, Antiseborrheic.
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Antigenotoxic, Antigonadotropic,
Antiherpetic, Antihistaminic, Antileukotriene, Antitumor (Forestomach) , Antitumor (Liver), Antitumor (Skin),
Antihypercholesterolemic, Antihyperthyroid, Cholagogue, Antiradicular, Metalchelator, sunscreen ,Sweetener.
Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antidecubitic, Antihalitosic, Antiotitic, Antioxidant, Antiulcer,
Antirhinitic, Antisinusitic,
Acaricide, Adrenergic, Allelochemic, Allergenic, Anesthetic, Antiescherichic, Antiherpetic,
Antiinflammatory , Antiklebsiellic, Antileukemic, Antimutagenic, Antipneumonic, Hypotensive,
Histaminic, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, CNS-Depressant, Circulatory-Stimulant, Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor,
Tranquilizer, Tyrosinase-Inhibitor, Vasodilator.
Allergenic, Antiallergenic, Antiallergic, Antianaphylactic , Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antihelicobacter,
Antiherpetic, Antihistaminic, Antishock, Antispasmodic, Antitumor, Bronchorelaxant , Estrogenic,
Chemopreventive, Anticalculic, Anticoagulant.
Allergenic, Anesthetic, Anhydrotic, Antiatherosclerotic, Antibacterial, Antipruritic, Antiseptic, CNSDepressant, Expectorant, Hepatotoxic, Hypertensive, Hypnotic Antidote=Naloxone, Hypocalcemic,
Hypotensive, Mucotropic, Neurolytic.
Anesthetic
Acaricide, Allergenic, Analgesic, Anesthetic , Antiaggregant , Antiarachidonate , Antibacterial, Anticonvulsant,
Antiedemic, Antiestrogenic, Antifeedant, Antigenotoxic, Antiherpetic, Antispasmodic, Antistaphylococcic,
Hepatoprotective.
Allelopathic, Analgesic, Antiaggregant, Antiallergic, Antiarrhythmic, Antibacterial, Anticancer,
Antidysmenorrheic , Antiestrogenic, Antihepatotoxic, Antiherpetic, Antiinflammatory, Antileukemic,
Antimitotic, Antimutagenic, Antineoplastic(Stomach).
Acaricide, Antiseptic, Antisyncopic, Astringent, Corrosive, Counterirritant, FungisFungitoxic, Irritant,
Preservative, Toxic.
Antialcoholic, Antidiabetic, Antihangover, Antiketotic, Antinauseant, Laxative, Neoplastic, Sweetener
Acidulant, Antidermatitic, Antihepatocarcinogenic , Antioxidant, Antipsoriac, Antitumor.
Antiseptic, Fungicide, Insecticide.
Analeptic, Anticephalagic, Anticerebrotic, Antichoreic, Anticonvulsant, Antihypertensive,
Antiinsomniac, Antilethargic, Antistress, Antitinnitic, Anxiolytic, Hypotensive.
Previtamin-A, colorant.
/ Acetylcholinergic, Antiedemic, Antihepatotoxic, Antiketotic, Antivaricose, Hyperglycemic, MemoryEnhancer. Acetylcholinergic, Antiedemic, Antihepatotoxic, Antiketotic, Antivaricose, Hyperglycemic,
Memory-Enhancer.
Antiepileptic, Antihyperammonemic, Antilithic, Antiprostatitic, Antiretardation, Anxiolytic, Neurotoxic.
Cholesterolytic, Diuretic, Hepatotonic.
Cholesterolytic, Diuretic, Hepatotonic.
Anesthetic, Antibacterial, Antidermatitic, Antieczemic, Antiesophagitic, Antiseptic, Antituberculic,
Cardiodepressant, Cardiotonic, Dermal, Emetic, Expectorant, Insectifuge, Transdermal.
Antiarteriosclerotic, Antinephritic, Antioxidant, Antiulcer, Antiuremic,
Acnegenic, Antibacterial, Antigoiter, Antiseptic, Antithyrotoxic, Antiviral, Dermatitigenic, Fungicide,
Goitrogenic, Hyperthyroid, Protisticide, Thyrotropic.
Antiakathisic, Antianemic, Anticanker; Anticheilitic, Antimenorrhagic.
Antiencephalopathic?, Antipellagric.
Acidulant, Antileukorrheic, Antioxidant Synergist, Antivaginitic, Antixerotic, Keratolytic
Antiencephalopathic
Antiatherosclerotic, Anticancer (Breast), Antimaculitic, Antinyctalopic, Antioxidant, Antiproliferant,
Antiradicular, Antiretinitic Optometry, Retinoprotectant Optometry, Ubiquiot.
Anticancer, Hypocholesteriolemic, Prooxidant.
Antiatherosclerotic, Antibacterial, Antifibromyalgic, Antioxidant Synergist, Antiseborrheic, Antiseptic,
Antitubercular, Antitumor, Bacteristat, Hemopoietic, Laxative?, Mycobactericide.
Antialcoholic, Antianemic, Antiarthritic, Antidiabetic , Antidiscotic, Antidyskinetic, Antiepileptic,
Antiosteoporotic, Antiototic, Antioxidant, Antisyndrome-X, Hypoglycemic
Nephrotoxic
Antidote =Sodium-bicarbonate, AntiHIV
Anticataract, Antidote (Acetaminophen), Antieczemic, Antihepatotic, Antioxidant, Antiparkinsonian, CancerPreventive, Emetic, Glutathionigenic, Hepatoprotective, Lipotropic, Urine-Acidifier, Urine-Deodorant
Allergenic, Analgesic, Anaphrodisiac, Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Antiradicular,
Antirheumatalgic, Antiseptic, Antitartar, Cancer-Preventive, Carminative, Counterirritant, Dentifrice,
Fungicide, Herpetifuge, Insectifuge
Anticancer (Esophagus)?
Antioxidant , Cancer-Preventive , Lubricant, Hypercholesterolemic, Nematicide.
Analgesic, Antiherpetic, Antitussive, Antiviral, Artemicide, Sedative.
11B-HSD-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antiacetylcholinesterase, Antiaflatoxin, Antiaggregant
Antialzheimeran, Antiamnesic, Antiamyloid-Beta, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antiescherichic, etc.,
Antiinflammatory
Allergenic, Antiacrodynic, Antiallergic, Antialzheimeran , Antiamblyopic, ntianginal, Anticataract,
171
Lakshmi. D et al
Review Article
Oxalic-acid
P-coumaric-acid
Tomato,
Tomato
Palmitic-acid
Tomato
Pantothenic-acid
Pectin
Tomato
Tomato
Phenol
Tomato,
Phosphorus
Phytosterols
Quercetin
Tomato
Tomato
Rishintin
Rutin
Tomato
Tomato
Salicylaldehyde
Selenium
Serine
Silver
Solanine
Sqaline
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Toamto
Tomato
Starch
Stearic-acid
Stigmasterol
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Succinic-acid
Sulfur
Tomato
Tomato
Tartaric-acid
Thiamin
Tomato
Tomato
Treonine
Trypamine
Tryptophan
Tyramine
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato,
Tomato,
Tyrosine
Valine
Vanadium
Xanthophyll
Zeatin
Zeaxanthin
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Tomato
Antichilblain, , Antidementia, Antidermatitic, Antidiabetic, Antidysphagic, Antiepileptic, Antihangover,
Antihistaminic, Antihyperactivity , Antiinsomnic, etc.,
Acaricide, Antiseptic, CNS-Paralytic, Fatal, Hemostatic, Irritant, Pesticide, Renotoxic, Varroacide.
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Allelopathic, Antibacterial, Anticlastogen, Antifertility, Antihepatotoxic,
Antileukemic, Antinitrosaminic, Antioxidant, Antiperoxidant, Antiseptic, Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor,
Tyrosinase-Inhibitor.
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antialopecic, Antiandrogenic, Antifibrinolytic, Antioxidant, Hypercholesterolemic,
soap.
Antiallergic, Anticephalagic, Anticlaudificant?, Antidermatitic, Antihypercholesterolemic, Antifatigue .
Antiatheromic, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antidiarrheic, Antienteritic, Antigallstone, Antigastritic, Antilithic,
Antimetastatic, Antimutagenic, Antiobesity.
Analgesic , Anesthetic , Antibacterial, Antihemorrhoidal , Antihydrocoele , Antiincontinence ,
Antionychogryphotic, Antiotitic , Antioxidant , Antiprostatitic , Antipyruvetic , Antiseptic , Antisinusitic,
Antispastic , Antiviral , Antiwrinkle , etc.,
Antiosteoporotic, Anxiolytic, Immunostimulant, Osteogenic.
Antiprostatotic, Hypocholesterolemic.
5, -Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor , Antiaging , Antiaging, Antiarthritic , Antiasthmatic;
Antiatherosclerotic , Anticataract, Antihepatotoxic, etc.,
Antibacterial, Fungiside, Herbiside, Neamtistat.
5-HT-Inhibitor, Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Allelochemic, Antiaggregant ,
Antiallergic, Antiapoplectic, Antiatherogenic; Antiatherosclerotic, Antibacterial. Anticancer, etc.,
Allelochemic, Pesticide, Sprout-Inhibitor.
Analgesic, Anorexic, Antiarithmic, AntiHIV, Antioxidant, Antidote(mercury), Antifibrotic, etc.,
Cncer-Preventive
Antibacterial, Astringent, Pesticidie.
Analgesic, Antiasthmatic, Antibronchitic, Anticholinesterase, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic, narcotic, etc.,
Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Cancer-Preventive, Chemopreventive, Immunostimulant,
Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor, Sunscreen.
Absorbent, Antidote (Iodine), Antinesidioblastosic, Emollient, Poultice.
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, Hypocholesterolemic, Lubricant, Suppository.
Antihepatotoxic, Antiinflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antiophidic, Antioxidant , Antivira, Artemicide, CancerPreventive, Estrogenic; Hypocholesterolemic , Ovulant, Sedative.
Additive, Antifeedant, Dye, Cancer-Preventive.
Antiarthritic, Antidandruff, Antiseptic, Comedogenic,
Laxative, Antiseborrheic, etc.,
Acidifier, Additive, Antioxidant Synergist, Irritant, Sequestrant .
Analgesic, Antialcoholic, Antialzheimeran, Antianorectic, Antibackache, Antiberiberi, Anticardiospasmic,
Anticataract, Anticolitic, etc.,
Antioxidant?, Antiulcer, Flavour.
Antiamebic, Hypertensive, Vasopressor.
Analgesic, Antiaxiety, Antidementia, Antidepressant, Antihypertensive, Antiinsomniac etc.,
Adrenergic, Antiaggregant, Cardiovascular, Hypertensive, Insectifuge, Neurotoxic, Sympathomimetic,
Vasoconstrictor, Vasopressor.
Antidepressant?,Antiencephalopathic, Antiphenylketonuric, Antiulcer ,etc.,
Antiencephalopathic.
Antiatherosclerotic,Antidiabetic,Antiinfertility, Antiinsulinogenic,Antimanic,etc.,
Bruchifuge, Insectifuge,Pesticide.
Mitotic,Phytohormonal.
Anticancer (Breast), Antitumor (Breast), Colorant, Hepatoprotective.
Above exhaustive list of phytochemicals present in two of the nine plants selected shows that there are a lot of
phytochemicals present in each plant and each phytochemical possess many pharmacological actions good for the
pregnant women32. More than their individual pharmacological actions their synergistic actions of phytochemicals in the
plant sources suggests that two or more such foods may be added in every day dietfor better health of the baby and mother.
Phytochemicals and their actions of other seven plants are not listed here for want of space. Hence the Table 4 shows
number of phytochemicals in each plant source for us to imagine the synergistic pharmacological benefits we may get
from these plants.
Table 4: Number of phytochemicals present in each plant
S.No.
Name of the plant
Number of Phytochemicals present
1
Cowpea (Vignaunguiculata)
122
2
Tomato (Lycopersiconesculantum)
289
3
Turnip greens (Brassica rapa)
3*
4
Garlic (Allium sativum)
189
5
Wheat (Triticumspp)
161
6
Drumstick leaves (Moringaoleifera)
19
7
Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)
122
8
Purslane (Portulacaoleracea subsp. Sativa)
116
9
Guava (Guava psidium)
98
*Zeaxanthins, ascorbic acid and high calcium content present.
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4. Conclution
Selective consumption of food during pregnancy will certainly enhance the health of mother and foetus33,50. But
all the nutrients in recommended quantity may not be had from the phytonutrients alone 34. Hence monthly antenatal checks
and administration of prescribed prenatal drugs are a must for the pregnant women. The significance of this study lies in
understanding the importance of consuming recommended nutrients as much as possible from the plant sources as they are
easily available, palatable, cost effective, contains mixture of many phytochemicals with many known and unknown
protective and nutritive benefits. In fact prescribed nutrient pill with all nutrients may be unaffordable for the poor women
living in villages in developing countries35,36,43 and what at present they are provided at the public health facilities21 may
have inadequate micronutrients37,38,45 and DHA. Currently Andrographispaniculata (Nilavembu in tamillanguage) extract
and papaya leaf (carica papaya) extract are used to treat viral fevers in all hospitals in south India as their effectiveness was
proved, when the chemical drugs failed and mortality ensued in large number of cases 39,40. There are many such examples
where health professionals and patients used phytochemicals in combination with drugs 41 throughout medical history.
Food is good source of health if administered with proper knowledge and in this connection pregnant woman must eat one
or more of vegetables, grains and fruits that we recommend here, readily available in their living places. Consumption of
egg and fish are also essential during pregnancy, for DHA and protein supply. Natural phytochemicals have no toxic
effects42, which can be eaten freely by the expectants in tastes they like.
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