Population of Rome

Population of Rome
Augustus 1,000,000
5-6th C. 35,000
1500
55,000 -60,000
1530
32,000 (following the Sack of Rome)
1560 50,000
1600
100,000
1870
200,000 after Unification of Italy
1900
600,000
1944 1,600,000
1990 3,500,000.
Up to 18th Century:
Traditional Italy: local allegiances, identities
campanalismo: attachment to one’s own bell tower
campana = bell (in town hall or church)
19th C. Risorgimento, Unification of Italy
20th C.
Fascism, World War II
19th Century Italy
RISORGIMENTO ( “Resurgence”) AND NATIONALISM
NAPOLEON’S INVASION OF ITALY 1796-1814
places relatives as rulers of Italian & German states
new ideas of government: legal code, metric system
roads, abolition of customs barriers
reaction against French Empire becomes
spur to nationalist movements in Italy and Germany
Piedmont Savoy: border with France
birthplace of Italian unification figures:
Mazzini, Garibaldi and Cavour
PIEDMONT-SAVOY
northern source of unification
Central figures in Italian unification:
1) Giuseppe MAZZINI, 1805-1872
nationalist revolutionary (from Genoa, studied law)
Young Italy: organization of young republicans
2) Giuseppe GARIBALDI, 1807-1882
military leader of guerilla forces in the south
3) Count Camillo CAVOUR, 1810-1861
minister to King of Piedmont-Savoy
1858 pact with Napoleon III of France
1859 war with Austria
Giuseppe
Mazzini
1805-1872
Italian nationalist
revolutionary
and republican
Giuseppe MAZZINI 1805-1872
anti Catholic, Papacy as obstacle to unification
nationalist, republican and revolutionary
Rome as Eternal City – nationalism as religious duty,
wants to call on “the soul of Italy”
founder of
CARBONARI: secret nationalist society
name taken from mine workers, “underground” society
1848 ROMAN REPUBLIC
established by Mazzini during European Revolutions of 1848
suppressed by French army under Napoleon III
Giuseppe GARIBALDI
1807-1882
leader of irregular military
forces called “red shirts”
1849 defense of Janiculum
Hill after Mazzini’s
Roman Republic
1860 invasion of Sicily,
marches north to Naples
slogan “ROMA O MORTE”
(Rome or death)
Garibaldi
monuments
on
Janiculum
hill
Count Camillo
CAVOUR,
1810-1861
minister to King of
Piedmont-Savoy
architect of Italian
unification
CAVOUR, Count Camillo 1810-1861
minister to King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Savoy
1858 pact with Napoleon III of France
1859 war with Hapsburg Austria
which had occupied northern Italy (Milan)
since 16th century
1860 GARIBALDI invades Sicily, then Naples
troops - “red shirts”
CAVOUR’s army marches south, conquest of Tuscany
1860
Italian
State in
orange
Original
Kingdom
of Piedmont
in pink
aribaldi’s entrance into Naples September 1860
1861
Italian
State in
pink &
orange
VICTOR EMMANUEL monument in Rome
1870-1929 POPES
self-declared “prisoners of the Vatican”
withdraw to Vatican City to protest conquest of Papal States
Papacy excommunicates all members of new legislature
source of strong anti-clericalism in Italian politics
WORLD WAR I Italy on Allied side
post war issues:
terms of treaty, war costs, anti-communism
1917 Russian Revolution:
result of WWI, first communist state
1921 Italian Communist Party
founded by Antonio Gramsci
split off from Italian Socialist Party
ITALIAN FASCISM – theme of exaggerated nationalism
BENITO MUSSOLINI 1883-1944
Editor of Socialist newspaper AVANTI
1919 fascio di combattimento (armed political group)
Roman fasces as new political symbol
1920 FASCIST PARTY:
militants called squadristi = “black shirts”
1922 MARCH ON ROME (echoes of Ceasar's crossing Rubicon)
King makes Mussolini Prime Minister
1924 murder of MATTEOTTI Socialist deputy by Fascist squadristi
Movie: IL Delitto Matteotti
Abolition of all political parties except Fascist Party,
membership required for all state employment
1929 LATERAN TREATY with Pope recognition of Vatican State
end of Papal “prisoner in the Vatican” since 1870
FASCIST IDEOLOGY:
DUCISMO: cult of the leader (Il Duce)
corporative state, eliminate class conflict
MILITARISM: un bambino un soldato
(one baby = one soldier)
Imperial ambition:
revival of idea of Roman Empire
Via del Impero: street of the Empire (now Via dei Fori Imperiali)
from Coliseum to Victor Emmanuel monument
•
March on
Via del
Impero
with
Coliseum
in background
Palazzo Venezia, site of Mussolini’s speeches
Poster
with
Mussolini
as head of
corporative
state
One heart only
One will only
One decision only
1983 Neo fascist
poster of Mussolini
as
“man of the people”
FOREIGN POLICY:
Mussolini’s Roman Empire
1935 invasion of Ethiopia
1938 Spanish Civil War
1939 pact with Hitler forming the Axis
AXIS POWERS in World War II:
German and Italy
1943-44 Allied invasion of Italy from south

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