Materials Science Forum Vols. 465-466 (2004) pp 475-0 Online available since 2004/Sep/15 at www.scientific.net © (2004) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.465-466.475 Detonation Propagation in Packed Beds of Aluminum Saturated with Nitromethane Yukio Kato 1,a, Yuichi Nakamura 1,b, Kenji Murata 1,c, Kouhei Inoue 2,d and Shigeru Itoh 2,e 1 NOF CORPORATION 61-1 Kitakomatsudani, Taketoyo-cho, Chita-gun, Aichi 470-2398, Japan 2 Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 kurokami, kumamoto 860-8555 a [email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected] d [email protected], e [email protected] Keywords: Detonation, Nitromethane, Aluminum, Heterogeneous explosive Abstract. Detonation velocity and pressure measurements were performed for heterogeneous mixtures consisted of packed beds of aluminum particles saturated with pure nitromethane using aluminum particles of 3 different sizes. In case of packed beds of aluminum particles of 30 and 110µm size, critical diameter was greatly decreased as in case of nitromethane containing small concentration of aluminum particles. Measured detonation velocity and pressure were compared with calculated values obtained by KHT code. Difference between measured and calculated detonation properties provides the evidence for lack of equilibrium between aluminum particles and detonation products of nitromethane. Introduction The addition of solid particles to liquid explosive changes detonation propagation mechanism of the explosive from homogeneous to heterogeneous. The effect of the addition of solid particles to liquid nitromethane (NM) has been the subject of many studies [1-9]. Many experiments with mixtures of NM and solid particles have been performed at small particle concentration. The experiments with small concentration of micron-sized solid particles were performed by Kato and Brochet [3] using aluminum (Al) particles and by Engelke [5] using glass spheres. The results of these experiments shows that the addition of small amount of solid particles drastically changes detonation properties; sensitivity increase and critical diameter decrease caused by particle induced hot-spots. The photographic observation by Kato and Brochet [3] revealed bright re-initiation sites formed around Al particles and lent qualitative support to particle induced hot-spots. Very limited data exist for heterogeneous mixtures consisting of densely packed beds of solid particles saturated with liquid NM. Campbell et al. [1] measured detonation velocity and initiation pressure of heterogeneous mixture consisting packed bed of carborundum saturated with pure NM. Kato [2] measured detonation velocity of heterogeneous mixtures consisting packed beds of Al saturated with pure NM using Al of 3 different size, and observed detonation velocity dependence on Al particle size. Lee et al. [6,7] performed systematic study of heterogeneous mixtures consisting packed beds of spherical glass beads of different size saturated with chemically sensitized NM, and showed the effect of glass beads size on critical diameter of these mixtures. Recently, Haskins et al. [9] measured detonation velocity of heterogeneous mixtures consisting packed beds of Al saturated with pure NM, and showd that significant reaction of Al was not observed even with nanometric grade Al. All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP, www.ttp.net. (ID: 130.203.136.75, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA-26/02/15,21:08:43) 476 Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena in Materials In this work, we measured detonation velocity and pressure of heterogeneous mixtures consisting of packed beds of Al of 3 different sizes saturated with pure NM, and showed the effect of Al particle size on detonation properties of these heterogeneous mixtures. Experimental results were compared with calculated results obtained using KHT code. Experimental Commercial grade NM and 3 types of Al particles with mean diameter 30, 110 and 350 µm were used in this series of experiments. Properties of heterogeneous mixtures consisting packed beds of Al particles saturated with NM (NM/Al) were presented in Table 1. The initial density and mass fraction of Al of these mixtures were respectively 1.83-1.97g/cm3 and 66-72%. The ambient temperature throughout the tests was between 10~15 degrees. Fig.1 shows experimental arrangement of detonation velocity measurements. NM/Al mixtures were contained in PVC tubes of different inner diameter 13, 16, 20 and 31mm , and 250mm in length. Detonation velocity was measured by 4 optical fiber probes placed at 50mm interval. First optical fiber probe was set at 90mm from booster explosive to assure steady detonation propagation. Fig.2 presents experimental arrangement of detonation pressure measurements. NM/Al mixture contained in PVC tube of 31mm in diameter and 150mm in length was placed on PMMA plate of 1mm thick. PVDF pressure gauge of 9µm thick was placed between 1mm thick PMMA plate and PMMA block. PVDF pressure gauge measured pressure transmitted into PMMA plate and block, and detonation pressure was calculated using impedance match method. To confirm steady detonation propagation, detonation velocity was also measured using optical fiber probe in detonation pressure measurements. Table 1 Properties of NM/Al Mixtures Type of Aluminum A B C Mean Diameter of Al (µm) 30 110 350 Density of Mixture (g/cm3) 1.84 1.97 1.83 66 72 66 Mass Fraction of Al (%) Fig.1 Exprimental arrangement of detonation velocity measurements. Fig.2 Exprimental arrangement of detonation pressure measurements. Materials Science Forum Vols. 465-466 477 Results and Discussion Fig.3 presents the relation between detonation velocity and reciprocal of charge diameter. In case of Al particle A and B, detonation velocity decreases lineally with increase of reciprocal of charge diameter, and critical diameter is estimated to be smaller than 10mm as in the case of NM/Al mixtures containing small concentration of Al particles [5]. In case of Al particle C, detonation could not propagate at charge diameter 20mm, and detonation velocity at charge diameter 31mm was more than 1000m/s lower than the case of Al particle A and B. Fig.4 shows pressure-time profiles measured by PVDF pressure gauge. In case of NM detonation, pressure profile in reaction zone is not observed because of very short reaction zone length of NM, and only pressure decay in Taylor wave can be measured. Pressure profile in reaction zone behind leading shock and following pressure decay in Taylor wave can be measured in case of Al particle A and B. The increase of reaction zone length can be explained by shock diffraction/expansion effects due to the presence of Al particles and energy and momentum losses in the acceleration of Al particles. In case of Al particle C, pressure peak of reaction zone is not observed. A possible explanation is that shock diffraction/expansion effects and energy and momentum losses are much more important because of much larger Al particle size. For all NM/Al mixtures, the effect of Al reaction was not observed in measured pressure-time profile. Fig.5 shows Hugoniot curves for unreacted NM and PMMA, and Rayleigh lines for detonation in NM and NM/Al mixture containing Al particle A. Detonation pressure was determined using impedance match method. Table 2 summarizes the results of detonation pressure measurements. Detonation pressure of NM/Al mixtures containing Al particle A and B is 2~3GPa higher than that of NM, although detonation velocity of these mixtures is about 1000m/s lower than that of NM. Detonation pressure of NM/Al mixture containing Al particle C is 3GPa lower than that of NM, and its detonation velocity is 2300m/s lower than that of NM. Detonation properties of NM/Al mixtures were calculated by KHT code assuming Al totally inert or reactive. Experimental results were compared with calculated results in Fig.6,7,8. Measured detonation velocities of NM/Al mixtures containing Al particle A and B agree well with calculated detonation velocity assuming Al inert, but measured detonation velocity of NM/Al mixture containing Al particle C is more than 1000m/s lower than calculated value (Fig.6). Measured detonation pressures of NM/Al mixtures containing Al particle A and B are 5~6.5GPa higher than calculated detonation pressure assuming Al inert, and measured detonation pressure of NM/Al mixture containing Al particle C agrees with calculated value (Fig.7). For all NM/Al mixtures, particle velocities calculated using measured detonation velocity and pressure are higher than calculated particle velocity assuming Al inert (Fig.8). Difference between measured and calculated detonation properties provides the evidence for lack of equilibrium between Al particles and detonation products of NM. Table 2 Summary of the results of detonation pressure measurements. Sample Explosive NM A B C Detonation Velocity (m/s) 6260 5230 5350 3940 ρ o・D2/4 (GPa) 11.1 12.6 14.1 7.1 Detonation Pressure (GPa) 11.6 13.4 14.6 8.5 1640 1390 1400 1180 Particle Velocity (m/s) 478 Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena in Materials Fig.3 Relation between detonation velocity and reciprocal of charge diameter Fig.4 Pressure-time profiles measured by PVDF pressure gauge. Materials Science Forum Vols. 465-466 Fig.5 Hugoniot curves for unreacted NM( ) and PMMA( ), and Rayleigh lines for detonation in NM ( ) and NM/Al mixture containing Al particle A( ). Fig.7 Compairson of measured detonation pressure with caluclated detonation pressure by KHT code. 479 Fig.6 Compairson of measured detonation velocity with calculated detonation vlocity by KHT code. Fig.8 Compairsion of measured particle velocity with caluculated particle velocity by KHT code. 480 Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena in Materials Conclusions Detonation velocity and pressure measurements were performed for heterogeneous mixtures consisted of packed beds of Al saturated with NM using Al particle of 3 different sizes. The addition of Al particle of 30 and 110µm greatly decreased critical diameter, but the addition of Al particle of 350µm did not. Measured pressure-time profile revealed that reaction zone length of NM/Al mixtures was increased by the effects of shock diffraction / expansion and energy / momentum losses. The effect of Al reaction in detonation products of NM was not observed in measured pressure-time profile for all NM/Al mixtures. Measured detonation velocity and pressure were compared with calculated values obtained using KHT code. In case of Al particle of 30 and 110µm, measured detonation velocities agree well with calculated value assuming Al inert, but measured detonation pressures are much higher than calculated value. Difference between measured and calculated detonation properties provides the evidence for lack of equilibrium between Al particles and detonation products of NM. References [1] A.W. Campbell, W.C. Davis, J.B. Ramsay and J.R. Travis: Phys. Fluids Vol. 4 (1961), p.511 [2] Y. Kato: Rapport de DEA, Universite de Poitiers (1974) [3] Y. Kato and C. Brochet: Proc. of 6th Symposium on Detonation (1976), p.124 [4] R. Engelke: Phys. Fluids Vol.22 (1979), p.1623 [5] R. Engelke: Phys. Fluids Vol.26 (1983), p.2420 [6] J.J. Lee, D.L. Frost, J.H.S. Lee and A. N. Dremin: Shock Waves Vol.5 (1995), p.115 [7] J.J. Lee, M. Brouillete, D.L. Frost and J.H.S. Lee: Combustion and Flame Vol.100 (1995),p.292 [8] A.M. Milne: Shock Waves Vol.10 (2000), p.351 [9] P.J. Haskins, M.D. cook and R.I. Briggs: Proc. of 12th APS Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (2001), p.890 Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena in Materials 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.465-466 Detonation Propagation in Packed Beds of Aluminum Saturated with Nitromethane 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.465-466.475 DOI References [1] A.W. Campbell, W.C. Davis, J.B. Ramsay and J.R. Travis: Phys. Fluids Vol. 4 (1961), p.511 doi:10.1063/1.1706354 [4] R. Engelke: Phys. Fluids Vol.22 (1979), p.1623 doi:10.1063/1.862821 [5] R. Engelke: Phys. Fluids Vol.26 (1983), p.2420 doi:10.1063/1.864427 [6] J.J. Lee, D.L. Frost, J.H.S. Lee and A. N. Dremin: Shock Waves Vol.5 (1995), p.115 doi:10.1007/BF02425043 [8] A.M. Milne: Shock Waves Vol.10 (2000), p.351 doi:10.1007/s001930000062
© Copyright 2024 Paperzz