IF YAYINLARI GRAMMAR PACK - 2 modals

IF YAYINLARI
GRAMMAR PACK - 2
modals
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
1. CAN&BEABLETO........................................................................................................................................................................2 2. COULD.................................................................................................................................................................................................3 3. MUST...................................................................................................................................................................................................4 4. HAVETO.............................................................................................................................................................................................5 5. SHOULD..............................................................................................................................................................................................6 6. HADBETTER....................................................................................................................................................................................7 7. MAY......................................................................................................................................................................................................8 8. MIGHT.................................................................................................................................................................................................9 9. PERFECTMODALS......................................................................................................................................................................10 10. WOULD.......................................................................................................................................................................................11 11. USEDTO.....................................................................................................................................................................................12 12. REVISION...................................................................................................................................................................................13 1
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
1. CAN&BEABLETO
Kullanımı
CAN
GENELYETENEK
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past3.=Future
1.
2.
3.
CAN
ÖZELBİR
DURUMDA
ZORLUĞUN
ÜSTESİNDEN
GELİRKEN
CAN
İMKAN,FIRSAT
2
CAN
İZİN
IcanspeakChinese.
"COULD"adöner
IcouldspeakChinesewhenIwasakid.
"BEABLETO"yadöner
IwillbeabletospeakChinesebythe
timeIfinishmycourse.
CAN
2."COULD"adöner
Icouldn'tspeakSwahili.
3."BEABLETO"yadöner
Iwon'tbeabletospeakSwahili.
1.Evenwithaburstofadrenaline,peoplecan'tpickup
somethingthatheavy.
2."BEABLETO"yadöner
Withasuddenburstofadrenaline,hewas
abletoliftthecaroffthechild'sleg.
2."BEABLETO"yadöner
Eventheweightlifter,couldn'tliftthecaroffthe
child'sleg.
3."BEABLETO"yadöner
Withasuddenburstofadrenaline,hewillbe
abletoliftthecar.
3."BEABLETO"yadöner
Eventhreemenworkingtogetherwon'tbeabletolift
thecar.
1.Ihavesomefreetime.Icanhelphernow.
1.Idon'thaveanytime.Ican'thelpher now.
2."BEABLETO"yadöner
Ihadsomefreetimeyesterday.Iwasableto
helpheratthattime.
2."BEABLETO"yadöner
Ididn'thavetimeyesterday.Iwasn'tabletohelpher
atthattime.
3.I'llhavesomefreetimetomorrow.Ican
helpherthen.
3.Iwon'thaveanytimelater.Ican'thelpherthen.
1.IcandriveSusan'scarwhensheisoutof
town.
1.Ican'tdriveSusan'scarwhensheisoutoftown.
3.IcandriveSusan'scarwhilesheisoutof
townnextweek.
İHTİMAL
1.Ican'tspeakSwahili.
1.Withaburstofadrenaline,peoplecanpick
upcars.
2."BEALLOWEDTO"yadöner
IwasallowedtodriveSusan'scarwhileshe
wasoutoftownlastweek.
CAN
RİCA
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past3.=Future
2."BEALLOWEDTO"yadöner
Iwasn'tallowedtodriveSusan'scarwhileshewasout
oftownlastweek.
3.Ican'tdriveSusan'scarwhilesheisoutoftown
nextweek.
CanIhaveaglassofwater?
Canyougivemealifttoschool?
Can'tIhaveaglassofwater?
Can'tyougivemealifttoschool?
RİCALARGENELLİKLEYAKINGELECEĞİİŞARETEDERLER.
RİCALARGENELLİKLEYAKINGELECEĞİİŞARETEDERLER.




Anyonecanbecomerichandfamousif
theyknowtherightpeople.
Learningalanguagecanbeareal
challenge.
Itcan'tcostmorethanadollarortwo.
Youcan'tbe45!Ithoughtyouwereabout18
yearsold.
BUGENELDEBİRGENELLEMEYADAVARSAYIMDIR.
BUGENELDEBİRGENELLEMEYADAVARSAYIMDIR.
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
2. COULD
Kullanımı
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
Ayrıca
Kullanılabilir.
COULD
1.Johncouldbetheonewho
stolethemoney.
2.Johncouldhavebeentheone
whostolethemoney.
3.Johncouldgotojailfor
stealingthemoney.
1.Marycouldn'tbetheonewho
stolethemoney.
2.Marycouldn'thavebeentheone
whostolethemoney.
3.Marycouldn'tpossiblygotojail
forthecrime.
might,
may
COULD
IFCLAUSE
KULLANIMI
1.IfIhadmoretime,Icould
travelaroundtheworld.
2.IfIhadhadmoretime,Icould
havetraveledaroundtheworld.
3.IfIhadmoretimethiswinter,
Icouldtravelaroundtheworld.
1.EvenifIhadmoretime,I
couldn'ttravelaroundtheworld.
2.EvenifIhadhadmoretime,I
couldn'thavetraveledaroundthe
world.
3.EvenifIhadmoretimethis
winter,Icouldn'ttravelaroundthe
world.
COULD
ÖNERİ
1.PresentFormuyoktur.
2.Youcouldhavespentyour
vacationinHawaii.
3.Youcouldspendyourvacation
inHawaii.
Negativeformuyoktur.
Icouldruntenmilesinmy
twenties.
IcouldspeakChinesewhenI
wasakid.
Icouldn'trunmorethanamilein
mytwenties.
Icouldn'tspeakSwahili.
beableto
İHTİMAL
3
COULD
GEÇMİŞ
YETENEK
"COULD"GEÇMİŞEYÖNELİK
OLARAKBİRKEREDE
GÖSTERDİĞİNİZYETENEİĞİNİZİ
BETİMLERKENKULLANILAMAZ.
"COULD"GEÇMİŞEYÖNELİK
OLARAKBİRKEREDE
GÖSTERDİĞİNİZYETENEİĞİNİZİ
BETİMLERKENKULLANILAMAZ.
Yesterday,Icouldn'tliftthecouch
bymyself.DOĞRU
Yesterday,IcouldBEABLETO
liftthecouchbymyself.YANLIŞ
COULD
KİBAR
RİCA
CouldIhavesomethingtodrink?
CouldIborrowyourstapler?
BUGENELDEBİRGENELLEMEYADA
VARSAYIMDIR.
Couldn'thecomewithus?
Couldn'tyouhelpmewiththisfor
justasecond?
BUGENELDEBİRGENELLEMEYADA
VARSAYIMDIR.
can,
may,
might
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
3. MUST
Kullanımı
MUST
KESİNLİK
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
1.ThatmustbeJerry.Theysaidhe
wastallwithbrightredhair.
1.ThatmustnotbeJerry.He
issupposedtohaveredhair.
2.Thatmusthavebeentheright
restaurant.Therearenoother
restaurantsonthisstreet.
2.Thatmustnothavebeen
therightrestaurant.Iguess
thereisanotheronearound
heresomewhere.
3.Gelecekyapısıyoktur.
MUSTNOT
YASAKLAMA
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
Ayrıca
Kullanılabilir.
haveto
3.Gelecekyapısıyoktur.
Youmustnotswiminthat
river.It'sfullofcrocodiles.
Youmustnotforgettotake
yourmalariamedication
whileyourareinthetropics.
YASAKLAMAGENELOLARAK
YAKINGELECEĞEİŞARET
EDER.
4
MUST
GÜÇLÜTAVSİYE
1.Youmusttakesometimeoffand
getsomerest.
1.Youmustn'tdrinksomuch.
It'snotgoodforyourhealth.
(USA
kullanımı
dahaziyade
SHOULD'dur
2."SHOULD"adöner
Youshouldhavetakensometime
offlastweektogetsomerest.
2."SHOULD"adöner
Youshouldn'thavedrunkso
much.Thatcausedthe
accident.
3."SHOULD"adöner
Youshouldtakesometimeoffnext
weektogetsomerest.
MUST
GEREKLİLİK
(USA
kullanımı
dahaziyade
HAVETO'dur
1.Youmusthaveapermittoenter
thenationalpark.
2."HAVETO"yadöner
Wehadtohaveapermittoenter
thepark.
3.Wemustgetapermittoenterthe
parknextweek.
3."SHOULD"adöner
Youshouldn'tdrinkatthe
party.Youaregoingtobethe
designateddriver.
1."HAVETO" yadöner
Wedon'thavetogetapermit
toenterthenationalpark.
2."HAVETO"yadöner
Wedidn'thavetogeta
permittoenterthenational
park.
3."HAVETO"yadöner
Wewon'thavetogeta
permittoenterthenational
park.
should
haveto
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
4. HAVETO
Kullanımı
HAVETO
KESİNLİK
(BUANLAMLAMUST
DAHASIKLIKLA
KARŞIMIZA
ÇIKMAKTADIR.)
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
1.ThathastobeJerry.
Theysaidhewastallwith
brightredhair.
2.Thathastohavebeen
therightrestaurant.There
werenootherrestaurants
onthestreet.
3.Yoktur
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
1."MUST" adöner
ThatmustnotbeJerry.They
saidhehasblondhair,notred
hair.
Ayrıca
Kullanılabilir.
must,
havegotto
2."MUST"adöner
Thatmustnothavebeenthe
rightrestaurant.Iguessthere
wasanotheronearoundthere
somewhere.
3.Yoktur
HAVETO
GEREKLİLİK&
ZORUNLULUK
5
1.Shehastoreadfour
booksforthisliterature
class.
2.Shehadtofinishthe
firstbookbeforethe
midterm.
3.Shewillhavetofinish
theotherbooksbeforethe
finalexam.
1.Shedoesn'thavetoread
"GrapesofWrath."It's
optionalreadingforextra
credit.
must
2.Shedidn'thavetowritea
critiqueof"TheScarlet
Letter."Shehadtogivea
presentationtoherclass.
3.Shewon'thavetotakeany
otherliteratureclasses.
AmericanLiterature101isthe
onlyrequiredcourse.
UNUTMA:"Donothaveto"vs."Mustnot"
"Donothaveto"birşeyinyapılmakzorundaolunmadığınıifadeederken"Mustnot"isbirşeyiyapanın
yasakolduğunuanlatır.
Examples:
Youmustnoteatthat.YASAKTIR,İZİNVERİLMEZ
Youdon'thavetoeatthat.EĞERİSTERSENYİYEBİLİRSİN,ZORUNLUDEĞİL.
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
5. SHOULD
Kullanımı
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
SHOULD
TAVSİYE,
ÖĞÜT
1.Peoplewithhighcholesterolshould
eatlow‐fatfoods.
1.Sarahshouldn'tsmokeso
much.It'snotgoodforherhealth.
2.Frankshouldhaveeatenlow‐fat
foods.Thatmighthavepreventedhis
heartattack.
2.Sarahshouldn'thavesmoked
somuch.That'swhatcausedher
healthproblems.
3.Youreallyshouldstarteatingbetter.
3.Sarahshouldn'tsmokewhen
shevisitsMarthanextweek.
Marthahateswhenpeoplesmoke
inherhouse.
Ishouldbeatworkbefore9:00.
NEGATIVEFORMUYOKTUR.
Weshouldreturnthevideobeforethe
videorentalstorecloses.
SHOULD
DIŞARIDAN
GELEN
BEKLENTİ
6
SHOULD
BEKLENTİ
oughtto
besupposed
to/beto
"SHOULD"ÖĞÜTİLEZORUNLULUKARASINDA
BİRANLAMDAİFADEEDEBİLİR.
"BESUPPOSEDTO"İSEBENZERBİRANLAM
İFADEEDER;PASTFORMLARDAVEYAOLUMSUZ
YAPILARDAKOLAYLIKLAKULLANILABİLİR.
1.SusanshouldbeinNewYorkby
now.
1.Susanshouldn'tbeinNewYork
yet.
2.SusanshouldhavearrivedinNew
Yorklastweek.Let'scallherandsee
whatsheisupto.
2.Susanshouldn'thavearrivedin
NewYorkuntilyesterday.
3.SusanshouldbeinNewYorkby
nextweek.Hernewjobstartson
Monday.
Ayrıca
Kullanılabilir.
3.Susanshouldn'tarriveinNew
Yorkuntilnextweek.
oughtto,
besupposed
to
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
6. HADBETTER
Kullanımı
HADBETTER
ÇOKGÜÇLÜTAVSİYE
HADBETTER
ÇOKGÜÇLÜ
UYARI,GİZLİ
TEHDİT
7
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
Ayrıca
Kullanılabilir.
1."SHOULD"veya"OUGHT
TO"yadöner
Peopleshouldunplug
toastersbeforetheyclean
them.
1."SHOULD" veya "OUGHT
TO"yadöner
Peopleshouldn'tclean
toasterswithoutunplugging
themfirst.
2."SHOULDHAVE"veya
"OUGHTTOHAVE"yadöner
Youshouldhaveunplugged
thetoasterbeforeyoutried
tocleanit.
"SHOULDHAVE"veya
"OUGHTTOHAVE"yadöner
Youshouldn'thavecleaned
thetoasterwithout
unpluggingitfirst.
3.Youhadbetterunplugthe
toasterbeforeyoutryto
cleanit.
3.Youhadbetternotclean
thetoasteruntilyouunplug
it.
Themoviehadbetterend
soon.
Theyhadbetternotbelate.
Or / otherwise
Theyhadbetternotforget
Tom'sbirthdaygift.
(otherwise cümle
sonu “aksini”)
Theyhadbetterbehere
beforewestartdinner.
should,
oughtto
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
7. MAY
Kullanımı
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
MAY
İHTİMAL
1.Jackmaybeupset.Ican'treally
tellifheisannoyedortired.
1.Jackmaynotbeupset.Perhaps
heistired.
2.Jackmayhavebeenupset.I
couldn'treallytellifhewas
annoyedortired.
2.Jackmaynothavebeenupset.
Perhapshewastired.
3.Jackmaygetupsetifyoudon't
tellhimthetruth.
MAY
İZİN
8
MAY
RİCAİZİN
1.Youmaynotleavethetable.
You'renotfinishedwithyour
dinneryet.
2."BEALLOWEDTO"adöner
Youwereallowedtoleavethe
tableafteryoufinishedyour
dinner.
2."BEALLOWEDTO"adöner
Youwerenotallowedtoleavethe
tablebecauseyouhadn'tfinished
yourdinner.
3.Youmayleavethetablewhen
youfinishyourdinner.
3.Youmaynotleavethetableuntil
youarefinishedwithyourdinner.
MayIborrowyoureraser?
NEGATİVEFORMUYOKTUR
MayImakeaphonecall?
RİCALARGENELLİKLEYAKINGELECEĞİ
Ayrıca
Kullanılabilir.
might
3.Jackmaynotgetupset,evenif
youtellhimthetruth
1.Youmayleavethetablenow
thatyou'refinishedwithyour
dinner.
İŞARETEDERLER.
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past
3.=Future
can
can,
might
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
8. MIGHT
Kullanımı
MIGHT
İHTİMAL
OlumluYapılar
1.=Present2.=Past3.=Future
Olumsuzyapılar
1.=Present2.=Past3.=
Future
Ayrıca
1.Shemightbeonthebus.Ithink
hercarishavingproblems.
1.Shemightnotbeonthe
bus.Shemightbewalking
home.
could,
may
2.Shemighthavetakenthebus.I'm
notsurehowshegottowork.
3.Shemighttakethebustoget
home.Idon'tthinkBillwillbeable
togiveheraride.
MIGHT
IFCLUASE
KULLANIMI
MIGHT
RİCA
(UKİngilizcesi
kulanımı)
2.Shemightnothavetaken
thebus.Shemighthave
walkedhome.
3.Shemightnottakethe
bus.Shemightgetaride
fromBill.
1.IfIenteredthecontest,Imight
actuallywin.
1.EvenifIenteredthe
contest,Imightnotwin.
2.IfIhadenteredthecontest,I
mightactuallyhavewon.
2.EvenifIhadenteredthe
contest,Imightnothave
won.
3.IfIenteredthecontesttomorrow,
Imightactuallywin.Unfortunately,I
can'tenterit.
9
MightIhavesomethingtodrink?
MightIborrowthestapler?
Kullanılabilir.
3.EvenifIenteredthe
contesttomorrow,Imight
notwin.
NEGATİVEKULLANIMIÇOK
NADİRDİR.
could,
may,
can
RİCALARGENELLİKLEYAKINGELECEĞİ
İŞARETEDERLER.
UNUTMA: "Could not" vs. "Might not"
"Could not" birşeyin olmasının mümkün olmadığı durumları anlatırken "Might not" ise olup olmadığını
bilmediğimiz durumları ifade eder.
Örnekler;
 Jack might not have the key. MAYBE HE DOES NOT HAVE THE KEY.

Jack could not have the key. IT İS İMPOSSİBLE THAT HE HAS THE KEY.
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
9. PERFECTMODALS
Kullanımı
SHOULDHAVE
DONE
SHOULDN'T
HAVEDONE
Anlam
Yapılmalıydıama
yapılmadı
SusanshouldhavearrivedinNewYorklast
week.Let'scallherandseewhatsheisupto
Yapılmamalıydıama
yapıldı
MUSTHAVE
DONE
Kesinyapılmıştır
10
CAN'THAVE
DONE
NEEDN'T
HAVEDONE
COULDHAVE
DONE
COULDN'T
HAVEDONE
MAYHAVE
DONE
Örnekler
Kesinyapılmamıştır
Ayrıca
kullanılabilir.
Youshouldn'thavebeensofrankwithhim.
Hemusthaveknownhowmuchitwasgoing
tocost.
A:"IheardthatSuzygotcaughtshoplifting yesterdayafternoon"
B:"Shecan'thavedoneit.SheandIwereat
themoviesallafternoon"
Yapılmasınagerek
yoktuamayapıldı
Ineedn'thavepreparedallthatfood,because
theyphonemetosaytheywouldn'tcome.
Yapılabilirdiama
yapılmadı
IcouldhavepassedmydrivingtestifI'd
reallytried.
İstenseydide
yapılamazdı
Icouldn'tpossiblyhavepassedmydriving
test,evenifI'dtriedharder.
Yapılmıştaolabilir
Yapılmamışta
Hemaynothavefoundoutyetthathehas
passedthetest.
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
10. WOULD
WOULD
PAST
HABIT
X
USEDTO
IF
11
REPORTED
SPEECH
•Geçmiştealışkanlıkolarakyapılmış
yadatekraredilmişeylemlerin
anlatımındakullanılır.

Mygrandparentswoulduse
candlestoilluminatetheir
room.
•USEDTOdurumifadesindede
kullanılabilirkenWOULDsadece
hareketbildireneylemlerinifadesinde
kullanılabilir.

Ottomanswouldorganize
campaignstoBalkansto
enlargetheirterritory.

Ifyouapprovedourour
desicions,Therewouldn’tbe
anyconflictbetweenthe
deputies.

IfSupporttroopshad’t
arrivedinKing’sLandingon
time,enemywouldhave
plunderedalthecity.

KemaltoldmethatCarol
wouldadmitallcrimesof
thegangjustaftergetting
promiseofbeingfree.

Iwouldratherstayathome
thanworktoday.

Iwouldrathermydaughter
didn’tgetmarrytothisguy.

Iwouldratherhave
listenedtohimcarefully.

Iwouldprefertobe
swimminginthepoolrather
thanansweringallthe
applicante‐mailsnow.

Wouldyoumindpassingthe
salt?(CANYOU?)

WouldyoumindIfIused
yourphone?(CANI?)

Iwouldbeamazing!
(OLURDUanlamında
kullanılır.)
•IF/CONDITIONALS
TYPE2veTYPE3içindekullanılır.
•SAIDveTOLDifadelerindensonra
geçmiştekigelecekanlatımını(future
inthepast)durumlarıifadeederken
kullanılır.
•WOULDRATHER/PREFER
OTHERS
•WOULDYOUMIND(GERUND/IFT2)
•WOULD+ADJECTIVE
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
11. USEDTO
A. USEDTOgenelolarakalışkanlıklarınanlatımındakullanılmaktadır.
B. SadeceUSEDTOkullanılarakeldeedilencümlelergeçmişteyeralanalışkanlıklarınanlatımını
ifadeeder.
C. AşağıdayeralandiğerUSEDTOkullanımlarınadikkatedelim.
USEDTO
GETUSEDTO
ACCUSTOMED
TO

Turkishraidersusedtoattackneighborterritoriesatregular
intervals.

Youhadbettergetusedtodrivingontheleftoffthewayinthe
UK.

Iamusedtothesekindofrituelsbecausetheyaresimilarto
ours.

Melekwillgetusedtogettingupearly.
BEUSEDTO
• When I was in İstanbul, I was used to get up very early to
catch the train into the city.
12
IFYAYINLARI‐GRAMMARPACK–2|MODALS
12. REVISION
4. Oneofthegreatadvancesofastronomy
overrecentyears‐‐‐‐thediscoveryof
planetsoutsideoursolarsystem,anditis
thefirstrealcluethatwe‐‐‐‐aloneinthe
universe.
1. AttheendoftheFirstWorldWar,the
leadersofvictoriouscountriesgathered
atVersailles,andthere,they‐‐‐‐to
decidewhatpenaltiesGermany,Austria
andotherallies‐‐‐‐.
A) tried/wouldhavetopay
A) isgoingtobe/mustn’tbe
B) hadtried/musthavepaid
B) is/werenot
C) weretrying/werepaying
C) hadbeen/willnotbe
D) usedtotry/mighthavepaid
D) was/wouldnotbe
E) couldtry/shouldhavepaid
E) hasbeen/maynotbe
5. Filmmusic‐‐‐‐significantinmanyways,
ofcourse,butnotasmusic,whichiswhy
thepropositionthatbettercomposers‐‐‐‐
betterfilmmusicisnotnecessarilytrue.
2. Insomecases,we‐‐‐‐sufficientdataon
oldevents,notbecauseofalackof
imaginationbutbecausetheappropriate
technology‐‐‐‐availableatthetime.
13
A) wouldnothave/isnot
A) hadbeen/shallproduce
B) shouldnothave/hadnotbeen
B) hasbeen/shouldhaveproduced
C) didnothave/hasnotbeen
C) is/couldproduce
D) donothave/wasnot
D) canbe/hadproduced
E) couldnothave/willnotbe
E) wouldbe/produced
3. Thetraditionofsculptinginclay‐‐‐‐as
earlyasAD800,andultimatelyit‐‐‐‐as
thepointofdepartureforrelatedworks
thatwerecastinmetal.
A) shouldhavedeveloped/hasserved
B) hasdeveloped/hadserved
C) mayhavedeveloped/served
D) wouldhavedeveloped/willserve
E) couldhavedeveloped/willhaveserved
6. Atthattime,sinceheraunt‐‐‐‐inthesame
neighbourhoodshe‐‐‐‐heratleastoncea
week.
A) isliving/wouldvisit
B) haslived/hasvisited
C) lived/visits
D) wasliving/usedtovisit
E) lives/wasvisiting

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