Tenses 時制 1 時制の基本は，現在，過去，未来の 3 つだが，それに進行形と完了形が組み合わされて合計 12 の時制を表す動詞の形式があると考えればよい。 햲 現在時制現在時制を表す形式には単純現在，現在進行形，現在完了形，現在完了進行形がある。ここでは TOEIC の出題傾向に沿ってポイントを説明する。 A）単純現在と現在進行形の混同に注意状態（belong, consist, remain, resemble），所有（have, own），知覚（feel, hear, see, smell, taste），感情（like, hate, prefer），心的状態（believe, know, understand）などを表す動詞は，原則として現在進行形にできない。 • I have a younger sister and she closely resembles our mother.【所有・状態】 • This cheesecake tastes good.【知覚】 ※ ただし，have や like が eat, drink, take などの意味や，see が「見物する」「人に会う」という意味を表す場合は，進行形が可能。 • He’s having (= eating) breakfast now. • I’m seeing my colleagues in the meeting this afternoon. B）時や条件を表す副詞節の中では現在形が未来の意味を表す時や条件を表す副詞節を導く接続詞には，when, before, until [till], if, unless などがある。 • I’ll have him call you when he gets back. • We’ll have to reschedule our meeting if the client doesn’t arrive tomorrow. ※ ただし，導かれる節が名詞節や形容詞節の場合は will を用いることができる。 • Do you know when he will be back?（know の目的語で名詞節） • The time will come when man will live on the moon.（when は関係副詞で形容詞節） 햳 過去時制過去時制を表す形式には，単純過去，過去進行形，過去完了形，過去完了進行形がある。 A）単純過去と現在完了形の違いに注意 last year, just now, in 1990, a week agoなど明確な過去を表す副詞（句）やwhen, what time などがある場合は現在完了形は使えない。 a) He just left a minute ago. / He left just now.（ただし，He has just left. は可） b) What time did you arrive here?（［×］What time have you arrived here? は誤り） 2 第 1 部 TOEIC 基礎英文法の攻略 c) I lived in Paris for two years when I was a little child. d) I have lived in Paris for two years since I was 15. ※ c) の文では when I was a little child「子どものとき」と限定しているので完了形は使えない。一方，d) は「15 歳のときから 2 年間ずっとパリに住んでいる」という意味で，現在もパリに住み続けていることを表しているので，過去形は使えない。現在完了形は常に現在と接点を持っているという点で過去形とは異なる。 B）時制の一致主節の動詞が過去形になると，従属節の動詞は現在形ならば過去形に，過去形・現在完了形は過去完了形に変わる。 • Mark said that he would come to the meeting. • I realized at the station that I had left my purse at home. ※ ただし，従属節が一般的真理，習慣的事実，歴史上の事実などを表す場合は，時制の一致は起こらない。 • People at that time didn’t know that the earth is round.【一般的真理】 • We learned that the Apollo II spacecraft landed on the moon in 1969.【歴史上の事実】 햴 未来時制英語には未来を表す動詞の変化形はないので，助動詞 will や be going to，現在進行形，現在形などを用いて表す。 • We are going to have a meeting today. 【すでに予定されている未来の事柄】 • I will lend you this book.【発話の時点でしようと決めた事柄】 • He will [is going to] be 10 on his next birthday. 【主語の意志とは無関係に起こる事柄】 • Jack is leaving for London this evening.【近い未来の予定】 • The plane is about to take off.【be going to より「差し迫った」未来の事柄】 ※ したがって，tomorrow, tonight など未来を表す副詞（句）とは一緒に使えない。 A）未来進行形〈will be + 現在分詞〉 • I will be studying hard for the exam next week.【未来における動作の進行】 • We’ll be seeing you soon.【近い未来の予定】 B）未来完了形〈will have + 過去分詞〉未来のある時点までの動作の完了，経験，継続を表す。 • Bob will have worked for the company for 30 years when he retires.【継続】 • I will have finished my report by Wednesday.【完了】 Unit 1 時制 3 Directions: Each of the following sentences may contain an error. If so, correct the sentence. Q1 Your sister has called you just now. Q2 I will not call you until I will have a definite answer for you. Q3 Mr. Jones is belonging to a political party. Q4 What time have you got here? Q5 Stephen is used to be head of the marketing division, but he resigned. Q6 It’s about time you and I talk it over. Q7 By the time you will get there, the meeting will be over. Q8 She told me that she will come again the next day. Directions: A word or phrase is missing in each of the sentences below. Select the best answer to complete the sentence. Q9 When you ------- here tomorrow, give me a buzz. (A) get (B) got (C) gotten (D) will get A B C D 4 第 1 部 TOEIC 基礎英文法の攻略 Q10 Mr. Jake ------- for the company for 30 years by next month. (A) is working (B) has worked (C) will have worked (D) will be working A B C D Q11 The committee ------- of 10 members. (A) is consisting (B) is consisted (C) consists (D) has been consisting A B C D Q13 The meeting ------- for 15 minutes when I got there late. (A) had been over (B) has been over (C) will be over (D) is over A B C D Q12 The economy ------- at the slowest rate for the last few years. (A) grew (B) is growing (C) had grown (D) has been growing A B C D Q14 The annual convention of the association ------- in May every year. (A) will be held (B) is held (C) is being held (D) has held A B C D Directions: Read the texts below. For each empty space, select the best answer to complete the sentence. Q15 Despite attempts by the government to control inflation, prices ____________ by 4.5% last year. Some economists warned there could be a risk that inflation may rise even further because of the impact of higher mortgages. (A) have increased (B) increased (C) increase (D) had increased A B C D Q16 The two automobile companies plan to announce in a joint statement that they will sign an agreement to cooperate on a new project when their presidents ____________ in New York next week. The link between the two companies will result in the creation of the world’s largest automakers. (A) will meet (B) would meet (C) meet (D) met A B C D Unit 1 時制 5