Pittsburgh, PA
National Compensation Survey
December 1997
________________________________________________________________________________________________
U.S. Department of Labor
Alexis M. Herman, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Katharine G. Abraham, Commissioner
August 1998
Bulletin 3090-44
Preface
T
For additional information regarding this survey,
please contact the BLS Philadelphia Regional Office at
(215) 596-1154. You may also write to the Bureau of Labor Statistics at: Division of Compensation Data Analysis
and Planning, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Room 4175,
Washington, DC 20212-0001, or call (202) 606-6220, or
send e-mail to [email protected].
The data contained in this bulletin are also available at
the BLS Internet site (https://www.bls.gov/ocs/#data ).
Data are in three formats: an ASCII file containing the
published table formats; an ASCII file containing
positional columns of data for manipulation as a data base
or spreadsheet; and a Portable Document Format (PDF)
file containing the entire bulletin.
Material in this bulletin is in the public domain and,
with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. This information will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
his bulletin provides results of a December 1997 survey of occupational pay in the Pittsburgh, PA, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Data shown in this bulletin were collected as part of the Bureau of Labor Statistics’
(BLS) new program known as the National Compensation
Survey (NCS).
The survey could not have been conducted without the
cooperation of the many private firms and government jurisdictions that provided pay data included in this bulletin.
The Bureau thanks these respondents for their cooperation.
Survey data were collected and reviewed by Bureau of
Labor Statistics field economists under the direction of
John Filemyr, Assistant Regional Commissioner for Operations of the Philadelphia Regional Office. The Office
of Compensation and Working Conditions, in cooperation
with the Office of Field Operations and the Office of
Technology and Survey Processing in the BLS National
Office, designed the survey, processed the data, and analyzed the survey results.
iii
Contents
Page
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................
Wages in the Pittsburgh, PA, MSA......................................................................................................
1
2
Tables:
A-1. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, all workers, all industries .......................................
A-2. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, all workers, private industry and
State and local government ....................................................................................................
A-3. Hourly earnings for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers,
all industries ..........................................................................................................................
A-4. Weekly and annual earnings and hours for selected occupations,
full-time workers only, all industries ......................................................................................
B-1. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and levels, all industries,
private industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers........................
B-2. Mean hourly earnings for selected occupations and levels, all industries,
private industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers........................
C-1. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and selected characteristics,
all industries ..........................................................................................................................
C-2. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and industry division,
private industry, all workers...................................................................................................
C-3. Mean hourly earnings by occupational group and establishment employment size,
private industry, all workers...................................................................................................
C-4. Number of workers represented by occupational group ...........................................................
4
7
11
15
18
22
27
28
29
30
Appendixes:
A. Technical Note ..........................................................................................................................
Appendix table 1. Number of establishments studied and represented........................................
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors ................................................................................
Appendix table 3. Average work levels......................................................................................
B. Occupational Classifications......................................................................................................
C. Generic Leveling Criteria ..........................................................................................................
D. Evaluating Your Firm’s Jobs .....................................................................................................
v
31
35
36
39
42
50
56
Introduction
T
broader coverage of occupations and establishments within
the survey area.
Occupations surveyed for this bulletin were selected
using probability techniques from a list of all those present
in each establishment. Previous OCS bulletins were limited to a preselected list of occupations, which represented
a small subset of all occupations in the economy. Information in the new bulletin is published for a variety of occupation-based data. This new approach includes data on
broad occupational classifications such as white-collar
workers, major occupational groups such as sales workers,
and individual occupations such as cashiers.
In tables containing work levels within occupational
series, the work levels are derived from generic standards
that apply to all occupational groups. The job levels in
the OCS bulletins were based on narrowly-defined descriptions that were not comparable across specific occupations.
Occupational data in this bulletin are also tabulated for
other classifications such as industry group, full-time versus part-time workers, union versus nonunion status, time
versus incentive status, and establishment employment
size. Not all of these series were generated by the OCS
program.
The establishments surveyed for this bulletin were limited to those with 50 or more employees. Eventually, NCS
will be expanded to cover those now-excluded establishments. Then, virtually all workers in the civilian economy
will be surveyed, excluding only agriculture, private
households, and employees of the Federal Government.
his survey of occupational pay was conducted in the
Pittsburgh, PA, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).
The MSA includes Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Fayette,
Washington, and Westmoreland Counties, PA.
This bulletin consists primarily of tables whose data
are analyzed in the initial textual section. Tabulations
provide information on earnings of workers in a variety of
occupations and at a wide range of work levels. Also
contained in this bulletin is information on the program, a
technical note describing survey procedures, and several
appendixes with detailed information on occupational
classifications and the generic leveling methodology.
NCS design and products
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) new National
Compensation Survey (NCS) is designed to provide data
on the levels and rates of change of occupational wages
and employee benefits for localities, broad geographic regions, and the nation as a whole. One output of the NCS
will be the Employment Cost Index, a quarterly measure
of the change in employer costs for wages and benefits.
This bulletin is limited to data on wages and salaries.
These data are similar to those released under the Occupational Compensation Survey (OCS), which has been
discontinued.
NCS more extensive than OCS
The wage data in this bulletin differ from those in previous Occupational Compensation Surveys by providing
1
Wages in the
Pittsburgh, PA
Metropolitan Statistical Area
S
Survey results show that private industry workers in
Pittsburgh, PA, earned $14.81 per hour, while surveyed
State and local government workers averaged $20.23. Table A-2 reports the average hourly rate for white-collar occupations as $17.10 in private industry and $24.64 in
State and local government. Blue-collar occupations
showed an average hourly rate of $13.65 in private industry and $15.42 in State and local government. Service occupations within private industry averaged $8.05 per hour
while those found in State and local government averaged
$13.80.
traight-time wages in the Pittsburgh, PA, Metropolitan
Statistical Area averaged $15.55 per hour during December 1997. White-collar workers had an average wage
of $18.10 per hour. Blue-collar workers averaged $13.81
per hour, while service workers had average earnings of
$9.26 per hour. (All comparisons in this analysis cover
hourly rates for both full- and part-time workers, unless
otherwise noted.)
Chart 1. Average hourly wage rates by occupational
group, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
Chart 2. Average hourly rates for private industry and
State and local government, Pittsburgh, PA, December
1997
Dollars per hour
$ 20
Dollars per hour
$
25
15
Private
industry
State and
local
government
20
10
15
5
10
0
Whitecollar
Bluecollar
Service
workers
5
0
Within each of these occupational groups, average
hourly wages for individual occupations varied. For example, white-collar occupations included registered nurses
at $18.81 per hour, secretaries at $12.40, and general office clerks at $10.64. Among occupations in the bluecollar category, truck drivers averaged $11.44 per hour
while stock handlers and baggers averaged $6.96. Finally,
service occupations included janitors and cleaners at
$10.03 per hour and nursing aides, orderlies and attendants at $8.92 per hour. Table A-1 presents earnings data
for 127 detailed occupations; data for other detailed occupations surveyed could not be reported separately due to
concerns about the confidentiality of survey respondents
and the reliability of the data.
White-collar
Blue-collar
Service
Table A-3 presents data for workers considered by the
survey respondents to be either full-time or part-time. Average wages for full-time workers, all occupations, were
$16.61 per hour, compared with an average of $7.94 per
hour for part-time workers.
Data for specific work levels within major occupational
groups are reported in table B-1. Occasionally, wage estimates for lower levels of work within major occupational
groups are greater than estimates for higher levels. This
can occur due to the mix of specific occupations (and industries) represented by the broad group as well as by the
variability of the estimate.
2
wages averaged $16.92 in all goods-producing industries
and $16.18 in manufacturing. Hourly wages averaged
$14.11 in all service-producing industries, $18.38 in
transportation, and public utilities and $14.70 in services.
Data for other industry divisions did not meet publication
criteria
Table C-4 reports that a total of 624,861 workers were
represented by the Pittsburgh, PA survey. White-collar
occupations included 362,825 workers, or 58 percent,
blue-collar occupations included 144,821 workers, or 23
percent, and service occupations included 117,214 workers, or 19 percent.
Work levels for all major groups span several levels,
with professional specialty occupations and executive, administrative, and managerial occupations typically starting
and ending at higher work levels than the other groups.
Published data for administrative support occupations, including clerical, ranged from level 1 to level 7. As illustrated in Chart 3, the average hourly rate was $6.63 for
level 1, $9.45 for level 3, $12.82 for level 5, and $14.93
for level 7.
Chart 3. Average hourly rates by work level for
administrative support occupations, including clerical,
Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
Chart 4. Distribution of workers represented by
occupational group, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
Dollars per hour
$15
Percent
60
10
50
40
5
30
20
0
1
3
5
10
7
Level
0
Surveyed union workers had an average hourly rate of
$16.78, as reported in table C-1. Wages for nonunion
workers averaged $14.95. Time workers, whose wages
were based solely on an hourly rate or a salary, averaged
$15.50 per hour. Incentive workers, whose wages were at
least partially based on productivity payments, averaged
$17.12 per hour.
Table C-2 shows wage data for specific industry divisions within private industry. In the private sector, hourly
Whitecollar
Bluecollar
Service
workers
Data are also presented in appendix table 1 on the
number of establishments studied by industry group and
employment size. The relative standard errors of published mean hourly earnings for all industries, private industry, and State and local government are available in
appendix table 2. The average work levels for published
occupational groups and selected occupations are presented in appendix table 3.
3
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997
All industries
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
All occupations ....................................................................... $15.55
All occupations excluding sales ............................................ 15.96
$6.40
6.97
25
Median
50
$8.80 $13.13
9.25 13.54
75
90
$18.69
19.08
$27.01
27.77
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
18.10
19.20
7.20
8.50
10.13
11.17
14.90
15.96
22.29
23.75
33.33
34.17
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Civil engineers ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .......................
Industrial engineers ..............................................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Pharmacists ..........................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Therapists, N.E.C. ................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, post secondary N.E.C. .........................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Teachers, special education .................................
Teachers, N.E.C. ..................................................
Substitute teachers ...............................................
Vocational and educational counselors ................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Psychologists ........................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................
Social workers ......................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Editors and reporters ............................................
Public relations specialists ....................................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. .........................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Health record technologists and technicians ........
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Electrical and electronic technicians .....................
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ...........................
Drafters .................................................................
Chemical technicians ............................................
Science technicians, N.E.C. .................................
Computer programmers .......................................
Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. ..........
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Financial managers ..............................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ..............
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. .............
23.17
24.93
26.84
19.83
29.26
26.63
22.36
27.07
26.47
22.66
11.80
13.11
16.83
13.76
17.31
21.31
15.51
17.79
17.23
14.82
15.20
17.00
21.63
15.50
23.50
22.28
21.09
21.86
20.15
19.20
20.00
21.90
26.87
20.49
29.07
25.33
21.92
27.66
24.02
22.78
28.27
30.64
31.85
21.63
34.17
32.20
24.52
31.99
29.71
26.04
39.80
41.48
36.46
26.50
42.70
37.47
28.13
34.33
39.63
29.50
37.22
20.77
19.57
18.81
24.84
25.00
14.70
36.17
32.31
31.47
34.82
35.22
25.52
31.99
10.07
22.14
–
18.08
17.19
13.06
13.16
–
20.67
12.29
15.03
15.03
21.53
20.19
9.75
18.45
11.54
10.58
22.53
23.34
9.62
6.88
7.33
10.46
–
13.53
13.49
8.07
8.64
–
25.00
13.73
17.07
16.50
23.42
22.35
10.00
25.84
17.85
22.91
27.15
27.46
10.65
21.50
8.00
12.59
–
13.85
13.85
10.13
10.13
–
32.00
19.90
19.18
18.69
25.00
25.00
12.29
33.05
34.12
32.42
33.48
35.11
25.66
33.64
8.19
15.39
–
15.41
15.06
12.31
12.31
–
46.15
28.25
21.41
20.26
26.64
26.79
20.39
41.00
41.83
41.40
43.91
45.57
39.01
47.48
9.29
34.99
–
19.23
19.23
15.25
15.30
–
57.69
32.42
25.00
22.53
28.02
30.32
21.41
50.41
50.41
47.48
47.43
48.28
44.94
47.48
16.36
37.05
–
26.20
20.23
19.53
20.11
–
23.30
19.87
15.36
15.89
17.56
15.90
15.19
14.77
12.32
12.31
16.61
18.72
17.21
16.25
15.86
21.33
15.34
25.82
29.17
29.96
26.14
12.79
15.73
10.82
14.42
10.25
12.58
11.75
11.02
10.55
7.04
10.50
15.00
8.00
11.53
11.50
12.46
10.63
13.95
14.86
15.86
16.15
14.90
15.87
12.02
14.42
12.02
14.27
12.02
12.58
11.25
9.77
12.77
15.30
10.60
13.83
11.50
15.11
12.50
16.83
18.14
19.18
17.75
18.27
18.77
15.38
15.58
15.26
17.04
14.06
15.32
12.19
10.97
15.82
17.65
16.43
15.99
15.42
19.23
14.54
22.50
26.91
24.40
20.00
23.98
19.78
17.34
15.58
18.84
17.72
18.15
16.90
12.90
13.31
20.06
21.62
23.77
18.70
19.04
27.89
17.45
31.34
33.65
34.72
36.25
46.00
37.62
22.32
19.03
26.83
18.69
22.15
17.92
13.99
14.88
24.19
21.79
25.96
19.86
21.91
34.62
19.19
40.71
43.85
43.85
40.71
37.37
28.23
26.71
15.57
20.43
15.21
16.12
11.06
30.66
18.70
22.01
12.07
34.62
31.34
26.24
12.82
40.87
39.23
29.81
16.96
69.71
39.30
34.61
20.15
See footnotes at end of table.
4
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997 — Continued
All industries
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
25
Median
50
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
(-Continued)
Executives, administrators, and managers
(-Continued)
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. .................. $31.49 $14.86 $23.00 $26.92
Management related occupations ............................ 20.41 13.41 15.30 18.80
Accountants and auditors ..................................... 18.77 13.87 15.00 16.37
Other financial officers .......................................... 22.08 13.70 17.71 21.50
Management analysts .......................................... 30.50 15.38 21.10 29.68
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists ....................................................... 17.49 10.58 12.56 16.83
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................ 17.67 13.58 16.26 17.25
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............ 19.86 13.95 14.77 19.71
Sales occupations ............................................................
9.96
5.15
5.55
7.00
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................ 18.16 10.63 11.54 13.75
Sales occupations, other business services ......... 16.11
7.18
9.30 11.01
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale ................................................. 18.71 10.63 12.25 14.00
Sales workers, apparel .........................................
6.37
5.15
5.15
6.25
Sales workers, other commodities ........................
9.92
5.50
5.60
6.78
Cashiers ...............................................................
6.36
5.15
5.25
5.55
Demonstrators, promoters, and models, sales .....
5.95
5.25
5.75
6.00
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
9.34
5.15
5.15
6.21
Administrative support occupations, including clerical ..... 11.27
7.25
8.61 10.62
Supervisors, general office ................................... 13.66 11.73 13.20 13.33
Supervisors, financial records processing ............ 16.86
9.22 12.98 14.41
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and
adjusting clerks ............................................... 15.37 11.38 11.91 12.02
Secretaries ........................................................... 12.40
8.50 10.50 12.51
Stenographers ...................................................... 11.90
9.24 10.00 11.64
Interviewers .......................................................... 10.43
8.00
9.00
9.97
Receptionists ........................................................
8.01
5.30
7.00
7.73
Information clerks, N.E.C. ..................................... 10.87
8.00
8.00 13.00
Order clerks .......................................................... 13.17
6.50
8.32 12.90
Library clerks ........................................................
8.43
6.48
7.00
8.94
Records clerks, N.E.C. ......................................... 10.73
7.25
9.62 10.61
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ...... 10.77
8.17
8.80 10.50
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ............................. 10.02
8.00
8.13
9.00
Billing clerks .......................................................... 11.04
9.01 10.00 10.50
Telephone operators ............................................ 11.53
6.81
8.83 10.71
Dispatchers ........................................................... 11.36
9.22
9.50 10.98
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ................... 10.55
7.40
8.27
9.73
Stock and inventory clerks .................................... 11.06
7.35
8.61 10.00
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators .. 13.03
9.62 10.70 12.25
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ...... 10.90
8.00
8.82
9.54
General office clerks ............................................. 10.64
7.10
8.71 10.25
Bank tellers ...........................................................
8.87
6.78
7.15
8.36
Data entry keyers .................................................
8.09
6.54
7.00
8.00
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
9.81
6.25
8.05
9.02
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ......... 11.06
7.48
9.23 10.62
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Automobile mechanics .........................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Carpenters ............................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ..................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
See footnotes at end of table.
5
13.81
17.17
23.49
13.32
14.54
16.62
16.21
15.40
22.18
18.74
10.03
12.57
6.90
10.29
11.54
10.00
11.50
13.61
12.27
14.35
17.67
12.75
7.95
6.85
9.58
13.00
18.67
11.88
11.50
15.30
15.55
14.35
20.63
15.00
8.00
9.15
13.50
16.39
26.79
13.15
15.57
16.84
16.20
15.55
23.14
18.75
8.47
12.85
75
90
$34.13
23.08
23.37
24.44
43.71
$46.15
30.53
28.85
33.65
43.71
19.13
19.32
21.20
11.01
20.80
16.27
28.54
19.87
28.56
20.48
38.62
37.02
21.87
7.20
11.64
6.70
6.00
11.69
13.33
13.46
21.63
33.89
7.45
14.94
7.50
6.50
18.71
16.47
13.94
29.42
15.00
14.21
13.34
11.04
9.50
13.00
19.00
9.77
12.58
12.04
9.09
11.73
14.95
12.51
12.30
14.00
14.19
12.96
11.76
10.14
8.44
11.56
12.12
26.98
16.01
14.65
13.53
10.39
13.39
19.00
9.77
14.83
14.65
12.00
14.23
16.80
16.18
15.72
14.55
18.67
16.28
15.30
11.58
10.32
13.49
14.97
17.14
21.91
28.32
14.00
17.15
17.35
17.92
15.91
24.63
22.86
11.42
15.38
21.32
24.53
33.78
17.05
17.56
19.00
19.21
15.92
24.63
23.80
14.93
17.61
Table A-1. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997 — Continued
All industries
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
25
Median
50
Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
(-Continued)
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators .......................................... $14.13 $10.70 $13.50 $13.99
Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................ 13.00
9.30 11.75 13.98
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators
8.29
6.25
7.78
8.65
Packaging and filling machine operators .............. 11.75
8.50 12.06 12.06
Mixing and blending machine operators ............... 14.87
9.85 11.90 17.00
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food ... 15.59
9.85 10.35 15.38
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ........... 13.63
8.34
9.94 14.22
Welders and cutters .............................................. 16.97 15.10 16.13 16.55
Assemblers ...........................................................
8.80
6.00
6.00
7.71
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners .. 13.09 10.08 11.67 12.77
Transportation and material moving occupations ............. 12.87
7.00
9.58 12.99
Truck drivers ......................................................... 11.44
6.78
9.58 12.00
Bus drivers ............................................................ 14.74
8.00 11.86 18.25
Crane and tower operators ................................... 16.05 12.96 14.57 16.62
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators .. 12.02
7.30
9.52 12.51
Miscellaneous material moving equipment
operators, N.E.C. ............................................ 15.52 11.90 14.65 16.49
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ...... 10.65
5.50
6.90
9.28
Production helpers ................................................ 12.15
5.75
8.00 11.92
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
6.96
5.25
5.35
5.75
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. ....... 13.08
6.00
7.80 15.54
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
9.15
5.25
5.50
7.50
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
8.67
5.95
6.97
8.20
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ................... 10.54
6.50
6.90 10.23
Service occupations ...........................................................
Protective service occupations .................................
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Guards and police except public service ..............
Food service occupations .........................................
Supervisors, food preparation and service
occupations ....................................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ............................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Health service occupations .......................................
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Cleaning and building service occupations ..............
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Personal service occupations ...................................
Welfare service aides ...........................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ....................
Child care workers, N.E.C. ...................................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid
to employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living
adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for
overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips.
The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and
dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours. The 10th,
25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in the
earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of
the workers receive the same as or more than the rate shown,
and half receive the same as or less than the rate shown. At the
25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or
less than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn
the same as or more than the rate shown. The 10th and 90th
percentiles follow the same logic.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers.
75
90
$16.91
14.25
8.70
12.73
17.00
19.42
16.91
18.10
10.35
13.90
16.62
13.49
18.25
18.29
14.40
$16.91
14.42
9.65
12.73
17.08
21.18
17.61
19.53
13.86
17.93
18.25
15.91
18.25
18.86
15.86
16.73
14.42
15.89
7.07
17.88
14.22
9.85
14.51
17.14
17.39
19.44
10.06
18.17
14.22
12.40
16.86
9.26
12.74
20.66
7.80
6.54
5.15
5.40
16.76
5.25
2.83
6.25
6.05
19.40
5.50
5.15
8.25
11.29
20.44
6.25
6.30
10.60
18.29
22.15
8.22
8.05
15.73
22.05
23.72
13.08
9.75
11.06
3.92
8.06
7.52
5.28
6.93
8.78
8.44
8.92
10.14
8.56
10.03
10.53
7.80
9.15
8.06
8.24
6.16
2.83
6.00
5.45
2.83
5.15
6.57
6.50
6.95
5.45
6.18
5.45
5.35
5.79
5.15
5.15
5.15
9.00
2.83
6.85
7.00
5.00
5.20
7.43
7.00
7.44
7.83
7.15
7.65
6.85
6.50
5.33
6.10
6.85
11.25
2.83
8.05
7.60
5.50
6.25
8.43
8.05
8.51
9.96
8.95
10.10
8.85
8.85
9.09
7.48
7.10
12.50
4.59
8.55
8.60
5.85
8.60
9.82
9.42
9.99
11.95
9.93
12.12
12.60
8.85
10.58
9.78
9.85
15.01
7.00
10.49
8.75
6.45
9.65
10.94
10.64
11.11
14.86
10.50
13.95
19.38
8.85
13.55
11.45
12.60
Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a
part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week
schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a
40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data
did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
6
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997
Private industry
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
All occupations ..................................................... $14.81
All occupations excluding sales .......................... 15.23
White-collar occupations .................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .......
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................................
Professional specialty occupations .............
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .....
Electrical and electronic engineers .....
Industrial engineers ............................
Mechanical engineers .........................
Engineers, N.E.C. ...............................
Mathematical and computer scientists ...
Computer systems analysts and
scientists .......................................
Operations and systems researchers
and analysts .................................
Natural scientists ....................................
Health related occupations .....................
Registered nurses ..............................
Pharmacists ........................................
Physical therapists ..............................
Therapists, N.E.C. ..............................
Teachers, college and university ............
Teachers, except college and university
Elementary school teachers ...............
Secondary school teachers ................
Teachers, special education ...............
Teachers, N.E.C. ................................
Substitute teachers .............................
Vocational and educational
counselors ....................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .........
Social scientists and urban planners ......
Psychologists ......................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers
Social workers ....................................
Lawyers and judges ................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes,
and professionals, N.E.C. .................
Editors and reporters ..........................
Public relations specialists ..................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. .......
Technical occupations ................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ....................................
Health record technologists and
technicians ....................................
Radiological technicians .....................
Licensed practical nurses ...................
Health technologists and technicians,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ...
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. .........
Drafters ...............................................
Chemical technicians ..........................
Science technicians, N.E.C. ...............
Computer programmers .....................
Technical and related occupations,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations ..............................................
Executives, administrators, and
managers ..........................................
State and local government
$6.05
6.65
25
Median
50
$8.25 $12.63
8.80 13.13
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
10
$17.96
18.29
$25.23
25.74
$20.23
20.28
25
Median
50
75
90
$9.96 $12.00 $16.37 $25.25 $39.64
9.96 12.00 16.37 25.43 39.68
17.10
18.23
7.00
8.25
9.68
10.73
14.45
15.43
20.71
21.63
30.24
31.36
24.64
24.79
10.25
10.25
13.25
13.25
21.79
21.79
34.33
34.70
45.73
45.91
21.09
22.47
27.04
29.26
26.63
22.36
27.07
27.42
11.35
12.79
16.83
17.31
21.31
15.51
17.79
18.25
14.61
16.20
21.88
23.50
22.28
21.09
21.86
20.67
18.75
20.15
27.35
29.07
25.33
21.92
27.66
24.52
25.00
26.60
31.99
34.17
32.20
24.52
31.99
30.00
33.06
34.05
37.00
42.70
37.47
28.13
34.33
39.63
31.04
32.03
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.15
15.30
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.50
22.41
–
–
–
–
–
–
31.06
32.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
40.82
41.40
–
–
–
–
–
–
47.48
47.48
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.58
17.95
19.83
23.15
26.30
29.72
–
–
–
–
–
–
37.22
20.77
19.63
18.95
24.84
25.00
14.14
–
13.33
–
27.68
–
9.43
–
20.67
12.29
15.20
15.20
21.53
20.19
9.75
–
6.88
–
17.68
–
5.96
–
25.00
13.73
17.21
16.76
23.42
22.35
10.00
–
9.62
–
21.13
–
5.96
–
32.00
19.90
19.22
18.76
25.00
25.00
11.73
–
10.65
–
29.40
–
6.88
–
46.15
28.25
21.44
20.31
26.64
26.79
19.20
–
15.12
–
33.57
–
11.35
–
57.69
32.42
25.00
22.53
28.02
30.32
21.41
–
23.37
–
36.38
–
18.27
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
34.98
35.41
35.67
36.47
37.32
10.34
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.81
23.31
23.74
23.68
22.01
7.86
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
27.36
28.20
27.93
31.52
28.38
8.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
35.25
34.70
35.25
38.93
40.19
8.19
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
44.94
43.91
45.91
39.22
47.48
9.29
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
47.93
48.03
48.38
48.03
47.48
16.36
13.21
–
16.30
15.09
11.70
11.70
–
10.46
–
13.49
13.20
7.69
7.69
–
11.54
–
13.85
13.85
9.07
9.64
–
12.59
–
14.97
14.10
12.31
12.31
–
15.00
–
16.47
15.64
13.74
13.71
–
17.85
–
19.96
17.46
14.56
14.56
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.30
19.87
15.36
15.89
17.64
12.79
15.73
10.82
14.42
10.10
14.90
15.87
12.02
14.42
12.00
18.27
18.77
15.38
15.58
15.15
23.98
19.78
17.34
15.58
18.75
46.00
37.62
22.32
19.03
27.00
–
–
–
–
16.23
–
–
–
–
12.01
–
–
–
–
12.58
–
–
–
–
15.30
–
–
–
–
21.79
–
–
–
–
21.79
15.90
12.58
14.27
17.04
17.72
18.69
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.19
14.77
12.11
11.75
11.02
10.50
12.02
12.58
10.95
14.06
15.32
12.03
18.15
16.90
13.00
22.15
17.92
13.80
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.31
16.61
18.80
17.21
16.27
15.86
21.33
7.04
10.50
15.00
8.00
11.53
11.50
12.46
9.77
12.77
15.92
10.60
13.83
11.50
15.11
10.97
15.82
17.65
16.43
15.99
15.42
19.23
13.31
20.06
20.61
23.77
18.70
19.04
27.89
14.88
24.19
24.60
25.96
19.88
21.91
34.62
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.34
10.63
12.50
14.54
17.45
19.19
–
–
–
–
–
–
25.95
13.94
16.78
22.50
31.34
40.87
24.58
14.77
17.06
24.08
31.34
33.98
29.23
14.85
17.79
26.65
34.13
44.23
28.54
17.72
25.43
28.38
32.25
39.23
See footnotes at end of table.
7
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997 — Continued
Private industry
State and local government
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
10
25
Median
50
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations (-Continued)
Executives, administrators, and
managers (-Continued)
Financial managers ............................ $29.96 $15.86 $19.18 $24.40
Personnel and labor relations
managers ...................................... 26.14 16.15 17.75 20.00
Managers., marketing, advertising
and public relations ....................... 37.37 20.43 30.66 34.62
Administrators, education and related
fields ............................................. 25.06
9.97 16.35 21.11
Managers, medicine and health ......... 26.71 16.12 22.01 26.24
Managers, service organizations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 15.57 11.06 12.07 12.82
Managers and administrators, N.E.C.
31.76 14.86 23.20 26.92
Management related occupations .......... 20.67 13.12 15.12 19.13
Accountants and auditors ................... 19.17 13.87 15.00 18.03
Other financial officers ........................ 22.08 13.70 17.71 21.50
Management analysts ........................ 30.50 15.38 21.10 29.68
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists ...................... 17.49 10.58 12.56 16.83
Purchasing agents and buyers,
N.E.C. ........................................... 17.67 13.58 16.26 17.25
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 20.05 13.95 15.41 19.72
Sales occupations ..........................................
9.91
5.15
5.52
7.00
Supervisors, sales occupations .......... 18.16 10.63 11.54 13.75
Sales occupations, other business
services ........................................ 16.11
7.18
9.30 11.01
Sales representatives, mining,
manufacturing, and wholesale ...... 18.71 10.63 12.25 14.00
Sales workers, apparel .......................
6.37
5.15
5.15
6.25
Sales workers, other commodities ......
9.92
5.50
5.60
6.78
Cashiers .............................................
5.98
5.15
5.25
5.50
Demonstrators, promoters, and
models, sales ................................
5.95
5.25
5.75
6.00
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .....
9.34
5.15
5.15
6.21
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical ...................................................... 11.17
7.15
8.49 10.50
Supervisors, general office ................. 13.66 11.73 13.20 13.33
Supervisors, financial records
processing .................................... 16.86
9.22 12.98 14.41
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling,
and adjusting clerks ...................... 15.37 11.38 11.91 12.02
Secretaries ......................................... 12.09
8.50 10.00 12.26
Stenographers .................................... 10.99
9.13
9.74 11.17
Interviewers ........................................ 10.43
8.00
9.00
9.97
Receptionists ......................................
8.01
5.30
7.00
7.73
Information clerks, N.E.C. ................... 10.87
8.00
8.00 13.00
Order clerks ........................................ 13.17
6.50
8.32 12.90
Records clerks, N.E.C. ....................... 10.73
7.25
9.62 10.61
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ............................................ 10.75
8.00
8.80 10.50
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........... 10.02
8.00
8.13
9.00
Billing clerks ........................................ 11.04
9.01 10.00 10.50
Telephone operators .......................... 11.53
6.81
8.83 10.71
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks
10.55
7.40
8.27
9.73
Stock and inventory clerks .................. 10.90
7.35
8.44 10.00
Insurance adjusters, examiners, &
investigators ................................. 13.03
9.62 10.70 12.25
Investigators and adjusters except
insurance ...................................... 10.90
8.00
8.82
9.54
General office clerks ........................... 10.48
7.10
8.25 10.18
Bank tellers .........................................
8.87
6.78
7.15
8.36
See footnotes at end of table.
8
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
75
90
–
–
–
–
–
–
40.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
40.87
69.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
39.30
29.81
39.30
34.61
16.96
34.13
23.51
23.51
24.44
43.71
20.15
46.42
31.28
28.85
33.65
43.71
–
–
17.85
–
–
–
–
–
14.71
–
–
–
–
–
15.30
–
–
–
–
–
17.06
–
–
–
–
–
21.27
–
–
–
–
–
21.79
–
–
–
19.13
28.54
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.32
19.87
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.24
10.75
20.80
28.56
20.48
38.62
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.27
37.02
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.87
7.20
11.64
6.40
33.89
7.45
14.94
7.25
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.00
11.69
6.50
18.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.30
13.46
16.60
13.94
12.03
–
10.25
–
12.00
–
13.49
–
14.96
–
21.63
29.42
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.00
14.07
11.81
11.04
9.50
13.00
19.00
12.58
26.98
16.25
12.94
13.53
10.39
13.39
19.00
14.83
–
13.35
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.20
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.02
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.30
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.37
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.64
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.92
9.09
11.73
14.95
12.30
14.00
14.65
12.00
14.23
16.80
15.72
14.55
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.19
18.67
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.96
11.76
10.14
16.28
14.48
11.58
–
11.11
–
–
10.25
–
–
10.25
–
–
11.45
–
–
16.37
–
75
90
$34.72
$43.85
36.25
$30.96 $21.95 $26.74 $31.34 $33.13 $42.26
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.76
–
–
6.25
–
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997 — Continued
Private industry
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical (-Continued)
Data entry keyers ...............................
Teachers’ aides ..................................
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Blue-collar occupations ...................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ..............................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers
Automobile mechanics .......................
Industrial machinery repairers ............
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ........
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters
Supervisors, production occupations ..
Electrical and electronic equipment
assemblers ...................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors .................................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and
polishing machine operators .........
Fabricating machine operators,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine
operators ......................................
Packaging and filling machine
operators ......................................
Mixing and blending machine
operators ......................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators,
except food ...................................
Miscellaneous machine operators,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Welders and cutters ............................
Assemblers .........................................
Production inspectors, checkers and
examiners .....................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................................
Truck drivers .......................................
Crane and tower operators .................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ......................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .....................................................
Production helpers ..............................
Stock handlers and baggers ...............
Freight, stock, and material handlers,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Vehicle washers and equipment
cleaners ........................................
Hand packers and packagers .............
Laborers except construction, N.E.C.
Service occupations .........................................
Protective service occupations ...............
Police and detectives, public service ..
Guards and police except public
service ..........................................
Food service occupations .......................
Supervisors, food preparation and
service occupations ......................
Waiters and waitresses ......................
State and local government
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$8.09
–
$6.54
–
$7.00
–
$8.00
–
$8.44
–
$10.32
–
11.09
7.48
9.05
10.68
12.25
13.65
6.76
9.23
13.33
17.35
23.49
12.94
16.62
16.21
22.27
18.74
10.06
11.54
10.00
13.61
12.27
17.67
12.75
13.00
18.67
11.88
15.30
15.55
20.63
15.00
10.03
7.95
12.56
Median
50
10
25
–
$10.10
–
$7.75
–
$8.68
15.22
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.05
21.91
15.42
11.04
13.09
15.68
18.25
18.86
17.05
26.79
13.00
16.84
16.20
23.14
18.75
22.79
28.32
13.50
17.35
17.92
24.63
22.86
24.53
33.78
17.05
19.00
19.21
24.63
23.80
15.08
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.60
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.44
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.68
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.73
–
–
–
–
–
–
18.27
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.00
8.47
11.42
14.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.78
9.20
12.85
15.25
17.61
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.13
10.70
13.50
13.99
16.91
16.91
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.00
9.30
11.75
13.98
14.25
14.42
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.33
6.25
7.90
8.65
8.71
9.87
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.75
8.50
12.06
12.06
12.73
12.73
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.87
9.85
11.90
17.00
17.00
17.08
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.66
9.85
10.35
18.49
19.42
21.18
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.63
16.97
8.80
8.34
15.10
6.00
9.94
16.13
6.00
14.22
16.55
7.71
16.91
18.10
10.35
17.61
19.53
13.86
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.09
10.08
11.67
12.77
13.90
17.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.83
11.17
16.05
6.60
6.52
12.96
8.50
9.00
14.57
12.00
12.00
16.62
14.65
13.49
18.29
16.90
15.15
18.86
16.35
–
–
12.89
–
–
14.60
–
–
16.73
–
–
18.25
–
–
19.08
–
–
12.02
7.30
9.52
12.51
14.40
15.86
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.30
12.15
6.96
5.50
5.75
5.25
6.75
8.00
5.35
8.92
11.92
5.75
14.22
15.89
7.07
17.00
19.44
10.06
14.08
–
–
11.04
–
–
12.94
–
–
15.68
–
–
20.03
–
–
13.08
6.00
7.80
15.54
17.88
18.17
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.15
8.67
9.95
5.25
5.95
6.00
5.50
6.97
6.83
7.50
8.20
7.35
14.22
9.85
14.48
14.22
12.40
16.49
–
–
13.98
–
–
11.04
–
–
11.04
–
–
12.57
–
–
15.40
–
–
21.30
8.05
8.07
–
5.15
5.25
–
5.92
5.50
–
7.50
6.20
–
9.24
8.00
–
11.87
14.02
–
13.80
17.72
20.66
9.26
10.84
16.76
10.26
14.11
19.40
11.93
18.29
20.44
17.74
21.42
22.15
21.42
22.86
23.72
7.36
6.29
5.25
2.83
5.45
5.15
6.00
6.00
7.10
7.85
12.27
9.10
–
9.39
–
6.70
–
9.05
–
9.79
–
10.49
–
10.60
11.06
3.92
6.16
2.83
9.00
2.83
11.25
2.83
12.50
4.59
15.01
7.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
9
9.37
–
–
75
90
–
–
–
$9.82 $11.56 $13.49
Table A-2. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, all workers2, private industry and State and local government, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997 — Continued
Private industry
Percentiles
Occupation3
Mean
Service occupations (-Continued)
Food service occupations (-Continued)
Cooks .................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ......
Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ..........
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C.
Health service occupations .....................
Health aides, except nursing ..............
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .....................................
Cleaning and building service
occupations ......................................
Maids and housemen .........................
Janitors and cleaners .........................
Personal service occupations .................
Welfare service aides .........................
Child care workers, N.E.C. .................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ..............
State and local government
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$7.90
7.49
5.28
6.33
8.38
8.41
$6.00
5.45
2.83
5.15
6.50
6.50
$6.75
7.00
5.00
5.15
7.35
7.00
$8.05
7.60
5.50
5.90
8.10
8.03
$8.45
8.60
5.85
7.18
9.42
9.42
$9.75
8.75
6.45
8.60
10.56
10.56
8.37
6.50
7.43
8.14
9.41
9.09
8.18
9.19
10.39
7.80
7.10
6.64
5.25
6.18
5.25
5.25
5.79
5.15
5.15
6.80
6.55
6.80
6.53
6.50
5.39
5.35
8.82
8.42
8.83
8.60
8.85
7.19
6.85
10.88
9.63
11.45
16.11
8.85
7.50
7.10
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium
pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,
weighted by hours. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in
the earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the workers receive
the same as or more than the rate shown, and half receive the same as or less than the
rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less
than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as or more than
the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as
Median
50
10
25
75
90
–
–
–
$9.27
11.25
–
–
–
–
$6.70
9.50
–
–
–
–
$8.83
9.82
–
10.58
11.28
9.23
9.82
10.33
13.19
14.64
13.40
9.94
13.65
20.12
8.85
8.95
8.33
12.63
–
12.24
11.28
–
–
–
9.93
–
9.93
8.55
–
–
–
10.30
–
10.41
10.28
–
–
–
11.78
–
11.69
11.45
–
–
–
13.81
–
12.79
12.60
–
–
–
17.71
–
17.10
13.45
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$9.65 $10.26 $10.60
10.33 12.94 14.64
–
–
–
working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be
considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
10
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh, PA, December
1997
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Percentiles
Mean
10
All occupations ..................................................... $16.61
All occupations excluding sales .......................... 16.80
White-collar occupations .................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .......
Professional specialty and technical
occupations ..............................................
Professional specialty occupations .............
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .....
Civil engineers ....................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .....
Industrial engineers ............................
Mechanical engineers .........................
Engineers, N.E.C. ...............................
Mathematical and computer scientists ...
Computer systems analysts and
scientists .......................................
Operations and systems researchers
and analysts .................................
Natural scientists ....................................
Health related occupations .....................
Registered nurses ..............................
Pharmacists ........................................
Physical therapists ..............................
Therapists, N.E.C. ..............................
Teachers, college and university ............
Teachers, post secondary N.E.C. .......
Teachers, except college and university
Elementary school teachers ...............
Secondary school teachers ................
Teachers, special education ...............
Teachers, N.E.C. ................................
Substitute teachers .............................
Vocational and educational
counselors ....................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .........
Social scientists and urban planners ......
Psychologists ......................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers
Social workers ....................................
Lawyers and judges ................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes,
and professionals, N.E.C. .................
Editors and reporters ..........................
Public relations specialists ..................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. .......
Technical occupations ................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ....................................
Health record technologists and
technicians ....................................
Radiological technicians .....................
Licensed practical nurses ...................
Health technologists and technicians,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ...
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. .........
Drafters ...............................................
Chemical technicians ..........................
Science technicians, N.E.C. ...............
Computer programmers .....................
Technical and related occupations,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Part-time
$7.50
7.80
25
Median
50
$9.89 $14.17
10.10 14.42
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
$19.71
19.87
$28.59
28.85
10
25
Median
50
$7.94
8.48
$5.15
5.15
$5.30
5.40
$6.40
7.00
75
90
$8.25 $13.96
9.09 15.85
19.19
19.75
8.37
8.96
11.06
11.71
15.84
16.42
23.98
24.52
34.47
34.72
9.36
11.92
5.15
5.93
5.50
7.05
7.00
9.82
10.93
15.93
17.88
20.23
23.70
25.51
26.84
19.83
29.26
26.63
22.36
27.07
26.47
12.04
13.50
16.83
13.76
17.31
21.31
15.51
17.79
17.23
15.41
17.29
21.63
15.50
23.50
22.28
21.09
21.86
20.15
20.34
22.41
26.87
20.49
29.07
25.33
21.92
27.66
24.02
29.11
31.47
31.85
21.63
34.17
32.20
24.52
31.99
29.71
40.74
42.70
36.46
26.50
42.70
37.47
28.13
34.33
39.63
16.43
17.87
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.19
8.19
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.55
14.15
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.00
17.60
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.96
21.32
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.83
25.00
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
22.66
14.82
19.20
22.78
26.04
29.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
37.22
20.77
19.62
18.93
24.86
24.95
14.70
36.86
32.29
32.47
34.87
35.39
25.85
32.96
–
20.67
12.29
15.20
15.23
21.49
20.19
9.75
19.23
11.54
12.59
22.62
23.61
9.62
6.88
–
25.00
13.73
17.29
16.76
23.31
22.12
10.00
27.25
17.85
24.67
27.15
27.57
10.65
22.01
–
32.00
19.90
19.26
18.89
25.00
24.93
12.29
33.06
34.12
33.11
33.49
35.18
26.14
36.38
–
46.15
28.25
21.41
20.33
26.87
26.91
20.39
41.00
43.13
43.91
43.91
45.57
39.01
47.48
–
57.69
32.42
25.19
22.31
28.02
30.32
21.41
50.41
50.41
47.48
47.43
48.28
44.94
47.48
–
–
–
19.34
18.42
–
–
–
–
–
14.24
–
–
–
–
9.26
–
–
14.15
14.07
–
–
–
–
–
7.86
–
–
–
–
7.33
–
–
16.00
15.50
–
–
–
–
–
8.00
–
–
–
–
8.00
–
–
18.60
18.09
–
–
–
–
–
9.29
–
–
–
–
8.19
–
–
21.34
20.15
–
–
–
–
–
16.36
–
–
–
–
9.29
–
–
25.00
22.84
–
–
–
–
–
27.00
–
–
–
–
16.36
22.35
–
18.06
17.15
13.32
13.33
–
10.46
–
13.53
13.49
8.97
8.97
–
12.59
–
13.85
13.85
10.60
10.60
–
15.58
–
15.41
15.06
12.54
12.32
–
36.69
–
19.23
17.46
15.24
15.30
–
37.05
–
26.20
20.23
19.77
20.39
–
–
–
–
–
11.13
11.50
–
–
–
–
–
6.00
6.00
–
–
–
–
–
6.00
6.00
–
–
–
–
–
10.83
10.83
–
–
–
–
–
15.85
15.85
–
–
–
–
–
16.00
20.11
–
23.34
19.87
15.36
15.89
18.01
12.79
15.73
10.82
14.42
10.50
15.15
15.87
12.02
14.42
12.40
18.27
18.77
15.38
15.58
15.40
23.98
19.78
17.34
15.58
19.16
46.00
37.62
22.32
19.03
27.40
–
–
–
–
11.19
–
–
–
–
8.80
–
–
–
–
9.60
–
–
–
–
10.75
–
–
–
–
12.58
–
–
–
–
13.80
16.18
12.78
14.51
17.11
17.76
18.69
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.19
15.18
12.49
11.75
11.75
10.76
12.02
13.08
11.86
14.06
15.42
12.27
18.15
17.32
13.00
22.15
17.92
14.07
–
12.88
–
–
10.40
–
–
11.25
–
–
12.36
–
–
13.44
–
–
16.70
–
12.61
16.61
18.72
17.21
16.25
16.37
22.02
7.45
10.50
15.00
8.00
11.53
11.50
13.94
9.90
12.77
15.30
10.60
13.83
11.50
15.38
11.11
15.82
17.65
16.43
15.99
15.42
19.71
13.60
20.06
21.62
23.77
18.70
19.04
27.89
17.20
24.19
21.79
25.96
19.86
21.91
34.62
10.17
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.01
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.01
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.61
12.00
13.24
14.54
17.73
19.19
–
–
–
–
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
11
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh, PA, December
1997 — Continued
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Part-time
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial
occupations .............................................. $25.82 $13.95 $16.83 $22.50
Executives, administrators, and
managers .......................................... 29.18 14.86 18.14 26.92
Financial managers ............................ 29.96 15.86 19.18 24.40
Personnel and labor relations
managers ...................................... 26.14 16.15 17.75 20.00
Managers., marketing, advertising
and public relations ....................... 37.37 20.43 30.66 34.62
Administrators, education and related
fields ............................................. 28.29 15.21 19.13 31.34
Managers, medicine and health ......... 26.71 16.12 22.01 26.24
Managers, service organizations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 15.57 11.06 12.07 12.82
Managers and administrators, N.E.C.
31.49 14.86 23.00 26.92
Management related occupations .......... 20.41 13.41 15.30 18.80
Accountants and auditors ................... 18.77 13.87 15.00 16.37
Other financial officers ........................ 22.08 13.70 17.71 21.50
Management analysts ........................ 30.50 15.38 21.10 29.68
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists ...................... 17.49 10.58 12.56 16.83
Purchasing agents and buyers,
N.E.C. ........................................... 17.67 13.58 16.26 17.25
Management related occupations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 19.86 13.95 14.77 19.71
Sales occupations .......................................... 12.64
5.75
7.00
9.35
Supervisors, sales occupations .......... 18.16 10.63 11.54 13.75
Sales occupations, other business
services ........................................ 17.77
9.09 10.23 12.08
Sales representatives, mining,
manufacturing, and wholesale ...... 18.71 10.63 12.25 14.00
Sales workers, other commodities ...... 14.64
7.80
7.80 13.88
Cashiers .............................................
7.99
5.15
5.50
6.70
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .....
9.75
5.15
5.15 10.33
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical ...................................................... 11.60
7.69
8.98 10.99
Supervisors, general office ................. 13.66 11.73 13.20 13.33
Supervisors, financial records
processing .................................... 16.86
9.22 12.98 14.41
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling,
and adjusting clerks ...................... 15.37 11.38 11.91 12.02
Secretaries ......................................... 12.65
8.68 10.70 12.69
Stenographers .................................... 11.90
9.24 10.00 11.64
Typists ................................................ 10.08
5.15
8.00
9.95
Receptionists ......................................
8.22
6.00
7.00
8.00
Order clerks ........................................ 13.37
6.49
8.46 13.81
Records clerks, N.E.C. ....................... 10.89
7.25
9.88 10.61
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing
clerks ............................................ 10.88
8.21
8.82 10.50
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........... 10.35
8.13
8.68
9.00
Billing clerks ........................................ 11.04
9.01 10.00 10.50
Telephone operators .......................... 12.72
8.83 10.45 10.99
Dispatchers ......................................... 11.69
9.28
9.50 11.20
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks
10.60
7.40
8.27
9.73
Stock and inventory clerks .................. 11.45
7.80
8.96 10.86
Insurance adjusters, examiners, &
investigators ................................. 13.03
9.62 10.70 12.25
Investigators and adjusters except
insurance ...................................... 10.90
8.00
8.82
9.54
General office clerks ........................... 11.27
8.28
9.83 10.25
Bank tellers .........................................
9.26
7.06
7.64
8.98
Data entry keyers ...............................
8.16
6.54
7.00
8.02
See footnotes at end of table.
12
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
75
90
–
–
–
–
–
–
43.85
43.85
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
36.25
40.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
40.87
69.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
39.23
29.81
39.30
34.61
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.96
34.13
23.08
23.37
24.44
43.71
20.15
46.15
30.53
28.85
33.65
43.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.13
28.54
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.32
19.87
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.20
14.60
20.80
28.56
24.17
38.62
–
$6.15
–
–
$5.15
–
–
$5.25
–
–
$5.55
–
–
$6.50
–
–
$7.36
–
20.19
37.02
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.87
14.60
8.00
11.69
33.89
36.06
14.75
18.71
–
6.23
5.87
–
–
5.25
5.15
–
–
5.50
5.25
–
–
5.70
5.45
–
–
6.50
6.40
–
–
7.79
7.00
–
13.50
13.46
16.60
13.94
8.46
–
5.25
–
6.25
–
7.50
–
9.58
–
11.58
–
21.63
29.42
–
–
–
–
–
15.00
14.37
13.34
12.94
9.76
19.00
12.58
26.98
16.25
14.65
15.17
10.39
19.00
13.34
–
9.20
–
–
7.12
–
–
–
7.50
–
–
5.15
–
–
–
7.79
–
–
5.15
–
–
–
8.50
–
–
6.29
–
–
–
9.50
–
–
9.41
–
–
12.04
9.09
11.73
16.80
12.51
12.30
14.00
14.65
10.92
14.23
16.80
16.18
15.72
14.55
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.19
18.67
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.96
12.64
10.61
8.45
16.28
16.37
11.82
10.46
–
7.60
–
7.94
–
6.15
–
6.00
–
6.25
–
7.00
–
7.00
–
7.50
–
7.40
–
8.44
75
90
$31.34
$40.71
33.65
34.72
–
–
11.28
–
–
10.39
–
–
–
11.39
–
10.00
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh, PA, December
1997 — Continued
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Percentiles
Mean
10
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including
clerical (-Continued)
Teachers’ aides .................................. $10.24
Administrative support occupations,
N.E.C. ........................................... 10.92
Blue-collar occupations ...................................
Precision production, craft, and repair
occupations ..............................................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers
Automobile mechanics .......................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine
mechanics ....................................
Industrial machinery repairers ............
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ........
Carpenters ..........................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters
Supervisors, production occupations ..
Electrical and electronic equipment
assemblers ...................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors .................................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and
polishing machine operators .........
Fabricating machine operators,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine
operators ......................................
Packaging and filling machine
operators ......................................
Mixing and blending machine
operators ......................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators,
except food ...................................
Miscellaneous machine operators,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Welders and cutters ............................
Assemblers .........................................
Production inspectors, checkers and
examiners .....................................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ..............................................
Truck drivers .......................................
Crane and tower operators .................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ......................................
Miscellaneous material moving
equipment operators, N.E.C. ........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .....................................................
Production helpers ..............................
Stock handlers and baggers ...............
Freight, stock, and material handlers,
N.E.C. ...........................................
Hand packers and packagers .............
Laborers except construction, N.E.C.
Service occupations .........................................
Protective service occupations ...............
Police and detectives, public service ..
Guards and police except public
service ..........................................
Part-time
$6.89
25
Median
50
$8.45 $10.24
Percentiles
Mean
75
90
$11.56
$13.49
10
25
Median
50
75
90
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.48
9.23
10.62
12.12
14.75
$12.69
$7.00
14.21
7.40
10.03
14.00
17.35
21.52
6.71
5.15
5.35
5.75
7.25
8.30
17.19
23.49
13.32
10.35
11.54
10.00
13.00
18.67
11.88
16.44
26.79
13.15
21.91
28.32
14.00
24.53
33.78
17.05
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.54
16.62
16.21
15.40
22.18
18.74
11.50
13.61
12.27
14.35
17.67
12.75
11.50
15.30
15.55
14.35
20.63
15.00
15.57
16.84
16.20
15.55
23.14
18.75
17.15
17.35
17.92
15.91
24.63
22.86
17.56
19.00
19.21
15.92
24.63
23.80
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.03
7.95
8.00
8.47
11.42
14.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.67
7.10
9.32
12.94
15.50
17.61
6.58
5.15
6.00
6.00
7.75
7.90
14.13
10.70
13.50
13.99
16.91
16.91
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.00
9.30
11.75
13.98
14.25
14.42
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.66
7.44
8.30
8.65
8.73
10.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.75
8.50
12.06
12.06
12.73
12.73
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.87
9.85
11.90
17.00
17.00
17.08
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.59
9.85
10.35
15.38
19.42
21.18
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.63
16.97
8.95
8.34
15.10
6.00
9.94
16.13
6.00
14.22
16.55
8.00
16.91
18.10
10.35
17.61
19.53
13.86
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.09
10.08
11.67
12.77
13.90
17.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.26
11.65
16.05
7.52
6.55
12.96
10.00
9.58
14.57
13.12
12.00
16.62
16.69
13.49
18.29
18.25
15.91
18.86
8.24
–
–
5.15
–
–
7.00
–
–
7.47
–
–
8.50
–
–
12.02
7.30
9.52
12.51
14.40
15.86
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.52
11.90
14.65
16.49
16.73
17.14
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.44
12.15
9.51
6.50
5.75
5.73
7.38
8.00
6.91
10.25
11.92
7.25
15.40
15.89
12.58
17.52
19.44
17.00
6.03
–
5.71
5.15
–
5.25
5.30
–
5.35
5.50
–
5.45
6.50
–
5.75
7.58
–
6.65
14.61
8.79
10.90
6.50
5.95
6.65
9.60
6.97
6.90
17.41
8.30
10.25
17.88
9.85
14.51
18.17
13.72
16.86
–
–
6.02
–
–
5.15
–
–
5.35
–
–
5.40
–
–
6.15
–
–
7.00
10.37
14.12
20.66
6.00
5.55
16.76
7.48
7.00
19.40
9.33
14.11
20.44
11.84
19.71
22.15
17.96
22.13
23.72
6.26
6.24
–
2.83
5.25
–
5.15
5.40
–
6.00
6.00
–
7.25
7.00
–
8.59
7.50
–
8.45
5.25
5.70
6.50
10.84
14.11
6.04
5.25
5.25
6.00
6.60
7.00
See footnotes at end of table.
13
$8.17 $11.57 $14.00 $20.00
13.45
–
–
Table A-3. Hourly earnings1 for selected occupations, full-time and part-time workers2, all industries, Pittsburgh, PA, December
1997 — Continued
All industries
Full-time
Occupation3
Percentiles
Mean
Service occupations (-Continued)
Food service occupations .......................
Supervisors, food preparation and
service occupations ......................
Waiters and waitresses ......................
Cooks .................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ......
Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ..........
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C.
Health service occupations .....................
Health aides, except nursing ..............
Nursing aides, orderlies and
attendants .....................................
Cleaning and building service
occupations ......................................
Maids and housemen .........................
Janitors and cleaners .........................
Personal service occupations .................
Child care workers, N.E.C. .................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ..............
Part-time
Percentiles
Mean
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$7.53
$2.83
$6.00
$7.60
$9.23
$10.60
12.26
3.94
8.61
7.92
–
8.41
8.95
8.43
10.32
2.83
7.00
7.00
–
5.98
6.75
6.50
11.15
2.83
7.50
7.60
–
6.89
7.45
7.00
12.00
2.83
8.25
7.60
–
8.83
8.72
8.05
13.45
5.50
9.75
8.75
–
9.65
9.99
9.42
9.20
7.10
7.82
8.98
10.91
8.58
10.94
12.47
9.22
–
7.16
6.18
7.43
7.48
7.19
–
8.65
7.64
8.93
8.85
7.48
–
10.41
9.06
10.83
10.80
8.92
–
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium
pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,
weighted by hours. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles designate position in
the earnings distribution. At the 50th percentile, the median, half of the workers receive
the same as or more than the rate shown, and half receive the same as or less than the
rate shown. At the 25th percentile, one-fourth of the workers earn the same as or less
than the rate shown. At the 75th percentile, one-fourth earn the same as or more than
the rate shown. The 10th and 90th percentiles follow the same logic.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based
10
25
Median
50
75
90
$5.40
$2.83
$4.57
$5.30
$6.30
$7.89
15.60
7.00
10.60
8.75
–
10.33
11.11
10.66
–
3.90
6.24
6.26
4.84
6.06
7.80
8.48
–
2.83
5.35
5.15
2.83
5.15
6.00
6.90
–
2.83
5.50
5.25
4.00
5.15
7.10
7.77
–
2.83
6.00
6.15
5.25
5.30
7.60
8.94
–
4.31
6.75
6.65
5.85
6.70
8.46
9.00
–
7.00
7.50
8.35
6.20
8.23
9.70
9.91
10.25
11.43
7.70
6.00
7.10
7.46
8.19
9.60
12.88
9.93
12.79
17.96
11.21
–
15.02
10.36
14.40
20.12
11.45
–
6.69
–
6.54
7.17
5.75
6.58
4.75
–
4.75
5.15
5.15
5.15
5.25
–
5.25
5.33
5.15
5.35
6.00
–
6.00
6.50
5.25
6.85
8.29
–
7.86
7.10
6.10
7.10
9.80
–
9.24
8.35
7.00
8.33
on the definition used by each establishment.
Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time employee in one
establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is the
minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
14
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,
Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
All industries
Occupation3
Mean
weekly
hours4
Weekly earnings
Mean
Median
Mean
annual
hours
Annual earnings
Mean
Median
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
39.4
39.4
$654
661
$556
566
2,001
1,999
$33,239
33,588
$29,009
29,411
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
39.3
39.3
754
775
626
650
1,976
1,970
37,915
38,909
32,546
33,675
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Civil engineers ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .......................
Industrial engineers ..............................................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Pharmacists ..........................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Therapists, N.E.C. ................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, post secondary N.E.C. .........................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Teachers, special education .................................
Teachers, N.E.C. ..................................................
Vocational and educational counselors ................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Psychologists ........................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................
Social workers ......................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Editors and reporters ............................................
Public relations specialists ....................................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. .........................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Health record technologists and technicians ........
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Electrical and electronic technicians .....................
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ...........................
Drafters .................................................................
Chemical technicians ............................................
Science technicians, N.E.C. .................................
Computer programmers .......................................
Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. ..........
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Financial managers ..............................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ..............
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. .............
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Management related occupations ............................
38.6
38.8
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.5
39.3
916
989
1,075
793
1,171
1,061
894
1,083
1,045
891
810
893
1,075
820
1,163
992
877
1,106
934
903
1,863
1,826
2,060
2,080
2,080
2,072
2,080
2,008
2,053
2,046
44,141
46,578
55,284
41,244
60,867
55,163
46,501
54,337
54,340
46,350
40,677
43,451
55,328
42,619
60,466
51,605
45,594
55,806
48,589
46,937
39.8
39.3
39.8
39.6
40.5
39.0
39.7
36.6
38.7
37.2
37.3
37.5
38.3
36.4
38.7
–
39.7
39.5
38.4
38.5
–
1,483
817
782
749
1,006
974
584
1,350
1,251
1,207
1,301
1,326
990
1,201
865
–
717
678
512
513
–
1,280
760
770
748
1,017
968
492
1,205
1,308
1,275
1,293
1,314
1,020
1,466
623
–
610
566
498
481
–
2,072
2,046
2,072
2,057
2,105
2,029
2,067
1,561
1,526
1,442
1,388
1,394
1,595
1,458
1,734
–
2,036
2,018
1,999
2,001
–
77,124
42,505
40,650
38,937
52,313
50,637
30,388
57,556
49,265
46,831
48,397
49,317
41,235
48,070
38,747
–
36,771
34,613
26,631
26,677
–
66,560
39,520
40,061
38,875
52,875
50,349
25,563
56,680
51,180
47,709
48,754
48,322
44,249
56,487
39,603
–
31,762
29,406
25,896
24,999
–
36.6
38.4
40.0
40.0
38.2
39.9
40.0
39.7
39.8
37.7
39.1
39.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.6
40.5
40.9
39.5
46.0
855
763
614
636
688
646
608
602
497
475
650
733
688
650
655
865
618
1,047
1,192
1,182
1,201
731
731
615
623
617
684
562
616
491
422
600
706
657
640
617
769
574
894
1,076
1,125
1,000
1,887
1,997
2,080
2,080
1,988
2,075
2,080
2,064
2,071
1,959
2,035
2,037
2,080
2,080
2,080
2,043
2,058
2,103
2,117
2,053
2,390
44,035
39,664
31,951
33,050
35,800
33,586
31,593
31,330
25,863
24,704
33,805
38,123
35,790
33,794
34,046
44,987
32,123
54,296
61,766
61,488
62,467
38,006
38,006
31,990
32,406
32,074
35,589
29,245
32,032
25,522
21,923
31,200
36,712
34,174
33,259
32,074
39,998
29,848
46,496
55,973
58,500
52,000
39.7
38.9
40.0
39.0
41.8
40.0
1,483
1,101
1,068
607
1,316
817
1,385
1,125
1,050
503
1,144
735
2,063
1,972
2,080
1,997
2,171
2,080
77,096
55,781
55,553
31,105
68,357
42,458
72,010
60,992
54,579
26,166
59,509
38,106
See footnotes at end of table.
15
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,
Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 — Continued
All industries
Occupation3
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
(-Continued)
Management related occupations (-Continued)
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Management analysts ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Sales occupations ............................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ........................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Supervisors, financial records processing ............
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and
adjusting clerks ...............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Stenographers ......................................................
Typists ..................................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
Order clerks ..........................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............................
Billing clerks ..........................................................
Telephone operators ............................................
Dispatchers ...........................................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
General office clerks .............................................
Bank tellers ...........................................................
Data entry keyers .................................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Automobile mechanics .........................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Carpenters ............................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ..................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators ..........................................
Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators
Packaging and filling machine operators ..............
Mixing and blending machine operators ...............
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food ...
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Welders and cutters ..............................................
Mean
weekly
hours4
Median
Mean
annual
hours
Mean
Mean
39.5
39.8
44.5
$741
879
1,358
$638
860
1,068
2,053
2,070
2,315
$38,525
45,702
70,600
$33,197
44,720
55,515
39.8
40.0
39.8
39.4
39.9
40.0
696
707
791
498
724
711
673
690
787
374
550
483
2,068
2,080
2,071
2,047
2,073
2,080
36,151
36,755
41,133
25,882
37,649
36,958
35,006
35,880
40,934
19,448
28,600
25,126
40.0
40.0
37.8
39.2
39.2
41.0
40.0
748
586
302
382
455
559
674
560
555
256
413
428
528
576
2,080
2,080
1,961
2,036
2,026
2,130
2,080
38,919
30,457
15,667
19,853
23,497
29,084
35,069
29,120
28,870
12,921
21,486
22,152
27,456
29,973
40.0
39.2
38.6
36.2
39.9
39.2
39.7
39.6
39.2
40.0
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.8
39.1
39.2
39.4
39.6
38.1
36.5
39.7
615
496
460
365
328
523
432
430
406
442
494
457
421
456
510
427
444
367
311
374
433
481
500
466
292
320
561
424
420
360
420
418
388
365
415
486
378
410
355
310
376
425
2,080
2,033
1,962
1,883
2,075
2,036
2,065
2,057
2,038
2,080
2,019
2,032
2,065
2,069
2,034
2,036
2,044
2,061
1,980
1,495
2,064
31,961
25,713
23,348
18,974
17,065
27,210
22,482
22,373
21,097
22,964
25,692
23,762
21,888
23,693
26,494
22,205
23,043
19,076
16,158
15,308
22,528
25,002
26,021
23,629
15,169
16,640
29,172
22,069
21,840
18,720
21,840
21,736
20,155
18,974
21,567
25,272
19,635
21,320
18,450
16,099
14,652
22,090
40.0
40.0
38.8
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.0
39.8
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.1
569
687
912
533
582
667
648
613
887
758
401
508
560
670
1,072
526
623
658
648
622
926
750
339
525
2,070
2,075
2,019
2,080
2,080
2,083
2,080
2,064
2,080
2,103
2,080
2,085
29,413
35,678
47,407
27,704
30,250
34,612
33,721
31,797
46,141
39,408
20,862
26,416
29,009
34,382
55,723
27,352
32,386
34,237
33,696
32,344
48,131
39,000
17,618
27,308
40.0
40.3
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.0
565
524
346
470
595
624
549
679
560
559
346
482
680
615
569
662
2,080
2,094
2,080
2,075
2,080
2,080
2,083
2,080
29,393
27,223
18,010
24,393
30,927
32,427
28,393
35,304
29,099
29,078
17,992
25,085
35,360
31,990
29,578
34,424
See footnotes at end of table.
16
Weekly earnings
Annual earnings
Median
Table A-4. Weekly and annual earnings1 and hours for selected occupations, full-time workers only2, all industries,
Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 — Continued
All industries
Occupation3
Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
(-Continued)
Assemblers ...........................................................
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Truck drivers .........................................................
Crane and tower operators ...................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Miscellaneous material moving equipment
operators, N.E.C. ............................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ......
Production helpers ................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
Service occupations ...........................................................
Protective service occupations .................................
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Guards and police except public service ..............
Food service occupations .........................................
Supervisors, food preparation and service
occupations ....................................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Health service occupations .......................................
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Cleaning and building service occupations ..............
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Personal service occupations ...................................
Child care workers, N.E.C. ...................................
Mean
weekly
hours4
Mean
Median
Mean
annual
hours
40.0
41.0
40.0
40.8
40.0
39.9
$358
536
530
476
642
480
$320
525
525
480
665
500
2,080
2,131
2,036
2,124
2,080
2,075
$18,612
27,884
26,994
24,744
33,391
24,950
$16,640
27,308
27,019
24,960
34,570
26,021
38.5
40.0
40.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
598
457
493
380
584
351
435
627
416
477
290
696
329
410
2,002
2,077
2,112
2,080
2,080
2,076
2,077
31,070
23,752
25,659
19,776
30,387
18,242
22,636
32,624
21,632
24,794
15,080
36,213
17,082
21,320
38.5
40.1
40.0
39.9
37.9
399
566
826
338
285
363
564
818
260
300
1,980
2,069
2,080
2,043
1,944
20,543
29,219
42,970
17,265
14,635
18,673
27,394
42,515
13,624
14,560
41.3
35.5
39.2
39.7
36.8
39.6
40.0
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.6
32.2
39.6
507
140
338
314
309
354
337
363
432
341
433
402
365
500
99
322
304
327
344
322
352
414
358
430
440
357
2,089
1,848
2,031
2,065
1,827
2,059
2,080
2,049
2,059
2,067
2,057
1,590
1,986
25,620
7,284
17,480
16,350
15,373
18,425
17,540
18,852
22,450
17,728
22,493
19,826
18,323
26,000
5,151
16,744
15,808
16,120
17,867
16,744
18,308
21,549
18,616
22,360
18,970
18,554
1 Earnings are the straight-time wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are
premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips.
The mean is computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the
number of workers, weighted by hours.
The median designates
position--one-half of the workers receive the same as or more, and one-half
receive the same as or less than the rate shown.
2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm, where
Weekly earnings
Annual earnings
Mean
Median
a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used
to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified
into one of nine major occupational groups.
4 Mean weekly hours are the hours an employee is scheduled to work in a
week, exclusive of overtime.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere
classified."
17
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
All workers 4
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
$15.55
15.96
$14.81
15.23
$20.23
20.28
$16.61
16.80
$7.94
8.48
White-collar occupations ...................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Level 14 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Level 14 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
18.10
6.15
7.51
8.52
11.63
12.95
15.10
17.49
19.98
25.79
24.74
27.83
33.94
44.23
75.94
19.36
19.20
6.63
7.99
9.48
11.86
13.10
15.17
17.43
20.36
25.79
24.30
27.58
33.74
44.23
75.94
19.39
17.10
6.04
7.48
8.43
11.45
12.87
14.64
16.07
18.55
21.66
23.78
27.53
33.62
44.23
75.94
19.28
18.23
6.25
7.97
9.42
11.76
13.02
14.69
15.95
18.82
21.62
23.14
27.25
33.39
44.23
75.94
19.31
24.64
–
–
10.08
12.40
14.07
17.08
24.96
26.92
36.36
–
30.94
36.69
–
–
–
24.79
–
–
10.19
12.27
14.07
17.08
24.96
26.92
36.36
–
30.94
36.69
–
–
–
19.19
6.97
7.97
9.18
11.82
13.06
15.16
17.72
20.00
26.05
24.85
27.84
34.07
44.07
75.94
19.88
19.75
7.43
8.28
9.74
11.97
13.21
15.24
17.66
20.41
26.05
24.42
27.59
33.86
44.07
75.94
19.88
9.36
5.88
6.57
6.77
9.59
11.04
12.14
14.37
19.69
20.74
–
–
–
–
–
13.97
11.92
5.26
7.18
7.82
10.36
11.22
12.14
14.37
19.69
20.74
–
–
–
–
–
13.70
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Level 11 ............................................................
23.17
24.93
11.61
16.28
18.78
21.98
26.87
22.42
27.06
33.52
40.93
27.58
26.84
18.12
23.29
28.64
32.84
26.47
23.17
28.42
20.77
19.57
15.85
19.86
19.76
22.21
25.81
36.17
30.83
21.09
22.47
11.34
13.97
15.71
19.47
19.58
21.78
26.70
32.62
40.82
27.58
27.04
18.12
23.29
28.64
32.84
27.42
23.17
28.42
20.77
19.63
15.97
19.97
19.76
22.21
25.79
–
–
31.04
32.03
–
–
26.44
29.08
37.25
–
–
40.69
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.70
25.51
11.89
16.42
19.50
22.27
27.34
22.55
27.06
33.76
40.28
28.24
26.84
18.12
23.29
28.64
32.84
26.47
23.17
28.42
20.77
19.62
15.85
19.90
19.61
22.26
25.80
36.86
30.83
16.43
17.87
9.45
–
14.45
19.80
20.94
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.34
15.84
19.70
20.33
–
–
–
–
Occupational group3 and level
See footnotes at end of table.
18
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 —
Continued
All workers 4
Occupational group3 and level
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Teachers, college and university (-Continued)
Level 12 ............................................................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Social, religious, and recreation workers ..................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Level 14 ............................................................
Not able to be leveled .......................................
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 10 ............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Level 14 ............................................................
Management related occupations ............................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Sales occupations ............................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
19
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$38.88
31.47
25.66
29.68
36.68
–
18.08
13.06
9.89
12.90
–
–
$13.33
11.07
19.83
20.89
–
16.30
11.70
8.83
–
–
–
$34.98
30.23
31.62
37.32
–
–
–
–
–
–
$40.06
32.47
28.70
29.98
37.04
–
18.06
13.32
–
–
–
–
$14.24
9.31
–
–
–
–
11.13
–
–
–
23.30
18.85
31.62
17.56
10.04
10.91
13.06
16.37
16.28
17.46
34.99
28.94
25.82
15.14
14.57
17.08
18.46
20.92
29.17
28.01
33.97
45.48
78.55
21.98
29.17
16.83
16.79
20.21
20.21
32.46
27.68
34.01
45.91
78.55
20.41
14.34
15.05
17.25
17.11
22.06
29.68
9.96
5.97
6.56
6.50
8.70
11.49
14.22
16.47
33.64
23.30
18.85
31.62
17.64
10.04
10.74
13.09
16.10
16.28
17.46
34.99
28.94
25.95
15.14
14.18
16.97
18.70
20.76
26.40
27.67
34.20
45.48
78.55
22.09
29.23
16.83
16.01
20.72
19.85
24.73
27.21
34.26
45.91
78.55
20.67
14.34
14.55
17.47
16.82
22.11
29.68
9.91
5.97
6.56
6.48
7.74
11.49
14.22
16.47
33.64
–
–
–
16.23
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
24.58
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
28.54
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.85
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.34
18.85
–
18.01
–
11.09
13.35
16.41
16.37
17.49
35.52
28.94
25.82
15.14
14.57
17.08
18.46
20.92
29.17
28.03
33.97
45.48
78.55
21.98
29.18
16.83
16.79
20.21
20.21
32.46
27.71
34.01
45.91
78.55
20.41
14.34
15.05
17.25
17.11
22.06
29.68
12.64
–
–
6.86
9.37
11.62
14.22
16.47
33.64
–
–
–
11.19
–
9.28
11.73
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.15
5.97
5.87
6.21
–
–
–
–
–
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 —
Continued
All workers 4
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
$11.27
6.63
7.99
9.45
12.07
12.82
14.14
14.93
$11.17
6.25
7.97
9.39
12.03
12.60
14.08
14.93
$12.03
–
–
10.19
12.20
15.95
–
–
$11.60
7.43
8.28
9.72
12.15
12.85
14.24
14.93
$8.46
5.26
7.18
7.66
10.87
–
–
–
Blue-collar occupations .........................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
13.81
8.27
9.55
11.00
13.22
14.04
16.51
19.61
17.91
24.97
17.17
12.21
13.37
16.31
20.19
17.50
24.97
12.57
7.17
10.35
10.22
12.95
13.97
15.66
16.75
12.87
9.78
10.99
13.72
15.13
17.48
10.65
8.78
9.25
11.75
13.88
15.56
13.65
8.00
9.27
10.87
13.20
13.89
16.13
20.05
17.59
24.97
17.35
12.33
13.30
16.32
20.77
17.50
24.97
12.56
7.17
10.40
10.22
12.95
13.97
15.66
16.83
11.83
8.79
10.88
13.63
15.03
–
10.30
8.48
9.05
11.48
13.79
15.03
15.42
–
11.86
–
–
16.00
17.27
16.40
–
–
15.08
–
–
–
15.67
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.35
–
–
–
–
–
14.08
–
–
–
–
–
14.21
8.77
10.13
11.23
13.22
14.04
16.51
19.61
17.91
24.97
17.19
12.21
13.37
16.31
20.19
17.50
24.97
12.67
7.27
10.45
10.31
12.95
13.97
15.66
16.75
13.26
9.96
11.19
13.72
15.13
17.48
11.44
9.43
10.35
12.26
13.88
15.56
6.71
5.93
7.45
6.51
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.58
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.24
–
–
–
–
–
6.03
5.72
6.37
–
–
–
Service occupations ...........................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Protective service occupations ...............................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Food service occupations ........................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
9.26
6.58
7.41
8.13
9.73
14.58
14.90
17.72
19.50
12.74
6.50
19.01
21.63
6.54
5.18
6.23
8.05
6.04
6.87
7.44
9.25
14.76
13.47
–
–
8.07
6.50
–
–
6.29
4.96
6.15
13.80
10.57
10.77
11.19
11.69
–
–
19.62
–
17.72
–
19.81
–
9.39
–
–
10.37
7.70
8.74
8.50
9.81
14.60
14.96
17.72
19.50
14.12
6.71
19.01
21.63
7.53
5.48
7.68
6.26
5.60
6.22
6.59
9.06
–
–
–
–
6.24
6.03
–
–
5.40
5.00
5.87
Occupational group3 and level
See footnotes at end of table.
20
Table B-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and levels2, all industries, private industry,
State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 —
Continued
All workers 4
Occupational group3 and level
Service occupations (-Continued)
Food service occupations (-Continued)
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Health service occupations .....................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Cleaning and building service occupations ............
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Personal service occupations .................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,
holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed
by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours.
2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an
establishment is evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge,
complexity, work environment, etc. Points are assigned based on the
occupation’s ranking within each factor. The points are summed to
determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical note for
more information.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$6.54
8.08
8.78
7.92
8.83
8.98
10.14
8.15
9.45
9.96
12.78
10.53
6.91
6.61
7.92
12.55
$5.81
7.90
8.38
7.66
8.15
8.95
9.09
7.57
7.56
8.85
12.41
10.39
5.97
6.30
7.92
13.66
–
–
$11.25
–
–
–
12.63
–
–
11.24
–
11.28
–
–
–
–
$6.93
8.19
8.95
8.05
8.95
9.21
10.91
8.94
11.73
10.09
12.78
12.47
–
–
8.25
12.03
$5.69
–
7.80
7.39
7.87
7.88
6.69
6.56
6.44
–
–
7.17
5.97
6.33
–
–
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
4 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
21
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
White-collar occupations:
Professional specialty and technical occupations:
Professional specialty occupations:
Civil engineers ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .......................
Industrial engineers ..............................................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Level 11 ............................................................
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Pharmacists ..........................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Therapists, N.E.C. ................................................
Teachers, post secondary N.E.C. .........................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Teachers, special education .................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Teachers, N.E.C. ..................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Substitute teachers ...............................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Vocational and educational counselors ................
Psychologists ........................................................
Social workers ......................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Editors and reporters ............................................
Public relations specialists ....................................
Technical occupations:
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Health record technologists and technicians ........
Radiological technicians .......................................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians .....................
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ...........................
Drafters .................................................................
Chemical technicians ............................................
Science technicians, N.E.C. .................................
Computer programmers .......................................
Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. ..........
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations:
Financial managers ..............................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ..............
See footnotes at end of table.
22
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$19.83
29.26
26.63
22.36
27.07
24.04
22.66
25.83
–
$29.26
26.63
22.36
27.07
24.04
23.58
25.83
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$19.83
29.26
26.63
22.36
27.07
24.04
22.66
25.83
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
37.22
18.81
16.63
19.08
19.16
25.68
24.84
25.00
25.25
14.70
32.31
34.82
30.14
37.04
35.22
32.17
36.29
25.52
36.47
31.99
36.98
10.07
9.47
22.14
17.19
13.16
10.10
19.87
15.36
37.22
18.95
16.89
19.18
19.16
–
24.84
25.00
25.25
14.14
–
–
–
–
27.68
–
–
–
–
9.43
–
–
–
13.21
15.09
11.70
–
19.87
15.36
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$35.41
30.90
37.66
35.67
–
36.81
36.47
36.47
37.32
–
10.34
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
37.22
18.93
16.91
19.08
18.90
–
24.86
24.95
–
14.70
32.29
34.87
30.14
37.13
35.39
32.17
36.32
25.85
36.09
32.96
38.12
–
–
22.35
17.15
13.33
–
19.87
15.36
–
$18.42
15.84
19.06
19.93
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.26
9.47
–
–
11.50
–
–
–
15.90
15.19
14.77
16.82
12.32
12.70
12.00
12.60
12.31
9.37
12.55
16.61
18.72
17.21
16.25
15.86
21.33
15.34
15.90
15.19
14.77
16.82
12.11
–
11.84
–
12.31
9.37
12.55
16.61
18.80
17.21
16.27
15.86
21.33
15.34
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
16.18
15.19
15.18
–
12.49
12.90
12.29
12.60
12.61
9.69
–
16.61
18.72
17.21
16.25
16.37
22.02
15.61
–
–
12.88
–
–
–
–
–
10.17
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
29.96
29.57
26.14
29.96
29.57
26.14
–
–
–
29.96
29.57
26.14
–
–
–
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
— Continued
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
White-collar occupations: (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations:
(-Continued)
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Level 11 ............................................................
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. .............
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Level 11 ............................................................
Level 12 ............................................................
Level 13 ............................................................
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Management analysts ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Level 7 ..............................................................
Level 9 ..............................................................
Sales occupations:
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 8 ..............................................................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Sales workers, apparel .........................................
Sales workers, other commodities ........................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models, sales .....
Level 1 ..............................................................
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical:
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Supervisors, financial records processing ............
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and
adjusting clerks ...............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Stenographers ......................................................
Typists ..................................................................
Interviewers ..........................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Information clerks, N.E.C. .....................................
Order clerks ..........................................................
Library clerks ........................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
Level 2 ..............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
23
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$37.37
28.23
29.98
26.71
21.86
27.76
15.57
31.49
21.06
26.07
36.23
49.86
18.77
22.08
30.50
$37.37
25.06
–
26.71
21.86
27.76
15.57
31.76
21.40
26.01
36.37
49.86
19.17
22.08
30.50
–
$30.96
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$37.37
28.29
30.26
26.71
21.86
27.76
15.57
31.49
21.06
26.07
36.23
49.86
18.77
22.08
30.50
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.49
17.67
19.86
14.72
20.48
17.49
17.67
20.05
15.04
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.49
17.67
19.86
14.72
20.48
–
–
–
–
–
18.16
11.67
16.34
16.11
18.16
11.67
16.34
16.11
–
–
–
–
18.16
11.67
16.34
17.77
–
–
–
–
18.71
6.37
9.92
6.36
5.82
5.84
6.20
5.95
5.95
9.34
18.71
6.37
9.92
5.98
5.82
5.84
6.10
5.95
5.95
9.34
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
18.71
–
14.64
7.99
–
–
–
–
–
9.75
13.66
16.86
13.66
16.86
–
–
13.66
16.86
–
–
15.37
12.40
10.49
11.37
13.74
14.62
11.90
–
10.43
9.57
8.01
7.83
9.39
10.87
13.17
8.43
10.73
10.05
10.77
8.47
15.37
12.09
10.28
10.75
13.21
14.59
10.99
–
10.43
9.57
8.01
7.83
9.39
10.87
13.17
–
10.73
10.05
10.75
8.47
15.37
12.65
10.52
11.55
13.74
14.62
11.90
10.08
–
–
8.22
7.70
9.76
–
13.37
–
10.89
–
10.88
–
–
9.20
–
9.46
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.12
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.35
–
12.46
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$6.23
5.87
5.82
–
6.03
–
–
–
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
— Continued
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
White-collar occupations: (-Continued)
Administrative support occupations, including clerical:
(-Continued)
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks
(-Continued)
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............................
Billing clerks ..........................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Telephone operators ............................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Dispatchers ...........................................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
General office clerks .............................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Bank tellers ...........................................................
Data entry keyers .................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 6 ..............................................................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. .........................
Blue-collar occupations:
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations:
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Automobile mechanics .........................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Carpenters ............................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ..................
Level 7 ..............................................................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ..
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors:
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators ..........................................
Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators
Packaging and filling machine operators ..............
Mixing and blending machine operators ...............
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food ...
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Welders and cutters ..............................................
Assemblers ...........................................................
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations:
Truck drivers .........................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Bus drivers ............................................................
Crane and tower operators ...................................
See footnotes at end of table.
24
All industries
Private
industry
$9.77
10.76
12.22
10.02
11.04
11.16
11.53
11.71
11.36
10.55
11.06
10.90
13.03
10.79
13.06
10.90
10.64
7.05
9.17
11.90
8.87
8.09
7.51
9.81
11.06
10.28
10.73
14.05
15.89
$9.81
10.82
–
10.02
11.04
11.16
11.53
11.71
–
10.55
10.90
10.90
13.03
10.79
13.06
10.90
10.48
–
9.17
12.09
8.87
8.09
7.51
–
11.09
10.30
10.70
14.05
15.89
23.49
13.32
14.54
16.62
16.21
15.40
22.18
22.73
18.74
10.03
All industries
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$11.11
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.10
–
–
–
–
–
$9.83
10.76
12.51
10.35
11.04
11.16
12.72
–
11.69
10.60
11.45
–
13.03
10.79
13.06
10.90
11.27
–
9.62
11.95
9.26
8.16
7.66
10.24
10.92
10.31
10.70
–
15.89
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$7.60
–
–
–
–
7.94
–
–
12.69
–
–
–
–
23.49
12.94
–
16.62
16.21
–
22.27
–
18.74
10.03
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.49
13.32
14.54
16.62
16.21
15.40
22.18
22.73
18.74
10.03
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.13
13.00
8.29
11.75
14.87
15.59
13.63
16.97
8.80
13.09
14.13
13.00
8.33
11.75
14.87
15.66
13.63
16.97
8.80
13.09
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14.13
13.00
8.66
11.75
14.87
15.59
13.63
16.97
8.95
13.09
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.44
8.20
14.37
14.74
16.05
11.17
7.46
14.15
–
16.05
–
–
–
–
–
11.65
8.47
14.37
–
16.05
–
–
–
–
–
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
— Continued
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
Blue-collar occupations: (-Continued)
Transportation and material moving occupations:
(-Continued)
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Miscellaneous material moving equipment
operators, N.E.C. ............................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers:
Production helpers ................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Level 5 ..............................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Level 3 ..............................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Service occupations:
Protective service occupations:
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Guards and police except public service ..............
Level 3 ..............................................................
Food service occupations:
Supervisors, food preparation and service
occupations ....................................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ............................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Health service occupations:
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Cleaning and building service occupations:
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Level 1 ..............................................................
Level 2 ..............................................................
Level 3 ..............................................................
Level 4 ..............................................................
Personal service occupations:
Welfare service aides ...........................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ....................
Child care workers, N.E.C. ...................................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................
See footnotes at end of table.
25
All industries
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
Part-time
workers
$12.02
10.69
12.98
$12.02
10.69
12.98
–
–
–
$12.02
10.69
12.98
–
–
–
15.52
15.50
–
–
–
–
15.52
15.50
–
–
12.15
15.35
16.62
6.96
5.92
6.52
13.08
10.61
9.15
8.67
10.54
9.04
9.17
14.57
12.15
15.35
16.62
6.96
5.92
6.52
13.08
10.61
9.15
8.67
9.95
8.28
9.17
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
$13.98
–
–
–
12.15
15.35
16.62
9.51
–
–
14.61
–
–
8.79
10.90
9.22
–
14.57
–
–
–
$5.71
5.50
–
–
–
–
–
6.02
–
–
–
20.66
7.80
6.51
–
7.36
6.51
20.66
–
–
20.66
8.45
6.71
–
6.04
–
11.06
3.92
3.60
8.06
6.84
8.22
7.52
7.57
5.28
6.93
6.37
8.67
11.06
3.92
3.60
7.90
6.84
7.98
7.49
–
5.28
6.33
6.06
7.43
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.27
–
–
12.26
3.94
–
8.61
–
8.38
7.92
–
–
8.41
7.94
8.88
–
3.90
4.01
6.24
6.51
–
6.26
–
4.84
6.06
5.67
–
8.44
9.03
8.92
7.94
9.47
8.94
8.41
9.03
8.37
7.66
8.43
8.89
–
–
11.28
–
–
–
8.43
9.02
9.20
8.05
9.83
9.38
8.48
–
7.70
7.33
7.70
7.72
8.56
8.87
10.03
8.21
9.66
10.28
12.78
8.18
–
9.19
7.57
7.00
9.13
12.41
–
–
12.24
–
–
11.41
–
8.58
–
10.94
9.15
12.84
10.47
12.78
–
–
6.54
6.56
–
–
–
7.80
9.15
8.06
8.24
7.80
–
7.10
6.64
–
–
9.22
–
–
–
5.75
6.58
–
–
–
–
Table B-2. Mean hourly earnings1 for selected occupations and levels2, all industries, private
industry, State and local government, full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
— Continued
All workers4
Occupation3 and level
Service occupations: (-Continued)
Personal service occupations: (-Continued)
Service occupations, N.E.C.. (-Continued)
Level 1 ..............................................................
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,
holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed
by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours.
2 Each occupation for which wage data are collected in an
establishment is evaluated based on 10 factors, including knowledge,
complexity, work environment, etc. Points are assigned based on the
occupation’s ranking within each factor. The points are summed to
determine the overall level of the occupation. See technical note for
more information.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
All industries
Private
industry
$7.15
$6.03
All industries
State and
local
government
Full-time
workers
–
–
Part-time
workers
$6.03
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
4 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
26
Table C-1. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and selected characteristics, all industries, Pittsburgh,
PA, December 1997
Occupational group2
Full-time
workers3
Part-time
workers3
Union4
Nonunion4
Time5
Incentive5
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
$16.61
16.80
$7.94
8.48
$16.78
17.16
$14.95
15.35
$15.50
15.95
$17.12
16.25
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar excluding sales .............................................
19.19
19.75
9.36
11.92
22.37
24.71
17.26
18.14
18.08
19.21
19.24
17.73
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Sales occupations ............................................................
Administrative support including clerical occupations ......
23.70
25.51
18.01
25.82
12.64
11.60
16.43
17.87
11.19
–
6.15
8.46
32.31
33.63
26.36
21.18
7.32
12.80
20.49
22.13
15.74
26.04
10.56
10.99
23.17
24.93
17.55
25.83
8.82
11.28
–
–
–
–
19.57
–
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
14.21
17.19
12.67
13.26
11.44
6.71
–
6.58
8.24
6.03
15.31
18.58
14.23
14.36
11.93
10.94
14.16
10.29
9.52
7.95
13.63
17.24
12.08
12.93
10.22
16.12
16.33
18.33
12.03
16.55
Service occupations ...........................................................
10.37
6.26
12.07
7.61
9.25
–
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and
hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations, holidays,
nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed by totaling the pay
of all workers and dividing by the number of workers, weighted by hours.
2 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is
used to cover all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time
schedule based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in another firm,
where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
4 Union workers are those whose wages are determined through
collective bargaining.
5 Time workers’ wages are based solely on an hourly rate or salary;
incentive workers are those whose wages are at least partially based on
productivity payments such as piece rates, commissions, and production
bonuses.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet
publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not
elsewhere classified."
27
Table C-2. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and industry division, private industry, all workers2, Pittsburgh, PA,
December 1997
Goods-producing industries4
Occupational group3
All private
industries
Total
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Service-producing industries5
Total
Finance,
insurance,
and
real
estate
Services
–
–
–
–
$14.70
14.79
TransWholeportsale
ation
and
and
retail
public
trade
utilities
All occupations ...........................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ................................................
$14.81
15.23
$16.92
16.86
–
–
–
–
White-collar occupations .......................................................
White-collar excluding sales .................................................
17.10
18.23
20.63
20.75
–
–
–
–
20.68
21.12
16.45
17.72
21.72
21.75
–
–
–
–
17.35
17.59
Professional specialty and technical occupations ................
Professional specialty occupations ...................................
Technical occupations ......................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations .......
Sales occupations ................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical occupations .........
21.09
22.47
17.64
25.95
9.91
11.17
22.00
25.42
17.25
30.28
19.05
12.69
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.94
25.61
17.25
32.16
14.54
12.78
20.94
22.08
17.74
24.75
9.13
10.87
30.31
30.30
30.32
29.69
–
14.22
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
20.07
21.56
15.40
22.14
11.12
10.09
Blue-collar occupations .........................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..............
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .........
13.65
17.35
12.56
11.83
10.30
14.84
18.42
13.35
13.90
11.61
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13.55
15.94
13.35
13.11
10.88
11.94
15.90
9.01
10.60
8.95
14.47
21.27
–
10.77
12.51
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.36
15.83
6.93
–
7.65
Service occupations ...............................................................
8.05
13.59
–
–
13.70
7.97
–
–
–
8.12
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to employees. They
include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments, and hazard pay. Excluded are premium
pay for overtime, vacations, holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is
computed by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of workers,
weighted by hours.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees are classified as
working either a full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition used by each
establishment. Therefore, a worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be
considered a full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time schedule.
$16.18 $14.11 $18.38
16.22 14.64 18.39
3 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to cover
all workers in the civilian economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of nine
major occupational groups.
4 Goods-producing industries include mining, construction, and manufacturing.
5 Service-producing industries include transportation and public utilities; wholesale
and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did not meet publication
criteria. Overall occupational groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
28
Table C-3. Mean hourly earnings1 by occupational group and establishment employment size, private
industry, all workers2, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
100 workers or more
All private
industry
workers
50 - 99
workers
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
$14.81
15.23
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar excluding sales .............................................
Occupational group3
Total
100 - 499
workers
500
workers or
more
$12.97
13.56
$15.28
15.61
$13.28
13.51
$17.41
17.73
17.10
18.23
13.91
16.17
17.71
18.50
16.35
17.34
18.78
19.31
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Sales occupations ............................................................
Administrative support, including clerical occupations .....
21.09
22.47
17.64
25.95
9.91
11.17
17.27
17.06
17.83
23.38
10.16
9.68
21.45
23.00
17.62
26.48
9.71
11.37
18.92
21.27
13.77
26.25
10.34
11.00
22.87
23.91
20.09
26.69
8.25
11.65
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
13.65
17.35
12.56
11.83
10.30
14.74
18.06
12.83
11.89
9.78
13.21
16.88
12.51
11.81
10.45
11.23
14.76
11.08
10.78
8.44
16.79
19.25
15.51
14.60
14.99
Service occupations ...........................................................
8.05
6.59
8.49
7.62
9.90
1 Earnings are the straight-time hourly wages or salaries paid to
employees. They include incentive pay, cost-of-living adjustments,
and hazard pay. Excluded are premium pay for overtime, vacations,
holidays, nonproduction bonuses, and tips. The mean is computed
by totaling the pay of all workers and dividing by the number of
workers, weighted by hours.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time workers. Employees
are classified as working either a full-time or a part-time schedule
based on the definition used by each establishment. Therefore, a
worker with a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time in
another firm, where a 40-hour week is the minimum full-time
schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian economy.
Individual occupations are classified into one of nine major
occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that data did
not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational groups and
occupational levels may include data for categories not shown
separately. N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
29
Table C-4. Number of workers1 represented by occupational group, Pittsburgh, PA,
December 1997
All workers
Occupational group2
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local government
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
624,861
573,817
530,957
480,719
93,904
93,098
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar excluding sales .............................................
362,825
311,781
304,352
254,114
58,473
57,667
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Sales occupations ............................................................
Administrative support including clerical occupations ......
140,861
110,000
30,861
55,180
51,044
115,740
103,109
73,807
29,302
49,703
50,238
101,302
37,752
36,194
–
5,477
–
14,437
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....
144,821
48,682
32,245
29,463
34,431
130,647
44,695
31,961
22,544
31,447
14,174
3,987
–
6,919
2,984
Service occupations ...........................................................
117,214
95,958
21,257
1 Both full-time and part-time workers were included in
the survey. Employees are classified as working either a
full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition
used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with a
35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a full-time
employee in one establishment, but classified as part-time
in another establishment, where a 40-hour week is the
minimum full-time schedule.
2 A classification system including about 480 individual
occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian
economy. Individual occupations are classified into one of
nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or that
data did not meet publication criteria. Overall occupational
groups and occupational levels may include data for
categories not shown separately. N.E.C. means "not
elsewhere classified."
30
Appendix A: Technical Note
dresses, employment levels, industry classification, and
other information were updated.
This section provides basic information on the procedures and concepts used to produce the data contained in
this bulletin. It is divided into three parts: Planning for
the survey; data collection; and processing and analyzing
the data. While this section answers some questions
commonly asked by data users, it is not a comprehensive
description of all the steps required to produce the data.
Sample design
The sample for this survey area was selected using a
two stage stratified design with probability proportional to
employment sampling at each stage. The first stage of
sample selection was a probability sample of establishments. The sample of establishments was drawn by first
stratifying the sampling frame by industry and ownership.
The number of sample establishments allocated to each
stratum is approximately proportional to the stratum employment. Each sampled establishment is selected within
a stratum with a probability proportional to its employment. Use of this technique means that the larger an establishment’s employment, the greater its chance of selection. Weights were applied to each establishment when
the data were tabulated so that it represents similar units
(by industry and employment size) in the economy which
were not selected for collection. See appendix table 1 for a
count of establishments in the survey by employment size.
The second stage of sample selection, detailed below, was
a probability sample of occupations within a sampled establishment.
Planning for the survey
The overall design of the survey, which was based on
the type of data to be produced, had to be developed before
data collection could begin.
Survey scope
This survey of the Pittsburgh, PA, Metropolitan Statistical Area covered establishments employing 50 workers
or more in goods-producing industries (mining, construction and manufacturing); service-producing industries
(transportation, communications, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services industries); and State
and local governments. Agriculture, private households,
and the Federal Government were excluded from the scope
of the survey. For purposes of this survey an establishment was an economic unit which produces goods or
services, a central administrative office, or an auxiliary
unit providing support services to a company. For private
industries in this survey, the establishment was usually at
a single physical location. For State and local governments, an establishment was defined as all locations of a
government entity.
The Pittsburgh, PA, Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Allegheny, Beaver, Bulter, Fayette, Washington,
and Westmoreland Counties, PA.
Data collection
The collection of data from survey respondents required detailed procedures. Collection was the responsibility of the field economists, working out of the Regional
Office, who visited each establishment surveyed.
Occupational selection and classification
Identification of the occupations for which wage data
were to be collected was a multi-step process:
Sampling frame
The list of establishments from which the survey sample was selected (sampling frame) was developed from the
State unemployment insurance reports for the Pittsburgh,
PA, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The reference month
for the public sector is June 1994. Due to the volatility of
industries within the private sector, sampling frames were
developed using the most recent month of reference available at the time the sample was selected. The reference
month for the private sector is June 1995. The sampling
frame was reviewed prior to the survey and, when necessary, missing establishments were added, out-of-business
and out-of-scope establishments were removed, and ad-
1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of establishment jobs.
2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the
Census of Population system.
3. Characterization of jobs as full-time v. part-time,
union v. nonunion, and time v. incentive.
4. Determination of the level of work of each job.
For each occupation, wage data were collected for
those workers who met all the criteria identified in the last
three steps. Special procedures were developed for jobs
for which a correct classification or level could not be determined.
31
Then the worker was classified as having a time versus incentive job, depending on whether any part of pay was directly based on the actual production of the worker, rather
than solely on hours worked. Finally, the worker was
identified as being in a union job or a nonunion job. See
the “Definition of Terms” section on the following page
for more detail.
In step one, the jobs to be sampled were selected at
each establishment by the BLS field economist during a
personal visit. A complete list of employees was used for
sampling, with each selected worker representing a job
within the establishment.
As with the selection of establishments, the selection of
a job was based on probability proportional to its size in
the establishment. The greater the number of people
working in a job in the establishment, the greater its
chance of selection.
The number of jobs collected in each establishment was
based on an establishment’s employment size as shown in
the following schedule:
Number of employees
50-99
100-249
250-999
1000-2,499
2,500+
Generic leveling through point factor analysis
In the last step before wage data were collected, the
work level of each selected job was determined using a
“generic leveling” process. Generic leveling ranks and
compares all occupations randomly selected in an establishment using the same criteria. This is a major departure from the method used in the past in the Bureau’s Occupational Compensation Surveys which studied
specifically defined occupations with leveling definitions
unique to each occupation.
For this survey, the level of each occupation in an establishment was determined by an analysis of each of 10
leveling factors. Nine of these factors are drawn from the
U.S. Government Office of Personnel Management’s
Factor Evaluation System, which is the underlying structure for evaluation of General Schedule Federal employees. The tenth factor, supervisory duties, attempts to account for the effect of supervisory duties. It is considered
experimental. The 10 factors are:
Number of selected jobs
8
10
12
16
20
The second step of the process entailed classifying the
selected jobs into occupations based on their duties. The
National Compensation Survey occupational classification
system is based on the 1990 Census of Population. A selected job may fall into any one of about 480 occupational
classifications, from accountant to wood lathe operator. In
cases where a job’s duties overlapped two or more census
classification codes, the duties used to set the wage level
were used to classify the job. Classification by primary
duties was the fallback.
Each occupational classification is an element of a
broader classification known as a major occupational
group (MOG). Occupations can fall into any of the following MOG’s:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Professional specialty and technical
Executive, administrative, and managerial
Sales
Administrative support including clerical
Precision production, craft, and repair
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors
Transportation and material moving
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers
Service occupations
Knowledge
Supervision received
Guidelines
Complexity
Scope and effect
Personal contacts
Purpose of contacts
Physical demands
Work environment
Supervisory duties
Each factor contains a number of levels and each level
has an associated written description and point value. The
number and range of points differ among the factors. For
each factor, an occupation was assigned a level based on
which written description best matched the job. Within
each occupation, the points for 9 factors (supervisory duties was excluded) were recorded and totaled. The total
determines the overall level of the occupation. Appendix
table 3 presents average work levels for published occupational groups and selected occupations. A description of
the levels for each factor is shown in appendix C.
Tabulations of levels of work for occupations in the
survey follow the Federal Government’s white-collar General Schedule. Point ranges for each of the 15 levels are
shown in appendix D. It also includes an example of a
A complete list of all individual occupations, classified
by the MOG to which they belong, is contained in appendix B.
In step three, certain other job characteristics of the
chosen worker were identified. First, the worker was
identified as holding either a full-time or part-time job,
based on the establishment’s definition of those terms.
32
also collected. For hourly workers, scheduled hours
worked per day and per week, exclusive of overtime, were
recorded. Annual weeks worked were determined. Because salaried workers, exempt from overtime provisions,
often work beyond the assigned work schedule, their typical number of hours actually worked was collected.
leveled job and a guide to help data users evaluate jobs in
their firm.
Wage data collected in prior surveys using the new generic leveling method were evaluated by BLS researchers
using regression techniques. For each of the major occupational groups, wages were compared to the 10 generic
level factors (and levels within those factors). The analysis showed that several of the generic level factors, most
notably knowledge and supervision received, had strong
explanatory power for wages. That is, as the levels within
a given factor increased, the wages also increased. Detailed research continues in the area. The results of this
research will be published by BLS in the future.
Definition of terms
Full-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be full time.
Incentive worker. Any employee whose earnings are tied,
at least in part, to commissions, piece rates, production
bonuses, or other incentives based on production or sales.
Collection period
The survey was collected from August 1997 through
June 1998. The average payroll reference month was December 1997. For each establishment in the survey, the
data reflect the establishment’s practices on the day of
collection.
Level. A ranking of an occupation based on the requirements of the position. (See the description in the technical
note and the example for more details on the leveling process.)
Nonunion worker. An employee in an occupation not
meeting the conditions for union coverage (see below).
Earnings
Earnings were defined as regular payments from the
employer to the employee as compensation for straighttime hourly work, or for any salaried work performed.
The following components were included as part of earnings:
•
•
•
•
•
Part-time worker. Any employee that the employer considers to be part-time.
Straight-time. Time worked at the standard rate of pay for
the job.
Incentive pay, including commissions, production
bonuses, and piece rates
Cost-of-living allowances
Hazard pay
Payments of income deferred due to participation
in a salary reduction plan
Deadhead pay, defined as pay given to transportation workers returning in a vehicle without freight
or passengers
Time-based worker. Any employee whose earnings are
tied to an hourly rate or salary, and not to a specific level
of production.
Union worker. Any employee is in a union occupation
when all of the following conditions are met:
•
The following forms of payments were not considered
part of straight-time earnings:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Shift differentials, defined as extra payment for
working a schedule that varies from the norm,
such as night or weekend work
Premium pay for overtime, holidays, and weekends
Bonuses not directly tied to production (e.g.,
Christmas bonuses, profit-sharing bonuses)
Uniform and tool allowances
Free room and board
Payments made by third parties (e.g., tips, bonuses given by manufacturers to department store
salespeople, referral incentives in real estate)
On-call pay
A labor organization is recognized as the bargaining
agent for all workers in the occupation.
Wage and salary rates are determined through collective bargaining or negotiations.
Settlement terms, which must include earnings provisions and may include benefit provisions, are embodied in a signed mutually binding collective bargaining
agreement.
Processing and analyzing the data
Data were processed and analyzed at the Bureau’s National Office following collection.
Weighting and nonresponse
Sample weights were calculated for each establishment/occupation in the survey. These weights reflected
the relative size of the occupation within the establishment
and of the establishment within the sample universe.
Weights were used to aggregate the individual establish-
In order to calculate earnings for various time periods
(hourly, weekly, and annual), data on work schedules were
33
Data reliability
The data in this bulletin are estimates from a scientifically selected probability sample. There are two types of
errors possible in an estimate based on a sample survey,
sampling and nonsampling.
Sampling errors occur because observations come only
from a sample and not from an entire population. The
sample used for this survey is one of a number of possible
samples of the same size that could have been selected
using the sample design. Estimates derived from the different samples would differ from each other.
A measure of the variation among these differing estimates is called the standard error or sampling error. It indicates the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all
possible samples. The relative standard error (RSE) is the
standard error divided by the estimate. Appendix table 2
contains RSE data for selected series in this bulletin. RSE
data for all series in this bulletin are available on the
Internet web site and by request to the BLS National Office.
The standard error can be used to calculate a “confidence interval” around a sample estimate. As an example,
suppose table A-1 shows that mean hourly earnings for all
workers was $12.79 per hour, and appendix table 2 shows
a relative standard error of 3.6 percent for this estimate.
At the 90-percent level, the confidence interval for this
estimate is $13.55 to $12.03 ($12.79 plus and minus 1.645
times 3.6 percent times $12.79). If all possible samples
were selected to estimate the population value, the interval
from each sample would include the true population value
approximately 90 percent of the time.
Nonsampling errors also affect survey results. They
can stem from many sources, such as inability to obtain
information for some establishments, difficulties with survey definitions, inability of the respondents to provide correct information, or mistakes in recording or coding the
data obtained. A Technical Reinterview Program done in
all survey areas will be used in the development of a formal quality assessment process to help compute nonsampling error. Although they were not specifically measured, the nonsampling errors were expected to be minimal
due to the extensive training of the field economists who
gathered the survey data by personal visit, computer edits
of the data, and detailed data review.
ment/occupations into the various data series. Of the establishments surveyed, 25.9 percent (representing 162,064
employees) refused to supply information. If data were not
provided by a sample member, the weights of responding
sample members in the same or similar “cells” were adjusted to account for the missing data. This technique assumes that the mean value of the nonrespondents equals
the mean value of the respondents at some detailed “cell”
level. Responding and nonresponding establishments
were classified into these cells according to industry and
employment size. Responding and nonresponding occupations within responding establishments were classified
into cells which were additionally defined by major occupation group and job level.
Establishments which were determined to be out of
business or outside the scope of the survey (4.3 percent of
the total sample) had their weights changed to zero. If
only partial data were given by a sample establishment or
occupation, or data were missing, the response was treated
as a refusal.
Estimation
The wage series in the tables are computed by combining the wages for individual establishment/occupations.
Before being combined, individual wage rates are
weighted by: number of workers; the sample weight adjusted for nonresponding establishments and other factors;
and the occupation work schedule, varying depending on
whether hourly, weekly, or annual rates are being calculated.
Not all series that were calculated met the criteria for
publication. Before any series was published, it was reviewed to make sure that the number of observations underlying it was sufficient. This review prevented publishing a series that could have revealed information about a
specific establishment.
The number of workers estimates represent the total in
all establishments within the scope of the study and not
the number actually surveyed. Because occupational
structures among establishments differ, estimates of the
number of workers obtained from the sample of establishments serve only to indicate the relative importance of the
occupational groups studied.
34
Appendix table 1. Number of establishments studied by industry division and establishment employment size,
and number of establishments represented, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
Number of establishments studied
Industry
All industries .........................................................
Private industry .................................................
Goods-producing industries ..........................
Mining .......................................................
Construction .............................................
Manufacturing ...........................................
Service-producing industries ........................
Tranportation and public utilities ...............
Wholesale and retail trade ........................
Finance, insurance and real estate ..........
Services ....................................................
State and local government ..............................
Number of
establishments represented
100 workers or more
Total studied
3,318
3,115
757
12
257
487
2,358
152
1,120
126
960
203
302
268
66
4
7
55
202
23
48
12
119
34
50 - 99
workers
78
75
17
1
4
12
58
6
27
2
23
3
Total
224
193
49
3
3
43
144
17
21
10
96
31
100 - 499
workers
137
124
33
2
3
28
91
9
14
7
61
13
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported. Overall industry and industry groups may include data for categories not shown separately.
35
500 workers
or more
87
69
16
1
–
15
53
8
7
3
35
18
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected
occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all
workers2, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
(in percent)
Occupation3
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
All occupations .......................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ............................................
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.2
3.1
3.1
White-collar occupations ...................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales .........................
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.4
3.7
3.7
Professional specialty and technical occupations ............
Professional specialty occupations ...............................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .......................
Civil engineers ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .......................
Industrial engineers ..............................................
Mechanical engineers ...........................................
Engineers, N.E.C. .................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .....................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...........
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts ..........................................................
Natural scientists ......................................................
Health related occupations .......................................
Registered nurses ................................................
Pharmacists ..........................................................
Physical therapists ................................................
Therapists, N.E.C. ................................................
Teachers, college and university ..............................
Teachers, post secondary N.E.C. .........................
Teachers, except college and university ..................
Elementary school teachers .................................
Secondary school teachers ..................................
Teachers, special education .................................
Teachers, N.E.C. ..................................................
Substitute teachers ...............................................
Vocational and educational counselors ................
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...........................
Social scientists and urban planners ........................
Psychologists ........................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................
Social workers ......................................................
Lawyers and judges ..................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and
professionals, N.E.C. ..........................................
Editors and reporters ............................................
Public relations specialists ....................................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. .........................
Technical occupations ..................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Health record technologists and technicians ........
Radiological technicians .......................................
Licensed practical nurses .....................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .......
Electrical and electronic technicians .....................
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. ...........................
Drafters .................................................................
Chemical technicians ............................................
Science technicians, N.E.C. .................................
Computer programmers .......................................
Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. ..........
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations ...
Executives, administrators, and managers ...............
Financial managers ..............................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ..............
Managers., marketing, advertising and public
relations ..........................................................
Administrators, education and related fields .........
Managers, medicine and health ...........................
2.6
2.8
3.8
2.2
7.1
5.8
5.9
4.3
9.2
4.0
3.0
3.5
3.8
–
7.1
5.8
5.9
4.3
8.8
3.0
3.8
3.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12.7
10.2
1.9
1.3
2.0
3.1
16.3
9.3
10.3
4.6
4.9
4.0
24.8
6.6
10.3
15.1
–
7.9
9.8
6.4
6.8
–
12.7
10.2
1.9
1.3
2.0
3.1
16.9
–
–
9.0
–
5.4
–
14.0
–
4.8
–
5.3
3.1
5.0
5.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2.9
4.7
4.0
4.7
5.0
10.4
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
21.0
11.2
9.8
5.4
5.0
2.9
7.7
3.5
1.8
12.2
10.0
5.5
12.3
4.6
9.5
12.4
5.6
3.5
4.2
9.5
15.9
21.0
11.2
9.8
5.4
5.3
2.9
7.7
3.5
1.8
12.2
10.0
8.1
12.3
4.6
9.5
12.4
5.6
3.8
4.5
9.5
15.9
–
–
–
–
9.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
6.9
6.6
–
–
7.9
8.0
6.4
7.9
17.1
6.4
–
8.7
–
See footnotes at end of table.
36
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected
occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all
workers2, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 — Continued
(in percent)
Occupation3
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
(-Continued)
Executives, administrators, and managers
(-Continued)
Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. .............
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ..................
Management related occupations ............................
Accountants and auditors .....................................
Other financial officers ..........................................
Management analysts ..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists .......................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ............
Sales occupations ............................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ............................
Sales occupations, other business services .........
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing,
and wholesale .................................................
Sales workers, apparel .........................................
Sales workers, other commodities ........................
Cashiers ...............................................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models, sales .....
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .......................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .....
Supervisors, general office ...................................
Supervisors, financial records processing ............
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and
adjusting clerks ...............................................
Secretaries ...........................................................
Stenographers ......................................................
Interviewers ..........................................................
Receptionists ........................................................
Information clerks, N.E.C. .....................................
Order clerks ..........................................................
Library clerks ........................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. .........................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ......
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............................
Billing clerks ..........................................................
Telephone operators ............................................
Dispatchers ...........................................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks ...................
Stock and inventory clerks ....................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ..
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ......
General office clerks .............................................
Bank tellers ...........................................................
Data entry keyers .................................................
Teachers’ aides ....................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. .........
Blue-collar occupations .....................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ..........
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers .................
Automobile mechanics .........................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .......
Industrial machinery repairers ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ..........................
Carpenters ............................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ..................
Supervisors, production occupations ....................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ..
See footnotes at end of table.
37
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
10.8
7.6
4.5
6.4
11.6
15.0
10.8
7.8
4.8
7.3
11.6
15.0
–
–
5.0
–
–
–
8.8
2.6
4.2
8.4
14.6
14.7
8.8
2.6
4.2
8.5
14.6
14.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
17.8
4.7
18.8
5.6
1.8
17.9
1.7
3.7
11.9
17.8
4.7
18.8
1.4
1.8
17.9
1.9
3.7
11.9
–
–
–
–
–
–
2.9
–
–
17.9
2.6
4.4
5.3
5.3
9.7
7.4
6.1
5.2
3.3
12.3
4.9
8.1
6.8
9.3
7.1
6.1
5.2
4.3
3.8
4.4
5.6
4.3
17.9
3.0
1.8
5.3
5.3
9.7
7.4
–
5.2
3.6
12.6
4.9
8.1
–
9.3
7.9
6.1
5.2
4.5
3.8
4.4
–
4.6
–
4.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.7
–
–
5.5
–
3.8
5.2
15.9
3.3
6.6
4.4
4.4
4.3
5.7
7.7
7.6
4.3
5.4
15.9
3.3
–
4.4
4.4
–
5.6
7.7
7.6
3.3
3.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Appendix table 2. Relative standard errors of mean hourly earnings1 for selected
occupations, all industries, private industry, and State and local government, all
workers2, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 — Continued
(in percent)
Occupation3
Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..............
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators ..........................................
Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators
Packaging and filling machine operators ..............
Mixing and blending machine operators ...............
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food ...
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. ...........
Welders and cutters ..............................................
Assemblers ...........................................................
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ..
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
Truck drivers .........................................................
Bus drivers ............................................................
Crane and tower operators ...................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ..
Miscellaneous material moving equipment
operators, N.E.C. ............................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ......
Production helpers ................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .......
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ............
Hand packers and packagers ...............................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. ...................
Service occupations ...........................................................
Protective service occupations .................................
Police and detectives, public service ....................
Guards and police except public service ..............
Food service occupations .........................................
Supervisors, food preparation and service
occupations ....................................................
Waiters and waitresses ........................................
Cooks ...................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ........................
Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ............................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. .................
Health service occupations .......................................
Health aides, except nursing ................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants ...............
Cleaning and building service occupations ..............
Maids and housemen ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners ...........................................
Personal service occupations ...................................
Welfare service aides ...........................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ....................
Child care workers, N.E.C. ...................................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ................................
1 The relative standard error is the standard error
expressed as a percent of the estimate. Hourly
earnings for these occupations are presented in Tables
A-1 and A-2. Reliable relative standard errors could
not be determined for all occupations.
2 All workers include full-time and part-time
workers. Employees are classified as working either a
full-time or a part-time schedule based on the definition
used by each establishment. Therefore, a worker with
a 35-hour-per-week schedule might be considered a
full-time employee in one establishment, but classified
as part-time in another firm, where a 40-hour week is
All industries
Private
industry
State and
local
government
4.6
4.6
–
7.3
5.5
4.2
4.3
8.8
11.7
7.7
3.5
13.6
6.3
3.8
5.1
9.2
4.8
5.7
7.3
5.5
4.4
4.3
8.8
13.9
7.7
3.5
13.6
6.3
4.1
5.3
–
4.8
5.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.6
–
–
–
–
3.1
5.2
12.2
10.8
13.7
19.3
8.0
9.8
–
5.7
12.2
10.8
13.7
19.3
8.0
10.4
–
6.9
–
–
–
–
–
10.7
2.8
13.5
4.7
10.6
4.3
2.6
12.4
–
9.8
4.8
4.5
6.1
4.7
–
3.4
7.1
12.5
3.9
3.6
6.9
4.1
2.5
5.6
2.1
4.2
5.6
4.8
7.2
8.2
18.6
11.9
8.1
7.1
12.5
3.8
3.7
6.9
3.3
2.4
5.6
2.3
5.3
6.0
6.1
8.5
8.2
–
8.2
5.4
–
–
–
–
–
3.6
3.0
–
3.1
4.3
–
4.6
4.0
–
–
–
–
the minimum full-time schedule.
3 A classification system including about 480
individual occupations is used to cover all workers in
the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or
that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall
occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately.
N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
38
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,
full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997
All
Full-time Part-time
workers workers workers
Occupation1
All occupations .................................................................................
All occupations excluding sales ......................................................
5
6
6
6
3
3
White-collar occupations .............................................................
White-collar occupations excluding sales ...................................
6
7
7
7
4
5
Professional specialty and technical occupations ......................
Professional specialty occupations .........................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .................................
Civil engineers ................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .................................
Industrial engineers ........................................................
Mechanical engineers .....................................................
Engineers, N.E.C. ...........................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists ...............................
Computer systems analysts and scientists .....................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts ........
Natural scientists ................................................................
Health related occupations .................................................
Registered nurses ..........................................................
Pharmacists ....................................................................
Physical therapists ..........................................................
Therapists, N.E.C. ..........................................................
Teachers, college and university ........................................
Teachers, post secondary N.E.C. ...................................
Teachers, except college and university ............................
Elementary school teachers ...........................................
Secondary school teachers ............................................
Teachers, special education ...........................................
Teachers, N.E.C. ............................................................
Substitute teachers .........................................................
Vocational and educational counselors ..........................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .....................................
Social scientists and urban planners ..................................
Psychologists ..................................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ............................
Social workers ................................................................
Lawyers and judges ............................................................
Writers, authors, entertainers, athletes, and professionals,
N.E.C. ...........................................................................
Editors and reporters ......................................................
Public relations specialists ..............................................
Professional occupations, N.E.C. ...................................
Technical occupations ............................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ...........
Health record technologists and technicians ..................
Radiological technicians .................................................
Licensed practical nurses ...............................................
Health technologists and technicians, N.E.C. .................
Electrical and electronic technicians ...............................
Engineering technicians, N.E.C. .....................................
Drafters ...........................................................................
Chemical technicians ......................................................
Science technicians, N.E.C. ...........................................
Computer programmers .................................................
Technical and related occupations, N.E.C. ....................
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations .............
Executives, administrators, and managers .........................
Financial managers ........................................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ........................
Managers., marketing, advertising and public relations
Administrators, education and related fields ...................
Managers, medicine and health .....................................
Managers, service organizations, N.E.C. .......................
Managers and administrators, N.E.C. ............................
Management related occupations ......................................
Accountants and auditors ...............................................
Other financial officers ....................................................
Management analysts ....................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ........
8
9
10
8
11
10
9
10
10
9
12
10
8
8
9
9
8
11
11
8
8
8
8
8
7
8
–
10
9
7
7
–
9
9
10
8
11
10
9
10
10
9
12
10
9
8
9
9
8
11
11
8
8
8
8
8
–
8
–
10
9
7
7
–
7
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8
8
–
–
–
–
–
7
–
–
–
–
7
–
–
–
–
6
7
–
8
9
7
8
7
7
7
6
6
5
7
7
7
6
5
9
6
10
11
11
11
12
11
11
9
11
8
7
8
10
8
8
9
7
8
7
7
7
7
6
5
7
7
7
6
5
9
6
10
11
11
11
12
11
11
9
11
8
7
8
10
8
–
–
–
–
5
–
–
6
–
5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
39
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,
full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 — Continued
All
Full-time Part-time
workers workers workers
Occupation1
White-collar occupations (-Continued)
Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations
(-Continued)
Management related occupations (-Continued)
Purchasing agents and buyers, N.E.C. ..........................
Management related occupations, N.E.C. ......................
Sales occupations ......................................................................
Supervisors, sales occupations ......................................
Sales occupations, other business services ...................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and
wholesale ..................................................................
Sales workers, apparel ...................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ..................................
Cashiers .........................................................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models, sales ...............
Sales support occupations, N.E.C. .................................
Administrative support occupations, including clerical ...............
Supervisors, general office .............................................
Supervisors, financial records processing ......................
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting
clerks ........................................................................
Secretaries .....................................................................
Stenographers ................................................................
Typists ............................................................................
Interviewers ....................................................................
Receptionists ..................................................................
Information clerks, N.E.C. ...............................................
Order clerks ....................................................................
Library clerks ..................................................................
Records clerks, N.E.C. ...................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks ................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .......................................
Billing clerks ....................................................................
Telephone operators ......................................................
Dispatchers .....................................................................
Traffic, shipping and receiving clerks .............................
Stock and inventory clerks ..............................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, & investigators ............
Investigators and adjusters except insurance ................
General office clerks .......................................................
Bank tellers .....................................................................
Data entry keyers ...........................................................
Teachers’ aides ..............................................................
Administrative support occupations, N.E.C. ...................
Blue-collar occupations ...............................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair occupations ....................
Supervisors, mechanics and repairers ...........................
Automobile mechanics ...................................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .................
Industrial machinery repairers ........................................
Mechanics and repairers, N.E.C. ....................................
Carpenters ......................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters ............................
Supervisors, production occupations ..............................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ............
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine
operators ..................................................................
Fabricating machine operators, N.E.C. ..........................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ...........
Packaging and filling machine operators ........................
Mixing and blending machine operators .........................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food .............
Miscellaneous machine operators, N.E.C. .....................
Welders and cutters ........................................................
Assemblers .....................................................................
Production inspectors, checkers and examiners ............
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
See footnotes at end of table.
40
6
8
3
7
6
6
8
5
7
7
–
–
2
–
–
7
3
4
2
1
4
4
6
7
7
–
5
4
–
5
4
6
7
–
–
3
2
–
–
3
–
–
7
5
5
–
3
2
4
4
3
3
4
4
4
2
4
3
3
5
5
3
3
3
3
4
7
5
5
3
–
2
–
4
–
3
4
4
4
2
4
3
3
5
5
4
3
2
3
4
–
4
–
–
–
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
–
3
–
3
4
6
8
6
6
7
6
6
7
8
3
4
5
6
8
6
6
7
6
6
7
8
3
4
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
6
5
2
3
4
5
4
6
2
5
4
6
5
2
3
4
5
4
6
2
5
4
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
Appendix table 3. Average work levels for selected occupations, all workers,
full-time and part-time workers, Pittsburgh, PA, December 1997 — Continued
All
Full-time Part-time
workers workers workers
Occupation1
Blue-collar occupations (-Continued)
Transportation and material moving occupations (-Continued)
Truck drivers ...................................................................
Bus drivers ......................................................................
Crane and tower operators .............................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ............
Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators,
N.E.C. .......................................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................
Production helpers ..........................................................
Stock handlers and baggers ...........................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers, N.E.C. .................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ......................
Hand packers and packagers .........................................
Laborers except construction, N.E.C. .............................
Service occupations .....................................................................
Protective service occupations ...........................................
Police and detectives, public service ..............................
Guards and police except public service ........................
Food service occupations ...................................................
Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations
Waiters and waitresses ..................................................
Cooks .............................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ..................................
Waiters’/Waitresses’ assistants ......................................
Food preparation occupations, N.E.C. ...........................
Health service occupations .................................................
Health aides, except nursing ..........................................
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants .........................
Cleaning and building service occupations ........................
Maids and housemen .....................................................
Janitors and cleaners .....................................................
Personal service occupations .............................................
Welfare service aides .....................................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ..............................
Child care workers, N.E.C. .............................................
Service occupations, N.E.C.. ..........................................
1 A classification system including about 480
individual occupations is used to cover all workers in
the civilian economy. Individual occupations are
classified into one of nine major occupational groups.
The occupations titled authors, musicians, actors,
painters, photographers, dancers, artists, athletes, and
legislators cannot be assigned a work level.
3
4
4
3
3
–
4
3
–
–
–
–
5
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
3
3
3
2
–
2
2
–
2
–
2
–
–
–
2
3
5
7
3
2
5
2
4
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
4
5
7
3
3
6
2
4
4
–
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
–
–
4
–
2
3
–
3
2
–
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
–
2
2
–
–
2
2
NOTE: Dashes indicate that no data were reported or
that data did not meet publication criteria. Overall
occupational groups and occupational levels may
include data for categories not shown separately.
N.E.C. means "not elsewhere classified."
41
Appendix B. Occupational
Classifications
NOTE: The 4-digit code before each occupation title is used to classify it into one of three major groups. Whitecollar workers include those classified in Major groups A through D. Blue-collar workers include those classified in
Major groups E through H. Service workers are classified in Major group K.
Major group A:
NATURAL SCIENTISTS
PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY AND TECHNICAL
OCCUPATIONS
A069
A073
A074
A075
A076
A077
A078
A079
A083
PROFESSIONAL SPECIALTY OCCUPATIONS
ENGINEERS, ARCHITECTS, AND SURVEYORS
A043
A044
A045
A046
A047
A048
A049
A053
A054
A055
A056
A057
A058
A059
A063
Architects
Aerospace Engineers
Metallurgical and Materials Engineers
Mining Engineers
Petroleum Engineers
Chemical Engineers
Nuclear Engineers
Civil Engineers
Agricultural Engineers
Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Industrial Engineers
Mechanical Engineers
Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
Engineers, n.e.c.1
Surveyors and Mapping Scientists
HEALTH RELATED OCCUPATIONS
A084
A085
A086
A087
A088
A089
A095
A096
A097
A098
A099
A103
A104
A105
A106
MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER SCIENTISTS
A064 Computer Systems Analysts and Scientists
A065 Operations and Systems Researchers and
Analysts
A066 Actuaries
A067 Statisticians
A068 Mathematical Scientists, n.e.c.
1
Physicists and Astronomers
Chemists, Except Biochemists
Atmospheric and Space Scientists
Geologists and Geodesists
Physical Scientists, n.e.c.
Agricultural and Food Scientists
Biological and Life Scientists
Forestry and Conservation Scientists
Medical Scientists
Physicians
Dentists
Veterinarians
Optometrists
Podiatrists
Health Diagnosing Practitioners, n.e.c.
Registered Nurses
Pharmacists
Dietitians
Respiratory Therapists
Occupational Therapists
Physical Therapists
Speech Therapists
Therapists, n.e.c.
Physicians' Assistants
TEACHERS, COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY
A113 Earth, Environmental and Marine Science
Teachers
n.e.c. in an occupation title means not elsewhere classified.
42
A114
A115
A116
A117
A118
A119
A123
A124
A125
A126
A127
A128
A129
A133
A134
A135
A136
A137
A138
A139
A143
A144
A145
A146
A147
A148
A149
A153
A154
SOCIAL, RECREATION, AND RELIGIOUS
WORKERS
Biological Science Teachers
Chemistry Teachers
Physics Teachers
Natural Science Teachers, n.e.c.
Psychology Teachers
Economics Teachers
History Teachers
Political Science Teachers
Sociology Teachers
Social Science Teachers, n.e.c.
Engineering Teachers
Mathematical Science Teachers
Computer Science Teachers
Medical Science Teachers
Health Specialties Teachers
Business, Commerce and Marketing Teachers
Agriculture and Forestry Teachers
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers
Physical Education Teachers
Education Teachers
English Teachers
Foreign Language Teachers
Law Teachers
Social Work Teachers
Theology Teachers
Trade and Industrial Teachers
Home Economics Teachers
Teachers, Post Secondary, n.e.c.
Post Secondary Teachers, Subject not
specified
A174
A175
A176
A177
Social Workers
Recreation Workers
Clergy
Religious Workers, n.e.c.
LAWYERS AND JUDGES
A178 Lawyers
A179 Judges
WRITERS, AUTHORS, ENTERTAINERS,
ATHLETES AND PROFESSIONALS, N.E.C.
A183
A184
A185
A186
A187
A188
A189
A193
A194
A195
A197
A198
A199
A999
TEACHERS, EXCEPT COLLEGE AND
UNIVERSITY
Authors
Technical Writers
Designers
Musicians and Composers
Actors and Directors
Painters, Sculptors, Craft-Artists, and Artist
Print-Makers
Photographers
Dancers
Artists, Performers, and Related Workers,
n.e.c.
Editors and Reporters
Public Relations Specialists
Announcers
Athletes
Professional Occupations, n.e.c.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS
A155 Prekindergarten and Kindergarten Teachers
A156 Elementary School Teachers
A157 Secondary School Teachers
A158 Teachers, Special Education
A159 Teachers, n.e.c.
A160 Substitute Teachers
A163 Vocational and Educational Counselors
HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS
A203 Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians
A204 Dental Hygienists
A205 Health Record Technologists and Technicians
A206 Radiologic Technicians
A207 Licensed Practical Nurses
A208 Health Technologists and Technicians, n.e.c.
LIBRARIANS, ARCHIVISTS AND CURATORS
A164 Librarians
A165 Archivists and Curators
ENGINEERING AND RELATED TECHNOLOGISTS
AND TECHNICIANS
SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND URBAN PLANNERS
A166
A167
A168
A169
A173
A213
A214
A215
A216
A217
A218
Economists
Psychologists
Sociologists
Social Scientists, n.e.c.
Urban Planners
43
Electrical and Electronic Technicians
Industrial Engineering Technicians
Mechanical Engineering Technicians
Engineering Technicians, n.e.c.
Drafters
Surveying and Mapping Technicians
B028 Purchasing Agents and Buyers, Farm Products
B029 Buyers, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Except
Farm Products
B033 Purchasing Agents and Buyers, n.e.c.
B034 Business and Promotion Agents
B035 Construction Inspectors
B036 Inspectors and Compliance Officers, Except
Construction
B037 Management Related Occupations, n.e.c.
SCIENCE TECHNICIANS
A223 Biological Technicians
A224 Chemical Technicians
A225 Science Technicians, n.e.c.
MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICIANS
A226
A227
A228
A229
A233
A234
A235
Airplane Pilots and Navigators
Air Traffic Controllers
Broadcast Equipment Operators
Computer Programmers
Tool Programmers, Numerical Control
Legal Assistants
Technical and Related Occupations, n.e.c.
Major group C:
SALES OCCUPATIONS
C243 Supervisors: Sales Occupations
FINANCE AND BUSINESS SERVICES, SALES
REPRESENTATIVES
Major group B:
EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND
MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS
C253 Insurance Sales Occupations
C254 Real Estate Sales Occupations
C255 Securities and Financial Services Sales Occupations
C256 Advertising and Related Sales Occupations
C257 Sales Occupations, Other Business Services
EXECUTIVES, ADMINISTRATORS, AND
MANAGERS
B003 Legislators
B004 Chief Executives and General Administrators,
Public Administration
B005 Administrators and Officials, Public Administration
B007 Financial Managers
B008 Personnel and Labor Relations Managers
B009 Purchasing Managers
B013 Managers; Marketing, Advertising and Public
Relations
B014 Administrators, Education and Related Fields
B015 Managers, Medicine and Health
B016 Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
B017 Managers, Food Serving and Lodging Establishments
B018 Managers, Properties and Real Estate
B019 Funeral Directors
B021 Managers, Service Organizations, n.e.c.
B022 Managers and Administrators, n.e.c.
SALES REPRESENTATIVES, COMMODITIES
EXCEPT RETAIL
C258 Sales Engineers
C259 Sales Representatives; Mining, Manufacturing, and Wholesale
RETAIL AND PERSONAL SERVICES SALES
WORKERS
C263
C264
C265
C266
C267
C268
MANAGEMENT RELATED OCCUPATIONS
B023
B024
B025
B026
B027
C269
C274
C275
C276
C277
C278
Accountants and Auditors
Underwriters
Other Financial Officers
Management Analysts
Personnel, Training, and Labor Relations
Specialists
44
Sales Workers, Motor Vehicles and Boats
Sales Workers, Apparel
Sales Workers, Shoes
Sales Workers, Furniture and Home Furnishings
Sales Workers, Radio, TV, Hi-Fi, and Appliances
Sales Workers, Hardware and Building Supplies
Sales Workers, Parts
Sales Workers, Other Commodities
Sales Counter Clerks
Cashiers
Street and Door-To-Door Sales Workers
News Vendors
SALES RELATED OCCUPATIONS
D338
D339
D343
D344
C283 Demonstrators, Promoters, and Models, Sales
C284 Auctioneers
C285 Sales Support Occupations, n.e.c.
DUPLICATING, MAIL, AND OTHER OFFICE
MACHINE OPERATORS
Major group D:
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS,
INCLUDING CLERICAL
D345 Duplicating Machine Operators
D346 Mail Preparing and Paper Handling Machine
Operators
D347 Office Machine Operators, n.e.c.
SUPERVISORS, CLERICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
SUPPORT
D303
D304
D305
D306
D307
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks
Billing Clerks
Cost and Rate Clerks
Billing, Posting, and Calculating Machine
Operators
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
Supervisors: General Office
Supervisors: Computer Equipment Operators
Supervisors: Financial Records Processing
Chief Communications Operators
Supervisors: Distribution, Scheduling, and
Adjusting Clerks
D348 Telephone Operators
D353 Communications Equipment Operators, n.e.c.
MAIL AND MESSAGE DISTRIBUTING
OCCUPATIONS
COMPUTER EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
D356 Mail Clerks, Except Postal Service
D357 Messengers
D308 Computer Operators
D309 Peripheral Equipment Operators
MATERIAL RECORDING, SCHEDULING, AND
DISTRIBUTING CLERKS
SECRETARIES, STENOGRAPHERS, AND TYPISTS
D313 Secretaries
D314 Stenographers
D315 Typists
D359
D363
D364
D365
D366
D368
D373
D374
INFORMATION CLERKS
D316
D317
D318
D319
D323
Interviewers
Hotel Clerks
Transportation Ticket and Reservation Agents
Receptionists
Information Clerks, n.e.c.
Dispatchers
Production Coordinators
Traffic, Shipping, and Receiving Clerks
Stock and Inventory Clerks
Meter Readers
Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers
Expeditors
Material Recording, Scheduling, and Distributing Clerks, n.e.c.
ADJUSTERS AND INVESTIGATORS
RECORDS PROCESSING CLERKS, EXCEPT
FINANCIAL
D375 Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
D376 Investigators and Adjusters, Except Insurance
D377 Eligibility Clerks, Social Welfare
D378 Bill and Account Collectors
D325
D326
D327
D328
Classified-Ad Clerks
Correspondence Clerks
Order Clerks
Personnel Clerks, Except Payroll and Timekeeping
D329 Library Clerks
D335 File Clerks
D336 Records Clerks, n.e.c.
MISCELLANEOUS ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
OCCUPATIONS
D379
D383
D384
D385
D386
D387
FINANCIAL RECORDS PROCESSING CLERKS
D337 Bookkeepers, Accounting and Auditing Clerks
45
General Office Clerks
Bank Tellers
Proofreaders
Data Entry Keyers
Statistical Clerks
Teachers' Aides
CONSTRUCTION TRADES OCCUPATIONS
D389 Administrative Support Occupations, n.e.c.
E563
E564
E565
E566
E567
E569
E573
E575
E576
E577
E579
E583
E584
E585
E587
Major group E:
PRECISION PRODUCTION, CRAFT, AND REPAIR
OCCUPATIONS
MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS
E503
E505
E506
E507
E508
E509
E514
E515
E516
E517
E518
E519
E523
E525
E526
E527
E529
E534
E535
E536
E538
E539
E543
E544
E547
Supervisors: Mechanics and Repairers
Automobile Mechanics
Automobile Mechanic Apprentices
Bus, Truck, and Stationary Engine Mechanics
Aircraft Engine Mechanics
Small Engine Repairers
Automobile Body and Related Repairers
Aircraft Mechanics, Except Engine
Heavy Equipment Mechanic
Farm Equipment Mechanics
Industrial Machinery Repairers
Machinery Maintenance Occupations
Electronic Repairers, Communications and
Industrial Equipment
Data Processing Equipment Repairers
Household Appliance and Power Tool Repairers
Telephone Line Installers and Repairers
Telephone Installers and Repairers
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration
Mechanics
Camera, Watch, and Musical Instrument Repairers
Locksmiths and Safe Repairers
Office Machine Repairers
Mechanical Controls and Valve Repairers
Elevator Installers and Repairers
Millwrights
Mechanics and Repairers, n.e.c.
E588
E589
E593
E594
E595
E596
E597
E598
E599
Brickmasons and Stonemasons
Brickmason and Stonemason Apprentices
Tile Setters, Hard and Soft
Carpet Installers
Carpenters
Carpenter Apprentices
Drywall Installers
Electricians
Electrician Apprentices
Electrical Power Installers and Repairers
Painters, Construction and Maintenance
Paperhangers
Plasterers
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
Plumber, Pipefitter, and Steamfitter Apprentices
Concrete and Terrazzo Finishers
Glaziers
Insulation Workers
Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment
Operators
Roofers
Sheetmetal Duct Installers
Structural Metal Workers
Drillers, Earth
Construction Trades, n.e.c.
EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS
E613
E614
E615
E616
E617
Supervisors: Extractive Occupations
Drillers, Oil Well
Explosives Workers
Mining Machine Operators
Mining Occupations, n.e.c.
PRECISION PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS
E628 Supervisors: Production Occupations
SUPERVISORS, CONSTRUCTION TRADES
PRECISION METAL WORKING OCCUPATIONS
E553 Supervisors: Brickmasons, Stonemasons, and
Tilesetters
E554 Supervisors: Carpenters and Related Workers
E555 Supervisors: Electricians and Power Transmission Installers
E556 Supervisors: Painters, Paperhangers, and
Plasterers
E557 Supervisors: Plumbers, Pipefitters, and
Steamfitters
E558 Supervisors: Construction Trades, n.e.c.
E634
E635
E636
E637
E639
E643
E644
Tool and Die Makers
Tool and Die Maker Apprentices
Precision Assemblers, Metal
Machinists
Machinist Apprentices
Boilermakers
Precision Grinders, Filers, and Tool Sharpeners
E645 Patternmakers and Modelmakers, Metal
E646 Layout Workers
46
E647
E649
E653
E654
Precious Stones and Metals Workers
Engravers, Metal
Sheet Metal Workers
Sheet Metal Worker Apprentices
Major group F:
MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND
INSPECTORS
METALWORKING AND PLASTIC WORKING
MACHINE OPERATORS
PRECISION WOODWORKING OCCUPATIONS
E656 Patternmakers and Modelmakers, Wood
E657 Cabinet Makers and Bench Carpenters
E658 Furniture and Wood Finishers
F703
F704
F705
F706
F707
F708
F709
PRECISION TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND
FURNISHINGS MACHINE WORKERS
E666
E667
E668
E669
Dressmakers
Tailors
Upholsterers
Shoe Repairers
F713
F714
F717
F719
F723
F724
PRECISION WORKERS, ASSORTED MATERIALS
E675
E676
E677
E678
Hand Molders and Shapers, Except Jewelers
Patternmakers, Layout Workers, and Cutters
Optical Goods Workers
Dental Laboratory and Medical Appliance
Technicians
E679 Bookbinders
E683 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers
E684 Miscellaneous Precision Workers, n.e.c.
WOODWORKING MACHINE OPERATORS
F726 Wood Lathe, Routing, and Planing Machine
Operators
F727 Sawing Machine Operators
F728 Shaping and Joining Machine Operators
F729 Nailing and Tacking Machine Operators
PRINTING MACHINE OPERATORS
PRECISION FOOD PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS
E685
E686
E687
E688
F734 Printing Press Operators
F735 Photoengravers and Lithographers
F736 Typesetters and Compositors
Precision Food Production Occupations, n.e.c.
Butchers and Meat Cutters
Bakers
Food Batchmakers
TEXTILE, APPAREL, AND FURNISHINGS
MACHINE OPERATORS
PRECISION INSPECTORS, TESTERS, AND
RELATED WORKERS
F738 Winding and Twisting Machine Operators
F739 Knitting, Looping, Taping, and Weaving Machine Operators
F743 Textile Cutting Machine Operators
F744 Textile Sewing Machine Operators
F745 Shoe Machine Operators
F747 Pressing Machine Operators
F748 Laundering and Dry Cleaning Machine Operators
E689 Inspectors, Testers, and Graders
E690 Precision Inspectors, Testers, and Related
Workers, n.e.c.
E693 Adjusters and Calibrators
PLANT AND SYSTEM OPERATORS
E694
E695
E696
E699
Lathe and Turning-Machine Set-Up Operators
Lathe and Turning-Machine Operators
Milling and Planing Machine Operators
Punching and Stamping Press Operators
Rolling Machine Operators
Drilling and Boring Machine Operators
Grinding, Abrading, Buffing, and Polishing
Machine Operators
Forging Machine Operators
Numerical Control Machine Operators
Fabricating Machine Operators, n.e.c.
Molding and Casting Machine Operators
Metal Plating Machine Operators
Heat Treating Equipment Operators
Water and Sewage Treatment Plant Operators
Power Plant Operators
Stationary Engineers
Miscellaneous Plant and System Operators,
n.e.c.
MACHINE OPERATORS, ASSORTED MATERIALS
F753 Cementing and Gluing Machine Operators
47
F754
F755
F756
F757
F758
F759
F763
F764
F765
F766
F768
F769
F773
F774
F777
G806
G808
G809
G813
G814
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators
Extruding and Forming Machine Operators
Mixing and Blending Machine Operators
Separating, Filtering, and Clarifying Machine
Operators
Compressing and Compacting Machine Operators
Painting and Paint Spraying Machine Operators
Roasting and Baking Machine Operators, Food
Washing, Cleaning, and Pickling Machine
Operators
Folding Machine Operators
Furnace, Kiln, and Oven Operators, Except
Food
Crushing and Grinding Machine Operators
Slicing and Cutting Machine Operators
Motion Picture Projectionists
Photographic Process Machine Operators
Miscellaneous Machine Operators, n.e.c.
Driver-Sales Workers
Bus Drivers
Taxicab Drivers and Chauffeurs
Parking Lot Attendants
Motor Transportation Occupations, n.e.c.
RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS
G823
G824
G825
G826
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters
Locomotive Operating Occupations
Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators
Rail Vehicle Operators, n.e.c.
WATER TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS
G828 Ship Captains and Mates, Except Fishing
Boats
G829 Sailors and Deckhands
G833 Marine Engineers
G834 Bridge, Lock, and Lighthouse Tenders
MATERIAL MOVING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS
FABRICATORS, ASSEMBLERS, AND HAND
WORKING OCCUPATIONS
G843 Supervisors: Material Moving Equipment Operators
G844 Operating Engineers
G845 Longshore Equipment Operators
G848 Hoist and Winch Operators
G849 Crane and Tower Operators
G853 Excavating and Loading Machine Operators
G855 Grader, Dozer, and Scraper Operators
G856 Industrial Truck and Tractor Equipment Operators
G859 Miscellaneous Material Moving Equipment
Operators, n.e.c.
F783
F784
F785
F786
F787
Welders and Cutters
Solderers and Braziers
Assemblers
Hand Cutting and Trimming Occupations
Hand Molding, Casting, and Forming Occupations
F789 Hand Painting, Coating, and Decorating Occupations
F793 Hand Engraving and Printing Occupations
F795 Miscellaneous Hand Working Occupations,
n.e.c.
PRODUCTION INSPECTORS, TESTERS,
SAMPLERS, AND WEIGHERS
Major group H:
F796 Production Inspectors, Checkers, and Examiners
F797 Production Testers
F798 Production Samplers and Weighers
F799 Graders and Sorters, Except Agricultural
F800 Hand Inspectors, n.e.c.
HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS,
AND LABORERS
FARM, FISHING AND FORESTRY OCCUPATIONS NONFARM SECTOR
H483
H484
H485
H486
H487
H489
H494
H495
H496
H497
H498
Major group G:
TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING
OCCUPATIONS
MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS
G803 Supervisors: Motor Vehicle Operators
G804 Truck Drivers
48
Marine Life Cultivation Workers
Nursery Workers
Supervisors, Agriculture-Related Workers
Groundskeepers and Gardeners, Except Farm
Animal Caretakers, Except Farm
Inspectors, Agricultural Products
Supervisors, Forestry and Logging Workers
Forestry Workers, Except Logging
Timber Cutting and Logging Occupations
Captains and Other Officers, Fishing Vessels
Fishers, Hunters, and Trappers
FOOD SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
K433 Supervisors: Food Preparation and Service
Occupations
K434 Bartenders
K435 Waiters and Waitresses
K436 Cooks
K438 Food Counter, Fountain, and Related Occupation
K439 Kitchen Workers, Food Preparation
K443 Waiters'/Waitresses' Assistants
K444 Food Preparation Occupations, n.e.c.
HELPERS, HANDLERS, AND LABORERS
H864 Supervisors: Handlers, Equipment Cleaners,
and Laborers, n.e.c.
H865 Helpers, Mechanics and Repairers
H866 Helpers, Construction Trades
H867 Helpers, Surveyor
H868 Helpers, Extractive Occupations
H869 Construction Laborers
H874 Production Helpers
H875 Garbage Collectors
H876 Stevedores
H877 Stock Handlers and Baggers
H878 Machine Feeders and Offbearers
H883 Freight, Stock, and Material Handlers, n.e.c.
H885 Garage and Service Station Related Occupations
H887 Vehicle Washers and Equipment Cleaners
H888 Hand Packers and Packagers
H889 Laborers, Except Construction, n.e.c.
HEALTH SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
K445 Dental Assistants
K446 Health Aides, Except Nursing
K447 Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Attendants
CLEANING AND BUILDING SERVICE
OCCUPATIONS
K448 Supervisors: Cleaning and Building Service
Workers
K449 Maids and Housemen
K453 Janitors and Cleaners
K454 Elevator Operators
K455 Pest Control Occupations
Major group K:
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS, EXCEPT PRIVATE
HOUSEHOLD
PROTECTIVE SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
PERSONAL SERVICE OCCUPATIONS
K413 Supervisors: Firefighting and Fire Prevention
Occupations
K414 Supervisors: Police and Detectives
K415 Supervisors: Guards
K416 Fire Inspection and Fire Prevention Occupations
K417 Firefighting Occupations
K418 Police and Detectives, Public Service
K423 Sheriffs, Bailiffs, and Other Law Enforcement
Officers
K424 Correctional Institution Officers
K425 Crossing Guards
K426 Guards and Police, Except Public Service
K427 Protective Service Occupations, n.e.c.
K456
K457
K458
K459
K461
K462
K463
K464
K465
K467
K468
K469
49
Supervisors: Personal Service Occupations
Barbers
Hairdressers and Cosmetologists
Attendants, Amusement and Recreation Facilities
Guides
Ushers
Public Transportation Attendants
Baggage Porters and Bellhops
Welfare Service Aides
Early Childhood Teacher's Assistants
Child Care Workers, n.e.c.
Service Occupations, n.e.c.
Appendix C. Generic
Leveling Criteria
Below are the 10 criteria for the generic leveling of
occupations. The description of each level within a factor
is included. An example of using these criteria for leveling a job follows in appendix D.
4. Knowledge of an extensive body of rules, procedures,
operations, products or services requiring extended training and experience to perform a wide variety of interrelated or nonstandard procedural assignments and resolve a
wide range of problems;
OR
Practical knowledge of standard procedures in a technical
field, requiring extended training or experience, to perform such work as: adapting equipment when this requires
considering the functioning characteristics of equipment;
interpreting results of tests based on previous experience
and observations (rather than directly reading instruments
or other measures); or extracting information from various
sources when this requires considering the applicability of
information and the characteristics and quality of the
sources;
OR
Comprehensive knowledge of a blue-collar skill, usually
acquired through a formal apprenticeship;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill;
KNOWLEDGE measures the nature and extent of information or facts which the workers must understand to do
acceptable work (e.g., steps, procedures, practices, rules,
policies, theories, principles, and concepts) and the nature
and extent of the skills needed to apply those knowledge’s.
To be used as a basis for selecting a level under this factor,
a knowledge must be required and applied.
1. Knowledge of simple, routine, or repetitive tasks or operations which typically includes following step-by-step
instructions and requires little or no previous training or
experience;
OR
Skill to operate simple equipment or equipment which operates repetitively, requiring little or no previous training
or experience;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
5. Knowledge (such as would be acquired through a pertinent baccalaureate educational program or its equivalent
in experience, training, or independent study) of basic
principles, concepts, and methodology of a professional or
administrative occupation, and skill in applying this
knowledge in carrying out elementary assignments, operations, or procedures;
OR
In addition to the practical knowledge of standard procedures in Level 4, practical knowledge of technical methods
to perform assignments such as carrying out limited projects which involve use of specialized, complicated techniques;
OR
Advanced knowledge of a blue-collar skill to solve unusually complex problems;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
2. Knowledge of basic or commonly-used rules, procedures, or operations
which typically requires some previous training or experience;
OR
Basic skill to operate equipment requiring some previous
training or
experience, such as keyboard equipment;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
3. Knowledge of a body of standardized rules, procedures,
operations, goods, services, tools, or equipment requiring
considerable training and experience to perform the full
range of standard clerical assignments and resolve recurring problems;
OR
Skill, acquired through considerable training and experience, to operate and adjust varied equipment for purposes
such as performing numerous standardized tests or operations;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
6. Knowledge of the principles, concepts, and methodology of a professional or administrative occupation as described at Level 5 which has been either: (a) supplemented
by skill gained through job experience to permit independent performance of recurring assignments, or (b) supplemented by expanded professional or administrative knowl50
spot-check of finished work for accuracy; or review only
for adherence to policy.
edge gained through relevant graduate study or experience, which has provided skill in carrying out assignments, operations, and procedures in the occupation which
are significantly more difficult and complex than those
covered by Level 5;
OR
Practical knowledge of a wide range of technical methods,
principles, and practices similar to a narrow area of a
professional field, and skill in applying this knowledge to
such assignments as the design and planning of difficult,
but well-precedented projects;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
1. For both one-of-a-kind and repetitive tasks the supervisor makes specific assignments that are accompanied by
clear, detailed, and specific instructions.
The employee works as instructed and consults with
the supervisor as needed on all matters not specifically
covered in the original instructions or guidelines.
For all positions the work is closely controlled. For
some positions, the control is through the structured nature of the work itself; for others, it may be controlled by
the circumstances in which it is performed. In some
situations, the supervisor maintains control through review of the work which may include checking progress or
reviewing completed work for accuracy, adequacy, and
adherence to instructions and established procedures.
7. Knowledge of a wide range of concepts, principles, and
practices in a professional or administrative occupation,
such as would be gained through extended graduate study
or experience, and skill in applying this knowledge to difficult and complex work assignments;
OR
A comprehensive, intensive, practical knowledge of a
technical field and skill in applying this knowledge to the
development of new methods, approaches, or procedures;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
2. The supervisor provides continuing or individual assignments by indicating generally what is to be done,
limitations, quality and quantity expected, deadlines, and
priority of assignments. The supervisor provides additional, specific instructions for new, difficult, or unusual
assignments including suggested work methods or advice
on source material available.
The employee uses initiative in carrying out recurring
assignments independently without specific instruction,
but refers deviations, problems, and unfamiliar situations
not covered by instructions to the supervisor for decision
or help.
The supervisor assures that finished work and methods
used are technically accurate and in compliance with instructions or established procedures. Review of the work
increases with more difficult assignments if the employee
has not previously performed similar assignments.
8. Mastery of a professional or administrative field to:
Apply experimental theories and new developments to
problems not susceptible to treatment by accepted methods
OR
Make decisions or recommendations significantly changing, interpreting, or developing important policies or programs;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill
3. The supervisor makes assignments by defining objectives, priorities, and deadlines; and assists employee with
unusual situations which do not have clear precedents.
The employee plans and carries out the successive steps
and handles problems and deviations in the work assignment in accordance with instructions, policies, previous
training, or accepted practices in the occupation.
Completed work is usually evaluated for technical
soundness, appropriateness, and conformity to policy and
requirements. The methods used in arriving at the end results are not usually reviewed in detail.
9. Mastery of a professional field to generate and develop
new hypotheses and theories;
OR
Equivalent knowledge and skill.
SUPERVISION RECEIVED covers the nature and extent of direct or indirect controls exercised by the supervisor, the employee's responsibility and the review of completed work. Controls are exercised by the supervisor in
the way assignments are made, instructions are given to
the employee, priorities and deadlines are set, and objectives and boundaries are defined. Responsibility of the
employee depends upon the extent to which the employee
is expected to develop the sequence and timing of various
aspects of the work, to modify or recommend modification
of instructions, and to participate in establishing priorities
and defining objectives. The degree of review of completed work depends upon the nature and extent of the review, e.g., close and detailed review of each phase of the
assignment; detailed review of the finished assignment;
4. The supervisor sets the overall objectives and resources available. The employee and supervisor, in consultation, develop the deadlines, projects, and work to be
done. At this level, the employee, having developed expertise in the line of work, is responsible for planning and
carrying out the assignment; resolving most of the conflicts which arise; coordinating the work with others as
necessary; and interpreting policy on own initiative in
terms of established objectives. In some assignments, the
51
The employee works in strict adherence to the guidelines;
deviations must be authorized by the supervisor.
employee also determines the approach to be taken and the
methodology to be used. The employee keeps the supervisor informed of progress, potentially controversial matters,
or far-reaching implications.
Completed work is reviewed only from an overall
standpoint in terms of feasibility, compatibility with other
work, or effectiveness in meeting requirements or expected
results.
2. Procedures for doing the work have been established
and a number of specific guidelines are available.
The number and similarity of guidelines and work
situations requires the employee to use judgment in locating and selecting the most appropriate guidelines, references, and procedures for application, and in making minor deviations to adapt the guidelines in specific cases. At
this level, the employee may also determine which of several established alternatives to use. Situations to which
the existing guidelines cannot be applied or significant
proposed deviations from the guidelines are referred to the
supervisor.
5. The supervisor provides administrative direction with
assignments in terms of broadly defined missions or functions.
The employee has responsibility for planning, designing, and carrying out programs, projects, studies, or other
work independently.
Results of the work are considered as technically
authoritative and are normally accepted without significant change. If the work should be reviewed, the review
concerns such matters as fulfillment of program objectives, effect of advice and influence of the overall program,
or the contribution to the advancement of technology.
Recommendations for new projects and alteration of objectives are usually evaluated for such considerations as
availability of funds and other resources, broad program
goals or priorities.
3. Guidelines are available, but are not completely applicable to the work or have gaps in specificity.
The employee uses judgment in interpreting and
adapting guidelines such as policies, regulations, precedents, and work directions for application to specific cases
or problems. The employee analyzes results and recommends changes.
4. Administrative policies and precedents are applicable
but are stated in general terms. Guidelines for performing
the work are scarce or of limited use.
The employee uses initiative and resourcefulness in deviating from traditional methods or researching trends and
patterns to develop new methods, criteria, or proposed new
policies.
GUIDELINES covers the nature of guidelines and the
judgment needed to apply them. Guides used include, for
example: desk manuals, established procedures and policies, traditional practices, and reference materials such as
dictionaries, style manuals, engineering handbooks, and
the pharmacopoeia.
Individual jobs in different occupations vary in the
specificity, applicability and availability of the guidelines
for performance of assignments. Consequently, the constraints and judgmental demands placed upon employees
also vary. For example, the existence of specific instructions, procedures, and policies may limit the opportunity
of the employee to make or recommend decisions or actions. However, in the absence of procedures or under
broadly stated objectives, employees in some occupations
may use considerable judgment in researching literature
and developing new methods.
Guidelines should not be confused with the knowledge’s described under Factor 1, Knowledge. Guidelines
either provide reference data or impose certain constraints
on the use of knowledge’s. For example, in the field of
medical technology, for a particular diagnosis there may
be three or four standardized tests set forth in a technical
manual. A medical technologist is expected to know these
diagnostic tests. However, in a given laboratory the policy
may be to use only one of the tests; or the policy may state
specifically under what conditions one or the other of
these tests may be used.
5. Guidelines are broadly stated and nonspecific, e.g.,
broad policy statements and basic legislation which require extensive interpretation.
The employee must use judgment and ingenuity in interpreting the intent of the guides that do exist and in developing applications to specific areas of work. Frequently, the employee is recognized as a technical
authority in the development and interpretation of guidelines.
COMPLEXITY covers the nature, number, variety, and
intricacy of tasks, steps, processes, or methods in the work
performed; the difficulty in identifying what needs to be
done; and the difficulty and originality involved in performing the work.
1. The work consists of tasks that are clear-cut and directly
related.
There is little or no choice to be made in deciding what
needs to be done.
Actions to be taken or responses to be made are readily
discernible. The work is quickly mastered.
1. Specific, detailed guidelines covering all important aspects of the assignment are provided to the employee.
2. The work consists of duties that involve related steps,
processes, or methods.
52
The decision regarding what needs to be done involves
various choices requiring the employee to recognize the
existence of and differences among a few easily recognizable situations.
Actions to be taken or responses to be made differ in
such things as the source of information, the kind of transactions or entries, or other differences of a factual nature.
SCOPE AND EFFECT covers the relationship between
the nature of the work, i.e., the purpose, breadth, and
depth of the assignment, and the effect of work products or
services both within and outside the organization.
Effect measures such things as whether the work output
facilitates the work of others, provides timely services of a
personal nature, or impacts on the adequacy of research
conclusions. The concept of effect alone does not provide
sufficient information to properly understand and evaluate
the impact of the position. The scope of the work completes the picture, allowing consistent evaluations. Only
the effect of properly performed work is to be considered.
3. The work includes various duties involving different
and unrelated processes and methods.
The decision regarding what needs to be done depends
upon the analysis of the subject, phase, or issues involved
in each assignment, and the chosen course of action may
have to be selected from many alternatives.
The work involves conditions and elements that must be
identified and analyzed to discern interrelationships.
1. The work involves the performance of specific, routine
operations that include a few separate tasks or procedures.
The work product or service is required to facilitate the
work of others; however, it has little impact beyond the
immediate organizational unit or beyond the timely provision of limited services to others.
4. The work typically includes varied duties requiring
many different and unrelated processes and methods such
as those relating to well-established aspects of an administrative or professional field.
Decisions regarding what needs to be done include the
assessment of unusual circumstances, variations in approach, and incomplete or conflicting data.
The work requires making many decisions concerning
such things as the interpreting of considerable data, planning of the work, or refining the methods and techniques
to be used.
2. The work involves the execution of specific rules,
regulations, or procedures and typically comprises a complete segment of an assignment or project of broader
scope.
The work product or service affects the accuracy, reliability, or acceptability of further processes or services.
3. The work involves treating a variety of conventional
problems, questions, or situations in conformance with
established criteria.
The work product or service affects the design or operation of systems, programs, or equipment; the adequacy
of such activities as field investigations, testing operations,
or research conclusions; or the social, physical, and economic well-being of persons.
5. The work includes varied duties requiring many different and unrelated processes and methods applied to a
broad range of activities or substantial depth of analysis,
typically for an administrative or professional field.
Decisions regarding what needs to be done include major areas of uncertainty in approach, methodology, or interpretation and evaluation processes resulting from such
elements as continuing changes in program, technological
developments, unknown phenomena, or conflicting requirements.
The work requires originating new techniques, establishing criteria, or developing new information.
4. The work involves establishing criteria; formulating
projects; assessing program effectiveness; or investigating
or analyzing variety of unusual conditions, problems, or
questions.
The work product or service affects a wide range of
establishment activities, major activities of industrial concerns, or the operation of other organizations.
6. The work consists of broad functions and processes of
an administrative or professional field. Assignments are
characterized by breadth and intensity of effort and involve several phases being pursued concurrently or sequentially with the support of others within or outside of
the organization.
Decisions regarding what needs to be done include
largely undefined issues and elements, requiring extensive
probing and analysis to determine the nature and scope of
the problems.
The work requires continuing efforts to establish concepts, theories, or programs, or to resolve unyielding
problems.
5. The work involves isolating and defining unknown
conditions, resolving critical problems, or developing new
theories.
The work product or service affects the work of other
experts, the development of major aspects of administrative or scientific programs or missions, or the well-being
of substantial numbers of people.
6. The work involves planning, developing, and carrying
out vital administrative or scientific programs.
The programs are essential to the missions of the overall organization or affect large numbers of people on a
long-term or continuing basis.
53
their capacities as attorneys; contractors; or representatives of professional organizations, the news media, or
public action groups.
PERSONAL CONTACTS includes face-to-face contacts
and telephone and radio dialogue with persons not in the
supervisory chain. (NOTE: Personal contacts with supervisors are covered under Factor 2, Supervision Received.)
Levels described under this factor are based on what is required to make the initial contact, the difficulty of communicating with those contacted, and the setting in which
the contact takes place (e.g., the degree to which the employee and those contacted recognize their relative roles
and authorities).
Above the lowest level, points should be credited under
this factor only for contacts which are essential for successful performance of the work and which have a demonstrable impact on the difficulty and responsibility of the
work performed.
The relationship of Factors 6 (Personal Contacts) and 7
(Purpose of Contacts) presumes that the same contacts
will be evaluated for both factors. Therefore, use the personal contacts which serve as the basis for the level selected for Factor 7 as the basis for selecting a level for
Factor 6.
4. The personal contacts are with high-ranking officials
from outside the employing establishment at national or
international levels in highly unstructured settings (e.g.,
contacts are characterized by problems such as: the officials may be relatively inaccessible; arrangements may
have to be made for accompanying staff members; appointments may have to be made well in advance; each
party may be very unclear as to the role and authority of
the other; and each contact may be conducted under different ground rules). Typical of contacts at this level are
those with presidents of large national or international
firms, nationally recognized representatives of the news
media, presidents of national unions, members of Congress, leading representatives of foreign governments,
State governors, or mayors of large cities.
PURPOSE OF CONTACTS ranges from factual exchanges of information to situations involving significant
or controversial issues and differing viewpoints, goals, or
objectives. The personal contacts which serve as the basis
for the level selected for this factor must be the same as
the contacts which are the basis for the level selected for
Factor 6.
1. The personal contacts are with employees within the
immediate organization, office, project, or work unit, and
in related or support units;
AND/OR
The contacts are with members of the general public in
very highly structured situations (e.g., the purpose of the
contact and the question of with whom to deal are relatively clear). Typical of contacts at this level are purchases of admission tickets at a ticket window.
1. The purpose is to obtain, clarify, or give facts or information regardless of the nature of those facts, i.e., the facts
or information may range from easily understood to highly
technical.
2. The personal contacts are with employees in the same
overall organization, but outside the immediate organization. People contacted generally are engaged in different
functions, missions, and kinds of work, e.g., representatives from various levels within the overall organizations
such as headquarters, district offices, or local offices,
plants, stores, or other operating units in the immediate
installation.
AND/OR
The contacts are with members of the general public, as
individuals or groups, in a moderately structured setting
(e.g., the contacts are generally established on a routine
basis, usually at the employee's work place; the exact purpose of the contact may be unclear at first to one or more
of the parties; and one or more of the parties may be uninformed concerning the role and authority of other participants).
2. The purpose is to plan, coordinate, or advise on work
efforts or to resolve operating problems by influencing or
motivating individuals or groups who are working toward
mutual goals and who have basically cooperative attitudes.
3. The purpose is to influence, motivate, convince, or
question persons or groups. Those contacted may be
hesitant or skeptical, so the employee must be skillful in
approaching the individual or group in order to obtain the
desired response.
OR
The purpose is to interrogate or control persons or groups
who may be fearful, uncooperative, or dangerous. Therefore, the employee must be skillful in approaching the individual or group in order to obtain the desired effect, such
as, gaining compliance with established policies and
regulations by persuasion or negotiation, or gaining information by establishing rapport with a suspicious informant.
4. The purpose is to justify, defend, negotiate, or settle
matters involving significant or controversial issues.
Work at this level usually involves active participation in
conferences, meetings, hearings, or presentations involving problems or issues of considerable consequence or
3. The personal contacts are with individuals or groups
from outside the employing establishment in a moderately
unstructured setting (e.g., the contacts are not established
on a routine basis; the purpose and extent of each contact
is different and the role and authority of each party is
identified and developed during the course of the contact).
Typical of contacts at this level are those with persons in
54
of such places as offices, meeting and training rooms, libraries, and residences or commercial vehicles,
e.g., use of safe work practices with office equipment,
avoidance of trips and falls, observance of fire regulations
and traffic signals, etc. The work area is adequately
lighted, heated, and ventilated.
importance. The persons contacted typically have diverse
viewpoints, goals, or objectives requiring the employee to
achieve a common understanding of the problem and a
satisfactory solution by convincing them, arriving at a
compromise, or developing suitable alternatives.
PHYSICAL DEMANDS covers the requirements and
physical demands placed on the employee by the work assignment. This includes physical characteristics and
abilities (e.g., specific agility and dexterity requirements)
and the physical exertion involved in the work (e.g.,
climbing, lifting, pushing, balancing, stooping, kneeling,
crouching, crawling, or reaching). To some extent the
frequency or intensity of physical exertion must also be
considered, e.g., a job requiring prolonged standing involves more physical exertion than a job requiring intermittent standing.
2. The work involves moderate risks or discomforts which
require special safety precautions, e.g., working around
moving parts, carts, or machines; with contagious diseases
or irritant chemicals; etc. Employees may be required to
use protective clothing or gear such as masks, gowns,
coats, boots, goggles, gloves, or shields.
3. The work environment involves high risks with exposure to potentially dangerous situations or unusual environmental stress which require a range of safety and other
precautions, e.g., working at great heights under extreme
outdoor weather conditions, subject to possible physical
attack or mob conditions, or similar situations where conditions cannot be controlled.
1. The work is sedentary. Typically, the employee may sit
comfortably to do the work. However, there may be some
walking; standing; bending; carrying of light items such
as papers, books, small parts; driving an automobile, etc.
No special physical demands are required to perform the
work.
SUPERVISORY DUTIES describes the level of supervisory responsibility for a position.
1. No supervisory responsibility.
2. The work requires some physical exertion such as long
periods of standing; walking over rough, uneven, or rocky
surfaces; recurring bending, crouching, stooping, stretching, reaching, or similar activities; recurring lifting of
moderately heavy items such as personal computers and
record boxes. The work may require specific, but common, physical characteristics and abilities such as aboveaverage agility and dexterity.
2. A nonsupervisory position. Incumbent sets the pace of
work for the group and shows other workers in the group
how to perform assigned tasks. Commonly performs the
same work as the group, in addition to lead duties. Can
also be called group leader, team leader, or lead worker.
3. Directs staff through face to face meetings. Organizational structure is not complex and internal and administrative procedures are simple. Performing the same work
as subordinates is not the principal duty. Typically, this is
the first supervisory level.
3. The work requires considerable and strenuous physical
exertion such as frequent climbing of tall ladders, lifting
heavy objects over 50 pounds, crouching or crawling in restricted areas and defending oneself or others against
physical attack.
4. Directs staff through intermediate supervisors. Internal
procedures and administrative controls are formal. Organizational structure is complex and is divided into subordinate groups that may differ from each other as to subject matter and function
WORK ENVIRONMENT considers the risks and discomforts in the employee's physical surroundings or the
nature of the work assignment and the safety regulations
required. Although the use of safety precautions can
practically eliminate a certain danger or discomfort, such
situations typically place additional demands upon the
employee in carrying out safety regulations and techniques.
5. Directs staff through two or more subordinate supervisory levels with several subdivisions at each level. Programs are usually inter-locked on a direct and continuing
basis with other organizational segments, requiring constant attention to extensive formal coordination, clearances, and procedural controls.
1. The work environment involves everyday risks or discomforts which require normal safety precautions typical
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Appendix D. Evaluating
Your Firm’s Jobs
Scope and effect
In terms of process, the dentist’s work follows the hygienist’s. In terms of effect, the hygienist doing a thorough cleaning in preparation for the dentist’s work allows
the dentist to do a complete exam and properly treat the
patient.
To compare data on their firm’s jobs with statistics
contained in this bulletin, data users need to be able to
determine their jobs’ work levels. Using the example of a
dental hygienist, this appendix will go through the procedure for determining the work level of a particular job.
To determine the work level of a job, it must be evaluated using the generic leveling factors. With the information available, such as a written position description
and other knowledge of the job, each factor must be reviewed. Comparing that information to the descriptions of
each level within a factor as shown in Appendix C, the
level best matching the job should be chosen and recorded.
(Note that the number of levels varies by factor.)
Level 2.
Personal contacts
Patients come to the clinic or occasionally the hygienist
will travel to perform work or give a talk at a school.
Level 2.
Generic leveling: an example
Purpose of contacts
Most of hygienist’s interaction is with patients; no
planning or coordination work is involved.
Knowledge
Hygienist must have a dental hygienist license which
requires 2 years of schooling and passage of a technical
exam. This is a mid-level hygienist job, which means a
worker must have at least 3 years of experience. The procedures are essentially the same every day, such as cleaning teeth, checking gums, and taking x-rays.
Level 1.
Physical demands
The work is sedentary.
Level 1.
Level 4.
Work environment
Hygienist must take precautions not to be exposed to xrays, punctures, etc.
Supervision received
Most of the tasks are performed without supervision.
For more complicated procedures, such as tooth filling, the
dental hygienist assists the dentist.
Level 2.
Level 2.
Supervisory duties
A dental hygienist at this level does not supervise anyone.
Guidelines
A hygienist knows which procedure to use for different
dental problems. Unusual situations are handled after
checking with the supervisor.
Level 1.
Assigning points
Level 2.
Complexity
Each procedure performed leads to the next, for example, examining gums, scraping plaque, then cleaning
teeth.
Once the correct level has been identified within each
factor, the points associated with each level are recorded.
Summing the points for all factors gives the total points
for the job. Using the factors above and the table at the
end of this section showing the points associated with each
level within a factor, a sample worksheet was filled out for
the dental hygienist position.
Level 2.
56
Generic leveling worksheet
identified by a point range. The 1,020 total points for the
dental hygienist job puts it in level 5.
Company job title: Dental Hygienist
Point ranges by work level
Factor
Level
Points
Knowledge
4
550
Supervision
received
2
125
Guidelines
2
125
Complexity
2
75
Scope and effect
2
75
Personal contacts
2
25
Purpose of contacts
2
20
Physical demands
1
5
Work environment
2
20
Supervisory duties
1
0
Total
5
1020
Range of Generic Level Points
Level
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Low
190
255
455
655
855
1105
1355
1605
1855
2105
2355
2755
3155
3605
4055
and up
High
254
454
654
854
1104
1354
1604
1854
2104
2354
2754
3154
3604
4054
Comparing wages
Once the work level has been identified for a job,
wages for that job can be compared to wages for similar
jobs at the same work level. BLS publishes hourly wage
rates by work level within nine major occupational groups,
which are combinations of similar individual occupations.
The groups and work levels available vary by area. Employers can also use the data on work levels to compare
different jobs in their establishment.
Determining the work level
The following chart takes the point total determined
using the worksheet and converts it to an overall work
level for the job. There are 15 work levels, based on those
used to rank Federal civil service white-collar jobs, each
Points associated with each factor level
Factor
Knowledge
Supervision received
Guidelines
Complexity
Scope and effect
Personal contacts
Purpose of contacts
Physical demands
Work environment
Supervisory duties
1
50
25
25
25
25
10
20
5
5
0
2
200
125
125
75
75
25
50
20
20
0
3
350
275
275
150
150
60
120
50
50
0
4
550
450
450
225
225
110
220
X
X
0
5
750
650
650
325
325
X
X
X
X
0
6
950
X
X
450
450
X
X
X
X
X
7
1250
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
8
1550
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
9
1850
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Note: X indicates that a level is not associated with a given factor. For example, for physical demands, point levels 1,
2, and 3 are the only choices.
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Industrial Safety Market