Open house presentation.pptx

Extreme environments and the microbes within Ramaydalis Keddis, PhD January 31,2015 What are extreme environments? •  Environments that have condiCons that are “extreme” to humans. hGp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/raven6b/graphics/raven06b/
enhancementchapters/images/30e-‐07.jpg Why are these important? •  PotenCal for exploraCon into other planets bearing life. •  Can be used for biotechnology processes Acidic environments •  OTen occur because of exposure of metallic ores (mostly Iron rich) to air and moisture. –  Examples: •  Rio Tinto Spain •  Calderas Acidic environments •  Rio Tinto Spain hGp://feGss.arc.nasa.gov/media/feGss/images/RioTinto-‐2.Cf.
746x600_q85.jpg hGps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/8/83/Rio-‐Tinto.jpg/300px-‐Rio-‐Tinto.jpg Rio Tinto •  It is a consequence of acid mine drainage from decades of mining. •  Normal pH in the river is 2 •  Has been widely studied as an analog for MarCan environments. Acidic Environments •  Calderas Caldera In Yellowstone NaConal Park Cyanobacterial mat hGp://www.microbelibrary.org/library?task=goto&link=35832 Acidophiles •  Found in all domains: –  Eukarya: •  Dunaliella acidophila –  Bacteria: •  Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans •  Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans –  Archaea: •  Ferroplasma acidarmanus Dunaliella acidophila
•  60% of the biomass in the Rio Tinto (ZeGler et al., 2002) •  Produces glycerol and is the main component of their cytoplasm. hGps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/e/e9/Dunaliella_acidophila.png Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans &
Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans
hGp://bacmap.wishartlab.com/organisms/750 Khan, S., et al. (2012) Journal of Microbiology Research 2(4): 78-‐83. Transmission electron micrographs of “F. acidarmanus” Fer1T cells grown
chemomixotrophically on ferrous iron and yeast extract (a) and chemoorganotrophically on
yeast extract (b).
Dopson M et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
2004;70:2079-2088
Hypersaline Environments •  Characterized by having salt concentraCons up to 40 percent. •  Natural salterns : •  Great Salt Lake Utah •  Marine salterns (man made) Great Salt Lake hGp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/
Great_Salt_Lake_ISS_2003.jpg Marine Salterns hGp://www1.uprh.edu/salterns/sitedescripCon.htm Soda Lakes •  Mono Lake California hGp://www.nasa.gov/images/content/503444main_M_LAKE.jpg Soda Lakes •  Lake Magadi, Kenya hGp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/
Lake_Magadi,_Kenya-‐5.jpg Halophiles/ Alkalophiles •  Found in all domains: –  Eukarya: •  Dunaliella salina –  Bacteria: •  Salinibacter spp. –  Archaea: •  Haloarcula spp. •  Natronobacterium spp. •  Halobacteria salinarum Dunaliella salina •  Green Algae •  Creates high amounts of β-‐
carotenes as protecCon from light. •  In industry, this is harvested for use In cosmeCcs and dietary supplements hGp://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/3046 Salinibacter ruber Isolated from a saltern pond in Spain. Minimum of 15% salt concentraCon for growth OpCmal salinity 20-‐30% Antón, J. et al. Interna<onal Journal of Systema<c and Evolu<onary Microbiology 52, 485-‐491 (2002). Natronobacterium nitratireducens
Alkalophilic Archaea Discovered in a Soda lake in China pH range is 7.5-‐10.5 OpCmal 8.5 Xin, H., Itoh, T., Zhou, P., Suzuki, K.-‐i. & Nakase, T. Interna<onal Journal of Systema<c and Evolu<onary Microbiology 51, 1825-‐1829 (2001). Deep Sea hydrothermal vents hGp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/6/6b/400px-‐Deep_sea_vent_chemistry_diagram.jpg Thermophiles •  Bacteria: –  Thermus aqua<cus hGps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/7/7a/T-‐aquaCcus.gif.jpeg Grows between 70-‐75°C Isolated from Yellowstone Park thermal spring An enzyme Taq polymerase revoluConized molecular biology Thermovibrio ammonificans HB1
Vetriani C et al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004;54:175-181
SGM
Pyrolobus fumarii Isolated from a black smoker in the Mid AtlanCc Ridge Grows between 90°C-‐113°C but can survive in 121°C. OpCmum temperature at 106°C Polar environments •  Lake Vostok, AntarCca hGp://blogs.nature.com/news/files/2012/02/Drill_for_victory1.jpg Psychrophiles •  Psychrobacter spp. –  Growth temperatures between −10 °C and 42 °C hGp://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/suppl/2004/08/23/54.5.1741.DC1/
SuppFigB.jpg References •  •  • 
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•  Antón, J. et al. Salinibacter ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel,extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria from saltern crystallizer ponds. Interna<onal Journal of Systema<c and Evolu<onary Microbiology 52, 485-‐491 (2002). BOROWITZKA, M. A. The mass culture of Dunaliella salina, hGp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB728E/AB728E06.htm Brock TD, Freeze H. Thermus aqua<cus gen. n. and sp. n., a NonsporulaCng Extreme Thermophile. Journal of Bacteriology 1969;98(1):289-‐297. Christner, B. C. et al. A microbial ecosystem beneath the West AntarcCc ice sheet. Nature 512, 310-‐313 (2014). D'Elia, T., Veerapanemi, R. & Rogers, S. IsolaCon of Microbes from Lake Vostok AccreCon Ice. Appl Environ Microb 74, 4962-‐4965 (2008). Dopson, M., Baker-‐AusCn, C., Hind, A., Bowman, J. P. & Bond, P. L. CharacterizaCon of Ferroplasma isolates and Ferroplasma acidarmanus sp nov., extreme acidophiles from acid mine drainage and industrial bioleaching environments. Appl Environ Microb 70, 2079-‐2088, doi:Doi 10.1128/Aem. Blöchl, E. et al. Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113°C. Extremophiles 1, 14-‐21 (1997).70.4.2079-‐2088.2004 (2004). Khan, S., Haq, F., Hasan, F., Saeed, K. & Ullah, R. Growth and Biochemical AcCviCes of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Collected from Black Shale. Journal of Microbiology Research 2, 78-‐83 (2012). Vetriani, C., Speck, M. D., Ellor, S. V., Lutz, R. A. & Starovoytov, V. Thermovibrio ammonificans sp. nov., a thermophilic, chemolithotrophic, nitrate-‐ammonifying bacterium from deep-‐sea hydrothermal vents. Interna<onal Journal of Systema<c and Evolu<onary Microbiology 54, 175-‐181, doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02781-‐0 (2004). Xin, H., Itoh, T., Zhou, P., Suzuki, K.-‐i. & Nakase, T. Natronobacterium nitra<reducens sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic archaeon isolated from a soda lake in China. Interna<onal Journal of Systema<c and Evolu<onary Microbiology 51, 1825-‐1829 (2001).

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