International Women’s Day Journée internationale de la femme ENTRETIEN/INTERVIEW CEO, Thomson Reuters Foundation OMS/WHO A child desire – a woman’s choice NO 737 – MARS 2014 ONU/UN Gender inequity in research SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Amour libre et société égalitaire LOISIRS/LEISURE Vivicittá : une course très particulière Complémentaire mais essentielle! Complémentaire UNIQA : Assurance complémentaire pour les fonctionnaires internationaux de l'ONUG, l'OMS, le BIT/IUT et leur famille. Pour plus d’informations, veuillez contacter le G.P.A.F.I. Tel: +41 22 9172620 or 3946 E-Mail: gpafi@unog.ch naire e t r a P A Q I N U du G.P.A.F.I. www.uniqa.ch www.uniqagroup.com www.gpafi.com LAURENCE VERCAMMEN Rédactrice en chef / Editor-in-chief International Women’s Day Journée internationale de la femme OMS/WHO A child desire – a woman’s choice ONU/UN Gender inequity in research NO 737 – MARS 2014 © Ignacio Adrogué ENTRETIEN/INTERVIEW CEO, Thomson Reuters Foundation SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Amour libre et société égalitaire LOISIRS/LEISURE Vivicittá : une course très particulière ÉDITORIAL 3 ENTRETIEN/INTERVIEW Journée internationale de la femme International Women’s Day Directrice Ressources humaines, OMS 5 CEO Thomson Reuters Foundation 14 WHO over the decades – A woman’s perspective 30 OMS/WHO Women’s health is key 17 A child desire – a woman’s choice 19 Initiative to address violence against women and children 21 ONU/UN Gender inequity in research 8 SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Égalité salariale et stéréotypes 10 Amour libre et société égalitaire 12 Portraits of (working) mothers 23 Investment in women’s health 34 Pushing for positive education 36 Gigantic eyes and tiny wrists 38 GPAFI 42 NOUVELLE GÉNÉRATION/NEXT GENERATION Youngest female President of GIMUN 26 Making mountains metaphors 28 Boost your career by learning a new language (for free) 47 LOISIRS/LEISURE Les forçats du Karoum 39 Vivicittà – Course très particulière 43 Le Parc National Suisse 44 This is your chance to get creative 46 Revue des fonctionnaires internationaux des Nations Unies à Genève et de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Magazine of the international civil servants of the United Nations at Geneva and of the Word Health Organization Inverser la tendance Reversing the trend Poursuivre des études, ouvrir un compte en banque, élire ses dirigeants, choisir son mode de contraception, ou même conduire une voiture représentent des actes banals uniquement pour une minorité de femmes dans le monde. Pour la majorité d’entre elles, ces simples actes relèvent de l’exploit ou ne sont même pas envisageables. Aujourd’hui encore, une trop large majorité de femmes ne jouit pas des droits fondamentaux et est confrontée à des discriminations en tout genre. L’inégalité salariale, la violence, les abus de toute sorte sont leur lot quotidien. De multiples acteurs s’impliquent quotidiennement dans des actions visant à l’émancipation des femmes. Graduellement, grâce à des initiatives gouvernementales, locales et parfois ponctuelles, la tendance s’inverse. Ainsi, des gouvernements s’associent pour la prévention de la violence faite aux femmes et aux filles, la Fondation TrustWomen dote les femmes d’outils légaux afin de défendre leurs droits ou l’art permet de financer la scolarité d’une jeune fille. De simples actions peuvent faire pencher la balance et la jeune génération s’implique déjà avec ses futurs dirigeants qui se rassemblent pour débattre des actions menées par les Nations Unies. Studying, opening a bank account, electing their leaders, choosing their means of contraception or even driving a car are mundane activities for only a minority of women in the world. For the majority, performing these simple acts constitutes a feat or is simply not possible. Even today, too many women lack fundamental rights and face discrimination in all its forms. On a daily basis, they suffer from inequality of pay, violence and abuses of all types. Every day, multiple players are involved in actions aimed at the empowerment of women. Little by little, through governmental, local and sometimes ad hoc initiatives the tide is being turned. Thus, governments are joining forces for the prevention of violence against women and girls, the TrustWomen Foundation is empowering women to defend their rights and the art world is making it possible to finance a young girl’s education. Simple actions can make a difference and the younger generation is already involved, with the leaders of tomorrow gathering to discuss the actions taken by the United Nations. Change is underway; the emancipation of women is inevitable. ■ Le changement est en marche. L’émancipation des femmes est inévitable. ■ “Ils ne savaient pas que c'était impossible, alors ils l'ont fait”. “They didn't know it was impossible, so they did it”. Mark Twain Mark Twain Mars 2014 | 3 Your smartest diplomatic benefit Volvo Cars Diplomat Sales has served the diplomatic community for more than 50 years. We know that a diplomat needs a safe and comfortable car. We also know that owning this car must be easy, beneficial and carefree. The Volvo Diplomat Program includes factory pricing with amazing savings, a variety of country specifications, customized shipment services, international warranties and much more. Visit one of our Volvo Diplomat dealers for more information. WWW.DIPLOMAT.VOLVOCARS.COM CONTACT YOUR VOLVO DIPLOMAT DEALER AUTOBRITT AUTOMOBILES SA 1 rue Viguet, Geneve/Acacias. Tel. 022 308 57 00. www.autobritt.ch. Please contact Laurent Bateman at [email protected] or Olivier Toole at [email protected]. ENTRETIEN/INTERVIEW Entretien avec Françoise Nocquet ©christopher Black/WHO Alors que nous célébrons la Journée internationale de la Femme, dont le thème est « L’égalité pour les femmes, c’est le progrès pour toutes et tous », l’OMS souhaite mettre en valeur des femmes remarquables et talentueuses qui travaillent au sein de l’Organisation. Au cours de ces dix dernières années, l’Organisation, dirigée par le Dr Margaret Chan, a vu le nombre de femmes augmenter aux postes de direction. Ainsi, l’OMS a récemment recruté une femme pour diriger son Département des Ressources humaines : Madame Françoise Nocquet, juriste de nationalité française. CARLOS STREIJFFERT Madame Nocquet fait le bilan de ses premiers mois en poste et expose ses projets pour les années à venir avec l’Association du personnel du Siège de l’OMS : ils doivent aussi contribuer à la promotion de quatre principes transversaux que sont la parité hommes-femmes, la diversité, la collaboration et la responsabilité. Quand je suis arrivée à l’OMS en septembre 2013, la première tâche qui m’attendait était de réviser la stratégie des ressources humaines qui avait été établie avant le programme de réforme. En prenant connaissance des divers documents publiés dans le cadre de la réforme de l’OMS, j’ai réalisé qu’un certain nombre d’objectifs en matière de gestion de ressources humaines avaient déjà été définis. Il m’est alors apparu que l’on pouvait regrouper ces objectifs sous trois catégories, ce que nous avons appelé les « piliers », le premier pilier étant « Attirer les talents », le deuxième « Retenir les talents : une gestion des carrières » et le troisième « Un environnement professionnel propice ». Cela dit, ces piliers, que de nouvelles politiques et procédures soutiendront, ne seront pas suffisants en soi pour obtenir le personnel à la fois adaptable, mobile, performant, suffisamment formé et prêt à relever de nouveaux défis professionnels, dont l’Organisation a besoin pour délivrer son mandat de plus en plus complexe : L’OMS a déjà une politique de recrutement intensive de femmes à des postes clés. Comment est-ce organisé ? La parité hommes-femmes et la diversité sous toutes ses formes sont une de nos priorités. La répartition des femmes dans les catégories professionnelle et de rang supérieur s’est régulièrement améliorée au cours des dix dernières années, passant de 33,6% à 40,3%. Cela dit, des progrès restent à faire, notamment dans les postes plus élevés. La procédure de sélection pour les postes professionnels a été récemment harmonisée pour l’ensemble de l’Organisation, et des mesures spécifiques en faveur de la parité sont prévues, comme avoir au moins une femme comme membre des jurys de recrutement et s’assurer qu’au moins une femme qualifiée figure dans la liste restreinte des candidats. D’autre part, nous informons chaque semaine les missions permanentes auprès de l’OMS des postes vacants des catégories professionnelle et de rang supérieur publiés la semaine précédente, encourageant les États Membres à diffuser Mars 2014 | 5 les avis de vacance dans leurs réseaux nationaux, et de ce fait œuvrant à une meilleure distribution géographique et à la parité hommes-femmes. Quels sont les actions mises en place pour les parents (femme et homme) qui travaillent ? L’Organisation propose tout un ensemble de mesures qui permettent aux membres du personnel de travailler dans des conditions optimales, tout en préservant leur vie de famille. Le congé de maternité dure 16 semaines, et il est octroyé avec traitement intégral, indemnités comprises. A leur retour sur le lieu de travail, les mères allaitantes bénéficient chaque jour, à titre de congé supplémentaire de maternité, d’heures de liberté pour pouvoir allaiter leur enfant (une structure spécialement aménagée dans les locaux du Siège est mise à disposition des mères allaitantes). Il est à noter que, si les deux parents sont membres du personnel, l’autre parent peut bénéficier du congé de maternité non utilisé. Les pères ont droit à un congé de paternité d’une durée de huit semaines. Un congé d’adoption est également prévu par le Règlement du Personnel. Il est possible à tout membre du personnel de s’absenter jusqu’à 7 jours par an, afin de faire face à une situation familiale grave, telle que la maladie d’un enfant ou d’un conjoint par exemple, en utilisant les jours de congés de maladie non justifiés par un certificat médical. Des mesures sont proposées aux membres du personnel pour, en accord avec leur superviseur, et en fonction des besoins du service, bénéficier de congés de compensation lorsqu’ils ont été amenés à faire des heures supplémentaires. D’autres arrangements peuvent être trouvés dans l’intérêt des membres du personnel, et en fonction des circonstances (congés spéciaux par exemple). Une politique de télétravail est en cours d’élaboration. 6 | Mars 2014 Vous êtes juriste de formation. Quand et comment votre carrière a embrassé les ressources humaines ? Quels sont les défis auxquels vous avez été confrontée en tant que femme tout au long de votre carrière professionnelle ? Savez-vous que c’est à l’OMS, au Bureau du Conseiller juridique, que j’ai fait mon stage de DESS de Droit des organisations internationales ? Très vite, droit et ressources humaines se sont combinés dans ma vie professionnelle : dès la fin de mes études, j’ai travaillé quelques mois avec un avocat parisien spécialisé dans la défense des fonctionnaires internationaux devant le TAOIT 1 et le TANU 2. J’ai ensuite été recrutée par Interpol comme jeune juriste pour écrire le Règlement du personnel et préparer l’organisation à son affiliation au TAOIT. À l’OSCE à Vienne, en tant que conseiller juridique, je travaillais en étroite collaboration avec le département des Ressources humaines, notamment sur les conditions de travail du personnel sur le terrain. Au PNUD à New York, j’étais responsable de la section des affaires juridiques liées au personnel et travaillais quotidiennement avec les collègues des ressources humaines du siège et du terrain. Après une vingtaine d’années dans le rôle de conseiller juridique en gestion du personnel, il m’a semblé que je pourrais mieux contribuer à l’amélioration des relations entre le personnel et le management si je pouvais intervenir en amont, en aidant les supérieurs hiérarchiques à mieux appréhender leurs responsabilités, notamment en prévenant les conflits, et en facilitant la compréhension des politiques du personnel. La publication du poste de directeur adjoint du département des ressources humaines du PNUD était l’occasion que je recherchais pour vérifier mon intuition. Et vous connaissez la suite: après le PNUD et l’OSCE, où je suis retournée en tant que Directrice RH, j’ai rejoint l’OMS où tout avait commencé pour moi… Quant aux défis que j’ai pu rencontrer, j’ai eu la chance de travailler pour des organisations internationales qui promeuvent la parité. Les postes que j’ai occupés, je les ai obtenus par des procédures de sélection où des hommes et des femmes étaient en compétition. Il y a bien sûr eu un certain nombre de postes que je n’ai pas obtenus au profit d’un homme ou… d’une autre femme. Pour moi, la parité n’est pas tant la question d’opportunités de progression professionnelle, mais plutôt la question de concilier la vie professionnelle et les responsabilités de parent. En tant que mère de deux garçons que j’ai élevés seule en les emmenant vivre à l’étranger au gré de mes postes, j’ai souvent pensé que je les sacrifiais au profit de ma carrière. J’ai énormément d’admiration pour les femmes qui travaillent et élèvent des enfants, particulièrement pour celles qui acceptent des postes sur le terrain. Et j’ai du respect pour celles qui choisissent à un moment donné de faire une pause professionnelle pour mieux s’occuper de leurs enfants. ■ 1 TAOIT : Tribunal Administratif de l’Organisation Internationale de Travail. 2 TANU : Tribunal Administratif des Nations Unies. THE WORLD’S LEADING HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT SCHOOLS BACHELOR, POSTGRADUATE AND MBA PROGRAMS GLION INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION www.glion.edu “We look for graduates who have a vision, have the ability to think strategically and have business acumen. Glion prepares students who are adaptable to different environments and who are mobile.” Sophie Senjaric, Senior Director Human Resources, Four Seasons Hotel des Bergues. Campuses in Switzerland and the United Kingdom LES ROCHES INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT www.lesroches.edu “Les Roches has a good group of international students, a good curriculum and solid reputation.” Ivan Goh, Senior Vice President of Hotel Operations, MGM Hospitality, Las Vegas, USA. 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For more information, please contact our Regional Admissions Manager, Grégoire Pittet Tel. : +41 (0) 21 989 26 85 / [email protected] ONU/UN Gender inequity in research Working to close the gender gap in health research PATRICK ADAMS TDR, the Special Programme in Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, has worked to address this gender gap through various types of support to women scientists in countries around the globe. TDR is co-sponsored by UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), the World Bank and WHO (World Health Organization), and it brings its United Nations connections to bear in addressing the issue. Judging by the achievements of its alumni, that support has had far-reaching impact. Here are just a few of the success stories. ©shutterstock “A life-changing experience” Ugandan immunologist Brenda Okech called her Clinical R&D Fellowship at the Belgium-based GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. “It was like getting your foot in a very big door. It opens up so many new opportunities.” In the twelve months she spent at GSK, Okech says she honed the skills she now uses at the African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) as project manager on a multi-center phase IIb trial of the GMZ2 malaria vaccine. She said, “The things that I learned at GSK I apply every day at AMANET.” Too few women are entering the health research field, and fewer still are going on to successful careers as health scientists. 8 | Mars 2014 For Dr. Natavan Alikhanova, head of monitoring and evaluation at the Scientific Research Institute of Lung Disease in Azerbaijan, that support came in the form of the Structured Operational Research and Training IniTiative (SORT IT). A collaboration between TDR, the Union, and Médecins sans Frontières (MSF). SORT IT trains national public health workers to use their country’s own data to conduct research that can lead to local health system improvements. Burdened by her many responsibilities, Alikhova never had time for in-depth analysis of her country’s data on tuberculosis (TB)—data that could inform important decisions about TB drug procurement and treatment protocols. Through SORT IT, she says, “I’ve learned things that I will use, that will ©shutterstock improve my work and, I hope, our entire TB programme.” In yet another country, Myanmar, a research training grant made it possible for a scientist named Saw Saw to follow in the footsteps of her mother, a nuclear physicist, who was also one of the country’s first female scientists. Saw Saw has explored ways to engage the country’s general practitioners in tuberculosis (TB) control and demonstrated the important role of self-help groups in patient referral and diagnosis. She will soon begin work on a grant that covers training in translating research into health policy analysis in low- and middle-income countries. “There are not many women scientists in our country,” says Saw Saw, affi rming TDR’s goal to close the gender gap of individuals in health research field. Few scientists, men or women, have overcome the odds Dr. Marian Warsame faced as a young girl growing up in Somalia. The eldest of ten children, Marian was determined to improve her life. After earning her medical degree at Somalia National University, one of eight women in a class of fifty, Warsame received a training grant to pursue a PhD on the evolution of Somalia’s drug-resistant falciparum malaria at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden. She went on to become the principle investigator of a trial of rectal artesunate for community-based treatment of severe malaria in Tanzania. Seeing the resulting paper published in the Lancet was a proud moment. She says, “I had reached that level where I could lead a team of forty staff to conduct this study in close to 200 villages”. Following her eightyear stint in Tanzania, Warsame joined the WHO’s Global Malaria Programme, where she still is today. Warsame works with member states’ national malaria programmes, providing technical support for capacity strengthening and monitoring of antimalarial drug resistance. Another great example is TDR’s first ever grantee in Nigeria, scientist Uche Amazigo, winner of the 2012 Prince Mahidol Award that is given out annually for outstanding achievements in medicine and public health. Amazigo originally received support to carry out pioneering research on the social consequences of onchocerciasis (river blindness) for adolescent girls and women in the late 1970s. She later helped found the WHO’s African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), becoming director of the organization created to mass distribute ivermectin, the drug used to manage the disease. Amazigo conducted research on improving the distribution of ivermectin, and was instrumental in scaling up community-directed treatment approach to tens of millions of people in countries across the continent. “TDR transformed my life into something more than I could have imagined,” she said upon receiving the Prince Mahidol award and its US $100,000 prize. Amazigo is using the money to further develop a community-directed school health and nutrition programme she founded for resource poor communities in Nigeria. ■ Let Harsch move your home and remove your worries... w w w. h a r s c h . c h Harsch, The Art of Moving worldwide moving and relocation services ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Competent high quality services Best value for money Fine Art specialist Relocation services Worldwide moving expertise GENEVA Tel. +4122 / 300 4 300 e-mail: [email protected] ZURICH Tel. +4144 / 851 51 00 e-mail: [email protected] Bertrand Harsch CEO BASEL Tel. +4161 / 411 56 17 e-mail: [email protected] Isabelle Harsch Business Development LAUSANNE Tel. +4121 / 320 4 300 e-mail: [email protected] Mars 2014 | 9 SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Égalité salariale et stéréotypes ©shutterstock qui l’application de ce principe risquerait de remettre en cause un ordre établi. OLIVIER BORIE L’ é g a l i t é s a l a r i a l e e x i g e qu’hommes et femmes puissent bénéficier des mêmes opportunités d’accès et de traitement au travail, i.e. qu’à travail égal corresponde un salaire égal. Ce principe, défendu depuis longtemps par le Bureau international du Travail, est réaffirmé par le Pacte mondial des Nations Unies, et est également repris par de nombreux cadres législatifs nationaux. En dépit des efforts déployés, cette question reste toujours d’actualité. Des progrès ont certes été réalisés, mais les femmes gagnent, en moyenne, toujours moins que les hommes. Il ne s’agit pas d’une tentative d’effacement ou de négation des différences entre les sexes, mais une question de justice et d’équité. Pourtant, aujourd’hui, l’égalité salariale demeure parfois encore un sujet sensible où s’opposent ceux qui voient en tout écart de revenu une discrimination basée sur le genre, ceux pour qui des différences objectives, justifient ces différences, puis ceux aussi pour 10 | Mars 2014 Beaucoup de nos sociétés ont hérité de modèles d’organisation basés sur une hiérarchie dominée par les hommes, et où les femmes occupent, le plus souvent, des postes et des rangs inférieurs. Les rôles associés au genre sont influencés, voire imposés par des croyances, des attentes et des normes sociales qui déterminent le comportement approprié de chacun. Le monde du travail n’y échappe pas : le modèle de « l’homme qui subvient aux besoins du foyer, pendant que la femme élève les enfants et vaque aux occupations ménagères » reste bien ancré avec tous les stéréotypes qui l’accompagnent. On observe à peu près partout que les femmes ont des revenus inférieurs aux hommes. En Suisse cette différence se situe à environ 20%. Il est intéressant de noter aussi que les femmes travaillant seules pour leur propre compte gagnent moins d’argent que leurs homologues masculins. Il existe une part « explicable » de ce pourcentage, et une autre, « inexpliquée », que l’on assimile généralement de la discrimination. Cependant, le plus souvent, il s’agit de données agrégées qui méritent que l’on y regarde de plus près. Les facteurs de rémunération comprennent, entre autres, l’âge, le niveau de formation, la spécialité du diplôme, le poste occupé, le niveau de responsabilité, le secteur d’activité, les années d’expérience, l’ancienneté, le type de métier, les interruptions de carrière, la situation familiale, le pouvoir de négociation face à un employeur, l’horaire de travail, les heures supplémentaires, etc. La productivité et l’efficacité sont plus relatives car elles varient en fonction des critères d’évaluation de performance choisis. En tenant compte de tous ces facteurs, la part « inexpliquée » peut diminuer de façon significative. Y aurait-il donc moins de discriminations qu’il n’y paraît? En se faisant l’avocat du diable, on pourrait aussi arguer que si les femmes, à travail égal, « coûtaient » réellement moins cher, elles auraient un avantage compétitif, et seraient favorisées à l’embauche tout en exerçant une pression sur le salaire des hommes. Les résistances à l’égalité salariale sont tenaces et leurs raisons multiples : la difficulté de se représenter les enjeux et les alternatives, la crainte d’une perte d’avantages ou de privilèges (autorité, accès au pouvoir, contrôle de sa propre vie, etc.) voire même la perception d’une menace à sa propre identité. Même si une femme n’a pas besoin d’avoir d’enfants pour être discriminée, les interruptions de carrière, ainsi que le choix d’activités professionnelles plus flexibles pour mieux les concilier avec la vie familiale, ont un impact considérable. Les politiques de congé parental et les possibilités d’accueil des enfants d’âge préscolaire offrent des solutions qui permettent de limiter le côté professionnellement pénalisant de ces interruptions sans pouvoir complètement le compenser. Il existe de nombreux outils pour promouvoir l’égalité salariale. Par exemple, la certification equal-salary1 permet de vérifier que les entreprises ont une politique salariale non discriminante vis-à-vis des femmes sans qu’il soit « nécessaire d’avoir une femme et un homme au même poste, avec les mêmes qualifications et les mêmes compétences, pour évaluer le niveau de salaire auquel a droit chaque personne ». L’égalité salariale n’est qu’un aspect des choses. Un déséquilibre plus important concerne le fait que les femmes ont longtemps été confinées à des métiers typiquement «féminins» moins bien rémunérés, et qu’elles occupent toujours trop peu de postes de direction. Moins de 5% des 500 plus grandes sociétés au monde ont une femme à leur tête. Pourtant, au-delà des avantages d’une meilleure représentation des femmes à tous les niveaux d’une entreprise (accès à un pool de talents plus large et plus diversifié, meilleur reflet de leur base des consommateurs, etc.), un accroissement de leur revenu serait susceptible de favoriser la croissance économique. Les choses évoluent lentement. L’égalité salariale n’est qu’un pas vers plus d’équité. Un meilleur partage des tâches familiales y contribuerait certainement. Le moment est peut-être venu de revoir la répartition de nos rôles respectifs, sans confusion des genres. ■ 1 http://www.equalsalary.org/fr/. The new BMW 5 Series www.bmwdiplomatic-sales.com Freude am Fahren KEEP YOUR TEMPER. WHILE CONTROLLING THE TEMPERATURE. Diplomatic negotiations can often be hard and tense. 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Elles y sont en effet les protagonistes de la vie familiale et sociale et jouissent des droits et des libertés individuelles niés à tant de femmes dans le monde. L’existence de cette société dans un pays tel que la Chine a suscité en moi un vif intérêt et j’ai souhaité comprendre et faire mieux connaître leurs traditions hors du commun. Je voulais donc savoir comment on vit dans une famille matrilinéaire où seuls les descendants de la lignée maternelle sont considérés consanguins, où les couples ne vivent pas sous le même toit, où le père naturel est considéré pratiquement comme un étranger alors que l’homme et la femme passent la nuit ensemble avant de se séparer au matin. Je voulais découvrir comment hommes et femmes vivent en dehors des contraintes du mariage et comment ces hommes n’estiment pas perdre leur identité sur tous les plans et acceptent le rôle des femmes en tant qu’organisatrices et responsables. En quelques mots, je voulais comprendre ce que sont les valeurs fondamentales d’une société au féminin. Ma curiosité m’a amenée à me rendre plusieurs fois chez les Moso et à habiter avec eux pendant de longues périodes. La publication d’un livre Benvenuti nel Paese delle Donne (2010) et la réalisation d’un documentaire Nu Guo- Nel nome della Madre avec sous-titres en anglais (2013), sont le fruit de mon expérience au pays des Moso. L’étude de cette société m’a ouvert des horizons que je n’avais pas soupçonnés. Parmi les enseignements encore dispensés de nos jours, notre type de famille passe encore le plus souvent pour universel, écartant a priori l’existence d’autres modèles familiaux, alors que les Moso sont tout sauf des fossiles vivants, mais une société contemporaine qui existe et qui résiste depuis des millénaires. La structure de la famille et l’absence très efficace pour éviter les conflits et de mariage (à l’exception de quelques maintenir la paix et l’harmonie dans la rares cas), de même que le type d’éco- famille. Les hommes sont heureux d’être nomie traditionnelle basée guidés par une femme sage, sur la solidarité, la pratique ils en écoutent les conseils, «Le féminisme du consensus et d’une proils demandent son avis, ils n'a jamais tué fonde spiritualité constituent semblent apprécier ses comles piliers qui maintiennent personne, le pétences et ont un grand rescette société vivante et saine. pect pour toutes les femmes. machisme tue La famille Moso bénéficie Ici, naître femme est une d’une structure solide : elle tous les jours». bénédiction. perdure éternellement dans le sens que les générations — Benoîte Groult Le concept de l’amour non maintiennent le même nom exclusif d’une part, et l’abmaternel de la famille et que sence de mariage d’autre part, les biens sont indivisibles. La famille ne distinguent tout particulièrement cette risque pas d’être détruite par une éven- société. Par ailleurs, elle ne prévoit aucune tuelle séparation des parents puisque reconnaissance légale de la paternité, mais les deux personnes formant un couple en revanche, elle attribue celle des enfants habitent séparément. à la mère. Séparer la vie familiale de la relation amoureuse a d’abord l’avantage Tout est centré autour de la relation d’assurer la liberté en amour ; ensuite, de maternelle et c’est la dabu, femme la fournir la protection et la sécurité affective plus sage, la plus habile et compétente et économique à toutes les composantes et généralement la plus âgée qui dirige de la famille. Cela permet également aux le matriclan tout en assumant la respon- femmes de garder le contrôle de leur corps sabilité de veiller à son bien-être et à sa et de leur sexualité. En cas de séparation, prospérité. C’est elle qui gère l’économie le couple ne perd pas simultanément et et les biens, mais toutes les décisions l’amour et la famille. Les enfants ne seront importantes sont prises par consensus. pas déchirés puisqu’ils ne changeront ni De ce fait, chaque individu est à l’abri de maison ni d’habitudes. Ici, il n’y a d’un sentiment de rancœur : un moyen aucune place pour la violence conjugale non seulement parce que le couple ne vit pas sous le même toit, mais parce que la culture des sociétés matriarcales est une culture de la non-violence et du respect de l’autre. L’éducation dispensée ne fait pas de différence entre les sexes ; elle assure donc un parfait équilibre entre hommes et femmes de telle manière qu’il n’existe pas une nette division des rôles. C’est avec une grande inquiétude qu’entre 2005 et 2012, j’ai été témoin de la vitesse fulgurante prise par le changement économique dû à un tourisme toujours plus envahissant. «On s’habille comme les Han, nous parlons comme les Han, mais notre cœur reste Moso » affirme un jeune. Et une jeune femme déclare : « Nous n’avons pas peur que le tourisme puisse changer notre mode de vie, ce seront les autres qui abandonneront le leur et adopteront le nôtre car c’est le plus naturel qui puisse exister ». Les Moso nous interpellent en nous montrant la voie possible pour construire une vie plus harmonieuse et sans violence. Rien ne nous empêche de nous en inspirer, tout en restant conscients des difficultés de transposer des valeurs ou une culture et ses traditions d’un pays à un autre. ■ Mars 2014 | 13 © OLIVIA HARRIS, trust.org ENTRETIEN/INTERVIEW Interview with Monique Villa, Thomson Reuters Foundation CEO March is the month dedicated to women by the United Nations (UN). This interview with Monique Villa, CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, offers a real example of how the private sector engages with the UN principles for the empowerment of women around the world. It leads by the example of a female CEO in a global company, putting her skills and professional success to work for the empowerment of women around the world. MARIA-ANGELES MARTIN GIL & ANTOINETTE PRICE Monique Villa is CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation. Since her appointment in 2008, she has transformed the Thomson Reuters corporate charity launching a number of ground-breaking programs which leverage the expertise of the business to trigger change and empower people across the world. In 2010, Villa launched TrustLaw, a global pro bono service connecting nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and social enterprises with prestigious law firms around the world. TrustLaw currently operates in 14 | Mars 2014 150 countries with over 1,600 members. In its first two years, the service generated the equivalent of $35 m USD in free legal assistance. Monique Villa is also the Founder of TrustWomen, a fast-growing movement with one clear aim: to put the rule of law behind women’s rights through concrete action. The annual Trust Women Conference is an infl uential gathering bringing together heads of corporations, lawyers, and pioneers in the field of women’s rights. At the event delegates and speakers forge tangible commitments to empower women to know and to defend their rights. Every year, the Thomson Reuters Foundation organizes the Trust Women Conference. In 2013, 450 global leaders from forty countries attended the event, which featured a range of high-profile speakers including: Chairperson of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) Sima Samar, Italian Foreign Minister Emma Bonino, New York County District Attorney Cyrus R. Vance, UK Home Secretary Theresa May, Queen Noor, Cherie Blair, and model-activist Christy Turlington. Why has the Foundation dedicated its main event to the subject of women? Two main reasons. The first: women devolve 70% of their salary into their families, so if you help women to know and defend their rights and to progress in society, you achieve a deeper and wider impact on poverty. The second: I was tired of attending global events around the world were plenty of very important issues where highlighted, but no solutions were offered. Trust Women has flipped that model around. At the Conference, most speakers and delegates take real commitments to empower women to know and to defend their rights. Can you give us an example of a tangible outcome? As a direct result of Trust Women, the Thomson Reuters Foundation worked with the Manhattan District Attorney to investigate how banks could join the fight against human trafficking by looking at their clients’ credit cards data. Last year, together with the Manhattan District Attorney, I co-hosted a working group with the biggest financial institutions in the USA to see how to do that. With the help of leading anti-trafficking nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) we identified a number of red fl ags that could show transactions potentially linked to human trafficking activity. The banks have accepted to look closely into the data in their possession to spot riskier activity and to report it to law enforcement agencies. Last month, the working group issued international guidance aimed at helping the wider financial communities to identify and report irregularities in financial transactions that might be linked to human trafficking. The document has been distributed by the Thomson Reuters Foundation to a very select number of top financial institutions, law enforcement agencies and anti-trafficking NGOs – both in the USA and internationally. I will now work to replicate these efforts in Europe and Asia, with the involvement of top financial firms, leading NGOs and international prosecutors. Tell me about the Foundation’s annual ranking of specific aspects of women’s rights across the world. How did they come about? For the past three years – and with the help of some of the world’s leading gender experts – we have been producing a number of perception polls assessing women’s rights. Perception polls have been particularly effective as they are a photography of a given situation taken at LEXUS CT 200h TOUT HYBRIDE NOUVEAU: AVEC AVANTAGE CLIENT DE CHF 5140.– ET LEASING PREMIUM À 1,9% « RABAIS DIPLOMATES EXCEPTIONNEL DE 23% SUR CE MODÈLE - JUSQU’À FIN MARS » «FOR DIPLOMATS : EXCEPTIONAL DISCOUNT OF 23 % ON THIS MODEL- UNTIL 31.03.14» DÈS CHF 300.–/MOIS* PACK HIVER GRATUIT AVEC JEU COMPLET DE ROUES D’HIVER, JANTES EN ALU 16", TAPIS DE COFFRE SUR MESURE lexus.ch L EXUS P R E M I UM 300 1 F R . 2 1 4 0. – PAC K H I V E R G R AT U I T Emil Frey SA, Centre Lexus aux Vernets 13, Rue François-Dussaud, 1227 Genève-Acacias, 022 308 5 508, www.dragoncars.ch * Prix de vente net conseillé, TVA incl. CT 200h Impression à partir de Fr. 38 900.–. Prix préférentiel dès Fr. 35 900.–, déduction faite de la prime de reprise de Fr. 3000.–. Mensualité de leasing Fr. 299.55. Consommation Ø 3,7 l/100 km, émissions Ø de CO 2 87 g/km, catégorie de rendement énergétique A. Modèle représenté: F SPORT dès Fr. 47 500.–. Prix préférentiel dès Fr. 44 500.–, déduction faite de la prime de reprise de Fr. 3000.–. Mensualité de leasing Fr. 372.85. Acompte 25%, 48 mois, 10 000 km/an. Taux d’intérêt annuel eff. 1,92%, caution 5% du montant du financement. Valeur résiduelle suivant directives de Multilease AG. Casco complète obligatoire. Il est interdit d’accorder un crédit susceptible d’entraîner le surendettement du consommateur. Leasing Lexus Premium et prime de reprise Lexus Premium valables pour les véhicules en stock avec mise en circulation d’ici au 28 février 2014. ** Consommation suivant directive CE 715/2007/CEE. Émissions moyennes de CO 2 de tous les modèles de véhicules immatriculés en Suisse: 148 g/km. Mars 2014 | 15 longer of ‘donors’, but ‘investors’. Maybe it’s time to talk ‘investors’, ‘clients’, and ‘returns’. © OLIVIA HARRIS, trust.org Women devolve 70% of their salary into their families, so if you help women to know and defend their rights and to progress in society, you achieve a deeper and wider impact on poverty. a particular moment in time. This ‘picture’ has no claims to be 100% scientific, but it is the overall perception of a number of very authoritative gender experts, that is to say: women’s rights NGOs leaders, doctors, lawyers, journalists and activist operating in the women’s rights arena. Activists on the ground have systematically used the information provided in our polls as a tool to demand change. This is the sort of impact our poll achieved and we will continue on this front to produce even Think of it: more polls. exploit the The Foundation is the corporate charity of Thomson Reuters. How do you assure the company that what you do is worth the investment? The corporate community is changing. You would be amazed at how clients are increasingly interested in getting to know if and how companies give back to society. The Thomson if you Reuters Foundation has been around for over power of 30 years now, so in this data for good causes respect, the leadership of the company has been such as fighting visionary and clearly human trafficking and ahead of the curve. slavery, or producing perception polls to put women’s rights at the heart of the news agenda, a lot of very skilled professionals have a key role to play. Thomson Reuters is deeply committed to the Foundation. The global impact achieved in the past few years makes it clear that this is indeed worth the investment. I am thinking of TrustLaw – the Foundation’s global market place created in 2010 to connect lawyers working for free with NGOs and social enterprises – which is now well established in more than 150 countries; or our journalism training that reached more than 1,200 people across 170 countries, or our continuous coverage of the world’s 16 | Mars 2014 under reported stories. From a business perspective, if you manage to use the skills of your company to run programs and services that empower people around the world, it is an added value also for your shareholders. Today the subject of women is not just a private sector matter. When speaking about “women” we could say there is a dichotomy between the governmentsocial sector and private sector in their approaches. In your view, does this affect getting real progress? I was in Davos recently, chairing a panel on the exact same subject. The outcome was clear: we need to re-frame the way we address development. Maybe we should no longer need to speak of ‘receivers of aid’, but instead speak of ‘consumers’, no You are undoubtedly an inspiration to many of us, and the Foundation is something to be very proud of, while working for Thomson Reuters, but many of us feel that we will hardly reach the level of impact you have achieved, to make a difference to so many women. We often listen to you saying that no matter what our position is, we can be a real and positive change for other women. What do you suggest women like me or our readers do, to move forward for other women? You are way too kind. I was asked a similar question by the organizers of TED here in London. My answer was that you can ‘save the world from your desk’ if you really want to. I was referring to data. You see, at the Thomson Reuters Foundation, we are breaking grounds by using data as a tool for social change. Think of it: if you exploit the power of data for good causes such as fighting human trafficking and slavery, or producing perception polls to put women’s rights at the heart of the news agenda, a lot of very skilled professionals have a key role to play. At the Foundation we bring them together: journalists, lawyers, bankers, aid workers and technology specialists. We catalyse their potential to make an impact. And we prove that professionals can contribute to social change without having to travel to the most remote corners of the world. ■ OMS/WHO Women’s health is key for advancing social and economic development The Millennium Development Goals – which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/ AIDS, reducing maternal and child mortality and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015 – form a blueprint agreed to by all the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development institutions. They have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world’s poorest. Women’s health is central to the MDGs. MIKAEL OSTERGREN, METIN GULMEZOGLU, ELISABETH MASON, MARLEEN TEMMERMAN Between 1990 and 2010, maternal mortality – deaths due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth – was almost halved, from 543,000 deaths per year to 287,000, with the greatest reductions in the second half of that period. A major catalyst for this progress was the commitment countries made to achieve the targets of MDG 5: a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio between 1990 and 2015, and universal access to reproductive health. At the same time, the international community enhanced its commitment to support, develop, and implement effective interventions to improve the health of women, especially during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-partum. The leading causes of maternal mortality – heavy bleeding, high blood pressure, infections and unsafe abortion – are, to a large extent, preventable. Ensuring the availability of certain services —such as family planning, prenatal care, skilled care at birth, reproductive health care after delivery, and a range of services for adolescents – is key to preventing maternal deaths. However, coverage for many of these interventions remains low and unevenly distributed within countries. Achieving meaningful TAILOR MADE MOVING & RELOCATION SOLUTIONS International Moves Relocation Local Moves Storage We make it easy Contact Christophe Wilkins T: +41(0) 79 686 69 28 E: [email protected] www.interdean.com Mars 2014 | 17 ©istockphoto progress in maternal – as well as newborn and child – survival requires reaching all population groups with essential health services. Equity dimensions such as wealth, gender, age, maternal education, ethnicity, and urban/ rural residence are critical factors to take into account. As more mothers choose to come to health facilities to give birth, it is essential that they are treated with respect and dignity and receive good quality care. Otherwise, advances in coverage – though uneven – may not be translated into good health outcomes. A new vision As countries and international partners engage in planning for the post-2015 development agenda, now is the time to envision an end to preventable deaths. The global health community should build on recent successes, and step-up progress further still in the push towards elimination of all preventable maternal deaths within a specified period. The World Health Organization 18 | Mars 2014 (WHO) and many others have started processes to define a new vision for maternal health, including discussion of potential targets. The initial technical discussions convened by WHO as part of this process – with country-level programme managers, scientists, professional organisations, donors, and other partner agencies – resulted in proposals to take forward a bold vision of ending preventable maternal deaths, around which the international community can rally. Analyses done as background to the discussions show the feasibility of this vision. An ambitious but realistic global target is to reduce maternal mortality ratios to less than fifty deaths per 100,000 live births by 2035. benefits to societies and economies. A recently published article in The Lancet led by WHO, demonstrates how investment in women’s and children’s health generates high health, social, and economic returns. Increasing spending by just $5 per person per year up to 2035 in seventy-four high-burden countries could yield up to nine times that value in economic and social benefits. These returns include greater gross domestic product (GDP) growth through improved productivity, and prevention of the needless deaths of 147 million children, 32 million stillbirths, and 5 million women by 2035. These gains are achievable with just a 2% increase in current spending. Investments would need to be targeted and focused on interventions with the highest impact. Expanding access to contraception, for example, would be a particularly cost-effective investment potentially accounting for half of all the deaths prevented in the accelerated investment scenario. The investment framework presented in The Lancet paper can serve as a guide to countries to optimise their investments in women’s and children’s health over the next two decades. An investment framework A reduction in the unacceptably high number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth remains a key priority. But rather than representing a cost, research show that investing in women’s and children’s health actually brings The role of WHO and partners WHO’s departments of Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health and Reproductive health and research are working together to make this happen. Through research, we generate new evidence to shape norms, standards and guidelines for reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health that in turn help countries to adopt the most effective, evidence-based policies and strategies. We help countries build their capacity for delivering universal access to high quality, integrated health services and monitoring and measuring progress. Much of the work is done in partnership with other agencies and organizations. The Health4+ partnership – comprising 6 United Nations agencies: UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UN Women, WHO and the World Bank – is an example of such collaboration. Recognizing that we can achieve more by working together at global, regional and country level, the H4+ partners are jointly supporting governments to achieve the MDGs by 2015. This collaboration is part of a movement that is contributing to improved health outcomes for women and children in an increasing number of countries , guided by the United Nations Secretary-General’s Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health and Every Woman Every Child initiative. The theme for this year’s International Women’s Day is “inspiring change”. A change is needed for the millions of women who face risks of death and disability during pregnancy and childbirth. With modest, targeted investments, this change is possible. ■ OMS/WHO A child desire – a woman’s choice SHERYL VANDERPOEL1 Women all over the world suffer from many of the same health problems, diseases and disabilities. And for women suffering from infertility, or a fertility problem, it is no different. It is the choice of each woman, or couple, to determine if they desire to attempt to become pregnant and form a family. But what happens if despite trying, a couple finds that pregnancy does not happen? Month after month. Year after year. Many of us do know friends or family members struggling to have a first child – or to have another child – to build their family. However, it is less well known that this problem actually affects significantly more couples in developing countries, than in developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) had found that the burden of all forms of infertility affects one in every four couples in developing countries (2004). A WHO global trend assessment (1990-2010) found that the prevalence of infertility has not changed over the last twenty years, ranging from 90 to 120 million couples. 2 In 2011, the WHO and the World Bank produced a First Report on Disability, within which women with infertility were found to be predominantly from developing countries, and its prevalence ranked the 5th highest serious global health condition resulting in disability among populations under the age of 60. Despite the high burden, women who desire but are unable to achieve and maintain a desired pregnancy, have needs which are not being addressed – on a global scale. The many causes of infertility in a couple, are shared equally – these causes can present in the woman or man. Yet, the societal burden of infertility disproportionately affects women – as pregnancy and child birth are physically manifested in the women. In many countries and settings, a woman’s status is often identified with her fertility, and failure to have children can be seen as a social disgrace or a cause for divorce. The stigmatization that can result can be extreme, with references made to infertile women being buried within rocky soil to avoid being buried on currently fertile ground – or not being allowed to attend a marriage ceremony as she may confer her unfortunate infertile status to the bride – or even if her own health system failed her, as her infertility may have resulted from a previous pregnancy-related infection, her situation may still be considered her unresolvable fate. An infertile woman may not only be considered non-marriageable but may become viewed as a burden on her family, community or society. There is perception that although women may suffer from infertility, as do all other women around the world, “given the overpopulation problem in many developing The new Honda Civic Tourer the inside as much as the outside For those who love Style or luggage capacity? The Civic Tourer estate offers you the best of both worlds. Its original silhouette conceals the largest boot of its class, offering 624 litres of boot space with five people on board, or as much as 1668 litres with the rear seats stowed away. Its unique flexibility, so appreciated by families, comes hand in hand with innovative security systems and unrivalled road behaviour. Take a test drive, in the extremely sober Civic Tourer with 1.6 i-DTEC* “Earth Dreams Technology” engine for example! 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Fertility always comes from outside Painting donated to the WHO from The Walking Egg. Promoting global access to infertility care. www.walkingegg.com “Dualism is necessary to create something new, and you need “the other” to create new life. “Cross-pollination” is crucial to my work, as it is the opposite of “in-breeding”- which is what happens if we do not reach out to someone or something else.” Artist, Mixed media, Koen Vanmechelen countries, it is argued that over fertility, rather than infertility, should be the focus” of reproductive health care programmes for women in these locations. However, women in developing countries are now embracing modern contraceptive ‘methods-of-choice’ to limit or space their children; and, these women are becoming empowered through extended years of education, are breaking through corporate ‘glass ceilings’ and most importantly, contributing and no longer seen as a burden to their communities or societies. Yet, when these same women have trouble becoming pregnant or are diagnosed as involuntarily infertile, the reproductive health care options to assist them to become pregnant are often not existing within their public health care system or services. Some reservations have been raised that “treating infertility through expensive treatments cannot be justified, especially in low resource settings where other more pressing needs must be given priority.” 20 | Mars 2014 However, if fertility problems are discovered, there are multiple levels of interventions – which impact health of the women and the child. Sometimes these options are providing better fertility awareness methods for reaching pregnancy – deliverable at primary care or community health level. For example, she can be counselled on addressing her current life style, such as smoking or drinking alcohol. Assessing the environment she is living in, and the cosmetic products she is using. She and her partner can make critical reproductive and lifestyle choices to increase her chances to become pregnant. Most importantly she and her partner can learn when it is time to seek professional help. Sometimes fertility problems do require more advanced interventions. Innovative ways are being researched to safely and effectively reduce the high costs of in vitro fertilization (IVF) methods. As IVF is globally practiced predominately within the private rather than the public health sector. Clinical research initiatives, such as those from the Walking Egg and the Low Cost IVF non-profit foundations and other professional organizations, are exploring how reproductive health care options can be expanded and integrated into With many of these interventions and new innovations becoming affordable and implementable, the criticisms that women from developing countries should not have access or options for fertility care can be strongly refuted. Importantly, these fertility care innovations have revolutionized concepts and stimulated discussions about generational identity, family and human reproductive potential. Restrictive laws and policies on access to fertility care interventions in one country can result in women and their partners travelling to another country. Great concerns have been raised about cross-border reproductive care, especially when best practice clinical and psychosocial guidelines, as well as ethically-considered procedures, have not been adopted by the clinics providing fertility care. Would you ask a question to your friend or family member: “Are you planning on ever having children?” “Why is adoption not an answer to your problems?” “Would you use an egg or sperm donor?” Whether asked within a high-income or a low-income settings, or within highly- to less-educated societies, these questions may or may not be considered culturally unacceptable; may or may not be deemed too private to share an answer. The ability to either ask these types of questions or share an answer are strongly shaped by cultural, moral and socioeconomic factors. Not only religious and ethical considerations, but legal, human rights and social issues need to be debated when country-level health policies and systems address fertility care options. Critical to these debates is that providing and integrating access to evidence-based, safe and quality interventions to women and their partners will significantly help in global efforts to build healthy families, communities and societies. It is a woman’s reproductive choice: to attempt for a desired pregnancy; to choose fertility assistance to avoid transmission of disease or in order to overcome involuntary infertility; to adopt or to foster a child; or, instead to decide to remain childless. A woman’s decision on pregnancy: free from discrimination or coercion. WHO has begun to address this highly neglected global public health care issue, through the initiation of the development of best practice evidence-based normative guidelines in fertility care. When fertility care interventions, in future, become integrated into global public health systems, these will lead to the ultimate aim: healthy mother and child outcomes. Women and their partners all over the world share in the pain and stigma from fertility problems. A shared global initiative for provision of quality fertility care is required. ■ All references can be found on: www. who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/en/index.html 1 WHO/Department of Reproductive Health and Research/ including HRP, the UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, WHO and World Bank Special Programme in Human Reproduction 2 180-240 million men and women, of reproductive age, over the age of 20, who have stayed together and tried, unsuccessfully for a child, for more than 2 years. The causes: can be due to the woman or the man or both; are suspected to differ between different global regions and countries; and, have been reported to differ between diverse settings within countries. OMS/WHO An initiative to address violence against women and children Violence is a major global public health, gender equality and human rights challenge touching every country and every part of society. for taking a broader approach to inter-personal violence. With that in mind, the draft resolution calls for the development of a new global plan of action on inter-personal violence, while maintaining the important focus on addressing violence against women and against children, as some of the most vulnerable members of society. The global impact of violence cannot be understated. In 2011, 1.37 million people died as a result of violence and for every person killed, thousands more are victims of non-fatal violence. Globally, one in three women experience some sort of violence in their lifetime, almost 70% before the age of twenty-five. One in five COLIN L. MCIFF, HEALTH ATTACHE, U.S. MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS, GENEVA 'BDDIJOFUUJ "VUPNPCJMFT MAEVE MCKEAN, SENIOR ADVISOR TO THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY, OFFICE OF GLOBAL AFFAIRS, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, XXXGBDDIJOFUUJDI 4IFFS %SJWJOH1MFBTVSF WASHINGTON, DC However, while pervasive, violence is preventable and the health sector has a key role to play in addressing and responding to the problem. In January 2014 at the 134th meeting of the World Health Organization (WHO) Executive Board, more than twenty countries came together to sponsor an agenda item and draft resolution seeking to promote the role of the health system in addressing violence, in particular against women and children. WHO has not had a resolution on this topic in over a decade. The catalyst for these conversations came at the sidelines of the May 2013 World Health Assembly (WHA) where Ministers of Health from Belgium, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, United States, and Zambia held a side event on violence against women and girls. The concluding statement by the ministers affirmed “We come together today to show our collective commitment to addressing interpersonal violence through the further strengthening of WHO’s capacity to address this important health issue, particularly for women and girls. Our shared goal is to propose an agenda item for the 67th World Health Assembly.” While the initial focus of Ministers was on violence against women and girls, further exploration of the issue, including with WHO Secretariat colleagues, at both health systems and epidemiological considerations (such as data collection, the need to break inter-general cycles of violence, and to engage men and boys) argued /JDPMBT(S¼OFOXBME3FTQPOTBCMF%JQMPNBUJD4BMFT 8&"*.50&9$&&% :063&7&3:8*4) 41&$*"-4"-&4$0.1&5&/$&$&/5&3 %*1-0."5*$4"-&4 'BDDIJOFUUJ"VUPNPCJMFT(FO¨WF 4"3PVUFEF.FZSJO.FZSJO5FMXXXGBDDIJOFUUJDI 351.213.20_11.008_Facchinetti_DiplomaticSales_Ins_210x297_e_KD.indd 1 17.02.11 17:39 Mars 2014 | 21 Photo WHO Photo WHO women and one in ten men experience sexual abuse as children. The repercussions of violence are not limited to physical injuries. Violence is a chronic health issue that can lead to asthma, depression and other behavioral or psychosocial health issues, and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. Long a priority for WHO Director-General Margaret Chan, WHO three clusters (Family, Women’s and Children’s Health; Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health; Polio, Emergencies and Country Collaboration) and within them of four departments (Reproductive Health and Research; Injuries and Violence Prevention; Mental Health and Substance Abuse; and Emergency Preparedness and Capacity Building) have provided strong technical and organizational support to the negotiations. A key goal for the resolution will be to promote, through a global action plan, 22 | Mars 2014 a whole-of-WHO approach to violence, in particular against women and against children, so that everybody can better complement and support one another’s work in support of countries. In the coming month, interested Member States will continue consultations to further refine the text ahead of the May 2014 WHA where we expect the resolution will be adopted. The development of a global plan of action, with a set of targets and indicators, and the publication of a recurring global status report on violence prevention will improve monitoring and evaluation of progress made under the new plan. WHO’s leadership to date has been fundamental in understanding the importance of a public health lens to address violence. Yet, this is only one part of the picture as the health system’s role in addressing violence must be part of a robust multi-sectoral approach that engages governments and civil society, on the local, national and international level. The original seven co-sponsoring group of countries (Belgium, India, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, USA, and Zambia) appreciate the significant work ongoing elsewhere in the UN system such as through the Secretary-General’s UNiTE to end violence against women campaign which is an important part of this global response. This group of countries recognizes the critical health and human rights dimensions of this challenge, and is committed to do our part from a public health perspective to create the transformational change needed in our countries and communities to make a difference in people’s lives. ■ SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Portraits of (working) mothers · Marina Cavazza and Egle· Kacˇ kute, expatriates from Italy and Lithuania respectively, have been photographing and interviewing other expatriate mums (and dads) in Geneva for the last year. EGLĖ KAČKUTĖ & CLAUDIA PURPURA In a stereotype expatriate family, dads are out working and mums happily stay at home looking after the children, Marina’s and Eglè’s work brings to light a different image of expatriate women who often have a career and/ or a professional identity to balance with their motherhood outside of their country of origin. Far from their birth families, social and cultural networks, these women certainly have additional challenges compared to their settled compatriots. H o w e v e r, t h e i r s e n s e o f belonging may vary depending on several factors such as their level of French and/or English, being able to afford child-care, their level of education, and field of expertise, to mention just a few. The various portraits speak of this very private balance that each expat working mum has found (or is still finding) in Geneva. ■ VOTRE ÉVÉNEMENT PRIVÉ SUR MESURE Le lac Léman offre un cadre unique pour votre événement. CGN-Exclusive vous offre la possibilité de louer l’un de nos bateaux. Votre croisière dans un décor contemporain, souligné par une ambiance très tendance? Votre croisière «Belle Époque» dans une ambiance intime et élégante qui joue du temps passé? Nos bateaux sont adaptés à tous types d’événements. Demandez gratuitement une offre personnalisée. www.cgn.ch/exclusive +41 (0)21 614 62 18 Mars 2014 | 23 Portraits of (working) mothers Federica, Antonella, Marina, Tom, Ana FEDERICA ANTONELLA FEDERICA, Italian, Lawyer British-Congolese Partner, Mother of an 8 year old daughter and a 5 year old son baby sitter that it gets hard as all the pressure lays on me for everything, including discipline. ANTONELLA, Italian, Architect, humanitarian worker, Italian Partner Mother of a 3 year old daughter I work at the United Nations, the Office of the High Commissioner of the Human Rights. This is my tenth year in Geneva. I am from Italy, but after university I went to the UK to do a MA in International Law, then I went to India before coming here. My husband followed me to Geneva and has been on and off jobs since then. When he’s off a job, he does all the family work, but when he is working, he’s often away, like right now, he is in Afghanistan, then I need a baby sitter, unless I have family from Italy. When my family is here, it’s ok. It’s when I am alone with the I think maybe I miss out a little, I may not be there during the day, eight hours a day, but then I think it’s better to have children who see their mother less, but when they do, they see her as a happy, satisfied person. The arrival of my daughter changed my career completely. My area was emergency response, so I’d get a 48 hour notice before I was on the plane and I’d be gone for at least a month. You can’t do this kind of work and have a family. I was employed at my own organisation when I had the baby and was hoping to go back to work, but I was fired just as I had to come back after the maternity leave. This was the main complication, being fired wasn’t one of the scenarios I imagined for myself. I am doing freelance humanitarian support work or consultancy at the moment, but there is not enough work in a year to support myself, unless I travel. 24 | Mars 2014 He has always been very supportive of my career and since I’ve been working for the UN, he has always put his career second. He doesn’t complain about this, but if there was one thing I could change, I’d make sure my husband could be satisfied professionally and be with us. ■ Re-entering job markets over the age of forty is not easy and if you want to change the line of work is even harder. That’s something that has to change. I don’t know why, but women who work at management level and decide to have a family, have to keep doing it, otherwise they become less credible in the eyes of their colleagues and when it comes to inviting them to projects and such, they don’t come to mind as easily anymore. It’s all about staying in the loop. I’ve been lucky to have had two careers already, one as an architect and one as an humanitarian worker and to have achieved some results in both. So I felt ok with being stuck here with a baby, accept to not have enough work, and be lucky to be supported by my partner. ■ MARINA MARINA, Italian, Free lance photographer Italian partner Mother of 3 children, 7 year old daughter and 5 year old twin boys I don’t think mothering is work, it’s something that has to do with being a human being and sharing your life with other people. I made a choice to live in a couple, to have children and I knew that meant a lot of my time would be spent with them. My photographic work focus a lot of identity, I feel as if I’ve lost my old self and need to create a new one for my new life. I can’t always choose freely what I want to do, where or when I want to do it. I need TOM to be “disponibile”, physically and psychologically available to them. They know I usually have flexible working hours, sometimes they wonder whether I work because I don’t go to the office, so I tell them that sometimes people can and do work from home. I think they quite like what I do. Whenever they see photos around, they are happy to say: “this is mummy’s photo.” I hope they inherit the artistic approach to life. ■ TOM, American, Former Hollywood script reader and evaluator, free lance editor, now full time dad American Partner Father of two daughters, 5 year and 3 years old At the moment I look after my two girls. I have two young girls and I run a small household. For the most part I accept and embrace it. I’ve been doing it for about five years now and I try not to think about it too much. I don’t see it as the epitome of what I want to do, but I enjoy being busy, I enjoy a lot of aspects of it, I enjoy managing the house, but I have a lot of conflicting feelings about it as well. It’s a huge question. I don’t feel like I regret having left my job, I really don’t, I feel ANA, Brazilian, Stay at home mother, dancer, costume and setting designer Swiss German Partner Mother of 7 year old Alisa and 3 year old Sasha ANA I’m from Brazil. I’m a daughter of a diplomat, so we were moving from one place to another. I lived in Geneva when I was very young, then I came back when I was seventeen, left again and finally came back in my late twenties. I studied architecture, but I stopped when I became a mother. It was too hard to reconcile those things. The studies weren’t going very well anyway, but also there was no day care and I was very much confronted with myself. I thought: “What do I do? Do I try and do like I’m still going forward and this is where I am even though there isn’t any work here (in Geneva) that I really want to do. If I abandon my preconceived notions that, that is not a valuable expenditure of time as a man, then, of course, I’m gaining. I’m not fully embracing that idea of not working, but then again that’s superstitious. It’s a real life experience, it’s the best expenditure of time that you can do, because you’re raising human beings, you’re bringing human beings into the world, you’re giving somebody else a chance, I can’t think of anything that’s more important. I think that’s why we do it. ■ my career, carry on with my studies and get a degree or do I just enter this new world which is opening up before me?” I was very much divided over it. And little by little I entered the motherhood completely. It doesn’t even feel as if it was a decision. It just happened. Although my architectural career hasn’t worked out, I feel an artist inside. I started dancing when my daughter was born. There was this creative energy that was released and although I let go of my career, I have been able to express things through dance. I am working on a dance performance that thinks about the movement and the beauty of everyday life. ■ Mars 2014 | 25 Introduction for NEXT GENERATION The new UN Special section “The NEXT GENERATION”, managed by Omar Bawa, is dedicated to sharing incredible stories, interviews and articles of young people creating change around the world. The section will also spotlight new developments in technology, with a focus on the Internet, social networking and mobile applications. Occasionally “The NEXT GENERATION” will feature film and book reviews. Finally the section will shed light on youth activity in Geneva and at the United Nations. The “NEXT GENERATION” seeks to connect, inform and inspire readers. Interview with Giulia Rigazio The youngest female President of the Geneva model United Nations Giulia Rigazio is the youngest female President of the Geneva International Model United Nations (GIMUN), a non governmental organisation (NGO) with Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Every year, the NGO organizes an Annual Model United Nations (MUN) Conference for passionate university students to simulate the debates and discussions about global issues within the UN. conference (MUN), which gathers students from all around the world for one week at the Palais des Nations. But our NGO goes beyond the MUN system, also organizing other events that aim to give more attention to the opinions of young people, like Youth Perspectives, commemorations such as the UN Day, study trips, weekly meetings based on UN simulations, conferences, tours of international organizations, and much more. Why is Model UN important? OMAR BAWA What is GIMUN’s mission? For 15 years, GIMUN’s goal has been to promote the values and principles of the United Nations among young adults, and to provide them with a multilateral platform to discuss various global issues addressed by the United Nations itself. In order to do so GIMUN organizes different activities at the UN or in other important institutions. Our biggest event is the annual 26 | Mars 2014 MUN is an unforgettable lifetime experience and is a “world” in itself. Students from all five continents travel to different cities to meet, discuss, negotiate and raise awareness of their causes. It is not only a matter of “putting a mask on” and pretending to be a delegate from an unfamiliar country, but it is an important source of skills, expertise and knowledge. Firstly, it gives the opportunity for motivated students to familiarize themselves with the UN system and procedures. NOUVELLE GENERATION/NEXT GENERATION MUN conferences are also a school of diplomacy and decision-making. You throw yourself into a situation where you have to find a solution for global problems, negotiate and raise awareness of your cause amongst delegates who usually only think about their own interests. It is more than just a simulation. Even if these solutions do not actually get heard by the UN itself, through MUNs young people can form their opinions, and who knows, it might be the beginning of a personal career that will take them to sit at the real UN General Assembly one day! And let’s not forget the social aspect of a MUN conference. After participating in one MUN, you will have friends from the five continents of the globe! What drives so many young people to participate in the GIMUN annual conference? To be honest with you, the first thing that comes to mind is the “Palais des Nations”. We are the only MUN that actually takes place in a UN headquarters, and this gives us prestige, together with our chance to be in Geneva, one of the world’s main international hubs. Also, GIMUN has built its reputation over 15 years. How can young people help improve the state of our world? We are the next leading generation. We are a globalized generation that is dealing with the benefits of 21st century living, but also with the biggest challenges. Daily, we read in the newspapers upsetting news about conflicts, economic downturn, environmental issues and so on. Raising awareness about them is a big step forward for young people. It is easy to just stay still in front of such world self-destruction, but it is more difficult to realize what is happening around us, make our own opinions and share them with people, speak up. We are fortunate enough to have platforms like Facebook and Goodwall to connect and collaborate globally. The power of our opinions is immense. We, young students, do not normally have concrete instruments to make the world a better place, but our opinion has a great value, especially if discussed and shared with other young people. Creating a general awareness of the youth: this is certainly the beginning for making us heard by the powerful. Maybe this will seem too idealistic, but if we are to change tomorrow, we must be idealistic today. Is the UN responding to the issues of the next generation? I personally think that the UN tries to do as much as it can. Let’s consider the Millennium Development Goals, a range of extraordinary and perhaps “utopian” objectives that the countries within the UN are targeting by 2015. These are certainly aiming for more equality, prosperity, dignity and freedom for the next global generation, despite the differences between countries and societies. All of this does not depend on the UN itself, but on the components of the UN: states but also civil society, whose impact is growing in the international arena. What are your ambitions as a young female leader? Where do you hope to be in five years? Nice question! Its tough to answer because sometimes there are too many ambitions overlapping each other, but that is the nice thing about being young. My life so far has been full of unexpected changes. I came from Italy to Geneva to do Translation Studies, but the international Geneva “bewitched” me, and I suddenly changed to International Relations, to maximize my impact (one of the best decisions I have ever made in my life!). In five years time? I hope to be involved in the international domain, in a UN institution or agency or in civil society, possibly working in the field, where you can really make a difference. I would love to start with that. But then I would also say that I would like to bring all the expertise and knowledge that I am developing in Switzerland and abroad back to my country, Italy, where there is an evident need for change. We will see. What would you like to say to the 10,000+ International civil servants of the United Nations at Geneva and of the World Health Organization who read the UN Special? Please, give more attention to the young generation, to our ideas, to our perspectives, to our opinions and our hopes. We have a great potential to give a positive contribution to today’s world. We also need to get inspired from brave people who have fought for more equality, more democracy, more dignity, more respect between nations and society, and make this inspiration lead your motivation for contributing to it, make something to add to their efforts. We can start with little steps; we cannot all be “world changers” (me included). Let’s start with not discriminating against the person sitting next to you on the bus only because he/she has a different skin color, not being indifferent to what is happening only because we live in a more peaceful and secure region of the world, trying to give a hand to a needy person instead of turning your back, being less eager to have more and more. And step after step, person after person, maybe the world will really be a better place. ■ E X TA E FR THE NEW 2014 JEEP CHEROKEE. ® Chez votre partenaire Jeep officiel, tous les modèles sont exemptés de taxe d’incitation sur le CO2. ® Centre Ville 10, rue Général-Dufour 1204 Genève Tél. 022 310 06 07 Fax 022 310 06 61 www.garagevictoria.ch Mars 2014 | 27 NOUVELLE GENERATION/NEXT GENERATION Making mountains metaphors A young brave South African mountain climber who wants to change the world MyKape.com Owen explains, “Part of being a conscious traveller, in my mind, involves making a positive impact with your time wherever you go. One of the best ways to do that is to assist the researchers who are out there on the front lines of the battle to conserve and protect our planet’s natural places.” OMAR BAWA In March 2014, eco-adventurer and founder of My KAPE, Kai Fitchen, a brave young South African, is to embark on his most challenging adventure yet. Traversing 20,000 km in a little over five months, the twentyyear-old Earth & Youth Ambassador certainly has his work cut out. Add to this the fact that he is intent on travelling the entire route in a sustainable and carbon-neutral way and you can begin to understand the enormity of his task. What makes it even more impressive is that Fitchen has had epilepsy since he was nineyears-old. “That was a huge blow to my self-esteem,” he admits. However, instead of letting it rule his life, it led him to finding his purpose. He smiles: “I found hiking and the mountain[s].” And thus he began to set himself goals. 28 | Mars 2014 He achieved his first target six years later: aged fifteen, he summited Mount Kilimanjaro. Then, upon returning home, he was off again, this time selected by Mike Horn to join the Pangaea Young Explorers Expedition to the Himalayas. It was a thrilling experience and one which Fitchen says reinforced his love for big mountains. Next was a trip to Mount Elbrus where he became the youngest person to summit via its North Face. However, it was here, upon the highest peak in Europe that he started to notice the negative effects of commercial climbing. “I began to notice that there was trash everywhere. It was not a scene that I wanted to be a part of and I faced a dilemma.” Fortunately, Fitchen came up with a viable solution, establishing My KAPE in 2012. An umbrella organization for a series of sustainable expeditions and community-empowering projects, My KAPE is about climbing big mountains around the world while building awareness around sustainable living. Following the pilot expedition to Mount Kenya, which turned out to be a success, Fitchen is busy readying himself for the second of the series. Ti t l e d K A P E 2 ATACA M A or K2A for short, Fitchen is expecting it to be gruelling. Fortunately, he will be joined by Michael Owen and his partner, Robyn Kime. Both engineers, the duo will help Fitchen with the research side of things – an aspect that wasn’t present in his first expedition, and one which Owen believes takes the KAPE 2 ATACAMA expedition to another level. The trio will be crossing the Atlantic Ocean, a journey of 6,100 km (3,800 miles) from Cape Town, South Africa to Fortaleza, Brazil. Along the way, they will be doing research for the Percy Fitzpatrick Institute of African Ornithology, which involves collecting samples of plastic in an effort to study the impact of marine plastic pollution on marine bird species. This means that while KAPE 2 ATACAMA appears to be an excuse to travel, it’s also about ensuring a better future. Fitchen and his team have also partnered with Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation (ASC) to conduct research for two additional projects during the Atlantic crossing. The first project studies the impact of tiny plastic particles – less than 5mm in size – on the health of marine ecosystems. The second project involves the recording of cetacean (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and sea turtle sightings in the region of the ocean through which the team will be sailing. A trip up north to the capital of Peru, Lima follows, after which It is at this stage where Owen and Kime will leave the expedition, heading to North America while Fitchen heads south to Chile where he will face his most difficult climb of the expedition. Towering at 6,893 m, Ojos del Salado, on the outskirts of the Atacama Desert, is the highest active volcano in the world. After his summit attempt, Fitchen will start the journey home, travelling across Argentina to Buenos Aires on the coast where he will search for a boat to take him home. The reality, however, of such an expedition is that it costs a lot. It is for this reason that Fitchen has turned to the crowd funding platform, Indiegogo for help. Now, as much as Fitchen is calling for donations, he does not expect freebies. That is why a donation to K2A is much more than just a valuable contribution. By donating a set amount, you have the opportunity to claim a gift in exchange. $100 gets you a tree planted by Greenpop and $1,000, a five-day RYA Certified Sailing Course. ■ MyKape.com the team will make their way to the climbing mecca of Huaraz, which includes the Huascarán snow peak, considered to be the highest mountain in the tropics. “We’ll only be travelling by basic public transport (nothing chartered) and sustainable means, such as trekking, cycling and hitching,” says Fitchen. “It’s also known as ‘carbon neutral travel’ where you’re not adding another motorised vehicle onto the road.” MyKape.com If all goes well, the team will arrive in Fortaleza by midApril. From there, Fitchen, Owen and Kime will travel south west by bus to southern Bolivia before taking the infamous ‘Death Train’ to Sana Cruz. The team will then hold their fi rst school/ community programme in La Paz, the third most populous city in Bolivia before crossing the border into Peru and heading to Cusco, home of Machu Picchu and the Sacred Valley. A third and final ASC project will see them collecting very small samples of rock from the mountains of Bolivia and Peru in an effort to understand how microbes interact with the rock in the mountainous environment. To support Kai’s campaign, visit www.indiegogo.com/projects/ kape-2-atacama-expedition/x/6199710 You can follow Kai’s adventure on Twitter (@kais_kape), Facebook (www.facebook. com/mykape) and Goodwall (www.goodwall.org/kai-fitchen) Education /enseignement Mars 2014 | 29 ENTRETIEN/INTERVIEW WHO over the decades A woman’s perspective In the month of International Women’s Day, UN Special takes a look at the kaleidoscopic worklife in the offices of the World Health Organization over the years through the eyes of four women staff members in three duty stations, who have between them spent more than a century of years in service in WHO. Listen to Evelyn Jiguet, Radha Swaminathan, Pamela Charlton and Mary Stewart Burgher speak about their experiences in WHO since they joined the Organization in the early 1980s. GAUTAM BASU AND CHANTAL STREIJFFERT GARON, WHO Three decades in WHO Evelyn Jiguet, now an Assistant in Safety and Vigilance unit, joined WHO in December 1982. She always wanted to be a doctor, and after her bachelor’s degree in science completed a medical secretaries’ course in her native Manila. She admired the work of WHO, which to her was synonymous with good health. “When we thought of WHO in those days we always thought of the Geneva office.” So when she first came to Geneva she took WHO’s typing and shorthand test and her first break came as temporary secretary with the Information Systems Support unit. “Secretarial jobs in those days were purely secretarial, unlike today when some secretaries even have postgraduate degrees. In the days before computers and mobile devices, the clanging of the typewriter was ubiquitous.” Pamela Charlton, Head of the Publication Team in the Regional Office for Europe (EURO), joined WHO in 1982 when she was twenty-seven, after four years as a journalist in a glossy international finance magazine in the City of London, which “confirmed her love of publishing and her dislike of high finance”. When she moved to Copenhagen for personal reasons and discovered that WHO had an office there, she thought her areas Education /enseignement PORTES OUVERTES Samedi 22 mars de 9h à 12h et de 14h à 16h30 Ateliers d’éveil musical dès 1 an Ateliers de musique en mouvement dès 15 mois Cours d’instruments dès 5 ans Au Grand-Saconnex www.labulledair.ch Tél. 022 788 36 22 30 | Mars 2014 14, chemin du pommier A Carouge 37, chemin de la Tambourine of study (human sciences at Oxford and languages and literature) were the “perfect background” for a job as editor in the newly set up publishing programme. “I was one of the youngest ‘professionals’ to ever join EURO and one of the very few women and non-doctors then”. Radha Swaminathan, Assistant Editor with Reports and Documents in the Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO), joined WHO in June 1983 after completing her degree in languages. She has served under four regional directors in the New Delhi office. Mary Stewart Burgher (“Mary Stewart is my first name, like Mary Jane”) is an editor in Pamela’s team who joined EURO in May 1985. “I heard about WHO from a friend who worked here. In the early 1980s, I got my foot in the door as a freelance. I followed what was the regular route back then: ‘temporary’ staff (for five years!) and then a fixed-term post. That route has changed, of course. In the course of my work, I’ve been to headquarters, two other regional offices (Americas and Africa) and a few country offices.” As an American descending from native Texans, Mary Stewart was thrilled to join the multicultural UN. “There were staff of sixty nationalities at EURO when I joined; a delightful variety indeed.” Predominantly male bastions then All four concur that their offices in the 1980s were predominantly male, particularly in the higher (more powerful) staff grades. In HQ, secretarial jobs were almost a female preserve, and there were fewer women in professional posts. Evelyn recalls that in her early days the majority of G-staff were male, and adds in an afterthought that “there were no female guards”. “In SEARO, except for the staff nurse, the receptionist and myself, all other G positions were filled by men. Now women comprise 31% of the total strength,” says Radha. What about the gender balance (or imbalance) in EURO in the 1980s? “Terrible!” exclaimed Pamela. “Almost all G-staff were women and P-staff men.” Her “worst experience” was when she was being briefed with a male colleague by a female regional adviser at an induction briefing, and the regional adviser assumed Pamela must be his wife. Mary Stewart has another interesting anecdote on the gender scene. “At my first interview, a prospective supervisor asked me whether I would ‘run off and get married’ if I got the job. When I was formally hired in 1989, it was customary to show a little film about how not to be sexist. It had a scene based on recent history, when a man popped his head into a meeting room, saw two female colleagues and said, ‘oh, nobody’s here’. In the 1980s and 1990s EURO had a very active women’s committee, which campaigned for better gender balance and family-friendly working conditions. We had pretty serious arguments to get technical staff to start using non-sexist language.” A greater degree of gender balance now In SEARO, the workplace has definitely evolved to become more balanced in terms of gender representation, says Radha. “Today there are many more women in G.3 to G.7 and also ‘P’ positions. Most female staff are less than 40 years old, and in the prime of their careers. A very big change over the years has been the comprehensive maternity leave benefits, extended even to women in temporary positions. This makes WHO one of the best employers for women.” Women in SEARO and country offices are also now more involved in Staff Association matters. “Women have a far greater presence in the association now; they are regularly elected to the committee, and more involved in sports and cultural activities. Strong bonds and an overall informality permeate personal relations between young female staff.” In EURO as well, there has been change, “though still not enough”, according to Pamela. She supervises men in her publications team. “I wouldn’t say I or they have had any issues with my being female. Maybe this is because the publishing or library fields have generally been more open to women for longer than some other sectors, both within and beyond WHO.” For Mary Stewart, the most obvious change, globally and in EURO, is the increasing and welcome presence of women at the top table at any event, internal or external. “When I arrived, there were no women directors and the suggestion that a woman might one day be a Regional Director, not to mention Director-General, was seen as very funny.” Changes in both landscape and ‘mindscape’ How were physical conditions different in their offices three decades ago? The most conspicuous changes have perhaps been seen in headquarters, given the size of the operations there. Evelyn goes down memory lane: “Well, the Main Building looked very much the same, but we had only the ‘X’ and ‘V’ buildings. The cafeteria on the 8th floor had indeed a lovely view to aid your appetite. The air was cleaner, and smelled fresher. The Travel Agent was located where the Bookshop now is and there was a newsagents (Naville) store but no library on the sous-sol 1 floor level.” Pamela’s first office was in the stables of a fine old villa down the road from the main EURO complex, facing out to the sea (though most of their windows looked out over the neighbour’s back garden). In SEARO, the location of units has changed several times since Radha joined. “We miss the SEARO Commissary, a staff initiative to provide groceries at subsidized prices, which saved us precious time spent for shopping.” Both Radha and Evelyn note the gradual liquidation of many repositories of institutional memory with retirement of staff. “Since we have done away with many traditional ‘handbooks’ in SEARO, there is no ‘authoritative voice’ telling people how to do things.” Evelyn recalls the “red books” in HQ. “They still exist, though some are black or brown.” Since there were no emails, there was, understandably, a surfeit of memos. The common refrain is that “memos constituted the backbone of work”. Education /enseignement FRENCH LANGUAGE COURSES AT ALL LEVELS from June 23rd to August 22nd (3 separate sessions) INTENSIVE COURSE FOR BEGINNERS from June 23rd to August 22nd (9 weeks) UNIVERSITY PREPARATORY COURSE from July 14th to August 22nd (6 weeks) FOR PROGRAMMES AND INFORMATION Uni Bastions, 5 rue De-Candolle, CH-1211 Genève 4 faculté des lettres Mars 2014 | 31 The colossal leap in technology Asked about the single biggest transformation witnessed at work, all four colleagues agree that it has been in technology. “Technology has overrun our work today, and there are pros and cons. For example, I simply cannot keep pace with the preponderance of acronyms. Computers and emails have certainly increased the speed of work, but not necessarily reduced workload. In those days everything was typed on noisy manual typewriters. Three assistants took dictation in our unit continuously in three-hour shifts. The telephone had to be babysat constantly; after all, one couldn’t leave a telephone call unattended in the days preceding email and cellphones. Communication was through telegram, cables, faxes and cablegramme. Once we were inside the office we hardly left our seats. There was one big printer shared by an entire department; we took turns to schedule print jobs,” recalls Evelyn. “There was a copier machine that needed quite a few people operate. Again, it was shared. Many staff were involved in duplication tasks. Since supermarkets closed at 5 p.m. in Geneva then and we were in the office till quite late, most of us did our grocery shopping during the lunch hour when needed. But despite the apparent slow pace of work, life was more organized… there were more medical doctors and clinicians than policy-makers. And interns were almost unheard of,” she added. Staff in Geneva stayed back longer because “there were no laptops and finishing tasks at home was impossible. We stayed till quite late, but flexitime eased the pressure. And yes, the good old No. 8 bus stop has been in front of the Main Building since as long as I can remember.” Radha believes that the time 32 | Mars 2014 women spent in the office, and the consequent dexterous juggling between family and work, has evolved over the decades partly due to socioeconomic factors. “With the automobile revolution in India and affordable car mortgages, many female colleagues now drive to work. Alternative means of transport in a huge city like Delhi such as the metro rapid transit have eased commuting problems, helping women stay till late at their desks to be on top of their work. In our time, it was unthinkable because of unpredictable public transport after work hours.” A typical working day in the 1980s What was a typical working day like for an editor in EURO in the 1980s? “My day then consisted of working on a hard-copy, typed manuscript at my desk, using red biro and white-out, and with a medical dictionary at my elbow. We reckoned we could edit an average of ten pages a day. I might occasionally take or make a phone call or ask our editorial assistant to type up a memo for me. Most authors’ queries would be written onto the manuscript, circled to indicate that they were not intended to be a correction, and then sent in an internal brown envelope to the appropriate unit for a response,” says Pamela. The first technological innovation, she recalls, was the introduction of shared “Wang” computers. “As there was a certain amount of resistance to having computers installed, a clever approach was taken. When only a few chosen people were assigned the new toys, suddenly everyone wanted one. Our team actually ‘stole’ one of the translators’ computers, which we felt more entitled to! I remember the first time IT told us how email would enable us to communicate directly with colleagues elsewhere without having to walk or phone or type a memo, I was thoroughly sceptical.” Mary Stewart recalls that in the 1980s, “PUB” handled all EURO publications and thus had a serious backlog. “The advent of PCs enabled technical units to become their own publishers and led to us doing our work on screen; email speeded work up further.” In the 1990s, at the invitation of the RD, Pamela and Mary led a project with wide staff buy-in (about 100 participating staff) to reshape the publishing system in the house, and EURO still uses this system. “At the time, Pamela and I joked that it was a ‘woman’s project’. We didn’t evolve a grand plan to fix all the house’s problems with information but seized our brooms, attacked the problems nearest us and moved on from there.” A different social milieu The profile of SEARO has grown tangibly more youthful, with new young recruits outpacing those retiring. The presence of more women has also helped alter the cultural mindscape of the workplace, breaking gender stereotypes, says Radha. Major changes in work profiles have brought overriding equity between the genders. For example, women now handle positions which require interaction with vendors and contractors at par with men. “Three decades ago, the only female staff who communicated with non-staff members were the receptionist and the nurse.” Social media has also impacted collegial relations, and there are more work-related social events. “UN and WHO days are now more elaborate, and bring all staff together.” But Radha regrets that despite the unrelenting advances in technology, the office is far from being paperless and many shades away from the ideal hue of “green”. “We do not have a common room for women any more due to the ongoing renovation, and female colleagues would definitely welcome a breastfeeding facility or a crèche for children.” Many changes in SEARO’s “genderscape” over the last thirty years were, of course, not singular to the office but a consequence of the socio-demographic and cultural changes in Indian and South Asian society triggered by the economic liberalization of the 1990s. “Earlier there was an almost unwritten rule that women must only be seen, not heard, and conversations with men limited to strictly work queries. Women came to work dressed formally, spoke in soft undertones, and mingled little. Now the number of women has shot up and their age-groups diversified. With it has come a variety of dress codes, and the occasional sneaker or pair of jeans has sneaked into everyday workwear. GPN and duty travel for secretaries has expanded horizons. A remarkable change now is that regional office staff know their counterparts in countries very well, despite the physical distances. In our time, in the era of pre-booked ‘trunk calls’, offices were too insulated and country office colleagues were just names to us.” Changes galore In headquarters, Evelyn adds, “some things changed in the Rulebook, and some others outside it for the better”. “There was no paternity leave in those days, and no breastfeeding room. For Christmas we decorated a giant tree, hired a live band, and the jukebox played constantly, courtesy the Staff Association. In one year I choreographed the Director-General’s Christmas Party (yes, it was called Christmas Party in those days). Children of staff members attended in great numbers, and we had to recruit volunteers as ushers… such was the crowd. There was also a Christmas children’s lunch, and hardly any staff member left his or her child at home that afternoon. Everyone knew everyone by name, and of course there were no cellphone address books or intranet directories.” Was the social situation any different in the Copenhagen office, given that Denmark was one of the most socially advanced and liberal countries in the world even in the 1980s? “There are few fundamental differences in terms of employment between WHO offices, as these are set globally,” says Pamela. “But the mores of Denmark certainly have had an impact: both fathers and mothers bring younger children into the office during school holidays, or stay home with a sick child. But maternity leave at EURO in the 1980s was way below the length practised in Denmark (or advocated by WHO!), though some time every day was allowed for breastfeeding, yet how practical is that in the middle of a busy working day?” Pamela has two grown-up sons, and recalls how flexible her boss was to arrange to split her post after her children were born so she could work half-time. Mary Stewart has no children, but can see that many WHO staff work very long hours and many travel incessantly. “I’m not sure when my exceedingly hard-working colleagues would see their families.” She regrets that the Organization seems to frown on job-sharing – “which is what Pamela and I did when her kids were small” – and that WHO still forbids other flexible arrangements like teleworking “except on occasions such as the two recent floods”. Life after WHO Pamela will retire in June this year. She intends to take up some of the interests that she has neglected over the years of working and raising a family: reading, handicrafts, learning a language, drawing and writing; things she says she can do at her own pace and on her own terms! Radha, Evelyn and Mary Stewart retire in 2016. Mary Stewart says she knows exactly what she wants to do after retirement: “If my brains hold out, I’d like to go back to school and get a PhD, probably in Shakespeare studies.” Radha looks forward to a “busy retired” life: “I have a penchant for gardening and cooking. My garden patch has long been neglected. My formidable collection of recipes will also be back on the kitchen table. My French is rusty, and I will take it up again.” Evelyn wants to spend more time with family and relatives in the Philippines. There are many WHO retirees in Manila and she looks forward to meeting them more often. “In addition I will devote some of my time to care for persons living with disabilities, something I always wanted to.” Pamela echoes precisely the sentiments of all four about having spent the greater part of their lives in WHO: “Working for WHO was like a dream come true. Despite the occasional frustrations, I still feel a thrill of pride and pleasure when I tell someone where I work.” ■ Education /enseignement INSTITUT INTERNATIONAL DE LANCY 1ST ONE TO ONE IPAD SCHOOL IN SWITZERLAND English Section | French Section - Nursery Primary | Secondary Checkpoint | IGCSE Examinations | IB Diploma Brevet des Collèges | French Baccalaureate Avenue Eugène-Lance 24, 1212 Grand-Lancy Case postale 1810, CH-1211 Genève 26 Tél. + 41 (0) 22 794 26 20 [email protected] | www.iil.ch Institut International de Lancy Travailler et réussir ensemble Ecole La Découverte Pour vos enfants de 3 à 12 ans Une pédagogie qui donne du sens aux apprentissages Certifiée QSC En français et en anglais Horaire continu de 8 h à 15 h 30 Possibilité « after school activities » jusqu’à 18 h 00 11, av. Sécheron 1202 Genève Tél. 022 733 54 33 www.decouverte.ch Mars 2014 | 33 SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Пути снижения младенческой смертности: российский опыт Геннадий Тихонович Сухих1, Светлана Валерьевна Аксельрод2, Елизавета Мухтаевна Хаматханова1, Екатерина Львовна Яроцкая1, Игорь Александрович Тоскин3, Наталья Владимировна Александрова1 В рамках российской программы реализации Мускокской инициативы по охране здоровья матерей, новорожденных и детей в возрасте до 5 лет в Федеральном государственном бюджетном учреждении “Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова” в 2012 и 2013 году проводились международные обучающие семинары. Российская программа Мускокской инициативы предусматривает проведение в течение 5 лет (2011-2015гг.) серий международных форумов, посвященных аспектам проблем младенческой смертности, с проведением между форумами обучающих практических курсов для врачей, направленных на совершенствование качества оказания медицинской помощи. В рамках этих семинаров врачи из стран с высоким уровнем младенческой смертности получают знания и навыки по оказанию медицинской помощи в сфере охраны материнства и детства. Обучение проводится в симуляционно-тренинговом центре, торжественное открытие которого состоялось в рамках 1-го международного форума “Пути снижения младенческой смертности: российский опыт”, проходившего 11-14 октября 2011 года по распоряжению правительства Российской Федерации. Открытие симуляционно-тренингового центра 34 | Mars 2014 Симуляционно-тренинговый центр оснащен современным медицинским оборудованием и учебными тренажерами, позволяющими проводить полноценное обучение медицинского персонала как базовым навыкам и умениям, так и оказанию высокотехнологичной медицинской помощи. Проводятся тренинги различной степени сложности, от простых мануальных навыковых тренингов до тренингов в командах с отработкой клинических ситуаций. За 2 года в рамках российской программы реализации Мускокской инициативы на базе ФГБУ “Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии” проведено 27 Международных научно-практических обучающих семинаров по специальностям: неонатология, акушерство-гинекология, анестезиология и реаниматология (рис. 1). Обучение строилось по принципу теория + практика. Формат обучающего процесса: последовательно идущие лекции, семинары и тренинги по отработке практических навыков. Всего в научно-практических обучающих семинарах за 2 года приняли участие 89 неонатологов, 105 акушеров-гинекологов, 76 анестезиологов-реаниматологов (рис. 3). Участники (n=270) Рис 3. Структура врачей в семинарах G8 в 20122013 гг. В 2012 г. и 2013 г. в Москву приехали представители из 11 стран и представители из 12 стран соответственно. Всего участников – 270 из 13 стран мира. Синхронный и последовательный перевод на 3 языка (русский, английский, испанский) обеспечивал лучшее взаимопонимание и усвоение обучающего материала в группах. В 2012-2013 гг. на семинары были приглашены врачи из 13 стран мира с высокими показателями младенческой смертности (рис. 2). Первый опыт проведения международных семинаров по итогам входящего и исходящего тестирования (теоретического и практического) показал позитивный результат динамики обучения. Врачи получали знания и отрабатывали навыки с высококвалифицированными практикующими инструкторами. Перечень учебных модулей подбирался в соответствии с актуальными для стран-участниц проблемами. Так, обучающиеся врачи оттачивали мастерство по первичной реанимации недоношенных и доношенных новорожденных, профилактике внутрибольничного инфицирования, особенностям оказания первичной помощи в родовом зале детям с врожденными пороками, особенностям энтерального и парентерального питания, профилактике гипо- и гипертермии, акушерским пособиям и особенностям операций, сердечно-легочной реанимации, методам обезболивания и сосудистым доступам и др. Рис 2. Перечень стран-участниц в семинарах Принципы организации и проведения семинаров Вклад России в снижение младенческой смертности в странах с высоким уровнем этого показателя, помимо обучающего процесса, включает полное обеспечение прибывших на тренинг врачей (авиаперелет, проживание питание, обучение, обеспечение материалами семинаров на бумажном и электронном носителях). Рис 1. Международные обучающие семинары, проведенные в СТЦ в 2012-2013 гг. 25-30% времени обучения в симуляционно-тренинговом центре отводилось на чтение лекций, 30-35% времени на проведение интерактивных семинаров, до 45% времени на тренинг и отработку практических навыков на базовых тренажерах и высокотехнологичных манекенах. В период проведения одного курса обучения одновременно в 3-х учебных классах по акушерству, неонатологии и реанимации, сопряженных с дебрифинг-залами, проводилось 3 семинара. Всего таких курсов было проведено 9 (4 в 2012 г. и 5 в 2013 г.) (рис. 4). Вопрос: Какие знания/навыки Вы приобрели в рамках обучения? Ответ: GENNADY SUKHIKH¹, SVETLANA AXELROD², ELIZAVETA KHAMATKHANOVA¹, EKATERINA YAROTSKAYA¹, IGOR TOSKIN³, NATALIA ALEKSANDROVA¹ Вопрос: Сможете ли Вы применить получен- ные знания на практике? Ответ: ДА – 99% НЕТ – 1% Рис.4. Количество часов тренинга за 1 и 9 курсов обучения в симуляционно-тренинговом центре. В проведении одного курса обучения (3 семинара по 72 часа каждый) принимали участие до 45 преподавателей и врачей-инструкторов. В качестве приглашенных лекторов в работе семинаров принимали участие профессора и специалисты из Великобритании, США, Франции, Японии. По итогам обучения врачи заполняли анкеты, которые содержали вопросы о качестве, условиях, уровне проведения семинаров. Кроме того, участники семинаров давали обратную связь по работе преподавателей-тренеров. С целью сбора объективной обратной связи анкетирование проводилось анонимно. В качестве примера приводим вопросы и полученные в ходе опроса ответы: Вопрос: Как Вы оцениваете эффективность Ways to reduce infant mortality: the Russian experience Таким образом, анализируя предварительные промежуточные итоги проведенных международных научно-практических семинаров, можно говорить о продуктивном взаимодействии, эффективном обмене опытом и знаниями между врачами из стран Европы, Азии, Африки, Латинской Америки. Однако для мониторинга результатов и анализа эффективности проведенных мероприятий, необходимо дальнейшее взаимодействие и сотрудничество в данном направлении. ■ 1 ФГБУ Научный центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. В.И. Кулакова” Минздрава России 2 Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации 3 Всемирная организация здравоохранения The Russian Federation – which managed to reduce its infant mortality rate threefold over the past several years – is now fully determined to make its contribution to the implementation of the Muskoka Initiative, adopted at the G8 Summit conducted in Canada in June 2010. Within this initiative a series of postgraduate trainings as well as workshops for the neonatologists, obstetric-gynecologists, and intensive unite therapists have been conducted in the Russian Federation, mainly in the Simulation Training Center (STC) established in the Federal State Budget Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health. The aforementioned activities have been supported financially by the Government of the Russian Federation. The main function of the STC besides education, is promotion through an evidence-based platform the use of simulation training technology to improve quality of care in neonatology, obstetrics, and intensive unites. Evaluation of the 2-year training and knowledge-sharing activities targeted at health care providers from Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Commonwealth of Independent States (270 specialists) proved its feasibility and effectiveness and thereby contributed to the efforts aimed at improving health outcomes related to infant, child and women’s health in the countries involved in the project. ■ собственного обучения на семинарах? Ответ: 1 Federal State Budget Institution Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Ministry of Health 2 Ministry of Health 3 World Health Organization Mars 2014 | 35 ©iStockphoto SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Detail in a greater picture Pushing for positive education GELISE MCCULLOGH, UNITAID I was recently asked by a visiting consultant what I do, I answered “I am an artist and I help young girls living with HIV go back to school.” I think he was asking what I did at UNITAID an organisation hosted by the World Health organization in Geneva that raises money to get the best medicine for HIV/ AIDS, TB and malaria to those who needs them most. It is in looking past my work that I have seen the true impact that treatment has on lives and opened my eyes to what else I can do. Two years ago in Kenya at a UNITAID stakeholders meeting I met a mother and her daughter. It was the lunchtime break, the meeting brought together those working in the three diseases along with civil society representatives namely from NEPHAK- Network of People living with HIV/AIDS in Kenya. It was a fascinating day and confirmation that the work 36 | Mars 2014 being done back in Geneva really was having an impact. I filled my plate from the buffet and sat down with my colleagues who we were engaged in a rather dull conversation. Anne and her daughter Nancy were sitting together just ahead of me talking quietly. I spent a moment looking at these two women; I could see they had dressed up for the occasion; there natural un-braided hair projected a modesty and simplicity of their lives. It dawned on me that I was mad to be sitting at this table listening to a conversation that did not include me and I had heard before. I was here because my work was to better these people lives, they were the ones who would take these HIV treatments, the very least I could do was to listen and talk to them. Unnoticed, I took my plate and went and sat with these beautiful women who were only too pleased to welcome me at their table. Nancy was a little shy leaving her mother to guide the conversation. Anne has two children. Her HIV negative 18 year old son had just got his high school diploma. Nancy’s dream was to become a doctor and help other as well as to travel the world, Nancy was born with HIV. I asked her about school and Nancy said she no longer went. Anne dropped her eyes she could no longer afford the school fees for her daughter. Anne lives in Kibera the largest slum in Kenya her means are modest, the disease, stigma and discrimination have affected her too. I could not stop thinking of what would happen to this beautiful girl who at 14 was out of school and thanks to HIV treatment would need to grow and work in this harsh world with such limited education, the vulnerability so flagrant. Just a few years ago HIV was a death sentence but not now with increasing access to treatment. What doors would open for her with such an educational lapse? What choices would she be able to take on her health and wellbeing? The painting that paid for Nancy’s school fees this year What voice would she have to express and change the world for the better? School lessons remain a blur to me but I did learn that a high school diploma is a key to open doors – it allows choices. Too often positive parents have favoured the education of their negative and male children. I found out how much Nancy’s school fees cost. Her grace had moved me and I wanted to make sure she had that first key to open the door to her dream and to make her own choices. I have just sent her third year of fees through money raised from raffling a picture I painted. Going back to school was not easy for Nancy, at first she was sent to boarding school but became sick and with the upcoming elections looming Anne wanted her closer to home. Today she is thriving and well on track to get her high school diploma. On International Women’s day I want to pay tribute to Nancy and Anne and to the beautiful positive women I have met who have rebuilt their lives for the better after their HIV diagnosis. I am proud of my work at UNITAID that has brought lifesaving treatment and aims to do even more. I am even prouder of these young women who in the face of adversity and discrimination have come through stronger, more confident and have achieved their dreams. It is women like this that the world needs to ensure change. I remain humble before them and wish I could paint a thousand paintings so that others like Nancy do not miss out on an education. ■ Samedi 1er mars, c’est le printemps printemp Menus au choix à midi du lundi au samedi - Cuisine à base de produits bio et bio-dynamiques - Salons privés, séminaires, banquets Votre restaurant au bord du lac - Ouvert 7 / 7 - Tél. +41 41 (0 ) 22 774 10 06 - www.creuxdegenthod.com Mars 2014 | 37 SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Gigantic eyes and tiny wrists SHAMMA ESOOF, WHO “It’s so fluffy, I’m gonna die!” This line by Agnes, an animated character in Despicable Me (2010), became an iconic phrase around the world; delighting children and adults alike. The above example shows how animation films appeal to a wide audience, regardless of gender, age, nationality and ethnicity. Animation is an excellent education tool bundled with entertainment value. Animation also has an undeniable impact on how we construct gender identities. It is therefore important to analyse how gender is portrayed in animated films. One aspect of animation that has received criticism is gender dimorphism. What is gender dimorphism? It is the observable physical differences between males and females of the same species. In animation, these physical differences are sometimes exaggerated and amplified. The female characters are usually smaller, have bigger eyes and significantly tinier wrists and hands. The male characters are overall bigger, have noticeably larger hands, necks and shoulders. The recent Disney films have been criticized for portraying the female characters as having larger eyeballs than their wrists. For examples – Brave (2012), Frozen (2013), Gnomeo and Juliet (2011) and many more. Philip N. Cohen, professor of sociology at the University of Maryland said,”… the evidence suggests that Disney favors 38 | Mars 2014 compositions in which women’s hands are tiny compared to men’s, especially when they are in romantic relationships.”1 To illustrate the above point, below is an analysis by Professor Cohen of the gender dimorphism between the two lead characters in Tangled (2010), Princess Rapunzel and Flynn Rider. “Their total relative size is pretty normal, with him a few inches taller. But look at their eyes: Hers are at least twice as big. And look at their hands and arms: his are more than twice as wide. Look closer at their hands: How does it affect the development of the female identity? Children and adolescents consume a lot of media, including cartoons and animated films, on television and internet. Even when the female characters are strong, confi dent and are at the centre of the story; gender dimorphism conveys a different message. It tells us that a female needs to be small, slim and dainty. Gender dimorphism could have a negative impact on their own body image, especially for girls. It implies that young girls can be as brave and resourceful as they want, but they need to also be signifi cantly smaller than their male counterparts. Poor body image perceptions could lead to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, depression, eating disorders and other such issues. A report of the World Health Oganization (WHO) states: “society’s glamorizing of thinness through mass media and low media literacy”2 contribute to eating disorders. One might argue that animation was never meant to be realistic; that physical characteristics need to be exaggerated to make the characters more interesting. Which brings us to our next point – is gender dimorphism necessary? Is it necessary? There are many widely successful animated films where male and female characteristics are not drastically different. Examples are films by Studio Ghibli: Kiki’s Delivery Service (1989), Spirited Away (2001), Nausicaa of the Valley of the Winds (1984) and many more. The above mentioned films had – and continue to have – great success among children and adults alike. They all feature strong female leads that are endearing and charming; without resorting to gender dimorphism. These characters have become iconic and the films are critically-acclaimed masterpieces. So what should we do? The key is media literacy. We need to educate ourselves and those around us how to interpret media messages so that we may retain only the positive ones. The early Disney films such as Snow White (1937) have been accused of reinforcing the ‘damsel-in-distress’ stereotype. However, despite the gender dimorphism, the recent films were able to portray strong female leads who take charge of their own path. Studio Ghibli consistently produces fantastic timeless films that have inspiring female protagonists. They are not necessarily portrayed as drastically smaller and frailer than their male counterparts. Animation is here to stay. Let us hope that in the future, the characters will have more reasonable proportions, rather than gigantic eyes and tiny wrists. ■ 1 Disney’s dimorphism, ‘Help! My eyeball is bigger than my wrist!‘ edition (2013), familyinequality.wordpress. com/2013/12/16/disneys-dimorphism-help-my-eyeball-is-bigger-thanmy-wrist-edition/. 2 PREVENTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS, EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS AND POLICY OPTIONS, A Report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Prevention Research Centre of the Universities of Nijmegen and Maastricht. LOISIRS/LEISURE Caravane de dromadaires sur le lac Karoum Éthiopie Les forçats du Karoum Le territoire Afar, du nom des tribus qui l’habitent, occupe pour l’essentiel de sa superficie le nord de l’Ethiopie. C’est ici que se situe le brûlant désert Danakil, plus exactement la dépression Danakil qui n’est autre que la partie la plus basse de la grande faille d’Afrique, la Rift Valley. TEXTE & PHOTOS CLAUDE MAILLARD Avec la collaboration du vulcanologue Guy de Saint-Cyr Effondrée à 130 m au-dessous du niveau de la mer, enclavée entre les énormes empilements basaltiques des hauts plateaux éthiopiens, érythréens et somaliens, plusieurs fois envahie par la Mer Rouge qui a entassé d’impressionnants dépôts de sel de quelques milliers de mètres d’épaisseur, cette étendue scintillante est une véritable étuve où la température peut dépasser les 60 ° C. C’est le désert le plus chaud de la planète. À une douzaine de kilomètres de la frontière avec l’Érythrée, au pied du volcan Dallol (surnommé « la montagne du diable »), unique au monde avec ses cristaux colorés de teintes vives, allant du rouge au jaune, en passant par toutes les nuances de vert, de brun et de blanc, s’étend l’immense lac de sel Karoum. La zone est tiraillée en tous sens par d’importants et fréquents mouvements tectoniques et la croûte terrestre est très fragilisée. Ce réceptacle naturel canalise et emmagasine alors une importante partie des eaux de ruissellement en provenance des hauts plateaux éthiopiens. Au passage, elles s’enrichissent des différents minéraux présents dans les roches, dont le sodium. Grâce au climat aride et à une température qui descend rarement au dessous de 50°, l’eau s’échappe dans l’atmosphère en laissant derrière elle le sel. Isolé au milieu de cette étendue aveuglante, sous un soleil féroce, se devine, tel un mirage, un incroyable rassemblement d’hommes et de dromadaires. C’est la zone edi ardi au sam Ouvert du m s-michelin.com e ag www.from Mars 2014 | 39 d’exploitation du sel, si précieux, qu’il suffit à justifier une présence humaine en ces lieux inhospitaliers. Dans ce monde caniculaire impitoyable où la vie se réduit à ses stricts symboles, les hommes travaillent de façon artisanale dans des conditions extrêmes, perpétuant leur tradition avec des méthodes et des outils d’un autre âge. Récolte terminée, il faudra plusieurs jours pour acheminer le sel à Mekele, l’un des plus grands marchés du pays situé sur les hauts plateaux. Les forçats du sel Quotidiennement, les forçats du Karoum quittent leur village d’Ahmed Ela pour se rendre, à pied, sur le lieu d’extraction du sel situé à plusieurs kilomètres. Notre campement a été installé près de leurs cabanes qui sont construites à l’aide de branchages et couvertes de nattes. À cause des conflits avec l’Érythrée toute proche, nous sommes accompagnés de militaires armés de kalachnikov. Nous 40 | Mars 2014 avons également droit à un guide afar qui connaît parfaitement le terrain, instable et constamment changeant. Car, ici, il n’y a pas de piste et l’erreur de parcours peut coûter très cher. En effet, sur l’immense étendue salée du Karoum (70 km de long), il est facile de s’enliser profondément, et, dans cet endroit maudit, la survie d’un être humain ne saurait excéder quelques heures. C’est pour cela aussi qu’il faut toujours partir avec au moins quatre véhicules 4x4. Si l’un d’eux connaît des problèmes, les autres pourront le treuiller. Nous en ferons l’amère expérience quelques jours plus tard au retour d’un autre volcan, l’Erta Ale, où trois de nos voitures se sont retrouvées embourbées en même temps. Visage maigre, regard intense, farouche parfois, mains nues et pieds brûlés par la saumure dans cette saline diabolique où l’ombre est inexistante, les hommes arrachent au lac quelques tonnes de sel. Ils commencent aux toutes premières lueurs de l’aube et finissent tard, en fin d’après midi. Deux à trois jours seront suffisants pour que le volume prélevé se régénère à nouveau. Malgré l’hostilité des lieux et les terribles conditions de travail, il règne ici une ambiance étrange, une espèce de silence chargé de vent, de lumière, et du continuel raclement un peu saccadé des petites haches qui entaillent, découpent ou arasent les plaques de sel. La longue route Sous le regard des dromadaires (ils sont un millier sur le site) qui attendent de recevoir leur cargaison, les forçats du lac Karoum commencent par entailler la croûte cristallisée à l’aide d’une hache. Puis, ils se servent de pieux en bois grossièrement taillés comme leviers, pour décoller et déplacer les énormes plaques de sel qui font jusqu’à 10 cm d’épaisseur. Celles-ci sont ensuite débitées, puis façonnées en briquettes, avec une herminette primitive, sorte de petite hache au manche curieusement recourbé. Enfin, chaque pain de sel est arasé sur toutes ses faces jusqu’à obtenir des morceaux parfaits d’environ 12 kilos. Une vingtaine de ces briquettes seront ainsi accrochées sur les flancs des dromadaires. L’opération est délicate, et demande la plus grande attention afin de répartir soigneusement les charges, car la route va être longue. C’est à l’heure où le soleil prend de belles teintes cuivrées que les caravanes formées de vingt à trente dromadaires s’étirent lentement et se suivent jusqu’à former une longue file de plusieurs kilomètres. Raidi sous le poids des charges, chaque animal s’en va de son pas paisible, calme et efficace. Désormais coupés du reste du monde, isolés en plein désert, les chameliers, qui ont pour seuls compagnons leurs dromadaires à l’allure hautaine et dédaigneuse, vont remonter la route du sel jusque sur les hauts plateaux à 2000 m d’altitude. Six jours de marathon pour les hommes et les bêtes, à travers étendues désertiques et oasis asséchées, seront nécessaires. Sur le parcours où les puits sont rares, quasi inexistants, où l’eau manque de façon dramatique, la moindre flaque sera une aubaine. Une semaine durant, dans des paysages pétrifiés de cailloux et de champs de lave calcinés, escaladant des cols, se faufilant le long de vertigineux canyons, nul ne quittera l’étroite piste taillée au fil des âges par les sandales des hommes. Lorsque les caravanes arriveront enfin à Mekele, le sel sera vendu ou troqué contre des céréales, tel que le sorgho, ou de l’huile et des épices. Jusqu’au début du XIXe siècle, les barres de sel servaient non seulement de condiment, mais aussi et surtout de monnaie dans la plupart des régions des hauts plateaux. Encore aujourd’hui, les Afars continuent d’attacher beaucoup d’importance à ce précieux trésor qui représente la plus ancienne activité économique de la région et qui leur permet, encore de nos jours, de survivre. Mais pour combien de temps encore ? volcans. Sans lui, et son agence «Aventure et volcans », qu’il a créée il y a bientôt 30 ans, cette Aventure au lac Karoum n’aurait pas pu être menée à bien. ■ Guy de Saint-Cyr est donc vulcanologue et il se propose de faire partager sa passion en organisant des expéditions sur les Appelez le 022 700 98 00 pour toute réservation publicitaire dans UN SPECIAL C.E.P. SA 42, quai Gustave-Ador 1207 Genève Tél.: 022 700 98 00 Fax: 022 700 90 55 e-mail: [email protected] Régie publicitaire exclusive UN SPECIAL Editeur & Régie Publicitaire de Revues Institutionnelles et Corporate Mars 2014 | 41 SOCIÉTÉ/SOCIETY Le GPAFI propose des services d’assistance avec l’actuelle assurance complémentaire santé PATRICK BREHM, ADMINISTRATEUR Créé en 1958 par le Conseil de coordination du personnel de l’Office des Nations Unies à Genève (à l’époque Conseil du personnel), le GPAFI est une association à but non lucratif qui a pour objet de conclure avec les compagnies d’assurance, des contrats collectifs offrant à ses membres des couvertures adaptées à leurs besoins, aux meilleures conditions du marché. En tant que groupement représentant des milliers de fonctionnaires et membres de leurs familles, le rôle essentiel du GPAFI est de négocier avec ses partenaires assureurs afin d’obtenir des avantages substantiels pour ses adhérents, tant au niveau des primes que sur le plan des prestations et des services, auxquels ils n’auraient pas accès en étant assurés de manière individuelle. Depuis 2010, UNIQA est le partenaire du GPAFI pour l’assurance complémentaire santé. UNIQA Assurances SA est une compagnie d’assurance suisse, avec une forte composante internationale, qui propose des couvertures mondiales d’assurance santé/ accidents innovantes, notamment auprès des organisations internationales et des entreprises multinationales dont les employés ne sont pas assujettis aux assurances sociales de leur pays de résidence. La complémentaire santé actuelle, spécialement adaptée aux différents régimes de base des organisations internationales (ONU, OMS, BIT-UIT), permet d’étendre la 42 | Mars 2014 couverture des frais de santé des fonctionnaires et membres de leurs familles. Celle-ci rembourse, après intervention de l’assurance de base la partie non prise en charge ainsi que la chambre privée en cas d’hospitalisation. Elle couvre également la médecine naturelle jusqu’à 1000 fr. par année. Depuis le 1er février 2014, le GPAFI propose à ses membres, couverts par l’assurance de l’ONU (UNSMIS), d’enrichir la complémentaire santé de services d’assistance. Ainsi, les membres ont le choix de souscrire, soit la complémentaire santé UNIQA existante, soit une version « premium » qui inclut de nouvelles garanties d’assistance médicale, de sécurité et d’aide au voyage. Les assurés actuels ont aussi la possibilité d’ajouter ces services d’assistance. Les garanties d’assistance permettent aux assurés de bénéficier d’assistance médicale, d’assurance voyage et d’assurance sécurité en cas de séjour à l’étranger. Un accès à une plateforme multilingue d’aide au voyage ainsi qu’une application smartphone ou un accès internet, qui recense toutes les informations utiles pour rendre son séjour plus agréable, sont aussi proposés. Un numéro de téléphone dédié est également mis à la disposition des assurés bénéficiant de ces couvertures, afin de pouvoir contacter 24 h/24 et 7j/7 le plateau d’assistance pour tous types de demandes. De la simple annulation de voyage à l’évacuation en cas de crise dans un pays, en passant par le rapatriement médical, la gamme de produits d’assistance rendra un séjour à l’étranger plus serein. Par ailleurs, le GPAFI a négocié un avantage considérable pour ses membres, couverts par l’assurance de l’ONU (UNSMIS), qui différencie véritablement la couverture d’assistance proposée de celles des autres sociétés d’assistance sur le marché. En effet, en cas de traitement hospitalier ou ambulatoire d’urgence à l’étranger, grâce à un accord avec l’assurance de base, UNIQA Assistance se porte garant 24 h/24 et 7j/7 et prend en charge à 100% les frais, sans que l’assuré ait à les avancer ni à les rembourser par la suite. Les garanties proposées par UNIQA Assistance donnent accès à une large gamme de couvertures en matière d’assistance médicale, du simple cas de suivi médical au rapatriement complexe d’urgence pour les assurés et leurs familles. UNIQA Assistance peut intervenir dans le monde entier, sans limite géographique. Les centres d’assistance implantés dans plus de trente pays et les partenaires agréés dans plus de deux-cents pays permettent une capacité d’intervention, même dans les zones les plus reculées. De la gestion du quotidien à l’urgence, le service d’assistance permet de prendre soin des assurés en cas de maladie ou d’accident et d’assurer leur sécurité et leur bien-être en cas d’incident pendant leur voyage. À travers un numéro de téléphone dédié, les assurés bénéficiant de la couverture « assistance » peuvent, 24 h/24 et 7j/7, dans plusieurs langues: – accéder aux recommandations médicales et consignes de sécurité sur leur lieu de destination depuis un smartphone ou internet; – parler à un médecin, avoir l’avis d’un « expert sécurité », annoncer un sinistre lié à un problème de bagages ou de vol d’avion, ou encore demander un remboursement ; – être assisté et accompagné à tout moment pour organiser une hospitalisation, une évacuation ou un rapatriement ; – accéder à un réseau mondial de plus de 40 000 prestataires médicaux ; – bénéficier d’une couverture à 100% des frais de traitement d’urgence (employés et membres de famille assurés par l’ONU). La gestion des services d’assistance est réalisée par un prestataire de premier plan au niveau mondial. La complémentaire santé incluant des services d’assistance est proposée, dans un premier temps, uniquement aux fonctionnaires de l’ONU et à leurs familles, assurés par UNSMIS. Les informations relatives à l’ensemble des garanties d’assistance sont disponibles auprès du GPAFI. ■ Les membres du GPAFI déjà couverts par l’assurance complémentaire santé UNIQA, qui souhaitent ajouter les services d’assistance, peuvent contacter le GPAFI par téléphone (+41 (0)22 917 26 20) ou par courriel ([email protected]). LOISIRS/LEISURE Vivicittà Une course internationale très particulière Le dimanche 6 avril à 10 h 30 sera donné à Genève le coup de départ de la 4e édition de la course pédestre Vivicittà sur une distance de 12 km, avec départ et arrivée devant les Bains des Pâquis. HANS THURNHERR André Chrstin Cette compétition a été créée, comme son nom l’indique, en Italie, il y a bientôt trente ans et elle est proposée actuellement par une vingtaine de villes italiennes. individuels sur le plan mondial. – Elle fait participer des aveugles et des malvoyants. – Depuis 1987, elle est placée sous le patronage du CIO (Comité international olympique). Penthes avec toujours dans l’œil des coureurs, le lac qui scintille. Puis arrive le charmant village de Pregny-Chambésy, et bientôt la Perle du lac annonce l’arrivée imminente. Un parcours unanimement apprécié par les participants aux trois premières éditions. ■ Où la Vivicittà passe-t-elle ? Tout commence par un départ de rêve sur le quai du MontBlanc, puis après avoir longé les bords du lac, la course s’envole sur les hauteurs fleuries du Jardin botanique, passe à proximité des organisations internationales et traverse ensuite le parc du château de N’attendez pas, les inscriptions peuvent désormais se faire en ligne à l’adresse suivante : www.satus-geneve.ch/vivicitta La course bénéficie du soutien de la Ville de Genève, du canton de Genève et de la commune de Pregny-Chambésy Au fil des années, la Vivicittà s’est internationalisée : à l’heure actuelle, cette course a lieu chaque année dans de grandes villes de vingt pays. Genève, ville internationale s’il en est, est la première à l’organiser en Suisse. Le club organisateur, le SATUS Genève, a organisé, pendant 60 ans, son célèbre Cross international réunissant déjà des athlètes venus de différents pays. La Vivicittà était donc toute désignée pour lui succéder. Pourquoi la Vivicittà est-elle si particulière ? – Elle a lieu, partout, le même jour, à la même heure et sur la même distance. – Elle attire dans le monde entier entre 70 et 80 000 athlètes. – Elle établit un classement international qui prend en compte le profil de la course et l’altitude du lieu d’organisation afin de permettre une comparaison réelle des résultats Mars 2014 | 43 LOISIRS/LEISURE Pourquoi ne pas le faire ? Le Parc National Suisse Je vous propose des petites balades à des degrés de difficulté différents, pour vous changer les idées, vous oxygéner et vous déstresser. N’oubliez pas : ne rien faire nuit à votre santé. Je vous souhaite des journées de marche et de détente agréables et ensoleillées. ANDRÉ ROTACH Le Parc National Suisse se situe dans le canton des Grisons. Créé en 1914, il est le premier parc national en Europe. Zernez en est la plaque tournante. Les commémorations du centenaire auront lieu en 2014. Les itinéraires sont de difficultés variables, entre 1400 et 3200 mètres. Son règlement est très strict : pas de chien, interdiction de sortir des sentiers balisés, cueillette interdite. Ceci nous permet de voir, entre autres, les edelweiss et les animaux : cerfs (2000 44 | Mars 2014 environ dans le parc), chamois (1500), bouquetins (350), marmottes (1500) habitués à voir les randonneurs ne pas sortir des chemins. Une paire de jumelles est indispensable… pour observer ces animaux ainsi que les deux couples de gypaètes couvant dans le parc mais également l’aigle royal. Une visite du musée national est recommandée car il regorge d’informations et d’explications intéressantes. Il est de surcroît très ludique pour les enfants. L’Alp Grimmels Depuis Zernez, prendre le car postal jusqu’à Champlönch (1838 mètres), point de départ. Suivre la direction Alp Grimmels (2050 mètres) pour arriver en une heure dix. Superbe prairie où l’on peut observer beaucoup de marmottes. Pour le retour suivre ParkPlatz. Retour à Champlönch en une heure soit au total deux heures dix et à mon GPS 6 km pour un dénivelé de 300 mètres. Cette petite randonnée est idéale pour les familles avec enfants. Pour plus de détails : Guide des sentiers pédestres du Parc National Suisse, Klaus Robin. Indispensable : une carte officielle vendue avec le guide des sentiers pédestres. Ne pas oublier de vous équiper de bonnes chaussures de marche et de vêtements adaptés à l’altitude et à la saison. BONNE PROMENADE. ET (S)PORTEZ-VOUS BIEN. ■ Why Not Do It? The Swiss National Park I am proposing a few small hikes of varying degrees of difficulty, to let you see new things, get some fresh air and relax a bit. Do not forget: doing nothing is bad for your health. Here is hoping you have fun hiking in pleasant and sunny weather. ANDRÉ ROTACH (English translation by David Winch) The Swiss National Park (Parc National Suisse) is located in the Canton of Grisons. Established in 1914, it was the first national park in Europe. Zernez is its hub. The centenary celebrations will take place in 2014. The routes are of varying difficulty, at between 1,400 and 3,200 metres. Its rules are very strict: no dogs, it is forbidden to leave the marked trails, and picking fruit or nuts prohibited. This allows us to see, among the edelweiss, many animals: deer (about 2,000 in the park), chamois (1,500), goats (350), marmots (1,500) that are all used to seeing hikers not leave their path. A pair of binoculars is essential – both to observe these animals as well as two pairs of vultures nesting in the park and the golden eagle. A visit to the National Museum is recommended because it is full of information and interesting explanations. It is also fun for children. Alp Grimmels From Zernez take the postal bus to Champlönch (1,838 metres), the starting point. Follow the direction for Alp Grimmels (2,050 metres) to arrive in 1 hour 10 minutes. There is a beautiful meadow where you can watch marmots. To return, follow Parkplatz. You get back to Champlönch in 1 hour, totalling 2 h 10 min for the hike. By my GPS it was 6 km with a climb of 300 metres. This short hike is ideal for families with children. For more details, see Guide des sentiers pédestres du Parc National Suisse, Klaus Robin Also: an official map sold with the hiking guide is indispensable. Do not forget to wear good hiking boots and weather-suitable clothing. GOOD TREKKING! ■ Mars 2014 | 45 LOISIRS/LEISURE This is your chance to get creative. And help send a meaningful message. Share with us five of your best shots that reflect your personal view on humanity. We want to see how you see humanitarian issues, human rights, conflict mediation, peace, environmental issues, Disaster risk reduction and any other theme related to the spirit of International geneva. Participation is open to all employees of the United Nations Office at Geneva, permanent and diplomatic missions and international organizations represented in Geneva. You must have taken these photos yourself in the last five years either in Geneva or in the field or in your country of origin. To participate, please write us an e-mail to confirm your interest and sign up for the exhibition, at [email protected] By 31 March 2014, please e-mail [email protected] with five of your best color digital shots (your photos should follow these minimum technical requirements: rgb JPEGs with min 240dpi resolution, 1600px width and / or 1200px height (approximately three megapixels) in a standard portrait or landscape aspect ratio); Accompany each photo by maximum thirty words, explaining what the image represents, where and when you took it, and why you believe it fits the project theme. 46 | Mars 2014 Do not submit photos of family or friends, snapshots, images for which you do not have the copyright or offensive images – this is your chance to be creative! Images must not be watermarked. We will curate and select your photos with help from a professional photographer and the best photos will be exhibited at the Palais des Nations in spring 2014. Your name and photos will also feature in an article in print and online. If your photos are selected you will be required to print your photos at a selected printer, details to be shared at a later stage. ■ “i (Eye) On Humanity” is brought to you by the Cultural Activities Programme of UNOG, the Club Photo International, the Council of Europe, DiploFoundation and The Art Corner association NOUVELLE GÉNÉRATION/NEXT GENERATION Boost your career by learning a new language (for free) with technology CINTIA COSTA AND OMAR BAWA Learning a new language can be very useful to boost your career and to stretch your cultural horizons. The good news is that you don’t have to spend money to achieve it! Here’s a list of the six websites and mobile apps that provide free language courses. to test and improve your foreign language skills. The languages covered are English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and German. 2. Livemocha livemocha.com/ You can learn over thirty-five languages with the help of Livemocha, a platform that offers classes, exercises and the opportunity to practice with native speakers from all over the world. 1. Duolingo www.duolingo.com/ This mobile app offers a gamified language learning experience. With multiple choice grammar and vocabulary tests and fun writing, listening and speaking exercises to do on the go. It’s meant to be a complementary tool, to be used in your breaks and whilst commuting 3. BBC Languages /www.bbc. co.uk/languages/ The British communications giant has a website dedicated to helping people learn foreign languages. They have theory texts, exercises, videos, audio extracts and quick expressions guides to teach you forty languages, from the most in-demand ones, like Spanish, French and Chinese, to others like Urdu, Turkish and Finnish. 4. Busuu www.busuu.com/ After experiencing the “expensive, difficult and boring” traditional language learning, the founders of Busuu decided to transform this experience. This platform (both website and mobile app) offers over 150 learning units covering diverse topic areas, as well as a video-chat application that allows students to practice their conversation skills with native speakers. 5. Memrise www.memrise.com/ If you’re into mnemonics, a learning technique that uses acronyms and memorable phrases to assist memorization, you should try Memrise language lessons. Its lessons cover more than 200 languages and can be accessed both online or on your mobile phone. 6. Keewords www.keewords.com This flashcard-based program is a great tool to help you build your vocabulary in one of the nine available foreign languages. ■ Revue des fonctionnaires internationaux des Nations Unies à Genève et de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Magazine of the international civil servants of the United Nations at Geneva and of the Word Health Organization Les opinions exprimées dans UNS sont celles des auteurs, et non forcément celles de l’ONU, de l’OMS ou de ses agences spécialisées. La parution de ce magazine dépend uniquement du support financier de la publicité prise en charge par une régie. UN Special Palais des Nations, bureau C507 1211 Genève 10 – tél. 022 917 25 01 [email protected] www.unspecial.org Trésorier/Treasurer Robert Jakob Laurence Vercammen APG | SGA Airport, Bercher S.A. Publicité Générale route de Pré-Bois 20, Case postale 1895, CH-1215 Genève 15 T. 022 347 33 88 – F. 022 346 20 47 [email protected] Rédactrice en chef/Editor-in-chief Publicité/ Advertising Garry Aslanyan C•E•P S.A. quai Gustave-Ador 42, 1207 Genève – T. 022 700 98 00 F. 022 700 90 55 – [email protected] Rédacteur en chef adjoint/Deputy editor-in-chief Tirage: 10 500 exemplaires Impression/ Printers Editeur/ Editor In New York: office AB-0829 The opinions in UNS are those of the authors, not necessarily those of the United Nations, the WHO or its specialized agencies. The publication of this magazine relies solely on the financial support of its advertisers. Victor Chevalier Imprimerie Genevoise S.A. case postale 1352, 1211 Genève 26 T. 022 307 26 00 Pré presse/ Layout Atelier Schnegg+ – Michel Schnegg rue du Simplon 5, CH-1207 Genève T. 022 344 72 90 – F. 022 340 24 11 www.atelier-schnegg.ch Composition du Comité de rédaction Composition of the Editorial committee Marina Appia Garry Aslanyan Gautam Basu Omar Bawa Olivier Borie Christina Dorine Da Re – Giovanna Brandes-Barbier Van der Wal De Marco Maria-Angeles Martin Gil Chantal Carlos Streijffert Igor Toskin Streijffert Garon Ahmed Zouiten Si vous avez des commentaires sur ce numéro, merci de les envoyer à [email protected] If you have comments about this issue, please send an email to [email protected] Natasha Shapovalova Your health demands perfection www.beaulieu.ch Mars 2014 | 47 Maternityby Beaulieu $OO\RXQHHGLVORYH &UHDWHWKHLGHDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUORYHWRµRXULVKGXULQJ \RXUVWD\KHUHWKLVLVWKHFKDOOHQJHWKDWZHZDQWHGWR OLYHXSWRE\IXOO\UHWKLQNLQJRXU0DWHUQLW\ 7KHVSLULWLVFDOPDQGWKHIDFLOLW\SURYLGHVKLJKTXDOLW\ VHUYLFHVVRRWKLQJPRWKHUFKLOGDUHDFRFRRQVIRU WKHSUHSDUDWLRQFDUHDQGFRQVXOWDWLRQVFRPIRUWDEOH SRVWQDWDOXQLWKRXVLQJDVXLWHDQGWKLUWHHQSULYDWHRU VHPLSULYDWHIXOO\HTXLSSHGURRPV0HGLFDOO\$VVLVWHG 3URFUHDWLRQ&HQWUH0$3& )RUXVQRWKLQJLVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQ\RXUDQG\RXU EDE\VZHOOEHLQJ<RXMXVWIRFXVRQWKHHVVHQWLDO ZHZLOOWDNHFDUHRIWKHUHVW Chemin Beau-Soleil 20 - 1206 Geneva - Tel +41 22 839 55 55 www.beaulieu.ch
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